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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Proposals For Building, In Every County, A
+Working-Alms-House or Hospital, by Richard Haines
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Proposals For Building, In Every County, A Working-Alms-House or Hospital
+       As The Best Expedient To Perfect The Trade And Manufactory Of Linnen
+       Cloth
+       
+
+Author: Richard Haines
+
+Release Date: February 18, 2005 [EBook #15102]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PROPOSALS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Ralph Griswald, Nancie McCraw, Keith Edkins and the PG
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+PROPOSALS
+
+For Building in every COUNTY
+
+A WORKING-ALMS-HOUSE OR HOSPITAL;
+
+As the Best Expedient to perfect the TRADE and MANUFACTORY OF
+Linnen-Cloth.
+
+_LONDON_,
+
+Printed by _W.G._ for _R. Harford_, at the Sign of the
+_Angel_ in _Cornhil_, 1677.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_PROPOSALS for Building in every County a_ WORKING-ALMS-HOUSE _or_
+HOSPITAL, _as the best Expedient to perfect the Trade and Manufactory of
+Linnen Cloth_.
+
+WHEREBY,
+
+I. All Poor people and their Children from five or six years old may be
+employed and maintained; as also all Beggars, Vagrants, _&c._ restrained
+and for ever prevented, and so all Parishes eased of that intolerable
+Burden.
+
+II. Many Hundred Thousand Pounds kept at home, which now every year goes
+out of the Kingdom for _Linnen_, whereby our Wealth becomes a prey to other
+Nations.
+
+III. Much Land improved in every County to great advantage of Landlord and
+Tenant.
+
+_Humbly Offered to the Consideration of the great Wisdom of
+the whole Nation, now Assembled in Parliament_.
+
+Considering the great Complaints of Poverty, the heavy Burdens most
+Parishes lie under to maintain their Poor, which daily encrease; the Swarms
+of Beggars, Vagrants and Idle People in City and Countrey; the great, and
+'tis fear'd, irrecoverable decay of our Ancient Trade for Woollen Cloth;
+the vast Charge we are yearly at in purchasing Linnen, _&c._ from other
+Nations, whereby our Treasure is exhausted, and our Lands fall for want of
+being improved some other way, besides planting Corn, breeding for Wool,
+_&c._ Which are become of so low a price, as scarce to turn to Account: And
+understanding, that for remedying thereof, the Improving the Manufactory of
+Linnen is now under Debate, I have taken the boldness to Offer the
+following PROPOSAL, which if thought fit to be put in practice, will (in my
+opinion) infallibly conduce to all the good Ends desired and intended; viz.
+
+    _That there may be Erected in every County according to its Extent or
+    Populousness, a greater or lesser_ Working-Alms-House, _wherein the
+    Poor may be continually employed in the Manufactory of_ Linnen Cloth.
+
+The Advantages whereof are evident; For,
+
+I. This Manufactory is an Employment for the weakest people, not capable of
+stronger Work, viz. Women and Children, and decrepit or aged people, now
+the most chargeable; as likewise for Beggars and Vagrants, who live idly,
+and by the sweat of other mens Labours, and can no way so effectually be
+brought to Industry and Order, as when reduced into to narrow a Compass or
+Confinement under fitly qualified Rulers, Officers, and Regular Government.
+
+II. These Working-Alm-Houses may raise and supply the Nation yearly with a
+sufficient Stock of Linnen Cloth (the finest sort excepted) if true
+measures be taken, and the Design effectually prosecuted; As for example,
+1352000 pounds worth of Cloth may yearly be spun in them only, besides what
+is made in private Families--Thus demonstrated;
+
+1. 'Tis well known by experience, that three quarters of a Pound of Thread
+worth 12 d. _per_ Pound spinning, will make one Ell of Cloth worth _2 s._
+_per_ Ell; which Three quarters of a Pound two Spinners may spin in one
+day; Hence it follows,
+
+2. That 2000 Spinners will spin Thread enough in one day to make 1000 Ells
+of Cloth, worth 100 l. And working but 260 days in the year, may spin 26000
+Pounds worth of Linnen Cloth in a year.
+
+3. Suppose then there be as many publick Work-houses, as there are
+Counties, which are 52, and in every Work-house, one with another, 2000
+Spinners (though in some more, some less) then according to the reasonable
+measures, there will be the forementioned Sum of 1352000 l. worth of Cloth
+spun in one year; which is what we undertook to demonstrate.
+
+This or some such prodigious Sum of Money might yearly be raised to the
+Nation, whereby a Treble Benefit would ensue, First, we might save so much
+Money now yearly sent out of the Nation for Linnen, which, as computed by
+very worthy Intelligent persons, has of late cost us more than a Million
+_per Annum_. Secondly, By employing those hands, which for the greatest
+part are idle, it being reasonably supposed that there are at least 100000
+Beggars or others who want a lawful Employment. Besides, almost all both
+Men, Women and Children that can but pull Tire or Tow from the Distaff, or
+such easie work, may be speedily employed and removed from being
+chargeable; so that there will be no fear of any Parish in the Kingdom
+being oppressed, or indeed charged, save only in case of extream Age, or
+Children in their Infancy, neither of which continues long. And Thirdly,
+Much land throughout _England_ will be greatly improved by sowing Hemp,
+Flax, _&c._
+
+_Obj._ It may be objected, _That if the House be stockt with so many weak,
+ancient people and Children, this will cross the great Design, because they
+will not be capable to spin their quantity of Cloth, nor so fine_.
+
+_Answ._ As to Fineness, it matters not, if but one in five be employed in
+it to an exquisite degree; for there is enough occasion for courser, for
+Sacking, Sails, Ticking, Common Table-Linnen, Sheets, _&c._ And as to
+Quantity, it may not be the less, because the most laborious thing in
+Spinning is turning of the Wheel.
+
+Now for the better effecting a Design so profitable and honourable to the
+Kingdom, I have improved my small Genius to the utmost, notwithstanding I
+above all Projectors, have been most discouraged: And I know whoever will
+attempt any thing for publick Benefit, may expect these Three things. (The
+first is Necessary, the second Customary, and the third Diabolical) _viz._,
+To be the Object of wise mens Censure, other mens Laughter, and if
+advantagious to himself, Envies implacable displeasure; of which last, I
+have had share to the highest degree that Revenge could express; and this
+too from a pretended loving Brother, a person of an honest Profession, and
+of as debauched a Conscience; yet I say, notwithstanding such
+discouragements, I have spent some time for Publick Advantage, _viz._ To
+find out an Expedient both for Ease and quick Dispatch, so as that the weak
+may do as much as the strong, and the strong much more than before.
+
+As thus; One man may turn 50 Spinning Wheels, which shall serve 100 persons
+to Spin with at once; so that the Spinners shall have nothing to do but
+employ both hands to draw Tire from the Distaff. The Demonstration of the
+Infallibility of this Invention may be easily made when commanded.
+
+As also, An Engine by which 50 men may, without striking a stroke, beat as
+much Hemp in one day, as 100 shall do in two days.
+
+    Besides the Advantage of this Spinning Engine in Ease, Its expedition
+    will also be considerable; For if (as we doubt not) by this help
+    Spinners can earn 9 d. _per_ day, as easie as 6 d. _per_ day without:
+    By that means computing only 1000 Spinners in each of the 52
+    Work-houses, in one years time will be gained the Sum of 163968 Pounds
+    and upwards, as by Calculation appears; and the Invention for
+    Hemp-beating (which is the hardest work of all) will likewise in its
+    kind be very considerably advantagious.
+
+_Obj. 2._ But some will be ready to object, and tell us, _That we talk of
+brave things, if words would do the Work; but where's the Money for the
+Building of such great Hospitals? and providing all Tools and Materials
+will cost many Thousand Pounds._
+
+    I confess here's the Knot, which seems knit by Magick Art; but if it
+    can be untied without cutting or breaking the Thread, then I hope our
+    Proposals will not be rejected.
+
+_Answ._ To this therefore I humbly Answer, That it may be done by a
+County-Charge, with as much Satisfaction, Pleasure and Advantage, as to
+part with 5 l. to prevent paying 50 s. _per An._, which I think no wise
+people will judge to be an hard Bargain; especially if they consider the
+other vast profit to the Nation, and that thereby they purchase (in the
+Country) 50 s. _per Annum_ more by improvement of their Lands for Hemp or
+Flax.--As thus;
+
+    Suppose every Parish, one with another, throughout the Nation, relieves
+    as many poor People, Beggars, _&c._ as doth amount to 12 d. in the
+    Pound, so that every 100 l. _per Annum_, pays 5l. _per Annum_ to the
+    poor; Now if every 100 l. _per Annum_, pay 5 l. towards Building such
+    Hospital, then whereas more than half their poor consists of Children,
+    Women, and decrepit weak persons, unfit for any other Employment, but
+    such as may fitly be removed to this Hospital; it follows, more than
+    half their Charge will for the future be abated; yea, many Parishes
+    have scarce any poor to provide for.
+
+Wherefore as for raising Money, we will take our measures thus; In
+_England_ there are commonly accounted 9725 Parishes, and 52 Counties; so
+that one with another, there are 187 Parishes to each County, and each
+Parish supposed to be worth 1500 l. _per Annum_ (some more, some less) at
+the Rate of 12 d. _per_ Pound, it will amount to the Sum of 14025 l. in
+each County, which undoubtedly will compleat the House and Materials.
+
+Obj. 3. _But this Method will not hold, because one County hath not so many
+Parishes as another_.
+
+_Answ._ It matters not; Let each County build proportionally to their Money
+as it will arise at 12 d. _per_ Pound, we doubt not but it will be
+sufficient.
+
+_Obj. 4._ It may further be Objected as impossible, _That the Spinning
+Engine should turn to account, because as oft as one Spinner has occasion
+to stop, all the rest must be idle; and again, since every Wheel hath its
+motion alike, and several Spinners work some faster, some slower, therefore
+all considered, this Project will make but a Confusion._
+
+_Answ._ To this I reply; Any one may stop, and the rest work on, and also
+may vary the motion of each Spinning Instrument, so as the nimblest and the
+slowest may have their desire: Nor may these Instruments be contemned,
+since they are as cheap as the other, and so ordered that the Spinners may
+sit or stand when they please; which doubtless will be a good conveniency.
+
+    The Invention of these Engines is wholly mine, and if they prove
+    effectual, I hope I shall not be deprived of receiving some benefit
+    thereof; because I am so free, as in effect to discover it beforehand.
+    However, I submit to what the Pleasure of Authority shall allow; And to
+    the intent these Hospitals may never fail of encouragement, that the
+    Invention may be for ever secured to them, and prohibited to all
+    others, so that the same may be improved only for their benefit, and
+    private persons not take the advantage thereof to the prejudice of this
+    our pious and necessary Design: I doubt not but many will say, Tush!
+    this is easie; any body may invent such things as these.--Thus the
+    Industry of one is gratified with the contempt of others: Howbeit I
+    leave it with all humble submission to the grave Wisdom aforesaid, to
+    consider,
+
+1. Whether these great Hospitals may not become Nurseries for bringing up
+all poor peoples Children to Industry, and how by a Methodical Government
+every one may be so encouraged, that one striving to excel the rest, in
+very short time, the finest Linnen may be made at home upon far better
+terms than what comes from beyond the Seas; and whether there be not a
+probability, if the Engines take, that we may come to transport Linnen upon
+as good terms as other Nations, since Flax and Hemp may here be as
+plentifully produced as in any other Countrey.
+
+2. Whether this great and profitable Trade may not be managed for the most
+part by those who at present are a burden; so that those which before were
+industrious, may follow their former employments, and so no want of People
+for Husbandry, _&c._
+
+Obj. 5. _But what shall we do for Weavers_?
+
+_Answ_. I propose it to consideration, whether it might not be a more
+Christian and effectual course to suppress notorious Malefactors (except
+only in cases of Treason and Murder) to condemn them hither for life or
+years, where they may be serviceable to turn Wheels, fit Tier to the
+Distaffs, reel Yarn, swingle or hitchel Hemp or Flax, Weave, _&c._ which an
+ordinary Ingenuity may learn in few days, rather than to send them out with
+a Brand to commit fresh Villanies, or transport them, whence they presently
+return: And this the rather to be heeded, for that Foreign Plantations have
+now so little occasions for them, that Merchants refuse to take them off
+the Sheriffes hands, without being paid for their Passage; so that above 80
+Convicts in _Newgate_ lately obtained a General Pardon on that very score,
+because they knew not what to do with them: Besides, how many overstockt
+Trades are there that complain for want of Trade, _&c._ Those may quickly
+learn to weave, and never fear an employ.
+
+_Obj 6._ But as to Convicts brought hither, it will be Objected, _That they
+must be kept more secure, lest they escape and do Mischief_.
+
+_Answ._ They may be secured well enough, and those that turn the Wheel,
+_&c._ may be separated by an Iron Grate from the rest:--And here by the
+way, the pious wisdom of the City of _London_ may find out a means, whereby
+all those Impudent Night-walkers, and Nurses of Debauchery may be wholly
+removed, which at present are a destruction both to the Estates, Bodies and
+Souls of many Hundreds, and cannot be reclaimed by ordinary _Bridewels_,
+because their Labour there is only a punishment, and turns not to
+advantage, to keep them there all their days, or at least until they marry,
+and keep within doors.
+
+_Obj. 7._ Some may imagine an inconvenience in sending so many people from
+all parts of the County to one place, and say, _Why were it not better to
+build many little Work-Houses rather than one great one_?
+
+_Answ._ I Answer, By no means; for then we shall miss one great and chief
+Design, _viz._ the maintenance of good Government; by which the whole
+Family may be instructed in good Manners both towards God and Man; only as
+some Counties are greater, more populous, _&c._ they may have more or less
+proportionably.
+
+_Obj. 8._ There still remains one Objection; and that is, _What shall we do
+for Hemp and Flax?_
+
+_Answ._ To which I Answer, That Hemp or Flax (one or the other) may
+plentifully be had in every County of _England_: Take _Sussex_ as an
+example; any indifferent good Land, Chalky, _&c._ from the foot of the
+_Downes_ to the Sea-side, with double Folding or Dunging, and twice
+Plowing, will produce Hemp in abundance; yet though their Land be rich
+enough, dry, _&c._ it will not produce good Flax: But to supply that, many
+Thousand Acres of the _Wild_ of _Sussex_, will produce Crops of Flax, worth
+some four, some five, some six Pounds an Acre, and that kind for Hemp, as
+aforesaid, worth as much. Besides, for encouraging the Planting the same at
+home, it may be convenient to lay an Imposition of Four or Five Shillings
+in the Pound, or upwards, upon all Hemp, Thread, Cordage, or Linnen
+Imported from Foreign parts; by means whereof, we may raise it at home
+cheaper than buy them abroad, and then everybody will Plant Hemp and Flax
+abundantly, as a thing of course, enriching those that promote it.
+
+But why 4 or 5 Counties should (as some have proposed) enjoy this great
+Wealth and Advantage of promoting the Linnen Manufactory and Improvement of
+Lands, and not the rest, I cannot understand; nor for what reason so many
+people should be drain'd out of all the Nation into four or five Midland
+Counties, since those Counties next adjoyning to the Sea, ought to be kept
+most populous.
+
+_But to what purpose should so much Hemp be planted?_
+
+I Answer, Hemp is of greater strength than Flax, therefore of more
+excellent use for great advantage, as Cables, Ropes, and all kinds of
+Cordage, Sails, Sacking, _&c._ As also Thread for all Nets for Fishery; for
+which, and other purposes, we now buy yearly several hundred Thousand
+Pounds worth from beyond the Seas; so that without controversie, there's as
+much Hemp to be used as Flax, and consequently the Hemp-Mill may be as
+useful as the Spinning-Instrument.
+
+    Having, we hope, satisfactorily Answered all Material Objections
+    against the main Body of this Design, it remains to consider of the
+    Order and Method of Governing these great Families or Corporations; but
+    the Particulars thereof we leave to the deeper Wisdom and judicious
+    Care of Authority; only in general propose,
+
+1. That for the better encouragement and support of so many poor people
+labouring in so profitable a Manufactory, each Alms-house be provided with
+and allowed a publick Granary, for stocking themselves with Corn when it is
+cheapest, against the time of Dearth; a priviledge we conceive not to be so
+properly advisable for other Companies or Handicrafts (as some propose and
+desire) because that would always keep Corn too cheap, and consequently
+undo the Tenant, or Landlord, or both: For what makes Wheat as often at 4s.
+a Bushel (under which it is known the Farmer cannot live) as at 2 s. 6 d.
+but because all people in the Nation that have occasion, must buy of the
+Land-Occupiers at the same time when it is scarce? But by such general
+Granaries the hopes of 4 s. _per_ Bushel will be banisht the Markets; but
+in our case painful Husbandry, that ancient Employment may well allow
+Granaries, both because this Manufactory and Design eases their Charge to
+the poor, and is of more advantage to the Publick, than some 20 Trades
+besides; and particularly, because it helps to improve their Lands by Flax
+and Hemp, that now they need not so much relie upon Corn for raising their
+Rent: Besides, if other other overstockt Trades want Bread, let them quit
+their Station, and come to Weaving, and then they may enjoy the benefit of
+these Granaries, also.
+
+2. That the Maiden-Children brought up in this Corporation, may after they
+attain to the Age of 15 Years, or other fit time, be permitted to go forth
+to Service to learn good Huswifry, and the Lads to Husbandry or Trades, if
+they think fit; nor will there be need of so great caution to prevent the
+Marriages of the meaner sort, since now the Parishes need not so much fear
+a Charge, knowing a means how to employ all their Children as fast as they
+come to be five or six Years old; nor can a young man have better choice
+for a Wife than here, amongst so many, all bred up industriously under
+strict Discipline, and in a way to live; And therefore this Method will be
+so far from causing any depopulation, that it may encrease our Inhabitants;
+and the more, the better, since we know how to dispose of them in such
+laudable Employments: Moreover, hereby the distracting cares of poor honest
+Parents, oft occasioned by a foresight of their incapacity to provide for
+their Children, will be removed; so that they may pass their time in peace,
+knowing that a good honest comfortable Employment and Education is provided
+for their Children, and their Childrens Children; nor may this less remove
+the Temptations both in Parents and Children, which cause them to be guilty
+of such Misdemeanors as sometimes bring them to the Gallows; so that the
+Expedients offered for the accomplishing this Manufactory, will produce a
+happy change in the whole Nation, _viz._ no more want of Work or Bread for
+the poor, no more Parishes oppressed, no more Beggars, a great abatement of
+Felons, Thieves, Cheats, Nurses of Debauchery, _&c._ many Lives preserved,
+and (which is an hundred thousand times more than all the rest) many Souls
+saved: Much more might be said in this case, to set forth the excellence of
+this Design, but I leave it as a work more deserving the skill of the most
+Learned and Godly Divine, and shall only add,
+
+In order to that last mentioned incomparable end, and for the better
+Education and Instruction of this great Family, That there may be placed in
+each House an Able, Honest, Godly Minister, of a good, peaceable, kind
+disposition and exemplary Conversation; that so no means may be wanting for
+promoting Gods Glory and their Edification: To which purpose, on Holidays
+and other spare times, all or the most docible part of the People train'd
+up here, may likewise be taught to read, _&c._
+
+    So may our most Great Prince, and Worthy Senators become further
+    Instruments for the Nations Prosperity, and the Salvation of many
+    Souls: Thus may the Blessing of Heaven crown all their Honourable
+    Enterprizes and Prudent Counsels with most prosperous Success, which
+    that it may be so, is the hearty Desire of
+
+_Your most Humble, Obedient and Faithful_
+
+_Subject and Servant_,
+
+R. H.
+
+_FINIS._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+POSTSCRIPT
+
+Having received the princely Approbation of that most Judicious and publick
+spirited Promoter of _Englands_ Weal and Prosperity, and all such
+Ingenuites as tend to general Good, and whole Noble Actions have given
+matchless proofs of his great zeal thereunto, _viz._ His Illustrious
+Highness Prince _Rupert_ who having condiscended to peruse the preceeding
+Proposals, was pleas'd to Honour me with his Approvement, Advice, and
+Encouragement therein; Judging it necessary, that I should first offer the
+same to His Majesties Consideration; and in order thereunto, did Introduce
+me to His Royal Presence, who was Graciously pleas'd to order me to deliver
+it to one of His Secretaries of State, to the intent he might peruse it,
+and bring in his Report thereof; whereupon I carried it to Mr. Secretary
+_Coventry_, who gave his Approbation thereof to His Majesty at the Council
+Table, where it pass'd without any obstruction:
+
+Which gave me the greater Encouragement to put the said Proposals in Print,
+for the deliberate Perusal, and grave Consideration of both Houses of
+Parliament; who, I humbly conceive, are as greatly concern'd to encourage
+all such humble Endeavours, tending to such General Wealth and Honour of
+the whole Nation.
+
+And for as much as I have the opportunity, by reason of the Adjournments of
+Parliament since _Whitsuntide_ last, immediately after which, my Proposals
+came out of the Press, I thought it might not be superfluous to add a few
+Lines for the Answering some further Objections, but first shall add a few
+Words to the Answer already given to the second.
+
+_Obj. pag. 5._ where I say, _That the laying out of_ 5 l. _for the Building
+of Working Alms-Houses, will purchase_ 50 s. per Annum _for ever_; Whereas
+I now find,
+
+That it will purchase 20 l. _per Annum_ in most Parishes; as may thus
+appear.
+
+Suppose every Farm worth 100 l. _per Ann._ Plant but Eight
+Acres of Flax or Hemp, and that worth 7, 6, or 5 l. _per
+Acre_, which last sum is the least that may be expected from
+good Land to be worth, as it stands on the Ground; wherefore
+to avoid mistakes, we will take our measures from 5 l. _per_
+Acre.                                                         05-00-00
+
+For Rent we will Deduct 20 s. for Seed. 20 s. and for
+Plowing, Sowing, and Harrowing 10 s. In all--                 02.10.00
+
+Which Deducted out of 5 l. there remains clear Profit for
+one Acre of Land--                                            02.10.00
+
+So that eight Acres, at the least value must yield clear
+Profit, all Charges Deducted--                                20.00.00
+
+To which add 2 l. 10 s. which will be saved out of the Poors
+Book, and it makes--                                          22.10.00
+
+So that a farm which was worth 100 l. _per Ann._ will by this Expedient, be
+worth Six score and Two pounds and Ten Shillings _per Ann._; and to be
+Sold, will yield 450 l. more than before.
+
+Which is a plain Demonstration, that the laying out of 5 l. towards the
+building and furnishing these Hospitals, will purchase above 20l. _per
+Ann._ or bring in 450 l. And this is the lowest Calculation that may be
+made of the Profits and Advantages that may arise by Planting of Hemp, and
+Flax, if well Husbanded.
+
+And most true it is, there's no one Manufactory in _England_ so generally
+profitable as this may be made, especially to be raised from Land, with so
+little hurt done to the same, as may be Demonstrated thus;
+
+Suppose the Crop of one Acre, as it stands on the Ground to be worth 7 l.
+(which is a very moderate supposition.) This Seven Pounds worth being well
+Drest fit for Spinners, may be worth 14 l. This Fourteen Pounds worth being
+well Spun and made into good Cloth, may be worth from 40 l. to 60 l. Yea I
+have been inform'd beyond the Seas, that the Cloth which might be made of
+one Acre of Flax well Drest and well Spun, might be worth more than a 100
+l.
+
+Let us not forget, that we have idle hands enough in our Nation to perfect
+this most profitable Improvement; and also, that little more than half the
+Money which in one year goes out of the Nation for Linnen, will pay for
+accomplishing the same: Nay, if the thing were rightly considered, it might
+be easily Demonstrated, That the Money which goes out of the Nation for
+Linnen in one year, will pay for making of all the Cloth that may be made
+in 20 years; although in every year of that twenty, there be as much made,
+as now we buy a Year of other Nations: As thus;
+
+Money being kept at home within the Body of the Nation, is (as it hath no
+less aptly, than frequently been resembled) like the Blood in its
+Circulation in the Body of Man, which is not the less for its perpetual
+Motion; but the whole Body thereby the better supplyed, strengthened, and
+nourished in every Part. So it is with our Money; For, suppose Twelve
+hundred Thousand pounds goes out of the Nation in one year (which, some
+say, is much more) This never returns again; But if the same sum be paid
+for making so much Cloth at home, there's not one Groat the less at the
+years end; So that the very Money which pays for one years work, may pay
+for two years, and consequently for 20 years, and yet pass through all
+necessary Trades, and as well to the land Occupiers, as any.
+
+The _9th_ Obj. _But possibly, your Engins for Expedition may fail, which if
+so, then notwithstanding, the Spinners,_ &c. _may earn their own Food, yet
+there will be nothing towards the maintainance of good Government, which is
+the great thing you aimed at, whereby all persons who are brought into the
+Hospital, may be well Educated, and effectually Instructed in a Methodical
+way for expedition and advantage; Administering incouraging Rewards to the
+Ingenuous and Industrious, and Correction to those that deserve it, without
+which 'tis almost impossible to perfect your good design._
+
+_Answ._ 'Tis very true: But first, I am confirm'd in my Judgement, that the
+riddance these Engins will make, cannot be less than what I have already
+proposed in _pag._ the _5th._
+
+Secondly, Suppose the worst, _viz._ that the Engins fail; What then; If
+every 100 l. _per Ann._ in each County contribute 3d. _per_ Week, which
+would undoubtedly be sufficient to maintain good Government amongst them?
+Nay, what, If for the better Incouragement, and more Comfortable
+maintainance of all the whole Family, six pence _per_ Week be paid, it
+would amount but to 26 s. _per Ann._, to be allow'd out of the Profits
+which each 100 l. _per Ann._ will reap thereby; which according to our
+lowest Calculation, is not less than 22 l. 10 s. a year; And I hope the
+great wisdom of the Nation will not think it too much to part with 5 l. for
+the Building these Hospitals, and after they are built, to allow 26 s. _per
+Ann._ for the maintainance of good Government, _&c._ since by so doing, the
+whole Nation is enrich'd thereby: The truth is, these Hospitals and
+Government is so Essential, that the thing cannot be brought to pass
+without them; for whatever we may promise our selves; yet the Work is
+otherwise as unlikely to be effected, as a great Multitude of unhappy
+Scholars to learn their Books, where there is neither Master nor Tutor, to
+Rule, Teach, or Govern.
+
+And who knows, but in very few Ages, each Hospital may have a plentiful
+Revenue bestow'd thereon: For what can be a fitter object for the Charity
+of such well disposed People, who out of their Abundance, may please to
+leave a Legacy behind them for Pious and Charitable uses, seeing here it
+will ever be imploy'd to the comfort of distressed Widows; the Maintainance
+and good Education of Fatherless Children; The Feeding the Hungry,
+Cloathing the Naked, _&c._ yea, the Posterity of the Donor, (according to
+the Revolutions of humane things) and the Posterity of his Relations, may
+reap such benefit by these deeds of Charity, as that they may be ever
+preserved from Extremity.
+
+Or, why should we think it too much out of 100 l. _per Ann._ to cast 5 l. a
+year into the Treasury of this House, to be scatter'd amongst the Poor;
+since it is but a fourth part of what we gain by them: By this means, I am
+confident the Poor of each Parish would be so few, that there would be
+scarce enow to eat the spare Meat that comes from other mens Tables:
+Howbeit, it were good, that a Law were made, that every person that gives
+any Almes to any idle Beggars, or wandring People, (the Poor of their own
+Parish only excepted) should forfeit 5 l. to the Treasurer of the Hospital
+of that County in which they dwell, which would be no violation of the
+Precepts of Charity, but an effectual expedient to restrain all Beggars and
+idle people for the future.
+
+If we believe (as I hope we all do) that the happiness of a Nation hath its
+dependance on the good Will and Pleasure of God Almighty, and that the more
+we please him, the greater Blessings we may receive from him. Let it be
+considered, How acceptable an Offering it would be to the most High, when
+by so pious an Act of Our Gracious King and Parliament, together with the
+free Will Offrings of all able godly disposed people, so many Thousands,
+yea Thousands of Thousands, in process of time, may be restrained, and
+prevented from living in that broad way of Idleness and Lewdness, in which
+is all manner of Debauchery. And now by this Reformation, from Generation
+to Generation, may become attentive hearers of his Holy Word, which is the
+most Infallible Directory to bring them to Heaven.
+
+Obj: _You talk of great Profits made of Flax in other Countries: But some
+are of the Opinion, That to raise the Linnen Manufactory here to that
+degree, is utterly Impracticable; as well, because our Domestick Flax is
+not so good as that which comes from beyond the Seas; as also, because our
+people cannot work it so well._
+
+_Answ._ This Objection, (which some are pleas'd to think very considerable)
+consists of two Branches: The first is an Exception to the goodness of our
+Flax; The second, to the Skill and Dexterity of our People.
+
+As for the first; _Whether ours be as good as Outlandish Flax?_ It must be
+considered, and cannot be denied, but, that the far greatest part of the
+Flax which we Import from beyond the Seas, is _East-Country Flax_, I say,
+the far _greatest_ part, ten to one in proportion; Now I am credibly
+informed by several well experienced Flax-Men (who have dealt in both
+Sorts) That _English_ Flax is _full as good_, to all intents, as this
+_East-Country_ Flax, and do not doubt, but it will appear so upon
+Examination; So that the Objection, as in Comparison with such
+_East-Country_ Flax, vanishes; of which yet, (although we have but little
+Cloth made in _England_) there is, (as I am inform'd) several Hundred
+Thousand Pounds worth yearly Imported.
+
+But then, as to _Dutch_ Flax, indeed the Case is somewhat more difficult:
+It being a common opinion, that their Flax, in its nature, is better for
+making of Fine Cloth, than ours generally is: But even this is denied by
+persons of great Judgement and Experience, who affirm, that much Land in
+_England_ may produce as kind Flax, to the full: Besides, the _Dutch_ Flax
+Imported, is but little, and comparatively Inconsiderable; as is indeed the
+Use and Consumtion of very Fine Cloth, in respect of the vast quantities of
+Course and Ordinary Cloth; so that, if the Trade be Encouraged, we need not
+fear, but we may find ground enough in _England_, fit to produce as
+excellent Flax as any now brought from _Holland_, I mean, _so much_ as we
+have occasion for; And consequently, may make as good Linnen; _If we do not
+spoil it in working_: Which is the second Charge of the Objection.
+
+To which I Answer, That I have credibly been inform'd by some persons, that
+they have, and can now already make as good Cloth here, as that which we
+commonly Buy for 5, 6, 7, or 8 s. _per_ Ell: And why should not our people,
+when they find the Manufactory Incouraged, and especially by the Emulation
+and desires to out-vie each other in good Work-manship in these publick
+Working Alms-Houses; Why, I say, May we not arrive at as great Perfection
+in the Mystery as any people in the World? The _English_ once had the
+Reputation of the only excellent Artificers for Wollen Cloth; other Nations
+knew nothing, or very little of it; yet now we find, by unhappy experience,
+they equal, if not exceed us therein: Why may we not retaliate, and
+out-strip them in another Mystery? Or, Why should we more scandal our
+selves with suggestions of Dullness and Indocility, than our Neighbours.
+
+But to give more full satisfaction, That this Manufactory, especially that
+part which is most advantagious to the Nation, as being most Consumptive of
+our Hemp and Flax, and most promoting Trade and Imployment for the Poor;
+which indeed is common and ordinary Cloth, of which there is a Thousand
+Ells to one Transported into all His Majesties Plantations.
+
+That this I say is suddainly to be perfected, I cannot but give a signal
+Instance, from the laudable practice and experience of that worthy
+Gentleman, Mr. _Tho. Firmin_, Citizen of _London_, who at this time Imploys
+in his House (built for that purpose) several Flax-men, _Weavers_, _&c._
+And also above 600 Spinners abroad. This Judicious person shew'd me more
+than 500 l. worth of very good substantial Cloth, of his own working. And
+in truth, I have convers'd with many; but never found any man so able and
+free to resolve all doubts in this case; who told me for a Truth, that a
+Child of 5 or 6 years old, that had its Health, and a moderate
+Apprehension, might be taught in 6 Weeks to earn its living in Spinning;
+Which, if so, as from the Veracity and Experience of the Relator, I have no
+reason to doubt. It is most plain, that the most profitable part of this
+Manufactory may be both easily and speedily accomplish'd, and perfected, to
+the happy Reformation of many Thousands, who now live by Begging, _&c._
+giving scarce any thing for whatever they Eat, Drink, or Wear.
+
+Besides, let it be considered, How greatly this Manufactory will quicken
+and revive our decayed Markets and dying Trade, especially, that of
+Husbandry; which may easily be domonstrated, thus;
+
+As the Case now stands, every Family in the Nation either directly or
+indirectly, send their Money every year to the _Drapers_ for Linnen, the
+_Drapers_ they pay it to the Merchants, and away it goes every year beyond
+Sea, and never returns; whereby our Wealth is made a Prey to other Nations,
+whose Poor are imploy'd and maintain'd thereby, whilst in the mean time our
+Nation is in a Consumption, our Poor live by Begging, Poverty increases,
+and our Lands lye unimproved, for want of this Manufactory.
+
+But now under this Reformation, every Family that sends their Money to the
+_Drapers_, the _Draper_ sends it to the Masters of these _Hospitals_, and
+they scatter it amongst all the Trades in the Nation; especially to the
+Farmers, and Tillers of Land, ready Money for Hemp and Flax; ready Money
+for Corn and Fat Cattle of all sorts; and the like for Butter and Cheese,
+or any thing they have to spare: And all this, or the greatest part, from
+those who before lay a Begging at their Doors, or were maintained by
+Contribution; and now, the more people Increase, the better it will be for
+the whole Nation: And doubtless, if an Imposition sufficient were laid on
+Foreign Linnen, Hemp and Flax, and Incouragement due to ingenious and
+industrious people given, (as in this Case, the Nation might well afford)
+then to be sure, our Hospitals would be suddenly stock'd with curious
+Artists, by which our new Manufactory would speedily be brought to
+perfection.
+
+'Tis worth consideration also, how great an Ornament, besides the great
+Wealth these Hospitals would be to His Majesties Kingdom, and how much they
+would add to the Trade, Wealth, and greatness of those Towns near which
+they are erected.
+
+13. Obj. _You talk much of Charity, Let Charity begin at home with good
+Husbandry; If this course be taken, we shall pay dearer for Linnen, than
+now we do, and it must needs be best Husbandry to Buy where we may have it
+Cheapest._
+
+_Answ._ If we send our Money beyond-Sea for what we want, then the more we
+Buy, the less Money we have to pay, which causes Scarcity of Money, and
+also, want of Trade, whereby to get more; but if we bestow our Money for
+Commodities made at home, our Money and Trade will continually Increase;
+and though for a little while we pay somewhat more, yet it is easier to
+part with 9 d. when Money and Trade are plenty and increasing, than to part
+with 6 d. when Money and Trade is both wanting; especially, seeing the 9 d.
+remains at home, and returns again, but the 6 d. is carried into another
+Nation, and lost irrecoverably.
+
+14. Obj. In _pag. 5._ you suggest, _That by your Engin, one Spinner may
+earn 9_ d. _as easily as 6_ d. _without it; But how can that be? since
+every Spinner now, may have a wheel to turn with her foot, and so have both
+hands at liberty, as well as with your Engins: And again, its a more usual
+fault to over-twist the thred, than to do it too slack; therefore no need
+of help to turn the wheel._
+
+_Answ._ To this I Answer, First, That the thing we chiefly design, is to
+imploy and maintain such as cannot any other way earn half their living by
+any other Imploy, so that more than half the Spinners would be very young,
+and of little strength, and consequently to imploy one foot all the time
+they Spin, will be very tiresome; nay, the strongest body cannot do it,
+without easing the same, neither can they imply both hands so freely, as
+when they are discharged of that burthen, or incumbrance.
+
+As for Example: Two men of equal strength, skill, and nimbleness in all
+points, were to run a long Race, and one of them must carry such a weight
+in his hand, as is more tiresome to him than the motion of his Legs, and
+oft-times, must ease the Burthen with his foot: May not the other, who hath
+all his Limbs free, be at the end of the Race and half-way back again as
+soon, and more easily than this can get to the end of the Race. Possibly
+some may say, _This Simile is not parallel, and that I make it better on my
+side than it is_. To which I say, for the Resolution of this Question, Do
+but inquire of those that Spin, which of the Two is most tiresome, The
+turning of the Wheel, (either by the Foot or Hand, no matter which) or the
+other part of the Work. I have almost as often ask'd the Question, as I see
+any a Spinning (since I invented this Engin) and the Answer has always
+been, The turning of the Wheel; although they imploy both hand and foot by
+turnes to do it: Besides, it is burthensome, and also injurious to the
+body; especially for youth, which are growing, to be from Morning till
+Evening, always sitting.
+
+Secondly, Although it be true, _That over-twisting the Thred is commonly a
+fault, rather than slack twisting the same_; yet the Cause of this fault
+is, that they do not draw the Thred fast enough: But to the better
+advantage, this will be easily cured, for now all the aforesaid
+inconveniencies being removed, which render the Work most burthensome; they
+may for their ease stand or sit, when, and as often as they please, and
+freely imploy both hands from morning to evening, much more easily than
+they could one hand before; and the faster they draw the Thred from the
+Distaff, the more they Spin, with less danger of over-twisting the same; so
+that I do not know, but those that are some-time used to this easie way,
+may Spin as much in one day, as now in two.
+
+Furthermore, these Spinning Instruments may in like manner be for
+Expedition very serviceable for Spinning of Wollen, I mean Serges, Worsted,
+Camlets, and Stockings, which being well made, are much more to be
+incouraged than Hair and Silk, these being Foreign Commodities, the other
+of our own Growth, especially, since it is so, that our home Markets for
+Wool, and Foreign Markets for our Cloth grow worse and worse, and in the
+opinion of most, scarce ever to be recovered; which, if so, it must needs
+be the best Husbandry to promote such Manufactories, as may be for the
+Consumption of our own Materials.
+
+Obj. _If you intend these Hospitals for the Imployment of such as have
+Families of their own to maintain, the business will be confused and
+Impracticable._
+
+_Answ._ Possibly so, at least, in some respects and circumstances; but that
+was never intended, the main design of these Hospitals being only for the
+relief of all oppressed Parents, families, and Parishes, by taking off
+their young Children, and single people, who have neither Habitation, nor
+Parish willing to receive them, there to be comfortably maintain'd, well
+educated and instructed in all good manners towards God and Man; Nor are
+any of them to be confin'd to this House longer than untill they can well
+earn their Livings by other means; unless it be such as are committed as
+persons deserving perpetual or temporary Confinement, which is far better
+than to Hang or Transport, except it be for Capital Crimes.
+
+The second Benefit aimed at, is the procuring the most Fine and curious
+Cloth, as well as quantities sufficient of Courser, for Domestick and
+Foreign Trade, to be obtained with great expedition: For so it is, That
+when so many are imploy'd in sight of each other (especially, where
+incouragement is given, and good Discipline maintain'd) the strife of all,
+both small and great, will be to excell each other, both in quantity and
+curiosity of Work.
+
+Obj. _This Manufactory being thus incouraged, a considerable part of His
+Majesties Revenue now arising by Custom for Linnen Cloth will be
+diminished._
+
+_Answ._ I humbly Answer, That the same may be easily compensated another
+way, it being (with all submission) conceived, That it would be happy for
+this Kingdom, if an Imposition of 12 d. _per_ quart more than now is, were
+to be paid for all _French_-Wine and Brandy; As also 5 s. in the Pound for
+all Hemp, Flax, and Linnen, that is Imported.
+
+'Tis possible some may suppose, that my being thus intent and tedious, is
+only an itch of Fame; but I can justly assure the World, I am so far from
+any such contemptible Vanity, That I am rather a beggar for the Poor and
+Distressed, and for their sakes, would imitate the importunate Widow, in
+the 18th of St. _Luke_'s Gospel, who obtain'd her request meerly for the
+sake of her Importunity; only this difference there is, Her suit was for
+Revenge, Mine for an Act of Charity; she made her suit to such a Judge as
+neither feared God, nor regarded man; but my humble, though earnest suit
+is, To the Most _Christian King_, a _Defender of the Faith_; as also to the
+Great Wisdom of a _Christian Nation_, all which strengthens my hopes, that
+I shall not be more unfortunate than was that importunate Widow.
+
+And why should I doubt it, since it is so, that even an unjust and ungodly
+Judge will redress the Grievances of the Oppressed, shall not the Best and
+Most Christian Government exercise its power, for suppressing and reforming
+intollerable Evils, Oppressions, and Disorders, seeing the Wellfare and
+Prosperity of the whole Nation is as it were Intail'd to such an Act of
+Justice and Mercy. It is said of Faith, Hope, and Charity, That the
+greatest of these is Charity; yes, if a Man had all Faith, and all Hope,
+(both which are most excellent and necessary) yet it availeth nothing, if
+Charity be wanting. And since 'tis a Maxim, _That the best of Men cannot be
+Uncharitable_: I chearfully hope, that my humble Proposals for an Act of
+Charity, will not be contemn'd by our Greatest Worthies, since now in our
+view, the Wealth and Prosperity of the Nation, is in pursuit of the same.
+
+I would not flatter my self or others, but do confidently believe, That
+what with the Decrease of Poor People, The happy Reformation, and total
+Restriction of Beggers, Vagrants, Nurses of Debauchery, _&c._ The yearly
+increase of Ten or Twelve Hundred Thousand Pounds, which now will be kept
+at home, that before went beyond the Seas for Linnen; The great Improvement
+of Lands; The Exportation of Linnen of our own growth, _&c._ The worth and
+advantage of the whole cannot amount to less than Two or three Millions
+Sterling, _per Annum_, to the Nation: and over and above many lives
+preserved, and (with Gods blessing on the means) many souls saved; which,
+if so, certainly it will be the best Bargain and happiest that ever the
+Nation made, all circumstances considered; Because where so much Money is
+disburs'd as will compass this great Wealth (without which it is almost
+impossible to be attain'd,) our Posterity will have it for nothing; yea,
+the present Inhabitants have their Purchase Money still amongst themselves,
+as it were, _in their own Sacks with their Corn_, seeing we Buy not this
+profitable Expedient of other Nations; which, if we were obliged to do, to
+be sure they would make us pay _dearly_ for it.
+
+But suppose neither of these Advantages were to be reap'd for our Money,
+only the Poor provided for, and Reformation of Vagrants accomplish'd, Must
+we do nothing for Charity? Suppose any Opposers of this Design, were worth
+5000 l. or 10000 l. _per Ann._ a piece, Can they be certain, that none of
+their Posterity may within 200 years come to Poverty? Why then should they
+be unwilling now to contribute freely, seeing the Method proposed, may
+secure both Rich and Poor from Extremity? And how dishonourable is it to
+this Kingdom, that so fruitful a Soil as _England_, which by the Industry
+of its most unuseful Inhabitants, might so easily become the Garden of
+Europe, should, by their sloth and obstinacy, lie unimproved? How many
+Hundred Thousand Beggers, Vagrants, Drones, Nurses of Debauchery, _&c._ who
+are not only a Dishonour, but a great Disadvantage to the Nation, living in
+continual sinful Practices against the Laws of God and good Government,
+depriving themselves of all means of Religious and Civil Education, to the
+great danger of their own Souls; Ill Example of others; and destruction of
+their Posterity, being neither serviceable to the Publick, nor capable of
+raising themselves to any better condition, might by this Method, be wholly
+reform'd, or prevented?
+
+Wherefore upon these several _weighty_ considerations, and for that,
+besides the _Princely_ Encouragement before-mentioned, I have had the
+Approbation of that great lover of Ingenuity, The Right Honourable, the
+Lord Viscount _Brouncker_, President of the _Royal Society_, who was
+pleas'd to peruse my Proposals, and express his Sentiments very favourably
+thereupon; As also having received by letter some considerable and pressing
+Incitements, to proceed from an Eminent publick spirited Divine, the
+Reverend, Dr. _John Beale_, one of His Majesties Chaplains, and a Member of
+the said _Royal Society_. I am therefore embolden'd, particularly to
+entreat the _Christian_ consideration of the most _grave and pious
+Divines_, and all the Honourable and Ingenious Associates of that _August
+Society_ in this matter, and accordingly, to give their Encouragement,
+Approbation, and Assistance; or otherwise to discover my mistakes, and
+rectifie any false Measures, which through Inadvertency, or over-zeal, to
+the design I may have committed, by publishing some more _Feazible Methods_
+from their better improved Reason, whereby I shall at once be confuted and
+instructed; and though failing in the means, shall not miss of my desired
+End, viz. _The Glory of God, the Prosperity of the Nation, and the Happy
+Reformation of many thousands, who are a dishonour to Both._
+
+FINIS.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Proposals For Building, In Every
+County, A Working-Alms-House or Hospital, by Richard Haines
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