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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Supplement to Animal Sanctuaries in Labrador
+by William Wood
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Supplement to Animal Sanctuaries in Labrador
+       Supplement to an Address Presented by Lt.-Colonel William Wood,
+       F.R.S.C. Before the Second Annual Meeting of the Commission of
+       Conservation in January, 1911
+       
+
+Author: William Wood
+
+Release Date: February 21, 2005 [EBook #15134]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUPPLEMENT TO ANIMAL SANCTUARIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Wallace McLean, Jeannie Howse and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+     Commission of Conservation
+     Canada
+
+
+     SUPPLEMENT TO
+
+     ANIMAL SANCTUARIES
+     IN
+     LABRADOR
+
+
+     SUPPLEMENT TO
+     AN ADDRESS PRESENTED
+     BY
+     LT.-COLONEL WILLIAM WOOD, F.R.S.C.
+     Before the Second Annual Meeting of the
+     Commission of Conservation in
+     January, 1911
+
+
+     OTTAWA, JUNE 1912
+
+
+
+
+     _Animal Sanctuaries
+     in
+     Labrador_
+
+
+
+     SUPPLEMENT TO
+     AN ADDRESS
+     BY
+     LT.-COLONEL WILLIAM WOOD
+     OTTAWA, CANADA
+     1912
+
+
+
+
+SUPPLEMENT TO AN ADDRESS ON
+Animal Sanctuaries in Labrador
+
+BY
+
+LIEUT.-COLONEL WILLIAM WOOD, F.R.S.C.
+
+
+The appeal prefixed to the original _Address_ in 1911 announced the
+issue of the present supplement in 1912, and asked experts and other
+leaders of public opinion to set the subject on firm foundations by
+contributing advice and criticism.
+
+The response was most gratifying. The twelve hundred review copies
+sent out to the Canadian press, and the hundreds more sent out to
+general and specialist periodicals in every part of the
+English-speaking world, all met with a sympathetic welcome, and were
+often given long and careful notices. Many scientific journals, like
+the _Bulletin of the Zoological Society of America_, sporting
+magazines, like the Canadian _Rod and Gun_, and zoophil organs, like
+the English _Animals' Guardian_, examined the _Address_ thoroughly
+from their respective standpoints. The _Empire Review_ has already
+reprinted it _verbatim_ in London, and an association of outing men
+are now preparing to do the same in New York.
+
+But though the press has been of the greatest service in the matter of
+publicity the principal additions to a knowledge of the question have
+come from individuals. Naturalists, sportsmen and leaders in public
+life have all helped both by advice and encouragement. Quotations from
+a number of letters are published at the end of this supplement. The
+most remarkable characteristic of all this private correspondence and
+public notice, as well as the spoken opinions of many experts, is
+their perfect agreement on the cardinal point that we are wantonly
+living like spendthrifts on the capital of our wild life, and that the
+general argument of the _Address_ is, therefore, incontrovertibly
+true.
+
+The gist of some of the most valuable advice is, that while the
+_Address_ is true so far as it goes, its application ought to be
+extended to completion by including the leasehold system, side by side
+with the establishment of sanctuaries and the improvement and
+enforcement of laws.
+
+Such an extension takes me beyond my original limits. Yet, both for
+the sake of completeness and because this system is a most valuable
+means toward the end desired by all conservers of wild life, I
+willingly insert leaseholds as the connecting link between laws and
+sanctuaries.
+
+But before trying to give a few working suggestions on laws,
+leaseholds and sanctuaries, and, more particularly still, before
+giving any quotations from letters, I feel bound to point out again,
+as I did in the _Address_ itself, that my own personality is really of
+no special consequence, either in giving the suggestions or receiving
+the letters. I have freely picked the brains of other men and simply
+put together the scattered parts of what ought to be a consistent
+whole.
+
+
+LAWS
+
+It is a truism and a counsel of perfection to say so, but, to be
+effective, wild-life protection laws, like other laws, must be
+scientific, comprehensive, accepted by the public, understood by all
+concerned, and impartially enforced.
+
+To be scientifically comprehensive they must define man's whole
+attitude towards wild life, whether for business, sport or study. One
+general code would suffice. A preamble could explain that the object
+was to use the interest, not abuse the capital of wild life. Then the
+noxious and beneficial kinds could be enumerated, close seasons
+mentioned, regulations laid down, etc. From this one code it would be
+easy to pick out for separate publication whatever applied only to one
+place or one form of human activity. But even this general code would
+not be enough unless the relations between animal and plant life were
+carefully adjusted, so that each might benefit the other, whenever
+possible, and neither might suffer because the other was under a
+different department. If, in both the Dominion and Provincial
+governments there are unified departments of agriculture to aid and
+control man's own domestic harvest, why should there not also be
+unified departments to aid and control his harvest of the wilds? A
+_Minister of Fauna and Flora_ sounds startling, and perhaps a little
+absurd. But fisheries, forests and game have more to do with each
+other than any one of them with mines. And, whatever his designation,
+such a minister would have no lack of work, especially in Labrador.
+But here we come again to the complex human factors of three
+Governments and more Departments. Yet, if this bio-geographic area
+cannot be brought into one administrative entity, then the next best
+thing is concerted action on the part of all the Governments and all
+their Departments.
+
+There is no time to lose. Even now, when laws themselves stop short at
+the Atlantic, new and adjacent areas are about to be exploited without
+the slightest check being put on the exploiters. An expedition is
+leaving New York for the Arctic. It is well found in all the
+implements of destruction. It will soon be followed by others. And the
+musk-ox, polar bears and walrus will shrink into narrower and narrower
+limits, when, under protection, far wider ones might easily support
+abundance of this big game, together with geese, duck and curlews. It
+is wrong to say that such people can safely have their fling for a few
+years more. None of the nobler forms of wild life have any chance
+against modern facilities of uncontrolled destruction. What happened
+to the great auk and the Labrador duck in the Gulf? What happened to
+the musk-ox in Greenland? What is happening everywhere to every form
+of beneficial and preservable wild life that is not being actively
+protected to-day? Then, there is the disappearing whale and persecuted
+seal to think of also in those latitudes. The _laissez-faire_ argument
+is no better here than elsewhere. For if wild life is worth exploiting
+it must be worth conserving.
+
+There is need, and urgent need, for extending protective laws all
+along the Atlantic Labrador and over the whole of the Canadian Arctic,
+where the barren-ground caribou may soon share the fate of the
+barren-ground bear in Ungava, especially if mineral exploitation sets
+in. Ungava and the Arctic are Dominion grounds, the Atlantic Labrador
+belongs to Newfoundland, Greenland to Denmark, and the open sea to
+all comers, among whom are many Americans. Under these circumstances
+the new international conference on whaling should deal effectively
+with the protection of all the marine carnivora, and be followed by an
+inter-dominion-and-provincial conference at which a joint system of
+conservation can be agreed upon for all the wild life of Labrador,
+including the cognate lands of Arctic Canada to the north and
+Newfoundland to the south.
+
+This occasion should be taken to place the whole of the fauna under
+law; not only _game_, but noxious and beneficial species of every
+kind. And here both local experts and trained zoologists ought to be
+consulted. Probably everyone would agree that flies, wolves and
+English sparrows are noxious. But the indiscriminate destruction of
+all mammals and birds of prey is not a good thing, as a general rule,
+any more than any other complete upsetting of the balance of nature. A
+great deal could be learnt from the excellent work already done all
+over the continent with regard to the farmer's and forester's wild
+friends and foes. A migrating flight of curlew, snipe, plover or
+sandpipers is worth much more to the farmer alive than dead. But by no
+means every farmer knows the value of the difference.
+
+This is only one of the many reasons why a special effort should be
+made to bring a knowledge of the laws home to everyone in the areas
+affected, including the areas crossed by the lines of migration.
+
+The language should be unmistakeably plain. Every form of wild life
+should be included, as wholly, seasonally, locally or otherwise
+protected, or as not protected, or as exterminable, with penalties and
+rewards mentioned in each case. All animals should be called by their
+scientific, English, French, and special local names, to prevent the
+possibility of mistake or excuse. Every man, resident or not, who uses
+rod, gun, rifle, net or snare, afloat or ashore, should be obliged to
+take out a license, even in cases where it might be given gratis; and
+his receipt for it should contain his own acknowledgment that he has a
+copy of the laws, which he thoroughly understands. Particular clauses
+should be devoted to rapacious dealers who get collecting permits as
+scientific men, to poison, to shooting from power boats or with swivel
+guns, to that most diabolical engine of all murderers--the Maxim
+silencer,--to hounding and crusting, to egging and nefarious pluming,
+to illegal netting and cod-trapping, and last, but emphatically not
+least, to any and every form of wanton cruelty. The next step may be
+to provide against the misuse of aeroplanes.
+
+I believe it would be well worth while, from every point of view, to
+publish the laws, or at all events a digest of them, in all the
+principal papers. Even educated people know little enough; and no one,
+even down the coast, at the trading posts, or in Newfoundland, should
+have the chance of pleading ignorance. "We don't know no law here"
+ought to be an impossible saying two years hence. And we might
+remember that the Newfoundlanders who chiefly use it are really no
+worse than others, and quite as amenable to good laws impartially
+enforced. They have seen the necessity of laws at home, after
+depleting their salmon rivers, deer runs and seal floes to the danger
+point. And there is no reason to suppose that an excellent population
+in so many ways would be any harder to deal with in this one than the
+hordes of poachers and sham sportsmen much nearer home.
+
+Of course, everything ultimately turns on the enforcement of the laws.
+And I still think that two naturalists and twenty men afloat and the
+same number ashore, with double these numbers when Hudson bay and the
+Arctic are included, would be enough to patrol Labrador
+satisfactorily, if they were in touch with local and leasehold wardens
+and with foresters, if the telegraph was used only on their side, if
+they and the general inspector were all of the right kind, and if the
+whole service was vigorously backed up at headquarters. Two fast motor
+cruisers and suitable means of making the land force also as mobile as
+possible are _sine qua non_.
+
+The Ungava peninsula, Hudson bay and Arctic together would mean a
+million square miles for barely a hundred men. But, with close
+co-operation between sea and land, they could guard the sanctuaries as
+efficiently as private wardens guard leased limits, watch the outlets
+of the trade, and harry law-breakers in the intervening spaces. Of
+course, the system will never be complete till the law is enforced
+against both buyers and sellers in the market. But it is worth
+enforcing, worth it in every way. And the interest of the wild life
+growing on a million miles will soon pay the keep of the hundred men
+who guard its capital.
+
+
+LEASEHOLDS
+
+An article by Mr. W.H. Blake, K.C., of Toronto, on "The Laurentides
+National Park" appeared in the February number of the _University
+Magazine_. The following extracts have been taken from Mr. Blake's
+manuscript:
+
+"It was in the year 1895, that the idea took substance of setting
+apart some two thousand five hundred square miles of the wild and
+mountainous country north of Quebec and south of Lake St. John as 'a
+forest reservation, fish and game preserve, public park and pleasure
+ground'. At a later date, the area was increased, until now some three
+thousand seven hundred square miles are removed from sale or
+settlement. An important though indirect object was the maintenance of
+water-level in the dozen or more rivers which take their rise in the
+high-lying plateau forming the heart of the Park.
+
+"When the ice takes in early November the caribou make it their great
+rallying ground. These animals, so wary in summer and early autumn,
+appear to gain confidence by their numbers, and are easily stalked and
+all too easily shot. It is to be feared that too great an annual toll
+is taken, and that the herd is being diminished by more than the
+amount of its natural increase. Slightly more stringent regulations,
+the allowance of one caribou instead of two, the forbidding of
+shooting in December and January, when the bulls have lost their
+horns, would effect the result, and would ensure excellent sport in
+the region so long as the Park exists and is administered as it is
+to-day. There is, however, very serious menace to the caribou in the
+unfortunate fact that the great timber wolf has at last discovered
+this happy hunting ground. Already it would seem that there are fewer
+caribou, but the marked increase in the number of moose may be one
+cause of this. Before the days of the Park the moose were almost
+exterminated throughout this region; but a few must have escaped
+slaughter in some inaccessible fastness, and under a careful and
+intelligent system of protection they have multiplied exceedingly. Man
+may not shoot them, and probably only unprotected calves have anything
+to dread from the wolves.
+
+"In the administration of this Reserve the government adopts a policy
+which has shown admirable results; and as this policy is in direct
+contrast to the one pursued in the Algonquin Park it may be
+interesting to explain and discuss it. It can be admitted, as a matter
+of theory, that a 'public park and pleasure ground' should be
+maintained by the people for the people, and that no individuals
+should have exclusive rights conferred upon them to fish or shoot
+within it. This ideal conception takes no account of human nature, and
+a scheme that has to do with the control and conduct of men should not
+disregard their weaknesses, or the powerful motive of self-interest.
+The greater part of the Laurentide Park is free to anyone who takes
+out a license and complies with certain regulations. But, at the
+points most threatened by poachers, the practice is followed of
+granting five-year leases of moderate areas to individuals and to
+clubs. The first requirement of these grants is that the lessee shall
+appoint a guardian, approved by the Department, and shall cause the
+conceded territories to be protected in an adequate manner. The
+guardian, for his part, is immediately answerable to an individual who
+pays his salary. He contrasts his former precarious living as a
+trapper or poacher with the assured competence which he now earns more
+easily, and makes his election in favor of virtue. Thus he becomes a
+faithful servant both of the Government and his employer, and a
+really effective unit in the protection of the Park. The lessee, in
+turn, will neither practice nor tolerate any infringement of the laws
+which would imperil his lease, nor deplete of fish and game a country
+which he intends to revisit. He would not necessarily be actuated by
+these motives if he entered the Park casually and considered nothing
+but his own sport or pleasure. It may be added that the lessee has
+reasonable assurance of the extension of his privileges if they are
+not abused and knows that he will be compensated for moneys properly
+expended if the Government sees fit not to renew his term. The
+guardians co-operate with one another under the general guidance of a
+most competent inspector, and the striking increase in fish, fur and
+feather is apparent not only in the region immediately protected but
+also ouside its boundaries. Trappers who fought bitterly against being
+excluded from this part of the public domain now find that the
+overflow of wild life into the surrounding country enables them to
+bring more pelts to market than they did in the old days, and have
+become reconciled. Guardians, gillies, carters, porters and canoemen
+live in whole or in part, on providing fishing and shooting. Under no
+other arrangement could the conceded territory afford sport and a
+living to so many people, and in no other way could the balance
+between resources and their exhaustion be so nicely maintained."
+
+On page 47, Mr. Blake corroborates the statement of the shameful act I
+mentioned at the bottom of page 18 of my _Address_. "On sighting a
+band of six caribou he bade his man sit down to give him a rest for
+his rifle. He then fired and continued firing till all were killed.
+When his companion made to walk towards the animals, Sir ---- said to
+him roughly:
+
+"'Where are you going?'
+
+"'To cut up the caribou.'
+
+"'... I don't want them.'"
+
+This game murderer killed three times as many as the prescribed limit
+on this one occasion. Yet nothing was done to him!
+
+
+SANCTUARIES
+
+However desirable they are from any point of view leaseholds are not
+likely to cover much of Labrador for some time to come. They should be
+encouraged only on condition that every lessee of every
+kind--sportsman, professional on land or water, lumberman or
+other--accepts the obligation to keep and enforce the wild-life
+protection laws in co-operation with the public wardens who guard the
+sanctuaries, watch the open areas and patrol the trade outlets.
+
+I have very little to add to what I said about sanctuaries in the
+_Address_. Most of the information received since it was published has
+only emphasized the points it made. And as no one has opposed and many
+have supported the establishment of the Harrington sanctuary I again
+recommend it strongly. The 64 miles in a straight line between cape
+Whittle and cape Mekattina should be made into an absolute sanctuary
+for all birds and mammals. If some more ground can be taken in on
+either side, so much the better. But the 64 miles must be kept in any
+case. The Bird rocks and Bonaventure island, one of the Mingans, the
+Perroquets, Egg island and The Pilgrims, are all desirable in every
+way. There are plenty of islands to choose from along the Atlantic
+Labrador and round Hudson and James bays. It is most important to keep
+the migratory birds free from molestation during the first fortnight
+after their arrival; and the same applies to migratory mammals, though
+not quite in the same way. Inland sanctuaries should be made near
+Hamilton inlet, in the Mingan and Mistassini districts and up the
+Eastmain river. Ultimately an Arctic sanctuary might be made on
+either Baffin or Melville islands. A meteorological station in the
+Arctic, linked up with Labrador by wireless, would be of great benefit
+to the weather forecasts, as we now have no reports from where so much
+of our cold or mild winters are affected by the different drift of
+enormous ice-fields; and whenever one is established, a wild-life
+protection station should accompany it.
+
+Sanctuaries should never be too big; not one tenth of the whole area
+will ever be required for them. But they should be placed where they
+will best serve the double purpose of being natural wild "zoos" and
+over-flowing reservoirs of wild-life. The exact situations of most,
+especially inland, will require a good deal of co-operative study
+between zoologists and other experts. But there is no doubt whatever,
+that they ought to be established, no matter how well the laws are
+enforced over both leaseholds and open areas. Civilised man is
+appreciating them more and more every day; and every day he is
+becoming better able to reach them. By giving absolute security to all
+desirable species in at least two different localities we can keep
+objects of Nature study in the best possible way both for ourselves
+and our posterity.
+
+Only twelve years ago forty mills were debasing the immemorial and
+gigantic sequoia into mere timber in its last refuge in California.
+But even the general public sees now that this was a barbarous and
+idiotic perversion of relative values. What is a little perishable
+timber, for which substitutes can be found elsewhere, compared with a
+grove of trees that will be the wonder and delight of generations?
+What is the fleeting but abominable gratification of destroying the
+harmless lizard-like Tuatera of New Zealand compared with the deep
+interest of preserving it as the last living vertebrate that takes us
+back to Primary times? What is the momentary gratification of wearing
+egret feathers compared with the certainty of soon destroying the
+herons that produce them altogether; or what can compensate for the
+vile cruelty done to mutilated parent birds and starving young, or the
+murder of Bradley, the bird warden when trying to protect them?
+
+
+LETTERS
+
+The following quotations from a few of the many and wholly unsolicited
+letters received are arranged in alphabetical order. They are strictly
+_verbatim_:
+
+_Australia._ The Animals' Protection Society. F. Montagu Rothery,
+Esq., Secretary, 82 Pitt Street, Sydney, New South Wales.
+
+     Here in this State our _fauna_ and _flora_ are both rapidly
+     disappearing, there being so many agencies at work for their
+     destruction. It will soon be too late to save many of our
+     beautiful birds and animals, and I am anxious to bring
+     under notice your words for the preservation of animals by
+     a system of sanctuaries.
+
+Dr. Robert Bell, late Chief Geologist, Geological Survey of Canada,
+who has made many explorations in Labrador and adjacent lands and
+waters, and who has always given special attention to the mammals,
+writes:
+
+     I approve very heartily of the plan. It will be a humane
+     thing to try to protect the animals and will be very
+     advantageous in every way. It will no doubt receive the
+     sympathy of all classes. There will, however, be some
+     difficulties to overcome and much work to be done before the
+     plan gets into successful operation.... As to the location
+     and dimensions of the sanctuary, the north side of the lower
+     St. Lawrence is the most suitable or only region left,
+     except where it is too far north to benefit the most of the
+     mammals and birds which we should try to preserve. It will
+     be desirable to reserve and protect as great a length of the
+     shore as possible, but perhaps enough will be found between
+     Bradore bay on the east and Great Mekattina island on the
+     west, or this might be extended to Natashkwan. To carry it
+     up to Mingan, it would become more and more difficult to
+     protect the coast the further up you come. Between Mekattina
+     island and Natashkwan, there are no attractive rivers to
+     tempt trespassers to go inland, those which exist being
+     difficult for canoe navigation....
+
+     The animals soon find out where they are safe and come to
+     live in even a small area. The Algonquin park is a case in
+     point. There the bears have increased immensely in a few
+     years and the less noticeable mammals and birds have also
+     increased very much. I know of a more conspicuous case of a
+     small area, on the Nelson river, where, owing to an
+     old-standing superstition of the Indians, the animals have
+     not been molested for a long period and they have become
+     much more numerous than elsewhere.... Everything that can be
+     killed is called Game. Most of it should be called animal
+     murder and should be discouraged.
+
+     The Sanctuary should be placed in charge of a committee of
+     naturalists. But zoologists are scarce in Canada and those
+     who have taken an interest in the animals might be included.
+     Faithful men to carry out their instructions I think can be
+     found.
+
+The President of the Boone and Crockett Club, Major W. Austin
+Wadsworth, Geneseo, N.Y., wrote:
+
+     I wish to express officially the admiration of our Club for
+     your paper on Animal Sanctuaries in Labrador, because the
+     whole question of Game Refuges has been one of especial
+     interest to us and we have been identified with all
+     movements in that direction in this country.
+
+Captain R.G. Boulton, R.N., retired, was engaged for many years on the
+Hydrographic Survey of the Lower St. Lawrence, the Gulf and
+Newfoundland. He says:
+
+     There is no doubt, as regards the conservation of _birds_,
+     that sea-birds, such as gulls, &c., &c., are useful "aids to
+     navigation," by warning the mariner of the proximity of
+     land, on making the coast. On foggy shores, like those of
+     Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Labrador, they are especially
+     useful, and it is to the advantage of the voyaging public to
+     conserve what we have left. While carrying on the Survey of
+     Georgian bay, and North channel of lake Huron, 1883-1893,
+     the _Bayfield_, my surveying vessel, was more than once kept
+     off the rocks in the foggy weather which prevails in May and
+     June, by the chirping and warbling of land birds.
+
+His Excellency the Right Hon. James Bryce, British Ambassador at
+Washington, who is a keen botanist and lover of the wilds, writes:
+
+     It is painfully interesting. One finds it hard to realize
+     that such wicked waste of the gifts of Providence, and such
+     horrible cruelty, should be going on in our time. You are
+     doing a great service in calling attention to them and I
+     heartily wish you success in your endeavours.
+
+At a special meeting of the Board of Governors of the Camp-Fire Club
+of America, held on December 12th last, the following resolution was
+unanimously passed:
+
+     "_Whereas_, the Camp-Fire Club of America desires to express
+     its interest in and endorsement of the plan for the
+     establishment of Bird and Animal Sanctuaries in Labrador,
+     outlined by Lieut.-Colonel William Wood in his address
+     before the Commission of Conservation delivered at Quebec,
+     in January, 1911;
+
+     "We believe that the establishment of adequate sanctuaries
+     is one of the most potent factors in the conservation of our
+     rapidly disappearing wild life. The Camp-Fire Club of
+     America has taken, and is taking, an active part in the
+     movement for the establishment of such sanctuaries in
+     various places. We believe that such sanctuaries should be
+     established in Labrador in the near future, while an
+     abundance of undeveloped land is available and before the
+     wild life has been decimated to such an extent as to make
+     its preservation difficult;
+
+     "_Be it therefore Resolved_, that the Secretary convey to
+     Colonel Wood the assurance of our hearty interest in and
+     approval of the plan to establish adequate animal
+     sanctuaries in Labrador, and our hope that such sanctuaries
+     will be established in the near future."
+
+Dr. John M. Clarke, Director, Science Division, New York State
+Education Department, and a gentleman acquainted with the wild life of
+the gulf of St. Lawrence, writes:
+
+     I have taken much interest in reading your paper. It seems
+     to be based on an extraordinary acquaintance with the
+     situation.
+
+     Canada is blessed with many unique natural resorts of animal
+     life and I have been particularly impressed with the
+     invasions that have been made on the wonderful nesting
+     places of the waterfowl. In my repeated stays on the coast
+     of Gaspe and the islands of the Gulf, now running over a
+     dozen years, I have had my attention forced to the hideous
+     sacrifices of bird life that are constantly going on; for
+     example in the Magdalen islands with their extraordinary
+     array of shore birds. The great lagoons within the islands
+     afford ideal breeding conditions, and an extraordinary
+     attraction for the hunter as well.
+
+     My observation leads me to the conviction that the shooting
+     law is not in the least respected on these islands, except
+     perhaps by the residents themselves. In some cases the
+     outsider is obliged to wait for the fall migration of the
+     ducks and geese and so comes within the law, but there are
+     plenty of early migrants that arrive during the close
+     season, only to be quickly picked up by the summer hunter,
+     who realizes that he is too far away to incur the law's
+     force.
+
+     As far as the shore birds are concerned, it is not the
+     occasional hunter that does the real damage. The islands are
+     becoming widely known to students of birds, and it is the
+     bird student, the member of the Audubon Society, (in most
+     instances, I regret to say, men of my own country) who are
+     guilty of ruthless slaughter of the shore birds for their
+     skins, and particularly for their eggs; all this in the
+     protected season.
+
+     The situation is even worse on the Bird rocks. That is a
+     protected area and yet is subject to fearful attacks from
+     the egg hunters. I do not mean the commercial "eggers," but
+     the member of the Audubon Society who has a collection of
+     birds' eggs and skins and wants duplicates in order to enter
+     into exchange with his colleagues. I met there on one of my
+     visits an American "student" who had taken 369 clutches of
+     eggs of each of the seven or more species of waterfowl there
+     breeding, thus destroying at one swoop upwards of two
+     thousand potential birds. It is no wonder that, with such a
+     hideous desecration of the rights of the birds, the
+     population of the Rocks is rapidly decreasing.
+
+     I believe the light-keeper is supposed to be a conservator
+     of the birds and to prevent such uncontrolled destruction;
+     but what can he do, a man who is practically exiled from the
+     rest of his race for the entire year, frozen in for six
+     months of the year? He is naturally so overjoyed at the
+     sight of a fellow creature from the big world outside as to
+     indulge him, whatever his collecting proclivities may be.
+     The eggs that are taken by the occasional sailor seem to me
+     to cut no figure at all in the actual diminution of the bird
+     life there. That is a slender thing compared with the
+     destruction caused by the bird students. It is a severe
+     indictment of the ornithologist that such statements as the
+     foregoing happen to be true.
+
+     Almost as remarkable for its number of waterfowl of the same
+     species is the roost on the east cliffs of Bonaventure
+     island. These have fortunately been rendered by Nature, thus
+     far, inaccessible and the bird men have not yet found a way
+     of getting among them. Yet, even so, there is constantly a
+     great deal of reckless shooting at the birds simply for the
+     sake of "stirring them up." This place is not protected by
+     law, I believe, as a special reservation, but that might
+     easily be brought about if the matter were placed in the
+     hands of some responsible citizen residing on that island.
+
+     There is a happy situation in connection with the great
+     Percé rock at Percé, on the top of which the gulls and
+     cormorants have kept house for untold generations. These
+     birds are a constant temptation to the men with a gun, but
+     the Percé people are so attached to the birds that no one
+     would ever think of killing one, except the occasional
+     French fisherman who will eat a young gull when hard
+     pressed. Any attempt made by outsiders to use the birds as
+     targets is resented so strongly that even the cormorants are
+     let live.
+
+     Your address seems to me timely and extremely pertinent. I
+     hope your proposition may receive more than passing
+     attention and the suggestions therein be made effective, for
+     they certainly aim to maintain the natural attractions and
+     the natural resources of the country.
+
+Mr. Napoleon A. Comeau, author of _Life and Sport on the North Shore_,
+and one who has had fifty years' practical experience within the
+Labrador area, writes from Godbout River, Que.:
+
+     I trust your good work will be crowned with success. A lot
+     of good has already been accomplished by the spreading of
+     literature on this subject by the Audubon Society, the
+     A.O.U. and others, but much remains to be accomplished. It
+     has always been my aim in this section to prevent wanton
+     destruction of all kinds and I am glad to say I have had
+     considerable success in educating our younger generation
+     here. Small birds of all kinds used to be wantonly killed by
+     boys, a thing I rarely see now--it was the same in the other
+     ways by men--but I must say that _real_ trappers or Indians
+     are not the worst by any means. These men will kill at all
+     times and seasons but only through necessity; strangers and
+     so-called sportsmen are generally the offenders. I have been
+     a trapper myself for years, a professional, but had been
+     taught never to kill wantonly.... Of course, much study and
+     care must be exercised in preserving species of birds and
+     animals from destruction, or else, as you say, mistakes may
+     be made. There are species of such that are destructive to
+     others when allowed to increase beyond certain limits, and
+     it takes a very short time to do that in some cases....
+     About three years ago, ruffed grouse were so scarce
+     everywhere that I have travelled hundreds of miles without
+     seeing one. They were protected by law, which no doubt did
+     much near the densely populated sections, but as far as our
+     coast was concerned did absolutely nothing because Indians
+     and trappers shot them on sight for food. Last year there
+     were a few seen here and there and all at once, during the
+     present season, there are thousands. Hundreds have been shot
+     and they are reported abundant all over. I imagine this must
+     be due to particularly favourable weather conditions and the
+     immense number of foxes trapped last winter. There is also
+     this fall, an extraordinary number of muskrats--they are
+     swarming everywhere, even in totally, unfavourable
+     localities, doing much damage in some places. What is the
+     cause of this? Presumably it must be through some cause
+     decreasing the number of their enemies. This is why I think
+     much care must be taken before any steps are taken to
+     protect certain species. Some still hold their own against
+     all odds.
+
+His Royal Highness the Duke of Connaught, Governor General of Canada,
+acknowledged the receipt of the _Address_ from Balmoral Castle in
+September, granted an interview at Ottawa in December, and authorized
+the use of his name to show his sympathy with the movement.
+
+Dr. W.T. Grenfell has a long and most intimate knowledge of the
+Atlantic Labrador. He writes:
+
+     The matters of animal preservation which interest me most
+     are: The rapid decline in numbers of harp seals which we
+     Northern people can get for our boots and clothing. This
+     food and clothing supply, formerly readily obtainable all
+     along the Labrador, helped greatly to maintain in comfort
+     our scattered population. It is scarcely now worth while
+     putting out seal nets. We attribute this to the destruction
+     of seals at the time of their whelping, by steamers which
+     are ever growing larger and more numerous. No mammal,
+     producing but one offspring can long survive this.
+
+     Along the Labrador coast east of the Canadian border, birds
+     are destroyed on sight and nests robbed wherever found. The
+     laws are a dead letter because there is no one to enforce
+     them.
+
+     There is great need also for scientific inquiry with regard
+     to the fisheries--the herring and mackerel are apparently
+     gone, the salmon are getting scarcer, and the cod fisheries
+     have been failing perceptibly these past years. Yet there is
+     no practical effort made to discover the reason and obviate
+     it.
+
+On the 9th of September, 1911, Earl Grey made the following entry in
+the visitors' book at La Roche:
+
+     I desire to thank the provincial government of Quebec for
+     having given me the opportunity of visiting, as their guest,
+     the Laurentides National Park, and to acknowledge the great
+     pleasure which I have derived from all I have seen and
+     done.... I would also like to congratulate them on the
+     wisdom of their policy in establishing so large a reserve,
+     as a protection for various breeds of wild animals which
+     would otherwise be in danger of extinction, and as a place
+     of rest, refreshment, and recreation for those who love the
+     quiet of the wilds.
+
+Mr. George Bird Grinnell, one of the greatest authorities in the world
+on the Indian and wild life of North America, writes:
+
+     I have recently read with extraordinary interest your
+     address, presented last January to the Commission of
+     Conservation....
+
+     I wish to offer you my personal thanks for the effective way
+     in which you have set forth the desirability of establishing
+     wild-life refuges in Labrador, and I trust that what you
+     have said will start a movement in Canada to carry out this
+     good project. It has long interested me to know that your
+     people and their officials seem much more farseeing than
+     those on this side of the line, and Canada's show of
+     national parks and reservations is far more creditable than
+     that of her neighbour to the south.
+
+Dr. H. Mather Hare, who does on the Canadian Labrador what Dr.
+Grenfell does on the Newfoundland or Atlantic Labrador, and whose
+headquarters are at Harrington, where the first coast sanctuary ought
+to be established at the earliest possible moment, says:
+
+     May I make a suggestion? The fishermen coming here from Nova
+     Scotia and Newfoundland do not believe there is really a law
+     against egging and shooting. They say it is a put-up job by
+     the people living on the coast, because they want all the
+     eggs and birds themselves. This being the case, would it not
+     be a good idea to have a notice in several of the Nova
+     Scotia and Newfoundland papers warning the fishermen
+     against breaking the law, and in this way putting the
+     interdiction on a legal footing; so they may understand that
+     it is not a mere bluff on the part of the people living on
+     the coast. So far there has been nothing but talk, and
+     nothing official; no arrest made, etc., so one can hardly
+     blame them for the position they take, especially as they
+     have been doing the same thing for many years.
+
+     The notice should be very clear and penalties set forth
+     plainly.
+
+Mr. W.T. Lindsay, M.E., who has travelled thousands of miles through
+Labrador, writes:
+
+     I have spent two summers in the north eastern wilderness of
+     Quebec and can fully appreciate your suggestions.
+
+     I take the liberty of sending you a copy of an "interview"
+     by the _Montreal Witness_ upon my return in 1909, by which
+     you will see that I am in accord with your views, _i.e._,
+     unless the Government takes immediate steps to protect the
+     wild animals in the Province of Quebec, many of them will
+     become extinct....
+
+     I would suggest that the Commission of Conservation make a
+     close investigation of the _ways and means_ of the fur
+     traders along the north shore, and I believe that official,
+     unbiassed and independent investigation will expose a very
+     peculiar state of affairs in connection with the
+     mal-conservation of game.
+
+Mr. Clive Phillips-Wolley, the well known authority on big-game sport,
+writes from Koksilah, Nanaimo, B.C., Canada:
+
+     ... of course I agree with your views: we have in this
+     Province been doing our best to put them in practice with
+     the most excellent results. Dr. W.T. Hornaday stirred us up,
+     and, though we did not put our sanctuaries exactly where he
+     suggested we took a hint from him and have been rewarded by
+     an extraordinary increase in big-horns, wapiti and other big
+     game. I, of course, have shot a great deal as a big game
+     hunter, but, thank God, I don't remember one wanton kill,
+     and I know I have not killed one per cent. of the beasts I
+     might have done. No one wants to....
+
+The Hon. Theodore Roosevelt, ex-President of the United States,
+writes:
+
+     I desire to extend my most earnest good wishes and
+     congratulations to the Commission of Conservation of Canada.
+     Your address on the need of animal sanctuaries in Labrador
+     must appeal, it seems to me, to every civilized man. The
+     great naturalist, Alfred Russell Wallace, in his book, "The
+     World of Life," recently published, says that all who
+     profess religion, or sincerely believe in the Deity, the
+     designer and maker of this world and of every living thing,
+     as well as all lovers of Nature, should treat the wanton and
+     brutal destruction of living things and of forests as among
+     the first of forbidden sins. In his own words, "All the
+     works of Nature, animate or inanimate, should be invested
+     with a certain sanctity, to be used by us but not abused,
+     and never to be recklessly destroyed or defaced. To pollute
+     a spring or a river, to exterminate a bird or a beast,
+     should be treated as moral offences and as social crimes.
+     Never before has there been such widespread ravage of the
+     earth's surface by the destruction of vegetation, and with
+     it, animal life, and such wholesale defacement of the earth.
+     The nineteenth century saw the rise and development and
+     culmination of these crimes against God and man. Let us hope
+     that the twentieth century will see the rise of a truer
+     religion, a purer Christianity." I have condensed what Mr.
+     Wallace said because it is too long to quote in full. He
+     shows that this wanton and brutal defacement of Nature, this
+     annihilation of the natural resources that should be part of
+     the National capital of our children and children's
+     children, this destruction of so much that is beautiful and
+     grand, goes hand in hand with the sordid selfishness which
+     is responsible for so very much of the misery of our
+     civilization. The movement for the conservation of our
+     natural resources, for the protection of our forests and of
+     the wild life of the woods, the mountains and the coasts, is
+     essentially a democratic movement. Democracy, in its
+     essence, means that a few people shall not be allowed for
+     their own selfish gratification, to destroy what ought to
+     belong to the people as a whole. The men who destroy our
+     forests for their own immediate pecuniary benefit, the men
+     who make a lifeless desert of what were once coasts teeming
+     with a wonderfully varied bird life, these, whether rich or
+     poor, and their fellows in destruction of every type, are
+     robbing the whole people, are robbing the citizens of the
+     future of their natural rights. Over most of the United
+     States, over all of South Africa and large portions of
+     Canada, this destruction was permitted to go on to the
+     bitter end. It is late now, but it is not too late for us to
+     put a stop to the process elsewhere. What is being done in
+     Labrador is substantially what was done, and is still, in
+     places, being done in Florida. A resolute effort is now
+     being made by the Audubon Societies, and all kindred
+     organizations, to stop the waste in the United States. Great
+     good can be done by this effort, for there is still very
+     much left to save in the United States. But there is very
+     much more left to save in Canada. Canada has taken the lead
+     in many matters of far-reaching importance to the future
+     welfare of mankind, and has taught other nations much. She
+     can teach no more important lesson to other nations, and
+     incidentally, she can benefit herself in no more striking
+     way, than by resolutely setting to work to preserve her
+     forests, and the strange and beautiful wild creatures, both
+     beasts and birds, of her forests and her sea-coasts.
+     Labrador offers one of the best of all possible fields for
+     such work. The forests, the wild beasts and wild birds of
+     Labrador can be kept perpetually as one of the great assets
+     of Canada; or they can he destroyed in a spirit of brutal
+     and careless vandalism, with no permanent benefit to anyone,
+     and with the effect of ruining the country and preventing
+     its ever becoming what it otherwise would become. The
+     economic argument is by no means the only argument, and, in
+     my eyes, is hardly the most important argument for
+     preserving the forests and wild life of Labrador, as your
+     Commission desires to preserve them, but it is in itself so
+     important that, even though there were no other reason to be
+     adduced, it would amply warrant the taking of the action
+     you recommend. I extend you my warmest good wishes for the
+     success of your movement.
+
+Mr. Ernest Thompson Seton writes:
+
+     ... your most interesting and convincing address on _Animal
+     Sanctuaries in Labrador_. You certainly have hit the nail on
+     the head. It is now demonstrated by experiments in many
+     parts of the world that the only sure way to preserve
+     indefinitely a supply of wild animals is by giving them
+     well-placed, well-selected sanctuaries, wherein at all
+     seasons they are safe. I am delighted to know that you are
+     taking up this important matter with such vigor.
+
+_South Africa_. Major Hamilton, Superintendent, Transvaal Government
+Game Reserves, Koomatipoort, says:
+
+     I have been much interested in reading Col. Wood's address.
+     They seem to have the same difficulties to contend with
+     there as we have here, _i.e._, ignorance and apathy of the
+     public, and active opposition from those with axes to grind.
+
+Major Hamilton encloses the _Regulations under Section_ 4 _of the Game
+Preservation Ordinance_, 1905, (C)--_Reserves_. By these it appears
+that "owners of private land situate in a Reserve or persons having
+the permission in writing of such owners shall have free access to
+every part of such land." But routes of access in the Reserve
+generally are exactly defined and must be followed. Penalties up to
+£50 may be imposed for the infraction of any one of six different
+clauses. Major Hamilton also says:
+
+     The Game Sanctuaries of the Transvaal stretch along the
+     eastern border of the Province for a length of 250 miles
+     with an average breadth of 50 miles.
+
+     They are in charge of a Warden under whom are six Rangers.
+     Five of these Rangers are in charge of each of one of the
+     five areas into which the Reserves are divided, four for the
+     Sabi Reserve and one for the Singwitsi Reserve, and each has
+     at his disposal a force of 12 native rangers or police. The
+     sixth Ranger is specially employed in the capture of live
+     animals for zoological purposes, the destruction of vermin
+     and for any emergency duty which may arise. His headquarters
+     are, therefore, within easy reach of the Warden.
+
+     The Warden has, further, in the districts included in the
+     Game Reserve, the powers of a Resident Justice of the Peace,
+     a Sub Native Commissioner, and a Customs Officer, while the
+     Rangers, white and native, have the full powers and duties
+     of police. The area is therefore quite self-contained, and
+     at the Warden's headquarters, are police barracks, court
+     house and lock-up, and a post of the Transvaal police in
+     charge of a corporal is permanently stationed there. The
+     special by-laws which are enforced are set forth in the
+     attached slip. There are about 4,000 natives, all told,
+     resident within the area. Most of them have been admitted as
+     residents on condition of their giving assistance to the
+     staff, and hold their tenure conditionally on their
+     behaviour. This system has been found to work admirably,
+     for, while practically no harm is done by these residents,
+     very considerable assistance has been obtained from them in
+     detecting poachers.
+
+     All carnivorous mammals are treated as vermin and are
+     systematically destroyed.
+
+     No shooting or hunting of any kind is permitted in the
+     Reserve, and in fact members of the public except on special
+     permit are not allowed to carry firearms or to leave certain
+     main tracks.
+
+     The species of game mammals found are as follows: Elephant,
+     rhinoceros, hippopotamus, giraffe, buffalo, zebra, sable and
+     roan antelope, kudu, water buck, blue wilde-beest, impalla,
+     reed buck, bush-buck, steenbok, duiker, klipspringer,
+     mountain reed buck, red duiker.
+
+     Of game birds there are: five kinds of francolin, two kinds
+     of knorhaan, sand grouse, quail and crested paauw.
+
+     The most destructive of the carnivora are lions, leopards,
+     chitas, hunting dogs, caracals and servals.
+
+     Baboons, porcupines, &c., being destructive in various ways,
+     are considered to be vermin.
+
+     Vermin have perceptibly decreased during the last few years,
+     in spite of the fact that the game has increased at the rate
+     of fully 10 per cent, per annum.
+
+     About 1,500 head of vermin, on an average, are destroyed
+     annually. The figures for 1910 included 21 lions, 24
+     leopards, 31 wild dogs, &c., the balance being made up of
+     chetahs, caracals, servals, civets, genets, wild cats,
+     hyenas, jackals, otters, baboons, crocodiles, pythons and
+     birds of prey.
+
+     There were 133 prosecutions for infringement of the
+     regulations, all against natives.
+
+Dr. Charles W. Townsend, Boston, Mass., an eminent ornithologist,
+says:
+
+     I have just read with much interest your Address on _Animal
+     Sanctuaries in Labrador_, and wish to tell you how fully I
+     agree with you, not only as to the importance of stopping
+     the destruction in Labrador before it is too late, but also
+     in the value of animal sanctuaries in general and of
+     Labrador in particular. I sincerely hope you will succeed in
+     your good work.
+
+     In the _Birds of Labrador_, 1907, Boston Society of Natural
+     History, by Mr. Glover, Mr. Allen and myself, we called
+     especial attention to the great destruction of life that has
+     gone on and is still going on there, and we suggested the
+     protection of the eiders for their down, as is done in
+     Norway, instead of their extermination, the present course.
+
+Commander W. Wakeham, of the Department of Marine, says:
+
+     No one can question the desirability of having certain areas
+     set apart, where wild animals may find asylum, and rest....
+
+     A few years ago, from some unusual cause, the woodland
+     caribou, in great numbers, visited that part of Labrador,
+     east of Forteau, and along down as far as St. Charles. A
+     large number were there killed by the white settlers--but
+     this was a solitary, and exceptional year. The Indians who
+     hunt in the interior of Labrador undoubtedly do kill a large
+     number of these caribou; but, when we consider the great
+     extent of country over which these deer migrate, compared
+     with the comparatively small number of Indians--and there is
+     a steadily decreasing number--I can hardly believe that
+     there is much fear of their ever exterminating these deer.
+     Then, could we possibly prevent these Indians from hunting
+     the deer wherever they meet them? I hardly think we could.
+     The barren-ground caribou are not hunted to any extent by
+     whites. During the month of August, the Eskimo of the Ungava
+     peninsula, as well as those in Baffin island, resort to
+     certain fords, or narrows where these caribou usually pass
+     at the beginning of the fall migration. They kill
+     considerable numbers--rather for the skins as clothing, than
+     for food. But the Eskimo are few in number, and I cannot
+     conceive that there is any fear of these caribou ever being
+     greatly reduced in number by these native hunters. Any one
+     who has ever met a herd of barren-ground caribou, and seen
+     the countless thousands of them, could hardly conceive of
+     their ever being exterminated. Nor would they be if we had
+     to deal only with the native hunters. But, with our
+     experience of what happened to the buffalo when the white
+     man took up the slaughter, we must take precaution in time.
+
+     Up to the present, very few white men have penetrated any
+     distance into the interior of the Labrador peninsula, and I
+     do not see that they are very likely to, in the near future.
+     But we never can tell. A few years ago we would have said
+     the same of the Yukon region, so that it would be a wise
+     precaution to have set apart a considerable section of the
+     Labrador, in the interior, as a sanctuary.... It would
+     perhaps be better to have two regions set apart, one near
+     the Saguenay country and another nearer the Atlantic coast.
+     We have, however, to consider the fact that sanctuaries
+     will be of no value unless they are well guarded.
+
+     In the case of the birds the conditions are bad; the
+     destruction on the Labrador is horrible to contemplate. The
+     outer islands were scoured by crews from foreign vessels,
+     and whole loads of eggs carried off. There has not been much
+     of this done in recent years. There can he no doubt that, if
+     certain of the larger and less inhabited islands were set
+     apart, and carefully protected, the birds would return to
+     them. I believe that owing to the constant way in which the
+     birds--eider ducks, certain of the divers, gulls, &c., were
+     disturbed, on their natural and original nesting places,
+     they have changed their habits; and, instead of nesting on
+     the islands and by the sea, they have moved to the shores of
+     the interior lakes. You see flocks of young birds in the
+     fall; they have come from the interior, as they were not
+     hatched out on the islands as they used to be.
+
+     The destruction of geese and curlew does not take place on
+     the Labrador. These birds are not disturbed on their nesting
+     grounds; but, to the south and west when they are passing to
+     their winter haunts. Geese are found feeding on the
+     hill-sides, on the most distant and northern islands--as far
+     north as any of our explorers have gone. The first birds
+     Sverdrup met as he was coming south, in the early spring,
+     were wild geese. These birds are not disturbed on their
+     breeding grounds. The Eskimo do not meddle with them. In the
+     same way caribou are found feeding about the shores of
+     Hudson bay and strait. Like the geese, they feed on berries
+     about the hill sides. I have shot them at the mouth of
+     Churchill river, and near cape Digges in August, when they
+     were very fat--so fat that it is said that, on falling on
+     hard ground, they would burst open; though this did not
+     actually happen in my case. I certainly think that it would
+     be a grand thing to have certain groups of islands--or even
+     certain sections of coast--set apart as bird sanctuaries.
+
+     Your paper deals entirely with conditions in Labrador. There
+     is, however, another part of the Gulf coast, where the need
+     of protection is much greater than on the Labrador. That is
+     the interior of the Gaspe peninsula. A certain region in the
+     interior has been set aside as a park, but it is quite
+     unprotected. Here, we have moose, woodland caribou and the
+     red deer, besides nearly all the fur-bearing animals that we
+     find on the Labrador. There is no game protection whatever.
+     Moose and caribou are killed mostly out of season--when they
+     are yarded, or when it is easy to run them down. In many
+     cases the meat is left in the woods, the hide only being
+     wanted. Lumbermen are penetrating up the rivers, further
+     into the interior--every lumber camp is a centre from which
+     the game laws are persistently violated.... the game, both
+     fur and feather, (particularly the ruffled grouse) is
+     rapidly disappearing before their pitiless onslaughts.
+     Lumber camps are opened much earlier in the season than they
+     used to be; so that the interior lakes and head waters of
+     the rivers are being cleaned out of fish taken while in the
+     act of spawning. All this may seem very strong language; but
+     it is really not exaggerated. It may help to show the need
+     of more and better conservation....
+
+Mr. Alfred Russell Wallace, the founder and exponent of the science of
+zoo-geography, writes:
+
+     ... your address on "Animal Sanctuaries" in Labrador, which
+     I have read with the greatest interest and astonishment.
+     Such reckless destruction I should hardly have thought
+     possible.
+
+     There is a considerable public opinion now against the use
+     of feathers as _ornaments_[A] because it inevitably leads to
+     the extermination of some of the most beautiful of living
+     things; but I think the attempts to stop it by legal
+     enactments begin at the wrong end. They seek to punish the
+     actual collectors or importers of the plumes, who are really
+     the least guilty and the most difficult to get at. It is the
+     actual _wearers_ of such ornaments who should be subject to
+     fines or even imprisonment, because, without the _demand_
+     they make there would be no supply. They also are,
+     presumably, the most educated and should know better. If it
+     were known that any lady with a feather in her hat (or
+     elsewhere) would be taken before a magistrate and _fined_,
+     and, on a second offence, _imprisoned_, and if this were the
+     case in the chief civilized countries of Europe and America,
+     the whole trade would at once cease and the poor birds be
+     left in peace.
+
+     You have, however, treated the subject very carefully and
+     thoroughly, and I hope your views will be soon carried
+     out....
+
+     I am glad to hear that Mr. Roosevelt is a reader of the
+     "World of Life." My own interest is more especially in the
+     preservation of adequate areas of the glorious tropical and
+     equatorial forests, with their teeming and marvellous forms
+     of life.
+
+Numerous other letters from all parts of the world expressing
+appreciation of the _Address_ have been received, the correspondents
+expressing strong approval of the effort to establish Animal
+Sanctuaries in Labrador. The names of some of the correspondents are
+given herewith:
+
+Sir Robert Baden-Powell, London; Prof. H.T. Barnes, Montreal; Julien
+Corbett, London; Rudyard Kipling; Lord Stamfordham, London; Sir James
+LeMoine, Quebec; J.M. Macoun, Ottawa; Henry F. Osborn, New York;
+Madison Grant, New York.
+
+_Note._--As a postscript I might add that the owner of part of a very
+desirable little archipelago, not far from the Saguenay, has already
+offered to give the property outright if a suitable sanctuary can be
+made out of the whole. This is all the more encouraging because such a
+gift involves the refusal of an offer from a speculative purchaser.
+May others be moved to do the same!
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote A: Mr. Wallace refers to feathers like egrets, not the
+permissable kinds, like ostrich plumes.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Supplement to Animal Sanctuaries in
+Labrador, by William Wood
+
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Supplement to Animal Sanctuaries in Labrador
+by William Wood
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Supplement to Animal Sanctuaries in Labrador
+       Supplement to an Address Presented by Lt.-Colonel William Wood,
+              F.R.S.C. Before the Second Annual Meeting of the Commission of
+              Conservation in January, 1911
+              
+
+Author: William Wood
+
+Release Date: February 21, 2005 [EBook #15134]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUPPLEMENT TO ANIMAL SANCTUARIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Wallace McLean, Jeannie Howse and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<h2><a name="Page_1"></a>Commission of Conservation<br />
+Canada</h2>
+
+
+<h4>SUPPLEMENT TO</h4>
+<h2>ANIMAL SANCTUARIES</h2>
+<h4>IN</h4>
+<h2>LABRADOR</h2>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>SUPPLEMENT TO<br />
+AN ADDRESS PRESENTED</h4>
+<h5>BY</h5>
+<h4>LT.-COLONEL WILLIAM WOOD, F.R.S.C.</h4>
+<h5>Before the Second Annual Meeting of the <br />
+Commission of Conservation in <br />
+January, 1911</h5>
+
+<h4>OTTAWA, JUNE 1912</h4>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+
+
+<h3><a name="Page_2"></a><i>Animal Sanctuaries<br />
+in<br />
+Labrador</i></h3>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<h4>SUPPLEMENT TO<br />
+AN ADDRESS<br />
+BY</h4>
+<h3>LT.-COLONEL WILLIAM WOOD</h3>
+<h4>OTTAWA, CANADA<br />
+1912</h4>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<h3 class="sc2"><a name="Page_3"></a>Supplement To An Address</h3>
+<h4>ON</h4>
+<h3>Animal Sanctuaries in Labrador</h3>
+<h4>BY</h4>
+<h3 class="sc2">Lieut.-Colonel William Wood, F.R.S.C.</h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>The appeal prefixed to the original <i>Address</i> in 1911 announced the
+issue of the present supplement in 1912, and asked experts and other
+leaders of public opinion to set the subject on firm foundations by
+contributing advice and criticism.</p>
+
+<p>The response was most gratifying. The twelve hundred review copies
+sent out to the Canadian press, and the hundreds more sent out to
+general and specialist periodicals in every part of the
+English-speaking world, all met with a sympathetic welcome, and were
+often given long and careful notices. Many scientific journals, like
+the <i>Bulletin of the Zoological Society of America</i>, sporting
+magazines, like the Canadian <i>Rod and Gun</i>, and zoophil organs, like
+the English <i>Animals' Guardian</i>, examined the <i>Address</i> thoroughly
+from their respective standpoints. The <i>Empire Review</i> has already
+reprinted it <i>verbatim</i> in London, and an association of outing men
+are now preparing to do the same in New York.</p>
+
+<p>But though the press has been of the greatest service in the matter of
+publicity the principal additions to a knowledge of the question have
+come from individuals. Naturalists, sportsmen and leaders in public
+<a name="Page_4"></a>life have all helped both by advice and encouragement. Quotations from
+a number of letters are published at the end of this supplement. The
+most remarkable characteristic of all this private correspondence and
+public notice, as well as the spoken opinions of many experts, is
+their perfect agreement on the cardinal point that we are wantonly
+living like spendthrifts on the capital of our wild life, and that the
+general argument of the <i>Address</i> is, therefore, incontrovertibly
+true.</p>
+
+<p>The gist of some of the most valuable advice is, that while the
+<i>Address</i> is true so far as it goes, its application ought to be
+extended to completion by including the leasehold system, side by side
+with the establishment of sanctuaries and the improvement and
+enforcement of laws.</p>
+
+<p>Such an extension takes me beyond my original limits. Yet, both for
+the sake of completeness and because this system is a most valuable
+means toward the end desired by all conservers of wild life, I
+willingly insert leaseholds as the connecting link between laws and
+sanctuaries.</p>
+
+<p>But before trying to give a few working suggestions on laws,
+leaseholds and sanctuaries, and, more particularly still, before
+giving any quotations from letters, I feel bound to point out again,
+as I did in the <i>Address</i> itself, that my own personality is really of
+no special consequence, either in giving the suggestions or receiving
+the letters. I have freely picked the brains of other men and simply
+put together the scattered parts of what ought to be a consistent
+whole.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen">LAWS</p>
+
+<p>It is a truism and a counsel of perfection to say <a name="Page_5"></a>so, but, to be
+effective, wild-life protection laws, like other laws, must be
+scientific, comprehensive, accepted by the public, understood by all
+concerned, and impartially enforced.</p>
+
+<p>To be scientifically comprehensive they must define man's whole
+attitude towards wild life, whether for business, sport or study. One
+general code would suffice. A preamble could explain that the object
+was to use the interest, not abuse the capital of wild life. Then the
+noxious and beneficial kinds could be enumerated, close seasons
+mentioned, regulations laid down, etc. From this one code it would be
+easy to pick out for separate publication whatever applied only to one
+place or one form of human activity. But even this general code would
+not be enough unless the relations between animal and plant life were
+carefully adjusted, so that each might benefit the other, whenever
+possible, and neither might suffer because the other was under a
+different department. If, in both the Dominion and Provincial
+governments there are unified departments of agriculture to aid and
+control man's own domestic harvest, why should there not also be
+unified departments to aid and control his harvest of the wilds? A
+<i>Minister of Fauna and Flora</i> sounds startling, and perhaps a little
+absurd. But fisheries, forests and game have more to do with each
+other than any one of them with mines. And, whatever his designation,
+such a minister would have no lack of work, especially in Labrador.
+But here we come again to the complex human factors of three
+Governments and more Departments. Yet, if this bio-geographic area
+cannot be brought into one administrative entity, then the next <a name="Page_6"></a>best
+thing is concerted action on the part of all the Governments and all
+their Departments.</p>
+
+<p>There is no time to lose. Even now, when laws themselves stop short at
+the Atlantic, new and adjacent areas are about to be exploited without
+the slightest check being put on the exploiters. An expedition is
+leaving New York for the Arctic. It is well found in all the
+implements of destruction. It will soon be followed by others. And the
+musk-ox, polar bears and walrus will shrink into narrower and narrower
+limits, when, under protection, far wider ones might easily support
+abundance of this big game, together with geese, duck and curlews. It
+is wrong to say that such people can safely have their fling for a few
+years more. None of the nobler forms of wild life have any chance
+against modern facilities of uncontrolled destruction. What happened
+to the great auk and the Labrador duck in the Gulf? What happened to
+the musk-ox in Greenland? What is happening everywhere to every form
+of beneficial and preservable wild life that is not being actively
+protected to-day? Then, there is the disappearing whale and persecuted
+seal to think of also in those latitudes. The <i>laissez-faire</i> argument
+is no better here than elsewhere. For if wild life is worth exploiting
+it must be worth conserving.</p>
+
+<p>There is need, and urgent need, for extending protective laws all
+along the Atlantic Labrador and over the whole of the Canadian Arctic,
+where the barren-ground caribou may soon share the fate of the
+barren-ground bear in Ungava, especially if mineral exploitation sets
+in. Ungava and the Arctic are Dominion grounds, the Atlantic Labrador
+belongs to Newfoundland, Greenland to Denmark, and the open sea to
+all <a name="Page_7"></a>comers, among whom are many Americans. Under these circumstances
+the new international conference on whaling should deal effectively
+with the protection of all the marine carnivora, and be followed by an
+inter-dominion-and-provincial conference at which a joint system of
+conservation can be agreed upon for all the wild life of Labrador,
+including the cognate lands of Arctic Canada to the north and
+Newfoundland to the south.</p>
+
+<p>This occasion should be taken to place the whole of the fauna under
+law; not only <i>game</i>, but noxious and beneficial species of every
+kind. And here both local experts and trained zoologists ought to be
+consulted. Probably everyone would agree that flies, wolves and
+English sparrows are noxious. But the indiscriminate destruction of
+all mammals and birds of prey is not a good thing, as a general rule,
+any more than any other complete upsetting of the balance of nature. A
+great deal could be learnt from the excellent work already done all
+over the continent with regard to the farmer's and forester's wild
+friends and foes. A migrating flight of curlew, snipe, plover or
+sandpipers is worth much more to the farmer alive than dead. But by no
+means every farmer knows the value of the difference.</p>
+
+<p>This is only one of the many reasons why a special effort should be
+made to bring a knowledge of the laws home to everyone in the areas
+affected, including the areas crossed by the lines of migration.</p>
+
+<p>The language should be unmistakeably plain. Every form of wild life
+should be included, as wholly, seasonally, locally or otherwise
+protected, or as not protected, or as exterminable, with penalties and
+rewards <a name="Page_8"></a>mentioned in each case. All animals should be called by their
+scientific, English, French, and special local names, to prevent the
+possibility of mistake or excuse. Every man, resident or not, who uses
+rod, gun, rifle, net or snare, afloat or ashore, should be obliged to
+take out a license, even in cases where it might be given gratis; and
+his receipt for it should contain his own acknowledgment that he has a
+copy of the laws, which he thoroughly understands. Particular clauses
+should be devoted to rapacious dealers who get collecting permits as
+scientific men, to poison, to shooting from power boats or with swivel
+guns, to that most diabolical engine of all murderers&mdash;the Maxim
+silencer,&mdash;to hounding and crusting, to egging and nefarious pluming,
+to illegal netting and cod-trapping, and last, but emphatically not
+least, to any and every form of wanton cruelty. The next step may be
+to provide against the misuse of aeroplanes.</p>
+
+<p>I believe it would be well worth while, from every point of view, to
+publish the laws, or at all events a digest of them, in all the
+principal papers. Even educated people know little enough; and no one,
+even down the coast, at the trading posts, or in Newfoundland, should
+have the chance of pleading ignorance. &quot;We don't know no law here&quot;
+ought to be an impossible saying two years hence. And we might
+remember that the Newfoundlanders who chiefly use it are really no
+worse than others, and quite as amenable to good laws impartially
+enforced. They have seen the necessity of laws at home, after
+depleting their salmon rivers, deer runs and seal floes to the danger
+point. And there is no reason to suppose that an excellent population
+in so many ways would be any harder to <a name="Page_9"></a>deal with in this one than the
+hordes of poachers and sham sportsmen much nearer home.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, everything ultimately turns on the enforcement of the laws.
+And I still think that two naturalists and twenty men afloat and the
+same number ashore, with double these numbers when Hudson bay and the
+Arctic are included, would be enough to patrol Labrador
+satisfactorily, if they were in touch with local and leasehold wardens
+and with foresters, if the telegraph was used only on their side, if
+they and the general inspector were all of the right kind, and if the
+whole service was vigorously backed up at headquarters. Two fast motor
+cruisers and suitable means of making the land force also as mobile as
+possible are <i>sine qua non</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The Ungava peninsula, Hudson bay and Arctic together would mean a
+million square miles for barely a hundred men. But, with close
+co-operation between sea and land, they could guard the sanctuaries as
+efficiently as private wardens guard leased limits, watch the outlets
+of the trade, and harry law-breakers in the intervening spaces. Of
+course, the system will never be complete till the law is enforced
+against both buyers and sellers in the market. But it is worth
+enforcing, worth it in every way. And the interest of the wild life
+growing on a million miles will soon pay the keep of the hundred men
+who guard its capital.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen">LEASEHOLDS</p>
+
+<p>An article by Mr. W.H. Blake, K.C., of Toronto, on &quot;The Laurentides
+National Park&quot; appeared in the February number of the <i>University
+Magazine</i>. <a name="Page_10"></a>The following extracts have been taken from Mr. Blake's
+manuscript:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;It was in the year 1895, that the idea took substance of setting
+apart some two thousand five hundred square miles of the wild and
+mountainous country north of Quebec and south of Lake St. John as 'a
+forest reservation, fish and game preserve, public park and pleasure
+ground'. At a later date, the area was increased, until now some three
+thousand seven hundred square miles are removed from sale or
+settlement. An important though indirect object was the maintenance of
+water-level in the dozen or more rivers which take their rise in the
+high-lying plateau forming the heart of the Park.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;When the ice takes in early November the caribou make it their great
+rallying ground. These animals, so wary in summer and early autumn,
+appear to gain confidence by their numbers, and are easily stalked and
+all too easily shot. It is to be feared that too great an annual toll
+is taken, and that the herd is being diminished by more than the
+amount of its natural increase. Slightly more stringent regulations,
+the allowance of one caribou instead of two, the forbidding of
+shooting in December and January, when the bulls have lost their
+horns, would effect the result, and would ensure excellent sport in
+the region so long as the Park exists and is administered as it is
+to-day. There is, however, very serious menace to the caribou in the
+unfortunate fact that the great timber wolf has at last discovered
+this happy hunting ground. Already it would seem that there are fewer
+caribou, but the marked increase in the number of moose may be one
+cause of this. Before the days of the Park the moose <a name="Page_11"></a>were almost
+exterminated throughout this region; but a few must have escaped
+slaughter in some inaccessible fastness, and under a careful and
+intelligent system of protection they have multiplied exceedingly. Man
+may not shoot them, and probably only unprotected calves have anything
+to dread from the wolves.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;In the administration of this Reserve the government adopts a policy
+which has shown admirable results; and as this policy is in direct
+contrast to the one pursued in the Algonquin Park it may be
+interesting to explain and discuss it. It can be admitted, as a matter
+of theory, that a 'public park and pleasure ground' should be
+maintained by the people for the people, and that no individuals
+should have exclusive rights conferred upon them to fish or shoot
+within it. This ideal conception takes no account of human nature, and
+a scheme that has to do with the control and conduct of men should not
+disregard their weaknesses, or the powerful motive of self-interest.
+The greater part of the Laurentide Park is free to anyone who takes
+out a license and complies with certain regulations. But, at the
+points most threatened by poachers, the practice is followed of
+granting five-year leases of moderate areas to individuals and to
+clubs. The first requirement of these grants is that the lessee shall
+appoint a guardian, approved by the Department, and shall cause the
+conceded territories to be protected in an adequate manner. The
+guardian, for his part, is immediately answerable to an individual who
+pays his salary. He contrasts his former precarious living as a
+trapper or poacher with the assured competence which he now earns more
+easily, and makes his election in favor of virtue. Thus he becomes a
+faithful servant <a name="Page_12"></a>both of the Government and his employer, and a
+really effective unit in the protection of the Park. The lessee, in
+turn, will neither practice nor tolerate any infringement of the laws
+which would imperil his lease, nor deplete of fish and game a country
+which he intends to revisit. He would not necessarily be actuated by
+these motives if he entered the Park casually and considered nothing
+but his own sport or pleasure. It may be added that the lessee has
+reasonable assurance of the extension of his privileges if they are
+not abused and knows that he will be compensated for moneys properly
+expended if the Government sees fit not to renew his term. The
+guardians co-operate with one another under the general guidance of a
+most competent inspector, and the striking increase in fish, fur and
+feather is apparent not only in the region immediately protected but
+also ouside its boundaries. Trappers who fought bitterly against being
+excluded from this part of the public domain now find that the
+overflow of wild life into the surrounding country enables them to
+bring more pelts to market than they did in the old days, and have
+become reconciled. Guardians, gillies, carters, porters and canoemen
+live in whole or in part, on providing fishing and shooting. Under no
+other arrangement could the conceded territory afford sport and a
+living to so many people, and in no other way could the balance
+between resources and their exhaustion be so nicely maintained.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>On page 47, Mr. Blake corroborates the statement of the shameful act I
+mentioned at the bottom of page 18 of my <i>Address</i>. &quot;On sighting a
+band of six caribou he bade his man sit down to give him a rest for
+his rifle. He then fired and continued firing till all were killed.
+<a name="Page_13"></a>When his companion made to walk towards the animals, Sir &mdash;&mdash; said to
+him roughly:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'Where are you going?'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'To cut up the caribou.'</p>
+
+<p>&quot;'... I don't want them.'&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This game murderer killed three times as many as the prescribed limit
+on this one occasion. Yet nothing was done to him!</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen">SANCTUARIES</p>
+
+<p>However desirable they are from any point of view leaseholds are not
+likely to cover much of Labrador for some time to come. They should be
+encouraged only on condition that every lessee of every
+kind&mdash;sportsman, professional on land or water, lumberman or
+other&mdash;accepts the obligation to keep and enforce the wild-life
+protection laws in co-operation with the public wardens who guard the
+sanctuaries, watch the open areas and patrol the trade outlets.</p>
+
+<p>I have very little to add to what I said about sanctuaries in the
+<i>Address</i>. Most of the information received since it was published has
+only emphasized the points it made. And as no one has opposed and many
+have supported the establishment of the Harrington sanctuary I again
+recommend it strongly. The 64 miles in a straight line between cape
+Whittle and cape Mekattina should be made into an absolute sanctuary
+for all birds and mammals. If some more ground can be taken in on
+either side, so much the better. But the 64 miles must be kept in any
+case. The Bird rocks and Bonaventure island, one of the Mingans, the
+Perroquets, Egg island and The Pilgrims, are all desirable <a name="Page_14"></a>in every
+way. There are plenty of islands to choose from along the Atlantic
+Labrador and round Hudson and James bays. It is most important to keep
+the migratory birds free from molestation during the first fortnight
+after their arrival; and the same applies to migratory mammals, though
+not quite in the same way. Inland sanctuaries should be made near
+Hamilton inlet, in the Mingan and Mistassini districts and up the
+Eastmain river. Ultimately an Arctic sanctuary might be made on
+either Baffin or Melville islands. A meteorological station in the
+Arctic, linked up with Labrador by wireless, would be of great benefit
+to the weather forecasts, as we now have no reports from where so much
+of our cold or mild winters are affected by the different drift of
+enormous ice-fields; and whenever one is established, a wild-life
+protection station should accompany it.</p>
+
+<p>Sanctuaries should never be too big; not one tenth of the whole area
+will ever be required for them. But they should be placed where they
+will best serve the double purpose of being natural wild &quot;zoos&quot; and
+over-flowing reservoirs of wild-life. The exact situations of most,
+especially inland, will require a good deal of co-operative study
+between zoologists and other experts. But there is no doubt whatever,
+that they ought to be established, no matter how well the laws are
+enforced over both leaseholds and open areas. Civilised man is
+appreciating them more and more every day; and every day he is
+becoming better able to reach them. By giving absolute security to all
+desirable species in at least two different localities we can keep
+objects of Nature study in the best possible way both for ourselves
+and our posterity.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Page_15"></a>Only twelve years ago forty mills were debasing the immemorial and
+gigantic sequoia into mere timber in its last refuge in California.
+But even the general public sees now that this was a barbarous and
+idiotic perversion of relative values. What is a little perishable
+timber, for which substitutes can be found elsewhere, compared with a
+grove of trees that will be the wonder and delight of generations?
+What is the fleeting but abominable gratification of destroying the
+harmless lizard-like Tuatera of New Zealand compared with the deep
+interest of preserving it as the last living vertebrate that takes us
+back to Primary times? What is the momentary gratification of wearing
+egret feathers compared with the certainty of soon destroying the
+herons that produce them altogether; or what can compensate for the
+vile cruelty done to mutilated parent birds and starving young, or the
+murder of Bradley, the bird warden when trying to protect them?</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen">LETTERS</p>
+
+<p>The following quotations from a few of the many and wholly unsolicited
+letters received are arranged in alphabetical order. They are strictly
+<i>verbatim</i>:</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<p><i>Australia.</i> The Animals' Protection Society. F. Montagu Rothery,
+Esq., Secretary, 82 Pitt Street, Sydney, New South Wales.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Here in this State our <i>fauna</i> and <i>flora</i> are both rapidly
+     disappearing, there being so many agencies at work for their
+     destruction. It will soon be too late to save many of our
+     beautiful birds and animals, and I am anxious to bring
+     under <a name="Page_16"></a>notice your words for the preservation of animals by
+     a system of sanctuaries.</p></blockquote>
+
+<br />
+
+<p>Dr. Robert Bell, late Chief Geologist, Geological Survey of Canada,
+who has made many explorations in Labrador and adjacent lands and
+waters, and who has always given special attention to the mammals,
+writes:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>I approve very heartily of the plan. It will be a humane
+     thing to try to protect the animals and will be very
+     advantageous in every way. It will no doubt receive the
+     sympathy of all classes. There will, however, be some
+     difficulties to overcome and much work to be done before the
+     plan gets into successful operation.... As to the location
+     and dimensions of the sanctuary, the north side of the lower
+     St. Lawrence is the most suitable or only region left,
+     except where it is too far north to benefit the most of the
+     mammals and birds which we should try to preserve. It will
+     be desirable to reserve and protect as great a length of the
+     shore as possible, but perhaps enough will be found between
+     Bradore bay on the east and Great Mekattina island on the
+     west, or this might be extended to Natashkwan. To carry it
+     up to Mingan, it would become more and more difficult to
+     protect the coast the further up you come. Between Mekattina
+     island and Natashkwan, there are no attractive rivers to
+     tempt trespassers to go inland, those which exist being
+     difficult for canoe navigation....</p>
+
+<p>     The animals soon find out where they are safe and come to
+     live in even a small area. The Algonquin park is a case in
+     point. There the bears have increased immensely in a few
+     years and the less <a name="Page_17"></a>noticeable mammals and birds have also
+     increased very much. I know of a more conspicuous case of a
+     small area, on the Nelson river, where, owing to an
+     old-standing superstition of the Indians, the animals have
+     not been molested for a long period and they have become
+     much more numerous than elsewhere.... Everything that can be
+     killed is called Game. Most of it should be called animal
+     murder and should be discouraged.</p>
+
+<p>     The Sanctuary should be placed in charge of a committee of
+     naturalists. But zoologists are scarce in Canada and those
+     who have taken an interest in the animals might be included.
+     Faithful men to carry out their instructions I think can be
+     found.</p></blockquote>
+
+<br />
+
+<p>The President of the Boone and Crockett Club, Major W. Austin
+Wadsworth, Geneseo, N.Y., wrote:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>I wish to express officially the admiration of our Club for
+     your paper on Animal Sanctuaries in Labrador, because the
+     whole question of Game Refuges has been one of especial
+     interest to us and we have been identified with all
+     movements in that direction in this country.</p></blockquote>
+
+<br />
+
+<p>Captain R.G. Boulton, R.N., retired, was engaged for many years on the
+Hydrographic Survey of the Lower St. Lawrence, the Gulf and
+Newfoundland. He says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>There is no doubt, as regards the conservation of <i>birds</i>,
+     that sea-birds, such as gulls, &amp;c., &amp;c., are useful &quot;aids to
+     navigation,&quot; by warning the mariner of the proximity of
+     land, on making the coast. On foggy shores, like those of
+     Nova Scotia, <a name="Page_18"></a>Newfoundland and Labrador, they are especially
+     useful, and it is to the advantage of the voyaging public to
+     conserve what we have left. While carrying on the Survey of
+     Georgian bay, and North channel of lake Huron, 1883-1893,
+     the <i>Bayfield</i>, my surveying vessel, was more than once kept
+     off the rocks in the foggy weather which prevails in May and
+     June, by the chirping and warbling of land birds.</p></blockquote>
+
+<br />
+
+<p>His Excellency the Right Hon. James Bryce, British Ambassador at
+Washington, who is a keen botanist and lover of the wilds, writes:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>It is painfully interesting. One finds it hard to realize
+     that such wicked waste of the gifts of Providence, and such
+     horrible cruelty, should be going on in our time. You are
+     doing a great service in calling attention to them and I
+     heartily wish you success in your endeavours.</p></blockquote>
+
+<br />
+
+<p>At a special meeting of the Board of Governors of the Camp-Fire Club
+of America, held on December 12th last, the following resolution was
+unanimously passed:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>&quot;<i>Whereas</i>, the Camp-Fire Club of America desires to express
+     its interest in and endorsement of the plan for the
+     establishment of Bird and Animal Sanctuaries in Labrador,
+     outlined by Lieut.-Colonel William Wood in his address
+     before the Commission of Conservation delivered at Quebec,
+     in January, 1911;</p>
+
+<p>     &quot;We believe that the establishment of adequate sanctuaries
+     is one of the most potent factors in the conservation of our
+     rapidly disappearing wild life. The Camp-Fire Club of
+     America has taken, <a name="Page_19"></a>and is taking, an active part in the
+     movement for the establishment of such sanctuaries in
+     various places. We believe that such sanctuaries should be
+     established in Labrador in the near future, while an
+     abundance of undeveloped land is available and before the
+     wild life has been decimated to such an extent as to make
+     its preservation difficult;</p>
+
+<p>     &quot;<i>Be it therefore Resolved</i>, that the Secretary convey to
+     Colonel Wood the assurance of our hearty interest in and
+     approval of the plan to establish adequate animal
+     sanctuaries in Labrador, and our hope that such sanctuaries
+     will be established in the near future.&quot;</p></blockquote>
+
+<br />
+
+<p>Dr. John M. Clarke, Director, Science Division, New York State
+Education Department, and a gentleman acquainted with the wild life of
+the gulf of St. Lawrence, writes:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>I have taken much interest in reading your paper. It seems
+     to be based on an extraordinary acquaintance with the
+     situation.</p>
+
+<p>     Canada is blessed with many unique natural resorts of animal
+     life and I have been particularly impressed with the
+     invasions that have been made on the wonderful nesting
+     places of the waterfowl. In my repeated stays on the coast
+     of Gaspe and the islands of the Gulf, now running over a
+     dozen years, I have had my attention forced to the hideous
+     sacrifices of bird life that are constantly going on; for
+     example in the Magdalen islands with their extraordinary
+     array of shore birds. The great lagoons within the islands
+     afford ideal breeding conditions, and an extraordinary
+     attraction for the hunter as well.</p>
+
+<p>     <a name="Page_20"></a>My observation leads me to the conviction that the shooting
+     law is not in the least respected on these islands, except
+     perhaps by the residents themselves. In some cases the
+     outsider is obliged to wait for the fall migration of the
+     ducks and geese and so comes within the law, but there are
+     plenty of early migrants that arrive during the close
+     season, only to be quickly picked up by the summer hunter,
+     who realizes that he is too far away to incur the law's
+     force.</p>
+
+<p>     As far as the shore birds are concerned, it is not the
+     occasional hunter that does the real damage. The islands are
+     becoming widely known to students of birds, and it is the
+     bird student, the member of the Audubon Society, (in most
+     instances, I regret to say, men of my own country) who are
+     guilty of ruthless slaughter of the shore birds for their
+     skins, and particularly for their eggs; all this in the
+     protected season.</p>
+
+<p>     The situation is even worse on the Bird rocks. That is a
+     protected area and yet is subject to fearful attacks from
+     the egg hunters. I do not mean the commercial &quot;eggers,&quot; but
+     the member of the Audubon Society who has a collection of
+     birds' eggs and skins and wants duplicates in order to enter
+     into exchange with his colleagues. I met there on one of my
+     visits an American &quot;student&quot; who had taken 369 clutches of
+     eggs of each of the seven or more species of waterfowl there
+     breeding, thus destroying at one swoop upwards of two
+     thousand potential birds. It is no wonder that, with such a
+     hideous desecration of the rights of the birds, the
+     population of the Rocks is rapidly decreasing.</p>
+
+<p>     <a name="Page_21"></a>I believe the light-keeper is supposed to be a conservator
+     of the birds and to prevent such uncontrolled destruction;
+     but what can he do, a man who is practically exiled from the
+     rest of his race for the entire year, frozen in for six
+     months of the year? He is naturally so overjoyed at the
+     sight of a fellow creature from the big world outside as to
+     indulge him, whatever his collecting proclivities may be.
+     The eggs that are taken by the occasional sailor seem to me
+     to cut no figure at all in the actual diminution of the bird
+     life there. That is a slender thing compared with the
+     destruction caused by the bird students. It is a severe
+     indictment of the ornithologist that such statements as the
+     foregoing happen to be true.</p>
+
+<p>     Almost as remarkable for its number of waterfowl of the same
+     species is the roost on the east cliffs of Bonaventure
+     island. These have fortunately been rendered by Nature, thus
+     far, inaccessible and the bird men have not yet found a way
+     of getting among them. Yet, even so, there is constantly a
+     great deal of reckless shooting at the birds simply for the
+     sake of &quot;stirring them up.&quot; This place is not protected by
+     law, I believe, as a special reservation, but that might
+     easily be brought about if the matter were placed in the
+     hands of some responsible citizen residing on that island.</p>
+
+<p>     There is a happy situation in connection with the great
+     Perc&eacute; rock at Perc&eacute;, on the top of which the gulls and
+     cormorants have kept house for untold generations. These
+     birds are a constant temptation to the men with a gun, but
+     the Perc&eacute; people are so attached to the birds that no one
+     would ever think <a name="Page_22"></a>of killing one, except the occasional
+     French fisherman who will eat a young gull when hard
+     pressed. Any attempt made by outsiders to use the birds as
+     targets is resented so strongly that even the cormorants are
+     let live.</p>
+
+<p>     Your address seems to me timely and extremely pertinent. I
+     hope your proposition may receive more than passing
+     attention and the suggestions therein be made effective, for
+     they certainly aim to maintain the natural attractions and
+     the natural resources of the country.</p></blockquote>
+
+<br />
+
+<p>Mr. Napoleon A. Comeau, author of <i>Life and Sport on the North Shore</i>,
+and one who has had fifty years' practical experience within the
+Labrador area, writes from Godbout River, Que.:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>I trust your good work will be crowned with success. A lot
+     of good has already been accomplished by the spreading of
+     literature on this subject by the Audubon Society, the
+     A.O.U. and others, but much remains to be accomplished. It
+     has always been my aim in this section to prevent wanton
+     destruction of all kinds and I am glad to say I have had
+     considerable success in educating our younger generation
+     here. Small birds of all kinds used to be wantonly killed by
+     boys, a thing I rarely see now&mdash;it was the same in the other
+     ways by men&mdash;but I must say that <i>real</i> trappers or Indians
+     are not the worst by any means. These men will kill at all
+     times and seasons but only through necessity; strangers and
+     so-called sportsmen are generally the offenders. I have been
+     a trapper myself for years, a professional, but had been
+     taught never to kill wantonly.... Of course, much <a name="Page_23"></a>study and
+     care must be exercised in preserving species of birds and
+     animals from destruction, or else, as you say, mistakes may
+     be made. There are species of such that are destructive to
+     others when allowed to increase beyond certain limits, and
+     it takes a very short time to do that in some cases....
+     About three years ago, ruffed grouse were so scarce
+     everywhere that I have travelled hundreds of miles without
+     seeing one. They were protected by law, which no doubt did
+     much near the densely populated sections, but as far as our
+     coast was concerned did absolutely nothing because Indians
+     and trappers shot them on sight for food. Last year there
+     were a few seen here and there and all at once, during the
+     present season, there are thousands. Hundreds have been shot
+     and they are reported abundant all over. I imagine this must
+     be due to particularly favourable weather conditions and the
+     immense number of foxes trapped last winter. There is also
+     this fall, an extraordinary number of muskrats&mdash;they are
+     swarming everywhere, even in totally, unfavourable
+     localities, doing much damage in some places. What is the
+     cause of this? Presumably it must be through some cause
+     decreasing the number of their enemies. This is why I think
+     much care must be taken before any steps are taken to
+     protect certain species. Some still hold their own against
+     all odds.</p></blockquote>
+
+<br />
+
+<p>His Royal Highness the Duke of Connaught, Governor General of Canada,
+acknowledged the receipt of the <i>Address</i> from Balmoral Castle in
+September, granted an interview at Ottawa in December, and authorized
+the use of his name to show his sympathy with the movement.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<p><a name="Page_24"></a>Dr. W.T. Grenfell has a long and most intimate knowledge of the
+Atlantic Labrador. He writes:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>The matters of animal preservation which interest me most
+     are: The rapid decline in numbers of harp seals which we
+     Northern people can get for our boots and clothing. This
+     food and clothing supply, formerly readily obtainable all
+     along the Labrador, helped greatly to maintain in comfort
+     our scattered population. It is scarcely now worth while
+     putting out seal nets. We attribute this to the destruction
+     of seals at the time of their whelping, by steamers which
+     are ever growing larger and more numerous. No mammal,
+     producing but one offspring can long survive this.</p>
+
+<p>     Along the Labrador coast east of the Canadian border, birds
+     are destroyed on sight and nests robbed wherever found. The
+     laws are a dead letter because there is no one to enforce
+     them.</p>
+
+<p>     There is great need also for scientific inquiry with regard
+     to the fisheries&mdash;the herring and mackerel are apparently
+     gone, the salmon are getting scarcer, and the cod fisheries
+     have been failing perceptibly these past years. Yet there is
+     no practical effort made to discover the reason and obviate
+     it.</p></blockquote>
+
+<br />
+
+<p>On the 9th of September, 1911, Earl Grey made the following entry in
+the visitors' book at La Roche:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>I desire to thank the provincial government of Quebec for
+     having given me the opportunity of visiting, as their guest,
+     the Laurentides National Park, and to acknowledge the great
+     pleasure which I have derived from all I have seen and
+     done.... I would also like to congratulate them on the
+     wisdom of their policy in establishing so large a <a name="Page_25"></a>reserve,
+     as a protection for various breeds of wild animals which
+     would otherwise be in danger of extinction, and as a place
+     of rest, refreshment, and recreation for those who love the
+     quiet of the wilds.</p></blockquote>
+
+<br />
+
+<p>Mr. George Bird Grinnell, one of the greatest authorities in the world
+on the Indian and wild life of North America, writes:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>I have recently read with extraordinary interest your
+     address, presented last January to the Commission of
+     Conservation....</p>
+
+<p>     I wish to offer you my personal thanks for the effective way
+     in which you have set forth the desirability of establishing
+     wild-life refuges in Labrador, and I trust that what you
+     have said will start a movement in Canada to carry out this
+     good project. It has long interested me to know that your
+     people and their officials seem much more farseeing than
+     those on this side of the line, and Canada's show of
+     national parks and reservations is far more creditable than
+     that of her neighbour to the south.</p></blockquote>
+
+<br />
+
+<p>Dr. H. Mather Hare, who does on the Canadian Labrador what Dr.
+Grenfell does on the Newfoundland or Atlantic Labrador, and whose
+headquarters are at Harrington, where the first coast sanctuary ought
+to be established at the earliest possible moment, says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>May I make a suggestion? The fishermen coming here from Nova
+     Scotia and Newfoundland do not believe there is really a law
+     against egging and shooting. They say it is a put-up job by
+     the people living on the coast, because they want all the
+     eggs and birds themselves. This being the case, would it not
+     be a good idea to have a notice in several of the Nova
+     Scotia and Newfoundland papers <a name="Page_26"></a>warning the fishermen
+     against breaking the law, and in this way putting the
+     interdiction on a legal footing; so they may understand that
+     it is not a mere bluff on the part of the people living on
+     the coast. So far there has been nothing but talk, and
+     nothing official; no arrest made, etc., so one can hardly
+     blame them for the position they take, especially as they
+     have been doing the same thing for many years.</p>
+
+<p>     The notice should be very clear and penalties set forth
+     plainly.</p></blockquote>
+
+<br />
+
+<p>Mr. W.T. Lindsay, M.E., who has travelled thousands of miles through
+Labrador, writes:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>I have spent two summers in the north eastern wilderness of
+     Quebec and can fully appreciate your suggestions.</p>
+
+<p>     I take the liberty of sending you a copy of an &quot;interview&quot;
+     by the <i>Montreal Witness</i> upon my return in 1909, by which
+     you will see that I am in accord with your views, <i>i.e.</i>,
+     unless the Government takes immediate steps to protect the
+     wild animals in the Province of Quebec, many of them will
+     become extinct....</p>
+
+<p>     I would suggest that the Commission of Conservation make a
+     close investigation of the <i>ways and means</i> of the fur
+     traders along the north shore, and I believe that official,
+     unbiassed and independent investigation will expose a very
+     peculiar state of affairs in connection with the
+     mal-conservation of game.</p></blockquote>
+
+<br />
+
+<p>Mr. Clive Phillips-Wolley, the well known authority on big-game sport,
+writes from Koksilah, Nanaimo, B.C., Canada:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>... of course I agree with your views: we have in this<a name="Page_27"></a>
+     Province been doing our best to put them in practice with
+     the most excellent results. Dr. W.T. Hornaday stirred us up,
+     and, though we did not put our sanctuaries exactly where he
+     suggested we took a hint from him and have been rewarded by
+     an extraordinary increase in big-horns, wapiti and other big
+     game. I, of course, have shot a great deal as a big game
+     hunter, but, thank God, I don't remember one wanton kill,
+     and I know I have not killed one per cent. of the beasts I
+     might have done. No one wants to....</p></blockquote>
+
+<br />
+
+<p>The Hon. Theodore Roosevelt, ex-President of the United States,
+writes:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>I desire to extend my most earnest good wishes and
+     congratulations to the Commission of Conservation of Canada.
+     Your address on the need of animal sanctuaries in Labrador
+     must appeal, it seems to me, to every civilized man. The
+     great naturalist, Alfred Russell Wallace, in his book, &quot;The
+     World of Life,&quot; recently published, says that all who
+     profess religion, or sincerely believe in the Deity, the
+     designer and maker of this world and of every living thing,
+     as well as all lovers of Nature, should treat the wanton and
+     brutal destruction of living things and of forests as among
+     the first of forbidden sins. In his own words, &quot;All the
+     works of Nature, animate or inanimate, should be invested
+     with a certain sanctity, to be used by us but not abused,
+     and never to be recklessly destroyed or defaced. To pollute
+     a spring or a river, to exterminate a bird or a beast,
+     should be treated as moral offences and as social crimes.
+     Never <a name="Page_28"></a>before has there been such widespread ravage of the
+     earth's surface by the destruction of vegetation, and with
+     it, animal life, and such wholesale defacement of the earth.
+     The nineteenth century saw the rise and development and
+     culmination of these crimes against God and man. Let us hope
+     that the twentieth century will see the rise of a truer
+     religion, a purer Christianity.&quot; I have condensed what Mr.
+     Wallace said because it is too long to quote in full. He
+     shows that this wanton and brutal defacement of Nature, this
+     annihilation of the natural resources that should be part of
+     the National capital of our children and children's
+     children, this destruction of so much that is beautiful and
+     grand, goes hand in hand with the sordid selfishness which
+     is responsible for so very much of the misery of our
+     civilization. The movement for the conservation of our
+     natural resources, for the protection of our forests and of
+     the wild life of the woods, the mountains and the coasts, is
+     essentially a democratic movement. Democracy, in its
+     essence, means that a few people shall not be allowed for
+     their own selfish gratification, to destroy what ought to
+     belong to the people as a whole. The men who destroy our
+     forests for their own immediate pecuniary benefit, the men
+     who make a lifeless desert of what were once coasts teeming
+     with a wonderfully varied bird life, these, whether rich or
+     poor, and their fellows in destruction of every type, are
+     robbing the whole people, are robbing the citizens of the
+     future of their natural rights. Over most of the United
+     States, over all of South Africa and large portions of
+     Canada, this destruction was permitted to go on <a name="Page_29"></a>to the
+     bitter end. It is late now, but it is not too late for us to
+     put a stop to the process elsewhere. What is being done in
+     Labrador is substantially what was done, and is still, in
+     places, being done in Florida. A resolute effort is now
+     being made by the Audubon Societies, and all kindred
+     organizations, to stop the waste in the United States. Great
+     good can be done by this effort, for there is still very
+     much left to save in the United States. But there is very
+     much more left to save in Canada. Canada has taken the lead
+     in many matters of far-reaching importance to the future
+     welfare of mankind, and has taught other nations much. She
+     can teach no more important lesson to other nations, and
+     incidentally, she can benefit herself in no more striking
+     way, than by resolutely setting to work to preserve her
+     forests, and the strange and beautiful wild creatures, both
+     beasts and birds, of her forests and her sea-coasts.
+     Labrador offers one of the best of all possible fields for
+     such work. The forests, the wild beasts and wild birds of
+     Labrador can be kept perpetually as one of the great assets
+     of Canada; or they can he destroyed in a spirit of brutal
+     and careless vandalism, with no permanent benefit to anyone,
+     and with the effect of ruining the country and preventing
+     its ever becoming what it otherwise would become. The
+     economic argument is by no means the only argument, and, in
+     my eyes, is hardly the most important argument for
+     preserving the forests and wild life of Labrador, as your
+     Commission desires to preserve them, but it is in itself so
+     important that, even though there were no other reason to be
+     adduced, it would amply warrant the <a name="Page_30"></a>taking of the action
+     you recommend. I extend you my warmest good wishes for the
+     success of your movement.</p></blockquote>
+
+<br />
+
+<p>Mr. Ernest Thompson Seton writes:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>... your most interesting and convincing address on <i>Animal
+     Sanctuaries in Labrador</i>. You certainly have hit the nail on
+     the head. It is now demonstrated by experiments in many
+     parts of the world that the only sure way to preserve
+     indefinitely a supply of wild animals is by giving them
+     well-placed, well-selected sanctuaries, wherein at all
+     seasons they are safe. I am delighted to know that you are
+     taking up this important matter with such vigor.</p></blockquote>
+
+<br />
+
+<p><i>South Africa</i>. Major Hamilton, Superintendent, Transvaal Government
+Game Reserves, Koomatipoort, says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>I have been much interested in reading Col. Wood's address.
+     They seem to have the same difficulties to contend with
+     there as we have here, <i>i.e.</i>, ignorance and apathy of the
+     public, and active opposition from those with axes to grind.</p></blockquote>
+
+<br />
+
+<p>Major Hamilton encloses the <i>Regulations under Section</i> 4 <i>of the Game
+Preservation Ordinance</i>, 1905, (C)&mdash;<i>Reserves</i>. By these it appears
+that &quot;owners of private land situate in a Reserve or persons having
+the permission in writing of such owners shall have free access to
+every part of such land.&quot; But routes of access in the Reserve
+generally are exactly defined and must be followed. Penalties up to
+&pound;50 may be imposed for the infraction of any one of six different
+clauses. Major Hamilton also says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>The Game Sanctuaries of the Transvaal stretch along the<a name="Page_31"></a>
+     eastern border of the Province for a length of 250 miles
+     with an average breadth of 50 miles.</p>
+
+<p>     They are in charge of a Warden under whom are six Rangers.
+     Five of these Rangers are in charge of each of one of the
+     five areas into which the Reserves are divided, four for the
+     Sabi Reserve and one for the Singwitsi Reserve, and each has
+     at his disposal a force of 12 native rangers or police. The
+     sixth Ranger is specially employed in the capture of live
+     animals for zoological purposes, the destruction of vermin
+     and for any emergency duty which may arise. His headquarters
+     are, therefore, within easy reach of the Warden.</p>
+
+<p>     The Warden has, further, in the districts included in the
+     Game Reserve, the powers of a Resident Justice of the Peace,
+     a Sub Native Commissioner, and a Customs Officer, while the
+     Rangers, white and native, have the full powers and duties
+     of police. The area is therefore quite self-contained, and
+     at the Warden's headquarters, are police barracks, court
+     house and lock-up, and a post of the Transvaal police in
+     charge of a corporal is permanently stationed there. The
+     special by-laws which are enforced are set forth in the
+     attached slip. There are about 4,000 natives, all told,
+     resident within the area. Most of them have been admitted as
+     residents on condition of their giving assistance to the
+     staff, and hold their tenure conditionally on their
+     behaviour. This system has been found to work admirably,
+     for, while practically no harm is done by these residents,
+     very considerable <a name="Page_32"></a>assistance has been obtained from them in
+     detecting poachers.</p>
+
+<p>     All carnivorous mammals are treated as vermin and are
+     systematically destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>     No shooting or hunting of any kind is permitted in the
+     Reserve, and in fact members of the public except on special
+     permit are not allowed to carry firearms or to leave certain
+     main tracks.</p>
+
+<p>     The species of game mammals found are as follows: Elephant,
+     rhinoceros, hippopotamus, giraffe, buffalo, zebra, sable and
+     roan antelope, kudu, water buck, blue wilde-beest, impalla,
+     reed buck, bush-buck, steenbok, duiker, klipspringer,
+     mountain reed buck, red duiker.</p>
+
+<p>     Of game birds there are: five kinds of francolin, two kinds
+     of knorhaan, sand grouse, quail and crested paauw.</p>
+
+<p>     The most destructive of the carnivora are lions, leopards,
+     chitas, hunting dogs, caracals and servals.</p>
+
+<p>     Baboons, porcupines, &amp;c., being destructive in various ways,
+     are considered to be vermin.</p>
+
+<p>     Vermin have perceptibly decreased during the last few years,
+     in spite of the fact that the game has increased at the rate
+     of fully 10 per cent, per annum.</p>
+
+<p>     About 1,500 head of vermin, on an average, are destroyed
+     annually. The figures for 1910 included 21 lions, 24
+     leopards, 31 wild dogs, &amp;c., the balance being made up of
+     chetahs, caracals, servals, civets, genets, wild cats,
+     hyenas, jackals, otters, baboons, crocodiles, pythons and
+     birds of prey.</p>
+
+<p>     There were 133 prosecutions for infringement of the
+     regulations, all against natives.</p></blockquote>
+
+<br />
+
+<p><a name="Page_33"></a>Dr. Charles W. Townsend, Boston, Mass., an eminent ornithologist,
+says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>I have just read with much interest your Address on <i>Animal
+     Sanctuaries in Labrador</i>, and wish to tell you how fully I
+     agree with you, not only as to the importance of stopping
+     the destruction in Labrador before it is too late, but also
+     in the value of animal sanctuaries in general and of
+     Labrador in particular. I sincerely hope you will succeed in
+     your good work.</p>
+
+<p>     In the <i>Birds of Labrador</i>, 1907, Boston Society of Natural
+     History, by Mr. Glover, Mr. Allen and myself, we called
+     especial attention to the great destruction of life that has
+     gone on and is still going on there, and we suggested the
+     protection of the eiders for their down, as is done in
+     Norway, instead of their extermination, the present course.</p></blockquote>
+
+<br />
+
+<p>Commander W. Wakeham, of the Department of Marine, says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>No one can question the desirability of having certain areas
+     set apart, where wild animals may find asylum, and rest....</p>
+
+<p>     A few years ago, from some unusual cause, the woodland
+     caribou, in great numbers, visited that part of Labrador,
+     east of Forteau, and along down as far as St. Charles. A
+     large number were there killed by the white settlers&mdash;but
+     this was a solitary, and exceptional year. The Indians who
+     hunt in the interior of Labrador undoubtedly do kill a large
+     number of these caribou; but, when we consider the great
+     extent of country over which these deer migrate, compared
+     with the comparatively small number of Indians&mdash;and there is
+     a steadily decreasing <a name="Page_34"></a>number&mdash;I can hardly believe that
+     there is much fear of their ever exterminating these deer.
+     Then, could we possibly prevent these Indians from hunting
+     the deer wherever they meet them? I hardly think we could.
+     The barren-ground caribou are not hunted to any extent by
+     whites. During the month of August, the Eskimo of the Ungava
+     peninsula, as well as those in Baffin island, resort to
+     certain fords, or narrows where these caribou usually pass
+     at the beginning of the fall migration. They kill
+     considerable numbers&mdash;rather for the skins as clothing, than
+     for food. But the Eskimo are few in number, and I cannot
+     conceive that there is any fear of these caribou ever being
+     greatly reduced in number by these native hunters. Any one
+     who has ever met a herd of barren-ground caribou, and seen
+     the countless thousands of them, could hardly conceive of
+     their ever being exterminated. Nor would they be if we had
+     to deal only with the native hunters. But, with our
+     experience of what happened to the buffalo when the white
+     man took up the slaughter, we must take precaution in time.</p>
+
+<p>     Up to the present, very few white men have penetrated any
+     distance into the interior of the Labrador peninsula, and I
+     do not see that they are very likely to, in the near future.
+     But we never can tell. A few years ago we would have said
+     the same of the Yukon region, so that it would be a wise
+     precaution to have set apart a considerable section of the
+     Labrador, in the interior, as a sanctuary.... It would
+     perhaps be better to have two regions set apart, one near
+     the Saguenay country and another nearer the Atlantic coast.
+     We <a name="Page_35"></a>have, however, to consider the fact that sanctuaries
+     will be of no value unless they are well guarded.</p>
+
+<p>     In the case of the birds the conditions are bad; the
+     destruction on the Labrador is horrible to contemplate. The
+     outer islands were scoured by crews from foreign vessels,
+     and whole loads of eggs carried off. There has not been much
+     of this done in recent years. There can he no doubt that, if
+     certain of the larger and less inhabited islands were set
+     apart, and carefully protected, the birds would return to
+     them. I believe that owing to the constant way in which the
+     birds&mdash;eider ducks, certain of the divers, gulls, &amp;c., were
+     disturbed, on their natural and original nesting places,
+     they have changed their habits; and, instead of nesting on
+     the islands and by the sea, they have moved to the shores of
+     the interior lakes. You see flocks of young birds in the
+     fall; they have come from the interior, as they were not
+     hatched out on the islands as they used to be.</p>
+
+<p>     The destruction of geese and curlew does not take place on
+     the Labrador. These birds are not disturbed on their nesting
+     grounds; but, to the south and west when they are passing to
+     their winter haunts. Geese are found feeding on the
+     hill-sides, on the most distant and northern islands&mdash;as far
+     north as any of our explorers have gone. The first birds
+     Sverdrup met as he was coming south, in the early spring,
+     were wild geese. These birds are not disturbed on their
+     breeding grounds. The Eskimo do not meddle with them. In the
+     same way caribou are found feeding about the shores of
+     Hudson bay and strait. Like the geese, they feed on berries
+     about the hill sides. I have shot them at the mouth <a name="Page_36"></a>of
+     Churchill river, and near cape Digges in August, when they
+     were very fat&mdash;so fat that it is said that, on falling on
+     hard ground, they would burst open; though this did not
+     actually happen in my case. I certainly think that it would
+     be a grand thing to have certain groups of islands&mdash;or even
+     certain sections of coast&mdash;set apart as bird sanctuaries.</p>
+
+<p>     Your paper deals entirely with conditions in Labrador. There
+     is, however, another part of the Gulf coast, where the need
+     of protection is much greater than on the Labrador. That is
+     the interior of the Gaspe peninsula. A certain region in the
+     interior has been set aside as a park, but it is quite
+     unprotected. Here, we have moose, woodland caribou and the
+     red deer, besides nearly all the fur-bearing animals that we
+     find on the Labrador. There is no game protection whatever.
+     Moose and caribou are killed mostly out of season&mdash;when they
+     are yarded, or when it is easy to run them down. In many
+     cases the meat is left in the woods, the hide only being
+     wanted. Lumbermen are penetrating up the rivers, further
+     into the interior&mdash;every lumber camp is a centre from which
+     the game laws are persistently violated.... the game, both
+     fur and feather, (particularly the ruffled grouse) is
+     rapidly disappearing before their pitiless onslaughts.
+     Lumber camps are opened much earlier in the season than they
+     used to be; so that the interior lakes and head waters of
+     the rivers are being cleaned out of fish taken while in the
+     act of spawning. All this may seem very strong language; but
+     it is really not exaggerated. It may help to show the need
+     of more and better conservation....</p></blockquote>
+
+<br />
+
+<p><a name="Page_37"></a>Mr. Alfred Russell Wallace, the founder and exponent of the science of
+zoo-geography, writes:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>... your address on &quot;Animal Sanctuaries&quot; in Labrador, which
+     I have read with the greatest interest and astonishment.
+     Such reckless destruction I should hardly have thought
+     possible.</p>
+
+<p>     There is a considerable public opinion now against the use
+     of feathers as <i>ornaments</i><a name="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1"><sup>[A]</sup></a> because it inevitably leads to
+     the extermination of some of the most beautiful of living
+     things; but I think the attempts to stop it by legal
+     enactments begin at the wrong end. They seek to punish the
+     actual collectors or importers of the plumes, who are really
+     the least guilty and the most difficult to get at. It is the
+     actual <i>wearers</i> of such ornaments who should be subject to
+     fines or even imprisonment, because, without the <i>demand</i>
+     they make there would be no supply. They also are,
+     presumably, the most educated and should know better. If it
+     were known that any lady with a feather in her hat (or
+     elsewhere) would be taken before a magistrate and <i>fined</i>,
+     and, on a second offence, <i>imprisoned</i>, and if this were the
+     case in the chief civilized countries of Europe and America,
+     the whole trade would at once cease and the poor birds be
+     left in peace.</p>
+
+<p>     You have, however, treated the subject very carefully and
+     thoroughly, and I hope your views will be soon carried
+     out....</p>
+
+<p>     I am glad to hear that Mr. Roosevelt is a reader of the
+     &quot;World of Life.&quot; My own interest is more especially in the
+     preservation of adequate <a name="Page_38"></a>areas of the glorious tropical and
+     equatorial forests, with their teeming and marvellous forms
+     of life.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Numerous other letters from all parts of the world expressing
+appreciation of the <i>Address</i> have been received, the correspondents
+expressing strong approval of the effort to establish Animal
+Sanctuaries in Labrador. The names of some of the correspondents are
+given herewith:</p>
+
+<p>Sir Robert Baden-Powell, London; Prof. H.T. Barnes, Montreal; Julien
+Corbett, London; Rudyard Kipling; Lord Stamfordham, London; Sir James
+LeMoine, Quebec; J.M. Macoun, Ottawa; Henry F. Osborn, New York;
+Madison Grant, New York.</p>
+
+<p><i>Note.</i>&mdash;As a postscript I might add that the owner of part of a very
+desirable little archipelago, not far from the Saguenay, has already
+offered to give the property outright if a suitable sanctuary can be
+made out of the whole. This is all the more encouraging because such a
+gift involves the refusal of an offer from a speculative purchaser.
+May others be moved to do the same!</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen">FOOTNOTES:</p>
+
+<div class="note"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1">[A]</a> Mr. Wallace refers to feathers like egrets, not the
+permissable kinds, like ostrich plumes.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Supplement to Animal Sanctuaries in
+Labrador, by William Wood
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Supplement to Animal Sanctuaries in Labrador
+by William Wood
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Supplement to Animal Sanctuaries in Labrador
+       Supplement to an Address Presented by Lt.-Colonel William Wood,
+       F.R.S.C. Before the Second Annual Meeting of the Commission of
+       Conservation in January, 1911
+
+
+Author: William Wood
+
+Release Date: February 21, 2005 [EBook #15134]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUPPLEMENT TO ANIMAL SANCTUARIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Wallace McLean, Jeannie Howse and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+     Commission of Conservation
+     Canada
+
+
+     SUPPLEMENT TO
+
+     ANIMAL SANCTUARIES
+     IN
+     LABRADOR
+
+
+     SUPPLEMENT TO
+     AN ADDRESS PRESENTED
+     BY
+     LT.-COLONEL WILLIAM WOOD, F.R.S.C.
+     Before the Second Annual Meeting of the
+     Commission of Conservation in
+     January, 1911
+
+
+     OTTAWA, JUNE 1912
+
+
+
+
+     _Animal Sanctuaries
+     in
+     Labrador_
+
+
+
+     SUPPLEMENT TO
+     AN ADDRESS
+     BY
+     LT.-COLONEL WILLIAM WOOD
+     OTTAWA, CANADA
+     1912
+
+
+
+
+SUPPLEMENT TO AN ADDRESS ON
+Animal Sanctuaries in Labrador
+
+BY
+
+LIEUT.-COLONEL WILLIAM WOOD, F.R.S.C.
+
+
+The appeal prefixed to the original _Address_ in 1911 announced the
+issue of the present supplement in 1912, and asked experts and other
+leaders of public opinion to set the subject on firm foundations by
+contributing advice and criticism.
+
+The response was most gratifying. The twelve hundred review copies
+sent out to the Canadian press, and the hundreds more sent out to
+general and specialist periodicals in every part of the
+English-speaking world, all met with a sympathetic welcome, and were
+often given long and careful notices. Many scientific journals, like
+the _Bulletin of the Zoological Society of America_, sporting
+magazines, like the Canadian _Rod and Gun_, and zoophil organs, like
+the English _Animals' Guardian_, examined the _Address_ thoroughly
+from their respective standpoints. The _Empire Review_ has already
+reprinted it _verbatim_ in London, and an association of outing men
+are now preparing to do the same in New York.
+
+But though the press has been of the greatest service in the matter of
+publicity the principal additions to a knowledge of the question have
+come from individuals. Naturalists, sportsmen and leaders in public
+life have all helped both by advice and encouragement. Quotations from
+a number of letters are published at the end of this supplement. The
+most remarkable characteristic of all this private correspondence and
+public notice, as well as the spoken opinions of many experts, is
+their perfect agreement on the cardinal point that we are wantonly
+living like spendthrifts on the capital of our wild life, and that the
+general argument of the _Address_ is, therefore, incontrovertibly
+true.
+
+The gist of some of the most valuable advice is, that while the
+_Address_ is true so far as it goes, its application ought to be
+extended to completion by including the leasehold system, side by side
+with the establishment of sanctuaries and the improvement and
+enforcement of laws.
+
+Such an extension takes me beyond my original limits. Yet, both for
+the sake of completeness and because this system is a most valuable
+means toward the end desired by all conservers of wild life, I
+willingly insert leaseholds as the connecting link between laws and
+sanctuaries.
+
+But before trying to give a few working suggestions on laws,
+leaseholds and sanctuaries, and, more particularly still, before
+giving any quotations from letters, I feel bound to point out again,
+as I did in the _Address_ itself, that my own personality is really of
+no special consequence, either in giving the suggestions or receiving
+the letters. I have freely picked the brains of other men and simply
+put together the scattered parts of what ought to be a consistent
+whole.
+
+
+LAWS
+
+It is a truism and a counsel of perfection to say so, but, to be
+effective, wild-life protection laws, like other laws, must be
+scientific, comprehensive, accepted by the public, understood by all
+concerned, and impartially enforced.
+
+To be scientifically comprehensive they must define man's whole
+attitude towards wild life, whether for business, sport or study. One
+general code would suffice. A preamble could explain that the object
+was to use the interest, not abuse the capital of wild life. Then the
+noxious and beneficial kinds could be enumerated, close seasons
+mentioned, regulations laid down, etc. From this one code it would be
+easy to pick out for separate publication whatever applied only to one
+place or one form of human activity. But even this general code would
+not be enough unless the relations between animal and plant life were
+carefully adjusted, so that each might benefit the other, whenever
+possible, and neither might suffer because the other was under a
+different department. If, in both the Dominion and Provincial
+governments there are unified departments of agriculture to aid and
+control man's own domestic harvest, why should there not also be
+unified departments to aid and control his harvest of the wilds? A
+_Minister of Fauna and Flora_ sounds startling, and perhaps a little
+absurd. But fisheries, forests and game have more to do with each
+other than any one of them with mines. And, whatever his designation,
+such a minister would have no lack of work, especially in Labrador.
+But here we come again to the complex human factors of three
+Governments and more Departments. Yet, if this bio-geographic area
+cannot be brought into one administrative entity, then the next best
+thing is concerted action on the part of all the Governments and all
+their Departments.
+
+There is no time to lose. Even now, when laws themselves stop short at
+the Atlantic, new and adjacent areas are about to be exploited without
+the slightest check being put on the exploiters. An expedition is
+leaving New York for the Arctic. It is well found in all the
+implements of destruction. It will soon be followed by others. And the
+musk-ox, polar bears and walrus will shrink into narrower and narrower
+limits, when, under protection, far wider ones might easily support
+abundance of this big game, together with geese, duck and curlews. It
+is wrong to say that such people can safely have their fling for a few
+years more. None of the nobler forms of wild life have any chance
+against modern facilities of uncontrolled destruction. What happened
+to the great auk and the Labrador duck in the Gulf? What happened to
+the musk-ox in Greenland? What is happening everywhere to every form
+of beneficial and preservable wild life that is not being actively
+protected to-day? Then, there is the disappearing whale and persecuted
+seal to think of also in those latitudes. The _laissez-faire_ argument
+is no better here than elsewhere. For if wild life is worth exploiting
+it must be worth conserving.
+
+There is need, and urgent need, for extending protective laws all
+along the Atlantic Labrador and over the whole of the Canadian Arctic,
+where the barren-ground caribou may soon share the fate of the
+barren-ground bear in Ungava, especially if mineral exploitation sets
+in. Ungava and the Arctic are Dominion grounds, the Atlantic Labrador
+belongs to Newfoundland, Greenland to Denmark, and the open sea to
+all comers, among whom are many Americans. Under these circumstances
+the new international conference on whaling should deal effectively
+with the protection of all the marine carnivora, and be followed by an
+inter-dominion-and-provincial conference at which a joint system of
+conservation can be agreed upon for all the wild life of Labrador,
+including the cognate lands of Arctic Canada to the north and
+Newfoundland to the south.
+
+This occasion should be taken to place the whole of the fauna under
+law; not only _game_, but noxious and beneficial species of every
+kind. And here both local experts and trained zoologists ought to be
+consulted. Probably everyone would agree that flies, wolves and
+English sparrows are noxious. But the indiscriminate destruction of
+all mammals and birds of prey is not a good thing, as a general rule,
+any more than any other complete upsetting of the balance of nature. A
+great deal could be learnt from the excellent work already done all
+over the continent with regard to the farmer's and forester's wild
+friends and foes. A migrating flight of curlew, snipe, plover or
+sandpipers is worth much more to the farmer alive than dead. But by no
+means every farmer knows the value of the difference.
+
+This is only one of the many reasons why a special effort should be
+made to bring a knowledge of the laws home to everyone in the areas
+affected, including the areas crossed by the lines of migration.
+
+The language should be unmistakeably plain. Every form of wild life
+should be included, as wholly, seasonally, locally or otherwise
+protected, or as not protected, or as exterminable, with penalties and
+rewards mentioned in each case. All animals should be called by their
+scientific, English, French, and special local names, to prevent the
+possibility of mistake or excuse. Every man, resident or not, who uses
+rod, gun, rifle, net or snare, afloat or ashore, should be obliged to
+take out a license, even in cases where it might be given gratis; and
+his receipt for it should contain his own acknowledgment that he has a
+copy of the laws, which he thoroughly understands. Particular clauses
+should be devoted to rapacious dealers who get collecting permits as
+scientific men, to poison, to shooting from power boats or with swivel
+guns, to that most diabolical engine of all murderers--the Maxim
+silencer,--to hounding and crusting, to egging and nefarious pluming,
+to illegal netting and cod-trapping, and last, but emphatically not
+least, to any and every form of wanton cruelty. The next step may be
+to provide against the misuse of aeroplanes.
+
+I believe it would be well worth while, from every point of view, to
+publish the laws, or at all events a digest of them, in all the
+principal papers. Even educated people know little enough; and no one,
+even down the coast, at the trading posts, or in Newfoundland, should
+have the chance of pleading ignorance. "We don't know no law here"
+ought to be an impossible saying two years hence. And we might
+remember that the Newfoundlanders who chiefly use it are really no
+worse than others, and quite as amenable to good laws impartially
+enforced. They have seen the necessity of laws at home, after
+depleting their salmon rivers, deer runs and seal floes to the danger
+point. And there is no reason to suppose that an excellent population
+in so many ways would be any harder to deal with in this one than the
+hordes of poachers and sham sportsmen much nearer home.
+
+Of course, everything ultimately turns on the enforcement of the laws.
+And I still think that two naturalists and twenty men afloat and the
+same number ashore, with double these numbers when Hudson bay and the
+Arctic are included, would be enough to patrol Labrador
+satisfactorily, if they were in touch with local and leasehold wardens
+and with foresters, if the telegraph was used only on their side, if
+they and the general inspector were all of the right kind, and if the
+whole service was vigorously backed up at headquarters. Two fast motor
+cruisers and suitable means of making the land force also as mobile as
+possible are _sine qua non_.
+
+The Ungava peninsula, Hudson bay and Arctic together would mean a
+million square miles for barely a hundred men. But, with close
+co-operation between sea and land, they could guard the sanctuaries as
+efficiently as private wardens guard leased limits, watch the outlets
+of the trade, and harry law-breakers in the intervening spaces. Of
+course, the system will never be complete till the law is enforced
+against both buyers and sellers in the market. But it is worth
+enforcing, worth it in every way. And the interest of the wild life
+growing on a million miles will soon pay the keep of the hundred men
+who guard its capital.
+
+
+LEASEHOLDS
+
+An article by Mr. W.H. Blake, K.C., of Toronto, on "The Laurentides
+National Park" appeared in the February number of the _University
+Magazine_. The following extracts have been taken from Mr. Blake's
+manuscript:
+
+"It was in the year 1895, that the idea took substance of setting
+apart some two thousand five hundred square miles of the wild and
+mountainous country north of Quebec and south of Lake St. John as 'a
+forest reservation, fish and game preserve, public park and pleasure
+ground'. At a later date, the area was increased, until now some three
+thousand seven hundred square miles are removed from sale or
+settlement. An important though indirect object was the maintenance of
+water-level in the dozen or more rivers which take their rise in the
+high-lying plateau forming the heart of the Park.
+
+"When the ice takes in early November the caribou make it their great
+rallying ground. These animals, so wary in summer and early autumn,
+appear to gain confidence by their numbers, and are easily stalked and
+all too easily shot. It is to be feared that too great an annual toll
+is taken, and that the herd is being diminished by more than the
+amount of its natural increase. Slightly more stringent regulations,
+the allowance of one caribou instead of two, the forbidding of
+shooting in December and January, when the bulls have lost their
+horns, would effect the result, and would ensure excellent sport in
+the region so long as the Park exists and is administered as it is
+to-day. There is, however, very serious menace to the caribou in the
+unfortunate fact that the great timber wolf has at last discovered
+this happy hunting ground. Already it would seem that there are fewer
+caribou, but the marked increase in the number of moose may be one
+cause of this. Before the days of the Park the moose were almost
+exterminated throughout this region; but a few must have escaped
+slaughter in some inaccessible fastness, and under a careful and
+intelligent system of protection they have multiplied exceedingly. Man
+may not shoot them, and probably only unprotected calves have anything
+to dread from the wolves.
+
+"In the administration of this Reserve the government adopts a policy
+which has shown admirable results; and as this policy is in direct
+contrast to the one pursued in the Algonquin Park it may be
+interesting to explain and discuss it. It can be admitted, as a matter
+of theory, that a 'public park and pleasure ground' should be
+maintained by the people for the people, and that no individuals
+should have exclusive rights conferred upon them to fish or shoot
+within it. This ideal conception takes no account of human nature, and
+a scheme that has to do with the control and conduct of men should not
+disregard their weaknesses, or the powerful motive of self-interest.
+The greater part of the Laurentide Park is free to anyone who takes
+out a license and complies with certain regulations. But, at the
+points most threatened by poachers, the practice is followed of
+granting five-year leases of moderate areas to individuals and to
+clubs. The first requirement of these grants is that the lessee shall
+appoint a guardian, approved by the Department, and shall cause the
+conceded territories to be protected in an adequate manner. The
+guardian, for his part, is immediately answerable to an individual who
+pays his salary. He contrasts his former precarious living as a
+trapper or poacher with the assured competence which he now earns more
+easily, and makes his election in favor of virtue. Thus he becomes a
+faithful servant both of the Government and his employer, and a
+really effective unit in the protection of the Park. The lessee, in
+turn, will neither practice nor tolerate any infringement of the laws
+which would imperil his lease, nor deplete of fish and game a country
+which he intends to revisit. He would not necessarily be actuated by
+these motives if he entered the Park casually and considered nothing
+but his own sport or pleasure. It may be added that the lessee has
+reasonable assurance of the extension of his privileges if they are
+not abused and knows that he will be compensated for moneys properly
+expended if the Government sees fit not to renew his term. The
+guardians co-operate with one another under the general guidance of a
+most competent inspector, and the striking increase in fish, fur and
+feather is apparent not only in the region immediately protected but
+also ouside its boundaries. Trappers who fought bitterly against being
+excluded from this part of the public domain now find that the
+overflow of wild life into the surrounding country enables them to
+bring more pelts to market than they did in the old days, and have
+become reconciled. Guardians, gillies, carters, porters and canoemen
+live in whole or in part, on providing fishing and shooting. Under no
+other arrangement could the conceded territory afford sport and a
+living to so many people, and in no other way could the balance
+between resources and their exhaustion be so nicely maintained."
+
+On page 47, Mr. Blake corroborates the statement of the shameful act I
+mentioned at the bottom of page 18 of my _Address_. "On sighting a
+band of six caribou he bade his man sit down to give him a rest for
+his rifle. He then fired and continued firing till all were killed.
+When his companion made to walk towards the animals, Sir ---- said to
+him roughly:
+
+"'Where are you going?'
+
+"'To cut up the caribou.'
+
+"'... I don't want them.'"
+
+This game murderer killed three times as many as the prescribed limit
+on this one occasion. Yet nothing was done to him!
+
+
+SANCTUARIES
+
+However desirable they are from any point of view leaseholds are not
+likely to cover much of Labrador for some time to come. They should be
+encouraged only on condition that every lessee of every
+kind--sportsman, professional on land or water, lumberman or
+other--accepts the obligation to keep and enforce the wild-life
+protection laws in co-operation with the public wardens who guard the
+sanctuaries, watch the open areas and patrol the trade outlets.
+
+I have very little to add to what I said about sanctuaries in the
+_Address_. Most of the information received since it was published has
+only emphasized the points it made. And as no one has opposed and many
+have supported the establishment of the Harrington sanctuary I again
+recommend it strongly. The 64 miles in a straight line between cape
+Whittle and cape Mekattina should be made into an absolute sanctuary
+for all birds and mammals. If some more ground can be taken in on
+either side, so much the better. But the 64 miles must be kept in any
+case. The Bird rocks and Bonaventure island, one of the Mingans, the
+Perroquets, Egg island and The Pilgrims, are all desirable in every
+way. There are plenty of islands to choose from along the Atlantic
+Labrador and round Hudson and James bays. It is most important to keep
+the migratory birds free from molestation during the first fortnight
+after their arrival; and the same applies to migratory mammals, though
+not quite in the same way. Inland sanctuaries should be made near
+Hamilton inlet, in the Mingan and Mistassini districts and up the
+Eastmain river. Ultimately an Arctic sanctuary might be made on
+either Baffin or Melville islands. A meteorological station in the
+Arctic, linked up with Labrador by wireless, would be of great benefit
+to the weather forecasts, as we now have no reports from where so much
+of our cold or mild winters are affected by the different drift of
+enormous ice-fields; and whenever one is established, a wild-life
+protection station should accompany it.
+
+Sanctuaries should never be too big; not one tenth of the whole area
+will ever be required for them. But they should be placed where they
+will best serve the double purpose of being natural wild "zoos" and
+over-flowing reservoirs of wild-life. The exact situations of most,
+especially inland, will require a good deal of co-operative study
+between zoologists and other experts. But there is no doubt whatever,
+that they ought to be established, no matter how well the laws are
+enforced over both leaseholds and open areas. Civilised man is
+appreciating them more and more every day; and every day he is
+becoming better able to reach them. By giving absolute security to all
+desirable species in at least two different localities we can keep
+objects of Nature study in the best possible way both for ourselves
+and our posterity.
+
+Only twelve years ago forty mills were debasing the immemorial and
+gigantic sequoia into mere timber in its last refuge in California.
+But even the general public sees now that this was a barbarous and
+idiotic perversion of relative values. What is a little perishable
+timber, for which substitutes can be found elsewhere, compared with a
+grove of trees that will be the wonder and delight of generations?
+What is the fleeting but abominable gratification of destroying the
+harmless lizard-like Tuatera of New Zealand compared with the deep
+interest of preserving it as the last living vertebrate that takes us
+back to Primary times? What is the momentary gratification of wearing
+egret feathers compared with the certainty of soon destroying the
+herons that produce them altogether; or what can compensate for the
+vile cruelty done to mutilated parent birds and starving young, or the
+murder of Bradley, the bird warden when trying to protect them?
+
+
+LETTERS
+
+The following quotations from a few of the many and wholly unsolicited
+letters received are arranged in alphabetical order. They are strictly
+_verbatim_:
+
+_Australia._ The Animals' Protection Society. F. Montagu Rothery,
+Esq., Secretary, 82 Pitt Street, Sydney, New South Wales.
+
+     Here in this State our _fauna_ and _flora_ are both rapidly
+     disappearing, there being so many agencies at work for their
+     destruction. It will soon be too late to save many of our
+     beautiful birds and animals, and I am anxious to bring
+     under notice your words for the preservation of animals by
+     a system of sanctuaries.
+
+Dr. Robert Bell, late Chief Geologist, Geological Survey of Canada,
+who has made many explorations in Labrador and adjacent lands and
+waters, and who has always given special attention to the mammals,
+writes:
+
+     I approve very heartily of the plan. It will be a humane
+     thing to try to protect the animals and will be very
+     advantageous in every way. It will no doubt receive the
+     sympathy of all classes. There will, however, be some
+     difficulties to overcome and much work to be done before the
+     plan gets into successful operation.... As to the location
+     and dimensions of the sanctuary, the north side of the lower
+     St. Lawrence is the most suitable or only region left,
+     except where it is too far north to benefit the most of the
+     mammals and birds which we should try to preserve. It will
+     be desirable to reserve and protect as great a length of the
+     shore as possible, but perhaps enough will be found between
+     Bradore bay on the east and Great Mekattina island on the
+     west, or this might be extended to Natashkwan. To carry it
+     up to Mingan, it would become more and more difficult to
+     protect the coast the further up you come. Between Mekattina
+     island and Natashkwan, there are no attractive rivers to
+     tempt trespassers to go inland, those which exist being
+     difficult for canoe navigation....
+
+     The animals soon find out where they are safe and come to
+     live in even a small area. The Algonquin park is a case in
+     point. There the bears have increased immensely in a few
+     years and the less noticeable mammals and birds have also
+     increased very much. I know of a more conspicuous case of a
+     small area, on the Nelson river, where, owing to an
+     old-standing superstition of the Indians, the animals have
+     not been molested for a long period and they have become
+     much more numerous than elsewhere.... Everything that can be
+     killed is called Game. Most of it should be called animal
+     murder and should be discouraged.
+
+     The Sanctuary should be placed in charge of a committee of
+     naturalists. But zoologists are scarce in Canada and those
+     who have taken an interest in the animals might be included.
+     Faithful men to carry out their instructions I think can be
+     found.
+
+The President of the Boone and Crockett Club, Major W. Austin
+Wadsworth, Geneseo, N.Y., wrote:
+
+     I wish to express officially the admiration of our Club for
+     your paper on Animal Sanctuaries in Labrador, because the
+     whole question of Game Refuges has been one of especial
+     interest to us and we have been identified with all
+     movements in that direction in this country.
+
+Captain R.G. Boulton, R.N., retired, was engaged for many years on the
+Hydrographic Survey of the Lower St. Lawrence, the Gulf and
+Newfoundland. He says:
+
+     There is no doubt, as regards the conservation of _birds_,
+     that sea-birds, such as gulls, &c., &c., are useful "aids to
+     navigation," by warning the mariner of the proximity of
+     land, on making the coast. On foggy shores, like those of
+     Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Labrador, they are especially
+     useful, and it is to the advantage of the voyaging public to
+     conserve what we have left. While carrying on the Survey of
+     Georgian bay, and North channel of lake Huron, 1883-1893,
+     the _Bayfield_, my surveying vessel, was more than once kept
+     off the rocks in the foggy weather which prevails in May and
+     June, by the chirping and warbling of land birds.
+
+His Excellency the Right Hon. James Bryce, British Ambassador at
+Washington, who is a keen botanist and lover of the wilds, writes:
+
+     It is painfully interesting. One finds it hard to realize
+     that such wicked waste of the gifts of Providence, and such
+     horrible cruelty, should be going on in our time. You are
+     doing a great service in calling attention to them and I
+     heartily wish you success in your endeavours.
+
+At a special meeting of the Board of Governors of the Camp-Fire Club
+of America, held on December 12th last, the following resolution was
+unanimously passed:
+
+     "_Whereas_, the Camp-Fire Club of America desires to express
+     its interest in and endorsement of the plan for the
+     establishment of Bird and Animal Sanctuaries in Labrador,
+     outlined by Lieut.-Colonel William Wood in his address
+     before the Commission of Conservation delivered at Quebec,
+     in January, 1911;
+
+     "We believe that the establishment of adequate sanctuaries
+     is one of the most potent factors in the conservation of our
+     rapidly disappearing wild life. The Camp-Fire Club of
+     America has taken, and is taking, an active part in the
+     movement for the establishment of such sanctuaries in
+     various places. We believe that such sanctuaries should be
+     established in Labrador in the near future, while an
+     abundance of undeveloped land is available and before the
+     wild life has been decimated to such an extent as to make
+     its preservation difficult;
+
+     "_Be it therefore Resolved_, that the Secretary convey to
+     Colonel Wood the assurance of our hearty interest in and
+     approval of the plan to establish adequate animal
+     sanctuaries in Labrador, and our hope that such sanctuaries
+     will be established in the near future."
+
+Dr. John M. Clarke, Director, Science Division, New York State
+Education Department, and a gentleman acquainted with the wild life of
+the gulf of St. Lawrence, writes:
+
+     I have taken much interest in reading your paper. It seems
+     to be based on an extraordinary acquaintance with the
+     situation.
+
+     Canada is blessed with many unique natural resorts of animal
+     life and I have been particularly impressed with the
+     invasions that have been made on the wonderful nesting
+     places of the waterfowl. In my repeated stays on the coast
+     of Gaspe and the islands of the Gulf, now running over a
+     dozen years, I have had my attention forced to the hideous
+     sacrifices of bird life that are constantly going on; for
+     example in the Magdalen islands with their extraordinary
+     array of shore birds. The great lagoons within the islands
+     afford ideal breeding conditions, and an extraordinary
+     attraction for the hunter as well.
+
+     My observation leads me to the conviction that the shooting
+     law is not in the least respected on these islands, except
+     perhaps by the residents themselves. In some cases the
+     outsider is obliged to wait for the fall migration of the
+     ducks and geese and so comes within the law, but there are
+     plenty of early migrants that arrive during the close
+     season, only to be quickly picked up by the summer hunter,
+     who realizes that he is too far away to incur the law's
+     force.
+
+     As far as the shore birds are concerned, it is not the
+     occasional hunter that does the real damage. The islands are
+     becoming widely known to students of birds, and it is the
+     bird student, the member of the Audubon Society, (in most
+     instances, I regret to say, men of my own country) who are
+     guilty of ruthless slaughter of the shore birds for their
+     skins, and particularly for their eggs; all this in the
+     protected season.
+
+     The situation is even worse on the Bird rocks. That is a
+     protected area and yet is subject to fearful attacks from
+     the egg hunters. I do not mean the commercial "eggers," but
+     the member of the Audubon Society who has a collection of
+     birds' eggs and skins and wants duplicates in order to enter
+     into exchange with his colleagues. I met there on one of my
+     visits an American "student" who had taken 369 clutches of
+     eggs of each of the seven or more species of waterfowl there
+     breeding, thus destroying at one swoop upwards of two
+     thousand potential birds. It is no wonder that, with such a
+     hideous desecration of the rights of the birds, the
+     population of the Rocks is rapidly decreasing.
+
+     I believe the light-keeper is supposed to be a conservator
+     of the birds and to prevent such uncontrolled destruction;
+     but what can he do, a man who is practically exiled from the
+     rest of his race for the entire year, frozen in for six
+     months of the year? He is naturally so overjoyed at the
+     sight of a fellow creature from the big world outside as to
+     indulge him, whatever his collecting proclivities may be.
+     The eggs that are taken by the occasional sailor seem to me
+     to cut no figure at all in the actual diminution of the bird
+     life there. That is a slender thing compared with the
+     destruction caused by the bird students. It is a severe
+     indictment of the ornithologist that such statements as the
+     foregoing happen to be true.
+
+     Almost as remarkable for its number of waterfowl of the same
+     species is the roost on the east cliffs of Bonaventure
+     island. These have fortunately been rendered by Nature, thus
+     far, inaccessible and the bird men have not yet found a way
+     of getting among them. Yet, even so, there is constantly a
+     great deal of reckless shooting at the birds simply for the
+     sake of "stirring them up." This place is not protected by
+     law, I believe, as a special reservation, but that might
+     easily be brought about if the matter were placed in the
+     hands of some responsible citizen residing on that island.
+
+     There is a happy situation in connection with the great
+     Perce rock at Perce, on the top of which the gulls and
+     cormorants have kept house for untold generations. These
+     birds are a constant temptation to the men with a gun, but
+     the Perce people are so attached to the birds that no one
+     would ever think of killing one, except the occasional
+     French fisherman who will eat a young gull when hard
+     pressed. Any attempt made by outsiders to use the birds as
+     targets is resented so strongly that even the cormorants are
+     let live.
+
+     Your address seems to me timely and extremely pertinent. I
+     hope your proposition may receive more than passing
+     attention and the suggestions therein be made effective, for
+     they certainly aim to maintain the natural attractions and
+     the natural resources of the country.
+
+Mr. Napoleon A. Comeau, author of _Life and Sport on the North Shore_,
+and one who has had fifty years' practical experience within the
+Labrador area, writes from Godbout River, Que.:
+
+     I trust your good work will be crowned with success. A lot
+     of good has already been accomplished by the spreading of
+     literature on this subject by the Audubon Society, the
+     A.O.U. and others, but much remains to be accomplished. It
+     has always been my aim in this section to prevent wanton
+     destruction of all kinds and I am glad to say I have had
+     considerable success in educating our younger generation
+     here. Small birds of all kinds used to be wantonly killed by
+     boys, a thing I rarely see now--it was the same in the other
+     ways by men--but I must say that _real_ trappers or Indians
+     are not the worst by any means. These men will kill at all
+     times and seasons but only through necessity; strangers and
+     so-called sportsmen are generally the offenders. I have been
+     a trapper myself for years, a professional, but had been
+     taught never to kill wantonly.... Of course, much study and
+     care must be exercised in preserving species of birds and
+     animals from destruction, or else, as you say, mistakes may
+     be made. There are species of such that are destructive to
+     others when allowed to increase beyond certain limits, and
+     it takes a very short time to do that in some cases....
+     About three years ago, ruffed grouse were so scarce
+     everywhere that I have travelled hundreds of miles without
+     seeing one. They were protected by law, which no doubt did
+     much near the densely populated sections, but as far as our
+     coast was concerned did absolutely nothing because Indians
+     and trappers shot them on sight for food. Last year there
+     were a few seen here and there and all at once, during the
+     present season, there are thousands. Hundreds have been shot
+     and they are reported abundant all over. I imagine this must
+     be due to particularly favourable weather conditions and the
+     immense number of foxes trapped last winter. There is also
+     this fall, an extraordinary number of muskrats--they are
+     swarming everywhere, even in totally, unfavourable
+     localities, doing much damage in some places. What is the
+     cause of this? Presumably it must be through some cause
+     decreasing the number of their enemies. This is why I think
+     much care must be taken before any steps are taken to
+     protect certain species. Some still hold their own against
+     all odds.
+
+His Royal Highness the Duke of Connaught, Governor General of Canada,
+acknowledged the receipt of the _Address_ from Balmoral Castle in
+September, granted an interview at Ottawa in December, and authorized
+the use of his name to show his sympathy with the movement.
+
+Dr. W.T. Grenfell has a long and most intimate knowledge of the
+Atlantic Labrador. He writes:
+
+     The matters of animal preservation which interest me most
+     are: The rapid decline in numbers of harp seals which we
+     Northern people can get for our boots and clothing. This
+     food and clothing supply, formerly readily obtainable all
+     along the Labrador, helped greatly to maintain in comfort
+     our scattered population. It is scarcely now worth while
+     putting out seal nets. We attribute this to the destruction
+     of seals at the time of their whelping, by steamers which
+     are ever growing larger and more numerous. No mammal,
+     producing but one offspring can long survive this.
+
+     Along the Labrador coast east of the Canadian border, birds
+     are destroyed on sight and nests robbed wherever found. The
+     laws are a dead letter because there is no one to enforce
+     them.
+
+     There is great need also for scientific inquiry with regard
+     to the fisheries--the herring and mackerel are apparently
+     gone, the salmon are getting scarcer, and the cod fisheries
+     have been failing perceptibly these past years. Yet there is
+     no practical effort made to discover the reason and obviate
+     it.
+
+On the 9th of September, 1911, Earl Grey made the following entry in
+the visitors' book at La Roche:
+
+     I desire to thank the provincial government of Quebec for
+     having given me the opportunity of visiting, as their guest,
+     the Laurentides National Park, and to acknowledge the great
+     pleasure which I have derived from all I have seen and
+     done.... I would also like to congratulate them on the
+     wisdom of their policy in establishing so large a reserve,
+     as a protection for various breeds of wild animals which
+     would otherwise be in danger of extinction, and as a place
+     of rest, refreshment, and recreation for those who love the
+     quiet of the wilds.
+
+Mr. George Bird Grinnell, one of the greatest authorities in the world
+on the Indian and wild life of North America, writes:
+
+     I have recently read with extraordinary interest your
+     address, presented last January to the Commission of
+     Conservation....
+
+     I wish to offer you my personal thanks for the effective way
+     in which you have set forth the desirability of establishing
+     wild-life refuges in Labrador, and I trust that what you
+     have said will start a movement in Canada to carry out this
+     good project. It has long interested me to know that your
+     people and their officials seem much more farseeing than
+     those on this side of the line, and Canada's show of
+     national parks and reservations is far more creditable than
+     that of her neighbour to the south.
+
+Dr. H. Mather Hare, who does on the Canadian Labrador what Dr.
+Grenfell does on the Newfoundland or Atlantic Labrador, and whose
+headquarters are at Harrington, where the first coast sanctuary ought
+to be established at the earliest possible moment, says:
+
+     May I make a suggestion? The fishermen coming here from Nova
+     Scotia and Newfoundland do not believe there is really a law
+     against egging and shooting. They say it is a put-up job by
+     the people living on the coast, because they want all the
+     eggs and birds themselves. This being the case, would it not
+     be a good idea to have a notice in several of the Nova
+     Scotia and Newfoundland papers warning the fishermen
+     against breaking the law, and in this way putting the
+     interdiction on a legal footing; so they may understand that
+     it is not a mere bluff on the part of the people living on
+     the coast. So far there has been nothing but talk, and
+     nothing official; no arrest made, etc., so one can hardly
+     blame them for the position they take, especially as they
+     have been doing the same thing for many years.
+
+     The notice should be very clear and penalties set forth
+     plainly.
+
+Mr. W.T. Lindsay, M.E., who has travelled thousands of miles through
+Labrador, writes:
+
+     I have spent two summers in the north eastern wilderness of
+     Quebec and can fully appreciate your suggestions.
+
+     I take the liberty of sending you a copy of an "interview"
+     by the _Montreal Witness_ upon my return in 1909, by which
+     you will see that I am in accord with your views, _i.e._,
+     unless the Government takes immediate steps to protect the
+     wild animals in the Province of Quebec, many of them will
+     become extinct....
+
+     I would suggest that the Commission of Conservation make a
+     close investigation of the _ways and means_ of the fur
+     traders along the north shore, and I believe that official,
+     unbiassed and independent investigation will expose a very
+     peculiar state of affairs in connection with the
+     mal-conservation of game.
+
+Mr. Clive Phillips-Wolley, the well known authority on big-game sport,
+writes from Koksilah, Nanaimo, B.C., Canada:
+
+     ... of course I agree with your views: we have in this
+     Province been doing our best to put them in practice with
+     the most excellent results. Dr. W.T. Hornaday stirred us up,
+     and, though we did not put our sanctuaries exactly where he
+     suggested we took a hint from him and have been rewarded by
+     an extraordinary increase in big-horns, wapiti and other big
+     game. I, of course, have shot a great deal as a big game
+     hunter, but, thank God, I don't remember one wanton kill,
+     and I know I have not killed one per cent. of the beasts I
+     might have done. No one wants to....
+
+The Hon. Theodore Roosevelt, ex-President of the United States,
+writes:
+
+     I desire to extend my most earnest good wishes and
+     congratulations to the Commission of Conservation of Canada.
+     Your address on the need of animal sanctuaries in Labrador
+     must appeal, it seems to me, to every civilized man. The
+     great naturalist, Alfred Russell Wallace, in his book, "The
+     World of Life," recently published, says that all who
+     profess religion, or sincerely believe in the Deity, the
+     designer and maker of this world and of every living thing,
+     as well as all lovers of Nature, should treat the wanton and
+     brutal destruction of living things and of forests as among
+     the first of forbidden sins. In his own words, "All the
+     works of Nature, animate or inanimate, should be invested
+     with a certain sanctity, to be used by us but not abused,
+     and never to be recklessly destroyed or defaced. To pollute
+     a spring or a river, to exterminate a bird or a beast,
+     should be treated as moral offences and as social crimes.
+     Never before has there been such widespread ravage of the
+     earth's surface by the destruction of vegetation, and with
+     it, animal life, and such wholesale defacement of the earth.
+     The nineteenth century saw the rise and development and
+     culmination of these crimes against God and man. Let us hope
+     that the twentieth century will see the rise of a truer
+     religion, a purer Christianity." I have condensed what Mr.
+     Wallace said because it is too long to quote in full. He
+     shows that this wanton and brutal defacement of Nature, this
+     annihilation of the natural resources that should be part of
+     the National capital of our children and children's
+     children, this destruction of so much that is beautiful and
+     grand, goes hand in hand with the sordid selfishness which
+     is responsible for so very much of the misery of our
+     civilization. The movement for the conservation of our
+     natural resources, for the protection of our forests and of
+     the wild life of the woods, the mountains and the coasts, is
+     essentially a democratic movement. Democracy, in its
+     essence, means that a few people shall not be allowed for
+     their own selfish gratification, to destroy what ought to
+     belong to the people as a whole. The men who destroy our
+     forests for their own immediate pecuniary benefit, the men
+     who make a lifeless desert of what were once coasts teeming
+     with a wonderfully varied bird life, these, whether rich or
+     poor, and their fellows in destruction of every type, are
+     robbing the whole people, are robbing the citizens of the
+     future of their natural rights. Over most of the United
+     States, over all of South Africa and large portions of
+     Canada, this destruction was permitted to go on to the
+     bitter end. It is late now, but it is not too late for us to
+     put a stop to the process elsewhere. What is being done in
+     Labrador is substantially what was done, and is still, in
+     places, being done in Florida. A resolute effort is now
+     being made by the Audubon Societies, and all kindred
+     organizations, to stop the waste in the United States. Great
+     good can be done by this effort, for there is still very
+     much left to save in the United States. But there is very
+     much more left to save in Canada. Canada has taken the lead
+     in many matters of far-reaching importance to the future
+     welfare of mankind, and has taught other nations much. She
+     can teach no more important lesson to other nations, and
+     incidentally, she can benefit herself in no more striking
+     way, than by resolutely setting to work to preserve her
+     forests, and the strange and beautiful wild creatures, both
+     beasts and birds, of her forests and her sea-coasts.
+     Labrador offers one of the best of all possible fields for
+     such work. The forests, the wild beasts and wild birds of
+     Labrador can be kept perpetually as one of the great assets
+     of Canada; or they can he destroyed in a spirit of brutal
+     and careless vandalism, with no permanent benefit to anyone,
+     and with the effect of ruining the country and preventing
+     its ever becoming what it otherwise would become. The
+     economic argument is by no means the only argument, and, in
+     my eyes, is hardly the most important argument for
+     preserving the forests and wild life of Labrador, as your
+     Commission desires to preserve them, but it is in itself so
+     important that, even though there were no other reason to be
+     adduced, it would amply warrant the taking of the action
+     you recommend. I extend you my warmest good wishes for the
+     success of your movement.
+
+Mr. Ernest Thompson Seton writes:
+
+     ... your most interesting and convincing address on _Animal
+     Sanctuaries in Labrador_. You certainly have hit the nail on
+     the head. It is now demonstrated by experiments in many
+     parts of the world that the only sure way to preserve
+     indefinitely a supply of wild animals is by giving them
+     well-placed, well-selected sanctuaries, wherein at all
+     seasons they are safe. I am delighted to know that you are
+     taking up this important matter with such vigor.
+
+_South Africa_. Major Hamilton, Superintendent, Transvaal Government
+Game Reserves, Koomatipoort, says:
+
+     I have been much interested in reading Col. Wood's address.
+     They seem to have the same difficulties to contend with
+     there as we have here, _i.e._, ignorance and apathy of the
+     public, and active opposition from those with axes to grind.
+
+Major Hamilton encloses the _Regulations under Section_ 4 _of the Game
+Preservation Ordinance_, 1905, (C)--_Reserves_. By these it appears
+that "owners of private land situate in a Reserve or persons having
+the permission in writing of such owners shall have free access to
+every part of such land." But routes of access in the Reserve
+generally are exactly defined and must be followed. Penalties up to
+L50 may be imposed for the infraction of any one of six different
+clauses. Major Hamilton also says:
+
+     The Game Sanctuaries of the Transvaal stretch along the
+     eastern border of the Province for a length of 250 miles
+     with an average breadth of 50 miles.
+
+     They are in charge of a Warden under whom are six Rangers.
+     Five of these Rangers are in charge of each of one of the
+     five areas into which the Reserves are divided, four for the
+     Sabi Reserve and one for the Singwitsi Reserve, and each has
+     at his disposal a force of 12 native rangers or police. The
+     sixth Ranger is specially employed in the capture of live
+     animals for zoological purposes, the destruction of vermin
+     and for any emergency duty which may arise. His headquarters
+     are, therefore, within easy reach of the Warden.
+
+     The Warden has, further, in the districts included in the
+     Game Reserve, the powers of a Resident Justice of the Peace,
+     a Sub Native Commissioner, and a Customs Officer, while the
+     Rangers, white and native, have the full powers and duties
+     of police. The area is therefore quite self-contained, and
+     at the Warden's headquarters, are police barracks, court
+     house and lock-up, and a post of the Transvaal police in
+     charge of a corporal is permanently stationed there. The
+     special by-laws which are enforced are set forth in the
+     attached slip. There are about 4,000 natives, all told,
+     resident within the area. Most of them have been admitted as
+     residents on condition of their giving assistance to the
+     staff, and hold their tenure conditionally on their
+     behaviour. This system has been found to work admirably,
+     for, while practically no harm is done by these residents,
+     very considerable assistance has been obtained from them in
+     detecting poachers.
+
+     All carnivorous mammals are treated as vermin and are
+     systematically destroyed.
+
+     No shooting or hunting of any kind is permitted in the
+     Reserve, and in fact members of the public except on special
+     permit are not allowed to carry firearms or to leave certain
+     main tracks.
+
+     The species of game mammals found are as follows: Elephant,
+     rhinoceros, hippopotamus, giraffe, buffalo, zebra, sable and
+     roan antelope, kudu, water buck, blue wilde-beest, impalla,
+     reed buck, bush-buck, steenbok, duiker, klipspringer,
+     mountain reed buck, red duiker.
+
+     Of game birds there are: five kinds of francolin, two kinds
+     of knorhaan, sand grouse, quail and crested paauw.
+
+     The most destructive of the carnivora are lions, leopards,
+     chitas, hunting dogs, caracals and servals.
+
+     Baboons, porcupines, &c., being destructive in various ways,
+     are considered to be vermin.
+
+     Vermin have perceptibly decreased during the last few years,
+     in spite of the fact that the game has increased at the rate
+     of fully 10 per cent, per annum.
+
+     About 1,500 head of vermin, on an average, are destroyed
+     annually. The figures for 1910 included 21 lions, 24
+     leopards, 31 wild dogs, &c., the balance being made up of
+     chetahs, caracals, servals, civets, genets, wild cats,
+     hyenas, jackals, otters, baboons, crocodiles, pythons and
+     birds of prey.
+
+     There were 133 prosecutions for infringement of the
+     regulations, all against natives.
+
+Dr. Charles W. Townsend, Boston, Mass., an eminent ornithologist,
+says:
+
+     I have just read with much interest your Address on _Animal
+     Sanctuaries in Labrador_, and wish to tell you how fully I
+     agree with you, not only as to the importance of stopping
+     the destruction in Labrador before it is too late, but also
+     in the value of animal sanctuaries in general and of
+     Labrador in particular. I sincerely hope you will succeed in
+     your good work.
+
+     In the _Birds of Labrador_, 1907, Boston Society of Natural
+     History, by Mr. Glover, Mr. Allen and myself, we called
+     especial attention to the great destruction of life that has
+     gone on and is still going on there, and we suggested the
+     protection of the eiders for their down, as is done in
+     Norway, instead of their extermination, the present course.
+
+Commander W. Wakeham, of the Department of Marine, says:
+
+     No one can question the desirability of having certain areas
+     set apart, where wild animals may find asylum, and rest....
+
+     A few years ago, from some unusual cause, the woodland
+     caribou, in great numbers, visited that part of Labrador,
+     east of Forteau, and along down as far as St. Charles. A
+     large number were there killed by the white settlers--but
+     this was a solitary, and exceptional year. The Indians who
+     hunt in the interior of Labrador undoubtedly do kill a large
+     number of these caribou; but, when we consider the great
+     extent of country over which these deer migrate, compared
+     with the comparatively small number of Indians--and there is
+     a steadily decreasing number--I can hardly believe that
+     there is much fear of their ever exterminating these deer.
+     Then, could we possibly prevent these Indians from hunting
+     the deer wherever they meet them? I hardly think we could.
+     The barren-ground caribou are not hunted to any extent by
+     whites. During the month of August, the Eskimo of the Ungava
+     peninsula, as well as those in Baffin island, resort to
+     certain fords, or narrows where these caribou usually pass
+     at the beginning of the fall migration. They kill
+     considerable numbers--rather for the skins as clothing, than
+     for food. But the Eskimo are few in number, and I cannot
+     conceive that there is any fear of these caribou ever being
+     greatly reduced in number by these native hunters. Any one
+     who has ever met a herd of barren-ground caribou, and seen
+     the countless thousands of them, could hardly conceive of
+     their ever being exterminated. Nor would they be if we had
+     to deal only with the native hunters. But, with our
+     experience of what happened to the buffalo when the white
+     man took up the slaughter, we must take precaution in time.
+
+     Up to the present, very few white men have penetrated any
+     distance into the interior of the Labrador peninsula, and I
+     do not see that they are very likely to, in the near future.
+     But we never can tell. A few years ago we would have said
+     the same of the Yukon region, so that it would be a wise
+     precaution to have set apart a considerable section of the
+     Labrador, in the interior, as a sanctuary.... It would
+     perhaps be better to have two regions set apart, one near
+     the Saguenay country and another nearer the Atlantic coast.
+     We have, however, to consider the fact that sanctuaries
+     will be of no value unless they are well guarded.
+
+     In the case of the birds the conditions are bad; the
+     destruction on the Labrador is horrible to contemplate. The
+     outer islands were scoured by crews from foreign vessels,
+     and whole loads of eggs carried off. There has not been much
+     of this done in recent years. There can he no doubt that, if
+     certain of the larger and less inhabited islands were set
+     apart, and carefully protected, the birds would return to
+     them. I believe that owing to the constant way in which the
+     birds--eider ducks, certain of the divers, gulls, &c., were
+     disturbed, on their natural and original nesting places,
+     they have changed their habits; and, instead of nesting on
+     the islands and by the sea, they have moved to the shores of
+     the interior lakes. You see flocks of young birds in the
+     fall; they have come from the interior, as they were not
+     hatched out on the islands as they used to be.
+
+     The destruction of geese and curlew does not take place on
+     the Labrador. These birds are not disturbed on their nesting
+     grounds; but, to the south and west when they are passing to
+     their winter haunts. Geese are found feeding on the
+     hill-sides, on the most distant and northern islands--as far
+     north as any of our explorers have gone. The first birds
+     Sverdrup met as he was coming south, in the early spring,
+     were wild geese. These birds are not disturbed on their
+     breeding grounds. The Eskimo do not meddle with them. In the
+     same way caribou are found feeding about the shores of
+     Hudson bay and strait. Like the geese, they feed on berries
+     about the hill sides. I have shot them at the mouth of
+     Churchill river, and near cape Digges in August, when they
+     were very fat--so fat that it is said that, on falling on
+     hard ground, they would burst open; though this did not
+     actually happen in my case. I certainly think that it would
+     be a grand thing to have certain groups of islands--or even
+     certain sections of coast--set apart as bird sanctuaries.
+
+     Your paper deals entirely with conditions in Labrador. There
+     is, however, another part of the Gulf coast, where the need
+     of protection is much greater than on the Labrador. That is
+     the interior of the Gaspe peninsula. A certain region in the
+     interior has been set aside as a park, but it is quite
+     unprotected. Here, we have moose, woodland caribou and the
+     red deer, besides nearly all the fur-bearing animals that we
+     find on the Labrador. There is no game protection whatever.
+     Moose and caribou are killed mostly out of season--when they
+     are yarded, or when it is easy to run them down. In many
+     cases the meat is left in the woods, the hide only being
+     wanted. Lumbermen are penetrating up the rivers, further
+     into the interior--every lumber camp is a centre from which
+     the game laws are persistently violated.... the game, both
+     fur and feather, (particularly the ruffled grouse) is
+     rapidly disappearing before their pitiless onslaughts.
+     Lumber camps are opened much earlier in the season than they
+     used to be; so that the interior lakes and head waters of
+     the rivers are being cleaned out of fish taken while in the
+     act of spawning. All this may seem very strong language; but
+     it is really not exaggerated. It may help to show the need
+     of more and better conservation....
+
+Mr. Alfred Russell Wallace, the founder and exponent of the science of
+zoo-geography, writes:
+
+     ... your address on "Animal Sanctuaries" in Labrador, which
+     I have read with the greatest interest and astonishment.
+     Such reckless destruction I should hardly have thought
+     possible.
+
+     There is a considerable public opinion now against the use
+     of feathers as _ornaments_[A] because it inevitably leads to
+     the extermination of some of the most beautiful of living
+     things; but I think the attempts to stop it by legal
+     enactments begin at the wrong end. They seek to punish the
+     actual collectors or importers of the plumes, who are really
+     the least guilty and the most difficult to get at. It is the
+     actual _wearers_ of such ornaments who should be subject to
+     fines or even imprisonment, because, without the _demand_
+     they make there would be no supply. They also are,
+     presumably, the most educated and should know better. If it
+     were known that any lady with a feather in her hat (or
+     elsewhere) would be taken before a magistrate and _fined_,
+     and, on a second offence, _imprisoned_, and if this were the
+     case in the chief civilized countries of Europe and America,
+     the whole trade would at once cease and the poor birds be
+     left in peace.
+
+     You have, however, treated the subject very carefully and
+     thoroughly, and I hope your views will be soon carried
+     out....
+
+     I am glad to hear that Mr. Roosevelt is a reader of the
+     "World of Life." My own interest is more especially in the
+     preservation of adequate areas of the glorious tropical and
+     equatorial forests, with their teeming and marvellous forms
+     of life.
+
+Numerous other letters from all parts of the world expressing
+appreciation of the _Address_ have been received, the correspondents
+expressing strong approval of the effort to establish Animal
+Sanctuaries in Labrador. The names of some of the correspondents are
+given herewith:
+
+Sir Robert Baden-Powell, London; Prof. H.T. Barnes, Montreal; Julien
+Corbett, London; Rudyard Kipling; Lord Stamfordham, London; Sir James
+LeMoine, Quebec; J.M. Macoun, Ottawa; Henry F. Osborn, New York;
+Madison Grant, New York.
+
+_Note._--As a postscript I might add that the owner of part of a very
+desirable little archipelago, not far from the Saguenay, has already
+offered to give the property outright if a suitable sanctuary can be
+made out of the whole. This is all the more encouraging because such a
+gift involves the refusal of an offer from a speculative purchaser.
+May others be moved to do the same!
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote A: Mr. Wallace refers to feathers like egrets, not the
+permissable kinds, like ostrich plumes.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Supplement to Animal Sanctuaries in
+Labrador, by William Wood
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