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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Continental Monthly, Vol. I., No. IV., April, 1862 + Devoted To Literature And National Policy + +Author: Various + +Release Date: February 15, 2005 [EBook #15065] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONTINENTAL MONTHLY *** + + + + +Produced by Cornell University, Joshua Hutchinson, Josephine Paolucci +and the PG Online Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<div class="text"> +<div class="front"> + +<div> +<h2>The Continental Monthly</h2> + +<p>devoted to</p> + +<p>Literature And National Policy.</p> + +<br /> + +<p>VOL. I.—APRIL, 1862.—No. IV.</p> + +</div> + +<hr class="page"> + +<div class="div" id="toc"><a name="toc_1"></a><h2>Contents</h2><ul class="toc"> +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_1">Contents</a></li> + +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_2">The War Between Freedom And Slavery In Missouri.</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_3">Beaufort District,—Past, Present, And Future.</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_4">The Ante-Norse Discoverers Of America.</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 2em;"><a href="#toc_5">I. The Mythical Era.</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 2em;"><a href="#toc_6">II. The Chinese Discoverers Of Mexico In The Fifth Century.</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_7">The Spur Of Monmouth.</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_8">The Fatal Marriage Of Bill The Soundser.</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_9">Columbia To Britannia.</a></li> + +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_10">General Lyon.</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_11">Maccaroni And Canvas.</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 2em;"><a href="#toc_12">Sermons In Stones.</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 2em;"><a href="#toc_13">A Ball At The Costa Palace</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_14">Howe's Cave.</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 2em;"><a href="#toc_15">An Old Fort.</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 2em;"><a href="#toc_16">The Cave</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_17">Potential Moods</a></li> + +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_18">The True Interest Of Nations.</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_19">Among The Pines.</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_20">Southern Aids To The North.</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_21">The Molly O'Molly Papers.</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 2em;"><a href="#toc_22">No. I.</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 2em;"><a href="#toc_23">No. II.</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_24">Sketches Of Edinburgh Literati.</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_25">The Huguenot Families In America.</a></li> + +<li style="margin: 0em 2em;"><a href="#toc_26">The Huguenots Of Ulster.</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_27">'Ten To One On It.'</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_28">Literary Notices.</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_29">Books Received</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_30">Editor's Table.</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_31">Notes</a></li> +</ul></div> +</div> + +<div class="body"> + + + +<hr class="page"> + +<div> +<a name="toc_2"></a> +<h2>The War Between Freedom And Slavery In Missouri.</h2> + + +<p>It is admitted that no man can write +the history of his own times with such +fullness and impartiality as shall entitle +his record to the unquestioning credence +and acceptance of posterity. Men are +necessarily actors in the scenes amid +which they live. If not personally taking +an active part in the conduct of +public affairs, they have friends who +are, and in whose success or failure their +own welfare is in some way bound up. +The bias which interest always gives +will necessarily attach to their judgment +of current events, and the leading actors +by whom these events are controlled. +Cotemporaneous history, for this reason, +will always be found partisan history—not +entitled to, and, if intelligently and +honestly written, not exacting, the implicit +faith of those who shall come after; +but simply establishing that certain +classes of people, of whom the writer +was one, acted under the conviction +that they owed certain duties to themselves +and their country. It will be for +the future compiler of the world's history, +who shall see the end of present +struggles, to determine the justice of the +causes of controversy, and the wisdom +and honesty of the parties that acted +adversely. To such after judgment, +with a full knowledge of present reproach +as a partisan, the writer of this +article commends the brief sketch he +will present of the beginning and military +treatment of the great Rebellion in +the State of Missouri. He will not attempt +to make an episode of any part +of this history, because of the supposed +vigor or brilliancy of the martial deeds +occurring in the time. Least of all +would he take the 'Hundred Days,' +which another pen has chosen for special +distinction, as representing the period +of heroism in that war-trampled +State. Any 'hundred days' of the rebellion +in Missouri have had their corresponding + +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">nights</span>; and no one can be +bold enough yet to say that the day of +permanent triumph has dawned. Humiliation +has alternated with success so +far; and the most stunning defeats of +the war in the West marked the beginning +and the close of the hundred days +named for honor. This fact should teach +modesty and caution. For while justice +to men requires us to admit that the +greatest abilities do not always command +success, devotion to principle forbids +that a noble cause should be obscured +to become the mere background +of a scene in which an actor and popular +idol is the chief figure. It is with a +consciousness of such partialities as are + +common to men, but with an honest purpose, +so far as the writer is able, to subordinate +men to principles, that this review +of the origin and chief incidents of +the rebellion in Missouri is begun.</p> + +<p>The close connection of the State of +Missouri with the slavery agitation that +has now ripened into a rebellion against +the government of the United States, is +a singular historical fact. The admission +of the State into the Union was +the occasion of vitalizing the question of +slavery extension and fixing it as a permanent +element in the politics of the +country. It has continued to be the +theatre on which the most important +conflicts growing out of slavery extension +have been decided. It will be the +first, in the hope and belief of millions, +to throw off the fetters of an obsolete +institution, so long cramping its social +and political advancement, and to set +an example to its sister slave-holding +States of the superior strength, beauty, +and glory of Freedom.</p> + +<p>The pro-slavery doctrines of John C. +Calhoun, after having pervaded the democracy +of all the other slave-holding +States, and obtained complete possession +of the national executive, legislative +and judicial departments, finally, in +1844, appeared also in the State of Missouri. +But it was in so minute and subtle +a form as not to seem a sensible heresy. +Thomas H. Benton, the illustrious +senator of the Jackson era, was then, as +he had been for twenty-four years, the +political autocrat of Missouri. He had +long been convinced of the latent treason +of the Calhoun school of politicians. +He was able to combat the schemes +of the Southern oligarchy composing +and controlling the Cabinet of President +Polk; unsuccessfully, it is true, yet with +but slight diminution of his popularity +at home. Nevertheless, the seeds of disunion +had been borne to his State; they +had taken root; and, like all evil in life, +they proved self-perpetuating and ineradicable. +In 1849 the Mexican war, +begun in the interest of the disunionists, +had been closed. A vast accession of +territory had accrued to the Union. It +was the plan and purpose of the disunion +party to appropriate and occupy +this territory; to organize it in their interests; +and, finally, to admit it into the +Union as States, to add to their political +power, and prepare for that struggle between +the principle of freedom and the +principle of slavery in the government, +which Mr. Calhoun had taught was inevitable. +But the hostility of Benton in +the Senate was dreaded by the Southern +leaders thus early conspiring against the +integrity of the Union. The Missouri +senator seemed, of all cotemporaneous +statesmen, to be the only one that fully +comprehended the incipient treason. +His earnest opposition assumed at times +the phases of <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">monomania</span>. He sought +to crush it in the egg. He lifted his +warning voice on all occasions. He inveighed +bitterly against the 'Nullifiers,' +as he invariably characterized the Calhoun +politicians, declaring that their +purpose was to destroy the Union. It +became necessary, therefore, before attempting +to dispose of the territories +acquired from Mexico, to silence Benton, +or remove him from the Senate. +Accordingly, when the legislature of +Missouri met in 1849, a series of resolutions +was introduced, declaring that all +territory derived by the United States, +in the treaty with Mexico, should be +open to settlement by the citizens of all +the States in common; that the question +of allowing or prohibiting slavery +in any territory could only be decided +by the people resident in the territory, +and then only when they came to organize +themselves into a State government; +and, lastly, that if the general +government should attempt to establish +a rule other than this for the settlement +of the territories, the State of Missouri +would stand pledged to her sister Southern +States to co-operate in whatever +measures of resistance or redress <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">they</span> +might deem necessary. The resolutions +distinctly abdicated all right of judgment +on the part of Missouri, and committed +the State to a blind support of +Southern 'Nullification' in a possible +contingency. They were in flagrant + +opposition to the life-long principles and +daily vehement utterances of Benton—as +they were intended to be. Nevertheless, +they were adopted; and the +senators of Missouri were instructed to +conform their public action to them. +These resolutions were introduced by +one Claiborne F. Jackson, a member +of the House of Representatives from +the County of Howard, one of the +most democratic and largest slave-holding +counties in the State. The resolutions +took the name of their mover, and +are known in the political history of Missouri +as the 'Jackson resolutions.' And +Claiborne F. Jackson, who thus took the +initiative in foisting treason upon the +statute-books of Missouri, is, to-day, by +curious coincidence, the official head of +that State nominally in open revolt. +But Jackson, it was early ascertained, +was not entitled to the doubtful honor +of the paternity of these resolutions. +They had been matured in a private +chamber of the Capitol at Jefferson +City, by two or three conspirators, who +received, it was asserted by Benton, and +finally came to be believed, the first +draft of the resolutions from Washington, +where the disunion cabal, armed +with federal power, had its headquarters.</p> + +<p>Thus the bolt was launched at the +Missouri senator, who, from his prestige +of Jacksonism, his robust patriotism, his +indomitable will, and his great abilities, +was regarded as the most formidable +if not the only enemy standing in +the way of meditated treason. It was +not doubted that the blow would be fatal. +Benton was in one sense the father +of the doctrine of legislative instructions. +In his persistent and famous efforts to +'expunge' the resolutions of censure on +Gen. Jackson that had been placed in +the Senate journal, Benton had found +it necessary to revolutionize the sentiments +or change the composition of the +Senate. Whigs were representing democratic +States, and Democrats refused to +vote for a resolution expunging any part +of the record of the Senate's proceedings. +To meet and overcome this resistance, +Benton introduced the dogma +that a senator was bound to obey the +instructions of the legislature of his +State. He succeeded, by his great influence +in his party, and by the aid of +the democratic administration, in having +the dogma adopted, and it became an +accepted rule in the democratic party. +Resolutions were now invoked and obtained +from State legislatures instructing +their senators to vote for the 'Expunging +Resolutions,' or resign. Some +obeyed; some resigned. Benton carried +his point; but it was at the sacrifice of +the spirit of that part of the Constitution +which gave to United States senators +a term of six years, for the purpose +of protecting the Senate from frequent +fluctuations of popular feeling, +and securing steadiness in legislation. +Benton was the apostle of this unwise +and destructive innovation upon the +constitutional tenure of senators. He +was doomed to be a conspicuous victim +of his own error. When the 'Jackson +resolutions' were passed by the legislature +of Missouri, instructing Benton to +endorse measures that led to nullification +and disunion, he saw the dilemma +in which he was placed, and did the best +he could to extricate himself. He presented +the resolutions from his seat in +the Senate; denounced their treasonable +character, and declared his purpose to +appeal from the legislature to the people +of Missouri.</p> + +<p>On the adjournment of Congress, +Benton returned to Missouri and commenced +a canvass in vindication of his +own cause, and in opposition to the democratic +majority of the legislature that +passed the Jackson resolutions, which +has had few if any parallels in the history +of the government for heat and bitterness. +The senator did not return to +argue and convert, but to fulminate and +destroy. He appointed times and places +for public speaking in the most populous +counties of the State, and where the opposition +to him had grown boldest. He +allowed no 'division of time' to opponents +wishing to controvert the positions +assumed in his speeches. On the contrary, + +he treated every interruption, +whether for inquiry or retort, on the +part of any one opposed to him, as an +insult, and proceeded to pour upon the +head of the offender a torrent of denunciation +and abuse, unmeasured and +appalling. The extraordinary course +adopted by Benton in urging his 'appeal,' + +excited astonishment and indignation +among the democratic partisans +that had, in many cases, thoughtlessly +become arrayed against him.<a href="#note_1"><span class="footnoteref">1</span></a> They +might have yielded to expostulation; +they were stung to resentment by unsparing +vilification. The rumor of Benton's +manner preceded him through the +State, after the first signal manifestations +of his ruthless spirit; and he was +warned not to appear at some of the appointments +he had made, else his life +would pay the forfeit of his personal assaults. +These threats only made the +Missouri lion more fierce and untamable. +He filled all his appointments, +bearing everywhere the same front, often +surrounded by enraged enemies +armed and thirsting for his blood, but +ever denunciatory and defiant, and returned +to St. Louis, still boiling with +inexhaustible choler, to await the judgment +of the State upon his appeal. He +failed. The pro-slavery sentiment of the +people had been too thoroughly evoked +in the controversy, and too many valuable +party leaders had been needlessly +driven from his support by unsparing invective. +An artful and apparently honest +appeal to the right of legislative instructions,—an +enlargement of popular +rights which Benton himself had conferred +upon them,—and—the unfailing +weapon of Southern demagogues against +their opponents—the charge that Benton +had joined the 'Abolitionists,' and +was seeking to betray 'the rights of the +South,' worked the overthrow of the hitherto +invincible senator. The Whigs of +Missouri, though agreeing mainly with +Benton in the principles involved in +this contest, had received nothing at his +hands, throughout his long career, but +defeat and total exclusion from all offices +and honors, State and National. This +class of politicians were too glad of the +prospective division of his party and the +downfall of his power, to be willing to +re-assert their principles through a support +of Benton. The loyal Union sentiments +of the State in this way failed to +be united, and a majority was elected to +the legislature opposed to Benton. He +was defeated of a re-election to the Senate +by Henry S. Geyer, a pro-slavery +Whig, and supporter of the Jackson resolutions, +after having filled a seat in that +august body for a longer time consecutively +than any other senator ever did. +Thus was removed from the halls of +Congress the most sagacious and formidable +enemy that the disunion propagandists +ever encountered. Their career in +Congress and in the control of the federal +government was thenceforth unchecked. +The cords of loyalty in Missouri +were snapped in Benton's fall, and +that State swung off into the strongly-sweeping +current of secessionism. The +city of St. Louis remained firm a while, +and returned Benton twice to the +House; but his energies were exhausted +now in defensive war; and the truculent +and triumphant slave power dominating, +the State at last succeeded, through the + +coercion of commercial interests, in defeating +him even in the citadel of loyalty. +He tried once more to breast the +tide that had borne down his fortunes. +He became a candidate for governor in +1856; but, though he disclaimed anti-slavery +sentiments, and supported James +Buchanan for President against Fremont, +his son-in-law, he was defeated by +Trusten Polk, who soon passed from the +gubernatorial chair to Benton's seat in +the United States Senate, from which +he was, in course of time, to be expelled. +Benton retired to private life, +only to labor more assiduously in compiling +historical evidences against the +fast ripening treason of the times.</p> + +<p>The Missouri senator was no longer in +the way of the Southern oligarchs. A +shaft feathered by his own hands—the +doctrine of instructions—had slain him.</p> + +<p>But yet another obstacle remained. +The Missouri Compromise lifted a barrier +to the expansion of the Calhoun idea +of free government, having African slavery +for its corner-stone. This obstacle +was to be removed. Missouri furnished +the prompter and agent of that wrong in +David E. Atchison, for many years Benton's +colleague in the Senate. Atchison +was a man of only moderate talents, +of dogged purpose, willful, wholly unscrupulous +in the employment of the influences +of his position, and devoid of all +the attributes and qualifications of statesmanship. +He was a fit representative +of the pro-slavery fanaticism of his +State; had lived near the Kansas line; +had looked upon and coveted the fair +lands of that free territory, and resolved +that they should be the home and appanage +of slavery. It is now a part of +admitted history, that this dull but determined +Missouri senator approached +Judge Douglas, then chairman of the +Committee on Territories, and, by some +incomprehensible influence, induced that +distinguished senator to commit the flagrant +and terrible blunder of reporting +the Kansas-Nebraska bill, with a clause +repealing the Missouri Compromise, and +thus throwing open Kansas to the occupation +of slavery. That error was grievously +atoned for in the subsequent hard +fate of Judge Douglas, who was cast off +and destroyed by the cruel men he had +served. Among the humiliations that +preceded the close of this political tragedy, +none could have been more pungent +to Judge Douglas than the fact that +Atchison, in a drunken harangue from +the tail of a cart in Western Missouri, +surrounded by a mob of 'border ruffians' +rallying for fresh wrongs upon the free +settlers of Kansas, recited, in coarse glee +and brutal triumph, the incidents of his +interview with the senator of Illinois, +when, with mixed cajolery and threats, +he partly tempted, partly drove him to +his ruin. The Kansas-Nebraska bill was +passed. What part Atchison took, what +part Missouri took, under the direction +of the pro-slavery leaders that filled +every department of the State government, +the 'border-ruffian' forays, the pillage +of the government arsenal at Liberty, +the embargo of the Missouri river, +and the robbing and mobbing of peaceful +emigrants from the free States, the +violence at the polls, and the fraudulent +voting that corrupted all the franchises +of that afflicted territory, do sufficiently +attest. It is not needed to rehearse any +of this painful and well-known history.</p> + +<p>The Territory of Kansas was saved +to its prescriptive freedom. The slavery +propagandists sullenly withdrew and +gave up the contest. The last days of +the dynasty that had meditated the conquest +of the continent to slave-holding +government were evidently at hand. +The result of the struggle in Kansas had +reversed the relation of the contesting +powers. The oligarchs, who had always +before been aggressive, and intended to +subordinate the Union to slavery, or +destroy it, found themselves suddenly +thrown on the defensive; and, with the +quick intelligence of a property interest, +and the keen jealousy of class and caste +which their slave-holding had implanted, +they saw that they were engaged in an +unequal struggle, that their sceptre was +broken, and that, if they continued to +rule, it would have to be over the homogeneous +half of a dismembered Union. + +From this moment a severance of the +Slave States from the Free was resolved +on, and every agency that could operate +on governments, State and National, was +set to work. It was not by accident that +Virginia had procured the nomination +of the facile Buchanan for President in +the Baltimore Convention of 1856; it +was not by accident that Floyd was +made Secretary of War, or that, many +months before any outbreak of rebellion, +this arch traitor had well-nigh stripped +the Northern arsenals of arms, and +placed them where they would be 'handy' + +for insurgents to seize. It was not +by accident that John C. Breckenridge +headed the factionists that willfully divided +and defeated the National Democracy, +that perchance could have elected +Judge Douglas President; nor was it by +accident that Beriah Magoffin, a vain, +weak man, the creature, adjunct, and +echo of Breckenridge, filled the office of +governor of Kentucky, nominated thereto +by Breckenridge's personal intercession. +And lastly, to return to the special +theatre of this sketch, it was not by +accident that Claiborne F. Jackson, the +original mover for Benton's destruction, +was at this remarkable juncture found +occupying the governor's chair, with +Thomas C. Reynolds for his lieutenant +governor, a native of South Carolina, +an acknowledged missionary of the nullification +faith to a State that required to +be corrupted, and that he had, during +his residence, zealously endeavored to +corrupt.</p> + +<p>We have now reached the turning +point in the history of Missouri. The +State is about to be plunged into the +whirlpool of civil war. Undisguised disunionists +are in complete possession of +the State government, and the population +is supposed to be ripe for revolt. +Only one spot in it, and that the city +of St. Louis, is regarded as having the +slightest sympathy with the political sentiments +of the Free States of the Union. +The State is surely counted for the +'South' in the division that impends, +for where is the heart in St. Louis bold +enough, or the hand strong enough, to +resist the swelling tide of pro-slavery fanaticism +that was about to engulf the +State? Years ago, when it was but a +ripple on the surface, it had overborne +Benton, with all his fame of thirty years' +growth. What leader of slighter mold +and lesser fame could now resist the +coming shock? In tracing the origin +and growth of rebellion in Missouri, it is +interesting to gather up all the threads +that link the present with the past. It +will preserve the unity of the plot, and +give effect to the last acts of the drama.</p> + +<p>The first visible seam or cleft in the +National Democratic party occurred +during the administration of President +Polk, in the years 1844-48. Calhoun +appeared as Polk's Secretary of State. +Thomas Ritchie was transferred from +Richmond, Va., to Washington, to edit +the government organ, in place of Francis +P. Blair, Sr. The Jackson <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">regime</span> + +of unconditional and uncompromising +devotion to the 'Federal Union' was +displaced, and the dubious doctrine of +'States' Rights' was formally inaugurated +as the chart by which in future the +national government was to be administered. +But the Jackson element was +not reconciled to this radical change in +the structure and purpose of the National +Democratic organization; and, although +party lines were so tensely drawn +that to go against 'the Administration' +was political treason, and secured irrevocable +banishment from power, the +close of Polk's administration found +many old Democrats of the Jackson era +ready for the sacrifice. The firm resolve +of these men was manifested when, after +the nomination of Gen. Cass, in 1848, in +the usual form, at Baltimore, by the +Democratic National Convention, they +assembled at Buffalo and presented a +counter ticket, headed by the name of +Martin Van Buren, who had been thrust +aside four years previously by the Southern +oligarchs to make way for James K. +Polk. The entire artillery of the Democratic +party opened on the Buffalo schismatics. +They were stigmatized by such +opprobrious nicknames and epithets as +'Barnburners, 'Free Soilers,' 'Abolitionists,' + +and instantly and forever ex-communicated +from the Democratic party. +In Missouri alone, of all the Slave +States, was any stand made in behalf of +the Buffalo ticket. Benton's sympathies +had been with Van Buren, his old friend +of the Jackson times; and Francis P. +Blair, Sr., of the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Globe</span>, had two sons, +Montgomery Blair and Francis P. Blair, +Jr., resident in St. Louis. These two, +with about a hundred other young men +of equal enthusiasm, organized themselves +together, accepted the 'Buffalo +platform' as their future rule of faith, +issued an address to the people of Missouri, +openly espousing and advocating +free soil-principles; and, by subscription +among themselves, published a campaign +paper, styled the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Barnburner</span>, during the +canvass. The result at the polls was +signal only for its insignificance; and the +authors of the movement hardly had +credit for a respectable escapade. But +the event has proved that neither ridicule +nor raillery, nor, in later years, persecutions +and the intolerable pressure of +federal power, could turn back the revolution +thus feebly begun. In that +campaign issue of the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Barnburner</span> were +sown the seeds of what became, in later +nomenclature, the Free Democracy, +and, later still, the 'Republican' party +of Missouri. The German population +of St. Louis sympathized from the start +with the free principles enunciated. +Frank Blair, Jr., became from that year +their political leader; right honestly did +he earn the position; and right well, +even his political foes have always admitted, +did he maintain it.</p> + +<p>Frank Blair was a disciple of Benton; +yet, as is often the case, the pupil soon +learned to go far ahead of his teacher. +In 1852, there was a union of the Free +Democrats and National Democrats of +Missouri, in support of Franklin Pierce. +But the entire abandonment of Pierce's +administration to the rule of the Southern +oligarchs sundered the incongruous +elements in Missouri forever. In 1856 +Benton was found supporting James +Buchanan for President; but Blair declined +to follow his ancient leader in that +direction. He organized the free-soil +element in St. Louis to oppose the Buchanan +electoral ticket. An electoral +ticket in the State at large, for John C. +Fremont, was neither possible nor advisable. +In some districts no man would +dare be a candidate on that side; in +others, the full free-soil vote, from the +utter hopelessness of success, would not +be polled; and thus the cause would be +made to appear weaker than it deserved. +To meet the emergency, and yet bear +witness to principle, the free-soil vote +was cast for the Fillmore electoral ticket, +'under protest,' as it was called, the +name of 'John C. Fremont' being printed +in large letters at the head of every +free-soil ballot cast. By this means the +Buchanan electors were beaten fifteen +hundred votes in St. Louis City and +County, where, by a union as Benton +proposed, they would have had three +thousand majority. But the 'free-soilers' +failed to defeat Buchanan in the +State.</p> + +<p>Nothing discouraged by this result, +Blair resumed the work of organizing +for the future. The Fillmore party +gave no thanks to the free-soilers for +their aid in the presidential election, +nor did the latter ask any. They had +simply taken the choice of evils; and +now, renouncing all alliances, Blair became +the champion and leader of a self-existing, +self-reliant State party, that +should accomplish emancipation in Missouri. +He again established a newspaper +to inculcate free principles in the +State. By untiring effort, he revived +and recruited his party. He gave it +platforms, planned its campaigns, contested +every election in St. Louis, +whether for municipal officers, for State +legislature, or for Congress; and always +fought his battles on the most advanced +ground assumed by the growing free-soil +party of the Union. The powerful +and rapidly-increasing German population +of St. Louis responded nobly to his +zeal and skillful leadership. Soon a victory +was gained; and St. Louis declared +for freedom, amid acclamations that reverberated +throughout the States that + +extended from the Ohio to the lakes, +and from the Mississippi to the Atlantic. +But, having wrenched victory from a +people so intolerant as the pro-slavery +population of Missouri, it was not to be +expected that he would retain it easily. +He was set upon more fiercely than ever. +The loss of the city of St. Louis was considered +a disgrace to the State; and the +most desperate personal malignity was +added to the resentment of pro-slavery +wrath in the future election contests in +that city. The corrupting appliances +of federal power were at last invoked, +under Buchanan's administration; and +Blair was for the moment overwhelmed +by fraud, and thrown out of Congress. +But, with a resolution from which even +his friends would have dissuaded him, +and with a persistency and confidence +that were a marvel to friend and foe, he +contested his seat before Congress, and +won it. And this verdict was soon ratified +by his brave and faithful constituency +at the polls. Such was the Republican +party, such their leader in St. Louis, +when the black day of disunion came. +And in their hands lay the destiny of the +State.</p> + +<p>As soon as the presidential election +was decided, and the choice of Abraham +Lincoln was known, the disunionists in +Missouri commenced their work. Thomas +C. Reynolds, the lieutenant-governor, +made a visit to Washington, and extended +it to Virginia, counseling with the +traitors, and agreeing upon the time and +manner of joining Missouri in the revolt. +The legislature of Missouri met in the +latter part of December, about two +weeks after the secession of South Carolina. +A bill was at once introduced, +calling a State convention, and passed. +The message of Claiborne F. Jackson, +the governor, had been strongly in favor +of secession from the Union. The Missouri +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Republican</span>, the leading newspaper +of the State, whose advocacy had elected +the traitor, declared, on the last day of +the year, that unless guaranties in defence +of slavery were immediately given +by the North, Missouri should secede +from the Union. And so the secession +feeling gathered boldness and volume.</p> + +<p>Candidates for the State convention +came to be nominated in St. Louis, and +two parties were at once arrayed—the +unconditional Union party, and the +qualified Unionists, who wished new +compromises. Frank Blair was one of +the leaders of the former, and he was +joined by all the true men of the old parties. +But the secessionists—they might +as well be so called, for all their actions +tended to weaken and discredit the +Union—nominated an able ticket. +The latter party were soon conscious of +defeat, and began to hint mysteriously +at a power stronger than the ballot-box, +that would be invoked in defence of +'Southern rights.' To many, indeed to +most persons, this seemed an idle threat. +Not so to Frank Blair. He had imbibed +from Benton the invincible faith +of the latter in the settled purpose of the +'nullifiers' to subvert and destroy the +government. And in a private caucus +of the leaders of the Union party, on an +ever-memorable evening in the month +of January, he startled the company by +the proposition that the time had come +when the friends of the government +must arm in its defence. With a deference +to his judgment and sagacity +that had become habitual, the Unionists +yielded their consent, and soon the enrolment +of companies began; nightly +drills with arms took place in nearly all +the wards of the city; and by the time +of election day some thousands of citizen +soldiers, mostly Germans, could have +been gathered, with arms in their hands, +with the quickness of fire signals at +night, at any point in the city. The +secessionists had preceded this armed +movement of the Union men by the organization +of a body known as 'minute-men.' But the promptness and superior +skill that characterized Frank +Blair's movement subverted the secession +scheme; and it was first repudiated, +and then its existence denied. The day +of election came, and passed peacefully. +The unconditional Union ticket was + +elected by a sweeping majority of five +thousand votes. The result throughout +the State was not less decisive and surprising. +Of the entire number of delegates +composing the convention, not one +was chosen who had dared to express secession +sentiments before the people; +and the aggregate majority of the Union +candidates in the State amounted to +about eighty thousand. The shock of +this defeat for the moment paralyzed the +conspirators; but their evil inspirations +soon put them to work again. Their organs +in Missouri assumed an unfriendly +tone towards the convention, which was +to meet in Jefferson City. The legislature +that had called the convention remained +in session in the same place, but +made no fit preparations for the assembling +of the convention, or for the accommodation +and pay of the members. +The debate in the legislature on the bill +for appropriations for these purposes was +insulting to the convention, the more ill-tempered +and ill-bred secession members +intimating that such a body of 'submissionists' + +were unworthy to represent +Missouri, and undeserving of any pay. +The manifest ill feeling between the two +bodies—the legislature elected eighteen +months previously, and without popular +reference to the question of secession, +and the convention chosen fresh from +the people, to decide on the course of +the State—soon indicated the infelicity +of the two remaining in session at the +same time and in the same place. Accordingly, +within a few days after the +organization of the convention, it adjourned +its session to the city of St. Louis. +It did not meet a cordial reception there. +So insolent had the secession spirit already +grown, that on the day of the assembling +of the convention in that city, +the members were insulted by taunts in +the streets and by the ostentatious floating +of the rebel flag from the Democratic +head-quarters, hard by the building in +which they assembled.</p> + +<p>Being left in the undisputed occupancy +of the seat of government, the governor, +lieutenant-governor, and legislature +gave themselves up to the enactment of +flagrant and undisguised measures of +hostility to the federal government. +Commissioners from States that had renounced +the Constitution, and withdrawn, +as they claimed, from the Union, +arrived at Jefferson City as apostles of +treason. They were received as distinguished +and honorable ambassadors. A +joint session of the legislature was called +to hear their communications. The lieutenant-governor, +Reynolds, being the +presiding officer of the joint session, required +that the members should rise when +these traitors entered, and receive them +standing and uncovered. The commissioners +were allowed to harangue the representatives +of Missouri, by the hour, in +unmeasured abuse of the federal government, +in open rejoicings over its supposed +dissolution, and in urgent appeals +to the people of Missouri to join the +rebel States in their consummated treason. +Noisy demonstrations of applause +greeted these commissioners; and legislators, +and the governor himself, in a +public speech in front of the executive +mansion, pledged them that Missouri +would shortly be found ranged on the +side of seceded States. The treason of +the governor and legislature did not +stop with these manifestations. They +proceeded to acts of legislation, preparatory +to the employment of force, after +the manner of their 'Southern bretheren.' +First, it was necessary to get control +of the city of St. Louis. The Republican +party held the government of +the city, mayor, council, and police +force—a formidable Union organization. +The legislature passed a bill repealing +that part of the city charter that, +gave to the mayor the appointment of +the police, and constituting a board of +police commissioners, to be appointed +by the governor, who should exercise +that power. He named men that suited +his purposes. The Union police were +discharged, and their places filled by +secessionists. Next, the State militia +was to be organized in the interests of +rebellion, and a law was passed to accomplish +that end. The State was set +off into divisions; military camps were + +to be established in each; all able-bodied +men between the ages of eighteen +and fifty were liable to be called into +camp and drilled a given number of +days in the year; and, when summoned +to duty, instead of taking the usual +oath to support the Constitution of the +United States, they were required only +to be sworn 'to obey the orders of the +governor of the State of Missouri.' +These camps were styled camps of instruction. +One of them was established +at St. Louis, within the corporate limits +of the city, about two miles west of +the court-house, on a commanding eminence.</p> + +<p>Thus the lines began to be drawn +closely around the Unionists of St. +Louis. The State convention had adjourned, +and its members had gone +home, having done but little to re-assure +the loyalists. They had, indeed, +passed an ordinance declaring that Missouri +would adhere to the Union; but +the majority of the members had betrayed +such hesitancy and indecision, +such a lack of stomach to grapple with +the rude issues of the rebellion, that +their action passed almost without moral +effect. Their ordinance was treated +with contempt by the secessionists, and +nearly lost sight of by the people; so +thoroughly were all classes lashed into +excitement by the storm of revolution +now blackening the whole Southern +Hemisphere.</p> + +<p>The friends of the Union could look +to but one quarter for aid, that was +Washington, where a new administration +had so recently been installed, +amid difficulties that seemed to have +paralyzed its power. The government +had been defied by the rebellion at +every point; its ships driven by hostile +guns from Southern ports; its treasures +seized; its arsenals occupied, and its +abundant arms and munitions appropriated. +Nowhere had the federal arm +resented insult and robbery with a blow. +This had not been the fault of the government +that was inaugurated on the +fourth of March. It was the fruit of the +official treason of the preceding administration, +that had completely disarmed +the government, and filled the new executive +councils with confusion, by the +numberless knaves it had placed in all +departments of the public service, whose +daily desertions of duty rendered the +prompt and honest execution of the +laws impossible. But the fact was indisputable; +and how could St. Louis +hope for protection that had nowhere +else been afforded? The national government +had an arsenal within the city +limits. It comprised a considerable area +of ground, was surrounded by a high +and heavy stone wall, and supplied with +valuable arms. But so far from this establishment +being a protection to the +loyal population, it seemed more likely, +judging by what had occurred in other +States, that it would serve as a temptation +to the secession mob that was evidently +gathering head for mischief, and that +the desire to take it would precipitate +the outbreak. The Unionists felt their +danger; the rebels saw their opportunity. +Already the latter were boasting that +they would in a short time occupy this +post, and not a few of the prominent +Union citizens of the town were warned +by secession leaders that they would soon +be set across the Mississippi river, exiles +from their homes forever. As an instance +of the audacity of the rebel element +at this time, and for weeks later, +the fact is mentioned that the United +States soldiers, who paced before the +gates of the arsenal as sentinels on duty, +had their beats defined for them by the +new secession police, and were forbidden +to invade the sacred precincts of the +city's highway. The arsenal was unquestionably +devoted to capture, and it +would have been a prize to the rebels +second in value to the Gosport navy-yard. +It contained at this time sixty-six +thousand stand of small arms, several +batteries of light artillery and heavy +ordnance, and at least one million dollars' +worth of ammunition. It was besides +supplied with extensive and valuable +machinery for repairing guns, rifling +barrels, mounting artillery, and preparing +shot and shell. The future, to the + +Union men of St. Louis, looked gloomy +enough; persecution, and, if they resisted, +death, seemed imminent; and no +voice from abroad reached them, giving +them good cheer. But deliverance was +nigh at hand.</p> + +<p>About the middle of January, Capt. +Nathaniel Lyon, of the Second Infantry, +U.S.A., arrived in St. Louis with his +company; and his rank gave him command +of all the troops then at the arsenal +and Jefferson Barracks, a post on +the river, ten miles below, the department +being under the command of Brigadier +General Harney. Capt. Lyon +had been garrisoning a fort in Kansas. +He was known to some of the Union +men of St. Louis; and his resolute spirit +and devoted patriotism marked him as +their leader in this crisis. Frank Blair +at once put himself in communication +with Capt. Lyon, and advised him fully +and minutely as to the political situation. +He exposed to him the existence +of his volunteer military organization. +At his request Capt. Lyon visited and +reviewed the regiments; and it was arranged +between them that if an outbreak +should occur, or any attempt be +made to seize the arsenal, Capt. Lyon +should receive this volunteer force to his +assistance, arm it from the arsenal, and +take command for the emergency. It +should be known, however, to the greater +credit of the Union leaders of St. +Louis, that they had already, from private +funds, procured about one thousand +stand of arms, with which their nightly +drills, as heretofore stated, had been +conducted. As soon as Capt. Lyon's +connection with this organization was +suspected, an attempt was made to have +him removed, by ordering him to Kansas +on the pretext of a court of inquiry; but +this attempt was defeated. Thus matters +stood for a time, the Union men beginning +to be reassured, but still doubtful +of the end. After a while, Fort Sumter +was opened upon, and fell under its furious +bombardment. The torch of war was +lit. President Lincoln issued his proclamation +for volunteers. Gov. Jackson +telegraphed back an insolent and defiant +refusal, in which he denounced the +'war waged by the federal government' +as 'inhuman and diabolical.' Frank +Blair instantly followed this traitorous +governor's dispatch by another, addressed +to the Secretary of War, asking +him to accept and muster into service +the volunteer regiments he had +been forming. This offer was accepted, +and the men presented themselves. But +Brig. Gen. Harney, fearing that the +arming of these troops would exasperate +the secession populace, and bring about +a collision with the State militia, refused +to permit the men to be mustered into +service and armed. This extraordinary +decision was immediately telegraphed to +the government, and Gen. Harney was +relieved, leaving Capt. Lyon in full command. +This was the 23d of April. In +a week four full regiments were mustered +in, and occupied the arsenal. A +memorial was prepared and sent to +Washington by Frank Blair, now colonel +of the first of these regiments, asking +for the enrolment of five other regiments +of Home Guards. Permission was +given, and in another week these regiments +also were organized and armed. +The conflict was now at hand. Simultaneously +with this arming on the part +of the government for the protection of +the arsenal, the order went forth for +the assembling of the State troops in +their camps of instruction. On Monday, +the 6th of May, the First Brigade +of Missouri militia, under Gen. D.M. +Frost, was ordered by Gov. Jackson into +camp at St. Louis, avowedly for purposes +of drill and exercise. At the same +time encampments were formed, by order +of the governor, in other parts of +the State. The governor's adherents in +St. Louis intimated that the time for +taking the arsenal had arrived, and the +indiscreet young men who made up the +First Brigade openly declared that they +only awaited an order from Gov. Jackson—an +order which they evidently had +been led to expect—to attack the arsenal +and possess it, in spite of the feeble +opposition they calculated to meet from + +'the Dutch' Home Guards enlisted to + +defend it. A few days previously, an +agent of the governor had purchased at +St. Louis several hundred kegs of gun-powder, +and succeeded, by an adroit +stratagem, in shipping it to Jefferson +City. The encampment at St. Louis, +'Camp Jackson,' so called from the +governor, was laid off by streets, to +which were assigned the names 'Rue de +Beauregard,' and others similarly significant; +and when among the visitors whom +curiosity soon began to bring to the camp +a 'Black Republican' was discovered by +the soldiers,—and this epithet was applied +to all unconditional Unionists,—he +was treated with unmistakable coldness, +if not positive insult. If additional +proof of the hostile designs entertained +against the federal authority by +this camp were needed, it was furnished +on Thursday, the 9th, by the reception +within the camp of several pieces of cannon, +and several hundred stand of small +arms, taken from the federal arsenal at +Baton Rouge, Louisiana, which was then +in the possession of the rebels. These +arms were brought to St. Louis by the +steamboat <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">J.C. Swon</span>, the military authorities +at Cairo having been deceived +by the packages, which were represented +to contain marble slabs. On the arrival +of the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Swon</span> at the St. Louis levee, the +arms were taken from her, sent to Camp +Jackson, and received there with demonstrations +of triumph.</p> + +<p>When Capt. Lyon was entrusted with +full command at St. Louis, President +Lincoln had named, in his orders to him, +a commission of six loyal and discreet +citizens with whom he should consult in +matters pertaining to the public safety, +and with whose counsel he might declare +martial law. These citizens were +John How, Samuel T. Glover, O.D. +Filley, Jean J. Witsig, James O. Broadhead, +and Col. Frank P. Blair. The last +mentioned—Colonel Blair—was Capt. +Lyon's confidential and constant companion. +They were comrades in arms, +and a unit in counsel. Their views +were in full accord as to the necessity +of immediately reducing Camp Jackson. +Defiance was daily passing between the +marshalling hosts, not face to face, but +through dubious partisans who passed +from camp to camp, flitting like the +bats of fable in the confines of conflict. +Capt. Lyon's decision, urged thereto by +Col. Blair, was made without calling a +council of the rest of his advisers. They +heard of it, however, and, though brave +and loyal men all, they gathered around +him in his quarters at the arsenal, +Thursday evening, and besought him +earnestly to change his purpose. The +conference was protracted the livelong +night, and did not close till six o'clock, +Friday morning, the 10th. They found +Capt. Lyon inexorable,—the fate of +Camp Jackson was decreed. Col. Blair's +regiment was at Jefferson Barracks, ten +miles below the arsenal, at that hour. +It was ordered up; and about noon on +that memorable Friday, Capt. Lyon +quietly left the arsenal gate at the head +of six thousand troops, of whom four +hundred and fifty were regulars, the remainder +United States Reserve Corps +or Home Guards, marched in two columns +to Camp Jackson, and before the +State troops could recover from the +amazement into which the appearance +of the advancing army threw them, surrounded +the camp, planting his batteries +upon the elevations around, at a distance +of five hundred yards, and stationing +his infantry in the roads leading +from the grove wherein their tents were +pitched. The State troops were taken +completely by surprise; for, although +there had been vague reports current in +camp of an intended attack from the +arsenal, the cry of the visitors at the +grove, 'They're coming!' 'They're +coming!' raised just as the first column +appeared in sight, found them strolling +leisurely under the trees, chatting with +their friends from the city, or stretched +upon the thick green grass, smoking and +reading.</p> + +</div> + + + +<hr class="page"> + +<div> +<a name="toc_3"></a> +<h2>Beaufort District,—Past, Present, And Future.</h2> + + +<p>The sovereign State of South Carolina +seems from the beginning to have +been actuated by the desire not only to +mold its institutions according to a system +differing entirely from that of its +sister States, but even to divide its territory +in a peculiar manner, for which +reason we find in it 'districts' taking +the place of counties. The south-west +of these bears the name of its principal +town, 'Beaufort.' It is bounded on the +west by the Savannah River, and on the +south by the Atlantic. Its length from +north to south is fifty-eight miles, its +breadth thirty-three miles, and it contains +about one and a quarter millions +of acres of land and water. Considered +geologically, Beaufort is one of the +most remarkable sections of the United +States. As recent events have brought +it so prominently before us, we propose +to consider its history, capacities, and +prospects.</p> + +<p>From its proximity to the Spanish settlements +in the peninsula of Florida, its +beautiful harbors and sounds were early +explored and taken possession of by the +Spaniards. It is now certain they had +established a post here called 'Fort St. +Phillip,' at St. Elena,<a href="#note_2"><span class="footnoteref">2</span></a> as early as +1566-7; this was probably situated on +the south-western point of St. Helena +Island, and some remains of its entrenchment +can still be traced. From this fort +Juan Pardo, its founder, proceeded on +an expedition to the north-west, and explored +a considerable part of the present +States of South Carolina and Georgia.</p> + +<p>How long the Spaniards remained +here is now uncertain, but they long +claimed all this coast as far north as +Cape Fear. The French planted a colony +in South Carolina, and gave the +name Port Royal to the harbor and +what is now called Broad River; but +they were driven off by the Spaniards, +and history is silent as to any incidents +of their rule for a century. In 1670 a +few emigrants arrived in a ship commanded +by Capt. Hilton, and landed at +what is now known as 'Hilton's Head,' +the south-western point of Port Royal +harbor, which still perpetuates his name. +The colony was under the management +of Col. Sayle; but the Spaniards at St. +Augustine still claimed the domains, and +the settlers, fearing an attack, soon removed +to the site of Old Charleston, on +Ashley River. In 1682, Lord Cardoss +led a small band from Scotland hither, +which settled on Port Royal Island, +near the present site of Beaufort. He +claimed co-ordinate authority with the +governor and council at Charleston. +During the discussion of this point the +Spaniards sent an armed force and dislodged +the English, most of whom returned +to their native country. A permanent +settlement was finally made on +Port Royal Island in 1700. The town +of Beaufort was laid out in 1717, and an +Episcopal church erected in 1720. The +name was given from a town in Anjou, +France, the birthplace of several of the +Huguenot settlers.</p> + +<p>For many years the Spaniards threatened +the coast as far north as Charleston, +but the settlement increased, and +extended over St. Helena and other islands. +Slavery was here coeval with +settlement, and the peculiar institution +was so earnestly fostered, that in 1724 +it was estimated that South Carolina +contained 18,000 slaves to only 14,000 +whites. The slaves were mostly natives +of Africa of recent importation, and +were poorly adapted to clear up the +forests and prepare the way for extensive +plantations, but their cost was small, +and every year they improved in capacity +and value. In the succeeding half +century were laid the fortunes of the +prominent families who have controlled +the district, and often greater interests, + +to our day. Grants of land could be +had almost for the asking, especially by +men of influence; and fertile islands +were given, containing hundreds and +sometimes thousands of acres, to a single +family, who have here been monarchs +of all they survey, including hundreds +of slaves, till <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">the Hegira</span> or <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">flight</span> +A.D. 1861.</p> + +<p>When we take into account the salubrity +of the climate and the fertility of +the soil, we must allow that this district +has many natural advantages which can +not be excelled by any section of the +same extent in this country. A considerable +part of the district is composed +of islands, which are supposed to be of +a comparatively recent formation, many +of them beautiful to the eye, and rich in +agricultural facilities; they are in number +upwards of fifty, not less than thirty +of them being of large size. Upon the +sea-coast are Reynolds, Prentice, Chaplins, +Eddings, Hilton Head, Dawfuskie, +Turtle, and the Hunting Islands. Behind +these lie St. Helena, Pinckney, +Paris, Port Royal, Ladies', Cane, Bermuda, +Discane, Bells, Daltha, Coosa, +Morgan, Chissolm, Williams Harbor, +Kings, Cahoussue, Fording, Barnwell, +Whale, Delos, Hall, Lemon, Barrataria, +Lopes, Hoy, Savage, Long, Round, and +Jones Islands. These are from one to +ten miles in length, and usually a proportional +half in width. St. Helena is +over twenty miles in extent, and could +well support an agricultural population +of twenty thousand. Port Royal is next +in size, but, being of a more sandy formation, +is not so fertile. These islands are +all of an alluvial formation,—the result +of the action of the rivers and the sea. +There is no rock of any kind, not even +a pebble stone, to be found in the whole +district.</p> + +<p>The soil of these islands is composed +mostly of a fine sandy loam, very easily +cultivated. In most of them are swamps +and marshes, which serve to furnish muck +and other vegetable deposits for fertilizing; +but the idea of furnishing anything +to aid the long over-worked soil seems +to these proprietors like returning to the +slave some of the earnings taken from +him or his ancestors, and is seldom done +till nature is at last exhausted, and then +it is allowed only a few years' repose. +Situated under the parallel of 32°, there +is scarcely a product grown in our country, +of any value, that can not be produced +here. Previous to the Revolution +the principal staple for market was +indigo, and that raised in this district always +commanded the highest price. It +was from the proceeds of this plant that +the planters were enabled for a long +period to purchase slaves and European +and northern American productions. +Soon after the Revolution their attention +was turned to cotton; but the difficulty +of separating it from the seed +seemed to make it impossible to furnish +it in any profitable quantity, for so slow +was the process then followed that, with +the utmost diligence, a negro could not, +by hand labor, clean over a few pounds +per day. The genius of Whitney, however, +opened a new era to the cotton +planters, who were much more eager to +avail themselves of his invention than to +remunerate him. It was soon perceived +that the cotton raised on these islands +was far superior to that produced in the +interior, which is still called Upland, +only to distinguish it from the 'Sea Island.' + +It was also noticed that while +the common variety produced a seed +nearly green with a rough skin, the seed +of the islands soon became black with a +smooth skin; the effect entirely of location +and climate, as it soon resumes its +original color when transported back to +the interior. The cultivation of this variety +is limited to a tract of country of +about one hundred and fifty miles in +length, and not over twenty-five miles +in breadth, mostly on lands adjacent to +the salt water, the finest 'grades' being +confined to the islands within this district. +It is true that black-seed cotton +is cultivated to some extent along the +coast from Georgetown, S.C., to St. Augustine, +but a great part of it is of an inferior +quality and staple, and brings in +the market less than one-half the price +of the real 'Sea Island.' This plant + +seems to delight in the soft and elastic +atmosphere from the Gulf Stream, and, +after it is 'well up,' requires but a few +showers through the long summer to +perfect it. It is of feeble growth, particularly +on the worn-out lands, and two +hundred pounds is a good yield from an +acre. An active hand can tend four +acres, besides an acre of corn and +'ground provisions;' but with a moderate +addition of fertilizers and rotation +of crops no doubt these productions +would be doubled. If the yield seems +small, the price, however, makes it one +of the most profitable products known. +The usual quotations for choice Sea Islands +in Charleston market has been for +many years about four times as great as +for the middling qualities of Uplands,—probably +an average of from thirty-five +to forty-five cents per pound; and for +particular brands<a href="#note_3"><span class="footnoteref">3</span></a> sixty to seventy +cents is often paid. The writer has +seen a few bales, of a most beautiful +color and length of staple, which sold +for eighty cents, when middling Uplands +brought but ten cents per pound. It is +mostly shipped to France, where it is +used for manufacturing the finest laces, +and contributes largely to the texture +of fancy silks, particularly the cheaper +kinds for the American market. After +passing above the flow of the salt water, +but within the rise of the tide, there is a +wide alluvial range along the rivers and +creeks, which, by a system of embankments, +can be flowed or drained at pleasure. +This is cultivated with rice, and, +if properly cared for, yields enormous +crops, sometimes of sixty bushels to an +acre. The land is composed of a mass +of muck, often ten feet deep and inexhaustible, +and never suffers from drought. +This land is very valuable, one hundred +dollars often being paid per acre for +large plantations. Much rice land, however, +remains uncleared for want of the +enterprise and perseverance necessary +to its improvement.</p> + +<p>Farther in the interior the land is +principally of a sandy formation, most +of it underlaid with clay. Very little +effort is, however, made by planters to +cultivate it, although it is very easily +worked, and with a little manuring +yields fair crops of corn and sweet potatoes. +The cereal grains are seldom cultivated, +but no doubt they would yield +well. A large portion of the main-land +is composed of swamps, of which only +enough have been reclaimed to make it +certain that here is a mine of wealth to +those gifted with the energy to improve +it. The soil is as fertile as the banks of +the Nile, and nowhere could agricultural +enterprise meet with such certainly profitable +returns. Recurring again to the +agricultural capacity of the islands, it is +certain that good crops of sugar-cane +can be grown on them. During the war +of 1812, the planters turned their attention +to it, and succeeded well, since +which time many of them have continued +to plant enough for their own +use; but this plant soon exhausts such a +soil, unless some fertilizer is used, and +they therefore prefer cotton, which +draws a large part of its sustenance +from the atmosphere alone. The sweet +and wild orange grows here, and some +extensive groves are to be seen. Figs +are produced in abundance from September +till Christmas. Gardens furnish +abundant vegetables, yielding green peas +in March and Irish potatoes in May, +while numerous tribes of beautiful flowers +hold high carnival for more than +half the year.</p> + +<p>This seems to be the true home of +the rose, which is found blooming from +March until Christmas. Many of the +rare climbing varieties of this flower, +which we see at the North only as small +specimens in green-houses, grow here +in wild profusion. The grape is represented +by many species indigenous to +this State alone, and could, no doubt, be +cultivated and produced in greater variety +and perfection than elsewhere on +this continent, as the climate is more +equable. A species of Indian corn, +called 'white flint corn,' and which + +when cooked is very nutritious and +white as snow, seems indigenous to +these islands. It is much superior to +the common varieties.</p> + +<p>Of the sylva we will only say, it is +equal in value and variety to that of +any section of our country. Here is the +home of the palmetto<a href="#note_4"><span class="footnoteref">4</span></a> or cabbage tree, +the only palm in our wide country. The +live oak, once so abundant, has, however, +been largely cut off, mostly to supply +our navy-yards, and some of the ships +built from it are now blockading the +very harbors from which it was carried. +The pitch pine is the common growth +of the interior, and under a new system +would form a valuable article of commerce +as lumber, and as yielding the +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">now</span> so much required turpentine. Of +wild animals and birds, here are to be +found a large variety. The Hunting Islands +and others are well stocked with +deer. During the winter wild, geese +and ducks abound, and a variety of fish, +with fine oysters, can be had at all seasons.</p> + +<p>We now come to consider the present +inhabitants of this district. The whites +are almost entirely the descendants of +the earliest settlers of this State, who +were English,<a href="#note_5"><span class="footnoteref">5</span></a> Scotch, and Protestant +Irish, with a slight infusion of the Huguenot +and Swiss elements. A century +and a half has rendered them homogeneous. +As there has never been any +interest here other than agriculture, and +as every man may be said to own the +plantation he cultivates, there has been +as little change of property or condition +as possible, and therefore the same land +and system of cultivation has passed from +father to son through four or five generations. +Had there been any emigration +or change of population, some alterations, +and most likely new enterprise +and vigor, would have been infused, and +more modern and national feeling have +been instituted for their narrow and sectional +prejudices. No doubt our national +character has been much influenced +by the division of land. Where this has +been nearly equal, as in our New England +towns, a republican form of government +has been almost a necessity. But +at the South an entirely different arrangement +has prevailed. Land was at +first distributed in large bodies fitted to +accommodate a state of slavery; and +the consequence was that a feudal system +was inaugurated from the settlement, +which has continued with increasing +power. This has been one of the +permanent causes of Southern pride +and exclusiveness.</p> + +<p>The inhabitants of South Carolina +and Virginia previous to the Revolution +were very supercilious towards the North, +and even to their less opulent neighbors +of Georgia and North Carolina; a feeling +which was often the cause of much antagonism +among the officers and soldiers +during the war. Charleston and Williamsburg +gave the tone to good society, +and it was haughty and aristocratic in +the extreme. While Virginia has for +the last half century been in a state of +comparative decay, South Carolina has, +by its culture of cotton and rice, just +been able to hold its own; but the pride +and exclusiveness of its people have increased +much faster than its material +interests. Although the Constitution of +the United States guarantees to every +State a republican form of government, +no thinking person who has resided for +a single week within the limits of +South Carolina can have failed to see + +and feel that a tyranny equal to that of +Austria exists there. The freedom of +opinion and its expression were not permitted. +Strangers were always under +espionage, and public opinion, controlled +by an oligarchy of slave-holders, +overruled laws and private rights. Nowhere, +even in South Carolina, was this +feeling of <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">hauteur</span> so strong as in that +portion of the State which we are describing. +On the large plantations the +owners ruled with power unlimited over +life and property, and could a faithful +record be found it would prove one of +vindictive oppression, productive oftentimes +of misery and bloodshed. Most +of the wealthier planters in the district +have residences at Beaufort, to which +they remove during the summer months +to escape the malaria arising from the +soil around their inland houses. This +place may be considered the home of +the aristocracy. Here reside the Barnwells,<a href="#note_6"><span class="footnoteref">6</span></a> +Heywards, Rhetts<a href="#note_7"><span class="footnoteref">7</span></a>(formerly +called Smiths,) Stuarts, Means, Sams, +Fullers,<a href="#note_8"><span class="footnoteref">8</span></a> Elliots,<a href="#note_9"><span class="footnoteref">9</span></a> Draytons and others, +altogether numbering about fifty families, +but bearing not more than twenty +different names, who rule and control +the country for forty miles around. This +is the most complete and exclusive approach +to 'nobility' of blood and feeling +on our continent. Nowhere else is +family pride carried to such an extent. +They look with supercilious disdain on +every useful employment, save only the +planting of cotton and rice. Nothing in +any of our large cities can equal the display +of equipages, with their profusion +of servants in livery, exhibited on pleasant +afternoons, when the mothers and +daughters of these cotton lords take +their accustomed airing. So powerfully +has this feeling of exclusiveness prevailed +that no son or daughter dares +marry out of their circle. For a long +series of years has this custom prevailed, +and the consequence is that the families +above named are nearly of a common +blood; and it needs no physiologist to +tell us the invariable effect arising from +this transgression of natural laws, on the +physical and mental faculties of both +sexes. In such a state of society is it +strange that the present generation +should have grown up with ideas better +suited to the castes of India than to +those of republican America? As a consequence +they consider their condition +more elevated than that of their neighbors +in the adjoining States, and of almost +imperial consideration. But no + +language can express their bitter contempt +for the people of the North, more +particularly for those of New England +birth.</p> + +<p>In perusing the history and progress +of any portion of our country, the statistics +of population become an interesting +study. Let us glance over a brief table, +showing what the increase has been in +this district for the past forty years, and +its miserable deficiency in physical means +of strength and defense. In 1820 the +district contained 32,000 souls, of which +there were 4,679 whites and 27,339 +slaves, and 141 free blacks. In 1860 +there were 6,714 whites and 32,500 +slaves, and 800 free blacks, making a +total of 40,014,—an increase of whites +of 2,035, of slaves 5,161, of free blacks +650:—total increase 7,855 in forty +years. Here we have nearly the largest +disproportion of whites to slaves +in any part of the South. Of the +6,714 whites, about 1,000 are probably +men over twenty-one years of age, +and it is not to be presumed that an +equal number are capable of bearing +arms. Is it possible to find anywhere +a community more helpless for its own +protection or defense? It is one of the +truths of science and philosophy that +nature, when forced beyond its own +powers and laws, will react, and again +restore its own supremacy. So we here +find a magnificent space of country, +rich in all natural requisites, and unsurpassed +in its capabilities of producing +not only the necessaries of life, but +its luxuries, having an exclusive right +to some of the most valuable staples +of the world, which has been for a +century and a half the abode of an imperious +few, who have, by tyrannical +power, wrung from the bones and muscles +of generations of poor Africans the +means to sustain their luxury, power, +and pride. They have also robbed from +the mother earth the fertility of its soil +to its utmost extent, leaving much of it +completely exhausted. This state of +things has reacted on them; it has made +them proud, domineering, ambitious, and +revengeful of fancied injuries. It has +hurried them into rebellion against the +best government the world ever saw,—and +this has at last brought with it its +own punishment and retribution. It has +placed their soil, their mansions, their +crops and poor slaves in the possession +of the hated men of the North, and under +the laws and control of the government +they affected to despise. When +the last gun had sounded from the ramparts +at Port Royal, and the Stars and +Stripes again resumed their supremacy +on the soil of South Carolina, a new era +dawned over these beautiful islands and +waters, and the day that witnessed the +retreat of the rebel forces should hereafter +mark, like the flight of Mahomet, +the inauguration of a new dispensation +for this land and its people. Let us, +therefore, in continuing our chronicles, +cast the horoscope, and, without claiming +any spirit of prophecy, show the duties +of our nation in this contingency, +and the beneficial results that must flow +from it, if carried out with the energy, +perseverance, and practical Christianity +due to our country and the age in which +we live.</p> + +<p>The accession to any government of +new territory brings with it new duties, +which it is always important should be +performed with energy and decision, so +that the greatest good, to the greatest +number, may be the result. A good +Providence has placed the domain under +consideration in our possession. Its +political condition is to us unique, and +almost embarrassing. If the question is +asked, 'Can we hold and dispose of a +part, or whole, of a sovereign State as a +conquered province?' the answer must +be in the affirmative. Government is +supreme, and must be exercised, particularly +to protect the weak, and for the +general good of the whole nation. Here +is a region, as fair as the sun shines upon, +now in a great measure deserted and +lying waste. What is to be done with +it? and what is our duty in this exigency? +The first want is a government, +for without a proper one no progress can +be made. Let Congress then at once establish +a territorial government over so + +much of the State as we now have in +our possession, and over what we may +in future obtain;—not a government to +exhibit pomp, and show, but one practical +and useful, with a court and its +proper officers. Let every large unrepresented +estate be placed in the hands +of a temporary administrator, who should +be a practical and honest man, and +held to a strict account for all properties +entrusted to his keeping, and who should +act also as guardian to the slaves belonging +to the estate. Then enforce the collection +of a tax; and if the owner comes +forward within sixty days, pays the tax, +takes the oath of allegiance, and agrees +to remain in the territory and assist in +enforcing and executing the laws, during +that and the succeeding year, let +him resume his property, and be protected +in all his rights. But in default +of any loyal response from the proprietor, +the property should be disposed of, +in moderate quantities, to actual settlers, +who should be bound to do duty for its +defense, whenever called upon.</p> + +<p>But then comes the great difficulty, +the disposition of the slaves,—the great +question which has so long been discussed +as a theory, and which now has +to be met as a practical measure. Let +us meet it as men and patriots, and, rising +above the clamor of fanatics, or the +proclamations of new-fangled and demagoguing +brigadiers, look at the permanent +result to our whole country, and +the real good of the African race.</p> + +<p>Humanity, society, and property, all +have claims and acknowledged rights; +let them all be considered. It is well +known that the slaves on these islands +have always been kept in a state of +greater ignorance of the world and all +practical matters than those inhabiting +the border States, or where there is a +larger proportion of whites, with whom +they often labor and associate. To +emancipate them at once would be to +do a great wrong to the white man, to +the property, in whatever hands it might +be, and a still greater injury to the +slave. There can be but one way of disposing +of this question which will satisfy +the nation, and quiet the fears of the +conservative, and preserve the hopes of +the radical, which is, to pursue a <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">middle</span> +course—a policy which shall as nearly +as possible equalize the question to all +parties. Let the slave be retained on +the plantation where he is found; and, +as no race are so much attached to their +own locality, so let them remain, place +them under a proper system of APPRENTICESHIP, +with a mild code of +laws, where every right shall be protected, +where suitable instruction, civil +and religious, shall be given, and where +the marriage rite shall be administered +and respected. Under such laws and +beneficent institutions, this territory +would soon be settled by men from the +West, the North, and from Europe, intelligent, +enterprising, and industrious, +who would retrieve its worn-out fields, +and introduce new systems of culture, +with all the modern labor-saving utensils. +With kind treatment and new +hopes, the simple sons of Africa would +have inducements to labor and to await +with patient hope the future and its rewards. +Then would Beaufort District +become what the Giver of all good designed +it to be—the abode of an industrious, +peaceful, and prosperous community. +The production of its great +staple, 'Sea-Island cotton,' would be immensely +increased, and its quality improved, +till it rivaled the silks of the +Old World. The yield of rice would be +doubled, and its gardens and orchards +would supply the North with fruits now +known only to the tropics.</p> + +<p>So soon as the new government was +fairly inaugurated, and the condition of +the land and its future cultivation settled, +a movement would of necessity be +made to found here a city which would +be the great commercial metropolis of +the South.</p> + +<p>Charleston was 'located' at the wrong +place, simply with the object of being as +distant as possible from the Spanish settlements, +and has always suffered from +an insufficient depth of water on its bars +to accommodate the largest class of merchant +ships. It has barely sixteen feet + +of water at high tide, and ships loaded +as lightly as possible have often been +obliged to wait for weeks to enter or +leave the port. A decrease of one or +two feet in its main channel would, in +its palmiest days, have been fatal to its +prosperity. The sinking of a dozen +ships loaded with stone has no doubt +placed a permanent barrier to the entrance +of all but a small class of vessels. +The ships themselves may soon be displaced +or destroyed by the sea-worm, but +the New England granite will prove a +lasting monument to the folly and madness +of the rebellion. The destruction +of the best part of the city by fire seems +also to show that Providence has designed +it to be ranked only with the +cities of the past.</p> + +<p>The productions of South Carolina +have always been large and valuable, +and since the completion of their system +of railroad facilities they have greatly +increased; therefore a commercial city +is a necessity, and Port Royal must be +its locality. Here is the noblest harbor +south of the Chesapeake, with a draught +of water of from twenty-five to thirty +feet, enough for the largest-sized ships, +and sufficient anchorage room for all the +navies of the world. Our government +should here have a naval depot to take +the place of Norfolk, since there is no +more suitable place on the whole coast. +In this connection the name, Royal Port, +is truly significant.</p> + +<p>The precise locality for the new city +can not now be indicated, but we would +suggest the point some two miles south-west +of Beaufort, which would give it +a position not unlike New York. It +would have the straight Broad River for +its Hudson, with a fine channel on the +south and east communicating with numerous +sounds and rivers. Its situation +on an island of about the same length as +Manhattan completes the parallel.</p> + +<p>The value of the produce conveyed +over the sounds and rivers connecting +with Port Royal, by sloops and steamers, +must be counted by millions of dollars. +We may estimate the crop of Sea-Island +cotton at about fifteen thousand +bales, or six millions of pounds, and of +rice about fifty million pounds. Yankee +enterprise would soon double the amount, +and add to it an immense bulk of naval +stores and lumber.</p> + +<p>But this is but a moiety of what the +exports would be. A branch railroad +only ten miles long would connect this +port with all the railroads of South Carolina +and Georgia, which, diverging +from Charleston and Savannah, spread +themselves over a large part of five +States. This road would make tributary +to this place a vast district of country.</p> + +<p>Savannah, which has for the last few +years competed with Charleston for this +trade, will soon feel the power of the +government, and it must yield up a +large part of its business to the more +favorable location of the new city.</p> + +<p>A few short years, and what a change +may come over these beautiful islands +and the waters that hold them in its embrace! +A fair city, active with its commerce +and manufactures, wharves and +streets lined with stores and dwellings, +interspersed with churches and schools, +inhabited by people from every section +of our country, and from every part of +Europe, all interested to improve their +own condition, and all combining to add +strength and wealth to the Union which +they agree to respect, love, honor, and +defend!</p> + +</div> + + + +<hr class="page"> + +<div> +<a name="toc_4"></a> +<h2>The Ante-Norse Discoverers Of America.</h2> +<p></p> + +<div> +<a name="toc_5"></a> +<h3>I. The Mythical Era.</h3> + +<p>Who were the first settlers in America?</p> + +<p>Within a few years our school-books +pointed to Cristoval Colon, or Columbus, +and his crew, as the first within the range +of history who 'passed far o'er the ocean +blue' to this hemisphere. Now, however, +even the school-books—generally +the last to announce novel truths—say +something of the Norsemen in America, +though they frequently do it in a discrediting +and discreditable way. However, +the old Vikings have triumphed +once more, even in their graves, and Professor +Rafn can prove as conclusively +that his fierce ancestry trod the soil of +Boston as that the Mayflower Puritans +followed in their footsteps. It is a dim +old story, laid away in Icelandic manuscripts, +and confirmed by but few relics +on our soil; yet it is strong enough to +give New England a link to the Middle +Ages of Europe, with their wildest romance +and strangest elements. It is +pleasant to think that far back in the +night there walked for a short season on +these shores great men of that hearty +Norse-Teuton race which in after times +flowed through France into England, and +from England through the long course of +ages hitherward. Among the old Puritan +names of New England there is more +than one which may be found in the roll +of Battle Abbey, and through the Norse-Norman +spelling of which we trace the +family origin of fierce sea-kings in their +lowland isles or rocky lairs on the Baltic.</p> + +<p>But there are older links existing between +America and Europe than this of +the Norseman. Of these the first is indeed +buried in mystery—leading us +back into that sombre twilight of 'symbolism,' +as the Germans somewhat obscurely +call the study of the early ages +whose records are lost, and which can +only be traced by reflection in the resemblances +between mythologies which +argue a common origin, and the monuments +remaining, which seem to establish +it. Yes, America has this in common +with every country of Asia, Europe, +and Africa: she has relics which indicate +that at one time she was inhabited +by a race which had perhaps the same +faith, the same stupendous nature-worship, +with that of the Old World, and +which was, to reason by analogy, <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">possibly</span> + +identified by the same language and +customs. What <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">was</span> this race, this religion, +this language? Who shall answer? +Men like Faber, and Higgins, +and Lajard, with scores of others, have +unweariedly gathered together all the +points of resemblance between the religions +and mythologies of the Hindus +and Egyptians and Chinese, the Druids +and the Phenicians, the Etruscans and +the Scandinavians, and old Sclavonic +heathen, and found in and between and +through them all a startling identity: +everywhere the Serpent, everywhere +the Queen of Heaven with her child, +everywhere the cup of life and the bread +and honey of the mysteries, with the salt +of the orgie, everywhere a thousand +fibres twining and trailing into each +other in bewildering confusion, indicating +a common origin, yet puzzling beyond +all hope those who seek to find it. +So vast is the wealth of material which +opens on the scholar who seeks to investigate +this common origin of mythologies, +and with them the possible early identity +of races and of languages, that he is +almost certain to soon bury himself in a +hypothesis and become lost in some blind +alley of the great labyrinth.</p> + +<p>Certain points appear to have once +existed in common to nations on every +part of the earth previous to authentic +history, and in these America had probably +more or less her share, as appears +from certain monuments and relics of +her early races. They are as follows:—</p> + + +<p>1. A worship of nature, based on the +inscrutable mystery of generation with +birth and death. As these two extremes +caused each other, they were continually +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">identified</span> in the religious myth or symbol +employed to represent either.</p> + +<p>2. This great principle of action, developing +itself into birth and death, was +regarded as being symbolized in every +natural object, and corresponding with +these there were created myths, or 'stories,' + +setting forth the principal mystery +of nature in a thousand poetic forms.</p> + +<p>3. The formula according to which all +myths were shaped was that of transition, +or <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">the passing through</span>. The germ, +in the mother or in the plant, which +after its sleep reappeared in life, was also +recognized in Spring, or Adonis, coming +to light and warmth after the long death +of winter in the womb of the earth. +The ark, which floats on the waters, +bearing within it the regenerator, signified +the same; so did the cup or horn into +which the wine of life was poured and +from which it was drunk; so too did nuts, +or any object capable of representing latent +existence. The passing into a cavern +through a door between pillars or +rocky passes, or even the wearing of +rings, all intimated the same mystery—the +going into and the coming forth into +renewed life.</p> + +<p>4. But the great active principle which +lay at the foundation of the mystery of +birth and death, or of action, was set +forth by the serpent—the type of good +and evil, of life and destruction—the +first intelligence. It is the constant recurrence +of this symbol among the early +monuments of America, as of the Old +World, which proves most conclusively +the existence at one time of a common +religion, or 'cultus.' It was probably +meant to signify water from its wavy +curves, and the snake-like course of rivers, +as inundation seems to have been, +according to early faith, the most prolific +source of the destruction of nature, +and yet the most active in its revival.</p> + +<p>There are in Brittany vast lines of +massy Druidic stones, piled sometimes for +leagues in regular order, in such a manner +as to represent colossal serpents. +Those who will consult the French <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Dracontia</span> +will be astonished at the labor +expended on these strange temples. +Squier has shown that the earth-works +of the West represent precisely the +same symbol. Mexico and South America +abound, like Europe and the East, +in serpent emblems; they twine around +the gods; they are gods themselves; +they destroy as Typhon, and give life +in the hands of Esculapius.</p> + +<p>In the United States, as in Europe +and in the East, there are found in steep +places, by difficult paths, always near +the banks of streams, narrow, much-worn +passages in rocks, through which +one person<a href="#note_10"><span class="footnoteref">10</span></a> can barely squeeze, and +which were evidently not intended for +ordinary travel. The passing through +these places was enjoined on religious +votaries, as indicating respect for the +great principle of regeneration. The +peasants of Europe, here and there, +at the present day, continue to pass +through these rock or cave doors, 'for +luck.' It was usual, after the transition, +whether into a cave, where mysteries, +feasts, and orgies were held, significant +of 'the revival,' or merely through a +narrow way,—to bathe in the invariably +neighboring river; the serpent-river or +water which drowns organic life, yet +without which it dies.</p> + +<p>In England, at a comparatively recent +period, and even yet occasionally +in Scandinavia, the peasantry plighted +their troth by passing their hands +through the hole in the 'Odin-stones,' +and clasping them. Beads and wedding +rings and 'fairy-stones,' or those +found with holes in them, were all linked +to the same faith which rendered sacred +every resemblance to the 'passing +through.' The graves of both North and + +South America contain abundant evidence +of the sacredness in which the +same objects were held. I have a singularly-shaped +soapstone ornament, taken +from an Indian grave, whose perforation +indicates the 'fairy-stone.' The +religious legends of Mexico and of Peru +are too identical with many of the Old +World to be passed over as coincidences; +the gold images of Chiriqui, +with their Baal bell-ringing figures, and +serpent-girt, pot-bellied phallic idols, are +too strikingly like those of <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Old</span> Ireland +and of the East not to suggest some far-away +common origin. I have good authority +for saying that almost every +symbol, whether of cup or dove, serpent +or horn, flower or new moon, boat or +egg, common to Old World mythology, +may be found set forth or preserved +with the emphasis of religious emblems +in the graves or ruined temples of ancient +North America.</p> + +<p>The mass of evidence which has been +accumulated by scholars illustrative of +a common origin of mythologies and a +centralization of them around the serpent; +or, as G.S. Faber will have it, +the Ark; or, as some think, the heavenly +bodies; or, as others claim, simply +a worship of paternity and maternity,—is +immense. Why they should claim +separate precedence for symbols, all of +which set forth the one great mystery +how GOD 'weaves and works in action's +storm,' is only explicable on the ground +that 'every scholar likes to have his own +private little pet hypothesis.' Enough, +however, may be found to show that this +stupendous nature-worship <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">was</span> held the +world over,—<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">possibly</span> in the days of a +single language,—in America as in ancient +Italy, or around the sacred mountain-crags +of India; in Lebanon as in +Ireland, in the garden-lands of Assyria, +and in the isles of the South.</p> + +<p>Yet all this is as yet, for the truly scientific +ethnologist, only half-fact, indefinite, +belonging to the cloud-land of +fable. The poet or the thinker, yearning +for a new basis of art, may find in +the immense mass of legends and symbols +an identification between all the +forms of nature in a vast harmony and +mutual reflection of every beautiful object; +but for the man of facts it is +unformed, not arranged, useless. We +know not the color of the race or races +which piled the Western mounds; their +languages are lost; they are vague mist-gods, +living in a dimmer medium than +that of mere tradition. So ends the +first period of intercommunication between +Asia—the probable birthplace of +the old mythology—and America.</p> +</div> + +<div> +<a name="toc_6"></a> +<h3>II. The Chinese Discoverers Of Mexico In The Fifth Century.</h3> + +<p>But there is a second link, ere we +come to the Norsemen, which is strong +enough to merit the favorable consideration +of the scientific man, for it rests on +evidence worthy serious investigation. +I refer to the fact that the Chinese-Annals, +or Year Books,—which, according +to good authority, have been well kept, +and which are certainly prosaic and +blue-bookish enough in their mass of dry +details of embassies and expenditures to +be highly credible,—testify that in the +fifth century the Chinese learned the situation +of the great peninsula Aliaska, +which they named Tahan, or Great +China. Beyond this, at the end of the +fifth century,—be it observed that the +advances in discovery correspond in +time in the records,—they discovered a +land which Deguignes long after identified +with the north-west coast of America. +With each discovery, the people +of these new lands were compelled, or +were represented at court as having +been compelled, to send ambassadors +wife tribute to the Central Realm, or +China.</p> + +<p>But there had been unofficial Chinese +travelers in Western America, and +even in Mexico itself, before this time. +Those who have examined the history +of that vast religious movement of Asia +which, contemporary with Christianity, +shook the hoary faiths of the East, while +a higher and purer doctrine was overturning +those of the West, are aware +that it had many external points or +forms in common with those of the later + +Roman church, which have long been a +puzzle to the wise. To say nothing +of mitres, tapers, violet robes, rosaries, +bells, convents, auricular confession, and +many other singular identities, the early +Buddhist church distinguished itself by +a truly catholic zeal for the making of +converts, and, to effect this, sent its emissaries +to Central Africa and Central +Russia; from the Sclavonian frontier on +the west to China, Japan, and the farthest +Russian isles of the east. On +they went; who shall say where they +paused? We know that there are at +this day in St. Petersburg certain books +on black paper taken from a Buddhist +temple found in a remote northern corner +of Russia. It was much less of an +undertaking, and much less singular, +that Chinese priests should pass, by short +voyages, from island to island, almost +over the proposed Russian route for the +Pacific telegraph to America. That +they <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">did so</span> is explicitly stated in the +Year Books, which contain details relative +to <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Fusang</span>, or Mexico, where it +is said of the inhabitants that 'in earlier +times these people lived not according +to the laws of Buddha. But it +happened in the second "year-naming" +"Great Light" of Song (A.D. 458), that +five beggar monks, from the kingdom +Kipin, went to this land, extended over +it the religion of Buddha, and with it his +holy writings and images. They instructed +the people in the principles of +monastic life, and so changed their manners.'</p> + +<p>But I am anticipating my subject. +In another chapter I propose, on the +authority of Professor Neumann, a +learned Sinologist of Munich, to set +forth the proofs that in the last year of +the fifth century a Buddhist priest, bearing +the cloister name of Hoei-schin, or +Universal Compassion, returned from +America, and gave for the first time an +official account of the country which he +had visited, which account was recorded, +and now remains as a simple fact among +the annual registers of the government.</p> + +<p>[TO BE CONTINUED.]</p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="page"> + +<div> +<a name="toc_7"></a> +<h2>The Spur Of Monmouth.</h2> + + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">'Twas a little brass half-circlet,</p> +<p class="l">Deep gnawed by rust and stain,</p> +<p class="l">That the farmer's urchin brought me,</p> + +<p class="l">Plowed up on old Monmouth plain;</p> +<p class="l">On that spot where the hot June sunshine</p> +<p class="l">Once a fire more deadly knew,</p> +<p class="l">And a bloodier color reddened</p> +<p class="l">Where the red June roses blew;—</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">Where the moon of the early harvest</p> +<p class="l">Looked down through the shimmering leaves,</p> + +<p class="l">And saw where the reaper of battle</p> +<p class="l">Had gathered big human sheaves.</p> +<p class="l">Old Monmouth, so touched with glory—</p> +<p class="l">So tinted with burning shame—</p> +<p class="l">As Washington's pride we remember,</p> +<p class="l">Or Lee's long tarnished name.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">'Twas a little brass half-circlet;</p> +<p class="l">And knocking the rust away,</p> +<p class="l">And clearing the ends and the middle</p> +<p class="l">From their buried shroud of clay,</p> +<p class="l">I saw, through the damp of ages</p> +<p class="l">And the thick disfiguring grime,</p> +<p class="l">The buckle-heads and the rowel</p> +<p class="l">Of a spur of the olden time.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">And I said—what gallant horseman,</p> +<p class="l">Who revels and rides no more,</p> +<p class="l">Perhaps twenty years back, or fifty,</p> +<p class="l">On his heel that weapon wore?</p> +<p class="l">Was he riding away to his bridal,</p> +<p class="l">When the leather snapped in twain?</p> +<p class="l">Was he thrown and dragged by the stirrup,</p> + +<p class="l">With the rough stones crushing his brain?</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">Then I thought of the Revolution,</p> +<p class="l">Whose tide still onward rolls—</p> +<p class="l">Of the free and the fearless riders</p> +<p class="l">Of the 'times that tried men's souls.'</p> +<p class="l">What if, in the day of battle</p> + +<p class="l">That raged and rioted here,</p> +<p class="l">It had dropped from the foot of a soldier,</p> +<p class="l">As he rode in his mad career?</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">What if it had ridden with Forman,</p> +<p class="l">When he leaped through the open door,</p> +<p class="l">With the British dragoon behind him,</p> +<p class="l">In his race o'er the granary floor?</p> + +<p class="l">What if—but the brain grows dizzy</p> +<p class="l">With the thoughts of the rusted spur;</p> +<p class="l">What if it had fled with Clinton,</p> +<p class="l">Or charged with Aaron Burr?</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">But bravely the farmer's urchin</p> +<p class="l">Had been scraping the rust away;</p> + +<p class="l">And cleansed from the soil that swathed it,</p> +<p class="l">The spur before me lay.</p> +<p class="l">Here are holes in the outer circle—</p> +<p class="l">No common heel it has known,</p> +<p class="l">For each space, I see by the setting,</p> +<p class="l">Once held some precious stone.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">And here—not far from the buckle—</p> + +<p class="l">Do my eyes deceive their sight?—</p> +<p class="l">Two letters are here engraven,</p> +<p class="l">That initial a hero's might!</p> + +<p class="l">'G.W.'! Saints of heaven!</p> +<p class="l">Can such things in our lives occur?</p> +<p class="l">Do I grasp such a priceless treasure?</p> +<p class="l">Was this <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">George Washington's spur</span>?</p> + +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">Did the brave old <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Pater Patrioe</span></p> +<p class="l">Wear that spur like a belted knight—</p> +<p class="l">Wear it through gain and disaster,</p> +<p class="l">From Cambridge to Monmouth flight?</p> +<p class="l">Did it press his steed in hot anger</p> +<p class="l">On Long Island's day of pain?</p> + +<p class="l">Did it drive him, at terrible Princeton,</p> +<p class="l">'Tween two storms of leaden rain?</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">And here—did the buckle loosen,</p> +<p class="l">And no eye look down to see,</p> +<p class="l">When he rode to blast with the lightning</p> +<p class="l">The shrinking eyes of Lee?</p> +<p class="l">Did it fall, unfelt and unheeded,</p> + +<p class="l">When that fight of despair was won,</p> +<p class="l">And Clinton, worn and discouraged,</p> +<p class="l">Crept away at the set of sun?</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">The lips have long been silent</p> +<p class="l">That could send an answer back;</p> +<p class="l">And the spur, all broken and rusted,</p> +<p class="l">Has forgotten its rider's track!</p> + +<p class="l">I only know that the pulses</p> +<p class="l">Leap hot, and the senses reel,</p> +<p class="l">When I think that the Spur of Monmouth</p> +<p class="l">May have clasped George Washington's heel!</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">And if it be so, O Heaven,</p> +<p class="l">That the nation's destiny holds,</p> + +<p class="l">And that maps the good and the evil</p> +<p class="l">In the future's bewildering folds,</p> +<p class="l">Send forth some man of the people,</p> +<p class="l">Unspotted in heart and hand,</p> +<p class="l">On his foot to buckle the relic,</p> +<p class="l">And charge for a periled land!</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">There is fire in our fathers' ashes;</p> + +<p class="l">There is life in the blood they shed;</p> +<p class="l">And not a hair unheeded</p> +<p class="l">Shall fall from the nation's head.</p> +<p class="l">Old bones of the saints and the martyrs</p> +<p class="l">Spring up at the church's call:—</p> +<p class="l">God grant that the Spur of Monmouth</p> +<p class="l">Prove the mightiest relic of all!</p> +</div> + +</div> + + + +<hr class="page"> + +<div> +<a name="toc_8"></a> +<h2>The Fatal Marriage Of Bill The Soundser.</h2> + + +<p>Reader, possibly you do not know +what a 'Soundser' is. Then I will tell +you. In the coastwise part of the State +of New Jersey in which I live, numerous +sounds and creeks everywhere divide +and intersect the low, sea-skirting +lands, wherein certain people are wont +to cruise and delve for the sake of securing +their products, and hence come +to be known in our homely style as +Soundsers. The fruitage afforded by +these sounds is both manifold and of +price. Throughout all the pleasant +weather, they yield, with but little intermission, +that gastronomic gem, the +terrapin; the succulent, hard-shell clam, +and the 'soft' crab; the deep-lurking, +snowy-fleshed hake, or king-fish; the +huge, bell-voiced drum, and that sheen-banded +pride of American salt-water +fishes, the sheepshead. During the +waning weeks of May, and also with +the continuance of dog-days, this already +profuse bounty receives a goodly +accession in the shape of vast flocks of +willets, curlews, gray-backs, and other +marine birds, which, with every ebb +tide, resort to their shoaler bars and +flats, to take on those layers of fat +which the similarly well-conditioned old +gentleman of the city finds so inexpressibly +delicious. When the summer is +once, over, and while the cold weather +prevails, they furnish another and quite +new set of dainties. Then the span-long, +ripe, 'salt' oyster is to be had +for the raking of their more solidly-bottomed +basins; and all along their more +retired nooks and harbors, the gunner, +by taking proper precautions, may bring +to bag the somewhat 'sedgy' but still +well-flavored black duck, the tender +widgeon, the buttery little bufflehead, +the incomparable canvas-back, and the +loud-shrieking, sharp-eyed wild goose. +All this various booty is industriously +secured by the 'soundsers,' to find, ere +long, a ready market in the larger inland +towns and cities. But united to +this shooting, fishing, and oyster-catching, +they have another 'trade' whose +scene is on the waters, though it connects +itself with the sea, rather than +the sounds, and <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">this</span> is 'wrecking.' + +They are prompt for this service whenever +the occasion requires; indeed, I +sometimes think they prefer it, dangerous +though it be, before all others. Inured +as they are to every sort of exposure, +they are of course a tough and +rugged race; and what with their diversity +of occupation, calling, as it does, +for a constant interchange of the use +of the gun, net, boat, fishing line, and +some one or other arm or edge tool, +they are usually, nay, almost invariably, +handy and quick-witted.</p> + +<p>By far the most notable 'soundser' +our neighborhood ever bred was my +hero, BILL. Physically, at least, he +was a true wonder. He stood full six +feet two, weighed eleven score pounds, +and at the same time carried no more +flesh than sufficed to hide the exact +outline of his bones. Another man so +strong as he I have never seen. I have +repeatedly known him to lift and walk +off with anchors weighing five and six +hundred weight; and those big, thick +hands of his could twist any horseshoe +as if it were a girl's wreath. Certainly +he was not in the least graceful; that +'ponderosity' of his could in no way be +repressed. But he was still of rude +comeliness, his shape being squarely fitted +and tolerably proportioned, while his +broad, red-maned visage wore a constant +glow of plain, though sincere, +kindliness and good-humor.</p> + +<p>As his physical man was uncommon, +so he had uncommon mental endowments. +He was the only 'soundser' I +ever knew who understood farming. He +had inherited a farmstead of some twenty-five +or thirty acres, and this he soon +had blooming as the rose. When occasion + +required, he wrought on it, day and +night. He divided it, with truest judgment, +into proper fields, experimented +successfully with various kinds of novel +manures (most of which he obtained +from the sea), grew stock, planted, in +rotation, and, with only here and there +a sympathizer, gave in his full adherence +to the theory of root culture. +And he was a mechanic. He could +build house or barn to the last beam, +and ship or boat to the last joint; nay, +he once devised the model of a self-righting +life-boat, which I have often +heard shipmasters, and even real shipwrights, +descant upon in the highest +terms of praise. Moreover, I can affirm +that he was a navigator. It is +true that the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">science</span> of seamanship, +as set forth in books, he had never +mastered. But he knew right well +what winds of a certain force and direction +foretold, what waves of a certain +height and aspect meant; and this +knowledge, combined with a squint, +now and then, at his pocket compass, +sufficed to enable him to take a vessel +with safety anywhere along our coast.</p> + +<p>But while my old pal showed high +abilities in other arts, as a 'soundser' +and wrecker he was not to be matched. +He brought to the first of these pursuits +a clearness of observation which +would have met the approbation of +many an acknowledged man of science. +He knew every sort of food which bird +and fish fed upon, where it was to be +found, and the circumstances favorable +to its production. He knew why the +game resorted to certain spots yesterday, +and avoided them to-day; what circumstances—and +they are very many—impelled +it to joyousness or quietude; +and what were most of its minor instincts. +And all this was done <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">thoroughly</span>, +withal. There was no haphazard +or uncertainty in any of his +conclusions. Taking thought of sundry +conditions, he could tell at any +time when such a thing was applicable; +how many sheepsheads one could +catch in the sounds; whether the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">honk</span> +of the wild goose, flying overhead, announced +that he was on his way to a +fresh-water pool or a bar of gravel; +whether the black ducks were cooling +their thirsty gizzards in a woodland +pond, sitting scattered about the marshes, +or huddling together on the bosom +of the sea. In a word, his mind had +gathered unto itself every law, of the +least importance, affecting the existence +of such wild creatures about us +as cost any pains to bring to hand; +and thus he was literally master over +them, and held their lives subject to +his will. That this power was really +surprising, will hardly be disputed; and +since we, his associates, could in no +way possess ourselves of the like, it +passed among us for something almost +miraculous.</p> + +<p>Still, brilliant 'soundser' as old Bill +was, he was far greater as a wrecker; +since I am now about to relate an occurrence +in the line which proves him +a veritable hero. As is perfectly well +known, our American coast is often +the scene of fearful storms, which deal +out wide-spread destruction to mariners. +With us, these gales are commonest +in February, and hence this +month is held in marked dread. Some +years ago, in the season referred to, a +storm burst upon our shores, whose +like only a few of the older among us +had ever known. After fitfully moaning +from the northward and eastward +for a day or two, the wind, one morning, +finally settled due north-east,—thus +sweeping directly upon the land,—and +blew a hurricane. It was excessively +cold, too, yet not so cold but that a +fine, dry snow was falling, though from +the fury of the wind this could settle +nowhere, but was driven, whirling and +surging, before the blast in dense clouds. +In short, it was a time of truly unearthly +wildness; and our hearts sank the +deeper in us, since we knew what ere +long must inevitably occur. At last, +within an hour or two of nightfall, the +sound of a ship's bell, rung hurriedly, +pealed towards us along the uproar of +the tempest, and by this we were made +aware that a vessel had been wrecked + +on a certain shoal rising up in the +ocean, about two miles from that part +of the beach nearest our village. To +go to the rescue of this vessel, at this +time, was absolutely impossible. For, to +say nothing of the wrath of the winds, +the air was so thick with snow that, in +the speedily advancing hours of darkness, +in which we should not fail to +be entrapped, we would be powerless +to find our way at sea a foot. There +was no help for it; the poor victims +of the shipwreck must that very night +know death in one or another most +terrifying shape, 'if it was the will +of the Lord.' With this mournful +conviction, about twenty of us gathered +at old Bill's house with the closing +in of a darkness as of Tartarus, +and kept its watches. The anger of +the storm abated in no way whatever +till morning, and then the sole change +that took place was a somewhat thinner +aspect of the driving snow. Yet, +even when this was discerned, every +man of us hastened to draw over his +ordinary winter garb an oil-cloth suit +which enveloped him from head to foot, +and soberly announced himself ready +to do his duty in the strait. That we +should be exposed to the greatest dangers +was absolutely certain; and whether +a single survivor of the terrors of +that awful night yet clung to the few +frail timbers in the sea, for us to rescue, +none but Heaven knew; still, the +manhood of each demanded that what +was possible to be done in the matter +we should at least attempt.</p> + +<p>And so we started; the leader being +old Bill, who to some end, that I could +not then divine, bore a boat-sail bundled +on his back. Our first business +was to make way to our surf or life boat. +This lay about three miles from the village, +reckoning as the crow flies, and +was sheltered under a rude house which +stood on the shores of a bay opening by +an inlet into the sea. Our common +way of gaining this house was through +a circuitous passage of the sounds; but +these we soon discovered, in consonance +with a previous prediction of old Bill's, +were entirely frozen over save in certain +parts of their channels; and hence, this +route being unnavigable for such boats +as were at hand, which, without exception, +were light gunning and fishing +skiffs, we were forced to avail ourselves +of a barely practicable land track of +which we knew, and which, as it led +about among the marshes, was also circuitous. +And the necessity of choosing +this land path added to our difficulties, +in that we were forced to provide ourselves +with a small batteau and drag it +behind us, to be able to cross many +ditches and sloughs with which it was +barred, and which, particularly along +their edges, were never really frozen. +After toiling and battling for a long period, +and at the same time having to +face the most painfully cutting wind +that burst unobstructedly over the level +area of the marshes, we at last reached +the house wherein the life-boat lay, and +when old Bill had scrutinized its oars, +and stored it with a mingled collection +of cordage, canvas and spars, we ran +it into the water. But now another +trouble arose. The bay, like the sounds +of which indeed it formed a part, was +covered with ice,—either in solid sheets, +or that thick slush, peculiar to ocean estuaries, +which is chiefly known as 'porridge +ice,'—and, from its comparative +shallowness, covered so densely, too, +that if we had trusted to getting our +boat out of it by sheer rowing, it would +have taken us the entire day so to do. +In this emergency nothing would serve +but that we must advance bodily into +the water, and, crushing and clearing +away the ice with our feet, drag the +boat, in a depth at least sufficient for +her to float, to the entrance of the inlet, +where the current ran so strongly that +no ice could gather. After a severely +trying amount of labor, this point was +finally gained, and we stood fairly in +front of the tall, thundering breakers; +whereupon each man nimbly jumped to +his place in the craft, that of steersman +being the post of old Bill.</p> + +<p>As we gave way on our oars, we shot +along the inlet without much difficulty; + +and presently old Bill announced that, +he caught a faint sight of the wreck in +the distance—to all appearance 'most +all gone but the hull.' But we had little +or no opportunity to indulge in speculation +or remark on the discovery, for +in a moment or two we began to oppose +the wildness of the open main, and the +hour of our real trial set in. For the +first time we could now appreciate the +full force of the gale. Good Heavens, +how it blew! The waters seemed alive +and in direst convulsion. Everywhere +huge walls of breakers were constantly +upheaved to be felled and shattered +with a roar as of some terrific cannonade; +while the air became the arena for +a helter-skelter tossing of sheets of spray, +clots of froth, and spirts of brine, which +plentifully assailed our poor boat in their +madness, and, besides partially filling her +with slush, encased every man in a complete +coating of ice. If our craft had +not been modeled with the very highest +degree of skill, and if our steersman had +not been one of a thousand, we could +have made no headway at all in this +appalling tumult. As it was, our advance +was of the weakest, and its success +seemed very doubtful, let our efforts +be what they might. Not but +what we could sufficiently hold our own +in the swirl of the vanquished waves; +but when they swooped upon us in their +full stature, they not only sent the boat +back as if she had been a mere feather, +but with a second's awkwardness on the +part of old Bill they would have flung +her clean over from stem to stern, and +our places among the living would have +been vacant. Having strained every +nerve for nearly two hours, we were +still but part way through the breakers, +while some of the men began to complain +of fatigue; with which old Bill +seized a favorable opportunity to put +the boat about, and we were swept +ashore on the beach as in the twinkling +of an eye. Here, we secured our boat +by hauling her high and dry on the +strand; freed her from the slush and +water which had gained in her bottom; +and then retired to the leeward of a +range of sand hills near by, to recruit +our energies.</p> + +<p>With full leisure to ponder over the +difficulties confronting our expedition, +some few of the crew now began to + +'speak it foully,' and even to emit gruff +proposals to return homewards. But to +these waverers old Bill at once administered +the sternest rebuke; and, as they +at last held their peace, he averred with +a gay smile (for he dearly loved the +presence of danger, and could never be +brought to look on it other than as a +rough sort of irresponsible horse-play, +over which he was sure in one way or +another to gain the mastery), that he +had now weighed all the conditions of +the pass, and that the next time we attempted +it we should assuredly prevail. +This assertion, coming from such a source, +encouraged one and all very greatly; +and ere long we cheerfully launched +our boat once more, and again began to +tug at the quivering oars. In a very +little while it became apparent enough +that the tactics that Bill intended to +adopt in our present venture were very +different from those put in practice with +the last. Instead of boldly facing the +breakers as he had heretofore done, he +now began his maneuvering by laying +us directly in the trough of the sea,—planting +the boat a little crosswise, however, +so as to prevent an untoward swell +from riding over her side and thus filling +her,—and the instant he saw an advancing +breaker beginning to fracture, +as a prelude to its downfall and destruction, +he boldly sped us, when the thing +was at all practicable, straight in the +teeth of the gap, and as it proceeded to +widen, we shot through it, with the surf +leaping and tossing on either hand high +above our heads. This stroke could have +been possible only to a steersman possessed +of herculean strength, combined +with the rarest daring and coolness; +and, as the result of these qualities, it +was exceedingly effective. It lessened +the danger of our being capsized almost +entirely. Indeed, the sole mishap +that was threatened by so doing, was +the liability to being swamped by the + +falling fragments of the breakers; but +this peril old Bill declared we might +safely trust he would also avert. It being +the nature of humanity to experience +a mood of high exaltation with the +surmounting of any serious obstacle, we +now worked our way with minds light +and cheery, and with all thoughts of anything +like fatigue completely forgotten. +Though our course was on the whole a +zigzag one, and though we certainly +met with one or two serious rebuffs, we +were constantly gaining headway, and +in something over an hour forced the +last line of the breakers, and stemmed +what on ordinary occasions would have +been simply the blue body of the Atlantic. +But even here a huge commotion +was reigning, though our progress was +far less tedious than it had previously +been; and with about another hour's labor +we were alongside the wreck, and +had climbed to her deck.</p> + +<p>The plight of the vessel was mournful +enough. She had evidently been built +for a three-masted schooner, but, as Bill +had observed when he first obtained a +view of her, everything about her was +well-nigh gone save her hull. Her bulwarks +had been thoroughly crushed, and +so the sea had successively torn away +her boats, shivered her galley and wheelhouse, +and filled her cabin and hold. +Her masts were also destroyed, the fore +and mizzen masts being carried away +from their steppings, and the main-mast +broken completely in twain just above +the cross-trees. But a sight still more +desolate, as well as harrowing, yet awaited +us, as, in overhauling the sail-encumbered +shrouds of the partially standing +mast, we discovered several ice-bound +figures rigidly hanging therein, which, +being cut away and lowered to our boat, +proved to be the body of a negro perfectly +stark and dead, and three most +pitiable white sailors, whose life was so +far extinguished that they could neither +move hand nor foot, nor utter more than +the feeblest moans.</p> + +<p>When we had covered the face of the +dead and sheltered the well-nigh dead as +best we could in the bottom of our boat, +of course our chief thought was to return +to the shore as swiftly as possible. But +on this head there was no call to entertain +the smallest solicitude; for after old +Bill, from a motive that we could not +yet name, had 'stepped' a mast through +one of the foremost thwarts of the boat, +and rigged a sail all ready to be spread, +we cast off from the wreck, and presently, +dropping into the full strength of the +wind, were swept onward like an arrow, +with scarce the least use of any other +oar than that in the hands of our stalwart +steersman. Speedily crossing the +outer waters, we leaped and bounded +over the breakers; and when old Bill, as +we were rushing along the inlet, gave +orders for the hoisting of the sail, we +not only hastened to obey him, but immediately +saw an all-important reason +for the command. For we were now +about entering the ice of the sounds; +and as the boat flew in its midst, her +stiff, tight sail drove her through the +stubborn obstruction as easily and in +much the same manner as the steam +plow rips up the matted bosom of the +prairies. In due season we reached the +landing where we usually disembarked +from the sounds, and where we found a +wagon awaiting us, to which we bore +our sad freightage, and led the way for +old Bill's house. On arriving, we laid +the corpse in an outbuilding and carried +the sailors into a bedroom. But what +was to be next done? To tell the +truth, most of us knew no more than so +many children. But here our leader +again showed his knowledge. Strongly +condemning the lighting of a fire in the +apartment,—which some one was about +to do,—he set us busily at work bringing +him a good supply of tubs, and +buckets of cold water, into which he +dipped the naked persons of the sufferers; +and as this treatment, combined +with a patient, gentle chafing, which +was also administered, at last restored +the flow of their vital forces, he gave +them a few spoonfuls of broth apiece, +and, while they looked a gratefulness +they could nowise express, lifted them +like babes with his giant arms to warm + +beds, where they fell into what was at +first a fitful, broken slumber, but finally +a childlike, placid sleep. They were +saved!</p> + +<p>If the reader is now curious to know +why a man like old Bill was not a patrician +and captain in the campaign of +life, rather than the mere private and +plebeian he was, I can answer that there +were several things which impeded that +consummation. His character, though +of wonderful height and force in some +respects, was, after all, without true discipline, +and presented many glaring incongruities. +Thus, whatever he had of +what could really be named ambition +was satisfied when he had surprised us +'soundsers;' and our praise—and we +lavished it upon him in full measure, as +we knew he liked it—was all the praise +he seemed to desire. Then, he was altogether +one of us in his notions of pleasure +and recreation. Like the rest of us, +he cordially appreciated the sparkling +product of the New England distilleries, +and far more than any of us—to such +a pitch did his animal spirits rule—he +relished our broad sea-side jokes and +songs, and as well our rattling jigs and +hornpipes. As for others attempting to +elevate him to a more exalted station, +the thing was simply impossible. When +led of his own accord to seek other society +than ours, he could by no means +content himself with the companionship +of staid practical persons, who on account +of his latent worth would have +readily countenanced, and with the least +opportunity even served him, but he invariably +paid his court to adventurers; +such creatures, for instance, as seedy +'professors' of one kind or another, who, +in the inevitable shawl and threadbare +suit of black, were constantly dismounting +at the village tavern, with proposals +either to 'lecture' on something, or +'teach' somewhat, as the case might +happen to be, and who, having no affinity +whatever with the brawny, awkward +Viking who fondly hung on their shabby-genteel +skirts, amused themselves at his +greenness, or pooh-pooh'd him altogether, +as they saw fit. And when, as it not unfrequently +happened, official and influential +individuals at a distance were +moved by the story of his renown to pay +him their respects in person, and listen +courteously and gravely to his opinions, +his discrimination stood him in no better +stead, for as soon as he possibly could +he bent the conference towards a sailor's +revel, and astonished his stately visitants +by singing the spiciest songs, and sometimes +even by a Terpsichorean display +in full costume; for he was excessively +proud of his accomplishments in this +line, and implicitly believed that the +shaking of his elephantine limbs, and the +whirling of his broad, coatless flanks, +formed a spectacle so tasteful and entertaining, +that no one could fail to enjoy +it to the utmost. Assuredly I have +now said enough as to old Bill's incapacities +for a grander role in life. In +reality that part of a lofty manhood to +which he at first sight seemed fitted, was +not his; for, properly speaking, he was +not an actual man, but a boy—a grand +and glorious boy, if you will, but yet a +very boy; and at length he met the fate +of a boy, as we shall learn.</p> + +<p>Once more we were engaged upon a +wreck. But this time it was in no hyperborean +tempest that we were called +forth, but when the very sweetest airs +of June were blowing. The case demanding +our aid was that of a wrecking +schooner which had gaily left her +moorings in New York harbor to pick +up a summer's living along the coast, +but had inadvertently cut up some of +her capers rather too near our beach, +and so with one fine ebb tide found herself +stranded. As it was an instance of +sickness in the regularly graduated and +scientific college itself, our whole shore +was intensely 'tickled' at the accident. +And again, as this doctress, like many +another ailing leech, was quite incapable +of curing her own suffering, her toddy-blossom-faced +bully of a New York captain +was pleased to salute old Bill with +cup high in air, and beg that he would +take a sufficient force and heave the +distressed craft into deep water. Thus +a crew of us were called together and + +set to work at the vessel. As the +weather was so warm and beautiful, and +as bed and board were at this time to +be had on the beach, we agreed among +us that our convenience would be the +better served by taking up our temporary +quarters near the scene of our labors. +Now, the place where we were +offered the necessary accommodation +consisted of an ancient plank-built tenement, +which stood behind a sand-ridge +that a far younger Atlantic than ours +had piled up, and then, retreating, abandoned. +In winter this rude domicile was +bare and tenantless; but in the summer +months it was usually occupied by some +thriftless gammer or gaffer from the +main-land, who, having stocked it with +a few of the coarsest household goods, +and whatever provisions came to hand, +offered entertainment to such wreckers +and 'soundsers' as happened to be in +its vicinity. The present incumbent of +the hostel was a woman, claiming to be +a widow, of the name of Rose; bearing +in most respects no resemblance whatever +to any of her predecessors. Where +she was born, or had hitherto resided, +none of us knew: all that gossip could, +gather was that she had unexpectedly +descended from a passing vessel with +her effects and entered directly the +abandoned house. When questioned as +to the scene of her earlier life, she +vaguely gave answer that she had disported +herself largely in 'Philadelphy;' +but as no 'Philadelphy' woman that +ever walked through a doorway was or +is able to compound a chowder or bake +a clam pie worthy of the name, and as +Madame Rose understood how to prepare +both these luxuries to a charm, her +statement must have been false; she was, +undoubtedly, a 'coast-wise' lady, and +one who knew who Jack was as well as +he himself did. Her appearance was, +on the whole, agreeable. She was tall, +slender, of regular features, and, though +indisputably on the shady side of forty, +was still free from any signs that would +proclaim her charms to be on the wane. +I remember in particular that she had +long, white and regular teeth, thereby +strongly contrasting with our native women, +who as a rule lose their teeth early. +Her manners were very novel to us. +She was invariably of a simpering, ducking +turn, and interlarded her curt speech +with curiously hard words. In dress she +carried matters with an incomparably +high hand. She wore hoops 'all day +long,'—a freak then never even so +much as thought of in our village,—adorned +her fingers with many rings, +and her throat with large florid brooches, +and in the evening, after having brought +her household duties to a close, sat here +or there with her sewing, in silks (though +perhaps not of the newest), or other +highly-civilized stuffs.</p> + +<p>Most of our crew regarded their hostess +with greatly mingled feelings; but +old Bill entertained but one sentiment +for her,—that of unqualified admiration. +As we only 'wrought' at the +stranded schooner on the high water,—some +five hours out of the twenty-four,—he +had plenty of opportunity to dangle +after his dearie, and did so unremittingly. +While the rest of us were either +napping, dancing the lively 'straight +four,' hunting herns' eggs among the +sand-hills, and so on, according to our +inclination, he, in far more romantic +mood, seized all possible opportunities +to quickly gather fire-wood for his +charmer, fill her tea-kettle, open whatever +clams and oysters she was about to +cook, and, above all, to recount for her +delight one of those inimitable yarns of +his, at whose points he himself was sure +to laugh till the rafters of the house +shook and the plates in the dresser rattled +again. But this was merely the +first stage of his passion. Before long, +as is not unusual in such cases, it took +another and more bodeful turn. That +inextinguishable laughter of his was +heard no more, or at best gave place to +a feeble tittering; his stories dropped +from his lips with but flat pungency; +and instead of performing his lady-love's +'chores' with a mirthful readiness, +he went through them in a heartsick +way, the while directing towards +her furtive looks of supplication. The + +true state of matters was now obvious +to all Old Bill was another fatally-stricken +victim of that spooney archer-boy +who next to death holds dominion +over men; and with his case, thus momentous, +we could but feel a renewed +interest in his behalf, and busy our +tongues about him. I, for my part, +thought that as he was a widower, and +needful of a wife to comfort him in his +advancing age, and that as the present +object of his affections, if not a highly + +'forcible' woman, seemed at all events +to be one of whom no great harm was to +be feared, there could be no valid objection +to his being joined to her; particularly +if nothing was divulged proving +her to be other than what she seemed. +But this view I found to be on the whole +unacceptable to my auditory. Almost +to a man they condemned the propriety +of the match. It could not actually be +said that they disliked Mrs. Hose, but +they were jealous of her, as, in her manner +and style of array, she considerably +dimmed the lustre of their own women; +and they distrusted her as she was a +stranger; it being a marked habit with +most of our folks to distrust all strangers +save those from whom they expect pecuniary +awards. But meanwhile, notwithstanding +this criticism, the little +idyl in our midst was developing itself +apace. On the afternoon of one beautiful +Sunday, a day in which we of +course ordinarily did no work, when +the dinner-table had been well cleared +away, what should we see but old Bill +swinging forth with his sailor gait from +the house, and arrayed as jauntily as his +check shirt and pea-jacket (his only suit +of apparel at hand) would permit, to be +speedily followed by Mrs. Rose, who +with one set of finger-tips held up the +light folds of a sweetly blue lawn skirt, +and with the other bore aslant before +her a bewitching pink parasol. Undoubtedly +there was a great indulgence +in sly winks and suppressed titterings +on the part of such of us as chanced to +be witnesses of this at once festal and +sentimental sally; but the twain heeded +naught whatsoever of these manifestations, +but struck off along the snow-white +strand where the sea was droning its +hymn so lazily that it would have inevitably +put itself to sleep, if the fish-hawks +had not so continually disturbed it by +mischievously diving headlong into its +bosom. At last they returned again; +and we soon became aware that the +stroll had not been without great results +to both; since Mrs. Rose affected to be +laboring under a high degree of emotion, +and retired to the privacy of her apartment, +while old Bill was by no means +the dolorous swain of a few hours before, +but, making his way among us, with his +wide mouth stretching its best, proceeded +formally to shake hands with one and +all as though he had finally got back from +a long and arduous voyage; and then, +merrily calling for a certain brown jug +which was among our stores, removed +the corn-cob which served as a cork, +and having wetted his great heart with +a draught which I have no doubt measured +a full pint, fell, entirely regardless +of the day, to performing his most spirited +hoe-down, while the most of us looked +on with a mirth that knew no bounds.</p> + +<p>Yes, old Bill was now 'a happy man,' +Mrs. Rose could but accept such a suitor +as he, if but from the fact that; his ardor +and his pain were of the freshest complexion, +and of an amplitude fully proportioned +to that of his extraordinary +physical bulk. As we tendered him our +congratulations upon his happy state, he +received the courtesy with extreme complacency. +But, to tell the truth, those +who did thus congratulate him were but +few. Most of the men remained of their +old mind as to the proposed match; indeed, +I ere long found that they looked +upon it with less favor than ever. It +appeared that they had been inflamed +with a rumor that Mrs. Rose intended +to beguile her adorer to a foreign shore, +where a scion or two of her brilliant +house found happy sustenance; and that +nothing but evil could accrue from such +an act, was of course as clear as noonday. +Now, when I came to trace this +rumor to its source, I became apprised +that it owed its publicity to an old man + +of our number known by the nickname +of 'Mister,' who was remarkable for a +rare amount of credulity, self-conceit, +and obstinacy, and at the same time for +being the invariable butt of his company. +This wiseacre averred that he +had succeeded in wringing from Mrs. +Rose the confession that directly she and +old Bill were made man and wife, they +were to depart for Hatteras Inlet, on the +coast of North Carolina, where the lady +gay possessed 'relations;' and this narrative, +wofully muttered about among +our crew, and accompanied with a due +amount of sighs and head-shakings, had +depressed them most fearfully, not withstanding +the character of the narrator.</p> + +<p>The fact of the matter was, that most +of the men were actually desirous that +a betrothal, contracted directly in the +face of public opinion, and without the +smallest deference to anybody, as that of +old Bill and Mrs. Rose had been, should +come to some kind of grief or other, and +they were fain to believe that it would +do so. As for me, I was without true +concern on the subject, as I had ever +been. If it should indeed fall out that +old Bill was to take a trip to Hatteras +with his bride, I was convinced that he +would enjoy himself famously among the +great abundance of fish and game said +to abound in that place, and that in the +end he would return to us again, to rule +over us in greater splendor than ever; +as for his sweetheart or any of her like +doing him any actual injury, the idea +seemed so preposterous to me, that whenever +an opportunity presented itself I +did not fail to ridicule it to the utmost. +Still, in order to do my whole duty in +the matter, I hastened to impress old +Bill with the importance of his becoming +acquainted with the antecedents of +his lady-love, and thus saving himself +from the possibility of a misstep. But +this counsel did no farther good than to +bring a clouded brow to my dear old +friend, and so I did not persist in it. +Indeed, we communed together but little +more in any way; for very shortly +after he resigned his place as our 'boss,' +and left post-haste for the main-land. +Here, as was revealed to me in due season, +he amazed the neighborhood by incontinently +renting his farmstead to a +son with whom he had been on indifferent +terms for years; dispatching his +daughter, who had heretofore acted as +his housekeeper, off to a distant town +to become an apprentice to a milliner's +trade; and stowing his clothes and a +shot-bag of hard money which he was +known to possess into a sailor's chest, +with which, together with his gun and a +Methodist preacher, he again hurried off +for the asylum of his beloved. Arrived +once more in the witching presence, he +waited till evening (yet how he was +constrained so to do is more than I can +tell), and then, as we made it a duty to +be gathered about him once more, the +wedding took place.</p> + +<p>The occasion was one of such interest, +that the preacher could but make the +most of it. After the nuptial benediction +had been pronounced, he straightway +launched forth into a homily of +such graciousness and force, that but +few of us missed being forcibly wrought +upon, while Mrs. Rose was stirred apparently +to the depths of her being. +On the day succeeding the marriage, +our light-hearted Benedict abandoned +himself to another jollification. But the +next morning, a schooner headed in +towards the beach, and, slackening the +peaks of her sails, sent ashore a yawl, +whose crew saluted Mrs. Rose as an old +and familiar friend, and with whose apparition, +without the least regard as to +what shift we wreckers were to make, a +great packing was begun in the house. +Bedsteads were taken down, beds were +bundled up in sheets, crockery was thrust +away in barrels, and all borne one after +the other to the yawl, where the bride, +with her potent parasol full spread, and +pretending to shudder at the sight of the +gently heaving breakers through which +she was soon to pass, mincingly threw +herself in the thick of the luggage, and +old Bill mounted the stern, with his +huge palm extended for a good-by +shake. 'Good-by, old chap,' said I, as +I took his hand the last of all, 'good-by! + +You're not half mean enough to +stay away from us forever; so in the +meantime do your best to show the Hatteras +boys what a nice thing it is to be +somebody in the world!' And thus the +boat put off, and, reaching the schooner +in a few moments, was hoisted to her +decks. In a few moments more the +vessel had reset her sails, and, with a +free wind, bore straight to the southward +out of sight.</p> + +<p>Now comes the singular part of my +story. In a few weeks from the time of +their sailing, we heard that old Bill and +his wife had safely landed at Hatteras +Inlet, and rented a small house on one +of the beaches there, with the intention +of opening a kind of tavern; but no +sooner were they fairly settled in their +new abode than old Bill was found one +morning <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">dead in his bed</span>, with evident +signs of having met with foul play; +though what kind of death these indications +pointed at was very uncertain.</p> + +<p>The closest and shrewdest investigation +failed to attach a well-grounded +suspicion to any one. Poor Bill was +dead—and nothing more was ever +known. Singular enough, the conduct +of his widow was such as to entirely +avert even from her enemies hints of +complicity in the crime,—if crime there +was,—though none doubted that there +had been a murder, and that murder in +a few attendant circumstances seemed +to indicate female aid. Shortly after this +catastrophe, Madame Rose made 'a vendue' +of her deceased husband's gun and +apparel, packed up her own worldly +goods, and vanished, to be heard of no +more.</p> + +<p>And so our shore lost its best 'soundser'—a +man of mark in his way, great +of frame and heart, and one long to be +recalled in our humble annals of wrecking +and of sport. He was one of those +vigorous out-croppings of sturdy Northern +physique recalling in minute detail +the stories told of those giant children, +the Vikings and Goths of the fighting +ages, and which the blood, though as +healthy as ever,—witness the glorious +exploits of our soldiers even as I write,—produces +less frequently in these days +of culture. Such as I have described +was the character of Bill the Soundser, +and such was literally and truly his mysterious +death.</p> + +</div> + +<hr class="page"> + +<div> +<a name="toc_9"></a> +<h2>Columbia To Britannia.</h2> + +<p>VIA SHAKSPEARE.</p> + + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">Thou cold-blooded slave,</p> +<p class="l">Hast thou not spoke like thunder on my side?</p> + +<p class="l">Been sworn my soldier? bidding me depend</p> +<p class="l">Upon thy stars, thy fortune, and thy strength?</p> +<p class="l">And dost thou now fall over to my foes,</p> +<p class="l">And wear a lion's hide? Doff it for shame,</p> +<p class="l">And hang a calf's skin on those recreant limbs.</p> +</div> + +<p style="text-align: right">KING JOHN, III. 1.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="page"> + +<div> +<a name="toc_10"></a> + + +<h2>General Lyon.</h2> + + +<p>To-day all the Northland shouts for +joy, flashes its announcements of victory +along myriad leagues of wire, hurls +them from grim cannon mouths out over +broad bays till the seas tremble with +sympathy, huzzas in the streets, flames +in bonfires, would even clash the clouds +together and streak the heavens with +lightning—and for what? The flag +waves again in Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, +Arkansas, and the cause is safe! +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">The cause</span>—have we all learned what +that means, brother Americans? Something +broader than mere Union, the +pass-word of so many thousands to suffering +and death, something more than +the freedom of the press and the ballot-box. +It means Progress; and until we +acknowledge this, all freedom is a vast +injustice, luring men on to Beulahs which +Fate—the fate they worship—will never +have them reach. It would be little +enough to regain our foothold upon +Southern territory, or repossess Southern +forts, even if forts and territory have +been wrested from us by treason and perjury, +if with every mile of advance we +did not gain a stronghold of principle. +We are not straining every nerve, struggling +under immense financial burdens, +wrenching away tender household ties, +sacrificing cheerfully and eagerly private +interests, brilliant prospects, and +high hopes, only to prove that twenty +millions of men are physically stronger +than twelve. God forbid! This is no +latter-day Olympic game, whoso victors +are to be rewarded with the applause +of a party or a generation. All the +dead heroes and martyrs of the past will +crowd forward to offer their unheard +thanks; all the years to come will embalm +with blessings the memory of the +patriots who open the door to wide advancement, +prosperous growth, and high +activity of a universal intelligence.</p> + +<p>And among these brave men, whom +the world shall delight to honor, let our +deepest grief and our justest pride be +for LYON. We have given his honest +life too little notice;—this man whose +sincerity was equalled only by his zeal; +who, in a rarely surpassed spirit of self-abnegation, +was content to lie down and +die in the first heat of the great conflict, +and to leave behind for more favored +comrades the triumphal arches and rose-strewn +paths of victory. The world has +known no truer martyr than he who fell +at Wilson's Creek, August 10th, 1861.</p> + +<p>'The history of every man paints his +character,' says Goethe; and scanty and +imperfect as are the recorded details of +General Lyon's life, enough is known to +prove him to have been high-minded +and brave as a soldier, with a perseverance +and a penetration that analyzed at +once the platforms of contending factions, +and read in their elements the +principles which are to govern the future +of our nation.</p> + +<p>He came of the stout Knowlton stock +of Connecticut, a family of whom more +than one served England in the old +French war, and afterward distinguished +themselves against her in the Revolution. +We hear of the gallant Captain Knowlton +at Bunker Hill, throwing up, in default +of cotton, the breastwork of hay, +which proved such an efficient protection +to the provincials during the battle. +Once more he appears as colonel, at +Harlem Plains, rushing with his Rangers +('Congress' Own') upon the enemy on +the Plains, and, cut off shortly from retreat +by reinforcements, fighting bravely +between the foes before and their reserves +behind, and, falling at last, borne +away by sorrowing comrades, and buried +at sunset within the embankments. 'A +brave man,' wrote Washington, 'who +would have been an honor to any country.' + +With the memory of such a hero +engrafted upon his earliest childhood, +we can not wonder at the bent of the +boy Lyon's inclinations. 'Daring and + +resolute, and wonderfully attached to +his mother,' it is easy to imagine what +lessons of endurance and decision he +learned from her, whose just inheritance +was the stout-hearted patriotism that +had flowered into valorous deeds in her +kindred, and was destined to live again +in her son. It was, an ordinary childhood, +and a busy, uneventful youth, +passed for the most part in the old red +farm-house nestled between two rocky +hills near Eastport, where he was born. +In 1837 he entered the Military Academy +at West Point, and was a graduate, +with distinction, four years later. Of +the years immediately following, we have +little information; but we can fancy the +young soldier laying, in his obscurity, +the foundation for that practical military +knowledge which so eminently distinguished +his late brilliant career. During +his years of service in the Everglades +of Florida, and on our Western frontier, +he had ample opportunity to gain a thorough +insight into his profession.</p> + +<p>He first appears in the history of the +country in the Mexican war, is present +at the bombardment of Vera Cruz, +dashes after the enemy at Cerro Gordo, +capturing on the crest of the hill a battery +which he turns upon the discomfited +foe. At Contreras his command +proves as impenetrable as a phalanx of +Alexander; and when at last the victorious +Americans fight their way into Mexico, +the city of fabulous treasures and associations +well-nigh classical, for the first +time he receives a wound. He was breveted +captain for his gallantry at Cherubusco, +and at the end of the war received +the rank of full captain, and was ordered +with his regiment to California. No appointment +could have been more felicitous. +In the guerilla mode of warfare +demanded by the peculiar nature of the +country and its inhabitants, his habits of +quick decision, and the experience of a +war with an enemy equally unscrupulous +though less undisciplined, were absolutely +invaluable. Here was no scope +for the conception and excitation of +deep-laid schemes; the movements of the +enemy were too rapid. Plans that would +elsewhere have been matured only in +the process of a long campaign, were +here often originated and completed in +a single night. Simple strategy was +of more avail than the most intricate +display of military science, and the impulse +of a moment more to be relied upon +than the prudent forethought of a +month. He had to combat, in the newly-acquired +territory, the cunning of tribes +whose natural ferocity was sharpened +into vindictiveness by the encroachments +upon their soil of a new and +strange people; and every association +with the intruders, who were for the +most part men of little reputation and +less principle, had developed in the Indians +only the fiercest and most decided +animosity. To encounter their vigilance +with watchfulness as alert, to confound +their swift counsels with sudden alarm, +to penetrate their ambuscades and anticipate +their cunning with incessant activity, +to be, in short, ubiquitous, was +the duty of Captain Lyon.</p> + +<p>After years spent in the uncertain +tactics of this half barbaric warfare, he +was removed, in the height of political +strife in Kansas, to its very centre. +Here, while comparatively free from the +wearisome requirements of active service +such as had been demanded in California, +and at a time when events the +most portentous proved clearly to the +great minds of the country the advance +of a political crisis whose consequences +must be most important, involving—should +deep-laid conspiracy be successful—the +bankruptcy of principle and +that high-handed outrage, the triumph, +of a minority,—Captain Lyon had full +liberty and abundant opportunity to settle +for himself the great questions mooted +in the Missouri Compromises, the Lecompton +Constitutions and the Dred +Scott decisions of the day. To a mind +unprejudiced, except as the honest impulses +of every honest man's heart are +always prejudiced in favor of the right, +there was but a single decision. Disgusted +with the heartless policy which +democracy had for so many years pursued, +and which now threatened to culminate + +either in its utter degradation at +the North, or in the establishment in the +South of an oligarchy which would annihilate +all free action and suppress all free +opinion, he severed his connection with +that party,—a step to which he was +also impelled by the injustice that was +then seeking to force upon the people +of Kansas an institution which they condemned +as unproductive and expensive, +to say nothing of their moral repugnance +to the very A B C of its principles. +It was at this time that Captain +Lyon contributed to the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Manhattan Express</span>, +a weekly journal of the neighborhood, +a series of papers in which he took +an earnest, manly and decided stand in +favor of the principles which his thoughtful +mind recognized as alone 'reliable,' + +and harmonious with the grand design +and end of the great Republic of the +West. To these articles we shall hereafter +refer, at present hastening through +the career, so striking and so sad, which +a few brief months cut short, leaving +only the memory of General Lyon as a +legacy to the country his single aim and +wise counsels would have saved.</p> + +<p>The guns of Fort Sumter had flashed +along our coast an appeal whose force +no words can ever compute. The days +had been busy with the assembling of +armies, the nights restless with their solemn +marches, and forge and factory +rang with the strokes of the hammer +and the whirr of flying shafts, whose +echoes seemed measured to the air of +some new Marseillaise. From our homes +rushed forth sons, husbands, brothers, +fathers, followed by the prayers and +blessings of dear women, who yielded +them early but willingly to their country. +And while regiments clustered +along the Potomac, and Washington lay +entrenched behind white lines of tents, +we find our soldier, fresh from Kansas +strifes, in command of the United States +Arsenal at St. Louis; and to his prompt +action and decided measures at this important +juncture the early success of the +Union cause in Missouri is to be attributed. +For a time St. Louis was the theatre +of action. The police commissioners, +backed by Governor and Legislature, +in the demanded the removal of the Union +troops from the grounds of the arsenal, +claiming it as the exclusive property of +the State, and asserting that the authority +usurped by the general government +as but a partial sovereignty, and limited +to the occupation, for purposes exclusively +military, of the certain tracts of +land now pending in this novel court of +chancery. This highly enigmatical exposition +of State rights, pompous and inflated +though it was, failed to convince +or convert Captain Lyon, who, being +unable to detect, in his occupancy of the +arsenal, any exaggeration of the rights +vested by the Constitution in the general +government, declined to abandon his +post, and proceeded to call out the Home +Guard, then awaiting the arrival of General +Harney, and temporarily under his +command. His little army of ten thousand +men was then drawn up upon the +heights commanding Camp Jackson, then +occupied by the Missouri militia under +Col. Frost, whoso command had been +increased by the addition of numerous +individuals of avowed secession principles. +Uninfluenced by the reception of +a note from this officer asserting his integrity +and his purpose to defend the +property of the United States, and disavowing +all intention hostile to the force +at the arsenal, Captain Lyon replied +by a peremptory summons for an unconditional +surrender. He found it incredible +that a body assembled at the instigation +of a traitorous governor, and +acting under his instructions and according +to the 'unparalleled legislation' of a +traitorous legislature, receiving under +the flag of the Confederate States munitions +of war but lately the acknowledged +property of the general government, +could have any other than the +as most unfriendly designs upon its enemies. +The force of Camp Jackson (which +notwithstanding its professed character, +boasted its streets Beauregard and Davis) +being numerically inferior, and perhaps +not entirely prepared to do battle +for a cause whose legitimacy must still +have been a question with many of + +them, decided, after a council of war, +to comply with the demands of Capt. +Lyon, and became his prisoners. A few +days afterward General Harney arrived, +and Captain Lyon was elected Brigadier +General by the 1st Brigade Missouri +Volunteers.</p> + +<p>Convinced of the imminence of the +crisis and the peril of delay, Gen. Lyon +immediately commenced active operations +against the secessionists at Potosi, +and ordered the seizure of the steamer +which had supplied the offensive army +with material of war from the United +States property at Baton Rouge. In +the meantime, Gen. Harney, with a +culpable blindness, had made an extraordinary +arrangement with Gen. Price, +by which he pledged himself to desist +from military movements so long as the +command of Gen. Price was able to preserve +order in the State. Upon his removal +by the authorities at Washington, +nine days later, Gen. Lyon was left in +command of the department. At this +time the rebel general took occasion, in +a proclamation to the people of Missouri, +to feel assured that 'the successor of Gen. +Harney would certainly consider himself +and his government in honor bound +to carry out this agreement (the Harney-Price) +in good faith.' But his assurance +was without foundation. The +temper of the new commander had been +tried in the Camp Jackson affair, and an +interview between Price, Jackson and +other prominent secessionists and Gen. +Lyon, resulted, after a few hours' consultation, +in the declaration of the Union +general that the authority of his government +would be upheld at any cost and +its property protected at all hazards. +Three days later, Jackson fled to Booneville, +fearing an attack upon Jefferson +City, which was immediately occupied +by Gen. Lyon, who was received with +acclamation by the citizens. Unwilling +to grant by delay what he had refused to +an underhand diplomacy,—opportunity +to the enemy to possess the government +property, or entrench themselves strongly +in their new quarters,—the general, +with characteristic promptness, ordered +an advance upon Booneville. The rebel +force was stationed above Rockport, but +retreated, after a skirmish which did not +assume the proportions of a battle; and +the Union army, two thousand strong, +entered the town, where the national +colors and the welcomes of the inhabitants +testified their joy at the change.</p> + +<p>The army of General Lyon, amounting +at one time to ten thousand, had +decreased by the first of August—the +term of enlistment of many of the soldiers +having expired—to six thousand; +and it was with this number that, having +swept the south-west, and believing +the enemy intended to attack him at +Springfield, he advanced to meet them +at Dug Springs. The army of the enemy +was larger and their position a +strong one, but they were unable to hold +it, and, after a sharp skirmish, fled in disorder, +while Gen. Lyon continued his +march toward Springfield. His situation +had now become a critical one. +The reinforcements for which he had telegraphed +in vain, and in vain sent messengers +to entreat from the chief of the +department, Gen. Fremont, then in St. +Louis, did not arrive. His army was +subsisting on half rations, and wearied +with exhausting marches over the uneven +country in the extreme heat of +midsummer. And now, for the first time, +hope seemed to desert the general. Under +his direction the cause had hitherto +triumphed in Missouri. Now, with zeal +unabated and courage unflinching, he +must fall before the enemy he had so +successfully opposed, or retreat where retreat +was disaster, disgrace, and defeat. +No wonder that, as from day to day he +looked for the expected aid as men in +drought for the clouds that are to bless +them, he grew restless and perplexed +and despairing; no wonder that the face +that had never before worn the lines of +indecision, should now lose its accustomed +cheerfulness and glance of calm purpose, +and challenge sympathy and pity for the +heart that had never before asked more +than admiration and respect. He felt +that the hour had its demands, and that +they must be met. Action, even in the + +face of disaster, was less a defeat than +an inglorious retirement. The public, +surely unaware of the fearful odds against +him, clamored for an engagement; the +State expected it of its hero; the government +awaited it, and with a brave +heart, but no hope, Gen. Lyon prepared +for the attack. The result all the world +knows. Was it a victory where the conquerors +were obliged to retire from the +field, and carry out their wounded under +a flag of truce? Was it a defeat +where the enemy had been thrice repulsed, +once driven from the ground, +had burned their baggage train, and +made no pursuit of the retreating army?</p> + +<p>But most mournful are those last moments +of the faithful soldier's life; most +solemn those last tones of his voice as +his orders rang out on that misty morning +amid the smoke and shouts of the +battle-field. He stands here bare-headed, +the blood streaming from two wounds +which he does not heed, the cloud of +perplexity settling over his face like a +pall, his troubled eyes fixed upon the +enemy. He turns to head a regiment +which has lost its colonel—"Forward! +men; I will lead you!" A moment, and +he lies there: no more striving for victory +here; no more anxious hours of weary +watching for the succor that never +came; no more goadings from an exacting +public, nor any more appeals to an +unheeding chief. Even the triumphant +hush of life could not smooth out those +lines cut by unwonted care upon his +face, or answer the mute questioning of +that painful indecision there. So from +the West they brought him, by solemn +marches, to the East, and colors hung at +half-mast, and bells were tolled as the +flag-draped hero was borne slowly by. +And to the music of tender dirges, he, +whose whole life had been, inspired by +the whistling of fifes and rolling of drums, +was laid to rest. A handful of clods falling +upon his breast, their hollow sound +never thrilling the mother heart that lay +again so near her son's, a volley fired +over the grave, and all was over. Of all +the brave men gone, no fate has seemed +to us so sad. Winthrop, young and ardent, +with the tide of great thoughts rashing +in upon his princely heart, died in +the flush of hope with the fresh enthusiasm +of poetry and undimmed patriotism +shining in his eyes, and we laid our soldier +to sleep under the violets. Ellsworth +fell forward with the captured flag +of treason in his hand, and the whole +nation cheering him on in his early sally +upon the 'sacred' Virginia soil. Brave +and honorable, with fine powers cultured +by study and earnest thought, death +took from him no portion of the fame +life would have awarded him. Baker +rode into the jaws of death in that fatal +autumn blunder; but the ignominy of defeat +rested upon other shoulders. His +only to obey, even while 'all the world +wondered.' But he did not fall before +the honor of a country's admiration and +the meed of her grateful thanks were +his. Soldier, orator and statesman, he +had gained in a brilliant career a glory +earned by few, and could well afford to +die, assured of a memory justified from +all reproach. But to Lyon, whom there +were so few to mourn, death in the +midst of anticipated defeat was bitter +indeed. No time to retrieve the losses +and disasters the cruel remissness of others +had entailed upon him; the fruit of +the anxious toil of months wrested from +him even as it began to ripen; all his glad +hopes chilled by suspicion, but his faith, +we may well believe, still strong in the +ultimate success of the cause he loved. +A whole life he had given to his country, +and she had not thought it worth +while to redeem it from disgrace with the +few thousands that he asked. He had outlived +the elasticity of youth, when wrongs +are quickly remedied, and new impulses +spring, like phoenixes, from the ashes of +the old. Uncertain whether he were +the victim of a conspiracy, the tool of +a faction, or the martyr to some unknown +theory, he died, and as the country had +been to him wife and children, he left +her his all.</p> + +<p>It was known to but few that the +soldier, whose career had been rather +useful than brilliant, had, when the +scheming of politicians and their doubly-refined + +arguments threatened to deceive +and ruin the country, put by his sword +and taken up the pen. In a series of articles, +short, concise, and to the point, he +effectually canvassed the State. They +are addressed to thinking men everywhere. +Free from all trickery, strictly +impartial, relying entirely upon the +soundness of his premises for success,—for +elegance of diction he had not, and +he was too honest even to become a sophist,—these +papers manifest at once the +true patriot and the intelligent man. +Thousands of adherents the Republican +cause had in 1860, but not one more indefatigable +or more heartily in earnest +than Lyon. Outside the limits of party +interests, and uninfluenced personally by +the predominance of either faction, he +had worked out in his own way the problem +of national life, and now spread its +solution before his readers. 'Our cause,' +said he, 'is to honor labor and elevate +the laborer.' Here we have the kernel +of the whole matter; the spirit, if not the +letter, of the whole republican system of +government. The secret that philosophers +have elaborated from the unconquerable +facts of physics, ethics, and +psychology, that men of genius have +evolved with infinite difficulty from the +mass of crude aesthetic associations that +cluster around every object of nature or +of art, Lyon, working and thinking alone +as a citizen, has discovered, with the +sole aid of common sense and the habit +of practical observation. Carey and +Godwin have proved by statistics for +unbelievers the reasonableness of the +doctrine enunciated by Lyon. Now, +thanks to the untiring efforts of a few +stout-hearted patriots, it is no new one +to the North; but in the late presidential +contest it was a strange weapon glittering +in strong hands. Our society, diluted +and weakened by the Southern element, +revolted at first from the creed +that is to prove its salvation. Not alone +in our border States had the dragon crept, +searing our fair institutions with his hot +breath, but even upon the sturdy old +Puritan stock were engrafted many of the +petty notions that pass for 'principles' +in Dixie. True, we were educated, all +of us, into a sort of decent regard for +the good old element of labor,—we call +it industry,—more antique, since antiquity +is a virtue, than aristocracy, for it +began in Paradise. But this was a feature +of our Northern character that was +to be hurried out of sight, ignominiously +buried without candle or bell, when +the giant of Southern chivalry stalked +across our borders. The bravado and +gentlemanly ruffianism of youthful F.F.V-ism +at college, and the supercilious condescension +of incipient Southern belledom +in the seminary, impressed young +North America with a respect that was +indeed unacknowledged, but that grew +with its growth and strengthened with +its strength. But this mock romance of +ancestry, this arrogant assumption by +the South of all the social virtues and +courtesies of which the nation, or indeed +the universe, could boast, was like the +flash of an expiring candle to Lyon. He +had little to do with first families North +or South; his mission was to the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">people</span>. +His practical mind gathered in, sheaf +after sheaf, a whole harvest of political +facts. He saw that the government of +the United States, originally intended +to be administered by the people, had +been for years in the power of the minority. +Against this perversion of the +purpose of the founders of the republic, +this outrage to the memory of men who +labored for its defense and welfare, he +entered his earnest protest. The shallow +effort of the Democratic party to +establish upon constitutional grounds the +monstrous phantom of justice they called +government, was met by his hearty indignation. +He says, 'With the artfulness +of a deity and the presumption of a +fiend, our own Constitution is perversely +claimed by the Democracy as the ægis +for the establishment of a slave autocracy +over our country.'</p> + +<p>No element more fatal to our growth +or freedom could Lyon conceive than +this slave autocracy. It sapped the +very foundations of republicanism, and, +stealthily advancing to the extreme limits +of the law, enjoyed the confidence of + +the people, while it plotted their subjugation. +All the varied machinery of the +new social system, falsely styled government, +had for its object the extinction +of individual rights and the deification +of capital. Church and state united in +the unholy effort to Crush the masses, +and intriguing politicians, by dint of dazzling +rhetoric and plausible promises, +lured the people on to secure their own +downfall at the polls. The only remedy +for this Lyon saw in the elevation of +the masses. 'It is the greatest political +revolution yet to be effected,' he says, +'to bring the laboring man to know that +honest industry is the highest of merits, +and should be awarded the highest +honor; and, properly pursued, contributes +to his intelligence and morality, +and to the virtues needed for official +station.' 'The calamity,' says an eminent +writer from his far Platonean +heights, 'is the masses;' but liberty is a +new religion that is to sweep over the +world and regenerate them. And to +this end Lyon boldly advocated emancipation +for the sake of the white man. +If to-day, when patriotism is at a premium, +men tremble before the acknowledged +necessity of this measure, and are +either too cowardly or too indolent to +meet the demands of the times, it required +no little boldness in 1860 to advance +a theory so decided, even in a +Kansas newspaper. But Lyon knew +the inefficiency of half-way measures, +and the moral degradation they inevitably +entail upon the community so weak +or so deluded as to adopt them. The +hue and cry of abolitionism did not disturb +him; he was not afraid of names. +Conservatism that sat in state at Washington, +and pulled the wires all over the +country,—a tremendous power, none +the less fearful in that it was only a galvanized +one,—was a dead letter to +him, its dignity departed with the age +that had demanded it. Conservatism +would have resented no impositions, established +no new landmarks, asserted +no independence; would carry its mails +on horseback, creep over the ocean in +schooners, fight by sea in piked brigantines, +and by land with spear and battle-axe; +it would have emancipated no +slaves in Great Britain and France, and +no serfs in Russia. But if freedom means +anything, it means <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Progress</span>,—liberty +to advance, never to retrograde. 'Nothing +in the world will ever go backward,' + +said the old lizard to Heine. All the +authority of a new Areopagus could +never sanction that; and yet this liberty +the South claims, nay, has already acted +upon, so that the world may see the result +of the experiment, and against its +continuance Lyon protests. In the long +silent years of preparation for the fray +he has nursed strange thoughts on the +ultimate destiny of man. He has seen +in dreams, prophetic of a mighty accomplishment, +his country growing great, +and vigorous, and powerful, extending +to struggling humanity everywhere the +protection of her friendship, building up +noble institutions, encouraging science +and the useful arts, and leading the van +in the world's great millennial march; +and this not through any miraculous interposition +of Providence, but by means +of an exalted intelligence and the power +of thought stimulating to action, and that +of the noblest kind.</p> + +<p>But you argue the unfitness of the +masses for this destiny. Lyon answers,—not +in any musically-rounded sentences, +in phrases nicely balanced; the +man is plain and outspoken,—'This is a +truth of philosophy and political economy, +that man rises to a condition corresponding +to the rights, duties and responsibilities +devolved upon him; and +therefore the only true way to make a +man is to invest him with the rights, duties +and responsibilities of a man, and +he generally rises in intellectual and +moral greatness to a position corresponding +to these circumstances.' It is a mistake +to suppose the great body of the +people ignorant of their position, or unconscious +of their growing importance +and dignity as representatives of a +mighty empire. Vice and poverty have +indeed well-nigh quenched humanity in + +thousands in our great cities, but these +are but a drop in the ocean. Behind +lies our vast West, with its teeming +population, sturdy, active and energetic. +All our mountain districts are alive with +men who, thanks to the press, are beginning +to feel their power. Every advantage +of physical development their hardy +life gives them, and the growing consciousness +and comprehension of freedom, +blooming under a munificent free-school +dispensation, will do the rest. +Our internal manufacturing and agricultural +elements at the North, already +powerful and irrepressible, will soon exercise +a tremendous influence in our +government. Shall it be the influence +of ignorance played upon by the sophistry +of demagogues and helping to rebuild +the vicious doctrines that have +stood firmly for so many years, or the +healthful influence of intelligent industry +tending to our greatness and prosperity? +This our war is to decide. +No peaceful solution of the great question +could be made. This Lyon foresaw +in the truckling of politicians North to +win the unit of Southern political sympathy: +the main end and aim of the +South being the appointment of Southern +men to the Presidency, 'as security +on the one hand against unfavorable +executive action toward slavery, and on +the other against executive patronage +adverse to its interests, the democratic +party North succeeded, by trimming +party sails and decking party leaders, +in suiting their fastidious Southern leaders.' +The question once at issue, even +a peaceful separation was impossible, +though an amendment of the Constitution +should sanction it. War was inevitable. +The great bugbear of slavery +would still exist; fugitive slave laws be +forever upon the political carpet; formidable +jealousies spring up between two +nations founded upon such diverse principles, +yet united by very natural circumstance +of language and climate; internal +wrangling would destroy all unity, +conspiracies give the death-blow to all +prosperity and all hope of advancement. +All this if there were no great party at +the North to rise upon the vast ground +of humanity, claiming for its millions +the privilege of an unfettered life, for +its children a fair start in the future. +Only one remedy Lyon knew, and he +stood there, the early apostle of Emancipation, +and preached it. His doctrine +was not accepted then, it is not accepted +now; but the time must come, when +millions shall have been expended, and +blood shall have flowed like water only +to delay it, when we will fly to it for salvation. +Let those who still cry 'Peace, +peace,' when there is no peace, learn +what is to be its price—Emancipation. +It will be a bitter draught; well, so was +the independence of her colonies to England. +And every day makes it more bitter; +the gall in the cup rises to the brim; +a few more months and it will overflow; +the people will take the matter into their +own hands and legislate slavery into the +swamps of Florida.</p> + +<p>It is a lame and blind philanthropy +that cries for a respite. 'A little more +sleep, a little more slumber. After us +the deluge.' And meanwhile the damnable +lies gain ground, and a new generation +is lost to its due development. +Have we yet to learn that we are no +longer individuals, but parts of a mighty +nation, and responsible in some sort, +every one, women and men, for its destiny? +Poland has learned this lesson. +Her eyes are upon us now. Shall she, +still struggling, find that blood and treasure, +and all the thousand dear blessings +of peace, have been sacrificed in vain? +If you cry 'War is an evil!' we grant +it; but is it reserved for the nineteenth +century to discover a creed for which +there shall be no martyrs? What great +gift has the world ever won that was +not bought with blood? When has independence +of action or thought been +purchased otherwise than at the cost of +persecution,—more revolution? Then +let us not slander revolutions. They are +the throes of nature undergoing her purification; +if it is as by fire, oh! let us +have courage and stand beside her in + +her hour of trial. St. George will not +fight forever; the dragon of oppression is +dying.</p> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">'Yes, although so slowly, he <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">is</span> dying;</p> + +<p class="l">Many thousand years have fled in darkness,</p> +<p class="l">Since the sword first cut his scaly armor,</p> +<p class="l">And the red wound roused him into madness;</p> +<p class="l">But the good knight is of race immortal,</p> +<p class="l">Ever young, and passionate and fearless;</p> +<p class="l">And the strength which oozes from the dragon,</p> +<p class="l">Blooms reviving in the glorious warrior.'</p> +</div> + +<p>And, after all, the demon of war is not +so black as we have painted him. We +do not shudder to-day as we read of the +siege of Troy or the downfall of Carthage, +or the Romance of the Cid. The +song of Deborah, 'of the avenging of +Israel <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">when the people willingly offered +themselves</span>,' is one glorious burst of praise +to God and gratitude to the martyrs. +There was war in heaven when ambition +was cast out:—what quiet pastoral +appeals to our noblest impulses as Paradise +Lost does? Wisely and well speaks +the English clergyman when he says:—</p> + +<p>'But the truth is that here, as elsewhere, +poetry has reached the truth, +while science and common sense have +missed it. It has distinguished—as, in +spite of all mercenary and feeble sophistry, +men ever will distinguish—war +from mere bloodshed. It has discerned +the higher feelings which lie beneath its +revolting features. Carnage is terrible. +The conversion of producers into destroyers +is a calamity. Death, and insults +to women worse than death—and +human features obliterated beneath the +hoof of the war-horse—and reeking +hospitals, and ruined commerce, and violated +homes, and broken hearts—they +are all awful. But there is something +worse than death: cowardice is worse. +And the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">decay of enthusiasm and manliness +is worse</span>. And it is worse than +death, aye, worse than one hundred +thousand deaths, when a people has +gravitated down into the creed, that the +"wealth of nations" consists, not in generous +hearts, "fire in each breast, and +freedom on each brow," in national virtues, +and primitive simplicity, and heroic +endurance, and preference of duty to +life—not in <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">men</span>, but in silk and <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">cotton</span>, +and something that they call "capital." +Peace is blessed—peace arising out of +charity. But peace springing out of the +calculations of selfishness is not blessed. +If the price to be paid for peace is this, +that wealth accumulate and men decay, +better far that every street, in every +town of our once noble country, should +run blood.'<a href="#note_11"><span class="footnoteref">11</span></a></p> + +<p>As we write, every telegram proves +the vaunted unity of the South a sham, +a visionary political bugbear, no longer +strong or hideous enough to frighten +the most inveterate conservative dough-face. +But a few victories do not end +the war; still earnestness and effort and +sacrifice, for the sick man of America +will fight even when his 'brains are out.' +Not until we have proved to Breckenridge, +the traitor, that we are not 'fighting +for principles that three-fourths of +us abhor,' and that the Union is not only +'a means of preserving the principles +of political liberty,' but that in it is irrevocably +bound up every living principle +of all liberty, social, religious and individual; +that in its shelter only we have +security against wrong at home and insult +from abroad; not until Emancipation +has instituted a new order of things +in society as well as in politics, will the +death of the out-spoken patriot and +brave man, Lyon, be avenged, and the +Struggle be at an end. 'Genius is patient,' +but patience has had her perfect +work, and the days of Rebellion are +numbered. On with the crusade!</p> +</div> + +<hr class="page"> + +<div> +<a name="toc_11"></a> +<h2>Maccaroni And Canvas.</h2> + + +<p>II.</p> + +<p>The voice of Rome is baritone, always +excepting that of the Roman locomotive,—the +donkey,—which is deep +bass, and comes tearing and braying +along at times when it might well be +spared. In the still night season, wandering +among the moonlit ruins of the +Coliseum, while you pause and gaze upon +the rising tiers of crumbling stone +above you, memory retraces all you have +read of the old Roman days: the forms +of the world-conquerors once more people +the deserted ruin; the clash of ringing +steel; hot, fiery sunlight; thin, trembling +veil of dust pierced by the glaring +eyes of dying gladiators; red-spouting +blood; screams of the mangled martyrs +torn by Numidian lions; moans of the +dying; fierce shouts of exultation from +the living; smiles from gold-banded girls +in flowing robes, with floating hair, flower-crowned, +and perfumed; the hum of +thrice thirty thousand voices hushed +to a whisper as the combat hangs on an +uplifted sword; the—</p> + +<p>Aw-waw-WAUN-ik! WAW-NIK! +WAUN-KI-w-a-w-n! comes like blatant +fish-horn over the silent air, and your +dream of the Coliseum ends ignominiously +with this nineteenth-century song +of a jackass.</p> + +<p>At night you will hear the shrill cry +of the screech-owl sounding down the silent +streets in the most thickly-populated +parts of the city. Or you will perhaps +be aroused from sleep, as Caper often +was, by the long-drawn-out cadences of +some countryman singing a <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">rondinella</span> +as he staggers along the street, fresh +from a wine-house. Nothing can be +more melancholy than the concluding +part of each verse in these rondinellas, +the voice being allowed to drop from +one note to another, as a man falling +from the roof of a very high house may +catch at some projection, hold on for a +time, grow weak, loose his hold, fall, +catch again, hold on for a minute, and +at last fall flat on the pavement, used +up, and down as low as he can reach.</p> + +<p>But the street-cries of this city are +countless; from the man who brings +round the daily broccoli to the one who +has a wild boar for sale, not one but is +determined that you shall hear all about +it. Far down a narrow street you listen +to a long-drawn, melancholy howl—the +voice as of one hired to cry in the most +mournful tones for whole generations of +old pagan Romans who died unconverted; +poor devils who worshiped wine +and women, and knew nothing better +in this world. And who is their mourner? +A great, brawny, tawny, steeple-crowned +hat, blue-breeched, two-fisted +fish-huckster; and he is trying to sell, +by yelling as if his heart would break, a +basket of fish not so long as your finger. +If he cries so over anchovies, what would +he do if he had a whale for sale?</p> + +<p>Another <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">primo basso profundo</span> trolls +off a wheelbarrow and a fearful cry at +the same time; not in unison with his +merchandise, for he has birds—quail, +woodcock, and snipe—for sale, besides +a string of dead nightingales, which he +says he will 'sell cheap for a nice stew.' + +Think of stewed nightingales! One +would as soon think of eating a boiled +Cremona violin.</p> + +<p>But out of the way! Here comes, +blocking up the narrow street, a <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">contadino</span>, +a countryman from the Campagna. +His square wooden cart is drawn by a +donkey about the size of, and resembling, +save ears, a singed Newfoundland +dog; his voice, strong for a vegetarian,—for +he sells onions and broccoli, celery +and tomatoes, <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">finocchio</span> and mushrooms,—is +like tearing a firm rag: how long +can it last, subjected to such use?</p> + +<p>It is in the game and meat market, +near the Pantheon, that you can more +fully become acquainted with the street + +cries of Rome; but the Piazza Navona +excels even this. Passing along there +one morning, Caper heard such an extraordinary +piece of vocalization, sounding +like a Sioux war-whoop with its back +broken, that he stopped to see what it +was all about. There stood a butcher +who had exposed for sale seven small +stuck pigs, all one litter; and if they +had been his own children, and died +heretics, he could not have howled over +them in a more heart-rending manner.</p> + +<p>About sunrise, and even before it,—for +the Romans are early risers,—you +will hear in spring-time a sharp ringing +voice under your window, '<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Acqua chetosa! +Acqua, chetosa!</span>' an abridgment +of <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">acque accetosa</span>, or water from the +fountain of Accetosa, considered a good +aperient, and which is drank before +breakfast. Also a voice crying out, + +'<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Acqua-vi-ta!</span>' or spirits, drank by the +workmen and others at an expense of +a baioccho or two the table-spoonful, +for that is all the small glasses hold. +In the early morning, too, you hear the +chattering jackdaws on the roofs; and +then, more distinctly than later in the +day, the clocks striking their odd way. +The Roman clocks ring from one to six +strokes four times during the twenty-four +hours, and not from one to twelve strokes, +as with us. Sunset is twenty-four o'clock, +and is noted by six strokes; an hour after +sunset is one o'clock, and is noted by +one stroke; and so on until six hours +after, when it begins striking one again. +As the quarter hours are also rung by +the clocks, if you happen to be near one +you will have a fine chance to get in a +muddle trying to separate quarters from +hours, and Roman time from your own. +Another noise comes from the game +of <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">morra</span>. Caper was looking out of his +window one morning, pipe in mouth, +when he saw two men suddenly face +each other, one of them bringing his +arm down very quickly, when the other +yelled as if kicked, '<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Dué!</span>' (two), and +the first shouted at the top of his lungs, +'<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Tre!</span>' (three). Then they both went +at it, pumping their hands up and down +and spreading their fingers with a quickness +which was astonishing, while all +the time they kept screaming, 'One!' +'Four!' 'Three!' 'Two!' 'Five!' etc., +etc. 'Ha!' said Caper, 'this is something +like; 'tis an arithmetical, mathematical, +etcetrical school in the open air. +The dirtiest one is very quick; he will +learn to count five in no time. But I +don't see the necessity of saying "three" +when the other brings down four fingers, +or saying "five" when he shows two. +But I suppose it is all right; he hasn't +learned to give the right names yet.' + +He learned later that they were gambling.</p> + +<p>While these men were shouting, there +came along an ugly old woman with a +tambourine and a one-legged man with +a guitar, and seeing prey in the shape +of Caper at his window, they pounced +on him, as it were, and poured forth the +most ear-rending discord; the old lady +singing, the old gentleman backing up +against a wall and scratching at an accompaniment +on a jangling old guitar. +The old lady had a bandana handkerchief +tied over her head, and whilst she +watched Caper she cast glances up and +down the street, to see if some rich stranger, +or <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">milordo</span>, was not coming to throw +her a piece of silver.</p> + +<p>'What are you howling about?' shouted +Caper down to her.</p> + +<p>'A new Neapolitan canzonetta, signore; +all about a young man who grieves +for his sweetheart, because he thinks +she is not true to him, and what he says +to her in a serenade.' And here she +screechingly sung,—</p> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">But do not rage, I beg, my dear;</p> +<p class="l">I want you for my wife,</p> +<p class="l">And morning, noon, and night likewise,</p> +<p class="l">I'll love you like my life.</p> +</div> + +<p>CHORUS.</p> + +<div class="lg"> + +<p class="l">I only want to get a word,</p> +<p class="l">My charming girl, from thee.</p> +<p class="l">You know, Ninella, I can't breathe,</p> +<p class="l">Unless your heart's for me!</p> +</div> + +<p>'Well,' said Caper, 'if this is Italian +music, I don't <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">see</span> it.'</p> + +<p>The one-legged old gentleman clawed +away at the strings of the guitar.</p> + +<p>'I say,'<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">llustrissimo</span>,' shouted Caper + +down to him, 'what kind of strings are +those on your instrument?'</p> + +<p>'<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Excellenza</span>, catgut,' he shouted, in +answer.</p> + +<p>'<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Benissimo!</span> I prefer cats in the original +packages. There's a <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">paolo</span>: travel!'</p> + +<p>Caper had the misfortune to make the +acquaintance of a professor of the mandolin, +a wire-strung instrument, resembling +a long-necked squash cut in two, +to be played on with a quill, and which, +with a guitar and violin, makes a concert +that thrills you to the bones and +cuts the nerves away.</p> + +<p>But the crowning glory of all that is +ear-rending and peace-destroying, is +carried around by the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Pifferari</span> about +Christmas time. It is a hog-skin, filled +with wind, having pipes at one end, and +a jackass at the other, and is known in +some lands as the bagpipe. The small +shrines to the Virgin, particularly those +in the streets where the wealthy English +reside, are played upon assiduously by +the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">pifferari</span>, who are supposed by romantic +travelers to come from the far-away +Abbruzzi Mountains, and make a +pilgrimage to the Eternal City to fulfil a +vow to certain saints; whereas it is sundry +cents they are really after. They are for +the most part artists' models, who at this +season of the year get themselves up <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">à +la pifferari</span>, or piper, to prey on the romantic +susceptibilities and pockets of +the strangers in Rome, and, with a pair +of long-haired goat-skin breeches, a +sheepskin coat, brown rags, and sandals, +or <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">cioccie</span>, with a shocking bad conical +black or brown hat, in which are +stuck peacock's or cock's feathers, they +are ready equipped to attack the shrines +and the strangers.</p> + +<p>Unfortunately for Caper there was a +shrine to the Virgin in the second-story +front of the house next to where he +lived; that is, unfortunately for his musical +ear, for the lamp that burned in +front of the shrine every dark night was +a shining and pious light to guide him +home, and thus, ordinarily, a very fortunate +arrangement. In the third-story +front room of the house of the shrine +dwelt a Scotch artist named MacGuilp, +who was a grand amateur of these +pipes, and who declared that no sound in +the world was so sweet to his ear as the +bagpipes: they recalled the heather, +haggis, and the Lothians, and the mountain +dew, ye ken, and all those sorts of +things.</p> + +<p>One morning at breakfast in the Café +Greco he discoursed at length about the +pleasure the pifferari gave him; while +Caper, taking an opposite view, said +they had, during the last few days, +driven him nearly crazy, and he wished +the squealing hog-skins well out of town.</p> + +<p>MacGuilp told him he had a poor ear +for music: that there was a charm about +the bagpipes unequalled even by the +unique voices of the Sistine Chapel; +and there was nothing he would like +better than to have all the pipers of +Rome under his windows.</p> + +<p>Caper remembered this last rash +speech of Master MacGuilp, and determined +at an early hour to test its truth. +It happened, the very next morning at +breakfast, that MacGuilp, in a triumphant +manner, told him that he had received +a promise of a visit from the Duchess +of ——, with several other titled +English; and said he had not a doubt of +selling several paintings to them. MacGuilp's +style was of the blood-and-thunder +school: red dawns, murdered kings, +blood-stained heather, and Scotch plaids, +the very kind that should be shown to +the sweet strainings of hog-skin bagpipes.</p> + +<p>In conversation Caper found out the +hour at which the duchess intended to +make her visit. He made his preparations +accordingly. Accompanied by +Rocjean, he visited Gigi, who kept a costume +and life school of models, found out +where the pipers drank most wine, and +going there and up the Via Fratina and +down the Spanish Steps, managed to +find them, and arranged it so that at +the time the duchess was viewing MacGuilp's +paintings, he should have the +full benefit of a serenade from all the +pifferari in Rome.</p> + +<p>The next morning Caper, pipe in +mouth, at his window, saw the carriage + +of the duchess drive up, and from it the +noble English dismount and ascend to +the artist's studio. The carriage had +hardly driven away when up came two +of the pipers, and happening to cast +their eyes up they saw Caper, who +hailed them and told them not to begin +playing until the others arrived. In a +few moments six of the hog-skin squeezers +stood ready to begin their infernal +squawking.</p> + +<p>'Go ahead!' shouted Caper, throwing +a handful of <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">baiocchi</span> among them; and +as soon as these were gathered up, the +pipers gave one awful, heart-chilling +blast, and the concert was fairly commenced. +Squealing, shrieking, grunting, +yelling, and humming, the sounds +rose higher and higher. Open flew the +windows in every direction.</p> + +<p>'<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">C'est foudroyante!</span>' said the pretty +French <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">modiste</span>.</p> + +<p>'What the devil's broke loose?' +shouted an American.</p> + +<p>'<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Mein Gott im himmel! was ist das?</span>' +roared the German baron.</p> + +<p>'<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Casaccio! cosa faceste?</span>' shrieked +the lovely Countess Grimanny.</p> + +<p>'<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">In nomine Domine!</span>' groaned a fat +friar.</p> + +<p>'<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Caramba! vayase al infierno!</span>' +screamed Don Santiago Gomez.</p> + +<p>'<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Bassama teremtete!</span>' swore the Hungarian +gentleman.</p> + +<p>Louder squealed the bagpipes, their +buzz filled the air, their shrieks went +ringing up to MacGuilp like the cries of +Dante's condemned. The duchess found +the sound barbarous. MacGuilp opened +his window, upon which the pipers +strained their lungs for the Signore Inglese, +grand amateur of the bagpipes. +He begged them to go away. 'No, no, +signore; we know you love our music; +we won't go away.'</p> + +<p>The duchess could stand it no longer, +her Servant called the carriage, the English +got in and drove off.</p> + +<p>Still rung out the sounds of the six +bagpipes. Caper threw them more <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">baiocchi</span>.</p> + +<p>Suddenly MacGuilp burst out of the +door of his house, maul-stick in hand, +rushing on the pifferari to put them to +flight.</p> + +<p>'<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Iddio giusto!</span>' shouted two of the pipers; +'it is, IT IS the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Cacciatore</span>! the +hunter; the Great Hunter!'</p> + +<p>'He is a painter!' shouted another.</p> + +<p>'No, he isn't; he's a hunter. <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Gran +Cacciatore!</span> Doesn't he spend all his +time after quails and snipe and woodcock? +Haven't I been out with him +day after day at Ostia? Long live the +great hunter!'</p> + +<p>MacGuilp was touched in a tender +spot. The homage paid him as a great +hunter more than did away with his anger +at the bagpipe serenade. And the +last Caper saw of him he was leading six +pifferari into a wine shop, where they +would not come out until seven of them +were unable to tell the music of bagpipes +from the music of the spheres.</p> + +<p>So ends the music, noises, and voices, +of the seven-hilled city.</p> + +<div> +<a name="toc_12"></a> +<h3>Sermons In Stones.</h3> + +<p>One bright Sunday morning in January, +Rocjean called on Caper to ask him +to improve the day by taking a walk.</p> + +<p>'I thought of going up to the English +chapel outside the Popolo to see a pretty +New Yorkeress,' said the latter; 'but +the affair is not very pressing, and I believe +a turn round the Villa Borghese +would do me as much good as only looking +at a pretty girl and half hearing a +poor sermon.'</p> + +<p>'As for a sermon, we need not miss +that,' answered Rocjean, 'for we will +stop in at Chapin the sculptor's studio, +and if we escape one, and he there, I +am mistaken. They call his studio a +shop, and they call his shop the Orphan's +Asylum, because he manufactured +an Orphan Girl some years ago, +and, as it sold well, he has kept on making +orphans ever since.</p> + +<p>'The murderer!'</p> + +<p>'Yes; but not half as atrocious as the +reality. You must know that when he +first came over here he had an order to +make a small Virgin Mary for a Catholic +church in Boston; but the order being +countermanded after he had commenced + +modeling in clay, he was determined +not to lose his time, and so, having +somewhere read of, in a yellow-covered +novel, or seen in some fashion-plate +magazine, a doleful-looking female called +The Orphan, he instantly determined, +cruel executioner that he is, to also +make an orphan. And he did. There +is a dash of bogus sentiment in it that +passes for coin current with many of our +traveling Americans; and the thing has +"sold." He told me not long since he +had orders for twelve copies of different +sized Orphans, and you will see them all +through his asylum. Do you remember +those lines in Richard the Third,—</p> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">'"Why do you look on us, and shake your head,</p> + +<p class="l">And call us orphans—wretched?"'</p> +</div> + +<p>They found Chapin in his shop, alias +studio, busily looking over a number of +plaster casts of legs and arms. He +arose quickly as they entered and threw +a cloth over the casts.</p> + +<p>'Hah! gudmornin', Mister Caper. +Glad to see you in my studiyo. Hallo, +Rocjan! you there? Why haven't you +ben up to see my wife and daughters? +She feels hurt, I tell you, 'cause you +don't come near us. Do you know that +Burkings of Bosting was round here to +my studiyo yeserday: sold <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">him</span> an Orphan. +By the way, Mister Caper, air +you any relation to Caper of the great +East Ingy house of Caper?'</p> + +<p>'He is an uncle of mine, and is now +in Florence; he will be in Rome next +week.'</p> + +<p>A tender glow of interest beamed in +Chapin's eyes: in imagination he saw +another Orphan sold to the rich Caper, +who might 'influence trade.' His tone +of voice after this was subdued. As +Caper happened to brush against some +plaster coming in the studio, Chapin +hastened to brush it from his coat, and +he did it as if it were the down on the +wing of a beautiful golden butterfly.</p> + +<p>'I was goin' to church this mornin' +long with Missus Chapin; but I guess +I'll stay away for once in me life. I +want to show you The Orphan.'</p> + +<p>'I beg that you will not let me interfere +with any engagement you may +have,' said Caper; 'I can call as well at +any other time.'</p> + +<p>'Oh, no; I won't lissen to that; I don't +want to git to meeting before sermon, so +come right stret in here now. There! +there's The Orphan. You see I've made +her accordin' to the profoundest rules of +art. You may take a string or a yard +measure and go all over her, you won't +find her out of the way a fraction. The +figure is six times the length of the foot; +this was the way Phidias worked, and I +agree with him. Them were splendid +old fellows, them Greeks. There was +art for you; high art!'</p> + +<p>'That in the Acropolis was of the +highest order,' said Rocjean.</p> + +<p>'Yes,' answered Chapin, who did not +know where it was; 'far above all other. +There was some sentiment in them +days; but it was all of the religious +stripe; they didn't come down to domestic +life and feelin'; they hadn't +made the strides we have towards layin' +open art to the million—towards developing +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">hum</span> feelings. They worked for +a precious few; but we do it up for the +many. Now there's the A-poller Belvidiary—beautiful +thing; but the idea of +brushin' his hair that way is ridicoolus. +Did you ever see anybody with their +hair fixed that way? Never! They +had a way among the Greeks of fixing +their drapery right well; but I've invented +a plan—for which I've applied +to Washington for a patent—that I +think will beat anything Phidias ever +did.'</p> + +<p>'You can't tell how charmed I am to +hear you,' spoke Rocjean.</p> + +<p>'Well, it <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">is</span> a great invention,' continued +Chapin; 'and as I know neither of +you ain't in the 'trade' (smiling), I +don't care but what I'll show it to you, +if you'll promise, honor bright, you won't +tell anybody. You see I take a piece +of muslin and hang it onto a statue the +way I want the folds to fall; then I take +a syringe filled with starch and glue and +go all over it, so that when it dries it'll +be as hard as a rock. Then I go all +over it with a certain oily preparation + +and lastly I run liquid plaster-paris in +it, and when it hardens, I have an exact +mold of the drapery. There! But I +hain't explained The Orphan. You see +she's sittin' on a very light chair—<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">that</span> + +shows the very little support she has in +this world. The hand to the head shows +meditation; and the Bible on her knee +shows devotion; you see it's open to the +book, chapter, and verse which refers to +the young ravens.'</p> + +<p>'Excuse me,' said Caper, 'but may I +ask why she has such a <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">very</span> low-necked +dress on?'</p> + +<p>'Well, my model has got such a fine +neck and shoulders,' replied Chapin, +'that I re-eely couldn't help showing 'em +off on the Orphan: besides, they're +more in demand—the low neck and +short sleeves—than the high-bodied +style, which has no buyers. But there +is a work I'm engaged on now that +would just soot your uncle. Mr. Caper, +come this way.'</p> + +<p>Caper saw what he supposed was +a safe to keep meat cool in, and approached. +Chapin threw back the doors +of it like a showman about to disclose +the What Is It? and Caper saw a dropsical-looking +Cupid with a very short +shirt on, and a pair of winged shoes on +his feet. The figure was starting forward +as if to catch his equilibrium, +which he had that moment lost, and was +only prevented from tumbling forward +by a bag held behind him in his left +hand, while his right arm and hand, at +full length, pointed a sharp arrow in +front of him.</p> + +<p>'Can you tell me what <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">that</span> figger +represents?' asked Chapin. As he received +no reply, he continued: '<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">That</span> is +Enterprise; the two little ruts at his +feet represent a railroad; the arrow, +showin' he's sharp, points ahead; Go +ahead! is his motto; the bag in his hand +represents money, which the keen, sharp, +shrewd business man knows is the reward +of enterprise. The wreath round his +head is laurel mixed up with lightnin', +showin' he's up to the tellygraph; the +pen behind his ear shows he can figger; +and his short shirt shows economy, that +admirable virtoo. The wings on his +shoes air taken from Mercury, as I suppose +you know; and—'</p> + +<p>'I say, now, Chapin, don't you think +he's got a little too much legs, and +rather extra stomach on him, to make +fast time?' asked Rocjean.</p> + +<p>'Measure him, measure him!' said +Chapin, indignantly; 'there's a string. +Figure six times the length of his foot, +everything else in proportion. No, <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">sir</span>; +I have not studied the classic for nothin'; +if there is any one thing I am strong +on, it's anatomy. Only look at his hair. +Why, sir, I spent three weeks once dissectin'; +and for more'n six months I +didn't do anything, during my idle time, +but dror figgers. Art is a kind of thing +that's born in a man. This saying the +ancients were better sculpters than we +air, is no such thing; what did they +know about steam-engines or telegraphs? + +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Fiddle!</span> They did some fustrate things, +but they had no idee of fixin' hair as it +should be fixed. No, sir; we moderns +have great add-vantagiz, and we improve +'em. Rome is the Cra—'</p> + +<p>'I must bid you good-day,' interrupted +Caper; 'your wife will miss you at the +sermon: you will attribute it to me; and +I would not intentionally be the cause +of having her ill-will for anything.'</p> + +<p>'Well, she is a pretty hard innimy; +and they do talk here in Rome if you +don't toe the mark. But ree-ly, you +mustn't go off mad (smiling). You must +call up with Rocjan and see us; and I +ree-ly hope that when your uncle comes +you will bring him to my studiyo. I am +sure my Enterprise will soot him.'</p> + +<p>So Chapin saw them out of his studio. +Not until Caper found himself seated on +a stone bench under the ilexes of the +Villa Borghese, watching the sunbeams +darting on the little lizards, and seeing +far off the Albanian Mountains, snowcapped +against the blue sky—not until +then did he breathe freely.</p> + +<p>'Rocjean,' said he; 'that stone-cutter +down there—that Chapin—'</p> + +<p>'<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Chameau!</span> roared Rocjean. 'He +and his kind are doing for art what the +Jews did for prize-fighting—they ruin + +it. They make art the laughing-stock +of all refined and educated people. Art +applied solely to sculpture and painting +is dead; it will not rise again in these +our times. But art, the fairy-fingered +beautifier of all that surrounds our +homes and daily walks, save paintings +and statuary, never breathed so fully, +clearly, nobly as now, and her pathway +amid the lowly and homely things +around us is shedding beauty wherever +it goes. The rough-handed artisan who, +slowly dreaming of the beautiful, at last +turns out a stone that will beautify and +adorn a room, instead of rendering it +hideous, has done for this practical generation +what he of an earlier theoretical +age did for his cotemporaries when he +carved the imperial Venus of Milos. +Enough; <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">this</span> is the sermon <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">not</span> preached +from stones.'</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<a name="toc_13"></a> +<h3>A Ball At The Costa Palace</h3> + +<p>One sunlight morning in February, +while hard at work in his studio, Caper +was agreeably surprised by the entrance +of an elderly uncle of his, Mr. Bill +Browne, of St. Louis, a gentleman of +the rosy, stout, hearty school of old +bachelors, who, having made a large +fortune by keeping a Western country +store, prudently retired from business, +and finding it dull work doing nothing, +wisely determined to enjoy himself with +a tour over the Continent, 'or any other +place he might conclude to visit.'</p> + +<p>'I say, Jim, did you expect to see me +here?' was his first greeting.</p> + +<p>'Why, Uncle Bill! Well, you are the +last man I ever thought would turn up. +They didn't write me a word of your +coming over,' answered Caper.</p> + +<p>'Mistake; they wrote you all about +it; and if you'll drop round at the post-office, +you'll find letters there telling you +the particulars. Fact is, I am ahead of +the mail. Coming over in the steamer, +met a man named Orville; told me he +knew you, that he was coming straight +through to Rome, and offered to pilot +me. So I gave up Paris and all that, +and came smack through, eighteen days +from New York. But I'm dry. Got +a match? Here, try one of these cigars.'</p> + +<p>Caper took a cigar from his uncle's +case, lit it, and then, calling the man who +swept out the studios, sent him to the +neighboring wine-shop for a bottle of +wine.</p> + +<p>'By George, Jim, that's a pretty +painting: that jackass is fairly alive, +and so's the girl with a red boddice. I +say, what's she got that towel on her +head for? Is it put there to dry?'</p> + +<p>'No; that's an Italian peasant girl's +head-covering. Most all of them do so.'</p> + +<p>'Do they? I'm glad of that. But +here comes your man with the liquor.'</p> + +<p>And, after drinking two or three tumblers +full, Uncle Bill decided that it was +pretty good cider. The wine finished, +together with a couple of rolls that came +with it, the two sallied out for a walk +around the Pincian Hill, the grand +promenade of Rome. Towards sunset +they thought of dinner, and Uncle Bill, +anxious to see life, accepted Caper's invitation +to dine at the old Gabioni: here +they ordered the best dishes, and the +former swore it was as good a dinner +as he ever got at the Planter's House. +Rocjean, who dined there, delighted the +old gentleman immensely, and the two +fraternized at once, and drank each +other's health, old style, until Caper, +fearing that neither could conveniently +hold more, suggested an adjournment to +the Greco for coffee and cigars.</p> + +<p>While they were in the café, Rocjean +quietly proposed something to Caper, +who at once assented; the latter then +said to Uncle Bill,—</p> + +<p>'You have arrived in Rome just at +the right time. You may have heard at +home of the great Giacinti family; well, +the Prince Nicolo di Giacinti gives a +grand ball to-night at the Palazzo Costa. +Rocjean and I have received invitations, +embracing any illustrious strangers +of our acquaintance who may happen to +be in Rome; so you must go with us. +You have no idea, until you come to +know them intimately, what a good-natured, +off-hand set the best of the Roman +nobility are. Compelled by circumstances + +to keep up for effect an appearance +of great reserve and dignity before the +public, they indemnify themselves for it +in private by having the highest kind +of old times. They are passionately attached +to their native habits and costumes, +and though driven, on state occasions +especially, to imitate French and +English habits, yet they love nothing +better than at times to enjoy themselves +in their native way. The ball given +by the prince to-night is what might be +called a free-and-easy. It is his particular +desire that no one should come in +full dress; in fact, he rather likes to +have his stranger guests come in their +worst clothes, for this prevents the attention +of the public being called to +them as they enter the palace. After +you have lived some time in Rome you +will see how necessary it is to keep dark, +so you will see no flaring light at the +palace gate; it's all as quiet and common-place +as possible. The dresses, you +must remember, are assumed for the occasion +because they are, or were, the national +costume, which is fast disappearing, +and if it were not for the noble +wearers you will see to-night, you could +not find them anywhere in Rome. You +will perhaps think the nobility at the +ball hardly realize your ideas of Italian +beauty and refinement, compared with +the fine specimens of men and women +you may have seen among the Italian +opera singers at home: well, these same +singers are picked specimens, and are +chosen for their height and muscular +development from the whole nation, so +that strangers may think all the rest at +home are like them: it is a little piece +of deception we can pardon.'</p> + +<p>After this long prelude, Rocjean proposed +that they should try a game of +billiards in the Café Nuovo. After they +had played a game or two, and drank +several <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">mezzo caldos</span>, or rum punches, +they walked up the Corso to the Via +San Claudio, No. 48, and entered the +palace gate. It was very dark after +they entered, so Rocjean, telling them to +wait one moment, lit a <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">cerina</span>, or piece +of waxed cord, an article indispensable +to a Roman, and, crossing the broad +courtyard, they entered a small door, and +after climbing and twisting and turning, +found a ticket-taker, and the next minute +were in the ball-room.</p> + +<p>Uncle Bill was delighted with the +excessively free-and-easy ball of Prince +Giacinti, but was very anxious to know +the names of the nobility, and Rocjean +politely undertook to point out the +celebrities, offering kindly to introduce +him to any one he might think looked +sympathetic; 'what they call <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">simpatico</span> +in Italian,' explained Rocjean.</p> + +<p>'That pretty girl in <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Ciociara</span> costume +is the Condessa or Countess Stella di +Napoli.'</p> + +<p>'Introduce me,' said Uncle Bill.</p> + +<p>Rocjean went through the performance, +concluding thus: 'The countess +expresses a wish that you should order +a <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">bottiglia</span> (about two bottles) of red +wine.'</p> + +<p>'Go ahead,' quoth Uncle Bill; 'for a +nobility ball this comes as near a +dance-house affair as I ever want +to approach. By the way, who is that +pickpocket-looking genius with eyes +like a black snake?'</p> + +<p>'Who is <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">that</span>?' said Rocjean, +theatrically. 'Chut! a word in your ear; that +is An-to-nel-li!'</p> + +<p>'The devil! But I heard some one +only a few minutes ago call him +Angelucio.'</p> + +<p>'That was done satirically, for it +means big angel, which you, who read +the papers, know that Antonelli is <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">not</span>. +But here comes the wine, and I see the +countess looks dry. Pour out a +half-dozen glasses for her. The +Roman women, high and low, paddle in wine like +ducks, and it never upsets them; for, +like ducks, their feet are so large that +neither you nor wine can throw them. +I wish you could speak Italian, for here +comes the Princess Giacinta <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">con Marchese</span>—'</p> + +<p>'I wish,' said Uncle Bill, 'you would +talk English.'</p> + +<p>'Well,' continued Rocjean, 'with the +Marchioness Nina Romana, if you like +that better. Shall I introduce you?'</p> + +<p>'Certainly,' replied the old gentleman, + +'and order two more what d'ye +call 'ems. It's cheap—this knowing a +princess for a quart of red teaberry +tooth-wash, for that's what this "wine" +amounts to. I am going to dance to-night, +for the Princess Giacinta is a +complete woman after my heart, and +weighs her two hundred pound any +day.'</p> + +<p>The nobility now began begging Rocjean +and Caper to introduce them to his +excellency <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Il vecchio</span>, or the old man; +and Uncle Bill, in his enthusiasm at finding +himself surrounded with so many +princes, Allegrini, Pelligrini, Sapgrini, +and Dungreeny, compelled Caper to order +up a barrel of wine, set it a-tap, and +tell the nobility to 'go in.' It is needless +to say that they <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">went</span> in. Many of the +costumes were very rich, especially those +of the female nobility; and in the rush +for a glass of wine the effect of the brilliant +draperies flying here and there, +struggling and pushing, was notable. +The musicians, who were standing on +what appeared to be barrels draped with +white cloth, jumped down and tried their +luck at the wine-cask, and, after satisfying +their thirst, returned to their duties. +There was a guitar, mandolin, violin, +and flute, and the music was good for +dancing. Uncle Bill was pounced on +by the Princess Giacinta and whirled off +into some kind of a dance, he did not +know what; round flew the room and +the nobility; round flew barrels of teaberry +tooth-wash, beautiful princesses, +big devils of Antonellis. Lights, flash, +hum, buzz, buzz, zzz—ooo—zoom!</p> + +<p>Uncle Bill opened his eyes as the sunlight +shed one golden bar into his sleeping-room +at the Hotel d'Europe, and +there by his bedside sat his nephew, Jim +Caper, reading a letter, while on a table +near at hand was a goblet full of ice, +a bottle of hock, and another bottle +corked, with string over it.</p> + +<p>'It's so-da wa-ter,' said Uncle Bill, +musing aloud.</p> + +<p>'Hallo, uncle, you awake?' asked +Caper, suddenly raising his eyes from +his letter.</p> + +<p>'I am, my son. Give thy aged father +thy blessing, and open that hock and +soda water quicker! I say, Jim, now, +what became of the nobility, the Colonnas +and Aldobrandinis, after they finished +that barrel? Strikes me some of +them will have an owlly appearance this +morning.'</p> + +<p>'You don't know them,' answered Caper.</p> + +<p>'I am beginning to believe I don't, +too,' spoke Uncle Bill. 'I say, now, Jim, +where did we go last night?'</p> + +<p>'Why, Uncle Bill, to tell you the +plain truth, we went to a ball at the +Costa Palace, and a model ball it was, +too.'</p> + +<p>'I have you! Models who sit for you +painters. Well, if they arn't nobility, +they drink like kings, so it's all right. +Give us the hock, and say no more about +it.'</p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="page"> + +<div> +<a name="toc_14"></a> +<h2>Howe's Cave.</h2> + + +<p>Few persons, perhaps, are aware that +Schoharie County, N.Y., contains a cave +said to be nine or ten miles in extent, +and, in many respects, one of the most +remarkable in America. Its visitors are +few,—owing, probably, to its recent discovery, +together with its comparative +inaccessibility;—yet these few are well +rewarded for its exploration.</p> + +<p>In the month of August, 1861, I +started, with three companions, to visit +this interesting place.</p> + +<p>I will not weary the reader by describing +the beauty of the Hudson and +the grandeur of the Catskills; yet I +would fain fix in my memory forever +one sunrise, seen from the summit of a +bluff on the eastern bank of the river, + +when the fog, gradually lifting itself +from the stream, and slowly breaking +into misty fragments, unveiled broad, +smiling meadows, dark forests, village +after village, while above all, far in the +distance, rose the Catskills, clear in the +sunlight.</p> + +<p>After two days crowded with enjoyment, +we arrived in Schoharie, where +we passed the night. Having given +orders to be called at five, we took +advantage of the leisure hour this arrangement +gave us to view, the next +morning.</p> + +<div> +<a name="toc_15"></a> +<h3>An Old Fort.</h3> + +<p>In reality, the 'fort' is a dilapidated +old church, used as a shelter during the +Indian wars, and also in the days of +the Revolution. On the smooth stones +that form the eastern side are carved +the names of the soldiers who defended +it, with the date, and designation of +the regiment to which they belonged. +I deciphered also, among other curious +details, the name of the person who + +'gave the favor of the ground.' I would +gladly have indulged my antiquarian +tastes by copying these rude inscriptions; +but the eager cries of my companions +compelled me to hurry on.</p> + +<p>The western portion of the structure +has also its story to tell. The traces +of besieging cannon balls are still to be +distinctly seen, and in one place I observed +a smooth, round hole, made by +the passage of a ball into the interior +of the fort.</p> + +<p>As I stood on the walls of this ancient +building, surveying the valley it overlooked, +with its straggling village lying +at our feet, and the fair Schoharie +Creek, now gleaming in the sunlight of +the meadows, or darkening in the shade +of the trees that overhung it, the past +and the present mingled strongly in my +thoughts.</p> + +<p>The Stars and Stripes, that on this +very spot had seen our fathers repelling +a foreign foe, now waved over their +sons, forced from their quiet homes, not +to contend with the stranger and the +alien, but to subdue those rebellious +brothers whose sacrilegious hands had +torn down that sacred flag, reared +amidst the trials and perils of '76. +Not less noble the present contest than +the past, nor less heroic the soldier of +to-day than the patriot of the Revolution. +We continue to-day the fight +they fought against injustice and oppression—a +conflict that will end only +when every nation and every race shall +lift unshackled hands up to God in +thanksgiving for the gift of freedom. +A deeper love of my country, and a +firmer trust in the God of truth and +justice, sank into my heart as I turned +away from those rude walls, sacred to +the memory of departed valor.</p> + +<p>We hurried back to the breakfast +that awaited us, and then drove to</p> + +</div> + +<hr class="page"> + +<div> +<a name="toc_16"></a> +<h3>The Cave</h3> + +<p>which lies six miles from the village of +Schoharie. The entrance is at the base +of a heavily-wooded mountain that shuts +in a secluded little valley. The only +opening from this solitary vale is made +by a small stream that winds out from +among the hills. The entire seclusion +of the place has prevented its earlier +discovery; but the inevitable 'Hotel' +now rears its wooden walls above the +cave to encourage future adventurers +to explore its recesses.</p> + +<p>In the absence of the proprietor of +the hotel, who usually acts as cicerone, +we took as guide a sun-burnt young +man, with an economical portion of +nose, closely cut hair, and a wiry little +mouth, which we saw at a glance would +open only at the rate of a quarter of +a dollar a fact. He proved himself, +however, shrewd, witty, and, withal, +good-natured, and as fond of a joke as +any one of us all. Bob, for so our new +companion named himself, showed us at +once into a dressing-room, advising us +to put on, over our own garments, certain +exceedingly coarse and ragged coats, +hats and pants, which transformed us +at once from rather fashionable young +men into a set of forlorn-looking beggars. +Each laughed at the appearance +of the other, unconscious of his own + +transformation; but Bob, with more +truth than politeness, informed us that +we all 'looked like the Old Nick;' + +whence it appeared that in Bob's opinion +the Enemy is usually sorely afflicted +with a shabby wardrobe, and that, in +the words of the sage,</p> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">'Poverty is the devil.'</p> +</div> + + +<p>Being furnished with small oil lamps, +we descended to the mouth of the cave. +This opens at once into an entrance-hall, +one hundred and fifty feet in +length and thirty in width, and high +enough for a tall man to enter upright.</p> + +<p>I inquired of Bob when the cave +was discovered. 'In 1842,' he replied. + +'And by whom?' I continued. 'Why,' +rejoined our guide, 'Mister Howe was +a huntin' for caves, and he came across +this one.' Rather a queer thing to be +hunting for, I thought, though without +comment; but in future I allowed Bob +to carry on the conversation as best +suited himself. He plunged at once +into a dissertation on the state of the +country, gravely stating that 'Washington +was taken.' At the involuntary +smile which this astounding piece of +news called forth, Bob confessed 'he +might be mistaken in this respect, as +his paper came but once a week, and +frequently only once in two weeks.' +Finding him a stanch Union man, and +inclined to serve his country to the +best of his ability, we undertook 'to +post him up' on the present state of +affairs, for which the poor fellow was +truly grateful.</p> + +<p>Entrance Hall leads into Washington +Hall, a magnificent apartment, three +hundred feet long, and in the lowest +part upwards of forty feet high. Our +guide favored us at every turn with +some new story or legend, repeated in +a sing-song, nasal tone, ludicrously contrasting +with the extravagance of the +tales themselves. Yet he recited all +alike with the most immovable gravity. +It was a lively waltz of three notes.</p> + +<p>Old Tunnel and Giant's Chapel, two +fine cave-rooms, were next explored. +On entering the latter, Bob favored us +with the rehearsal of an old story from +the Arabian Nights, which—unfortunately, +not one which will bear repetition—he +wished us to believe actually +happened in this very locality.</p> + +<p>I may here confess that, when we +came to 'the dark hole in the ground,' +I felt some slight reluctance to trust myself +therein. Bob, observing this, immediately +drew from his lively imagination +such an astonishing increase of the perils +of the way, looking complacently at +me all the while, that my alarm, strange +to say, took flight at once, and I pushed +onward defiantly. The journey is, however, +one that might justly inspire timidity. +Above our heads, and on each side, +frowned immense rocks, threatening at +every instant to fall upon us; while +the dash and babble of a stream whose +course we followed, increasing in volume +as we progressed, came to our ears +like the 'sound of many waters.' We +crossed this stream a hundred times, at +least, in our journey. Sometimes it +murmured and fretted in a chasm far +below us; again, it spread itself out in +our very path, or danced merrily at our +side, until it seemed to plunge into some +distant abyss with the roar of a cataract.</p> + +<p>We emerged from the windings of +our tortuous path into Harlem Tunnel, +a room six hundred feet in length. In +its sides were frequent openings, leading +into hitherto unexplored parts of +the cave; but we did not venture to +enter many of these. Never have I +seen such rocks as we here encountered; +at one time piled up on one +another, ready to totter and fall at a +touch; at another, jutting out in immense +boulders, sixty feet above our +heads, while, in the openings they left, +we gazed upward into darkness that +seemed immeasurable.</p> + +<p>From Harlem Tunnel we came into +Cataract Hall, also of great length, and +remarkable for containing a small opening +extending to an unknown distance +within the mountain, since it apparently +cannot be explored. Applying the ear +to this opening, the sound of an immense +cataract becomes audible, pouring over + +the rocks far within the recesses of the +mountain, where the Creator alone, who +meted out those unseen, sunless waters, +can behold its beauty and its terror.</p> + +<p>Crossing the Pool of Siloam, whose +babbling waters sparkled into beauty +as we held our lamps above them, we +entered Franklin Hall. Here the roof, +although high enough in some places, +is uncomfortably low in others; whereupon +Bob bade us give heed to the caution +of Franklin, 'Stoop as you go, and +you will miss many hard thumps.'</p> + +<p>We arrived next at Flood Hall, where +a party of explorers were once put in +great peril by a sudden freshet in the +stream. They barely saved themselves +by rapid flight, the water becoming +waist-deep before they gained the entrance. +We had no reason to doubt +the truth of this story, as there were +evidences of the rise and fall of water +all about us.</p> + +<p>Congress Hall now awaited us, but I +will omit a description of it, as Musical +Hall, which immediately succeeded, contains +so much more that is interesting. +On entering, our attention was first directed +to an aperture wide enough for +the admission of a man's head. Any +sound made in this opening is taken up +and repeated by echo after echo, till the +very spirit of music seems awakened. +Wave after wave of melodious sound +charms the ear, even if the first awakening +note has been most discordant. If +the soul is filled with silent awe while +listening to the unseen waterfall in Cataract +Hall, it is here wooed into peace +by a harmony more perfect than any +produced by mortal invention. A temple-cavern +vaster than Ellora with a +giant 'lithophone' for organ!</p> + +<p>The second wonder of Musical Hall is +a lake of great extent, and from ten to +thirty feet in depth. The smooth surface +of these crystal waters, never ruffled +by any air of heaven, and undisturbed +save by the dip of our oars as we +were ferried across, the utter darkness +that hid the opposite shore from our +straining sight, the huge rocks above, +whose clustering stalactites, lighted by +our glimmering lamps, sparkled like a +starry sky, the sound of the far-off waterfall, +softened by distance into a sad +and solemn music, all united to recall +with a vivid power, never before felt, the +passage of the 'pious Æneas' over the +Styx, which I had so often read with delight +in my boyhood. I half fancied our +Yankee Bob fading into a vision of the +classic Charon, and that the ghosts of +unhappy spirits were peering at us from +the darkness.</p> + +<p>At the end of the lake is Annexation +Rock, a huge limestone formation in +the shape of an egg. It stands on one +end, is twenty-eight feet in diameter, +and over forty in height.</p> + +<p>We were now introduced into Fat +Man's Misery, where the small and attenuated +have greatly the advantage. +We emerged from this narrow and difficult +passage into the Museum, half a +mile long, and so called from the number +and variety of its formations. We +did not linger to examine its curiosities, +but pushed on over the Alps, which +we surmounted, aided partly by ladders. +Very steep and rugged were these Alps, +and quite worthy of the name they bear. +We descended from them into the Bath-room, +where a pool of water and sundry +other arrangements suggest to a lively +imagination its designation. It certainly +has the recommendation of being the +most retired bath-room ever known. +That of the Neapolitan sibyl is public +in comparison to it.</p> + +<p>We then entered Pirate's Retreat. +Why so named, I can not guess, for I +doubt if the boldest pirate who ever +sailed the 'South Seas o'er' would dare +venture alone so far underground as we +now found ourselves.</p> + +<p>Leaving the Pirate's Retreat, we were +obliged to cross the Rocky Mountains, +similar in formation and arrangement to +the Alps. The Rocky Mountains lead +into Jehoshaphat's Valley, one mile in +length. Like its namesake, this valley +is a deep ravine, with steep, rugged +sides, and a brawling brook running at +the bottom.</p> + +<p>Miller's Hall next claims our attention. + +Here we take leave of the brook, +which, with the cave, loses itself in a +measureless ravine, where the rocks +have fallen in such a manner as to obstruct +any further explorations.</p> + +<p>From thence, turning to the right, we +enter Winding Way, a most appropriate +name for the place. The narrow +passage turns and twists between masses +of solid rook, high in some places, and +low in others. The deathlike silence +of the solitude that surrounded us impressed +us with a vague feeling of fear, +and we felt no disposition to tempt the +Devil's Gangway, especially as, in consequence +of a recent freshet, it was partly +filled with water. Our guide informed +us that beyond the Gangway were several +rooms, among which Silent Chamber +and Gothic Arch were the most +noteworthy. The portion of the cave +visited by tourists terminates in the 'Rotunda,' +eight miles from the entrance; +although explorations have been made +some miles further. The Rotunda is +cylindrical in shape, fifteen feet in diameter, +and one hundred feet in height.</p> + +<p>We were now in a little room six +miles from the mouth of the cave, and +thought the present a good opportunity +to try the effect of the absence of light +and sound on the mind. Extinguishing +our lights, therefore, we resigned ourselves +to the influences of darkness and +silence. To realize such a state fully, +one must find one's self in the bowels of +the earth, as we were, where the beating +of our own hearts alone attested the +existence of life. We were glad to relight +our lamps and begin our return to +upper air.</p> + +<p>I have already mentioned Annexation +Rock; near it is another curious freak of +nature, called the Tree of the World's +History. It resembles the stump of a +tree two feet in diameter, and cut off +two feet above the ground, upon which +a portion of the trunk, six feet in length, +is exactly balanced. A singular type of +the changes which time makes in the +world above-ground.</p> + +<p>In the Museum, whose examination +we had postponed till our return, we +were lost in a world of wonders. It +were vain to attempt to describe or even +enumerate half of the various objects +that met us at every turn. Churches, +towers, complete with doors and windows, +as if finished by the hand of an +architect; an organ, its long and short +pipes arranged in perfect order; Lot's +Wife, a figure in stone, life size; in another +place two women, in long, flowing +garments, standing facing each other, as +if engaged in earnest conversation, and a +soldier in complete armor,—these were +among the most striking of the larger +objects. The vegetable world was also +well represented. Here was a bunch of +carrots, fresh as if just taken from the +ground, sheaves of wheat, bunches of +grain and grass hanging from the walls +and roofs. Interspersed were birds of +every species, doves in loving companionship, +sparrows, and hawks. I noticed +also in one place a pair of elephant's ears +perfect as life. Indeed it was not difficult +to believe that these stony semblances +had once been endowed with life, +and, ere blight or decay could change, +had been transmuted into things of imperishable +beauty.</p> + +<p>While waiting for our guide to unmoor +the boat, which was to take us +over the lake a second time, I ran up +the bank to look at the stalactites that +hung in the greatest profusion above the +water. The light of my lamp shining +through them produced an effect as surprising +as it was beautiful. But no +words can do justice to the scene. Imagine +an immense room whose ceiling is +studded with icicles forming every conceivable +curve and angle, and you will +have only a faint idea of the number and +variety of these subterranean ornaments.</p> + +<p>A mile from the entrance we found +some stray bats,—the first living creatures +we had met. We endeavored to +attract them by holding up our lamps, +and succeeded so well that we were glad +to leave them behind us as soon as possible.</p> + +<p>It is a singular fact, noted by other +cave-explorers, and confirmed by our +own experience, that while within a + +cave one's usual vigor and activity appears +augmented. A slight reaction +takes place on coming out into the upper +world, and renders rest doubly refreshing +and grateful.</p> + +<p>Let me, in closing, advise other visitors +to Howe's Cave to choose <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">fair weather, +and take time enough</span> for their visit, as +the windings of the cave and its curiosities +are alike exhaustless.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="page"> + +<div> +<a name="toc_17"></a> +<h2>Potential Moods</h2> + + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">I sit and dream</p> +<p class="l">Of the time that prophets have long foretold,</p> +<p class="l">Of an age surpassing the age of gold,</p> +<p class="l">Which the eyes of the selfish can never behold,</p> + +<p class="l">When truth and love shall be owned supreme.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">I think and weep</p> +<p class="l">O'er the thousands oppressed by sin and woe,</p> +<p class="l">O'er the long procession of those who go,</p> +<p class="l">Through ignorance, error, and passions low,</p> +<p class="l">To the unsought bed of their dreamless sleep.</p> +</div> + + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">I wait and long</p> +<p class="l">For the sway of justice, the rule of right;</p> +<p class="l">For the glad diffusion of wisdom's light;</p> +<p class="l">For the triumph of liberty over might;</p> +<p class="l">For the day when the weak shall be free from the strong.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">I work and sing</p> +<p class="l">To welcome the dawn of the fairer day,</p> + +<p class="l">When crime and sin shall have passed away,</p> +<p class="l">When men shall live as well as they pray,</p> +<p class="l">And earth with the gladness of heaven shall ring.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">I trust and hope</p> +<p class="l">In the tide of God's love that unceasingly rolls,</p> +<p class="l">In the dear words of promise that bear up our souls,</p> +<p class="l">In the tender compassion that sweetly consoles,</p> + +<p class="l">When in death's darkened valley we tremblingly grope.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">I toil and pray</p> +<p class="l">For the beauty excelling all forms of art;</p> +<p class="l">For the blessing that comes to the holy heart;</p> +<p class="l">For the hope that foretells, and seems a part</p> +<p class="l">Of the life and joy of the heavenly day.</p> +</div> + +</div> + + +<hr class="page"> + +<div> +<a name="toc_18"></a> +<h2>The True Interest Of Nations.</h2> + + +<p>For a litigious, quarrelsome, fighting +animal, man is very fond of peace. He +began to shed blood almost as soon as he +began to go alone in company with his +nearest relatives; and when Abel asked +of Cain, 'Am I not a man and a brother?' +the latter, instead of giving him the +hug fraternal, did beat him to death. +Cain's only object, it should seem, was a +quiet life, and Abel had disturbed his repose +by setting up a higher standard of +excellence than the elder brother could +afford to maintain. It was only to 'conquer +a peace' that Cain thus acted. He +desired 'indemnity for the past and security +for the future,' and so he took up +arms against his brother and ended him. +He loved peace, but he did not fear war, +because he was the stronger party of the +two, his weapons being as ready for action +as the British navy is ready for it to-day; +and Abel was as defenceless as we +were a twelvemonth ago. Cain is the +type of all mankind, who know that +peace is better than war, but who rush +into war under the pressure of envy and +pride. Ancient as violence is, it is not +so old as peace; and it is for peace that +all wars are made, at least by organized +communities. All peoples have in their +minds the idea of a golden age, not unlike +to that time so vividly described by +Hesiod, when men were absolutely good, +and therefore happy; living in perfect +accord on what the earth abundantly +gave them, suffering neither illness nor +old age, and dying as calmly as they had +lived. Historical inquiry has so far +shaken belief in the existence of any +such time as that painted by the poet, +that men have agreed to place it in the +future. It has never been, but it is to be. +It will come with that 'coming man,' + +who travels so slowly, and will be by him +inaugurated, a boundless millennial time. +In the mean time contention prevails; +'war's unequal game' is played with +transcendent vigor, and at a cost that +would frighten the whole human race +into madness were it incurred for any +other purpose. But, while fighting, men +have kept their eyes steadily fixed upon +peace, which is to be the reward of their +valor and their pecuniary sacrifices. Every +warlike time has been followed by a +period in which strenuous exertions +have been made to make peace perpetual. +Never was there a more profound +desire felt for peace than that which +prevailed among the Romans of the +Augustan age, after a series of civil and +foreign wars yet unparalleled in the history +of human struggles. One poet +could denounce the first forger of the +iron sword as being truly brutal and iron-hearted; +and another could declare it to +be the 'mission' of the Romans only to +impose terms of peace upon barbarians, +who should be compelled to accept quiet +as a boon, or endure it as a burden. +Strange sentiments were these to proceed +from the land of the legions, but +they expressed the current Roman opinion, +which preferred even dishonor to +war. So was it after the settlement of +Europe in 1815. A generation that had +grown up in the course of the greatest +of modern contests produced the most +determined and persistent advocates of +the 'peace-at-any-price' policy; and for +forty years peace was preserved between +the principal Christian nations, through +the exertions of statesmen, kings, philanthropists, +and economists, who, if they +could agree in nothing else, were almost +unanimous in the opinion that war was +an expensive folly, and that the first +duty of a government was to prevent its +subjects from becoming military-mad. +Perhaps there never was a happier time +in Christendom than it knew between +the autumn of 1815 and the spring of +1854, after Napoleon had gone down +and before Nicholas had set himself up +to dictate law to the world. It was the +modern age of the Antonines, into which + +was crowded more true enjoyment than +mankind had known for centuries; and +they are beginning to learn its excellence +from its loss,—war raging now in +the New World, while Europe lives in +hourly expectation of its occurrence. +There were wars, and cruel wars, too, +in those years, but they faintly affected +Europe and the United States, and probably +added something to men's happiness, +for the same reason that a storm to +which we are not exposed increases our +sense of comfort. Their thunders were +remote, and they furnished materials for +the journals. So we saw a Providence +in them, and thanked Heaven, some of +us, that we no longer furnished examples +of the folly of contention.</p> + +<p>The friends of peace were actuated by +various motives. With statesmen and +politicians peace was preferred because +it was cheaper than war, and all countries +were burdened with debt. England +has sometimes been praised because +she so uniformly threw her influence +on the side of peace, after she had accomplished +her purpose in the war +against imperial France. Time and +again, she might have waged popular +wars, and in which she would have probably +been successful; but she would help +neither the Spaniards against France +and the Holy Alliance, nor the Turks +against the Russians, nor the Poles +against the Czar, nor the Hungarians +against the Austrians, nor the Italians +against the Kaiser, nor the Greeks +against the Turks. She settled all her +disputes with the United States by negotiation, +and showed no disposition to +fight with France, except when she had +all the rest of Europe on her side. But +this praise has not been deserved. England +did not quarrel with powerful countries, +because she could not afford to enter +upon costly warfare. She had gone +to the extent of her means when her +debt had reached to four thousand million +dollars, and she could not increase +that debt largely until she should also +have increased her wealth. Time was +required to add to her means, and to +lessen her debt; and to such a state had +her finances been reduced, that it is now +twenty years since she began to derive +a portion of her revenue from an income +tax, which, imposed in the time of peace, +was increased when war became inevitable. +The bonds she had given to keep +the peace were too great to admit of her +breaking it. She did not fight, because +she doubted her ability to fight successfully. +She had no wish to behold another +suspension of cash payments by her +national bank; and a general war would +be sure to bring suspension. But she +was as ready as she had ever been to +contend with the weak. The Chinese +and the Afghans did not find her very +forbearing, though with neither of those +peoples had she any just cause for war.</p> + +<p>With the disunited States she has been +as prompt to quarrel as she was slow to +contend with the United States; and +now she is one of the high contracting +parties to the crusade against Mexico. +We say nothing of the Sepoy war, for +that was a contest for 'empire,' as Earl +Russell would say. She could not, in the +days of Clyde, give up what she had acquired +in the days of Clive; and no one +ought to blame her for what she did in +India, though it can not be denied that +the mutiny was the consequence of her +own bad conduct in the East. With Russia, +Austria, and Prussia to back her, in +1840, she went to the verge of a war +with France; but, in so doing, the government +did that which the English nation +by no means warmly approved; +and the fall of the whig ministry, in +1841, was in no small part due to Lord +Palmerston's policy in the preceding +year. The Russian war was brought +about by the action of the English people, +who were angry with the Czar because +his empire had the first place in +Europe. The government would have +prevented that war from breaking out +if it could, but popular pressure was too +strong for it, and it had to give way. +The event has proved that the English +government was wiser than were the +English people, France alone having +gained anything from the departure +from what had become the policy of + +Europe; and for France to gain is not +altogether for the benefit of England.</p> + +<p>Of the motives of the philanthropists, +we have little to say. They are always +respectable, and it is a pity that the +world should be too wicked to appreciate +them. But those of the economists are +open to remark, and the more so because +there has been so much claimed +for them. They reduced everything to +a matter of interest. Peace, they reasoned, +is for the welfare of all men; +and, if an enlightened self-interest could +be made to prevail the world over, war +would be rendered an impossibility. +Wars between civilized countries have +mostly grown out of mistaken views of +interest on the part of governments and +peoples. Once enlighten both rulers +and ruled, and make them understand +that war can not pay, and selfishness will +accomplish what religion, and morality, +and benevolence, and common sense +have failed to accomplish. Cutting +throats may be a very agreeable pastime; +but no man ever yet paid for anything +more than it was worth, with his eyes +wide open to the fact that he was not +buying a bargain, but selling himself. +Nations would be as wise as individuals, +unless it be true that the sum of intelligence +is not so great as the items that +compose it; and when it should have +been made indisputably clear that to +make war was to make losses, while +peace should be as indisputably profitable, +there would be no further occasion +to expend, annually, immense sums upon +the support of great armaments, such as +were not kept up, even in times of war, +by the potentates of earlier days. The +reason of mankind was to be appealed to, +and they were to be made saints through +the use of practical logic. Neighborhood, +instead of being regarded as cause +for enmity, was to be held as ground +for good feeling and liberal intercourse. +Under the old system it had been the +custom to call France and England 'natural +enemies,' words that attributed to +the Creator the origin of discord. Under +the new system, those great countries +were to become the best of friends, +as well as the closest of neighbors; and +one generation of free commerce was to +do away with the effects of five centuries +of disputes and warfare. England was +to forget the part which France took in +the first American war, and France was +to cease to recollect that there had been +such days as Crécy and Agincourt, Vittoria +and Waterloo; and also that England +had overthrown her rule in North +America, and driven her people from +India. But it was not France and England +only that were to enter within the +charmed circle; all nations were to be +admitted into it, and the whole world +was to fraternize. It was to be Arcadia +in a ring-fence, an Arcadia solidly based +upon heavy profits, with consols, <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">rentes</span>, +and other public securities—which in +other times had a bad fashion of becoming +very insecure—always at a good +premium. Quarter-day was to be the day +for which all other days were made, and +it would never be darkened by the imposition +of new taxes, by repudiation, or +by any other of those things that so often +have lessened the felicity of the fund-holder.</p> + +<p>That the new Temple of Peace might +be enabled to rise in proper proportions, +it became necessary to destroy some old +edifices, and to remove what was considered +to be very rubbishy rubbish. Protection, +tariffs, and so forth, once worshiped +as evidences of ancestral wisdom, +were to be got rid of with all possible +speed, and free trade was to be substituted, +that is, trade as free as was compatible +with the raising of enormous revenues, +made necessary by the foolish +wars of the past. In due time, perfect +freedom of trade would be had; but a +blessing of that magnitude could not be +expected to come at once to the relief +of a suffering world. England, which +had taken the lead in supporting protection, +and whose commercial system had +been of the most illiberal and sordid +character, became the leader in the +grand reform, pushing the work vigorously +forward, and, with her usual consideration +for the feelings and rights of +others, ordering the nations of Europe + +and America to follow her example. +She had discovered that she had been +all in the wrong since the day when Oliver +St. John's wounded pride led him to +the conclusion that it was the duty of +every patriotic Englishman to do his +best to destroy the commerce of Holland. +She was very impatient of those +peoples who were shy of imitating her, +forgetting that her conduct through six +generations had made a strong impression +on the world's mind, and that her +sudden conversion could not immediately +avail against her long persistence +in sinning against political economy, if +indeed she had so sinned; and the question +was one that admitted of some dispute, +free trade being but an experiment. +Gradually, however, men came +round to the British view, in theory at +least; and among the intelligent classes +it was admitted that commerce without +restriction was the true policy of nations, +which must be gradually adopted as the +basis of all future action, due regard to +be paid to those potent disturbing forces, +vested interests. France was slow to +yield in practice, though she had produced +some of the cleverest of economical +writers; for she is as little given to +change in matters of business as she is +ready to rush into political revolutions. +But even France at last gave signs of +her intention to abandon her ancient +practice in deference to modern theories; +and Napoleon III. and Mr. Cobden +laid their wise heads together to form +plans for the completion of the 'cordial +understanding,' on the basis of free +trade. Less than forty years had sufficed +to effect a gradual change of human +opinion, and protection seemed +about to be sent to that limbo in which +witchcraft, alchemy, and judicial astrology +have been so long undisturbedly reposing.</p> + +<p>Death, we are told, found his way into +Arcadia; and disappointment was not +long in coming to disturb the modern +Arcadians, who had as much to do with +cotton as their predecessors with wool. +The dream of universal peace, a peace +that was to endure because based on enlightened +selfishness,—that is to say +on buying in cheap markets and selling +in dear ones,—was as rudely dispelled +as had been all earlier dreams of the +kind. Interest, it was found, could no +more make men live lovingly together +than principle could cause them to do so +in by-gone times. If there were two nations +that might have been insured not +to fight each other, because interest was +sufficient to prevent men from having +resort to war, those nations were Russia +and England. They were in no sense +rivals, according to the definition of +rivalry in the circles of commerce. Between +them there was much buying +and selling, to the great profit of both. +England is an old nation, with the arts +of industry developed among her people +to an extent that is elsewhere unknown. +The division of labor that prevails among +her working people is so extensive and +so minute, that in that respect she defies +comparison. Other countries may have +as skillful laborers as she possesses, but +their industry is of a far less various +character. Russia is a new country, +and she requires what England has to +dispose of; and England finds her account +in purchasing the raw materials +that are so abundantly produced in +Russia. Commercially speaking, therefore, +these two nations could not fall +out, could not quarrel, could not fight, +if they would. In all other respects, +too, they could be counted upon to set +a good example to all other communities. +They had more than once been +allies, each had done the other good services +at critical tunes, and they had had +the foremost places in that grand alliance +which had twice dethroned Napoleon +I. The exceptions to their general +good understanding belong to those exceptions +which are supposed to be useful +in proving a given rule. When the +tory rulers of England became alarmed +because of the success of Catharine II. +in her second Turkish war, and proposed +doing what was done more than sixty +years later,—to assist the Osmanlis,—the +opposition to their policy became so +powerful that even the strong ministry + +of William Pitt had to listen to its voice; +which shows that the tendency of English +opinion was then favorable to Russia. +The hostility of Czar Paul to England, +in his last days, is attributed to the +failure of his mind; and the immediate +resumption of good relations between the +two countries after his death, establishes +the fact that the English and the Russians +were not sharers in the Czar's feelings. +During the five years that followed +Tilsit, Russia appeared to be the +enemy of England, and war existed for +some time between the two empires; but +this was owing to the ascendency of the +French, Alexander having to choose between +England and France. The nominal +enemies did each other as little injury +as possible; and, in 1812, they became +greater friends than ever. Most +Englishmen were probably of Lord Holland's +opinion, that England's interest +dictated a Russian connection; and in +the eighteenth century England was, in +some sense, the nursing mother of the +new empire, though once or twice she +was inclined to do as other nurses have +done,—administer some punishment to +the rude and healthy child she was fostering, +and not without reason. So harmonious +had been the relations of these two +magnificent states, that an eminent Russian +author, Dr. Hamel, writing in 1846, +could say: 'Nearly three hundred years +have now elapsed since England greeted +Muscovy at the mouth of the Dwina. So +great have been the benefits to trade, +the arts, and industry in general, arising +from the friendly relations between England +and Russia, which, in 1853, will +have completed the third century of +their continuance, that one might expect +to see this period closed, in both countries, +with a jubilee to commemorate so +remarkable an example of uninterrupted +amicable intercourse between nations.' + +The year 1853 came; but, instead of being +a jubilee to the old friends of three +centuries' standing, it brought the beginning +of that contest which is known as +the Russian war. That was a proper +way, indeed, to notice the happy return +of the three-hundredth anniversary of +the establishment of 'uninterrupted amicable +intercourse' between the nations, +whose soldiers were soon slaughtering +each other with as much energy as if +they had been 'natural enemies' from +immemorial time. Interest had no power +to turn aside the storm of war. The +English people were angry with Russia +because the iron-willed Czar had carried +matters in Europe with a very high +hand, and was, in fact, virtually master +of the Old World, and suspected of being +on uncommonly good terms with the +masters of the New World. Nicholas +had succeeded to the place of Napoleon +in their ill graces. They liked the Cossackry +of the one as little as they had +liked the cannonarchy of the other. It +was a case of pure jealousy. Russia was +too powerful to suit the English idea of +the fitness of things, and therefore it +was necessary that she should be chastised +and humbled. Fear of Russia +there could have been none in the English +mind. It has been thought that +England contended for the safety of her +Eastern dominions; but then the Czar +offered her Egypt and Candia, possession +of which would not only have much +strengthened her Indian empire, but +have been the means of making her +more powerful at home. Nothing better +could have been offered for her acceptance, +if valuable territories would have +satisfied her feelings; and much praise +has been bestowed upon her because she +did not close with the Czar's proposition +'to share and share alike' the lands of +the House of Othman; but that praise +is not quite deserved, the desire not to +see Russia aggrandized being a stronger +sentiment with her than was the desire +to aggrandize herself. Had the question +been left for British statesmen alone +to settle,—had the British premier been +as free to act for England as the Czar +was for Russia,—poor, sick Turkey +would have been cut and carved most +expeditiously and artistically; she would +have been partitioned as perfectly as +Poland, and Abdul Medjid would have +experienced the fate of Stanislaus Poniatowski. +But English ministers hold + +power only on condition of doing the +will of the English nation, and that nation +had contracted an aversion to Russia +that was uncontrollable, and before +its hostility its ministers had to give way, +slowly and reluctantly; and the half-measures +they adopted, like the half-measures +of our own government toward +the secessionists, explain the disasters +of the war. The English people +were determined that there should be an +end, for the time at least, to the Russian +hegemony, and threw themselves into +the arms of France with a vivacity that +would have astonished any other French +ruler but Napoleon III., who had lived +among them, and who knew them well. +The war was waged, and, when over, +what had England gained? Nothing +solid, it must be admitted. The territory +of Russia remained unimpaired, and +there is not the slightest evidence that +her influence in the East was lessened +by the partial destruction of Sebastopol. +The Russian navy of the Euxine had +ceased to exist; but as it consisted principally +of vessels that were not adapted +to the purposes of modern warfare, the +loss of the Russians in that respect was +not of a very serious character. Russia's +European leadership was suspended; +but her power and her resources, +which, if properly employed, must soon +reinstate her, were not damaged. England + +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">had</span> fought for an idea, and had +fought in vain.</p> + +<p>France had as little interest in the +Russian war as England, and the French +people had no wish to fight the Czar. +They would have preferred fighting the +English, in connection with the Czar,—an +arrangement that would have been +more profitable to their country. But +the emperor had a quarrel with his arrogant +brother at St. Petersburgh, and +he availed himself of the opportunity +afforded by that brother's obstinacy to +teach him a lesson from which he did +not live to profit. Nicholas had cut the +new emperor, and had caused him to be +taboo'd by most of the sovereigns of Europe; +and the Frenchman determined +to cut his way to consideration. This +he was enabled to do, with the aid of the +English; and ever since the war's close +he has held the place which became vacant +on the death of Nicholas—that of +Europe's arbiter. The French fought +well, as they always do, but their heart +was not in the war. The emperor had +the war party pretty much to himself. +Exactly the opposite state of things existed +in France to that which existed in +England. In the former country, the +government was for war, and the people +were for peace; in the latter, the government +was for peace, and the people +were for war. In each country power +was in the hands of the war party, and +so war was made, in spite of the wishes +of the French people and of English +statesmen. When Napoleon III. had accomplished +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">his</span> purpose, he ordered the +English to make peace, and peace was +made. In this way he satisfied his subjects, +showing them that he had no intention +of making England more powerful +than she had been, or Russia weaker. +He had prevented Russia from extending +her dominion, but he had also +prevented England from lessening that +dominion.</p> + +<p>The Italian war was waged in opposition +to the sentiments of the French people, +which was one of the leading causes +of its sudden termination, with its object, +only half accomplished, and much to the +damage of the emperor's reputation for +statesmanship and courage. Whether, +in a comprehensive sense, that war was +entered upon for purposes adverse to the +interests of France, may well be doubted; +but it is certain that it was an unpopular +measure in that country. The +French had no objection to the humiliation +of Austria; but it would be a grave +error to suppose that they have any wish +to behold Italy united and powerful. The +kingdom of Italy, should it become all +that is desired for it by its friends in this +country, would be to France a source +of annoyance, and probably of danger. +The emperor's power was shaken by his +Italian policy, and hence it was that he +played the confederature game so long, +to the astonishment of foreigners, and got + +possession of Savoy and Nice, to the astonishment +and anger of England; and +hence it is that he is seeking Sardinia +and other portions of Italy. Thus, the +Italian war was begun against the interests +of the French people, or what that +people believe to be their interests, +though this is the age in which there is +to be peace, because that is not to be +broken except when popular interests +require that it shall no longer be preserved.</p> + +<p>But the most remarkable instance of +the fallacy of the idea that regard for the +true interests of nations must banish hostilities +from the world, is afforded by the +coarse of France and England toward +this country since the beginning of the +secession war. Both those countries +have great interest not only in the preservation +of peace <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">with</span> the United +States, but in the preservation of peace +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">in</span> the United States; and yet they have +done all that it lies in their power to do +to encourage our rebels, and have been +on the verge of war with us: and war +with them, and with Spain, is exported +by many Americans, who judge of the +future by the present and the past. +England had a vast trade with the +American Union, buying at the South, +and selling to the North, and hence any +disturbances here were sure to operate +adversely to her interests; but no sooner +had it become apparent that our troubles +were to be of a serious character, +than her weight was thrown on to the +side of the rebels, who never would have +been able to do much but for the encouragement +they have received from +abroad. The trade of France was not +so great with America as that of England; +yet it was valuable, and the +French have suffered much from its suspension, +perhaps we should say its loss. +The North has purchased but little from +Europe for a year, and the South has +sold less to Europe in that time. There +has been a trade in food between the +North and some European countries, in +which grain has been exchanged for +gold, though it would have been better +for both parties could anything else +than gold have been brought to America, +true commerce consisting in the interchange +of commodities. For all the +sufferings that have been experienced +by Englishmen and Frenchmen, they +have none but themselves and their governments +to censure. That peace has +not been preserved is not our fault; and +the war that has been blown into so fierce +a flame has been fed from Europe; it +has been fanned by breezes from France +and England. When it was first seen +that there was danger of civil war, the +governments of those countries, if they +had really had any regard for the true +interests of their countries, would have +discouraged the rebels in the most public +and pointed manner imaginable, not +because they cared for us, but for the +simple reason that they were bound so +to act as should best promote the welfare +of their own peoples. War in +America meant suffering to the artisans +and laborers of Europe, who, thus far, +have suffered more from the war than +have any portion of the American people, +except the residents of Southern +cities. Napoleon III. and Lord Palmerston +should have said to the agents of the +Confederacy, and have taken care to +publish their words, 'We can afford you +neither aid in deeds nor encouragement +in words. Our relations with both sections +of the American nation are such, +that our respective countries must suffer +immensely from the course which you +are about to pursue, not because you +have been oppressed, or fear oppression, +but because you have been beaten in an +election, and power, for the time, has +been taken from your hands. You ask +us to act hostilely against the established +government of the United States, that +government having given us no cause of +offense,—to become the patrons of a +revolution that has no cause, but the +consequences of which may be boundless. +To revolutions we are averse; and one +of our governments exists in virtue of +opposition to the party of disorder in +Europe. You ask us to do that which +would lessen the means of livelihood to +millions of our people; for, granting + +that you should succeed, still there would +necessarily be so great a change produced +by your action, and by our intervention +in American affairs, that for +years America would not be the good +customer to France and England that +she has been for a generation. With the +merits of your cause we can have nothing +to do, our true interests pointing to +the maintenance of the strictest neutrality +in the contest between you and the +federal government; and the dictates +of interest are fortified by the suggestions +of principle. Your movement is +essentially disorderly in its character, +and it is undertaken avowedly in the interest +of slavery; and not only are we +the supporters of the existing order of +things the world over, but we are hostile +to slavery, having abolished it in all +parts of our dominions. Our advice to +you is, to submit to the federal government, +and to seek for the redress of your +grievances, if such you have, by means +recognized in the constitution and laws +of your country. From us you can receive +no aid, and you should dismiss all +expectation of it from your minds at +once and forever. We are indifferent +to the form of the American government, +and its internal policy can not concern +us; but the interests of our peoples +require that we should live in peace with +the people of America, whether they be +of the South or of the North, slave-holders +or abolitionists; and we shall not +quarrel with any portion of them for the +sake of facilitating the erection of a republic +to be founded on the basis of the +divine nature of slavery, the first time +that so preposterous a pretension was +ever put forward by the audacity or the +impudence of men.' Had something like +this been said to the agents of the rebels, +and had the English press supported the +same views, the rebellion would have +been at an end ere this, and the commercial +relations of America and Europe +would have experienced no sensible interruption. +English interests, in an especial +sense, demanded that the rebels +should be discouraged, and discouragement +from London would have rendered +rebellion hopeless, and have promoted +peace in Savannah and New Orleans.</p> + +<p>But it was not in England's nature to +pursue a course that would have been as +much in harmony with her material interests +as with that high moral character +which she claims as being peculiarly +her own. There appeared to have presented +itself an opportunity to effect the +destruction of the American Republic, +and England could not resist the temptation +to strike us hard: and, for almost +a year, she has been to the Union a +more deadly foe than we have found in +the South. We do not allude to the +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Trent</span> question, for in that we were +clearly in the wrong, and Mason and +Slidell should have been released on the +16th of November, and not have been +detained in captivity six weeks. Secretary +Seward has placed the point so +emphatically beyond all doubt, that we +must all be of one mind thereon, whether +in England or America. England +might have been moderate in her action, +in view of her repeated outrages on the +rights of neutrals, but no intelligent +American can condemn her position. It +is to other things that we must look for +evidence of her determination to effect +our extinction as a nation. She has, +while dripping with Hindoo blood, and +while yet men's ears are filled with accounts +of the blowing of sepoys from the +muzzles of cannon by her military executioners, +absolutely demanded of us an acknowledgment +of the Southern Confederacy's +independence, on the ground +that it is inhuman to wage war for the +maintenance of our national life. She +has compared our mild and forbearing +government with the savage proconsulate +of Alva in the Netherlands! She +has charged us with waging war against +civilization, because we have employed +stone fleets to close entrances to the harbor +of Charleston, though her own history +is full of instances of their employment +for similar purposes! She has +encouraged her traders and seamen to +furnish the rebels with arms of all kinds, +and stores of every description! She +has excluded our ships-of-war from her + +ports, refusing to allow them to coal at +places at which she had granted us the +privilege, in time of peace, of establishing +stations for fuel! She has given +shelter and protection to the privateers +of the rebels, vessels that had violated +her own laws almost within sight of her +own shores, and certainly within the narrow +seas! She has acknowledged the +belligerent character of the South, which +is virtually an acknowledgment of its +independence, for none but nations can +lawfully wage war. She has, through +her Minister for Foreign Affairs, declared +that our war with the secessionists +is of the same character as the war +which the Spaniards carried on with +their American colonists, and that there +is no difference between it and the +attempt of the Turks to subdue the +Greeks! Monstrous perversions of history +for even Earl Russell to be guilty of! +Her leading periodicals and journals, +with few exceptions, have denounced our +country, our course, and our government +in the bitterest language, and to the +manifest encouragement of the rebels, +who see in their language the rapid +growth and prompt exhibition of a sentiment +of hostility to this country, and +which must, sooner or later, end in war; +and war between England and America +would be sure to lead to the success of +the Confederates, even if we should +come out of it victoriously.</p> + +<p>Thus we see that the attempt to establish +peace on the basis of the true interests +of nations has not only failed, but +that it has failed signally and deplorably. +The solid Doric Temple of Mammon +has no more been able to stand +against the storms of war than has the +Crystal Palace of Sentiment. The fair +fabric which was the type of materialism +has fallen, and it would be most unwise +to seek its reconstruction. That +which was to have stood as long and +as firmly as the Pyramids has fallen +before the first moss could gather upon +it. Nor is the reason of this fall far +to seek, as it lies upon the surface, and +ought to have been anticipated—would +have been, only that men are so ready +to believe in what they wish to believe. +England, as a nation, has two interests +to consult, and which do not always accord. +She has her commercial interest +and her imperial interest; and, when +the two conflict, the last is sure to become +first. Her position as a nation was +threatened only by the United States +and Russia. The dynastic disputes of +France, which are far from being at an +end, and the generally unsettled character +of French politics, must long prevent +that country from becoming the permanent +rival of England. France is great +to-day, and England acts wisely in preparing +to meet her in war; but to-morrow +France may become weak, and her +voice be feeble and her weight light in +Europe and the world. Three houses +claim her throne, and the Republicans +may start up into active life again, as +we saw they did in 1848. Neither Austria +nor Prussia can ever furnish England +cause of alarm. With Russia the +case is very different, as her government +is solidly established; her resources are +vast, and in the course of steady development, +and her desire to establish her +supremacy in the East is a fixed idea +with both rulers and ruled. Unchecked, +she would have thrown England into +the background, and supposing that she +had resolved not to allow that country +a share of the spoil of Turkey. The +hard character and harsh policy of +Nicholas ended in furnishing to England +an opportunity to throw Russia herself +into the background for the time, and +that opportunity she made use of, but +not to the extent that she had determined +upon, owing to her dependence +upon France, which became the shield +of Russia after having been the sword +of England. The United States were a +formidable rival of England; and, but +for the breaking out of our troubles, we +should have been far ahead of her by +1870, and perhaps have stripped her of +all her American possessions. When +those troubles began, she proceeded to +take the same advantage of them that +she had taken of the Czar's blunder. +To sever the American nation in twain is + +her object, as some of her public men +have frankly avowed; and she believes +that the disintegrating process, once commenced, +would not stop with the division +of the country into the Northern Union +and the Southern Confederacy. She +expects, should the South succeed, to see +half a dozen republics here established, +and is not without hope that not even +two States would remain together; and +for this hope she has very good foundation. +The American nation destroyed, +England would become as great in the +West as she is in the East, and would +hold, with far greater means at her command, +the same position that was hers +in the last days of George II., when the +French had been expelled from America +and India. She would have no commercial +rival, and there would no longer +be an American navy susceptible of gigantic +increase. She would be truly the +sea's sovereign; and whoso rules the +sea has power to dictate to the land. +'Whosoever commands the sea,' says +Sir Walter Raleigh, 'commands the +trade of the world; whosoever commands +the trade of the world, commands +the riches of the world, and consequently +the world itself.' England never +would have gone to war with the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">United +States</span> to prevent their growth; but, now +that they have instituted civil war, it is +certain that she will do all that lies in +her power to prevent the reconstruction +of the Union. The war of words has +been begun, and it is but preliminary to +the war of swords. The savage music +of the British press is the overture to the +opera. The morality of England may +be neither higher nor lower than that of +all other countries,—may be no worse +than our own,—but there is so much +that is offensive in her modes of exhibiting +her destitution of principle, that she +is more hated than all other powerful +countries that ever have existed. She +not only sins as badly as other nations, +but manages to make herself as odious +for her manner of sinning as for the sins +themselves. There is no crime that she +is not capable of, if its perpetration be +necessary to promote her own power. +When Sir William Reid was governor +of Malta, he said to Mr. Lushington, 'I +would let them (<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">i.e.</span> the heathen) set up +Juggernaut in St. George's Square (in +Edinburgh), if it were conducive to England's +holding Malta.' And as this +time-blue Presbyterian was ready to allow +the solemnization of the bloodiest +rites of paganism in the most public +place of the Christian city of Edinburgh, +if that kind of tolerance would be conducive +to England's retention of Malta,—of +which she holds possession, by the +way, in consequence of one of the grossest +breaches of faith mentioned even in +her history,—so do we find the Christian +people, peers, and priests of England +ready to become the allies of slave-holders +and the supporters of slavery, if +thereby the American Republic can be +destroyed, as they believe that its existence +may become the source of danger +to the ascendency of their country.</p> + +<p>The last intelligence from England +allows us to believe that that country has +adopted a more liberal policy, and that +her government will do nothing to aid +the rebels. Some of the language of +Ministers is friendly, and altogether the +change is one of a character that can +not be otherwise than agreeable to us. +France, too, has declared her neutrality +as strongly as England. These declarations +were made before intelligence of +our military and naval successes had +reached Europe, which renders them all +the more weighty. Peace between +America and Europe may, therefore, be +counted upon, unless some very great +reverses should befall our arms.</p> +</div> + + + +<hr class="page"> + +<div> +<a name="toc_19"></a> +<h2>Among The Pines.</h2> + + +<p>The 'Ole Cabin' to which Jim had +alluded as the scene of Sam's punishment +by the Overseer, was a one-story +shanty in the vicinity of the stables. +Though fast falling to decay, it had more +the appearance of a decent habitation +than the other huts on the plantation. +Its thick plank door was ornamented +with a mouldy brass knocker, and its +four windows contained sashes, to which +here and there clung a broken pane, the +surviving relic of its better days. It was +built of large unhewn logs, notched at +the ends and laid one upon the other, +with the bark still on. The thick, rough +coat which yet adhered in patches to the +timber had opened in the sun, and let +the rain and the worm burrow in its sides, +till some parts had crumbled entirely +away. At one corner the process of decay +had gone on till roof, superstructure, +and foundation had rotted down +and left an opening large enough to admit +a coach and four horses. The huge +chimneys which had graced the gable-ends +of the building were fallen in, leaving +only a mass of sticks and clay to tell +of their existence, and two wide openings +to show how great a figure they had +once made in the world. A small space +in front of the cabin would have been a +lawn, had the grass been willing to grow +upon it; and a few acres of cleared land +in its rear might have passed for a garden, +had it not been entirely overgrown with +young pines and stubble. This primitive +structure was once the 'mansion' of that +broad plantation, and, before the production +of turpentine came into fashion +in that region, its rude owner drew his +support from its few surrounding acres, +more truly independent than the present +aristocratic proprietor, who, raising only +one article, and buying all his provisions, +was forced to draw his support from the +Yankee or the Englishman.</p> + +<p>Only one room, about forty feet square, +occupied the interior of the cabin. It +once contained several apartments, vestiges +of which still remained, but the +partitions had been torn away to fit it +for its present uses. What those uses +were, a moment's observation showed +me.</p> + +<p>In the middle of the floor, which was +mostly rotted away, a space about fifteen +feet square was covered with thick pine +planking, strongly nailed to the beams. +In the centre of this planking an oaken +block was firmly bolted, and to it was +fastened a strong iron staple that held a +log-chain, to which was attached a pair +of shackles. Above this, was a queer +frame-work of oak, somewhat resembling +the contrivance for drying fruit I have +seen in Yankee farm-houses. Attached +to the rafters by stout pieces of timber, +were two hickory poles, placed horizontally, +and about four feet apart, the +lower one rather more than eight feet +from the floor. This was the whipping-rack, +and hanging to it were several +stout whips with short hickory handles, +and long triple lashes. I took one down +for closer inspection, and found burned +into the wood, in large letters, the words +'Moral Suasion.' I questioned the appropriateness +of the label, but the Colonel +insisted with great gravity that the +whip is the only 'moral suasion' a darky +is capable of understanding.</p> + +<p>When punishment is inflicted on one +of the Colonel's negroes, his feet are confined +in the shackles, his arms tied above +his head, and drawn by a stout cord up +to one of the horizontal poles; then, his +back bared to the waist, and standing +on tip-toe, with every muscle stretched +to its utmost tension, he takes 'de lashes.'</p> + +<p>A more severe but more unusual punishment +is the 'thumb-screw.' In this +a noose is passed around the negro's +thumb and fore-finger, while the cord +is thrown over the upper cross-pole, and +the culprit is drawn up till his toes barely +touch the ground. In this position + +the whole weight of the body rests on the +thumb and fore-finger. The torture is +excruciating, and strong, able-bodied +men can endure it but a few moments. +The Colonel naively told me that he had +discontinued its practice, as several of his +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">women</span> had nearly lost the use of their +hands, and been incapacited for field +labor, by its too frequent repetition. +'My —— drivers,'<a href="#note_12"><span class="footnoteref">12</span></a> he added, 'have no +discretion, and no humanity; if they +have a pique against a nigger, they show +him no mercy.'</p> + +<p>The old shanty I have described was +now the place of the Overseer's confinement. +Open as it was at top, bottom, and +sides, it seemed an unsafe prison-house; +but Jim had rendered its present occupant +secure by placing 'de padlocks on +him.'</p> + +<p>'Where did you catch him?' asked +the Colonel of Jim, as, followed by every +darky on the plantation, we took our +way to the old building.</p> + +<p>'In de swamp, massa. We got Sandy +and de dogs arter him—dey treed +him, but he fit like de debil.'</p> + +<p>'Any one hurt?'</p> + +<p>'Yas, Cunnel; he knifed Yaller Jake, +and ef I hadn't a gibin him a wiper, +you'd a had anudder nigger short dis +mornin'—shore.'</p> + +<p>'How was it? tell me,' said his master, +while we paused, and the darkies gathered +around.</p> + +<p>'Wal, yer see, massa, we got de ole +debil's hat dat he drapped wen you had +him down; den we went to Sandy's fur +de dogs—dey scented him to onst, and +off dey put for de swamp. 'Bout twenty +on us follored 'em. He'd a right smart +start on us, and run like a deer, but de +hounds kotched up wid him 'bout whar +he shot pore Sam. He fit 'em and cut +up de Lady awful, but ole Caesar got a +hole ob him, and sliced a breakfuss out +ob his legs. Somehow, dough, he got +away from de ole dog, and clum a tree. + +'T was more'n an hour afore we kotched +up; but dar he war, and de houns baying +'way as ef dey know'd wat an ole +debil he am. I'd tuk one ob de guns—you +warn't in de hous, massa, so I cudn't +ax you.'</p> + +<p>'Never mind that; go on,' said the +Colonel.</p> + +<p>'Wal, I up wid de gun, and tole him +ef he didn't cum down I'd gib him suffin' + +dat 'ud sot hard on de stummuk. It tuk +him a long w'ile, but—he <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">cum down</span>.' +Here the darky showed a row of ivory +that would have been a fair capital for +a metropolitan dentist.</p> + +<p>'Wen he war down,' he resumed, 'Jake +war gwine to tie him, but de ole 'gator, +quicker dan a flash, put a knife enter +him.'</p> + +<p>'Is Jake much hurt?' interrupted the +Colonel.</p> + +<p>'Not bad, massa; de knife went fru +his arm, and enter his ribs, but de ma'am +hab fix him up, and she say he'll be +'round bery sudden.'</p> + +<p>'Well, what then?' inquired the Colonel.</p> + +<p>'Wen de ole debil seed he hadn't finished +Jake, he war gwine to gib him +anoder dig, but jus den I drap de gun on +his cocoa-nut, and he neber trubble us +no more. 'Twar mons'rous hard work +to git him out ob de swamp, 'cause he +war jes like a dead man, and we had to +tote him de hull way; but he'm dar now, +massa (pointing to the old cabin), and +de bracelets am on him.'</p> + +<p>'Where is Jake?' asked the Colonel.</p> + +<p>'Dunno, massa, but reckon he'm to +hum.'</p> + +<p>'One of you boys go and bring him to +the cabin,' said the Colonel.</p> + +<p>A negro-man went off on the errand, +while we and the darkies resumed our +way to the Overseer's quarters. Arrived +there, I witnessed a scene that +words can not picture.</p> + +<p>Stretched at full length on the floor, +his clothes torn to shreds, his coarse carroty +hair matted with blood, and his +thin, ugly visage pale as death, lay the +Overseer. Bending over him, wiping +away the blood from his face, and swathing +a ghastly wound on his forehead, was +the negress Sue; while at his shackled +feet, binding up his still bleeding legs, +knelt the octoroon woman.</p> + + +<p>'Is <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">she</span> here?' I said, involuntarily, as +I caught sight of the group.</p> + +<p>'It's her nature,' said the Colonel, +with a pleasant smile; 'if Moye were the +devil himself, she'd do him good if she +could; another such woman never lived.'</p> + +<p>And yet this woman, with all the instincts +that make her sex angel-ministers +to man, lived in daily violation of the +most sacred of all laws,—because she +was a slave. Will Mr. Caleb Cushing +or Charles O'Conner please tell us why +the Almighty invented a system which +forces his creatures to break the laws of +His own making?</p> + +<p>'Don't waste your time on him, Alice,' +said the Colonel, kindly; 'he isn't worth +the rope that'll hang him.'</p> + +<p>'He was bleeding to death; he must +have care or he'll die,' said the octoroon +woman.</p> + +<p>'Then let him die, d—— him,' replied +the Colonel, advancing to where the +Overseer lay, and bending down to satisfy +himself of his condition.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile more than two hundred +dusky forms crowded around and filled +every opening of the old building. Every +conceivable emotion, except pity, was +depicted on their dark faces. The same +individuals whose cloudy visages a half-hour +before I had seen distended with a +wild mirth and careless jollity, that made +me think them really the docile, good-natured +animals they are said to be, now +glared on the prostrate Overseer with +the infuriated rage of aroused beasts +when springing on their prey.</p> + +<p>'You can't come the possum here. +Get up, you —— hound,' said the Colonel, +rising and striking the bleeding +man with his foot.</p> + +<p>The fellow raised himself on one elbow +and gazed around with a stupid, vacant +look. His eye wandered unsteadily for +a moment from the Colonel to the throng +of cloudy faces in the doorway; then, his +recent experience flashing upon him, he +shrieked out, clinging wildly to the skirts +of the octoroon woman, who was standing +near, 'Keep off them cursed hounds,—keep +them off, I say—they'll kill +me!—they'll kill me!'</p> + +<p>One glance satisfied me that his mind +was wandering. The blow on the head +had shattered his reason, and made the +strong man less than a child.</p> + +<p>'You shan't be killed yet,' said the +Colonel. 'You've a small account to settle +with me before you reckon with the +devil.'</p> + +<p>At this moment the dark crowd in the +doorway parted, and Jake entered, his +arm bound up and in a sling.</p> + +<p>'Jake, come here,' said the Colonel; +'this man would have killed you. What +shall we do with him?'</p> + +<p>''Tain't fur a darky to say dat, massa,' +said the negro, evidently unaccustomed +to the rude administration of justice +which the Colonel was about to inaugurate; +'he did wuss dan dat to Sam, mass—he +orter swing for shootin' him.'</p> + +<p>'That's <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">my</span> affair; we'll settle your +account first,' replied the Colonel.</p> + +<p>The darky looked undecidedly at his +master, and then at the Overseer, who, +overcome by weakness, had sunk again +to the floor. The little humanity in him +was evidently struggling with his hatred +of Moye and his desire of revenge, when +the old nurse yelled out from among the +crowd, 'Gib him fifty lashes, Massa Davy, +and den you wash him down.<a href="#note_13"><span class="footnoteref">13</span></a> Be +a man, Jake, and say dat.'</p> + +<p>Jake still hesitated, and when at last +he was about to speak, the eye of the +octoroon woman caught his, and chained +the words to his tongue, as if by magnetic +power.</p> + +<p>'Do you say that, boys;' said the Colonel, +turning to the other negroes; +'shall he have fifty lashes?'</p> + +<p>'Yas, massa, fifty lashes—gib de ole +debil fifty lashes,' shouted about fifty +voices.</p> + +<p>'He shall have them,' quietly said the +master.</p> + +<p>The mad shout that followed, which +was more like the yell of demons than +the cry of men, seemed to arouse the +Overseer to a sense of the real state of +affairs. Springing to his feet, he gazed + +wildly around; then, sinking on his knees +before the octoroon, and clutching the +folds of her dress, he shrieked, 'Save me, +good lady, save me! as you hope for +mercy, save me!'</p> + +<p>Not a muscle of her face moved, but, +turning to the excited crowd, she mildly +said, 'Fifty lashes would kill him. <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Jake</span> +does not say that—your master leaves +it to him, and he will not whip a dying +man—will you, Jake?'</p> + +<p>'No, ma'am—not—not ef you go +agin it,' replied the negro, with very evident +reluctance.</p> + +<p>'But he whipped Sam, ma'am, when +he was nearer dead than <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">he</span> am,' said +Jim, whose station as house-servant allowed +him a certain freedom of speech.</p> + +<p>'Because he was brutal to Sam, should +you be brutal to him? Can you expect +me to tend you when you are sick, if you +beat a dying man? Does Pompey say +you should do such things?' said the lady.</p> + +<p>'No, good ma'am,' said the old preacher, +stepping out, with the freedom of an +old servant, from the black mass, and +taking his stand beside me in the open +space left for the 'w'ite folks;' 'de ole +man dusn't say dat, ma'am; he tell 'em +de Lord want 'em to forgib dar en'mies—to +lub dem dat pursyskute em;' then, +turning to the Colonel, he added, as he +passed his hand meekly over his thin +crop of white wool and threw his long +heel back, 'ef massa'll 'low me I'll talk +to 'em.'</p> + +<p>'Fire away,' said the Colonel, with +evident chagrin. 'This is a nigger trial; +if you want to screen the d—— hound +you can do it.'</p> + +<p>'I dusn't want to screed him, massa, +but I'se bery ole and got soon to gwo, +and I dusn't want de blessed Lord to ax +me wen I gets dar why I 'lowed dese +pore ig'nant brack folks to mudder a +man 'fore my bery face. I toted you, +massa, fore you cud gwo, I'se worked for +you till I can't work no more; and I +dusn't want to tell de Lord dat <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">my</span> massa +let a brudder man be killed in cole +blood.'</p> + +<p>'He is no brother of mine, you old +fool; preach to the nigs, don't preach to +me,' said the Colonel, stifling his displeasure, +and striding off through the black +crowd, without saying another word.</p> + +<p>Here and there in the dark mass a +face showed signs of relenting; but much +the larger number of that strange jury, +had the question been put, would have +voted—DEATH.</p> + +<p>The old preacher turned to them as +the Colonel passed out, and said, 'My +chil'ren, would you hab dis man whipped, +so weak, so dyin' as he am, of he war +brack?'</p> + +<p>'No, not ef he war a darky—fer +den he wouldn't be such an ole debil,' replied +Jim, and about a dozen of the other +negroes.</p> + +<p>'De w'ite ain't no wuss dan de brack—dey'm +all 'like—pore sinners all ob 'em. +De Lord wudn't whip a w'ite man no +sooner dan a brack one—He tinks de +w'ite juss so good as de brack (good +Southern doctrine, I thought). De porest +w'ite trash wudn't strike a man wen +he war down.'</p> + +<p>'We'se had 'nough of dis, ole man,' +said a large, powerful negro (one of the +drivers), stepping forward, and, regardless +of the presence of Madam P—— and +myself, pressing close to where the Overseer +lay, now totally unconscious of what +was passing around him. 'You needn't +preach no more; de Cunnul hab say +we'm to whip ole Moye, and we'se gwine +to do it, by ——.'</p> + +<p>I felt my fingers closing on the palm +of my hand, and in a second more they +would have cut the darky's profile, had +not Madam P—— cried out, 'Stand back, +you impudent fellow: say another word, +and I'll have you whipped on the spot.'</p> + +<p>'De Cunnul am my massa, ma'am—<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">he</span> +say ole Moye shall be whipped, and I'se +gwine to do it—shore.'</p> + +<p>I have seen a storm at sea—I have +seen the tempest tear up great trees—I +have seen the lightning strike in a dark +night—but I never saw anything half +so grand, half so terrible, as the glance +and tone of that woman as she cried out, +'Jim, take this man—give him fifty +lashes this instant.'</p> + +<p>Quicker than thought, a dozen darkies + +were on him. His hands and feet were +tied and he was under the whipping-rack +in a second. Turning then to the other +negroes, the brave woman said, 'Some of +you carry Moye to the house, and you, +Jim, see to this man—if fifty lashes don't +make him sorry, give him fifty more.'</p> + +<p>This summary change of programme +was silently acquiesced in by the assembled +darkies, but many a cloudy face +scowled sulkily on the octoroon, as, leaning +on my arm, she followed Junius and +the other negroes, who bore Moye to the +mansion. It was plain that under those +dark faces a fire was burning that a +breath would have fanned into a flame.</p> + +<p>We entered the house by its rear door, +and placed Moye in a small room on the +ground floor. He was laid on a bed, and +stimulants being given him, his senses +and reason shortly returned. His eyes +opened, and his real position seemed suddenly +to flash upon him, for he turned to +Madam P——, and in a weak voice, +half-choked with emotion, faltered out, +'May God in heaven bless ye, ma'am; +God <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">will</span> bless ye for bein' so good to a +wicked man like me. I doesn't desarve it, +but ye woant leave me—ye woant leave +me—they'll kill me ef ye do!'</p> + +<p>'Don't fear,' said the Madam; 'you +shall have a fair trial. No harm shall +come to you here.'</p> + +<p>'Thank ye, thank ye,' gasped the +Overseer, raising himself on one arm, +and clutching at the lady's hand, which +he tried to lift to his lips.</p> + +<p>'Don't say any more now,' said Madam +P——, quietly; 'you must rest and +be quiet, or you won't get well.'</p> + +<p>'Shan't I get well? Oh, I can't die—I +can't die <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">now</span>!'</p> + +<p>The lady made a soothing reply, and +giving him an opiate, and arranging the +bedding so that he might rest more easily, +she left the room with me.</p> + +<p>As we stepped into the hall, I saw +through the front door, which was open, +the horses harnessed in readiness for +'meeting,' and the Colonel pacing to and +fro on the piazza, smoking a cigar. He +perceived us, and halted in front of the +doorway.</p> + +<p>'So, you've brought that d—— blood-thirsty +villain into my house!' he said to +Madam P——, in a tone of strong displeasure.</p> + +<p>'How could I help it? The negroes are +mad, and would kill him anywhere else,' +replied the lady, with a certain self-confidence +that showed she knew her power +over the Colonel.</p> + +<p>'Why should <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">you</span> interfere between +them and him? Has he not insulted +you often enough to make you let him +alone? Can you so easily forgive his +taunting you with'—He did not finish +the sentence, but what I had learned +on the previous evening from the old +nurse gave me a clue to its meaning. +A red flame flushed the face and neck +of the octoroon woman—her eyes literally +flashed fire, and her very breath +seemed to come with pain; in a moment, +however, this emotion passed away, and +she quietly said, 'Let me settle that in +my own way. He has served <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">you</span> well—<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">you</span> + +have nothing against him that the +law will not punish.'</p> + +<p>'By ——, you are the most unaccountable +woman I ever knew,' exclaimed the +Colonel, striding up and down the piazza, +the angry feeling passing from his face, +and giving way to a mingled expression +of wonder and admiration. The conversation +was here interrupted by Jim, who +just then made his appearance, hat in +hand.</p> + +<p>'Well, Jim, what is it?' asked his +master.</p> + +<p>'We'se gib'n Sam twenty lashes, +ma'am, but he beg so hard, and say he +so sorry, dat I tole him I'd ax you 'fore +we gabe him any more.'</p> + +<p>'Well, if he's sorry, that's enough; but +tell him he'll get fifty another time,' said +the lady.</p> + +<p>'What Sam is it?' asked the Colonel.</p> + +<p>'Big Sam, the driver,' said Jim.</p> + +<p>'Why was he whipped?'</p> + +<p>'He told me <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">you</span> were his master, and +insisted on whipping Moye,' replied the +lady.</p> + +<p>'Did he dare to do that? Give him a +hundred, Jim, not one less,' roared the +Colonel.</p> + +<p>'Yas, massa,' said Jim.</p> + +<p>The lady looked significantly at the +negro and shook her head, but said +nothing, and he left.</p> + +<p>'Come, Alice, it is nearly time for +meeting, and I want to stop and see +Sandy on the way.'</p> + +<p>'I reckon I won't go,' said Madam +P——.</p> + +<p>'You stay to take care of Moye, I suppose,' +said the Colonel, with a slight +sneer.</p> + +<p>'Yes,' replied the lady; 'he is badly +hurt, and in danger of inflammation.'</p> + +<p>'Well, suit yourself. Sir. K——, come, +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">we'll</span> go—you'll meet some of the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">natives</span>.'</p> + +<p>The lady retired to the house, and the +Colonel and I were soon ready. The +driver brought the horses to the door, +and as we were about to enter the carriage, +I noticed Jim taking his accustomed +seat on the box.</p> + +<p>'Who's looking after Sam?' asked the +Colonel.</p> + +<p>'Nobody, Cunnul; de ma'am leff him +gwo.'</p> + +<p>'How dare you disobey me? Didn't +I tell you to give him a hundred?'</p> + +<p>'Yas, massa, but de ma'am tole me +notter.'</p> + +<p>'Well, another time you mind what <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">I</span> +say—do you hear?' said his master.</p> + +<p>'Yas, massa,' said the negro, with a +broad grin, 'I allers do dat.'</p> + +<p>'You <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">never</span> do it, you d—— nigger; +I ought to have flogged you long ago.'</p> + +<p>Jim said nothing, but gave a quiet +laugh, showing no sort of fear, and we +entered the carriage. I afterwards learned +from him that he had never been whipped, +and that all the negroes on the plantation +obeyed the lady when, which was +seldom, her orders came in conflict with +their master's. They knew if they did +not, the Colonel would whip them.</p> + +<p>As we rode slowly along the Colonel +said to me, 'Well, you see that the best +people have to flog their niggers sometimes.'</p> + +<p>'Yes, <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">I</span> should have given that fellow +a hundred lashes, at least. I think the +effect on the others would have been +bad if Madam P—— had not had him +flogged.'</p> + +<p>'But she generally goes against it. I +don't remember of her having it done in +ten years before. And yet, though I've +the worst gang of niggers in the district, +they obey her like so many children.'</p> + +<p>'Why is that?'</p> + +<p>'Well, there's a kind of magnetism +about her that makes everybody love +her; and then she tends them in sickness, +and is constantly doing little things +for their comfort; <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">that</span> attaches them to +her. She is an extraordinary woman.'</p> + +<p>'Whose negroes are those, Colonel?' +I asked, as, after a while, we passed a +gang of about a dozen, at work near the +roadside. Some were tending a tar-kiln, +and some engaged in cutting into fire-wood +the pines which a recent tornado +had thrown to the ground.</p> + +<p>'They are mine, but they are working +now for themselves. I let such as +will, work on Sunday. I furnish the "raw +material," and pay them for what they +do, as I would a white man.'</p> + +<p>'Would'nt it be better to make them +go to hear the old preacher; could'nt +they learn something from him?'</p> + +<p>'Not much; Old Pomp never read +anything but the Bible, and he don't +understand that; besides, they can't be +taught. You can't make "a whistle out +of a pig's tail;" you can't make a nigger +into a white man.'</p> + +<p>Just here the carriage stopped suddenly, +and we looked out to see the cause. +The road by which we had come was a +mere opening through the pines; no +fences separated it from the wooded land, +and being seldom traveled, the track +was scarcely visible. In many places it +widened to a hundred feet, but in others +tall trees had grown up on its opposite +sides, and there was scarcely width +enough for a single carriage to pass +along. In one of these narrow passages, +just before us, a queer-looking vehicle +had upset, and scattered its contents in +the road. We had no alternative but to +wait till it got out of the way; and we +all alighted to reconnoitre.</p> + +<p>The vehicle was a little larger than an + +ordinary hand-cart, and was mounted on +wheels that had probably served their +time on a Boston dray before commencing +their travels in Secessiondom. Its +box of pine boarding and its shafts of +rough oak poles were evidently of Southern +home manufacture. Attached to it by +a rope harness, with a primitive bridle of +decidedly original construction, was—not +a horse, nor a mule, nor even an alligator, +but a 'three-year-old heifer.'</p> + +<p>The wooden linch-pin of the cart had +given way, and the weight of a half-dozen +barrels of turpentine had thrown the +box off its balance, and rolled the contents +about in all directions.</p> + +<p>The appearance of the proprietor of +this nondescript vehicle was in keeping +with the establishment. His coat, which +was much too short in the waist and +much too long in the skirts, was of the +common reddish gray linsey, and his +nether garments, of the same material, +stopped just below the knees. From +there downwards, he wore only the covering +that is said to have been the fashion +in Paradise before Adam took to +fig-leaves. His hat had a rim broader +than a political platform, and his skin a +color half way between that of tobacco-juice +and a tallow candle.</p> + +<p>'Wal, Cunnul, how dy'ge?' said the +stranger, as we stepped from the carriage.</p> + +<p>'Very well, Ned; how are you?'</p> + +<p>'Purty wal, Cunnul; had the nagur +lately, right smart, but'm gittin' 'roun.'</p> + +<p>'You're in a bad fix here, I see. +Can't Jim help you?'</p> + +<p>'Wal, p'raps he moight. Jim, how +dy'ge?'</p> + +<p>'Sort o' smart, ole feller. But come, +stir yerseff; we want ter gwo 'long,' replied +Jim, with a manifest lack of courtesy +that showed he regarded the white man +as altogether too 'trashy' to be treated +with much ceremony.</p> + +<p>With the aid of Jim, a new linch-pin +was soon whittled out, the turpentine +rolled on to the cart, and the vehicle +put in a moving condition.</p> + +<p>'Where are you hauling your turpentine?' + +asked the Colonel.</p> + +<p>'To Sam Bell's, at the "Boro'."'</p> + +<p>'What will he pay you?'</p> + +<p>'Wal, I've four barr'ls of "dip," and +tu of "hard." For the hull, I reckon +he'll give three dollars a barr'l.'</p> + +<p>'By tale?'</p> + +<p>'No, for two hun'red and eighty pound.'</p> + +<p>'Well, <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">I'll</span> give you two dollars and a +half by weight.'</p> + +<p>'Can't take it, Cunnel; must get three +dollar.'</p> + +<p>'What, will you go sixty miles with +this team, and waste five or six days, for +fifty cents on six barrels—three dollars?'</p> + +<p>'Can't 'ford the time, Cunnel, but +must git three dollar a barr'l.'</p> + +<p>'That fellow is a specimen of our "natives,"' +said the Colonel, as we resumed +our seats in the carriage. 'You'll see +more of them before we get back to the +plantation.'</p> + +<p>'He puts a young cow to a decidedly +original use,' I remarked.</p> + +<p>'Oh no, not original here; the ox and +the cow with us are both used for labor.'</p> + +<p>'You don't mean to say that cows are +generally worked here?'</p> + +<p>'Of course I do. Our breeds are good +for nothing as milkers, and we put them +to the next best use. I never have cow's +milk on my plantation.'</p> + +<p>'You don't! why, I could have sworn +it was in my coffee this morning.'</p> + +<p>'I wouldn't trust you to buy brandy +for me, if your organs of taste are not +keener than that. It was goat's milk.'</p> + +<p>'Then how do you get your butter?'</p> + +<p>'From the North. I've had mine from +my New York factors for over two years.'</p> + +<p>We soon arrived at Sandy the negro-hunter's, +and halted to allow the Colonel +to inquire as to the health of his family +of children and dogs,—the latter the +less numerous, but, if I might judge by +appearances, the more valued of the two.</p> + +</div> + + + +<hr class="page"> + +<div> +<a name="toc_20"></a> +<h2>Southern Aids To The North.</h2> + + +<p>II.</p> + +<p>If war did little else, it would have +its value from the fact that it acts so +extensively as an institution for the dissemination +of useful knowledge. Every +murmur of political dissension sends thousands +to consult the map, and repair their +early neglect of geography. Perhaps if +atlases and ethnographical works were +more studied we should have less war. +And it is by no means impossible that +the mutual knowledge which has been +or is to be acquired by the people of the +South and the North during this present +war will eventually aid materially in +establishing a firm bond of union.</p> + +<p>That we have much to learn is shown +in the firm faith with which so many +have listened to the threats of 'a united +South.' Until recently the fierce and +furious assurances of the rebel press, +that south of Mason and Dixon's line all +were wedded heart and soul to their +cause, were taken almost without a +doubt. Who has forgotten the late +doleful convictions of the dough-faces +that the South would hold together to +the last in spite of wind or weather, +concluding invariably with the old refrain,—'Suppose +we conquer them—what +then?' Had the country at large +known in detail, as it <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">should</span> have +known from a common-school education, +what the South <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">really</span> is,—or from +experience of life what human nature +really is,—it would never have believed +that this boasted unanimity was based +on aught save ignorance or falsehood. +The Southern press itself, almost without +an exception, betrays gross ignorance of +its own country, and is very superficial +in its statistics, inclining more than any +other to warp facts and figures to suit +preconceived views. We, like it, have +tacitly adopted the belief that south of +a certain line a certain climate invariably +prevailed, and that under its influences, +from the Border to the Gulf of +Mexico, there has been developed a race +essentially alike in all its characteristics. +The planter and the slave-owner, or the +city merchant, has been the type with +which our writers have become familiar +at the hotel and the watering-place, or +in the 'store,' and we have accepted +them as speaking for the South, quite +forgetful that in America, as in other +countries, the real man of the middle +class travels but little, and when he +does, is seldom to be found mingling in +the 'higher circles.' Yet even this +Southern man of the middle class and +of 'Alleghania,' when at the North +frequently affects a 'Southern' air, which +is not more natural to him than it is to +the youthful scions of Philadelphia and +New York, who, when in Europe, so +often talk pro-slavery and bowie knife, +as though they lived in the very heart +of planterdom. But the truth is that +when we search the South out closely +we find that in reality there is a very +great difference between its districts and +their inhabitants, and, in <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">fact</span>, as has +been very truly said, 'not only is there +no geographical boundary between the +free and slave States, but no moral and +intellectual boundary.'</p> + +<p>In the great temperate region which, +parting from either side of the Alleghanies, +extends from Virginia to Alabama, +and is still continued in the pleasant +level of Texas, slavery has rolled +away from either mountain side like a +flood, leaving it the home of a hardy +population which regards with jealousy +and dislike both the wealthy planter +and the negro. James W. Taylor, in +his valuable collection of facts, claims +that through the whole extent of the +Southern Alleghania slavery has relatively +diminished since 1850, and that +the forthcoming census tables will establish +the assertion. 'The superintendent +of the census,' he says, 'would furnish a + +document, valuable politically and for +military use, if he would anticipate the +publication of this portion of his voluminous +budget.' If government, indeed, +were to communicate to the public +what information it now holds, and has +long held, relative to the numbers and +strength of the Union men of the South, +an excitement of amazement would thrill +through the North. It was on the basis +of this knowledge that our great campaign +was planned,—and it can not be +denied that thousands of stanch Union +men were greatly astonished at the revelations +of sympathy which burst forth +most unexpectedly in districts where +the stars and stripes have been planted. +But the Cabinet 'knew what it knew' +on this subject. Much of its knowledge +never can be revealed, but enough will +come to-night to show that in our darkest +hour we had an enormous mass of aid, +little suspected by those weaker brethren +who stood aghast at the Southern bugbear, +and who, falling prostrate in nerveless +terror at the windy spectre, quaked +out repeated assurances that <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">they</span> had +no intention of 'abolitionizing the war,' + +and even earnestly begged and prayed +that the emancipationists might all be +sent to Fort Warren,—so fearful were +the poor cowards lest the united South, +in the final hour of victory, might include +them in its catalogue of the doomed. +What would they say if they knew the +number and power of the ABOLITIONISTS +OF THE SOUTH,—a body of no +trifling significance, whose fierce grasp +will yet be felt on the throat of rebellion +and of slavery? It is grimly amusing +to think of the aid which the South +counted on receiving from these Northern +dough-faces,—little thinking that +within itself it contained a counter-revolutionary +party, far more dangerous +than the Northern friends were helpful.</p> + +<p>It should be borne in mind that where +such an evil as slavery exists there will +be numbers of grave, sensible men, who, +however quiet they may keep, will have +their own opinions as to the expediency +of maintaining it. The bigots of the +South may rave of the beauty of 'the +institution,' and make many believe that +they speak for the whole,—a little scum +when whipped covers the whole pail,—but +beneath all lies a steadily-increasing +mass of practical men who would readily +enough manifest their opposition should +opportunity favor free speech. Such +people, for instance, are not insensible +to the enormously corrupting influence +of negroes on their children. Let the +reader recall Olmsted's experiences,—that, +for example, where he speaks of +three negro women who had charge of +half a dozen white girls of good family, +'from three to fifteen years of age.'</p> + +<div class="display"> +<p>Their language was loud and obscene, such +as I never heard before from any but the most +depraved and beastly women of the streets. +Upon observing me they dropped their voices, +but not with any appearance of shame, and +continued their altercation until their mistresses +entered. The white children, in the mean +time, had listened without any appearance of +wonder or annoyance. The moment the ladies +opened the door, they became silent.—<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Cotton +Kingdom</span>, vol. i. p. 222.</p> +</div> + +<p>The Southern <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Cultivator</span> for June, +1855, speaks of many young men and +women who have 'made shipwreck of all +their earthly hopes, and been led to the +fatal step by the seeds of corruption +which in the days of childhood and +youth were sown in their hearts by the +indelicate and lascivious manners and +conversation of their fathers' negroes.' +If we had no other fact or cause to cite, +this almost unnamable one might convince +the reader that there must be a +groundwork somewhere in the South +among good, moral, and decent people, +for antipathy to slavery,—human nature +teaches us as much. And such +people exist, not only among the hardy +inhabitants of the inland districts, who +are not enervated by wealth and 'exclusiveness,' + +but in planterdom itself.</p> + +<p>There are few in the North who realize +the number of persons in the South +who silently disapprove of slavery on +sound grounds, such as I have mentioned. +Does it seem credible that +nearly <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">ten millions</span> of people should socially +sympathize with some three hundred + +thousand slave-holders, who act +with intolerable arrogance to all non-slave-holders? +'Even in those regions +where slavery is profitable,' as a writer +in the Boston <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Transcript</span> well expresses +it, 'the poor whites feel the slaveocracy +as the most grinding of aristocracies.'</p> + +<div class="display"> + +<p>In those regions where it is not profitable, +the population regard it with a latent abhorrence, +compared with which the rhetorical and +open invectives of Garrison and Phillips are +feeble and tame. Anybody who has read Olmsted's +truthful narrative of his experience in +the slave States can not doubt this fact. The +hatred to slavery too often finds its expression +in an almost inhuman hatred of 'niggers,' +whether slave or free, but it is none the less +significant of the feelings and opinions of the +white population.</p> +</div> + +<p>As I write, every fresh thunder of war +and crash of victory is followed by murmurs +of amazement at the enthusiastic +receptions which the Union forces meet +in most unexpected strongholds of the +enemy, in the very heart of slavedom. +Yet it was <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">known</span> months ago, and prophesied, +with the illustration of undeniable +facts, that this counter-revolutionary +element existed. One single truth was +forgotten,—that these Southern friends +of the Union, even while avowing that +slavery must be supported, had no love +of it in their hearts. Emancipation has +been sedulously set aside under pretence +of conciliating them; but it was needless,—'old +custom' had made them cautious, +and mindful of 'expediency;' but +the mass of them hate 'the institution.' + +It is for the traitorous Northern <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">dough-faces</span>, +and the paltry handful of secessionists, +'on a thin slip of land on the +Atlantic,' that slavery is, at present, +cherished. The great area of the South +is free from it,—and ever will be.</p> + +<p>It has frequently been insisted on that +the mere <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">geographical</span> obstacles to disunion +are such as to render the cause of +slavery hopeless in the long run. Yet +to this most powerful Southern aid to +the North, men seem to have been +strangely blind during the days of doubt +which so long afflicted us. These obstacles +are, briefly, the enormous growing +power of the West, and its inevitable +outlet, the Mississippi river. 'For +it is the mighty and free <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">West</span> which +will always hang like a lowering thunder-cloud +over them.'<a href="#note_14"><span class="footnoteref">14</span></a> On this subject +I quote at length from an article, in the +Danville (Ky.) <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Review</span>, by the Rev. R. +J. Breckenridge, D.D.:—</p> + +<div class="display"> +<p>Whoever will look at a map of the United +States, will observe that Louisiana lies on both +sides of the Mississippi river, and that the +States of Arkansas and Mississippi lie on the +right and left banks of this great stream—eight +hundred miles of whose lower course is +thus controlled by these three States, unitedly +inhabited by hardly as many white people as +inhabit the city of New York. Observe, then, +the country drained by this river and its affluents, +commencing with Missouri on its west +bank and Kentucky on its east bank. There +are nine or ten powerful States, large portions +of three or four others, several large Territories—in +all, a country as large as all Europe, +as fine as any under the sun, already holding +many more people than all the revolted States, +and powerful regions of the earth. Does any +one suppose that these powerful States—this +great and energetic population—will ever +make a peace that will put the lower course +of this single and mighty national outlet to the +sea in the hands of a foreign government far +weaker than themselves? If there is any such +person he knows little of the past history of +mankind, and will perhaps excuse us for reminding +him that the people of Kentucky, before +they were constituted a State, gave formal +notice to the federal government, when Gen. +Washington was President, that if the United +States did not require Louisiana they would +themselves conquer it. The mouths of the +Mississippi belong, by the gift of God, to the +inhabitants of its great valley. Nothing but +irresistible force can disinherit them.</p> + +<p>Try another territorial aspect of the case. +There is a bed of mountains abutting on the +left bank of the Ohio, which covers all Western +Virginia, and all Eastern Kentucky, to the +width, from east to west, in those two States, +of three or four hundred miles. These mountains, +stretching south-westwardly, pass entirely +through Tennessee, cover the back parts of +North Carolina and Georgia, heavily invade the +northern part of Alabama, and make a figure +even in the back parts of South Carolina and + +the eastern parts of Mississippi, having a +course of perhaps seven or eight hundred +miles, and running far south of the northern +limit of profitable cotton culture. It is a region +of 300,000 square miles, trenching upon +eight or nine slave States, though nearly destitute +of slaves itself; trenching upon at least +five cotton States, though raising no cotton +itself. The western part of Maryland and two-thirds +of Pennsylvania are embraced in the +north-eastern continuation of this remarkable +region. Can anything that passes under the +name of statesmanship be more preposterous +than the notion of permanent peace on this +continent, founded on the abnegation of a common +and paramount government, and the idea +of the supercilious domination of the cotton +interest and the slave-trade over such a mountain +empire, so located and so peopled?</p> + +<p>As a further proof of the utter impossibility +of peace except under a common government, +and at once an illustration of the import of +what has just been stated, and the suggestion +of a new and insuperable difficulty, let it be +remembered that this great mountain region, +throughout its general course, is more loyal to +the Union than any other portion of the slave +States. It is the mountain counties of Maryland +that have held treason in check in that +State; it is forty mountain counties in Western +Virginia that have laid the foundation of a new +and loyal commonwealth; it is the mountain +counties of Kentucky that first and most eagerly +took up arms for the Union; it is the mountain +region of Tennessee that alone, in that dishonored +State, furnished martyrs to the sacred +cause of freedom; it is the mountain people of +Alabama that boldly stood out against the Confederate +government till their own leaders deserted +and betrayed them.</p> +</div> + +<p>It is not a strong point, but it is worth +noting, that even in South Carolina +there is an Alleghanian area of 4,074 +square miles, equal to the State of Connecticut, +in which the diminished proportion +of slaves, with other local causes, +are sufficient to indicate the Union feeling +which indeed struggles there in secret. +These counties are:—</p> + +<p></p><table><tbody> +<tr> + <td></td><td>FREE.</td><td>SLAVE.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Spartanburgh,</td><td>18,311</td><td>8,039</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td>Greenville,</td><td>13,370 </td><td>6,691</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Anderson,</td><td>13,867 </td><td>7,514</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pickens,</td><td>13,105</td><td>3,679</td> + +</tr> +</tbody></table><p></p> + +<p>Slavery is here large, as compared to +the other counties of 'Alleghania,' but +the great proportion of free inhabitants, +as contrasted with the districts near the +Atlantic, makes it worth citing. In accordance +with a request, I give from +Jas. W. Taylor's collection, illustrating +this subject, the table of population in +East Tennessee:—</p> + +<div class="display"> +<p>The following table, from the census of 1850, +presents the slave and cotton statistics of this +district, in their relation to the free population:</p> +</div> + +<p></p><table><tbody> +<tr> + +<td>COUNTIES.</td> +<td>FREE.</td> +<td>SLAVE.</td> +<td>COTTON, 400 lb. bales.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Johnson,</td> +<td>3,485</td> +<td>206</td> +<td>0</td> + +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Carter,</td> +<td>5,911</td> +<td>353</td> +<td>0</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Washington,</td> +<td>12,671</td> +<td>930</td> + +<td>0</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Sullivan,</td> +<td>10,603</td> +<td>1,004</td> +<td>153</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hancock,</td> +<td>5,447</td> + +<td>202</td> +<td>2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hawkins,</td> +<td>11,567</td> +<td>1,690</td> +<td>0</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Greene,</td> + +<td>16,526</td> +<td>1,093</td> +<td>0</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cocke,</td> +<td>7,501</td> +<td>719</td> +<td>3</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Sevier,</td> +<td>6,450</td> +<td>403</td> +<td>0</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Jefferson,</td> +<td>11,458</td> +<td>1,628</td> + +<td>0</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Granger,</td> +<td>11,170</td> +<td>1,035</td> +<td>1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Knox,</td> +<td>16,385</td> + +<td>2,193</td> +<td>0</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Union, new county,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Claiborne,</td> +<td>8,610</td> +<td>660</td> +<td>0</td> + +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Anderson,</td> +<td>6,391</td> +<td>503</td> +<td>0</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Campbell,</td> +<td>5,651</td> +<td>318</td> + +<td>1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Scott,</td> +<td>1,808</td> +<td>37</td> +<td>0</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Morgan,</td> +<td>3,301</td> + +<td>101</td> +<td>9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cumberland, new county,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Roane,</td> +<td>10,525</td> +<td>1,544</td> +<td>121</td> + +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Blount,</td> +<td>11,213</td> +<td>1,084</td> +<td>6</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Munroe,</td> +<td>10,623</td> +<td>1,188</td> + +<td>0</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>McMinn,</td> +<td>12,286</td> +<td>1,568</td> +<td>2,821</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Polk,</td> +<td>5,884</td> + +<td>400</td> +<td>29</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bradley,</td> +<td>11,478</td> +<td>744</td> +<td>1,600</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Meigs,</td> + +<td>4,480</td> +<td>395</td> +<td>2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hamilton,</td> +<td>9,216</td> +<td>672</td> +<td>0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Rhea,</td> +<td>3,951</td> +<td>436</td> +<td>0</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bledsoe,</td> +<td>5,036</td> +<td>827</td> + +<td>0</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Sequatche, new county,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Van Buren,</td> +<td>2,481</td> +<td>175</td> +<td>2</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Grundy,</td> +<td>2,522</td> +<td>236</td> +<td>24</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Marion,</td> +<td>5,718</td> +<td>551</td> + +<td>24,413</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Franklin,</td> +<td>10,085</td> +<td>3,623</td> +<td>637</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lincoln,</td> +<td>17,802</td> + +<td>5,621</td> +<td>2,576</td> +</tr> +</tbody></table><p></p> + +<div class="display"> +<p>The geographical order of the foregoing list +of counties is from the extreme north-east—Johnson—south-west +to Lincoln, on the Alabama +line. I have included a tier of counties +the west, which embrace the summits and +western slopes of the Cumberland Hills, regarding +their physical and political features as +more identified with East than Middle Tennessee. +Such are Lincoln, Franklin, Grundy, Van +Buren, Cumberland, Morgan and Scott counties.</p> + +<p>I estimate the area of this district as about + +17,175 square miles, an extent of territory exceeding +the aggregate of the following States:</p> +</div> + +<p></p><table><tbody> +<tr> + <td>Massachusetts,</td><td>7,800 square miles.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Connecticut,</td><td>4,674 square miles.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Rhode Island,</td><td>l,306 square miles.</td> + +</tr> +<tr> + <td></td><td>———</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td></td><td>13,180 square miles.</td> +</tr> +</tbody></table><p></p> + + +<p>Yet it is not many months since even +this Tennessee region, it was generally +feared, would be false to the Union, on +account of its attachment to slavery.</p> + +<p>The reader who has studied the facts +which I have cited, indicating the existence +of a powerful Union party at the +South (and the facts are few and weak +compared to the vast mass which exist, +and which are known to government), +may judge for himself whether that +party is Union <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">in spite of pro-slavery +principles</span>, as so many would have us believe. +Let him see where these Union +men are found, where they have come +forth with the greatest enthusiasm, and + +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">then</span> say that he believes they are friends +to slavery. Let him bear in mind the +hundreds of thousands of acres, the vast +tracts, equal in extent to whole Northern +States, in the South, which are unfitted +for slave labor, and reflect whether +the inhabitants of these cool, temperate +regions are not as conscious of their inadaptability +to slave labor as he is himself; +and whether <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">they</span> are so much attached +to the institution which fosters +the Satanic pride, panders to the passions, +and corrupts the children of the +planter of the low country.</p> + +<p>Since writing the above, the long-expected +declaration of President LINCOLN +has appeared in favor of adopting a plan +which may lead to the gradual abolishment +of slavery. He proposes that the +United States shall coöperate with such +slave States as may desire Emancipation, +by giving such pecuniary aid as may +compensate for any losses incurred. No +interference with State rights or claims +to rights in the question is intended.</p> + +<p>It is evident that this message is directed +entirely to the strengthening and +building up of the Union party of the +South, and has been based quite as much +on their demands and on a knowledge +of their needs, as on any Northern pressure. +And it will have a sure effect. It +will bring to life, if realized, those seeds +of counter-revolution which so abundantly +exist in the South. The growth may +be slow, but it will be certain. So long +as the certainty exists that compensation +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">may</span> be obtained, there will be a party +who will long for it; and where there +is a will there is a way. The executive +has finally <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">officially</span> recognized the truth +of the theory of Emancipation, and +thereby entitled itself to the honor of +having taken the greatest forward step +in the glorious path of Freedom ever +made even in our history.</p> + +</div> + +<hr class="page"> + +<div> +<a name="toc_21"></a> +<h2>The Molly O'Molly Papers.</h2> + +<div> +<a name="toc_22"></a> +<h3>No. I.</h3> + +<p>In addressing you for the first time, +you will perhaps expect me to give some +account of myself and my ancestry, as +did the illustrious <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Spectator</span>.</p> + +<p>My remote ancestors are Irish. From +them I inherited enthusiasm, a gun-powder +temper, a propensity to blunder, and +a name—Molly O'Molly. The origin +of this name I have in vain endeavored +to trace in history, perhaps because it +belonged to a very old family, one of +the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">prehistorics</span>. As such it might have +been that of a demigod, or, according to +the development theory, of a <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">demi-man</span>. +Or it might have been that of an old +Irish gentleman, <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">gentle</span> in truth;—in +the formative stage of society it is the +monster that leaves traces of himself, as +in an old geologic period the huge reptile +left his tracks in the plastic earth, +which afterward hardened into rock.</p> + + +<p>Then, too, I have searched in vain for +anything like it in ancient Irish poetry, +thinking that my progenitor's name +might have been therein embalmed. + +'The stony science'—mind you—reveals +to us the former existence of the +huge reptile, the fragmentary, mighty +mastodon, and, imperfect, the mail-clad +fish. But, wonder of wonders, we find +the whole <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">insect</span> preserved in that fossil +gum amber. And even so in verse, +characters are preserved for all time, +that could not make their mark in history, +and that had none of the elements +of an earthly immortality. Did I wish +immortality I would choose a poet for +my friend;—an <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">In Memoriam</span> is worth +all the records of the dry chronicler.</p> + +<p>But, it is not with the root of the family +tree that you have to do, but with the +twig Myself.</p> + +<p>As for my physique,—I am not like +the scripture personage who beheld his +face in a glass, and straightway forgot +what manner of man he was. I have, +on the contrary, a very distinct recollection +of my face; suffice it to say, that, +had I Rafaelle's pencil, I would not, like +him, employ it on my own portrait.</p> + +<p>And my life—the circumstances +which have influenced, or rather created +its currents, have been trifling; not +that it has had no powerful currents; +it is said that the equilibrium of the +whole ocean could be destroyed by a +single mollusk or coralline,—but my life +has been an uneventful one. I never +met with an adventure, never even had +a hair-breadth escape,—yes, I did, too, +have one hair-breadth escape. I once +just grazed matrimony. The truth is, I +fell in love, and was sinking with Falstaff's +'alacrity,' when I was fished out; +but somehow I slipt off the hook—fortunately, +however, was left on shore. +By the way, the best way to get out of +love is to be drawn out by the matrimonial +hook. One of Holmes' characters +wished to change a vowel of the verb <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">to +love</span>, and conjugate it—I have forgotten +how far. Where two set out to +conjugate together the verb to love in +the first person plural, it is well if they +do not, before the honey-moon is over, +get to the present-perfect, indicative. +Alas! I have thus far, in the first person +singular, conjugated too many verbs, +among them <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">to enjoy</span>. As for <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">to be</span>, I +have come to the balancing in my mind +of the question that so perplexed Hamlet—'To +be, or not to be.' For, with +all the natural cheerfulness of my disposition, +I can not help sometimes looking +on the dark side of life. But there is no +use in setting down my gloomy reflections,—all +have them. We are all surrounded +by an atmosphere of misery, +pressing on us fifteen pounds to the +square inch, so evenly and constantly +that we know not its fearful weight. +To change the figure. Have you ever +thought how much misery one life <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">can</span> + +hold in solution? Each year, as it flows +into it, adds to it a heaviness, a weight +of woe, as the rivers add salts to the +ocean. I do not refer to the most unhappy, +but to all. Some one says,—</p> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">'If singing breath, if echoing chord</p> +<p class="l">To every hidden pang were given,</p> +<p class="l">What endless melodies were poured,</p> +<p class="l">As sad as earth, as sweet as heaven.'</p> +</div> + +<p>If breath to every hidden prayer were +given, could it be <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">singing</span> breath? Would +it not be a wail monotonous as the dirge +of the November wind over the dead +summer, a wail for lost hopes, lost joys, +lost loves? Or the monotony would be +varied—as is the wind by fitful gusts—by +shrieks of despair, cries of agony. +No, no, there is no use in trying to modulate +our woes,—'we're all wrong,—the + +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">time</span> in us is lost.'</p> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">'Henceforth I'll bear</p> +<p class="l">Affliction, till it do cry out itself,</p> +<p class="l">"Enough, enough," and die.'</p> +</div> + +<p>But why talk thus? why mourn over +dead hopes, dead joys, dead loves? 'Tis +best to bury the dead out of our sight, +and from them will spring many humbler +hopes, quieter joys, more lowly affections, +which 'smell sweet' though they + +'blossom in the dust,' and they are the +only resurrection these dead ones can +ever have. I have been reading, in +Maury's Geography of the Sea, how the +sea's dead are preserved; how they stand + +like enchanted warders of the treasures +of the deep, unchanged, except that the +expression of life is exchanged for the +ghastliness of death. So, down beneath +the surface currents do some deep souls +preserve their dead hopes, joys, loves. +Oh, this is unwise; this is <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">not</span> as God +intended; for, unlike the sea's dead, +there will be for these no resurrection.</p> + +<p>Thus far I wrote, when the current +of my thoughts was changed by a lively +tune struck up by a hand-organ across +the street. I am not 'good' at distinguishing +tunes, but this one I had so often +heard in childhood, and had so wondered +at its strange title, that I could +but remember it. It was 'The Devil's +Dream.' Were I a poet, I would write +the words to it;—but then, too, I would +need be a musician to compose a suitable +new tune to the words! The rattling, +reckless notes should be varied by +those sad enough to make an unlost angel +weep—an unlost angel, for, to the hot +eyes of the lost, no tears can come. 'The + +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Devil's</span> Dream'—perhaps it is of Heaven. +Doubtless, frescoed in heavenly colors +on the walls of his memory, are scenes +from which fancy has but to brush the +smoke and grime of perdition to restore +them to almost their original beauty. I +could even pity the 'Father of lies,' the +'Essence of evil,' the 'Enemy of mankind,' +when I think of the terrible awaking. +But does <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">he</span> ever sleep? Has +there since the fall been a pause in <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">his</span> + +labors? Perhaps the reason this tune-time +is so fast is because he is dreaming +in a hurry,—must soon be up and doing. +But it is my opinion that he has so +wound up the world to wickedness, that +he might sleep a hundred years, and it +would have scarcely begun to run down +on his awaking; when, from the familiar +appearance of all things, he would +swear 'it was but an after-dinner nap.' +Indeed he might die, might to-day go +out in utter nothingness like a falling +star, and it would be away in the year +two thousand before he would be missed,—we +have learned to do our own devil-work +so rarely. Meanwhile the well-wound +world—as a music-box plays +over the same tunes—would go on sinning +over the same old sins. Satan is a +great economist, but a paltry deviser,—he +has not invented a new sin since the +flood. My thoughts thus danced along +to the music, when they were brought +to a dead stop by its cessation; and it +was time, you will think....</p> + +<p>But, permit me to remind you that +my name is not <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">acquired</span>, but <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">inherited</span>.</p> + +<p style="text-align: right">At your service,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right">MOLLY O'MOLLY.</p> +</div> + +<div> +<a name="toc_23"></a> +<h3>No. II.</h3> + +<p>I detest that man who bides his time +to repay a wrong or fancied wrong, who +keeps alive in his hardened nature the +vile thing hatred, and would for centuries, +did he live thus long,—as the toad +is kept alive in the solid rock. Hugh +Miller says he is 'disposed to regard the +poison bag of the serpent as a mark of +degradation;' this venomous spite is +certainly a mark of degradation, and it +is only creeping, crawling souls that +have it, but the creeping and crawling +are a part of the curse.</p> + +<p>Yet I have a respect for honest +indignation, righteous anger, such as the +O'Mollys have ever been capable of. +And all the O'Molly blood in my veins +has been stirred by the contemptuous +manner in which some men have spoken +of woman. 'Weak woman,—inconstant +woman;' they have made the wind a +type of her fickleness. In this they are +right; for it has been proved that the +seasons in their return, day and night, +are not more sure than the wind. Such +fickleness as this is preferable to <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">man's</span> +greatest constancy. Woman weak! she's +gentle as the summer breeze, I grant;—but, +like this same breeze, when she's +roused—then beware! You have doubtless +heard of that gale that forced back +the Gulf Stream, and piled it up thirty +feet at its source.</p> + +<p>Take care how you sour woman's +nature,—remember that, once soured, all +the honey in the universe will not +sweeten it. There is such a thing as +making vinegar of molasses, but I never +heard of making molasses of vinegar. + +Do you wish to know the turning process? +Grumbling—everlasting fault-finding—at +breakfast, dinner, and supper, +the same old tune. I don't see how +the man who boards can endure it; he is +obliged to swallow his food without complaint. +The landlady at the head of +the table is a very different-looking +individual from the meek woman he +afterwards calls wife,—not a word can he +say, though he morning after morning, +in his breakfast, recognizes, through its +various disguises, yesterday's dinner. By +the way, this is after Dame Nature's +plan; she uses the greatest economy in +feeding her immense family of boarders; +never wastes a refuse scrap, or even a +drop of water. If one of these boarders +dies, it is true he is not, like 'the poor +work-house boy,' served up as one dish, +but he becomes an ingredient in many +'a dainty dish' fit to 'to set before a +king.' But I am not, like 'Miss +Ophelia' in 'Uncle Tom's Cabin,' going to +explore the good dame's kitchen,—will +rather eat what is set before me, asking +no questions; which last, what <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">man</span> ever +did, if he could help it?</p> + +<p>For an insignificant man, originally +but a cipher, who owes it to his wife +that he is even the fraction that he is, to +talk about 'woman knowing her place—he's +head,' etc.! If he had given her the +place that belonged to her, their value, +not as individual figures, but as one +number, would have been increased a +thousand fold. I have made a calculation, +and this is literally true, or rather, +you will say, <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">figuratively</span> true. Well, +this kind of figures can not lie.</p> + +<p>'The rose,' the Burmese say, 'imparts +fragrance to the leaf in which it is folded.' + +Many a man has had a sweetness +imparted to his character by the woman +he has sheltered in his bosom—though +some characters 'not all the perfume +of Arabia could sweeten;' and, +strange as it seem, most women would +rather be folded in a <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">tobacco</span> leaf than +'waste their sweetness on desert air.' +Though it is a long time since I have +been a man <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">lover</span>, I am not a man <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">hater</span>. +I can not hate anything that has been +so hallowed by woman's love,—<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">its</span> magnetism +gives a sort of attractive power +to him.</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding all that has been +said about woman's weakness, it is acknowledged +that she has a pretty strong +will of her own. Well, we need a strong +will,—it is the great <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">centrifugal force</span> +that God has given to all. Only it must +be subordinate to the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">centripetal force</span> +of the universe—the Divine will.</p> + +<p>It is said that the centripetal force of +our solar system is the Pleiad Alcyon. I +know not whether the other stars of that +cluster feel this attraction; if they do, +what a centrifugal force the lost Pleiad +must have had, to break away from +'the sweet influences' which, through so +immense a distance, draw the sun with +all his train. This is not without a parallel—when + +'the morning stars sang +together' over the new-born earth, one +'star of the morning' was not there to +join in the chorus.</p> + +<p>But Old Sol will probably never so +strongly assert <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">his</span> centrifugality as to +set such an example of <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">secession</span> to his +planets and comets.</p> + +<p>Pardon this astronomical digression. +I have just returned from hearing an itinerant +lecturer, and it will take a week +to get the smoke of his magic lantern +out of my eyes. If there is any error in +these observations, blame the itinerant, +not me.</p> + +<p>I had been low-spirited all day, had +tried reading, work,—all of no avail. +Dyspeptic views of life would present +themselves to my mind. Some natures, +and mine is of them, like the pendulum, +need a weight attached to them to keep +them from going too fast. But a wholesome +sorrow is very different from this +moping melancholy, when the thoughts +run in one direction, till they almost +wear a channel for themselves—when +the channel is worn, there is <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">insanity</span>.</p> + +<p>Neither are my gloomy religious views +to-day those that will regenerate the +world. Those lines of Dr. Watts,—</p> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">'We should suspect some danger nigh</p> +<p class="l">When we possess delight,'—</p> + +</div> + +<p>it is said, were written after a disappointment + +in love—it was 'sour grapes' +that morning—with the grave divine.</p> + +<p>As a general rule, where we possess +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">continued</span> delight, there is no 'danger +nigh.' Where an enjoyment comes between +us and our God, it casts on us a +shadow. When we have plucked a +beautiful flower, if poisonous, it has +such a sickening odor that we fling it +from us. We do not 'pay too dear for +our whistle,' unless it costs us a sin; then +it soon becomes a loathed and useless +toy. Otherwise, the dearer we pay, the +sweeter its music.</p> + +<p>And even if there is 'danger nigh'—because +we are pleased with the beautiful +foam, need we steer straight for the +breakers? Not every tempting morsel +is the enemy's bait, though we should +be careful how we nibble;—he is no +blunderer (a proof positive that he is +not Irish), never leaves his trap sprung—and +we may get caught.</p> + +<p>This is a synopsis of the arguments, +or rather assertions, with which I opposed +those of the blues; but, finding +they were getting the better of me, I +started out for a walk. It was a chilly +afternoon; the whole sky, except a clear +place just above the western horizon, +was covered with those heavy, diluted +India-ink clouds; the setting sun throwing +a dreary red light on the northern +and eastern mountains, adding sullenness +to the gloom, instead of dispelling +it. But why describe this gloomy sunset, +there are so many beautiful ones?—when, +as the grand, old, dying Humboldt +said, the 'glorious rays seem to +beckon earth to heaven?'</p> + +<p>Well, I walked so fast that I left my +blue tormentors far in the rear. On +the way I met a friend, who invited me +to go to the astronomical lecture. Here +you have it, after many digressions. My +thoughts never strike a plane surface, +but always a spherical, and fly off in a +tangent.</p> + +<p>Sydney Smith says, 'Remember the +flood and be brief.' You know I belong +to a very old family; and from an ancestor, +who lived before the flood, has +been transmitted through a long line of +O'Mollys a disposition to spin out. Unfortunately +an antediluvian length of +time was not an <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">heir-loom</span> to</p> + +<p style="text-align: right">Your humble servant,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right">MOLLY O'MOLLY.</p> +</div> + +</div> + +<hr class="page"> + +<div> +<a name="toc_24"></a> + +<h2>Sketches Of Edinburgh Literati.</h2> + +<p>By A Former Member Of Its Press.</p> + + +<p>There was a time when the little +hamlet of Cockpaine, ten miles from +Edinburgh, in addition to the charms of +its scenery, was also socially attractive +from the high literary talent of several +of its residents. It was situated on the +banks of the Esk, whose rapid flow affords +a valuable water-power. This had +been improved under the enterprise of +Mr. Craig, an extensive manufacturer, +who became at last proprietor not only +of the mills, but of the entire village. +Mr. Craig was successful for several +years; but the revulsions of trade during +the Crimean war swept away his +previous profits, and in 1854 he sank +in utter bankruptcy.</p> + +<p>The extensive domain of the Earl of +Dalhousie lay next to Cockpaine, and +the village site seemed all that was +necessary to its completeness. As soon +as the latter was offered for sale, the +earl made the long-desired purchase, +and then began the immediate eviction +of its population. I saw four hundred +operatives, of all ages, driven off on one + +sad occasion—a scene which reminded +me most painfully of Goldsmith's lines in +the 'Deserted Village:'—</p> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">'Good Heaven! what sorrows gloomed that parting day</p> +<p class="l">That called them from their native walks away,</p> +<p class="l">When the poor exiles, every pleasure past,</p> +<p class="l">Hung round the bowers, and fondly looked their last,</p> +<p class="l">And took a long farewell, and wished in vain</p> + +<p class="l">For seats like these beyond the western main;</p> +<p class="l">And shuddering still to face the distant deep,</p> +<p class="l">Returned and wept, and still returned to weep.'</p> +</div> + +<p>A subsequent visit to what was once +the thriving village, with its embowered +cottages reflected from the waters of the +Esk, its groups of romping children, its +Sabbath melodies and its secular din, +now changed to a nobleman's preserves, +recalled the following truthful sketch +from the same poem:—</p> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">'Thus fares the land by luxury betrayed,</p> +<p class="l">In Nature's simplest charms arrayed;</p> + +<p class="l">But verging to decline, its splendors rise,</p> +<p class="l">Its vistas strike, its palaces surprise;</p> +<p class="l">While, scourged by famine from the smiling land,</p> +<p class="l">The mournful peasant leads his humble band;</p> +<p class="l">And while he sinks, without one arm to save,</p> +<p class="l"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">The country blooms, a garden and a grave.</span>'</p> +</div> + +<p>Among those whom Mr. Craig had +numbered with the friends of his better +days, the first rank might have been +conceded to that most eccentric and interesting +child of genius, Thomas DeQuincey.</p> + +<p>Mr. Craig had thrown open to his use +a lovely cottage and grounds, commonly +known as 'the Paddock,' which DeQuincey +and his family occupied for several +years as privileged guests. 'The Opium-eater,' +as he was universally called by +the villagers, was not more remarkable +in character than in appearance. His +attenuated form, though but five feet six +in height, seemed singularly tall; and +his sharply aquiline countenance was +strongly indicative of reflection. This +aspect was increased by a downward +cast of the eyes, which were invariably +fixed upon the ground; and in his solitary +walks he seemed like one rapt in +a dream. Such a character could not +but be quite a marvel to the literary +coterie of Cockpaine, which found in +him an inexhaustible subject of discussion; +while the more common class of +the community viewed him with solemn +wonderment—'aye, there he gaes aff +to th' brae—he'll kill himsell wi' ower +thinkin'—glowrin all the day lang—ah, +there's na gude in that black stuff; +it's worse nor whiskey and baccy forbye.' + +Such were some of the ordinary +comments on the weird form which was +seen emerging from 'the Paddock' and +moving in solitude towards the hills. +Taciturnity was a striking feature in DeQuincey's +character, and was, no doubt, +owing to intense mental action. The +inner life, aroused to extreme activity +by continued stimulus, excluded all perceptions +beyond its own limits, and the +world in which he dwelt was sufficiently +large without the intrusion of external +things. In his walks I would often +follow in his track, with that fondness +of imitation peculiar to childhood, but +was never the object of his notice, and +never heard him converse but once. +Overcome by such recluse habits, DeQuincey +showed no desire to court the +patronage of the great, and had but little +intercourse with the lordly family of +the Dalhousies. Indeed, his only intimacy +was with Mr. Craig, whose hospitality +had won his heart. He was at +this time still consuming enormous quantities +of opium, having never abated its +use, notwithstanding his allusions to reform +in the 'Confessions.' His two +daughters, like those of Milton, cheered +the domestic scenes of 'the Paddock,' +and the trio formed a circle whose interest +pervaded the literary world.</p> + +<p>DeQuincey was at that time writing +for Hogg's <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Instructor</span>, a popular Edinburgh +periodical, in which his articles +were a leading attraction. The <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Instructor</span> + +was published weekly, and in +addition to the pen of the 'Opium-eater,' +could boast the editorship of the brilliant +George Gilfillan. The former of +these devoted himself to a series of +interesting miscellanies, in which he +brought out many pen-and-ink portraits +of striking power. At times, indeed, he +was almost considered joint editor; but +his use of opium was so little abated, + +that it forbade dependence upon his +pen. The quantity of the drug consumed +by him, according to report, was +astonishing. In his daily walk along +the Esk, his form was easily distinguished, +even at a distance, by the +prim black surtout, whose priestly aspect +was somewhat in contrast with his +'shocking-bad' hat. DeQuincey had by +this time escaped from the poverty of +his early days, of which he speaks so +bitterly in his 'Confessions,' and was, if +not a man of wealth, at least in easy +circumstances. He was reputed to own +a snug little estate, called 'Lasswade;' +but he abandoned it to a tenant, and +gave preference to Cockpaine, which +charmed him by its romantic scenery. +His pay for contributions to the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Instructor</span> +could not have been less than +a guinea per page; and Hogg, its publisher +(who was no relation to the Ettrick +shepherd), would have given him +more had it been demanded. The <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Instructor</span> + +was subsequently merged into +the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Titan</span>, and its place of publication +changed to London.</p> + +<p>Removing from Cockpaine, my initiation +into Edinburgh life was through an +acquaintance with the noted publishing +house of the Messrs. Black, who were +then getting out their splendid edition +of the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Encyclopedia Brittanica</span>.</p> + +<p>This vast enterprise, which cost +£25,000, was highly profitable, through +the energy and cleverness of Robert +Black, who conducted it. Among other +distinguished contributors, I frequently +met in its office Mr., subsequently Lord, +Macaulay, who furnished the articles +on 'Pitt,' 'Canning,' and other distinguished +statesmen. Although at that +time a man of slender means, Mr. Macaulay +refused compensation for these +papers, on the score of strong personal +friendship. However, he received an +indirect reward, more valuable than +mere gold, since Robert Black was his +strong political supporter, and frequently +presided at public meetings held to +further Macaulay's interests. I have +often seen Music Hall crowded by an +enthusiastic mass while the bookseller +filled the chair, and the great reviewer +appeared as a public orator. Macaulay's +person was very striking and impressive. +He was tall, and of noble +build and full development. Although +one of the most diligent of readers and +hard working of students of any age, +his ruddy countenance did not indicate +close application, and his appearance +was anything but that of a book-worm. +Indeed, at first glance, one would have +taken him for a fine specimen of the +wealthy English farmer; and to have +observed his habits of good living at +the social dining parties, would have +added to the impression that in him +the animal nature was far in advance +of the intellectual. Macaulay, on all +festive occasions, proved himself as elegant +a conversationist as he was a writer; +his tone was thoroughly English, +and his pronunciation, like that of +Washington Irving, was singularly correct. +As a speaker, he at times rose to +splendid flights of oratory, although his +delivery from memory was less effective +than the extemporaneous style. Macaulay +never married, but was always +happy in the social circle of his friends.</p> + +<p>The Blacks were likewise publishers +of Scott's novels, the demand for which +was so great that they were seldom 'off +the press.' Three standard editions were +issued,—one of forty-eight volumes, at +a low rate, another of twenty-five volumes, +at higher cost, and an additional +library edition, of still greater price. +Of these, one thousand 'sets' per year +were the average of sale.</p> + +<p>Shortly after this, I was in connection +with the Ballantynes, who published +Blackwood's Magazine, one of the most +profitable periodicals in the United +Kingdom. This connection led to an +acquaintance with John Wilson, better +known as 'Christopher North,' of 'Old +Ebony.' When the printers were in +haste, I have frequently walked down +to his residence in Gloucester Place, +and sat by his side, waiting patiently, +hour after hour, for copy. The professor +always wrote in the night, and would +frequently dash off one of his splendid + +articles between supper and daybreak. +His study was a small room, containing +a table littered with paper, the walls +garnished with a few pictures, while +heaps of books were scattered wherever +chance might direct. At this table +might have been seen the famous +professor of moral philosophy, stripped +to his shirt and pantaloons, the former +open in front, and displaying a vast, hirsute +chest, while a slovenly necktie kept +the limp collar from utter loss of place. +This was his favorite state for composition, +and was in true keeping with the +character and productions of his genius. +When in public, the professor was still a +sloven; but his heavy form and majestic +head and countenance—though he was +not a tall man—at once commanded +respect. He never appeared anything +but the philosopher, and I, who saw him +in the dishabille of his study, never lost +my awe for his greatness. He had a +worthy family, and maintained an excellent +establishment. Aytoun, who is +now editor of Blackwood, married one +of his daughters, and has proved, by his +stirring ballads, that he was worthy of +such an alliance. In writing, the professor +eschewed gas light, and made use +of the more classic lamp. A bottle of +wine was his companion, and stood at +his elbow until exhausted. This will +perhaps explain much of the convivial +character of the 'Notes.' The old-fashioned +quill pen was his preference; and +as the hours advanced, and mental excitement +waxed in activity, the profuse +spattering of ink rattled like rain. As +a matter of course, his pay was of the +highest rate, and his articles were read +with avidity. One reason of this may +be found in the boldness with which he +drags into the imaginary colloquies of + +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Noctes Ambrosianæ</span> the literati of both +kingdoms. This liberty was sometimes +felt keenly, and sharply resented. Poor +James Hogg, the 'Ettrick Shepherd,' +who was just then getting a position in +the literary world, sometimes found himself +figuring unexpectedly in the scenes, +as the victim of relentless wit. As a +retaliation, Hogg attacked Wilson in a +sheet which he was then publishing in +the Cowgate, under the aid and patronage +of a hatter.</p> + +<p>It was one of John Wilson's fancies +to affect a love of boxing, and it was a +favorite theme in the 'Ambrosial Discussions.' +From this some have imagined +that he was of a pugilistic turn, +whereas he knew nothing of the 'science,' +and only affected the knowledge +in jest.</p> + +<p>Next to old 'Kit North,' the most +truly beloved contributor to Blackwood +was 'Delta,' whose poetry was for years +expected, almost of course, in every +number. As Wilson's identity was well-nigh +lost in his imaginary character, so +plain Dr. Moir was, in the literary +world, merged in 'Delta' of Blackwood. +But to the inhabitants of Musselburg he +sustained a character altogether different, +and the gentle <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Delta</span> was only +known as one worthy of the title of +'the good physician.' I lived at Musselburg +two years, and had ample opportunities +of personal acquaintance. +Dr. Moir was a man of highly benevolent +countenance, and of quiet and retiring +manners. His practice was very +extensive, and at almost all hours he +could have been seen driving an old +gray horse through the streets and suburbs +of the town. The ancient character +of Musselburg seemed to have been +as congenial to his temperament as +Nuremberg was to that of Hans Sachs. +Indeed, in antiquity it can glory over + +'Auld Reekie,' according to the quaint +couplet,—</p> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">'Musselboro' was a boro' when Edinburgh was nane;</p> +<p class="l">Musselboro'll be a boro' when Edinburgh is gane.'</p> + +</div> + +<p>Moir was buried at Inveresk, where +his remains are honored by a noble +monument; the memory of his genius +will be cherished by all readers of Blackwood. +He died in 1854.</p> + +<p>While engaged on the Encyclopedia +to which we have made reference, I +made the acquaintance of McCulloch, +the distinguished writer of finances, who +furnished the article on 'Banking.'</p> + + +<p>However distinguished may have been +the position of this man in point of talent, +he failed utterly to command respect; +and I chiefly remember his coarse, +overbearing tone of boastful superiority, +and his abusive language to the compositors +who set up his MSS. That they +found the latter difficult of deciphering +is not surprising, since the sheet looked +less like human calligraphy than a row +of bayonets. McCulloch had edited the +'<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Scotsman</span>' with decided ability, and +having attracted the attention of Lord +Brougham, had received an appointment +in the stationer's office. But in +his promotion he quickly forgot his humble +origin, and displayed his native vulgarity +by lording it over the craftsmen +who gave form and life to his thoughts.</p> + +<p>Among the giants of Scotland at that +time, Thomas Chalmers ranked chief, +and the death of Sir Walter Scott had +left him without a peer. I used to meet +him as he took his early walks, and in +his loving way of greeting youth he often +bade me a cheerful good-morning. He +was then living at Kinghorn, about eight +miles from Edinburgh. Dr. Chalmers' +robust stature was in keeping with the +power of his intellect. He was of massive +frame, and displayed a breadth of +shoulder which seemed borrowed from +the Farnese Hercules. Though so distinguished +as a divine, there was nothing +clerical in his appearance—nothing of +that air of 'the cloth' which at once +proclaims the preacher. His noble features +were generally overspread with a +benevolent smile, which seemed to shed +an illumination as though from the ignition +of the soul; while at other times he +was possessed with a spirit of abstraction +as if walking in a dream.</p> + +<p>As a theologian, Chalmers was great +beyond any of his contemporaries; and +yet, strictly speaking, his genius was +mathematical, rather than theological. +In this respect he resembled that famed +American of whom he professed himself +a disciple—Jonathan Edwards. Of the +latter it is stated by no less a critic than +the author of the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Eclipse of Faith</span> (Henry +Rogers), that he was born a mathematician. +Chalmers, however, was a +master of all science, and it would have +been difficult for even a specialist to +have taken him at an advantage. As +greatness is always set off by simplicity, +the latter feature was one of the chief +beauties in what we may call the Chalmerian +Colossus. I have often seen him +leaning upon the half open door of a +smithy, conversing with the intelligent +workmen, as they rested from the use +of the sledge. Having referred to his +love of children, I may add, in respect +to myself, that when I, in my childhood, +spoke to him in the street, I was generally +favored with an apple. He was +indeed an ardent lover of the young, +and his genius seemed to gather freshness +from his intercourse with childhood.</p> + +<p>Edinburgh will not soon forget his interest +in the welfare of the poor, in +which he has been so ably seconded by +the present Dr. Guthrie. I well remember +beholding the two Christian reformers, +standing above the slums of the +city, contemplating the fields which the +latter had assumed. Suddenly Chalmers +clapped his friend upon the back, +and exclaimed, in rude pleasantry, + +'Wow, Tummus Guthrie, but ye ha a +bonnie parish.' Chalmers' pronunciation +was singularly broad, and not easily +understood by many. Stopping once, +during a tour in England, at a place +where there was a seminary, a gentleman +inquired of him how many Scotch +boys were in attendance. 'Saxtain or +savantain,' was the reply. 'Enough,' +says the gentleman, <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">sotto voce</span>, to corrupt +a whole school.' As regards calligraphy, +Chalmers wrote the most illegible +hand in Scotland. He could not +even read it himself, and was frequently +obliged to call his wife and daughters to +his aid. Many of his discourses, when +intended for the press, were copied by +them. His manuscript, when fresh from +his hand, looked as though a fly had fallen +into the ink-stand, and then crawled +over the page. When his letters were +received at his paternal home, the language +of the father was, 'A letter from +Tummus, eh; weel, when he comes + +hame, he maun read it himsel.' There +was something Homeric in Chalmers' + +mind; and Hugh Miller always considered +him the bard of the Free Church, +as well as its great theologian and still +greater benefactor; and this, too, notwithstanding +the fact that he never +wrote a line of verse in his life. The +simplest truths, when announced by him, +took a poetic shape, and moved along +with all the majesty of his towering genius. +Speaking of Hugh Miller brings +him before us at the time that he was +writing for the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Caledonia Mercury</span>. He +was then editor of <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">The Witness</span>, but gave +to the former paper such moments as he +could abstract from his more serious +duties. His department in the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Mercury</span> +was the reviewing new publications. +Besides his engagement with +these two journals, he was pursuing +those studies which made him the prince +of British geologists. Geology was his +passion. Indeed, while writing leaders +for the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Witness</span>, or turning over the +leaves of hot-pressed volumes, his mind +was wandering among such scenes as +the 'Lake of Stromness,' and the 'Old +Red Sandstone' of his native Cromarty. +His geological sketches in the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Witness</span> + +were a new feature in journalism, +and formed the basis of that work +which so admirably refuted the 'Vestiges +of Creation.' I met Miller daily +for several years. He was tall, and of +a well-built and massive frame, and evidently +capable of great endurance, both +of mind and body. Considered as one +of the distinguished instances of self-made +men, Hugh Miller finds his only +parallel in Horace Greeley, although the +path to greatness was in the first instance +even more laborious than in the +latter. Let any one read Miller's experiences +and adventures, as described in +'My Schools and my Schoolmasters,' +and he will find a renewed suggestion +of the thought which Johnson so pathetically +breathes in his 'London:'—</p> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">'The mournful truth is everywhere confessed,</p> +<p class="l">Slow rises worth by poverty depressed.'</p> +</div> + +<p>Miller's appearance, when in trim attire, +was that of the Scottish 'Dominie,' +or parish schoolmaster; but, like the +great American editor, he was exceedingly +slovenly, both by nature and by +long habits of carelessness. When in +the street, he always wore the plaid, +although that garment was quite out of +use, and indicated at once something +quaint or rustic in the wearer. At this +time Miller was living in one of the +suburbs of Edinburgh, called Porto Bello. +When we exchanged greetings in +the street, his countenance, usually overcast +with the pale hue of thought, would +light up with a bright and open smile, +which continued as long as he was +speaking, but soon yielded to returning +abstraction. One of the most beautiful +sights I have ever seen was the groups +of youth whom Miller used to invite +as companions of an afternoon walk. +None were forbidden on the score of +childhood, and many a 'wee bairn' trotted +after the larger lads who accompanied +'the gude stane-cracker,' and 'the +bonnie mon what gaes amang the rocks.' +He might well be called the 'stane-cracker,' + +since I have seen him on Calton Hill, +or Arthur's Seat, or among the crags, +lecturing, in a calm, quiet tone, on the +mysteries which his hammer had brought +to light. These were the only recreations +of one whose days and nights were, +with the exception of a brief and often +wakeful season of rest, given to laborious +study. Had he indulged more freely +in them, he might have escaped the +terrible fate which overtook him. But +he never could emancipate himself from +the labor to which he was chained. His +'Impressions of England,' which is one +of the most delightful of his books, was +the product of a subsequent tour for +health. If such were his recreations, +what must have been his labors? Miller's +domestic life did much to cheer an +over-worked system. He gives, in the +'Schools and Schoolmasters,' a pleasing +allusion to the fascination of his courtship; +and his subsequent life was graced +by one whoso appearance, as I remember +her, was singularly lovely and interesting. +In his home circle, Miller was +truly a happy man. I may remark, in + +passing, that this is a feature in Scottish +genius. While Shelley, Byron, Bulwer, +Dickens, and other English authors, +have been wrecked by home difficulties, +Scott, Chalmers, Miller, Wilson, and the +whole line of Scottish authors, drank +deep of domestic felicity. Perhaps this +may be explained by the contrast between +the warmth of Scottish character, +and the saturnine and unsocial disposition +of the English. Edinburgh could at +that time boast of two distinguished men +of the name of Miller; and the great geologist +had almost his fellow in the professor +of surgery. The two were very +intimate, and the one found in the other +not only a friend, but a faithful medical +adviser. Professor Miller was then printing +his leading work, and I had frequent +occasion to visit him with reference to +its publication. One morning, as I rang, +the professor came to the door with a +hurried and nervous step. As it opened, +I noted that his tall form was peculiarly +agitated, and his countenance was deadly +pale. In a calm, subdued voice, he +informed me that Hugh Miller had just +committed suicide with a pistol. The +terrible news overcame me with a shudder, +and I almost sank to the floor. The +fact was not yet generally known; and +oh, when it should be made public, what +a blow would be felt by the moral and +scientific world! The professor knew +that the affair might possibly be ascribed +by some to accident, but he at once referred +it to insanity. The over-worked +brain of the geologist had been for some +time threatened with a collapse. He +had, in addition to the management of +the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Witness</span>, been elaborating a work of +deep and exhausting character, and the +mental excitement which accompanied +its completion was like devouring fire. +I have frequently gone to his room at a +late hour of the night, and found him +sitting before the smouldering grate, so +absorbed in thought that, as he balanced +the probabilities of contending theories, +he unwittingly accompanied the mental +effort by balancing the poker on the +bar. I have seen, on such an occasion, +a greasy stream oozing from the pocket +of his fustian coat, and supplied by the +roll of butter which at morning market +he had purchased for home use. On the +table lay his MSS., so marred with interlinings +and corrections, that, notwithstanding +his neat and delicate hand, it +was almost a complete blot. These habits +could not but terminate in utter +wreck, and I have ever coincided with +the professor's opinion as to the cause +of his death. This gentleman stated to +me a fact not generally known, that a +few days before the awful catastrophe, +the unfortunate man called on him in +great distress, and sought his advice. +He complained of a pain in his head, +and then added an expression of fears +with regard to that which was to him +of untold value. This was his mineral +and geological collection in Shrub Place, +which was, no doubt, the most valuable +private one in the kingdom. He was +haunted by apprehension of its robbery +by a gang of thieves, and asked what +measures of safety would be advisable. +The professor endeavored to expel the +absurd idea by playful remark, and supposed +himself somewhat successful. The +next thing he heard was the intelligence +of his death. It is quite evident that +the fatal revolver was purchased for +the defense of his treasures. What a +lesson is this of the danger of excessive +application, of unreasonable toil, of late +hours, and mental tension. A continued +exhaustion of his energies had brought +upon the geologist a state of mental horror +from which death seemed the only +relief. The reaction of the nervous system +was, no doubt, similar to that arising +from delirium tremens; and thus extremes +met, and the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">savant</span> perished like +the inebriate.</p> + +<p>The tragedy did not seem complete until +another victim should be added. The +professor took the revolver to Thompson's, +on Leith Walk, in order to learn +by examination how many shots had +been fired by the unfortunate suicide. +The gunsmith took the weapon, but handled +it so carelessly, that it went off in +his hands, and the ball caused his death.</p> + +<p>Speaking of excessive labor, we may + +observe that this is the general rule among +men of science or letters. They are, as +a class, crushed by engagements and duties, +as well as by problems and questions +of which the world can not even dream.</p> + +<p>The Edinburgh literati know but little +of rest or recreation; from the editor's +chair up to the pulpit, they are under +a lash as relentless as that of the +taskmaster of Egypt. For instance, we +might refer to Buchanan, of the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Mercury</span>. +He has sat at his desk until he has +become an old man, with the smallest +imaginable subtraction of time for food +and sleep, writing night and day, and +carrying, in his comprehensive brain, the +whole details of an influential journal. +This feature, however, is not confined to +the Old World, and may easily be paralleled +in the journalism of America. Both +Raymond, of the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Times</span>, and Bennett, +of the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Herald</span>, almost live in the editorial +function; and the former of these, +though now Speaker of the Assembly, +will either pen his leaders in his desk, +during the utterance of prosy speeches, +or in hours stolen from sleep after adjournment. +In addition to these, we +might quote the caustic language of Mr. +Greeley, in reference to some mechanics +who had 'struck,' in order to reduce their +day's labor (we think to nine hours). + +'He was in favor of short days of work, +and having labored eighteen hours per +diem for nearly twenty years, he was +now going to "strike" for fifteen during +the rest of his life.' But I doubt +the success of Mr. Greeley's 'strike,' and +apprehend that his early application has +continued with but little abatement.</p> + +<p>Before leaving Edinburgh for the +New World, it was my good fortune to +become acquainted with Jeffrey. He was +at this time not so much distinguished +as the reviewer, as he was by his new title +of Lord Jeffrey, Judge of Court Session, +with a salary of £3000 per annum. +Lord Jeffrey was a small man, of light +but elegant make, and peculiarly symmetrical. +His head was quite small, +but his countenance was of an imposing +character; and his eye, brilliant but +not fierce, often melted into a pensive +tenderness. Such was Jeffrey's appearance +on the bench in his latter days. I +should have little judged from it that he +was the relentless critic, whoso withering +sarcasm was felt from the garrets +of Grub Street to the highest walk of +science or university life. My intimacy +with Ballantyne, who published the +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Edinburgh Review</span>, often brought the +different MSS. before me, and I could +contrast the exquisite neatness of Wardlaw +with the slanting school-boy hand of +Jeffrey. The tone and style of review +literature have changed greatly since its +inception, when each quarterly gloried +in the character of a literary ogre, and +dead men's bones lay round its doors, as +erst about the castle of Giant Despair. +Authors are not now thrown to the wild +beasts for the entertainment of the multitude, +as in former days; and had John +Keats, or even poor Henry Kirke White, +written and published fifty years later, +they would never have perished by the +critic's pen. Yet the same malignant +assault which crushed their tender muse +was the only thing which could amuse +the latent powers of a far greater genius; +and had not Byron been as cruelly +attacked by the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Edinburgh</span>, he would +never have given 'Childe Harold' to +the world. The authorship of that most +unjust and malignant <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">critique</span>, which, +however brief, was sufficient to make +the author of 'the Hours of Idleness,' + +foe the time, contemptible, was long a +secret; but it is now admitted that it +was by Jeffrey. Little did the murderous +critic think that his challenge would +bring out an adversary who would soon +unhorse him, and then dash victoriously +over the field under the especial patronage +of fame.</p> +</div> + + +<hr class="page"> + +<div> +<a name="toc_25"></a> +<h2>The Huguenot Families In America.</h2> + + +<p>III.</p> + +<div> + +<a name="toc_26"></a> +<h3>The Huguenots Of Ulster.</h3> + + +<p>It is said that the lands of the early +Huguenot settlers in Ulster County were +so arranged in small lots, and within sight +of each other, as to prevent surprise from +the Indians whilst their owners were cultivating +them. Louis Bevier, one of the +most honored patentees, was the ancestor +of the highly-respectable family bearing +his name in that region. When he was +about to leave France, his father became +so exasperated, that he refused to bestow +upon him the commonest civilities. Nor +would he condescend to return the kind +salutations of another son in the public +streets, affectionately offered by the pious +emigrant, and for the last time.</p> + +<p>Another of the patentees, Deyo, visited +France to claim his confiscated estates, +but, failing of success, returned. Kingston, +at this early period, was the only +trading post or village for the French +Protestants, and sixteen miles distant +from their settlement, although in a +straight line. Paltz was not more than +eight miles west of the Hudson River; +this route, M. Deyo undertook, alone, to +explore—but never returned. It was +thought that the adventurous Huguenot +died suddenly, or was devoured by the +wild beasts. A truss and buckle which +he owned were found about thirty years +afterwards, at the side of a large hollow +tree. His life seems to have been one +full of toils and dangers, having endured +severe sufferings for conscience' sake, before +he reached Holland from France. +For days he concealed himself in hiding +places from his persecutors, and without +food, finally escaping alone in a fishing +boat, during a terrific storm.</p> + +<p>The descendants of the Ulster Dubois +are very influential and numerous in our +day, but there is a tradition that this +family at one time was in great danger +of becoming extinct. For a long while +it was the custom of parents to visit +Kingston, for the purpose of having their +children baptized. M. Dubois and wife +were returning from such a pious visit, +and while crossing the Roundout, on the +ice, it gave way, plunging the horses, +sleigh and party in the rapid stream. +With great presence of mind, the mother +threw her infant, an only son, upon a +floating frozen cake, which, like the ark +of Moses, floated him safely down the +stream, until he was providentially rescued. +For some time this child was the +only male Dubois among the Paltz Huguenots, +and had he perished on that +perilous occasion, his family name would +also have perished with him; still there +were seven females of the same house, +called the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">seven zuisters</span>, all of whom +married among the most respectable +French Protestant families. To no stock +do more families in Ulster County trace +their origin than that of Dubois. Some +antiquarians deny this tradition of the +seven sisters, but contend that they were + +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Lefevres</span>.</p> + +<p>There were two Le Fevres among the +Ulster patentees. Their progenitors it is +said were among those early Protestants +of France who distinguished themselves +for intellectual powers, prominence in +the Reformed Church, with enduring patience +under the severest trials, and +death itself. Le Fevre, a doctor of theology, +adorned the French metropolis +when Paris caught the first means of +salvation in the fifteenth century. He +preached the pure gospel within its walls; +and this early teacher declared '<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">our religion +has only one foundation, one object, +one head, Jesus Christ, blessed forever. +Let us then not take the name of Paul, of +Apostles, or of Peter. The Cross of +Christ alone opens heaven and shuts the +gates of hell</span>.' In 1524, he published a + +translation of the New Testament, and +the next year a version of the Psalms. +Many received the Holy Scriptures from +his hands, and read them in their families, +producing the happiest results. +Margaret, the beautiful and talented +Princess of Valois, celebrated by all the +wits and scholars of the time, embraced +the true Christianity, uniting her fortune +and influence with the Huguenots, and +the Reformation thus had a witness in +the king's court. She was sister to +Francis the First, the reigning monarch. +By the hands of this noble lady, +the Bishop of Meuse sent to the king a +translation of St. Paul's Epistles, richly +illuminated, he adding, in his quaint and +beautiful language, 'They will make a +truly royal dish of fatness, that never +corrupts, and having the power to restore +from all manner of sickness. The +more we taste them, the more we hunger +after them, with desires that are ever +fed and never cloyed.'</p> + +<p>Abraham Hasbroucq, which is the +original orthography of the name among +the patentees, was a native of Calais, +and the first emigrant of that family to +America, in 1675, with a party of Huguenot +friends; they resided for a while +in the Palatinate on the banks of the +Rhine. To commemorate their kindness, +when they reached our shores the new +settlement was called '<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">De Paltz</span>,' now + +'<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">New Paltz</span>,' as the Palatinate was always +styled by the Dutch. Here, also, +the beautiful stream flowing through New +Paltz was known by the name of <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Walkill</span>, +after the river Wael, a branch of +the Rhine, running into Holland.</p> + +<p>The first twelve patentees, or the +'<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Duzine</span>,' managed the affairs of the infant +settlement as long as they lived, +and after their death it was a custom +to elect a court officer from among the +descendants of each, at the annual town +meetings. For a long period they kept +in one chest all the important papers of +their property and land titles. The +pastor or the oldest man had charge +of the key, and reference was made to +this depository for the settlement of all +difficulties about boundaries. Hence +they were free from legal suits as to +their lands; and to this judicious, simple +plan may be traced the well-known harmony +of the numerous descendants in +this region,—the fidelity of their landmarks, +with the absence of litigation.</p> + +<p>We know of no region in our land +where property has remained so long in +the same families, as it has at New Paltz; +since its first settlement, there has been +a constant succession of intermarriages +among the French descendants, and +many continue to reside upon the venerable +homesteads of their early and honored +forefathers.</p> + +<p>Devoted as the Huguenots ever had +been to the worship of the Almighty, +one of their first objects at New Paltz +was the erection of a church. It was +built of logs, and afterwards gave place +to a substantial edifice of brick, brought +from Holland, the place answering the +double purpose of church and fort. +Their third house of worship was an +excellent stone building, which served +the Huguenots for eighty years, when +it was demolished in 1839, and the present +splendid edifice placed on the venerable +spot and dedicated to the service +of Almighty God. It is related that a +clergyman of eccentric dress and manners, +at an early period, would occasionally +make a visit to New Paltz, and, for +the purpose of meditation, would cross +the Walkill in a canoe, to some large +elms growing upon a bank opposite the +church; on one occasion the stream was +low, and while pushing across with a +pole, it broke, and the Dominie, losing +his balance, pitched overboard. He succeeded, +however, in reaching the shore, +and proceeded to the nearest house, for +the purpose of drying his clothes. This +partly accomplished, he entered the pulpit +and informed his congregation that +he had intended to have preached a sermon +on baptism; but, eyeing his garments, +he observed that <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">circumstances</span> +prevented, as he could now sympathize +with Peter, and take the text, 'Lord, +save, or I perish.'</p> + +<p>To serve God according to the dictates +of their own conscience, had ever been a + +supreme duty with the French Protestants, +and paramount to everything else. +For this they had endured the severest +persecutions in France, and had sacrificed +houses, lands, kindred and their +native homes; they had crossed a trackless +ocean, and penetrated the howling +wilderness, inhabited by savage tribes—and +for what?—To serve their MAKER, +and the RIGHTS OF CONSCIENCE. They +had been the salt of France, and brought +over with them their pious principles, +with their Bibles,—the most precious +things. Some of these faded volumes +are still to be found among the children +of the American Huguenots, and we +have often seen and examined one of the +most venerable copies. It is Diodati's +French Bible, with this title:—</p> + +<p style="text-align: center">LA SAINTE<br /> + +BIBLE,<br /> +INTERPRETEE PAR JEAN DIODATI,<br /> +MDCXLIII.<br /> +IMPRIMEE A GENEVE.</p> + +<p>The sacred book is 219 years old, in +excellent condition, and well covered +with white dressed deerskin, its ties of +the same material. It was brought to +America by Louis Bevier, a French Protestant +of Ulster, and has been preserved +as a precious family relic through nine +generations. It was carried from France +to Holland, and thence to New Paltz. +'Blessed Book! the hands of holy martyrs +have unfolded thy sacred pages, and +their hearts been cheered by thy holy +truths and promises!' There is also a +family record written in the volume, +faintly legible, of the immediate descendants +of Louis Bevier and his wife, +Maria Lablau, from the year 1674 to +1684.</p> + +<p>Above anything else did the Huguenots +of France love their BIBLES. Various +edicts, renewed in 1729, had commanded +the seizure and destruction of +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">all</span> books used by the Protestants, and +for this purpose, any consul of a commune, +or any priest, might enter the +houses to make the necessary search. +We may therefore compute by millions +the volumes destroyed in obedience to +these royal edicts. On the 17th of +April, 1758, about 40,000 books were +burned at one time in Bordeaux; and +it is also well known that at Beaucaire, +in 1735, there was an auto-da-fé almost +equal to that of Bordeaux. It was +a truly sad day, in France, when the +old family BIBLE must be given up; the +book doubly revered and most sacred, +because it was the WORD of GOD, and +sacred too from the recollections connected +with it! Grandparents, parents, +and children, all, from their earliest infancy, +had daily seen, read and touched +it. Like the household deities of the ancients, +it had been always present at all +the joys and sorrows of the family. A +touching custom inscribed on the first +or last pages, and at times even upon +its margins, the principal events in all +those beloved lives. Here were the +Births, Baptisms, Marriages, and the +Deaths. Now all these tender, pious +records must perish at once in the flames.</p> + +<p>But mind, immortal mind, could not +be destroyed; for free thought, and truth, +and instruction, among the people, were +companions of the Reformation, and +books would circulate among all ranks +throughout Protestant France. The +works generally came from Holland +through Paris, and from Geneva, by +Lyons or Grenoble. Inside of baled +goods, and in cases and barrels of provisions, +secretly, thousands of volumes +were sent from north to south, from east +to west, to the oppressed Huguenots. +The great work which Louis XIV. believed +buried beneath the ruins of his +bloody edicts still went on silently. At +Lausanne was established a seminary, +about the year 1725, where works for +the French Protestant people were printed +and circulated. The Bishop of Canterbury, +with Lord Warke, and a few +foreign sovereigns, actively assisted in +the founding of this institution. Thus +did that beautiful town become the source +of useful and religious knowledge to +thousands, although it was conveyed far +and wide in a very quiet and secret way. +One man was condemned to the galleys + +for having received barrels, marked +'<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Black and White Peas</span>,' which were +found full of 'Ostervald's Catechisms.'</p> + +<p>How strange it seems to us, writing in +our own Protestant land, that cruel +authority should ever have intervened +with matters of faith! What can be +more plain or truthful than that there +should be liberty of conscience; and that +God alone has the power and the right +to direct it, and that it is an abuse and +a sacrilege to come between God and +conscience? After the revocation of +the edict of Nantes and the death of +Louis XIV., his royal successor sometimes +vaguely asked himself why he +persecuted his Protestant subjects? when +his marshal replied, that his majesty was +only the executor of former edicts. He +seemed to have consoled himself that he +had found the system <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">already</span> established, +and he only carried out the errors of his +predecessor. Forty years of remorseless +persecutions against his best subjects, +without asking himself why! Of all the +weaknesses of his reign, this was the +most odious and the most guilty; his +hand was most literally weary of signing +cruel edicts against the Protestants of +his kingdom, without even reading them, +and which obedience to his mandates +had to transcribe in letters of fire and +blood, on the remotest parts of his realm.</p> + +<p>Let us return to the Frenchmen of +Ulster, who for some time after their +emigration used their own language, until +a consultation was held to determine +whether this, or the English or Dutch, +should be adopted in the families. As the +latter was generally spoken in the neighboring +places,—Kingston, Poughkeepsie +and Newburgh,—and also at the schools +and churches, it was decided to speak +Dutch only to their children and servants. +Having for a while, however, +continued the use of their native tongue, +some of the Huguenot descendants in +the Paltz still write their names as their +French ancestors wrote them more than +two centuries ago. Dubois, Bevier, +Deyeau, Le Fevre, Hasbroque, are well-known +instances.</p> + +<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Petronella</span> was once an admired name +among the Huguenot ladies, and became +almost extinct in Ulster at one time. +The last was said to have been Petronella +Hasbroque, a lady distinguished for +remarkable traits of character. Judge +Hasbroque, of Kingston, the father of the +former President of Rutger's College, +was very anxious that his son would give +this name to one of his daughters. In +case of compliance, a handsome marriage +portion was also promised; but the parents +declined the generous offer, whether +from a dislike to the name, or a belief +that the property would be theirs, at +any rate, some day, is not known. A +granddaughter, however, of a second +generation, named her first-born Petronella, +and thus gratifying the desire of +her near kinsman, secured a marriage +portion for the heir, and preserved the +much-admired name from oblivion—certainly +three important results.</p> + +<p>It was a well-known and distinguished +trait of the New Paltz Huguenots, that +but few intermarriages have taken place +among their own families (<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Walloon</span>); +they differed in this respect from all +other French Protestants who emigrated +to America and mingled with the +other population by matrimonial alliances. +In Kingston, Poughkeepsie, and +other neighborhoods, near by, there is +an unusual number of Dutch names—the +Van Deusens, Van Benschotens, +Van Kleeds, Van Gosbeeks, Van De +Bogerts, Van Bewer, and others, almost +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">ad infinitum</span>, whilst for miles around the +populous and wealthy town of Old Paltz +scarcely a family can be found with such +patronymics. Notwithstanding, somewhat +like the Israelites, these Frenchmen +classed themselves, in a measure, as +a distinct and separate people; still, the +custom did not arise from any dislike to +the Hollanders,—on the contrary, they +were particularly attached to that people, +who had been their best friends, both in +Holland and America; and these associations +were ever of a most friendly +and generous character. After a while, +the Huguenots of Ulster adopted not +only the language, but the customs and +habits of the Dutch. After the destruction + +of the Protestant churches at Rochelle, +in 1685, the colonists of that city +came in such numbers to the settlement +of New York, that it was necessary +sometimes to print public documents not +only in Dutch and English, but French +also.</p> + +<p>We do not wish to make our articles +a Doomsday-book for the Huguenots, still +it is pleasant for their descendants to +know that they came from such honorable +stock, and, with all of our boasted +republicanism, we are not ashamed that +we <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">are</span> so born. Here are some of the +names to be found in the old records of +Ulster:—Abraham Hausbrough, Nicholas +Antonio, 'Sherriffe' Moses Quartain, +'Leon,' Christian Dubois, Solomon Hasbrook, +Andries Lafeever, Hugo Freer, +Peter Low, Samuel Boyce, Roeleff Eltinge, +'Esq.,' Nicholas Roosa, Jacobus +DeLametie, Nicholas Depew, 'Esq.,' +Philip Viely, Boudwyn Lacounti, 'Capt.' + +Zacharus Hoofman,' Lieut.' Benjamin +Smedes, Jr., 'Capt.' Christian Dugo, +James Agmodi, Johannis Low, Josia +Eltin, Samuel Sampson, Lewis Pontenere, +Abra. Bovier, Peter Dejo, Robert +Cain, Robert Hanne, William Ward, +Robert Banker, John Marie, Jonathan +Owens, Daniel Coleman, Stephen D'Lancey, +Eolias Nezereau, Abraham Jouneau, +Thomas Bayeuk, Elia Neau, Paul Droilet, +Augustus Jay, Jean Cazeale, Benjamin +Faneil, Daniel Cromelin, John Auboyneau, +Francis Vincent, Ackande Alliare, +James Laboue (Minister). In 1713-14 we +find, in an address of the ministers and +elders of the Huguenot Church in New +York, 'Louis Rou, Minister of the French +Church, in New York, John Barberie, +Elder, Louis Cané, <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">ancien</span> (the older), +Jean Lafont, <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">ancien</span>, André Feyneau, +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">ancien</span>.' To another religious document +there are Jean la Chan, Elias Pelletrau, +Andrew Foucault, James Ballereau, +Jaque Bobin, N. Cazalet, Sam'l Bourdet, +David Le Telier, Francois Bosset.</p> + +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="page"> + +<div> +<a name="toc_27"></a> +<h2>'Ten To One On It.'</h2> + + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">When the Union was broken, truly then</p> +<p class="l">One Southron was equal to Yankees ten.</p> +<p class="l">When the Union war began to thrive,</p> + +<p class="l">One Southron was equal to Yankees five.</p> +<p class="l">When Donaldson went, 'twas plain to see</p> +<p class="l">One Southron scarce equalled Yankees three.</p> +<p class="l">Now, Manassas is lost; yet, to Richmond view,</p> +<p class="l">One Southron still equals Yankees two.</p> +<p class="l">And lo! a coming day we see,—</p> +<p class="l">And Oh! what a day of pride 't will be,—</p> +<p class="l">When a Northern mechanic or merchant can</p> + +<p class="l">Rank square with a Dirt-eater, man for man.</p> +<p class="l">Perhaps this point we may fairly turn,</p> +<p class="l">And Richmond, to her amazement, learn,</p> +<p class="l">When peace shall have come, and war be fled,</p> +<p class="l">And its hate be the tale of time long sped,</p> +<p class="l">That where there is work or thought for men,</p> +<p class="l">One Yankee is equal to Dirt-eaters ten.</p> +</div> +</div> + + +<hr class="page"> + +<div> +<a name="toc_28"></a> + +<h2>Literary Notices.</h2> + +<div class="display"> +<p>UNDER CURRENTS OF WALL STREET. A +Romance of Business. By Richard B. +Kimball, Author of 'St. Leger,' 'Romance +of Student Life,' &c. New York: G.P. +Putnam; Boston: A.K. Loring. 1861.</p> + +</div> + +<p>In the United States about one person +in a hundred is engaged in mercantile +pursuits—in other words, in 'broking,' +or transferring from the producer to the +consumer. Of this number, a larger +proportion than in any other country +are brokers in the strict sense of the +word, buying, selling, or exchanging +money or its equivalents, and managing +credit so that others may turn it into +capital. A more active, eventful, precarious +and extraordinary life, or one +calling more for the exercise of sharpness +and shrewdness, does not exist, than +that of these men. They are among +regular business men what the 'free +lance' is among military men, or the +privateer among those of the true marine. +Any one who has been familiar +with one of the 'craft,' has probably +heard him say at one time or another—'what +I have seen would make one of +the most remarkable novels you ever +read;' and he spoke the literal truth.</p> + +<p>Realizing this fact, Mr. KIMBALL, a +lawyer of twenty years' standing in Wall +St., and consequently perfectly familiar +with all its characteristics, has devoted +literary talents, which long ago acquired +for him not merely an enviable American +but a wide European celebrity, to +describing this broker-life, with its lights +and shadows. Choosing a single subject +and a single class, he has elaborated it +with a truthfulness which is positively +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">startling</span>. As we often know that a portrait +is perfect from its manifest verisimilitude, +so we feel from every chapter +of this book that the author has, with +strictest fidelity, adhered to real life with +pre-Raphaelitic accuracy but without +pre-Raphaelitic servility to any tradition +or set mannerism. The pencil of a reporter, +the lens of the photographer, are +recalled by his sketches, and not less +life-like, simple and excellent are the reflections +of the business office as shown +in its influence in the home circle. The +reader will recall the extraordinary popularity +which certain English romances, +setting forth humble unpoetic life, have +enjoyed of late years. We refer to the +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Adam Bede</span> and <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Silas Marner</span> school +of tales, in which every twig is drawn, +every life-lineament set forth with a sort +of DENNER minuteness—truthful, yet +constrained, accurate but petty. In this +novel, Mr. KIMBALL, while retaining all +the accuracy of <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Adam Bede</span>, has swept +more broadly and forcibly out into life;—there +are strong sorrows, great trials +seen from the stand-point of a man of +the world, and a free, bold color which +startles us, while we, at the same time, +recognize its reality.</p> + +<p>The 'hero' of the work is a merchant, +who, like many others after incurring +bankruptcy, takes to Wall Street—to +selling notes as an under-broker for a +living. In describing his trials, the author +has, with consummate skill and extraordinary +knowledge of both causes +and effects, pointed out the peculiarities, +institutions, and good or bad workings +of the American mercantile system, in +such a manner as to have attracted from +the soundest authority warm praise of +his work, as embodying practical knowledge +of a kind seldom found in 'novels.' +From 'broking' to speculating—from +that again to the old course—alternately + +buoyed up or cast down, through +trials and troubles, the bankrupt, at last, +in his darkest hour, lands on that 'luck' +which in America comes sooner or later +to every one. It is worth remarking +that in all his characters, as in his scenes, +the author is careful to maintain the balance +of truth. He shows us that among +the sharks and harpies of Wall Street +there are phases of honor and generosity—that +the arrogance or coldness of a +bank-officer may have a rational foundation—that +feelings as intense are awakened +in common business pursuits as in +the most dramatic and erratic lives. In +this <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">just</span> treatment of character,—this +avoiding of the old saint and angel system +of depicting men,—KIMBALL is +truly pre-eminent, and under it even the +casual SOL DOWNER strikes us with an +individuality and a force not inferior to +that of the hero himself.</p> + +<p>We can not take leave of this truly remarkable +book without referring to the +under-current of kindly, humane feelings +with which it abounds. There is a delicate, +tremulous sympathy for the sufferings +and joys which he depicts, which +reflects the highest credit on the author. +There are, in this book, unaffected +touches of pathos, founded on the most +natural events in the world, which have +never been surpassed by any novelist.</p> + +<p>We are glad that novelists are leaving +romance and going to real life. One +breaking into the harsh industry of the +factory and market, another taking down +the joys and sorrows of the humble weaver, +another describing, as in this work, +the strange hurrying life of the 'outside +broker' to the sharpest-cut detail,—all +giving us truth and observation in the +place of vague imagination;—such are +the best results of late literature; and +prominent among these the future historian +will place the Under-currents of +Wall Street.</p> + +<div class="display"> +<p>MARGARET HOWTH. A Story of To-Day. +Boston: Ticknor & Fields. 1862.</p> + +</div> + +<p>We know of no other truly American +novel into which so many elements have +been forced by the strength of genius +into harmony, as in <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Margaret Howth</span>. +One may believe, in reading it, that the +author, wearied of the old cry that the +literature of our country is only a continuation +of that of Europe, had resolved +to prove, by vigorous effort, that it <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">is</span> +possible to set forth, not merely the incidents +of our industrial life in many +grades, in its purely idiomatic force, but +to make the world realize that in it vibrate +and struggle outward those aspirations, +germs of culture and reforms +which we seldom reflect on as forming a +part of the inner-being of our very practical +fellow-citizens. The work has two +characteristics,—it breaks, with a strong +intellect and fine descriptive power, into +a new field, right into the rough of real +life, bringing out fresher and more varied +forms than had been done before, +and in doing this makes us understand, +with strange ability, how the thinkers +among our people <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">think</span>. We all know +how it flows <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">in</span> to them, from lecture and +book, from the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Tribune</span> and school—but +few, especially in the Atlantic cities, +know what becomes of culture among +men and women who 'work and weave +in endless motion' in the counting-house, +or factory, or through daily drudgery and +the reverses from wealth to poverty. +Others have treated a single **o [transcriber's note: illegible word] of life, +dramatically and by events, as well as +Miss HARDING, but no one American +has dared such intricacies of thought and +character in individuals—has raised +them to such a height, and developed +them with such a powerful will, without +falling into conventionalism or improbability. +Unlike most novels, its 'plot,' + +though excellent, is its least attraction—we +can imagine that the superb pride +which gleams out in so many rifts has +induced the author to voluntarily avoid +display of that ingeniously spinning romantic +talent in which novelists excel +precisely in proportion to their lack of +all nobler gifts. It is a certain rule, as +to literary snobs, that in proportion as +the food which they give diminishes in +excellence, does the plate on which it is +served increase in value. But let none +imagine that <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Margaret Howth</span> lacks <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">interest</span>—it + +is replete with burning, vivid, +thrilling interest—it has the attraction +which fascinates <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">all</span> readers, based in a +depth of knowledge so extraordinary +that it can be truly appreciated by but +few. The immense popularity which it +has acquired and the general praise +awarded it by the press, proves that it +has gone right to the hearts of the people—whence +it came.</p> + +<p>Those who accuse <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Margaret Howth</span> of +harshness and a lack of winsomeness, +have neither understood the people +whom it describes nor the degree of stern +strength requisite to wrest from life and +nature fresh truth. The pioneers of +every great natural school (and every +indication shows that one is now dawning) +have quite other than lute-sounding +tasks in hand, however they may +hunger and thirst for beauty, love, and +rose-gardens. Under the current of this +book runs the keenest, painfulest craving +to give freely to life these very elements—its +intensest inner-spirit is of +love and beauty; it throbs and burns +with a sympathy for suffering humanity +which is at once fierce and tearful. As +regards the minor artistic defects of + +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Margaret Howth</span>, they are, if we regard +it entirely, the shadows inseparable from +its substance, felt by those who remain +in them, but in no wise detracting from +the beauty of the edifice when we regard +it from the proper point of view.</p> + +<div class="display"> +<p>ETHICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, +CHIEFLY RELATIVE TO SUBJECTS OF POPULAR +INTEREST. By A.H. Dana. New +York: Charles Scribner, 124 Grand Street; +Boston: Crosby & Nichols. 1862.</p> +</div> + +<p>A delightful collection of essays of +the most valuable character, in which the +agreeable is throughout fully qualified +with the useful. The titles of several of +these chapters are of themselves attractive: +Races of Men, Compensations of +Life, Authorship, Influence of Great +Men, Lawyers, Hereditary Character, +Sensuality, Health, Narcotic Stimulants, +Theology, and The Supernatural,—all +of them treated with a clearness +and comprehensiveness which can not +fail to earn for the work extensive popularity.</p> + +<div class="display"> +<p>BAYARD TAYLOR'S WORKS, VOL. III. Caxton +Edition. At Home and Abroad. Second +Series. New York: G.P. Putnam.</p> + +</div> + +<p>The third volume of this exquisitely, +printed and fully-illustrated series of +the works of BAYARD TAYLOR is, in all +respects, fully equal to its predecessors, +both as regards typographic and literary +merit.</p> + +<div class="display"> +<p>THOMAS HOOD'S WORKS, VOL. III. 'Aldine +Edition.' Edited by Epes Sargent. New +York: G.P. Putnam.</p> +</div> + +<p>The materials of the present volume, +as we are informed by the editor, have +been chiefly drawn from the collections +of humorous pieces published by THOMAS +HOOD under the title of <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Hood's Own</span>, + +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Whimsicalities</span>, and <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Whims and Oddities</span>. +In connection with the first volume +of this series it completes the reprint +of <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">all</span> of HOOD'S poems. The +present volume is, like its predecessors, +most exquisitely printed and bound. It +contains a grotesque title-page from the +pencil of HOPPIN, with a fine steel engraving +of the author.</p> + +<div class="display"> +<p>A SOUTH CAROLINA PROTEST AGAINST SLAVERY. +New York: G.P. Putnam. 1861.</p> +</div> + +<p>A very interesting letter from HENRY +LAURENS, second President of the Continental +Congress, to his son, Col. JOHN +LAURENS, dated Charleston, S.C., Aug. +14, 1776, now first published from the +original letter. It contains a vehement +plea for Emancipation, and speaks with +bitter contempt of England for encouraging +the slave-trade in America.</p> + +<div class="display"> +<p>THE REBELLION; ITS LATENT CAUSES AND +TRUE SIGNIFICANCE. In Letters to a Friend +abroad. By Henry T. Tuckerman. New +York: Jas. G. Gregory. 1861.</p> +</div> + +<p>An excellent work, discussing the social +peculiarities of the South with great +ability.</p> +</div> + + + +<hr class="page"> + +<div> +<a name="toc_29"></a> +<h2>Books Received</h2> + +<h2 class="sub">Pamphlets On The War.</h2> + +<p>Among the many publications on the +War which have from time to time +found their way to our table, are the following +pamphlets:—</p> + +<p>RELATION OF THE AMERICAN BOARD OF +COMMISSIONERS FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS TO +SLAVERY. By Charles K. Whipple. Boston: +R.F. Wallcut. 1861.</p> + +<br /> + +<p>WITHIN FORT SUMTER. By one of the Company. +New York: N. Tibbals & Co. 1861.</p> + +<br /> + +<p>A LECTURE ON THE CONSTITUTION OF THE +UNITED STATES. By Noble Butler. Louisville, +Ky.: John P. Maton. 1862.</p> + +<br /> + +<p>THE WAR. Correspondence between the +Young Men's Christian Association of Richmond, +Va., and the City of New York. +New York: G.P. Putnam. 1861.</p> + +<br /> + +<p>SPEECH OF GEN. HIRAM WALBRIDGE, of +New York, at Tammany Hall, Aug. 21, 1856, +on the Reorganization of our Navy. New +York. 1862.</p> + +<br /> + +<p>THE REBELLION: OUR RELATIONS AND DUTIES. +Speech of Hon. Edward McPherson, +of Pennsylvania, delivered in the House +of Representatives, Feb. 14, 1862. Washington. 1862.</p> + +<br /> + +<p>ARE THE SOUTHERN PRIVATEERS PIRATES? +Letter to the Hon. Ira Harris, United States +Senator. By Charles P. Daly, LL.D., +First Judge of the Court of Common Pleas +of the City of New York. New York: Jas. +B. Kirker, 599 Broadway. 1862.</p> + +<br /> + +<p>SPECIAL MESSAGE DELIVERED TO THE HOUSE +OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE STATE OF +IOWA. By Governor S.J. Kirkwood. Des +Moines, Iowa: F.W. Palmer. 1862.</p> + +<br /> + +<p>PICTURES OF SOUTHERN LIFE—SOCIAL, POLITICAL +AND MILITARY. Written for <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">The +London Times</span>, by William Howard Russell, +LL.D., Special Correspondent. New York: +Jas. G. Gregory. 1861.</p> + +<br /> + +<p>AN ADDRESS DELIVERED AT MT. KISCO, +Westchester Co., New York, July 4, 1861. +By John Jay, Esq. New York: Jas. G. +Gregory. 1861.</p> + +<br /> + +<p>THE REJECTED STONE; or, INSURRECTION <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">vs</span>. +RESURRECTION IN AMERICA. By a Native +of Virginia. Boston: Walker, Wise & Co. +1861.</p> + +<br /> + +<p>THE INDISSOLUBLE NATURE OF THE AMERICAN +UNION, considered in connection with +the assumed Rights of Secession. A Letter +to Hon. Peter Cooper, of New York. By +Nahum Capen. Boston: A. Williams & +Co. New York: Ross & Tousey. 1862.</p> + +<br /> + +<p>THE UNION. An Address, by the Hon. Daniel +S. Dickinson, delivered before the Literary +Societies of Amherst College, July +10, 1861. New York: Jas. G. Gregory. +1861.</p> + +<br /> + +<p>ALLEGHANIA. The Strength of the Union +and the Weakness of Slavery in the High +Lands of the South. By JAMES W. TAYLOR. +Saint Paul: James Davenport. 1862.</p> + +<p>A pamphlet deserving close study and +general circulation.</p> + +<p>AN ADDRESS DELIVERED BY HON. GEORGE +S. BOUTWELL, in Tremont Temple, Boston, +Dec. 16, 1861.</p> + +<p>This address has enjoyed great popularity, +and will deservedly take place +among the most characteristic and valuable +pamphlets of the war.</p> + + +<p>AMERICA, THE LAND OF EMANUEL; or, CONSTITUTIONAL +LIBERTY A REFUGE FOR THE +GATHERING TO SHILOH. By Lorenzo D. +Grosvenor, of Shaker Community, South +Groton, Mass. A. Williams & Co., 100 +Washington St., Boston. 1861.</p> + +<br /> + +<p>SPEECH DELIVERED BY HON. J.M. ASHLEY, +OF OHIO, ON THE REBELLION, ITS CAUSES +AND CONSEQUENCES, at the College Hall, in +the City of Toledo, Nov. 26, 1861, Towers +& Co., Washington, D.C. 1861.</p> + + +<p>An excellent pamphlet, which has been +extensively and favorably noticed by the +press, and been several times reprinted.</p> + + +<p>THE AMERICAN CRISIS, its Cause, Significance +and Solution. By Americus. Chicago, +Ill.: John R. Walsh. 1861.</p> + +<p>A vigorous and able document.</p> + +<p>WAR AND EMANCIPATION. A Thanksgiving +Sermon preached in the Plymouth Church, +Brooklyn, N.Y., on Thursday, Nov. 21, +1861. By Rev. Henry Ward Beecher. Philadelphia: +W. Peterson & Brothers. 1861.</p> + +<p>Concise, spirited, and full of sound +ideas.</p> +</div> + + + +<hr class="page"> + +<div> +<a name="toc_30"></a> +<h2>Editor's Table.</h2> + + +<p>On the ninth of March President LINCOLN +made the first announcement of an +official endorsement of the great principle +of gradual Emancipation, by transmitting +to Congress a message recommending +that the United States ought +to coöperate with any State which may +adopt a gradual emancipation of slavery, +by giving to such State pecuniary aid, to +be used at its discretion, to compensate +for the inconvenience, public and private, +which may be produced by any +such change of system.</p> + +<div class="display"> +<p>Any member of Congress, with the census +tables and the treasury notes before him, can +readily see for himself how very soon the current +expenditures of this war would purchase, +at a fair valuation, all the slaves in any named +State. Such a position on the part of the General +Government sets up no claim of a right +by federal authority to interfere with slavery +within State limits, referring, as it does, the +absolute control of the subject, in each case, to +the State and its people immediately interested.</p> +</div> + +<p>It is almost needless to point out to +the reader that the views, both direct +and implied, which are urged in this +message, are in every respect identical +with those to advance which the CONTINENTAL +was founded, and for which +it has strenuously labored from the beginning. +There is nothing in them of +the 'Abolitionism' which advocates 'immediate +and unconditional' freeing of +the blacks; while, on the other hand, the +only persons who can object to them are +those who hold that slavery is a good +thing in itself, never to be disturbed. +It is, in short, all that the rational +friends of progress can at present desire—an +official recognition of the great +truth that slavery ought to be abolished, +but in such a manner as to cause the +least possible trouble.</p> + +<p>It is amusing to observe the bewilderment +of the pro-slavery Northern Democratic +press, which has so earnestly +claimed the Executive as 'conservative,' +and on which this message has fallen +like a thunder-clap. They have, of +course, at once cried out that, should it +receive the sanction of Congress, it +would still amount to nothing, because +no legislature of a slave State will accept +it; an argument as ridiculous as it +is trivial. That the South would, for the +present, treat the proposal with scorn, +is likely enough. But the edge of the +wedge has been introduced, and emancipation +has been at least <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">officially</span> recognized +as desirable. While such a +possible means of securing property exists, +there will always be a strong party +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">forming</span> in the South, whether they attain +to a majority or not, and this party +will be the germ of disaster to the secessionists. +There are men enough, +even in South Carolina, who would gladly +be paid for their slaves, and these +men, while maintaining secession views +in full bluster, would readily enough find +some indirect means of realizing money +on their chattels. It may work gradually—but +it <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">will</span> work. As disaster and +poverty increase in the South, there will +increase with them the number of those +who will see no insult or injury in the +proposition to buy from them property +which is becoming, with every year, +more and more uncertain in its tenure.</p> + +<p>Let it be remembered that this message +was based on the most positive +knowledge held by the Executive of the +desires of the Union men in the South, +and of their strength. The reader who +will reflect for a moment can not fail to +perceive that, unless it had such a foundation, +the views advanced in it would +have been reckless and inexplicable indeed. +It was precisely on this basis, and +in this manner, that the CONTINENTAL, +in previous numbers, and before it the + +New York KNICKERBOCKER Magazine, +urged the revival of the old WEBSTER +theory of gradual remunerated emancipation, +declaring that the strength of +the Union party in the South was such +as to warrant the experiment.<a href="#note_15"><span class="footnoteref">15</span></a> We +have also insisted, in our every issue, +that, while emancipation should be borne +constantly in view and provided for as +something which must eventually be realized +for the sake of the advancing interests +of WHITE labor and its expansion, +everything should be effected as gradually +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">as possible</span>, so as to neither interfere +with the plans of the war now waging, +nor to stir up needless political strife. +We simply asked for some firmly-based +official recognition of the rottenness of +the 'slavery plank in the Southern platform,' +and trusted that the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">utmost</span> caution +and deliberation would be observed +in eventually forwarding emancipation. +We were literally alone, as a publication, +in these views, and were misrepresented +both by the enemies who were +behind us and the zealous friends who +were before us. We have never cried +for that 'unconditional and immediate +emancipation of slavery' with which the +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Liberator</span>, with the kindest intentions, +but most erroneously, credits us. We +should be glad enough to see it, were +it possible; but, knowing that the immediate-action +theory has been delaying +the cause for thirty years, we have +invariably suggested the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">firm</span> but gradual +method. That method has at last +been formally advanced by the President, +in a manner which can reasonably +give offense to no one. The beginning +has been made: it is for the country +to decide whether it—the most +important suggestion of the age—shall +be realized.</p> + +<br /> + +<p>The news of the capture of Fort Donelson +had barely reached us, the roar of +the guns celebrating our rapid successes +had not died away, ere that fragment +of the Northern ultra pro-slavery party +which had done so much towards deluding +the South into secession, impudently +raised its head and began most inopportunely +and impertinently to talk of +amnesty and the rights of the South. +There are things which, under certain +limitations, may be right in themselves, +but which, when urged at the wrong +time, become wrongs and insults; and +these premature cries to restore the enemy +to his old social and political standing +are of that nature. They are insufferable, +and would be ridiculous, were +it not that in the present critical aspect +of our politics they may become dangerous. +Since this war began, we have +heard much of the want of true loyalty +in the ultra abolitionists, who would +make the object of the struggle simply +emancipation, without regard to consequences; +and we have not been sparing +in our own condemnations of such a limited +and narrow view,—holding, as we +do, that emancipation, if adopted, should +be for the sake of the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">white man</span> and the +Union, and not of the negro. But 'Abolition' +of the most one-sided and suicidal +description is less insulting to those who +are lavishing blood and treasure on the +great cause of freedom, than is the conduct, +at this time, of those men who are +now, through their traitorous organs, +urging the cry that the hour is at hand +when we must place slavery firmly on a +constitutional basis; this being, as they +assert, the only means whereby the Union +can ever be harmoniously restored.</p> + +<p>In view of the facts, it is preposterous +to admit that this assumption is even +plausible. He must be ignorant indeed +of our political history during the past +twenty years, or strangely blind to its +results, who has not learned that a belief +that the North is ever anxious to +concede for the sake of its 'interests' +has been the great stimulus to the arrogance +of the South. While the principles +of the abolitionists have been the +shallow <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">pretence</span>, the craven cowardice +of such men as BUCHANAN and CUSHING +has been the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">real</span> incitement to the +South to pour insult and wrong on the +North. Concession has been our bane. +It was paltering and concession that + +palsied the strong will and ready act +which should have prevented this war; +for had it not been for such men as the +traitors who are now crying out for +Southern rights, the rebellion would +have been far more limited in its area, +and long since crushed out. No cruelties +on our part, no threats to carry all +to the bitter end, would so encourage +the South at present, as this offer to +shake hands ere the fight be half over.</p> + +<p>When the time comes for amnesty +and 'Southern Rights,' we trust that +they will be considered in a spirit of +justice and mercy. Till it comes let +there be no word spoken of them. The +South has, to its own detriment and +to ours, firmly and faithfully <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">believed</span> +that Northern men are cowards, misers, +men sneaking through life in all +dishonor and baseness. When millions +believe such intolerable falsehoods of +other millions of their fellow-citizens, +they must be taught the truth, no matter +what the lesson costs. Even now +the Southern press asserts that our victories +were merely the results of overwhelming +majorities, and that the Yankees +are becoming frightened at their +own successes. There is not one of these +traitorous, dough-face meetings of which +the details are not promptly sent—probably +by the men who organize them—all +over the South to inspire faith in a +falling cause. When the rebels shall +have learned that these traitors have +positively <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">no</span> influence here,—and the +sooner they learn it the better,—when +they realize that the people of the North +are as determined as themselves, and +their equals in all noble qualities, then, +and not till then, will it be time to talk +of those concessions which now strike +every one as smacking of meanness and +cowardice.</p> + +<p>The day has come for a new order of +things. The South must learn—and +show by its acts that it has been convinced—that +the North is its equal in +those virtues which it claims to monopolize. +But this it will only learn from +the young and vigorous minds of the +new school,—from its <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">enemies</span>,—and +not from the trembling old-fashioned +traitors, who have been so long at its +feet that they shiver and are bewildered, +now that they are fairly isolated, by the +tide of war, from their former ruler. +Politicians of this stamp, who have grown +old while prating of Southern rights, +can not, do not, and never will <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">realize</span> +but that, some day or other, all will be +restored in <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">statu quo ante bellum</span>. They +expect Union victories, but somehow believe +that their old king will enjoy his +own again—that there will be a morning +when the South will rule as before. +It is this which inspires their craven +timidity. They cry out against emancipation +in every form,—blind to the onward +and inevitable changes which are +going on,—so that when the South +comes in again they may point to their +record and say, '<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">We</span> were ever true to +you. We, indeed, urged the war, for +we were compelled by you to fight, +but we were always true to your main +principles.' They have wasted time and +trouble sadly—it will all be of no avail. +Be it by the war, be it by what means +it may, the social system and political +rule of the South are irrevocably doomed. +It may, from time to time, have its convulsive +recoveries, but it is doomed. +The demands of free labor for a wider +area will make themselves felt, and +the black will give way to the white, as +in the West the buffalo vanishes before +the bee.</p> + +<p>We are willing that the question of +emancipation should have the widest +scope, and, if expediency shall so dictate, +that it should be realized in the most +gradual manner. We believe that, owing +to the experiences of the past year, +more than one slave State will, ere long, +contain a majority of clear-headed, patriotic +men, who will be willing to legalize +the freedom of all blacks born within +their limits, after a certain time; and +if this time be placed ten years or even +fifteen hence, it will make no material +difference. By that time the pressure +of free labor, and the increase of manufacturing, +will have rendered some such +step a necessity. Should the payment + +of all loyal slave-holders, in the border +States, for their chattels, prove a better +plan,—and it could hardly fail to +promptly reduce the rebellious circle to +a narrow and uninfluential body,—let it +be tried. If any of the arguments thus +far adduced in favor of assuming slavery +to be an institution which is <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">never</span> +to be changed, and which <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">must</span> be immutably +fixed in the North American +Union, can be proved to be true, we +would say, then let emancipation be forever +forgotten—for the stability of the +Union must take precedence of everything. +But we can not see it in this +light. We can not see that peace and +Union can exist while the slave-holder +continues to increase in arrogance in +the South, and while the abolitionists +every day gather strength in the North. +Every day of this war has seen the enemies +of slavery increase in number and +in power, until to expect them to lose +power and influence is as preposterous +as to hope to see the course of nature +change. Should a peace be now patched +up on the basis of <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">immutable</span> slavery, +we should, to judge from every appearance, +simply prolong the war to an infinitely +more disastrous end than it now +threatens to assume. We should incur +debts which would crush our prosperity; +we should bequeath a heritage of woe to +our children, which would prove their +ruin. While the great cause of all this +dissension lies legalized and untouched, +there will continue to be a party which +will never cease to strive to destroy it. +The question simply is, whether we will +be wounded now, or utterly slain by and +by.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile let us, before all things, +push on with the war! It is by our victories +that slavery will be in the beginning +most thoroughly attacked. If the +South, as it professes, means to fight to +the last ditch, and to the black flag, all +discussion of emancipation is needless; +for in the track of our armies the contraband +assumes freedom without further +formula. But we are by no means +convinced that such will be the case. +The <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">first</span> ditches have, as yet, been by no +means filled with martyrs to secession,—armistices +are already subjects of rumor,—and +it should not be forgotten +that the Union men of the South are +powerful enough to afford efficient aid +in placing the question of ultimate emancipation +on a basis suitable to all interests.</p> + +<p>All that the rational emancipationist +requires is a <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">legal beginning</span>. We have +no desire to see it advance more rapidly +than the development of the country requires—in +short, what is really needed +is simply the assurance that by war or +by peace <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">some</span> basis shall be found for +ultimately carrying out the views of the +fathers of the American Union, and rendering +this great nation harmonious and +happy. Every day brings us nearer the +great issue,—not of slavery and anti-slavery,—but +whether slavery is to be +assumed as an immutable element in +America, or whether government will +bring such influences to bear as will lead +the way to peace and the rights of free +labor. Every step is leading us to</p> + +<p>THE IRREPRESSIBLE CONFLICT.</p> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">O Lord, look kindly on this work for thee!</p> + +<p class="l">Yes, smile upon the side that's for the right!</p> +<p class="l">To them O grant the glorious arm of might,</p> +<p class="l">And in the end give them the victory!</p> +<p class="l">Free principles are rushing like the sea</p> +<p class="l">Which opened for the fleeing Israelite,—</p> +<p class="l">Free principles, to test their worth in fight,—</p> +<p class="l">And woe to them that 'twixt the surges be!</p> +<p class="l">And as, O Lord, thou then did'st show thy care,</p> + +<p class="l">And mad'st a grave to drink thy enemy,</p> +<p class="l">So now, O Father, sink him in despair—</p> +<p class="l">The only blight we own—cursed Slavery.</p> +<p class="l">O then will end the conflict! Yes, God, then</p> +<p class="l">We'll be indeed a nation of FREE MEN!</p> +</div> + +<br /> + +<p>The N.O. <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Delta</span> is full of indignation +at the Southern men who are alarmed +for their property, and betrays, in its +anger, the fact that these disaffected +persons are not few in the Pelican State. +But, plucking up courage, it declares +that—</p> + +<div class="display"> +<p>Our people will retire into the interior, and +in their mountains and swamps they will maintain +a warfare which must ultimately prove +successful.</p> +</div> + +<p>Doubtful—very. In the first place, + +'our people' can not very well swamp +it like runaway negroes, and, secondly, +they will encounter, in the mountains, +the Union men of the South. Give us +the cities and the level country for a +short time, and we shall very soon find +the Pelicandidates for comfortable quarters +rolling back, by thousands, into +Unionism.</p> + +<br /> + +<p>As we write, there is a panic in Richmond, +caused by the discovery that there +is a large body of Union men in the city +itself, headed by JOHN MINOR BOTTS, +who seems to have determined to 'head +off' the secession party in its stronghold, +'or die'—he having, since the decease +of JOHN TYLER, turned his +'heading off' abilities against JEFF DAVIS. +The <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Examiner</span> mentions, in terror, +the confession of the Union prisoners, +that there are in Richmond 'thousands +of arms concealed, and men enrolled, +who would use them on the first approach +of the Yankee army.' One of +the arrested, a Mr. STEARNS, when led +to the prison, surveyed it in a most contemptuous +manner, remarking 'If you +are going to imprison all the Union men +in Richmond, you will have to provide +a much larger jail than this.'</p> + +<p>It is the German residents of Richmond +who are said to constitute the majority +of these Union men. All honor +to our German friends of the South! +They have received, thus far, too little +credit for their staunch adherence to the +principles of freedom. Let them take +courage; a day is coming when we +shall all be free—free from <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">every</span> form +of slavery! <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Noch ist die Freiheit nicht +verloren</span>!—'Freedom is not lost as yet.' +Some of them remember <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">that</span> song of +old.</p> + +<br /> + +<p>A paragraph has recently gone +the rounds, which impudently assures +the friends of Emancipation that, unless +they promptly desist from further interference +or agitation, they will speedily +build up a Southern party in the North, +which will seriously interfere with the +prosecution of the war!</p> + +<p>That is to say, that the majority of the +people of the North fully acquiesce in +the justice of the main principles held +by the South—the only difference of +opinion being whether these slavery and +slavery-extension doctrines can be practically +developed under our federal +Union! Yet we, knowing, seeing, +feeling, in this war, the enormously evil +effects of the slave system on the free +men among whom it exists, are expected +to endure and legalize <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">the cause</span> which +stirred it up! Either the South is right +or wrong—there is no escaping the dilemma. +Either it was or was not justly +goaded by 'abolition' into secession. +If the South is <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">quite</span> right in wishing to +preserve slavery intact forever, surely +those are in the wrong who would make +war on it for wishing to secede from a +government which tolerates attacks on +legalized institutions! What a precious +paradox have we here? Yet these virtual +justifiers of the South in the great +cause of the war, claim to be zealous and +forward in punishing that secession +which, according to their own views, is +constitutional and right!</p> + +<p>If slavery be right, then the South is +right. No impartial foreigner could fail +to draw this conclusion under the circumstances +of this war. But <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">is</span> it right; +we do not say as a thing of the past, and +of a rapidly vanishing serf-system, but as +an institution of the progressive present? +Witness the words of G. BATELLE, a +member of the Western Virginia Constitutional +Convention,—as we write, in +session at Wheeling,—and who has published +an address to that body on the +question of Emancipation, from which +we extract the following:—</p> + +<div class="display"> +<p>The injuries which slavery inflicts upon +our own people are manifold and obvious. +It practically aims to enslave not merely +another race, but our own race. It inserts +in its bill of rights some very high-sounding +phrases securing freedom of speech; and +then practically and in detail puts a lock on +every man's mouth, and a seal on every +man's lips, who will not shout for and swear +by the divinity of the system. It amuses +the popular fancy with a few glittering generalities + +in the fundamental law about the +liberty of the press, and forthwith usurps +authority, even in times of peace, to send +out its edict to every postmaster, whether in +the village or at the cross-roads, clothing +him with a despotic and absolute censorship +over one of the dearest rights of the citizen. +It degrades labor by giving it the badge of +servility, and it impedes enterprise by withholding +its proper rewards. It alone has +claimed exemption from the rule of uniform +taxation, and then demanded and received +the largest share of the proceeds of that +taxation. Is it any wonder, in such a state +of facts, that there are this day, of those +who have been driven from Virginia mainly +by this system, men enough, with their descendents, +and means and energy, scattered +through the West, of themselves to make no +mean State?...</p> + +<p>It has been as a fellow-observer, and I +will add as a fellow-sufferer, with the members +of the Convention, that my judgment +of the system of slavery among us has been +formed. We have seen it seeking to inaugurate, +in many instances all too successfully, +a reign of terror in times of profound peace, +of which Austria might be ashamed. We +have seen it year by year driving out from +our genial climate, and fruitful soil, and exhaustless +natural resources, some of the men +of the very best energy, talent and skill +among our population. We have seen also, +in times of peace, the liberty of speech taken +away, the freedom of the press abolished, +and the willing minions of this system, in +hunting down their victims, spare from degradation +and insult neither the young, nor +the gray-haired veteran of seventy winters, +whose every thought was as free from offense +against society as is that of the infant +of days.</p> + +</div> + +<p>When an evil attains this extent, he +is a poor citizen, a poor cowardly dallier +with opinions, whatever his fighting mark +may be, who can make up his mind to +calmly acquiesce in establishing its permanence, +or to stiffly oppose every movement +and every suggestion tending in +the least towards its abrogation.</p> + +<br /> + +<p>In the present number of the CONTINENTAL +will be found an article on General +LYON, in which reference is made to +the generally credited assertion, that the +deceased hero was not reinforced as he +desired during the campaign in Missouri. +This is one of the questions which time +alone will properly answer. In accordance +with the principles involved in <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">audi +alteram partem</span>, we give on this subject +the following abridgment of a portion +of General FREMONT'S defense, +published in the New York <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Tribune</span> of +March 6:—</p> + +<div class="display"> + +<p>Lyon's and Prentiss's troops were nearly +all three months men, whose term of enlistment +was about expiring. Arms and money +were wanted, but men offered in abundance. +The three months men had not been paid. +The Home Guards were willing to remain +in the service, but their families were destitute. +Gen. Fremont wrote to the President, +stating his difficulties, and informing him +that he should peremptorily order the United +States Treasurer there to pay over to his +paymaster-general the money in his possession, +sending a force at the same time to +take the money. He received no reply, and +assumed that his purpose was approved.</p> + +<p>Five days after he arrived at St. Louis +he went to Cairo, taking three thousand +eight hundred men for its reinforcement. +He says that Springfield was a week's march, +and before he could have reached it, Cairo +would have been taken by the rebels, and +perhaps St. Louis. He returned to St. +Louis on the 4th of August, having in the +meantime ordered two regiments to the relief +of Gen. Lyon, and set himself to work +at St. Louis to provide further reinforcements +for him; but he claims that Lyon's +defeat can not be charged to his administration, +and quotes from a letter from General +Lyon, dated on the 9th of August, expressing +the belief that he would be compelled to +retire; also, from a letter written by Lyon's +adjutant general, in which he says 'General +Fremont was not inattentive to the situation +of General Lyon's column.'</p> +</div> + +<br /> + +<p>A daily cotemporary, in an onslaught +on Emancipation, contains the following:—</p> + +<div class="display"> +<p>Delaware has recently had a proposition +before the legislature to abolish the scarcely +more than nominal slavery still existing in +it; but the legislature adjourned without +even listening to it, though it contemplated +full pecuniary compensation.</p> +</div> + + +<p>Yes; and the legislature of Delaware, +a few years ago, legalized lotteries,—one +of the greatest social curses of +the country,—and made itself a hissing +and a by-word to all decent men by +sanctioning the most widely-destructive +method of gambling known. The Delaware +legislature indeed!</p> + +<br /> + +<p>We are indebted to a friend for the +following paragraph:—</p> + +<div class="display"> +<p>It is deeply significant that since the late +Federal victories, the Southern press, even +in Richmond itself, speaks nervously and +angrily of the Union men among them, and +of their increasing boldness in openly manifesting +their sentiments. A few months +since, this belief in Union men in the South +was abundantly ridiculed by those who believed +that all the slave-holding States were +unanimous in rebellion, and that therefore it +would be preposterous to hope to reconcile +them to emancipation. Now that the Union +strength in that region is beginning to manifest +itself, we are informed that we shall lose +it if we do aught contrary to Southern +rights. And this too, although the Southern +Union men have never been spoken of +by their rebel neighbors as aught save 'the +abolitionists in our midst!'</p> +</div> + +<br /> + +<p>The following communication from a +well-known financier and writer on currency +can not fail to be read with interest +by all:—</p> + +<div class="display"> +<p>THE SINEWS OF WAR.</p> + +<p>These are, men and money, but especially +MONEY, for on the money depends the +men. In a good cause, with an educated, +intelligent people, every man able to discern +for himself the right side of the question presented, +there is no difficulty about men; the +state has only to say how many are needed, +and the want will be promptly supplied. +The experience of the last six months gives +us evidence sufficient on this point: an army +of six hundred thousand men drawn together +without an effort, every man a volunteer,—a +spectacle never before exhibited to +the world,—puts at rest all doubt upon it; +and not only that, it settles beyond all cavil +the superiority of self-government, based on +the broadest principles of freedom and the +broadest system of education, over any other +form which has ever been adopted. Passing +from this, however, as a fact which needs no +argument or illustration, we come to the more +difficult question of how to raise the other +sinew—money.</p> + +<p>In calling for men the state relies upon +the intelligence and patriotism of its citizens; +upon their intelligence to understand +the cause, on their patriotism to respond to +its call. It offers them no inducements in the +shape of pay, nothing more than to feed and +clothe them, to aid them hereafter if wounded, +to keep their families from starvation if +they are killed. This is all; and this is +enough. But these assumed obligations of +the state must be sacredly and promptly +kept. Our noble volunteers must be fed, +and clothed, and cared for, and to this end +the state must have the requisite means. +And to obtain the needed supply without +oppressive taxation on the one hand, or +placing a load on posterity too heavy to be +borne on the other hand, is a question of +difficult solution; and yet we shall see that +there is in the present administration the +ability and the will to solve it.</p> + +<p>It is said that our expenditures in this +great struggle will, by the first of June, +amount to the enormous sum of $600,000,000. +It is said by the arch traitor at the +head of the rebels that under this load of +debt we shall sink. It is said by the leading +papers of England that we have no +money, have exhausted our credit, must disband +our armies, and make the best terms we +can with rebellion. Doubtless, our credit +in Europe is at a low ebb just now, and we +are thrown upon our own resources, and on +these we must swim or sink. There is nothing +to reject in this. We have shown the +world how a free state can raise troops and +create a navy out of its own materials; and +now we will show the world how a free state +can maintain its army and navy out of its +own resources; and if the result proves—as +it will prove—that our free institutions are +the safest, strongest, and best for the people +in war as well as in peace, then the great +struggle we are now going through with will +be worth more to the true interests of humanity +everywhere than all the battles which have +been fought since the dawn of the present +century. For a hundred years, openly or +covertly, but without intermission, has war +been going on between despotism and freedom, +with varied success, but on the whole +with a steady gain for freedom; and now + +here, on the same field where it originated, +is the long strife to be finally settled. On +these same fields the same freedom is to culminate +in unquenchable splendor, or to set +forever, leaving mankind to grope in darkness +and ignorance under the misrule of +despotic tyranny. We are in arms not only +to suppress an odious uprising of despotism +against freedom within our own borders, but +to show by our example, to all the nations +of the earth, what freedom is and what freedom +means.</p> + +<p>In seeking aid of the money power, we go +beyond the line where patriotism gives us all +we need, promptly and liberally, into the +cold region of selfishness, whose people are +too much absorbed in adding to and counting +up their gains to be able to spare much +time or thought on country or freedom. No +voluntary sacrifices to be expected here. +What we want we must buy, and pay for; it +is only to see that we do not pay too much +for it. Selfish, timid, grasping, these people +are a skittish set to deal with. Nobody +understands better the game of 'the spider +and the fly,' and they are as ready to play it +with the state as with smaller opponents, if +the state will but let them. From his first +visit to this region, to the present time, our +able Secretary of the Treasury was, and continues +to be, '<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">master of the position</span>.'</p> + +<p>When the Secretary held his first sociable +with the representatives of the money power, +neither he nor they had a very keen perception +of what they wanted of each other; +the rebellion was not then developed in the +gigantic proportions it has since assumed; +and it was hoped and expected, with some +show of reason, that two or three hundred +millions would be enough to put it down. +This amount the power could and would willingly +furnish for a 'consideration,' the half +presently, on condition that it should be allowed +the refusal of the other half when it +should be wanted; and so a bargain was quickly +struck, to the mutual content of both parties. +But, as the thunder grew louder and +the storm fiercer, it became evident that our +wants would soon be doubled, at least. The +money power hung back; the 7-3/10 remained +in the banks. The representatives said they +were only agents, the agents stopped payment, +and the whole circulation of gold fell to +the ground at once, not only putting a sudden +check upon all business operations, but leaving +the Treasury without any sort of currency +to pay out: a sad state of things enough. +The money power drew in its head, pretending +not to see anything, waiting for propositions, +expecting to reap a rich harvest out +of the state's necessities, by making its own +terms. How could it be otherwise? must +not the state have several hundred millions? +must not the astute Secretary sell the state's +promises to pay, <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">secured by a first mortgage +on all Uncle Sam's vast possessions</span>, on their +own terms?</p> + +<p>It was not a pleasant predicament for a +nervous or a faint-hearted man to be placed +in. But then Mr. Chase is neither nervous +nor faint-hearted, and when Congress came +together he not only told his wants frankly, +but proposed a neat little plan for supplying +them without selling notes at fifty per cent. +discount. Taking into view the want of a +sound currency for business purposes, and the +want of some currency to pay out from the +Treasury instead of the gold which had disappeared +and left a vacuum, he proposed to +borrow $150,000,000, by issuing Treasury +Notes, payable on demand, without interest, +and making them a <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">legal tender for the payment +of all debts</span>, with a proviso that any parties +who should at any time have more on +hand than they wanted should be allowed to +invest them in bonds bearing six per cent interest. +It was a very simple proposition—almost +sublime for its simplicity; there was +no mystery about it; and yet it was the very +turning point of the ways and means of +crushing the rebellion, without being ourselves +crushed under an unbearable burden +of debt. The money power stood aghast, +and hardly recovered breath in time to oppose +its passage through Congress; but the common +sense of the people hailed Mr. Chase as +a deliverer, and Congress endorsed common +sense. Seriously, this splendid invention of +the Secretary has given a new face to our +financial affairs by placing the money power +where it always should be,—in subservience +to the people,—instead of allowing it to become +a grinding task-master. The importance +of this measure can hardly be appreciated +yet. A member of Congress, himself a +merchant, and an able financier, says:</p> + +<p>'My theory in regard to it is, that as the +currency is increased by the addition of these +notes to its volume, prices generally will +rise, including the price of U.S. bonds, until +they reach par; at that point, these notes, +being convertible into bonds, the rise in the +price of bonds will stop, because further additions +to the currency, whether of these + +notes, bank notes, or coin, will only stimulate +the conversion of notes into bonds; and +that conversion will check the increase of +currency. The <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">excess</span> of notes will then be +gradually withdrawn from circulation for +conversion,—leaving only such an amount +in circulation as a healthy and natural condition +of the currency will require.'</p> + +<p>A theory in which we fully concur. We +see growing out of it a restoration of business: +government creditors paid in a currency +equal to gold; low prices for all government +contracts; a consequent diminished +expenditure for supplies, and an annual payment +for interest on the debt we shall owe, +which can be easily met without heavy taxation. +However it may turn out in the conduct +of the war,—and we have full faith in +that also,—it is very certain that in the conduct +of the finances we have found the man +for the times. The whole country feels this, +and breathes easier for it. The arch rebel, +in a recent address to his satellites, admits +that he altogether underestimated the patriotism +and loyalty of the men of the North, +but takes fresh courage from the certainty +that we shall shortly back down under our +load of debt. A little further on and he +will find that he has just as much mistaken +our power in that respect,—that as his own +worthless promises, based upon nothing, fall +to nothing, the notes of the Union will stand +as firm and as fair in the money market as +her banner will on the battle-field.</p> + +<p>Men and money are the sinews of war. +In our first trial, patriotism has furnished the +men, and the presiding genius of the Treasury +has clearly pointed out the means for +obtaining the money. <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Laus Deo</span>!</p> + +<br /> + +<p>Note.—For the benefit of those of our readers +who do not understand currency facts and +theories, we make the following explanation. +The relation of currency, or circulation medium, +to the industry and business of the state, is +similar to that of steam in an engine: a certain +amount is required to keep up a regular and +natural movement; an excessive amount causes +too rapid motion, and a deficiency the reverse. +Currency is made up of several things. Bank +deposits, circulating by checks, bank notes, +and coin, are the most important and best understood. +The aggregate amount of these +three items before the suspension of specie payments +was above $450,000,000; and this sum is +required to give a healthy movement to business +affairs. Take away any portion of it, and +prices fall and labor languishes, because the +motion from it is too small for the work required; +add considerably to it, and prices rise, +because the motive power, being superabundant, +is too freely used. When specie payment was +suspended this motive power was reduced; the +circulating medium fell from four hundred and +fifty to three hundred and fifty millions, perhaps +less; and unless this loss is replaced it +is quite clear that prices must fall and the employment +of labor be curtailed. The issue of +treasury notes will fill the gap, making the +business motive power of the same strength +and ability as before. Thus it will be seen that +the emission of treasury notes plays an important +part upon the industry and business of the +state, which, under existing circumstances, can +hardly be over-valued, as well as in the national +finances.</p> +</div> + +<br /> + +<p>The Darwin-development theory has +of late attracted no little attention. +One of our contributors favors us with +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">his</span> views in the following 'wild-verse,' +which is itself rather of the transition +order:—</p> + +<p>MODERN ANSWERS TO ANCIENT RIDDLES.</p> + +<p>'Whar did ye come from? Who d'ye belong +to!'—<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Ethiops</span>.</p> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">Philosophers say, deny it who may,</p> +<p class="l">That the man who stands upright so bravely to-day,</p> +<p class="l">Once crawled as a reptile with nose to the sod,</p> + +<p class="l">His grandfather Monad a bit of a clod.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">To be sure, man's descent is not made out quite plain,</p> +<p class="l">But one or two <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">guesses</span> might piece out the chain;</p> +<p class="l">If the chain is quite long a few links won't be missed;</p> +<p class="l">Or, if you must join it, <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">just give it a twist</span>.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">A bold Boston doctor, by stride superhuman,</p> +<p class="l">Makes only a step from a snake to a woman;</p> +<p class="l">Or, inspect your best friends by Granville's good glass,</p> +<p class="l">And the difference's as small 'twixt a man and an ass.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">'From the company he keeps we may learn a man's nature;'</p> + +<p class="l">If he will play with monkey, dog, cat, or such creature,</p> +<p class="l">The schoolmen will say, as a matter of course,</p> +<p class="l">'Cum hoc ergo propter hoc.' Notice its force!</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">If with doubts you're still puzzled, and wonder who can</p> +<p class="l">Answer all your objections, why Darwin's your man.</p> +<p class="l">He can bridge o'er a chasm both broad and profound;</p> + +<p class="l">The last thing he needs for a theory is <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">ground</span>.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">Bring your queries and facts, no matter how tough;</p> +<p class="l">Development doctrine makes light of such stuff.</p> +<p class="l">One example of these will perhaps be enough:—</p> +<p class="l">'These crawlers,' for instance, 'should they be still here,'</p> + +<p class="l">'Not yet become bipeds?' The answer is clear:</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">In our strangely unequal organic advance,</p> +<p class="l">He is the most forward who has the best chance.</p> +<p class="l">By braving the weather and struggling with brother,</p> +<p class="l">The one who survives it all gains upon t'other.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">The old Bible 'myth,' now, of Jacob and Esau,</p> +<p class="l">Is the struggle 'twixt species, the monkey and man law;</p> +<p class="l">One hairy, one handsome, one favored, one cursed;</p> +<p class="l">And sometimes the last one turns out to be first.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">Still, through cycles enough let the laggard persist,</p> + +<p class="l">Let the weak be suppressed since he can not resist,</p> +<p class="l">And, proceeding by logic which none may dispute,</p> +<p class="l">Can't we safely infer there's an end to the brute?</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">You may, if you please, supersede Revelation,</p> +<p class="l">By wholly new methods of ratiocination;</p> +<p class="l">Though, since head and heart <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">need be</span> in contradiction,</p> + +<p class="l">Why should reason hold faith under any restriction?</p> +<p class="l">Shut your eyes, and guess down heaven's good pious fiction.</p> +</div> +<a href="#note_16"><span class="footnoteref">16</span></a> + + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">Noah's ark was superfluous. Where were his brains,</p> +<p class="l">For those beasts and those sons to provide with such pains,</p> +<p class="l">When they might to a deluge cry Fiddle di dee,</p> + +<p class="l">And sprout fins and scales, if they took to the sea?</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">Well, perhaps in those days they had not yet known</p> +<p class="l">That <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">by need of new functions new organs are grown</span>.</p> +<p class="l">Those drowned chaps were sure a 'degenerate' crew,</p> +<p class="l">Or else, on their plunge into element new,</p> + +<p class="l">Some 'law of selection' had rescued a few.</p> +<p class="l">And, 'if wishes were fishes' I think one or two</p> +<p class="l">Would have <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">wished</span>, and swam out of their scrape, do not you?</p> +<p class="l">Can it be that those 'Fish Tales' of mermen are true?</p> + +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">No wonder that racing was always in fashion,—</p> +<p class="l">All orders of beings were born with the passion—</p> +<p class="l">But it seems that at length Genus Man will be winner.</p> +<p class="l">You cry 'Lucky dog!' But what now about dinner?</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">No oysters, no turtle, fresh salmon, fried sole,</p> + +<p class="l">No canvas duck nor fowl casserole.</p> +<p class="l">All these he has seen disappear from the stage,</p> +<p class="l">A sacrifice vast growing age after age.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">Their successive growth upward he's watched with dismay;</p> +<p class="l">They have come to be men, having all had their day!</p> +<p class="l">Though he took, while its lord, quite a taste of the creature,</p> +<p class="l">By rule Epicurean 'dum vivim.,' etcetera.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">In Paradise, Adam and Eve, to be sure,</p> +<p class="l">Since they didn't have flesh, ate their onion sauce pure,</p> +<p class="l">But, as our old friend John P. Robinson he</p> +<p class="l">Said, 'they didn't know everything down in Judee.'</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">Now the better taught modern he very well knows</p> + +<p class="l">What to beef and to mutton society owes.</p> +<p class="l">What are homes without hearths? What's a hearth without roasts?</p> +<p class="l">Or a grand public dinner with <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">nothing</span> but toasts?</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">Yet, what government measure, or scheme philanthropic,</p> +<p class="l">Or learned convention in hall philosophic,</p> + +<p class="l">But is mainly sustained upon leasts and collations?</p> +<p class="l">At least, it is so in all civilized nations.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">Here's a fix! Yet indeed, soon or late, the whole race</p> +<p class="l">Must the problem decide on, with good or ill grace.</p> +<p class="l">We cannot go hungry; what are we to do?</p> +<p class="l">Shall we pulse it, like Daniel, that knowing young Jew?</p> +<p class="l">Letting Grahamite doctors our diet appoint,</p> + +<p class="l">Eat our very plain pudding without any joint?</p> + +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">Or, shall we the bloody alternative take,</p> +<p class="l">And cannibal meals of our relatives make,</p> +<p class="l">Put aside ancient scruples (for what's in a name?)</p> +<p class="l">And shake hands with the dainty New Zealander dame,</p> +<p class="l">Who thought that she really might relish a bit</p> + +<p class="l">Of broiled missionary brought fresh from the spit?</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">'Twere surely most cruel in Nature our nurse,</p> +<p class="l">Man's march of improvement so quick to reverse.</p> +<p class="l">Will she offer a choice which we may not refuse,</p> +<p class="l">When we're sure to turn savage however we choose?</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">We may slowly creep up to a lofty position,</p> +<p class="l">Then go back at one leap to the lower condition.</p> +<p class="l">Even so, my good friend, in a circle he goes,</p> +<p class="l">Who would follow such theories on to their close.</p> +<p class="l">If you've started with Darwin, as sure as you're born,</p> +<p class="l">You're in a dilemma; pray take either horn.</p> +</div> + +<p style="text-align: right">T.</p> + +<br /> + +<p>Who has not belonged in his time to a +debating society? What youth ambitious +of becoming 'a perfect <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Hercules</span> +behind the bar?'—as a well meaning +but unfortunate Philadelphian once said +in a funeral eulogy over a deceased legal +friend—has not 'debated' in a club +'formed for purposes of mutual <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">and</span> literary +improvement of the mind?' All +who have will read with pleasure the following +letter from one who has most +certainly been there:—</p> + +<div class="display"> +<p>DEAR CONTINENTAL:</p> + +<p>I am a man that rides around over the +'kedn'try.' In the little village where I am +now tarrying, the school-house bell is ringing +to call together the members of that ancient +institution peculiar to villages, the debating +society. A friend informs me that the time-honored +questions—Should capital punishment +be abolished?—Did Columbus deserve +more praise than Washington?—Is art +more pleasing to the eye than nature?—have +each had their turn in their regular rotation, +and that the question for to-night is—as you +might suppose—Has the Indian suffered +greater wrongs at the hands of the White +man than the Negro? As I have a distinct +recollection of having thoroughly investigated +and zealously declaimed on each of the +above topics in days lang syne, I shall excuse +myself from attendance this evening, on +the ground that I am already extensively informed +on the subject in hand, and my mind +is fully made up. But I hereby acknowledge +my indebtedness to the good fellow who told +me the object of the ringing of the bell—for +he has unconsciously started up some of +the most amusing recollections of my life. +Sitting here alone in my room, I have just +taken a hearty laugh over a circumstance +that had well-nigh given me the slip. The +question was the same Negro-Indian-White-man +affair. One of the orators, having, +a long time previously, seen a picture in +an old 'jography' of some Indians making +a hubbub on board certain vessels, and +reading under it, <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Destruction of Tea in Boston +Harbor</span>, brought up the circumstance, +and insisting with great earnestness that the +white man had received burning wrongs at +the hands of the Indian, and that the latter +had <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">no reason at all to complain</span>, dwelt with +great emphasis on the ruthless destruction +of the white man's tea in Boston Harbor by +the latter, in proof of his 'point.'</p> + +<p>I remember also a debating society in the +little village of R——, which numbered +some really very worthy and intelligent +members, but of course included some that +were otherwise, among whom was a silly +young fellow, who had mistaken his proper +calling—(he should have been a wood-chopper), +and was suffering under an attack +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">at</span> medicine. The question for debate on +one occasion was—Is conscience an infallible +guide? Being expected to take part in +the discussion, he was bent on thorough +preparation, and ransacked his preceptor's +professional library—(almost as poor a +place as a lawyer's) for a work on <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">conscience</span>. +He found abundance of matter, however, for +a lengthy chapter on the subject, as he supposed, +occurring in several of the dusty octavos, +and he thumbed the leaves with most +patient assiduity. He had misspelled the +word however, and was reading all the while +on <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">consciousness</span>—a subject which would +very naturally occur in some departments of +medicine. But it was all one to him, he +didn't see the difference, and the ridiculous +display he made to us of his 'cramming' on +consciousness can be better imagined than +described.</p> + +<p>Years after found me inside college walls—but +colleges in the West, be it remembered, + +sometimes include preparatory departments, +into which, by the courtesy of +the teachers, many young men are admitted +who would hardly make a respectable figure +in the poorest country school, but who by +dint of honest toil finally do themselves +great credit.</p> + +<p>I 'happened in' on a number of such, +one evening, whose affinities had drawn them +together with a view to forming a debating +society, to be made exclusively of their own +kind. I listened with much interest and +pleasure to the preliminaries of organization, +and smiled, when they were about to 'choose +a question,' to see them bring out the same +old coaches mentioned in the beginning of +this article; when one of their number +arose, evidently dissatisfied with the old +beaten track, and seemed bent on opening a +new vein. He was a good, honest, patient +fellow, but his weakness in expressing himself +was, that, although his delivery was +very slow, he didn't know how he was going +to end his sentences when he began them. +'Mr. President,' said he, 'how would this +do? Suppose a punkin seed sprouts in one +man's garden, and the vine grows through +the fence, and bears a punkin on another +man's ground—now—(a long pause)—the +question is—whose punkin—<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">does it +belong to?</span>' The poor fellow subsided, as +might be supposed, amid a roar of voices +and a crash of boots.</p> + +</div> + +<p>There is a legal axiom which would +settle the pumpkin-vine query—that of +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">cujus est solum ejus est usque ad coelum</span>—'ownership +in the soil confers possession +of everything even as high as heaven.' +Our friends in Dixie seem determined +to prove that they have also fee +simple in their soil downwards as far as +the other place, and by the last advices +were digging their own graves to an extent +which will soon bring them to the +utmost limit of their property!</p> + +<br /> + +<p>Does the reader remember Poor Pillicoddy, +and the mariner who was ever +expected to turn up again? Not less +eccentric, as it seems to us, is the re-apparition +chronicled in the following story +by a friend:—</p> + +<div class="display"> +<p>TURNING UP AGAIN!</p> + +<p>'You were all through that Mexican war, +and out with Walker in Niggerawger.—Well, +what do you think 'bout Niggerawger? +Kind of a cuss'd 'skeeter hole, ain't it?'</p> + +<p>'Tain't so much 'skeeters as 'tis snaiks, +scorpiums and the like,' answered the gray-moustached +corporal. 'It's hot in them +countries as a Dutch oven on a big bake; +and going through them parts, man's got to +move purty d——d lively to git ahead of +the yaller fever; it's right onto his tracks the +hull time.'</p> + +<p>'Did you git that gash over your nose out +there?'</p> + +<p>'Yes, I got that in a small scrimmage under +old GRAY EYES. 'Twas next day <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">after +a fight</span> though, cum to think on it. We'd +been up there and took a small odobe hole +called Santa Sumthin', and had spasificated +the poperlashun, when I went to git a gold +cross off an old woman, and she up frying-pan +of <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">frijoles</span> and hit me, so!' Here the +corporal aimed a blow with his pipe at the +face of the high private he was talking with;—the +latter dodged it.</p> + +<p>'That was a big thing, that fight at Santa +Sumthin'; the way we went over them mud +walls, and wiped out the Greasers, was a +cortion. I rac'lect when we was drawed up +company front, afore we made the charge, +there was a feller next me in the ranks—I +didn't know him from an old shoe, 'cause +he'd ben drafted that morning into us from +another company. Says he,—</p> + +<p>'We're going into hair and cats' claws 'fore +long, and as I'm unbeknownst amongst you +fellers, I'd like to make a bargain with you.'</p> + +<p>'Go it,' says I; 'I'm on hand for ennything.'</p> + +<p>'Well,' says he, 'witchever one of us gits +knocked over, the tother feller 'll look out +for him, and if he ain't a goner 'll haul him +out, so the doctor can work onto him.'</p> + +<p>'Good,' says I, 'you may count me in +there; mind you look after ME!'</p> + +<p>The fight began, and when we charged, +the fust thing I knowed the feller next me, +wot made the bargain, he went head over +heels backwards; and to tell the honest +trooth, I was just that powerful egsited I +never minded him a smite, but went right +ahead after plunder and the Greasers, over +mud walls and along alleys, till I got, bang +in, where I found something worth fighting +about it. 'Bout dusk, when we was all purty +full of <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">agwadenty</span>, they sent us out to bury +our fellers as was killed in the scrimmage; +and as we hadn't much time to spare, we +didn't dig a hole more'n a foot or two deep, + +and put all our fellers in, in a hurry. Next +morning airly, as I was just coming out of a +church where I'd ben surveyin' some candle-stix +with a jack-knife to see ef they were silver, +[witch they were not,—hang em!]—as +I was coming out of the church I felt a feller +punch me in the back—so I turned round +to hit him back, when I see the feller, as +had stood by me in the ranks the day before, +all covered over with dirt, and mad as a ringtail +hornet.</p> + +<p>'Hello!' said I.</p> + +<p>'Hello! yourself,' said he. 'I want ter +know what yer went and berried me for, +afore I was killed for?'</p> + +<p>I never was so put to for a answer afore +in all my life, 'cause I wanted to spasificate +the feller, so I kind of hemmed, and says I—'Hm! +the fact was, this dirty little hole of a +town was <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">rayther</span> crowded last night, and I—just +to please you, yer know—I lodged +you out there; but I swear I was this minute +going out there to dig you up for breakfuss!'</p> + +<p>'If that's so,' said he, 'we won't say no +more 'bout it; but the next time you do it, +don't put a feller in so deep; for I had a +oncommon hard scratch turning up again!'</p> + +<p style="text-align: right">H.P.L.</p> +</div> + +<p>We are indebted to the same writer +for the following Oriental market-picture—we +might say scene in a proverb:</p> + +<div class="display"> +<p>PROVERBIALLY WISE.</p> + +<p>ACHMET sat in the bazaar, calmly smoking: +he had said to himself in the early +morning,—'When I shall have made a hundred +piastres I will shut up shop for the day, +and go home and take it easy, <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">al'hamdu lillah</span>!' +Now a hundred piastres in the land +of the faithful, where the sand is and the +palms grow, is equal to a dollar in the land +of Jonathan: and the expression he concluded +his sentence with is equivalent to—Praise +be to Allah!</p> + +<p>Along came a blind fakir begging; then +ACHMET gave him five paras, although his +charity was unseen; neither did he want it to +be seen, for he said to himself,—</p> + +<p>'Do good and throw it into the sea—if +the fishes don't know it, God will.'</p> + +<p>And as he handed the poor blind fakir +the small coin, he said to him, in a soothing +voice,—</p> + +<p>'<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Fa'keer</span>' (which in the Arabic means +poor fellow), 'the nest of a blind bird is +made by Allah.'</p> + +<p>Then along came SULIMAN BEY, who +was high in office in the land of Egypt, and +was wealthy, and powerful, and very much +hated and feared. And ACHMET bowed down +before him, and performed obeisance in the +manner of the Turks, touching his own hand +to his lips, his breast, his head:—and the +SULIMAN BEY went proudly on. Then +ACHMET smiled, and YUSEF, who had a +stall in the bazaar opposite to him, winked +to ACHMET, saying, in a low voice,—</p> + +<p style="text-align: center">'Kiss ardently the hands which you can not cut +off:'—</p> + +<p>and they smiled grimly one unto the other.</p> + +<p>'Did you hear the music in the Esbekieh +garden yesterday?' asked YUSEF of ACHMET. +'I think it was horrible.'</p> + +<p>'It cost nothing to hear it,' quoth ACHMET: +'there was no charge made.'</p> + +<p>'<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Aio</span>! true,' answered YUSEF; 'but there +were too many drums; I wouldn't have one +if I were Pacha.'</p> + +<p>'Welcome even pitch, if it is gratis.'</p> + +<p>'Wanting to make the eyebrows right, +pull out the eyes,' said ACHMET, contentedly. +'And as for your disliking the music,—A +cucumber being given to a poor man, he +did not accept it because it was crooked!'—'Come, +let us shut up shop and go to the +mosque. It is fated that we sell no goods to-day. + +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Wajadna bira'hmat allah ra'hah</span>—By +the grace of Allah we have found repose!'</p> +</div> + +<br /> + +<p>Our correspondent gives us a pun in +our last number over again. It is none +the worse, however, for its new coat, as +set forth in</p> + +<div class="display"> +<p>GETTING AHEAD OF TIME.</p> + +<p>'Well now, I declare, this is too bad. +Here it is five minutes past ten and BUDDEN +ain't here. Did anybody ever know that +man to keep an engagement?'</p> + +<p>'Yes,' replied the Doctor to the Squire, 'I +knew him to keep one.'</p> + +<p>'Let it out,' said the Squire.</p> + +<p>'An engagement to get married.'</p> + +<p>'Hm!' replied the Squire, looking over +his spectacles with the air of one who had +been deceived. At this moment JERRY +BUDDEN, a jolly-looking, fat, middle-aged +man entered the office quietly and coolly, +having all the air of one who arrived half +an hour before the appointed time of meeting.</p> + +<p>'Got ahead of time this morning, any +way,' said Jerry.</p> + + +<p>'The devil you did!' spoke the Squire, +testily; 'you are seven minutes behind time +this morning; you would be behindhand to-morrow +and next day, and so on as long as +you live. Confound it, Jerry, you make me +mad with your laziness and coolness. Ahead +of time! why look at that watch!'—Here +the Squire, pulling out a plethoric-looking, +smooth gold watch, about the size of a bran +biscuit, held it affectionately in the palm of +his right hand. 'Look at <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">that</span> watch!'</p> + +<p>'Nice watch,' said Jerry, 'very nice +watch. The best of watches will sometimes +get out of order though. How long since +you had it cleaned?'</p> + +<p>The Squire looked indignant, and broke +out, 'I've carried that watch more'n thirty +year; I have it cleaned regularly, and it is +always right to a minute, always! It's <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">you</span> +that want regulating.'</p> + +<p>'Can't help it,' spoke Jerry; 'I got ahead +of time this morning.'</p> + +<p>'Bet you a hat on it,' said the Squire.</p> + +<p>'Done!' answered Jerry. And, putting +his hand in his pocket, he deliberately produced +the torn page of an old almanac, and, +pointing to part of an engraving of the man +with an hour-glass, said to the Squire,—</p> + +<p>'Hain't I got a Head of Time—this +morning?'</p> + +<p>Jerry now wears a new hat!</p> +</div> + +<br /> + +<p>'What poor slaves are the American +people!' says the Times' own RUSSELL. +'They may abjure kings and +princes, but they are ruled by hotel-keepers +and waiters.' The following +translation from the Persian shows, however, +that a man may be a king or a +prince and a hotel-keeper at the same +time.</p> + +<p>A ROYAL HOTEL-KEEPER.</p> + +<p>FROM THE PERSIAN. BY HENRY P. LELAND.</p> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">IBRAM BEN ADHAM at his palace gate,</p> +<p class="l">Sits, while in line his pages round him wait;</p> +<p class="l">When a poor dervish, staff and sack in hand,</p> +<p class="l">Straight would have entered IBRAM'S palace grand.</p> + +<p class="l">'Old man,' the pages asked, 'where goest thou now?'</p> +<p class="l">'In that hotel,' he answered, with a bow.</p> +<p class="l">The pages said,—'Ha! dare you call hotel</p> +<p class="l">A palace, where the King of Balkh doth dwell?'</p> +<p class="l">IBRAM the King next to the dervish spoke:</p> +<p class="l">'My palace a hotel? Pray, where's the joke?'</p> + +<p class="l">'Who,' asked the dervish, 'owned this palace first?'</p> +<p class="l">'My grandsire,' IBRAM said, while wrath he nursed.</p> +<p class="l">'Who was the next proprietor?' please say.</p> +<p class="l">'My father:' thus the king replied straightway.</p> + +<p class="l">'Who hired it then upon your father's death?'</p> +<p class="l">'I did,' King IBRAM answered, out of breath.</p> +<p class="l">'When you shall die, who shall within it dwell?'</p> +<p class="l">'My son,' the King replied. 'Why ask'st thou? Tell!'</p> +<p class="l">'IBRAM!' then spoke the dervish to him straight,</p> + +<p class="l">'I'll answer thee, nor longer make thee wait.</p> +<p class="l">The place where travelers come, and go as well,</p> +<p class="l">Is, really, not a palace, but—hotel!'</p> +</div> + +<p>Yea, friends; and, as another genial +poet has discovered, life itself is but a +hostelrie or tavern, where some get the +highest rooms, while others, of greater +social weight, gravitate downwards +into the first story, sinking like gold to +the bottom of the hotel pan,—that is +O.W. HOLMES', his idea, reader, not +ours. <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Apropos</span> of HOLMES and kings—his +thousands of reader friends have +ere this seen with pleasure that the Emperor +of all the French was not unmindful +of one of his brother-potentates,—in +the world of song,—when he paid +OLIVER WENDELL the courteous compliment +which has of late gone the rounds, +and which conferred as much honor on +the giver as the taker thereof.</p> + +<br /> + +<p>The Spring poems have begun. <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Vide +licet</span>.</p> + +<p>TO AN EARLY BIRD.</p> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">In homely phrase we oft are told</p> +<p class="l">'Tis early birds that catch the worms;</p> +<p class="l">But certainly that Spring bird there</p> + +<p class="l"> Don't half believe the aforesaid terms.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">He's sorry that he hither flew,</p> +<p class="l"> In hopes a forward March to find,</p> +<p class="l">And towards warm climates, whence he came,</p> +<p class="l"> To backward march is sore inclined.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">Lured by one ray of sunlight, he</p> +<p class="l"> Flew northward to our land of snow;</p> +<p class="l">And now, with frozen toes, he stands</p> +<p class="l"> On frozen earth:—the worms—below!</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">Tu whit! whit! whit! he tries in vain</p> +<p class="l"> To whistle in a cheerful way;</p> +<p class="l">He feels he's badly sold, and that—</p> +<p class="l"> He came <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">too early</span> in the day.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">I sprinkle seed and crumbs around;</p> +<p class="l">He quickly flies and famished eats:—</p> +<p class="l">He would have starved to death had he</p> +<p class="l">Relied on proverb-making cheats.</p> +</div> + +<br /> + +<p>Of the same up-Springings, in higher +vein, we have the following:—</p> + +<p>APRIL.</p> + +<p>BY ED. SPRAGUE RAND.</p> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">Now with the whistling rush of stormy winds,</p> +<p class="l">'Mid weeping skies and smiling, sunny hours,</p> +<p class="l">Comes the young Spring, and scatters, from the pines,</p> +<p class="l">O'er the brown—woodland soft, balsamic showers.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">Wake, azure squirrel cups, on grassy hills!</p> +<p class="l">Peep forth, blue violets, upon the heath!</p> +<p class="l">The epigræa from the withered leaves</p> +<p class="l">Sends out the greeting of her perfumed breath.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">Nodding anemones within the wood</p> +<p class="l">Shake off the winter's sleep, and haste to greet;</p> + +<p class="l">Where in the autumn the blue asters stood,</p> +<p class="l">The saxifrage creeps out, with downy feet.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">Nature is waking! From a wreath of snow,</p> +<p class="l">Close by the garden walls, the snowdrop springs;</p> +<p class="l">And the air rings with tender melodies,</p> +<p class="l">Where thro' the dark firs flash the bluebird's wings.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">A few days hence, and o'er the distant hills</p> +<p class="l">A tender robe of verdure shall be spread,</p> +<p class="l">And life in myriad forms be manifest,</p> +<p class="l">Where all seemed desolate, and dark, and dead.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">E'en now, upon the sunny woodland slopes,</p> + +<p class="l">The fair vanessa flits with downy wing;</p> +<p class="l">And in the marshes, with the night's approach,</p> +<p class="l">The merry hylas in full chorus sing.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Patience</span> and <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">faith</span>, all will be bright again.</p> +<p class="l">Take from the present, for the future hours,</p> + +<p class="l">The tendered promise. In the storm and rain,</p> +<p class="l">Remember suns shine brighter for the showers.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">To us, my countrymen, the lesson comes;</p> +<p class="l">Our night of winter dawns in brightest day;</p> +<p class="l">The storm is passing, and the rising sun</p> +<p class="l">Dispels our doubts, drives cloudy fears away.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">The sun of freedom, veiled in clouds too long,</p> +<p class="l">Sheds o'er our land its rays of quickening life;</p> +<p class="l">And liberty, our starry banner, waves,</p> +<p class="l">Proclaiming freedom mid the battle's strife.</p> +</div> + + +<br /> + +<p>STRIKING TURPENTINE.</p> + +<p>Not a bad story that of the physician, who, +vaccinating several medical students, 'performed +the ceremony' for a North Carolinian +from the pitch, tar and turpentine districts. +The lancet entering the latter's arm a little +too deep, owing to the Corn-cracker jerking +his arm through nervousness, one of the medical +students called out,—</p> + +<p>'Take care there, doctor, if you don't look +out you'll strike turpentine.'</p> + +<p>The Corn-cracker—full of spirit—wanted +to fight.</p> + +<br /> + +<p>We should have handed this anecdote +over to X., who travels through the Pines, +that he might pronounce on its authenticity. +The following, however, we know +to be true—on the word of a very <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">spirituelle</span> +dame, long resident in the Old +North State. When the present war +first sent its murmurs over the South, +an old bushman earnestly denied that it +'would ruin everything.' 'Kin it stop +the turpentime from running?' he triumphantly +cried. 'In course not. Then +what difference <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">kin</span> it make to <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">the country</span>?'</p> + +<br /> + +<p>The following sketch, 'Hiving the +Bees and what came of it,' from a valued +friend and correspondent in New +Haven, is a humorous and truthful picture +of the old-fashioned rural 'discipline' +once so general and now so rapidly +becoming a thing of the past:—</p> + +<div class="display"> +<p>HIVING BEES AND WHAT CAME OF IT.</p> + +<p>When a boy at school in the town of G—— + +I became acquainted with old Deacon Hubbard +and his wife—two as good Christian +people as could be found, simple in their +manners and kind-hearted. The deacon +was 'well to do in the world,' having a fine +farm, a pleasant house, and, with his quiet +way of living, apparently everything to +make him comfortable.</p> + +<p>He took great delight in raising bees, and +the product of his hives was every year +some hundreds of pounds of honey, for which +there was always a ready market, though he +frequently gave away large quantities among +his neighbors.</p> + +<p>One Sunday morning, when passing the +place of Deacon Hubbard on my way to +meeting, I saw the deacon in his orchard +near his house, apparently in great trouble + +about something in one of his apple trees. +I crossed the road to the fence and called to +him, and asked him what was the matter. +He was a very conscientious man, and would +not do anything on the Lord's day that could +be done on any other; but he cried, 'Oh, +dear! my bees are swarming, and I shall +surely lose them. If I was a young man I +could climb the tree and save them, but I +am too old for that.' I jumped over the +fence, and as I approached him he pointed +to a large dark mass of something suspended +from the limb of an apple tree, which to me +was a singular-looking object, never having +before seen bees in swarming time. I had +great curiosity to see the operation of hiving, +and suggested that perhaps I could help him, +though at the time afraid the bees would +sting me for my trouble. The gratification +to be derived I thought would repay the +risk, and calling to mind some lines I had +heard,—</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">'Softly, gently touch a nettle,</p> +<p class="l">It will sting thee for thy pains;</p> +<p class="l">Grasp it like a man of mettle,</p> +<p class="l">Soft and harmless it remains,—'</p> +</div> + +<div class="display"> +<p>I told him that I would assist him. He +assured me that if I could only get a rope +around the limb above and fasten it to the +one on which the bees were, then saw off +that limb and lower it down, he could secure +them without much trouble.</p> + +<p>With saw and rope in hand I ascended +the tree, and, after due preparation, severed +the limb and carefully lowered it within the +deacon's reach. I was surprised, and felt repaid +for my trouble, to see with what ease +and unconcern Dea. Hubbard, with his bare +hands, scooped and brushed the swarm of +bees into a sheet he had prepared, and how +readily he got them into a vacant hive. +Many thanks did the deacon proffer me for +my timely assistance, and moreover insisted +on my staying with him to dine. It seemed +to me that I was never in a more comfortable +house, and I am sure I never received a +more cordial greeting than that bestowed +upon me by his venerable spouse.</p> + +<p>The place where I boarded with several +other boys was with a widow lady by the +name of White, who was very kind to me, +but who had the misfortune to have had three +husbands, and her daughters did not all revere +the memory of the same father, and +consequently there were oftentimes differences +among them.</p> + +<p>For several days after this transaction I +had noticed on the table at our daily meal +a nice dish of honey, an unusual treat, but +to which we boys paid due respect.</p> + +<p>My term at school expired, and I went +home to my father's, a distance of some thirty +miles, and assisted him on the farm during +the fall months, employing much of my +leisure time in studying.</p> + +<p>My father was a stern, straight-forward +man—a member of the Orthodox church, +and one who professed to believe in all the +proprieties of life, and endeavored to impress +the same on the minds of his children.</p> + +<p>One day, after dinner, he said to me, in +his stern way of speaking,—'Gilbert, what +kind of scrape did you get into in G——?'</p> + +<p>For my life I could not tell what I had +been doing, and had but little chance to +think, ere he tossed a letter across the table +and said, 'Read that, and tell me what it +means!' The letter was directed to me, +but he had exercised his right to open and +read it for me. It was from G——, and +signed by the four deacons of the church +there, asking explicit answers to the following +questions:—1st. Did you help Deacon +Hubbard hive his bees? 2d. If so, did you +receive any remuneration from him for your +services? 3d. Will you state what it was? +You are expected to answer the questions +fully.'</p> + +<p>'What have you to say to that, young +man?' said my father, with more than usual +sternness; and I began to think that I had +got into some kind of difficulty.</p> + +<p>I told him that I would answer the letter, +so went to my room and wrote, saying that +I <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">did</span> help Deacon Hubbard hive his bees, +and that I <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">had</span> been paid a thousand times +by the many acts of kindness of himself and +wife, and should always feel happy in doing +anything for them that I could.</p> + +<p>As my father read this letter I had written, +I noticed a smile on his countenance, +which lasted but an instant, when he said, +'You may send it; but I want to know what +this scrape is, and I will.'</p> + +<p>A few days after the reply was sent, +another letter arrived from the four deacons, +stating that I had not been explicit enough +in my answer, and wanted me to say, 1st. +Whether I had helped Deacon Hubbard hive +his bees on Sunday. 2d. Whether I had +ever received from him a large pan of honey +in the comb? 3d. Whether my father was +a member of the church? 4th. Whether he +would give his consent for me to come to + +G—— on business of great importance if +they would pay my expenses, and how soon +I could come?</p> + +<p>It was cold weather, several months after +I left G——, when this letter came to hand, +and I did not fancy a ride of thirty miles at +that time; I however had permission to +promise that I would be there on the first +Monday in May, which was the day of +'General Training,' and a great day at that +period. In my answer to the second letter +I said that I thought I had answered their +first question sufficiently before; and in answer +to the second I would say, that I had +never received any honey from Deacon Hubbard; +to the third, that my father was a +member of the church; and to the fourth, +that I would come there on the day named +above.</p> + +<p>The first Monday in May was a bright +and lovely day, and at an early hour I +mounted a horse and started for G——, arriving +there before noon. On my way into +the village I had to pass the house of Deacon +Hubbard, who, knowing that I was expected +that day, was looking for my approach, +and as I drew near the house I saw +his venerable form in the road. It was my +intention to pass his house without being +seen, but that was impossible. He insisted +on my going into the house. His good wife +met me at the door with a cordial greeting, +but, with tearful eyes, said she feared there +was some dreadful trouble in store for me, +for the deacons of the church had been watching +for me all the morning. After explaining +as well as I could the reason of my visit, +with the little information I had, Deacon +Hubbard exclaimed—'Well, I don't know +but they'll make you walk the church aisle, +for there's some trouble somewhere.' We +had but little time for conversation before +Mrs. H. saw the venerable deacons approaching +the house; and I shall never forget +the solemn look and steps with which +they advanced, the senior deacon, Flagg, +leading the procession. As they were ushered +into the front room they seated themselves +in a row according to their respective +ages, each wearing the solemn countenance +of a Pilgrim father. When I entered the +room they all arose and took me by the +hand, thanking me for faithfully keeping +my promise, and hoped the Lord would reward +me therefor. Deacon Flagg, after a +few preliminary remarks, said: 'Young man, +there has been a grievous sin committed +among the Lord's anointed in our church, +and we have sent for you that we may be +enabled to detect the erring one! and we +hope you will so far consider the importance +of the matter as to answer truly the questions +that may be propounded to you. My +young friend, will you have the goodness to +say, in the hearing of our good brother, Deacon +Hubbard, whether or not you ever received +from him a present of a large pan of +honey for helping him hive his bees?'</p> + +<p>I answered that I never had. All eyes +were turned on Deacon H., and an audible +groan came from Deacon Harris as I made +my reply. Deacon Flagg addressed me as +follows:—'My youthful friend, will you be +willing to accompany these gentlemen to +the house of sister White, and say the same +before her?' I was willing, provided my +friend Deacon Hubbard would go along, +which he consented to do, and we started.</p> + +<p>It was but a short way across the Common, +and ours was a solemn, silent procession, +and I must have appeared like a very +culprit. On nearing the house, Deacon Flagg +said he would first enter and inform sister +White of our business, and return when she +was ready to receive us. He returned in a +short time, with a longer face than before, +and as he approached us, clasping his hands, +he said with an agonized tone, 'Dear brethren, +Oh! it is all too true! Satan entered +her heart,—she coveted the honey,—and +fell.' A groan of holy horror came from all +the good old men. It was not necessary for +us to enter the abode of wickedness, he said, +for she would confess all.</p> + +<p>The whole proceeding had been a mystery +to me, but I soon learned that the next +day after hiving the bees, Deacon Hubbard +had sent a large pan of honey to sister +White's house, intended for me, but she +gave us boys a little for a few days and put +the rest away; or, as she afterwards said, +she coveted it, and said nothing to me about +it; and I should probably have known nothing +of it had it not been for a disagreement +between herself and daughters about a division +of the honey, which finally got to be +a church matter.</p> + +<p>Deacon Hubbard insisted on my going +to dine with him; so, with a parting shake of +the hand with the other four venerable men, +we started for his house. Such a feast as +dame Hubbard had provided on that occasion +boys do not often see; substantial food +enough for half a score of men, aside from + +the pies and plum pudding which made +their appearance in due course; and in front +of the dish assigned to me was a dish of the +purest honey. After dinner Deacon Hubbard +took me to see his bees, and explained +many things in relation to them curious and +instructive, promising more information on +the subject if he could prevail upon me to +remain in G—— till the next morning. The +fatigue of the long ride that day, and my desire +to see a little of the 'Training,' decided +me to remain over night.</p> + +<p>In the morning my horse was fresh, having +been well taken care of by my friend; so, +after a hearty breakfast, I bade adieu to the +good couple, with a pleasant recollection of +their hospitality and kindness. When ready +to start, dame Hubbard, with the best intentions, +brought me a large pail of honey, +wishing I would carry it home to my parents, +but as it was impossible for me to carry +it on horseback, I had to decline.</p> + +<p>It was near noon the next day when I +reached home, and my first greeting from +my father was, 'Well, Gilbert, now let me +know about the scrape you got into last +summer in G——.'</p> + +<p>I told him all I had learned about the matter, +to which be expressed his pleasure that +it was no worse, and gave me much good +advice as to the future.</p> + +<p>A few weeks after I readied home there +was a large tub of honey left at my father's +house, with a letter for me, informing me +that sister White had been expelled from +the church in G—— for covetousness; that +my friends the Hubbards were well; that +the four deacons spoke very highly in my +praise, and hoped I would <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">feel rewarded</span> for +the trouble I had taken. Years have passed +since the matters here mentioned took place, +but up to this time nothing has been said to +me about 'paying my expenses.'</p> + +<p style="text-align: right">JAY G. BEE.</p> +</div> + +<br /> + +<p>Mrs. Malaprop founded a school +which has been prolific in disciples. +From one of these we learn that—</p> + +<div class="display"> +<p>Old Mr. P. died a short time ago, much +to the regret of his many friends, for he was +a good neighbor, and had always lived honestly +and uprightly among his fellow-men. +At the time of his funeral Mrs. L. was sorrowing +for his loss, with others of her sex, +and paid the following tribute to his memory:</p> + +<p>'Poor Mr. P., he was a good man, a +kind man, and a Christian man—he always +lived <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">according to</span> HOYLE, and died with the +hope of a blessed immortality.'</p> + +</div> + +<p>'Played the wrong card there.'</p> + +<br /> + +<p>ADAM'S FAMILY JARS.</p> + +<p>IN CRACKED NUMBERS.</p> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">One fact is fundamental,</p> + +<p class="l">One truth is rudimental;</p> +<p class="l">Before man had the rental</p> +<p class="l">Of this dwelling of a day,</p> +<p class="l">He was in nothing mental,</p> +<p class="l">But an image-man of clay.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">In the ground</p> +<p class="l">Was the image found;</p> + +<p class="l">Of the ground</p> +<p class="l">Was it molded round;</p> +<p class="l">And empty of breath,</p> +<p class="l">And still as in death,</p> +<p class="l">Inside not a ray,</p> +<p class="l">Outside only clay,</p> +<p class="l">Deaf and dumb and blind,</p> +<p class="l">Deadest of the kind,</p> +<p class="l">There it lay.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">Unto what was it like? In its shape it was what?</p> +<p class="l">The world says 'a man,'—but the world is mistaken.</p> +<p class="l">To revive the old story, a long time forgot,</p> +<p class="l">'Twasn't man that was made, but a pot that was baken.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> + +<p class="l">And what if it was human-faced like the Sphinx?</p> +<p class="l">There's no riddle to solve, whate'er the world thinks:</p> +<p class="l">The fiat that made it, from its heels to its hair,</p> +<p class="l">Wasn't simply 'Be man!' but 'Stand up and Be Ware!'</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">And straightway acknowledging its true kith and kin</p> +<p class="l">With that host of things known to be hollow within,</p> +<p class="l">It took up a stand with its handles akimbo,</p> +<p class="l">Bowels and bosom in a cavernous limbo.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">Curving out at the bottom, it swelled to a jig;</p> +<p class="l">Curving in at the top, narrow-necked, to the mug;</p> +<p class="l">Two sockets for sunshine in the frontispiece placed,</p> + +<p class="l">A crack just below—merely a matter of taste;</p> +<p class="l">A flap on each side hiding holes of resounding,</p> +<p class="l">For conveyance within of noises surrounding;</p> + +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">And a nozzle before,</p> +<p class="l">All befitted to snore,</p> +<p class="l">Was a part of the ware</p> + +<p class="l">For adornment and air.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">Now for what was this slender and curious mold?</p> +<p class="l">Had it no purpose? Had it nothing to hold?</p> +<p class="l">A world full of meaning, my friend, if 'twere told.</p> +<p class="l">You remember those jars in the Arabian Night,</p> +<p class="l">As they stood 'neath the stars in Al' Baba's eyesight:</p> + +<p class="l">Little dreamed Ali Baba what ajar could excite—</p> +<p class="l">For how much did betide</p> +<p class="l">When a man was inside!</p> +<p class="l">When from under each cover a man was to spring,</p> +<p class="l">Where then was the empty, insignificant thing?</p> +<p class="l">It was so with this jar,</p> +<p class="l">'Twasn't hollow by far;</p> +<p class="l">Breathless at first as an exhausted receiver,</p> + +<p class="l">When the air was let in, lo! man, the achiever!</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">But an accident happened, a cruel surprise;</p> +<p class="l">How frail proved the man, and how very unwise!</p> +<p class="l">As if plaster of Paris, and not Paradise,</p> +<p class="l">No more of clay consecrate,</p> +<p class="l">He broke up disconsolate,</p> +<p class="l">Pot-luck for his fortune, though the world's potentate.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">It brings to our memory that Indian camp,</p> +<p class="l">Where men lay in ambush, every one with a lamp,</p> +<p class="l">Each light darkly hid in a vessel of clay,</p> +<p class="l">Till the sword should be drawn, and then on came the fray.</p> +<p class="l">'Twas so in the fortunes of this queer earthen race,</p> +<p class="l">(It happened before they were more than a brace).</p> +<p class="l">The fact of a fall</p> + +<p class="l">Did break upon all!</p> +<p class="l">The lamp of each life being uncovered by sin,</p> +<p class="l">The pitcher was broken, and the devil pitched in!</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">So much for his story to the moment he erred,</p> +<p class="l">From what dignified pot he became a pot-sherd.</p> +<p class="l">Since that day the great world,</p> +<p class="l">Like a wheel having twirled,</p> + +<p class="l">Hath replenished the earth from the primitive pair,</p> +<p class="l">And turned into being every species of ware.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">There are millions and millions on the planet to-day,</p> +<p class="l">Of all sorts, and all sizes, all ranks we may say;</p> +<p class="l">There's a rabble of pots, with the dregs and the scum,</p> +<p class="l">And a peerage of pots, above finger and thumb.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">Look round in this pottery, look down to the ground,</p> +<p class="l">Where bottle and mug, jug and pottle abound;</p> +<p class="l">From the plebeian throng see the graded array;</p> +<p class="l">There is shelf above shelf of brittle display,</p> +<p class="l">As rank above rank the poor mortals arise,</p> +<p class="l">From menial purpose to princely disguise.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> + +<p class="l">See vessels of honor, emblazoned with cash,</p> +<p class="l">Of standing uncertain, preparing to dash.</p> +<p class="l">See some to dishonor, in common clay-bake,</p> +<p class="l">Figure high where the fire and the flint do partake.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">There's the bottle of earth by glittering glass,</p> +<p class="l">As by blood of the gentlest excelling its class,</p> +<p class="l">Becoming instanter</p> + +<p class="l">A portly decanter!</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">There's the lowly bowl, or the basin broad,</p> +<p class="l">By double refinement a punch-bowl lord!</p> +<p class="l">There's the beggarly jug, ignoble and base,</p> +<p class="l">By adornment of art the Portland vase!</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">But call them, title them, what you will,</p> +<p class="l">They're bound to break, they are brittle still;</p> +<p class="l">No saving pieces, or repairing,</p> +<p class="l">No Spaulding's glue for human erring;</p> +<p class="l">All alike they will go together,</p> +<p class="l">And lie in Potter's field forever.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">At length the whole secret of life is told:</p> +<p class="l">'Tis because we're earth, and not of gold,</p> +<p class="l">'Tis because we're ware that beware we must,</p> +<p class="l">Lest we crack, and break, and crumble to dust.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">What wonder that men so clash together,</p> + +<p class="l">And in the clash so break with each other!</p> +<p class="l">Or that households are full of family jars,</p> +<p class="l">And boys are such pickles in spite of papas!</p> +<p class="l">That the cup of ill-luck is drained to the dregs,</p> +<p class="l">When a man's in his cups and not on his legs!</p> +<p class="l">That meaning should be in that word for a sot,</p> +<p class="l">He's ruined forever—he's going to pot!</p> + +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">So goes the world and its generations,</p> +<p class="l">So go its tribes, and its tribulations;</p> +<p class="l">Crowding together on the stream of time,</p> +<p class="l">It almost destroys the chime of my rhyme,</p> +<p class="l">While they strike, and they grind, and rub and dash,</p> +<p class="l">And are sure to go to eternal smash.</p> + +<p class="l">Lamentable sight to be seen here below!</p> + +<p class="l">Man after man sinking,—blow after blow,—</p> +<p class="l">A bubble, a choke,—each blow is a knell,—</p> +<p class="l">Broken forever! There's no more to tell.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">There <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">is</span> more to tell, of a promise foretold;</p> + +<p class="l">Though now 'tis a vessel of homeliest mold,</p> +<p class="l">Yet 'tis that which will prove a crock of gold,</p> +<p class="l">When the crack of doom shall the truth unfold.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">'Tis hard to believe, for so seemeth life,</p> +<p class="l">A cruse full of oil, with nothing more rife;</p> +<p class="l">Yet what saith the prophet? It never shall fail:</p> + +<p class="l">Life is perennial, of immortal avail.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">'Tis hard to believe, for to dust we return,</p> +<p class="l">To lie like the ashes in a burial urn;</p> +<p class="l">But look at the skies! see the heavenly bowers!</p> +<p class="l">The urn is a vase—the ashes are flowers!</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> + +<p class="l">'Tis hard to believe; like a jar full of tears,</p> +<p class="l">Life is filled with humanity's griefs and fears;</p> +<p class="l">'Tis a tear-jar o'erflowing, close by the urn,</p> +<p class="l">Even weeping for those in that gloomy sojourn.</p> +<p class="l">And yet, when with time it has crumbled away,</p> +<p class="l">The omnipotent Potter will in that day</p> +<p class="l">Turn again to the pattern of Paradise,</p> +<p class="l">Will fashion it anew and bid it arise,</p> + +<p class="l">A jar full adorned and with richest designs,</p> +<p class="l">With tracery covered, and heavenly signs,</p> +<p class="l">With jewels deep-set, and with fine gold inlaid,</p> +<p class="l">Enamel of love,—yes, a nature new made.</p> +<p class="l">And then from the deep bottom, as from a cup</p> +<p class="l">Of blessing, there ever will come welling up</p> +<p class="l">The living waters of a pellucid soul,</p> +<p class="l">A gush of the spirit, from a heart made whole.</p> + +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">So, like the water-pots rough, by the door at the East,</p> +<p class="l">Our purpose will change, and our power be increased,</p> +<p class="l">When we stand in the gate of the Heavenly Feast:</p> +<p class="l">The word will be spoken: we'll flow out with wine</p> +<p class="l">The blood of the true Life, pressed from the true Vine,</p> +<p class="l">Perpetual chalice, inexhaustible bowl,</p> +<p class="l">Of pleasures immortal, overflowing the soul!</p> + +</div> + + +<p>Dust we are and to dust we must return—but, +as the old epitaph said of +Catherine Gray, who sold pottery,—</p> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">'In some tall pitcher or broad pan</p> +<p class="l">She in life's shop may live again,'—</p> +</div> + +<p>so, in a higher sphere we may all become +vases unbreakable, filled with the +wine of life.</p> + +<br /> + +<p>Were the enemy in their senses they +would probably admit that the annexed +proposal is far from being deficient in +common-sense:—</p> + +<div class="display"> +<p>DEAR CONTINENTAL:</p> + +<p>I see that it is proposed by the Southern +press that the rebels, as they retreat, shall +burn all their tobacco.</p> + +<p>I have a proposition to make.</p> + +<p>Let General McCLELLAN send a flag of +truce and inform them that if they need any +assistance in that work, nothing will give +me greater pleasure than to assist in the consummation.</p> + +<p>I have an enormous meerschaum and a +corps of friends equally well piped. If the +seceders have no time to ignite the weed, we +are quite ready, and a great deal more willing, +considering the late frightful rise in +Lynchburg, to do it for them. I can answer +for burning one pound a day myself. What +do you think of it? It isn't traitorous in me, +is it, to thus desire to aid and assist the enemy?</p> + +<p>Yours truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right">RAUCHER.</p> +</div> + + +<p>A CURE FOR STEALING.</p> + +<div class="lg"> + +<p class="l">Far back among the days of yore</p> +<p class="l">There's many a pleasing tale in store,</p> +<p class="l">Rich with the humor of the time,</p> +<p class="l">That sometimes jingle well in rhyme.</p> +<p class="l">Of these, the following may possess</p> +<p class="l">A claim on 'hours of idleness.'</p> +<p class="l">When Governor Gurdon Saltonstall,</p> +<p class="l">Like Abram Lincoln, straight and tall,</p> + +<p class="l">Presided o'er the Nutmeg State,</p> +<p class="l">A loved and honored magistrate,</p> +<p class="l">His quiet humor was portrayed</p> +<p class="l">In Yankee tricks he sometimes played.</p> +<p class="l">The Governor had a serious air,</p> +<p class="l">'Twas solemn as a funeral prayer,</p> +<p class="l">But when he spoke the mirth was stirred,—</p> +<p class="l">A joke leaped out at every word.</p> + +<p class="l">One morn, a man, alarmed and pale,</p> +<p class="l">Came to him with a frightful tale;</p> +<p class="l">The substance was, that Jerry Style</p> +<p class="l">Had <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">stolen wood</span> from off his pile.</p> +<p class="l">The Governor started in surprise,</p> +<p class="l">And on the accuser fixed his eyes.</p> +<p class="l">'He steal my wood! to his regret,</p> + +<p class="l">Before this blessed sun shall set,</p> +<p class="l">I'll put a final end to <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">that</span>.'</p> +<p class="l">Then, putting on his stately hat,</p> +<p class="l">All nicely cocked and trimmed with lace,</p> +<p class="l">He issued forth with lofty grace,</p> + +<p class="l">Bade the accuser; duty mind,'</p> +<p class="l">And follow him 'five steps <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">behind</span>.'</p> + +<p class="l">Ere they a furlong's space complete,</p> +<p class="l">They meet the culprit in the street;</p> +<p class="l">The Governor took him by the hand—</p> +<p class="l">That lowly man! that Governor grand!—</p> +<p class="l">Kindly inquired of his condition,</p> +<p class="l">His present prospects and position.</p> +<p class="l">The man a tale of sorrow told—</p> +<p class="l">That food was dear, the winter cold,</p> + +<p class="l">That work was scarce, and times were hard,</p> +<p class="l">And very ill at home they fared,—</p> +<p class="l">And, more than this, a bounteous Heaven</p> +<p class="l">To them a little babe had given,</p> +<p class="l">Whose brief existence could attest</p> +<p class="l">This world's a wintry world at best.</p> +<p class="l">A silver crown, whose shining face</p> +<p class="l">King William's head and Mary's grace,</p> + +<p class="l">Dropped in his hand. The Governor spoke,—</p> +<p class="l">His voice was cracked—it almost broke,—'If</p> +<p class="l">work is scarce, and times are hard,</p> +<p class="l">There's a <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">large wood-pile in my yard;</span></p> +<p class="l"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Of that you may most freely use,</span></p> +<p class="l"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">So go and get it when you choose</span>.'</p> + +<p class="l">Then on he walked, serenely feeling</p> +<p class="l">That there he'd put an end to stealing.</p> +<p class="l">The accuser's sense of duty grew</p> +<p class="l">The space 'twixt him and Governor too.</p> +</div> + + +<br /> + +<p>'The Anaconda is tightening its +folds,' and at every fold the South cries +aloud. The following bit of merry nonsense, +which has the merit of being + +'good to sing,' may possibly enliven more +than one camp-fire, ere the last fold of +the 'big sarpent' has given the final +stifle to the un-fed-eralists.</p> + + +<p>THE 'ANACONDA.'</p> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">Won't it make them stop and ponder?</p> + +<p class="l">Yes! 't will make them stop and ponder!</p> +<p class="l">What?—The fearful Anaconda!</p> +<p class="l"> (All.) Yes! The fearful Anaconda!</p> +<p class="l">(Chorus.) Stop and ponder!—Anaconda!</p> +<p class="l">Big and fearful; big and fearful,</p> +<p class="l">Big and fearful Anaconda!</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">Is not that the Rebel South?</p> +<p class="l">Yes! that is the Rebel South.</p> +<p class="l">Arn't they rather down in month?</p> +<p class="l"> (All.) Yes! they're rather down in mouth!</p> +<p class="l">(Chorus.) Rebel South, down in mouth,</p> +<p class="l">Stop and ponder!—Anaconda!</p> + +<p class="l">Big and fearful, &c, &c.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">Is not that the traitor DAVIS?</p> +<p class="l">Yes! that is the traitor DAVIS!</p> +<p class="l">Don't he wish he could enslave us?</p> +<p class="l"> (All.) Yes! he wanted to enslave us!</p> + +<p class="l">(Chorus.) Traitor DAVIS, can't enslave us.</p> +<p class="l">Rebel South, down in mouth,</p> +<p class="l">Stop and ponder!—Anaconda!</p> +<p class="l">Big and fearful, &c. &c.</p> +</div> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">Isn't that the gallows high there?</p> + +<p class="l">Yes! that is the gallows high there!</p> +<p class="l">And JEFF DAVIS that I spy there?</p> +<p class="l"> (All.) 'Tis JEFF DAVIS that you spy there.</p> +<p class="l">(Chorus.) Hanging high there, DAVIS spy there.</p> +<p class="l">Traitor DAVIS, you enslave us!</p> +<p class="l">Rebel South, down in mouth,</p> +<p class="l">Stop and ponder!—Anaconda!</p> + +<p class="l">Big and fearful, big and fearful,</p> +<p class="l">BIG AND FEARFUL ANACONDA!</p> +</div> + +<br /> + +<p>Our ever-welcome New Haven friend +re-appears this month, with the following +jest:—</p> + +<div class="display"> +<p>The other day lawyer JONES, of Hartford, +Conn., wrote a letter to my friend +PLOPP, whom he supposed to be in Hartford +at the time. The missive was forwarded to +PLOPP, who is in Newport. It requested +him to 'step in and settle.' PLOPP replied:</p> + +<p>My dear JONES:—</p> + +<p>Yours of 10th is rec'd. I reply,—</p> + +<p>1st. I can't step in, because I am not in +Hartford.</p> + +<p>2d. I can't settle, because I am not in +the least riled.</p> + +<p>3d. I notice you spell Hartford without +a <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">t.</span> This is an error. Allow me, as per +example, to suggest the correct orthography, +to wit, Hartford.</p> + +<p>I shall always he glad to hear from you.</p> + +<p>Yours,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right">I. PLOPP.</p> +</div> + +<br /> + +<p>The present aspect of the great question +is well set forth by a correspondent, +'LEILA LEE,' in the following +sketch:—</p> + +<div class="display"> +<p>OUR OLD PUMP.</p> + +<p>The writer was once placed in circumstances +of peculiar interest, where a word in +season was greatly needed, and that word +was not spoken, because it would have been +thought unseemly that it should fall from +the lips of a woman. Our supply of water +had failed. The well was deep, and, like +Jacob's well, many had been in the habit of +coming thither to draw. My father had called +in advisers, men of experience, and they +decided that the lower part of the pump was +rotten, and must be removed. It had probably +stood there more than fifty years, and +had been so useful in its day, that it was +like an old and familiar friend.</p> + +<p>The work was commenced, and all the +family stood by the closed window, the children's + +faces pressed close to the glass, as with +eager eyes we all watched the heavy machinery +erected over the old well. A mother +came out of a neighboring house, and stood +with a babe in her arms to see the work. A +large rope was firmly placed around the pump, +and made fast to the derrick. Then came +the tug of war, and with a long pull, a +strong pull, and a pull all together, the wooden +pump rose up gradually from its hiding-place +of years.</p> + +<p>'Oh, mother! mother!' I exclaimed; 'see, +the derrick is not long enough to raise the +pump out of the well! Why don't they +saw it off, and take out the old pump in two +or three pieces?'</p> + +<p>Just then papa screamed to Mrs. Rice, +'Run out of the way, quick, with your baby!'</p> + +<p>There stood all the workmen in dismay. +What was to be done? My father had no +idea that he had undertaken such a tremendous +job, and now he was in great perplexity. +Who, indeed, could have believed that +the well was deep enough to hold a pump +of such immense size as this, that had become +so old and rotten? Oh, for ropes +longer and stronger! Oh, for muscle and +nerve! Oh, for men of herculean strength +to meet this terrible crisis! At that moment, +a timely suggestion, from any quarter, would +have been welcome. But, even then, it +might have been too late; for the pump +fell with a tremendous crash, carrying with +it all the machinery. Papa fell upon the +ground, but the derrick had safely passed +over him, prostrating the fences, and endangering +the lives of the workmen.</p> + +<p>This scene, which was soon almost forgotten, +is recalled by the fearful crisis that +is now upon us. While we rejoice in our +recent victories, and believe that this wicked +rebellion will soon be subdued, we must rejoice +with trembling, so long as SLAVERY, +the acknowledged <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">casus belli</span>, still remains. +The unsightly monster, in all its rottenness +and deformity, is drawn up from the hiding-place +of ages, and it can no more be restored +to its former <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">status</span>, than, at the will of the +workmen, our old pump could be thrust back, +when, suspended in the air, it threatened their +destruction. God forbid that our rulers +should desire it! What, then, is to be done? +No giant mind has yet been found to grapple +successfully with this great evil—no +body of men who can concentrate a moral +power sufficient to remove this worn-out system, +without endangering some interest of +vital importance to our beloved country.</p> + +<p>Zion must now lengthen her cords and +strengthen her stakes, for the wisdom of the +wise has become foolishness, that God alone +may be exalted. He will surely bring down +every high thought, and every vain imagination, +and his own people must learn what +it is 'to receive the kingdom of God as little +children.' How shall liberty be proclaimed +throughout the length and breadth of the +land, to all the inhabitants thereof, and, in +obedience to the will of God, this year become +a year of jubilee to the poor and oppressed +of our nation? How shall the +emancipation of slavery conduce to the best +interest of the master, no less than to the +happiness of the slave?</p> + +<p>Probably some very simple solution will +be given to this question, in answer to the +earnest cry of God's people. Should it +please him to hide this thought for the crisis +from the wise and prudent, and reveal +it unto babes, God grant that it may be in +our hearts to respond, 'Even so, Father, for +so it seemeth good in thy sight.'</p> +</div> + +<br /> + +<p>The simple solution has already been +begun by our Executive, in recognizing +the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">principle</span>—its extraordinary advance +among all classes will soon fully develop +it. In illustration of this we quote +a letter which the editor of the New Haven +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Journal and Courier</span> vouches to +come from an officer in the navy, known +to him:—</p> + +<div class="display"> +<p>From what we see and know of the operations +of the rebels in this part of the South +(the Southern coast, where he has been stationed), +and from what we see perfidious +Englishmen doing for the rebels, we are fast +becoming strong abolitionists. We feel that +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">now</span> Slavery must receive its death-blow, and +be destroyed forever from the country. You +would be surprised to see the change going +on in the minds of officers in our service, who +have been great haters of abolitionists; and +the Southerners in our navy are the most +bitter toward those who have made slavery +the great cause of war. They freely express +the opinion that the whole system must be +abolished, and even our old captain, who is +a native of Tennessee, and who has hitherto +insisted that the abolitionists of the North +brought on this war, said last night, 'If England +continues to countenance the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">institution</span>, + +I hope our government will put arms in the +hands of the slaves, and that slavery will now +be the destruction of the whole South, or of +the rebels in the South.' He further said, +'The slave-holder has, by the tacit consent +and aid of England, brought on the most +unjustifiable, iniquitous and barbarous war +ever known in the history of the world.'</p> +</div> + +<p>Too far and too fast—it is not Abolition, +or the good of the black, but Emancipation, +or the benefit of the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">white</span> man, +which is really progressing so rapidly +with the American people. But whatever +causes of agitation are at work, +whether on limited or general principles +of philanthropy and political economy, +one thing is at least certain—the day +of the triumph of free labor is dawning, +while the cause of progress</p> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">'Careers with thunder speed along!'</p> +</div> + +<p>It is almost a wonder that the late offer +of the king of Siam to stock this +land with elephants was not jumped at, +when one remembers the American national +fondness for the animal, and how +copiously our popular orators and poets +allude to a sight of the monster. Among +the latest elephantine tales which we +have encountered is the following, from +our New Haven correspondent:—</p> + +<div class="display"> +<p>Dr. H., of this pleasant city of Elms, has +been noted for many years for always driving +the gentlest and most sober, but at the +same time the most fearfully 'homely' of +horses. His steeds will always stand wherever +he pleases to leave them, but they have +rather a venerable and woful aspect, that +renders them anything but pleasant objects +to the casual observer. A few years ago +there came a caravan to town, and several +horses were badly frightened by the elephants, +so that quite a number of accidents +took place. A day or two after, old Dr. +Knight met Dr. H., and speaking of the accidents, +Dr. Knight remarked that he had +not dared to take his horse out while the +procession was passing through the streets. +'Oh, ho!' said Dr. H., 'why, I took my +mare and drove right up alongside of them, +and she wasn't the least bit scared!'</p> + +<p>'Hum—yes,' says Dr. K., '<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">but how did +the elephant stand it</span>?'</p> +</div> + +<p>By particular request we find room for +the following:—</p> + +<div class="display"> +<p>Hon. —— then read his Poem entitled +the 'Boulder,' which must be heard before +we can form an idea of the genius of +the poet. First we are reminded of the +style of the sweet songs of Pherimorz as his +enchanting strains fell upon the enraptured +soul of the fair Lady of the Lake. Then +away, on painted wings of gratified imagination, +is the mind carried to the zephyr wooings +of the dying sunset, over the elevated +brow of the dark Maid of the Forest, as she +reclines upon her couch of eagles' feathers, +and down from angles wings, hearing the +last whisper of the falling echo from the +world of sound.</p> + +<p>Whether the wild chaos of storm and +whirlwind which madly raged over the benighted +earth before 'light was,' rushed to +the dark caverns where the fettered earthquake +lay, when order was demanded by +the Father of Lights, we can not tell; but +surely it is a pleasing thought for the mind +engulfed in the unfathomed darkness of uncreated +light, to be brought out and suffered +to rest on the peaceful bosom of the new +creation. Whether 'the world that then +was' was overflown and perished by the +causes set forth, we can not tell. We regret +that we can not now give a more extended +and particular notice of this poem; let us +hope that ere long we may enjoy the delight +of reading its printed form.</p> +</div> + +<p>That must indeed have been a poem +which could inspire <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">such</span> poetry in others.</p> + +<br /> + +<p>The Boston <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Courier</span> published, over +the signature of 'MIDDLESEX,' during +the months of February and March, a +number of articles entitled, <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Through the +Gulf States</span>. So far as we have examined +and compared the series, it appears +to be a literal reprint, with a few trivial +alterations of dates and statistics, of +the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Letters from the Gulf States</span>, originally +published in the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Knickerbocker +New York Monthly Magazine</span>, in 1847.</p> +</div> + + + +<hr class="page"> + +<div> + +<p>THE KNICKERBOCKER</p> + +<p>FOR 1862.</p> + + +<p>In the beginning of the last year, when its present proprietors assumed +control of the Knickerbocker, they announced their determination to +spare no pains to place it in its true position as the leading +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">literary</span> Monthly in America. When rebellion had raised a successful +front, and its armies threatened the very existence of the Republic, it +was impossible to permit a magazine, which in its circulation reached +the best intellects in the land, to remain insensible or indifferent to +the dangers which threatened the Union. The proprietors accordingly gave +notice, that it would present in its pages, forcible expositions with +regard to the great question of the times,—<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">how to preserve the</span> UNITED +STATUS OF AMERICA <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">in their integrity and unity</span>. How far this pledge +has been redeemed the public must judge. It would, however, be mere +affectation to ignore the seal of approbation which has been placed on +these efforts. The proprietors gratefully acknowledge this, and it has +led them to embark in a fresh undertaking, as already announced,—the +publication of the CONTINENTAL MONTHLY, devoted to Literature and +National Policy; in which magazine, those who have sympathized with the +political opinions recently set forth in the KNICKERBOCKER, will find +the same views more fully enforced and maintained by the ablest and most +energetic minds in America.</p> + +<p>The KNICKERBOCKER, while it will continue firmly pledged to the cause of +the Union, will henceforth be more earnestly devoted to literature, and +will leave no effort untried to attain the highest excellence in those +departments of letters which it has adopted as specialties.</p> + +<p>The January number commences its thirtieth year. With such antecedents +as it possesses, it seems unnecessary to make any especial pledges as to +its future, but it may not be amiss to say that it will be the aim of +its conductors to make it more and more deserving of the liberal support +it has hitherto received. The same eminent writers who have contributed +to it during the past year will continue to enrich its pages, and in +addition, contributions will appear from others of the highest +reputation, as well as from many rising authors. While it will, as +heretofore, cultivate the genial and humorous, it will also pay +assiduous attention to the higher departments of art and letters, and +give fresh and spirited articles on such biographical, historical, +scientific, and general subjects as are of especial interest to the +public.</p> + +<p>In the January issue will commence a series of papers by CHARLES GODFREY +LELAND, entitled "SUNSHINE IN LETTERS," which will be found interesting +to scholars as well as to the general reader, and in an early number +will appear the first chapters of a NEW and INTERESTING NOVEL, +descriptive of American life and character.</p> + +<p>According to the unanimous opinion of the American press, the +KNICKERBOCKER has been greatly improved during the past year, <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">and it is +certain that at no period of its long career did it ever attract more +attention or approbation</span>. Confident of their enterprise and ability, +the proprietors are determined that it shall be still more eminent in +excellence, containing all that is best of the old, and being +continually enlivened by what is most brilliant of the new.</p> + +<p>TERMS.—Three dollars a year, in advance. Two copies for Four Dollars +and fifty cents. Three copies for Six dollars. Subscribers remitting +Three Dollars will receive as a premium, (post-paid,) a copy of Richard +B. Kimball's great work, "THE REVELATIONS OF WALL STREET," to be +published by G.P. Putnam, early in February next, (price $1.) +Subscribers remitting Four Dollars will receive the KNICKERBOCKER and +the CONTINENTAL MONTHLY for one year. As but one edition of each number +of the Knickerbocker is printed, those desirous of commencing with the +volume should subscribe at once.</p> + +<p>The publisher, appreciating the importance of literature to the soldier +on duty, will send a copy <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">gratis</span>, during the continuance of the war, +to any regiment in active service, on application being made by its +Colonel or Chaplain. Subscriptions will also be received from those +desiring it sent to soldiers in the ranks at <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">half price</span>, but in such +cases it must be mailed from the office of publication.</p> + +<p><span class="hi" style="font-weight: bold;">J.R. GILMORE, 532 Broadway, New York.</span></p> + +<p><span class="hi" style="font-weight: bold;">C.T. EVANS, General Agent, 532 Broadway, New York.</span></p> + +<p>All communications and contributions, intended for the Editorial +department, should be addressed to CHARLES G. LELAND, Editor of the +"Knickerbocker," care of C.T. EVANS, 532 Broadway, New York.</p> + +<p>Newspapers copying the above and giving the Magazine monthly notices, +will be entitled to an exchange.</p> +</div> + + + +<hr class="page"> + +<div> + +<p>PROSPECTUS</p> + +<p>OF</p> + +<p><span class="hi" style="font-weight: bold;">The Continental Monthly.</span></p> + + +<p>There are periods in the world's history marked by extraordinary and +violent crises, sudden as the breaking forth of a volcano, or the +bursting of a storm on the ocean. These crises sweep away in a moment +the landmarks of generations. They call out fresh talent, and give to +the old a new direction. It is then that new ideas are born, new +theories developed. Such periods demand fresh exponents, and new men for +expounders.</p> + +<p>This Continent has lately been convulsed by an upheaving so sudden and +terrible that the relations of all men and all classes to each other are +violently disturbed, and people look about for the elements with which +to sway the storm and direct the whirlwind. Just at present, we do not +know what all this is to bring forth; but we do know that great results +MUST flow from such extraordinary commotions.</p> + +<p>At a juncture so solemn and so important, there is a special need that +the intellectual force of the country should be active and efficient. It +is a time for great minds to speak their thoughts boldly, and to take +position as the advance guard. To this end, there is a special want +unsupplied. It is that of an Independent Magazine, which shall be open +to the first intellects of the land, and which shall treat the issues +presented, and to be presented to the country, in a tone no way tempered +by partisanship, or influenced by fear, favor, or the hope of reward; +which shall seize and grapple with the momentous subjects that the +present disturbed state of affairs heave to the surface, and which CAN +NOT be laid aside or neglected.</p> + +<p>To meet this want, the undersigned have commenced, under the editorial +charge of CHARLES GODFREY LELAND, the publication of a new Magazine, +devoted to Literature and National Policy.</p> + +<p>In POLITICS, it will advocate, with all the force at its command, +measures best adapted to preserve the oneness and integrity of these +United States. It will never yield to the idea of any disruption of this +Republic, peaceably or otherwise; and it will discuss with honesty and +impartiality what must be done to save it. In this department, some of +the most eminent statesmen of the time will contribute regularly to its +pages.</p> + +<p>In LITERATURE, it will be sustained by the best writers and ablest +thinkers of this country.</p> + +<p>Among its attractions will be presented, in an early number, a NEW +SERIAL of American Life, by RICHARD B. KIMBALL, ESQ., the very popular +author of "The Revelations of Wall Street," "St. Leger," &c. A series of +papers by HON. HORACE GREELEY, embodying the distinguished author's +observations on the growth and development of the Great West. A series +of articles by the author of "Through the Cotton States," containing the +result of an extended tour in the seaboard Slave States, just prior to +the breaking out of the war, and presenting a startling and truthful +picture of the real condition of that region. No pains will be spared to +render the literary attractions of the CONTINENTAL both brilliant and +substantial. The lyrical or descriptive talents of the most eminent +<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">literati</span> have been promised to its pages; and nothing will be admitted +which will not be distinguished by marked energy, originality, and solid +strength. Avoiding every influence or association partaking of clique or +coterie, it will be open to all contributions of real merit, even from +writers differing materially in their views; the only limitation +required being that of devotion to the Union, and the only standard of +acceptance that of intrinsic excellence.</p> + +<p>The EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT will embrace, in addition to vigorous and +fearless comments on the events of the times, genial gossip with the +reader on all current topics, and also devote abundant space to those +racy specimens of American wit and humor, without which there can be no +perfect exposition of our national character. Among those who will +contribute regularly to this department may be mentioned the name of +CHARLES F. BROWNE ("Artemus Ward"), from whom we have promised an +entirely new and original series of SKETCHES OF WESTERN LIFE.</p> + +<p>The CONTINENTAL will be liberal and progressive, without yielding to +chimeras and hopes beyond the grasp of the age; and it will endeavor to +reflect the feelings and interests of the American people, and to +illustrate both their serious and humorous peculiarities. In short, no +pains will be spared to make it the REPRESENTATIVE MAGAZINE of the time.</p> + +<p><span class="hi" style="font-weight: bold;">TERMS:</span>—Three Dollars per year, in advance (postage paid by the +Publishers;) Two Copies for Five Dollars; Three Copies for Six Dollars, +(posture unpaid); Eleven copies for Twenty Dollars, (postage unpaid). +Single numbers can be procured of any News-dealer in the United States. +The KNICKERBOCKER MAGAZINE and the CONTINENTAL MONTHLY will be furnished +for one year at FOUR DOLLARS.</p> + +<p>Appreciating the importance of literature to the soldier on duty, the +publisher will send the CONTINENTAL, <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">gratis</span>, to any regiment in active +service, on application being made by its Colonel or Chaplain; he will +also receive subscriptions from those desiring to furnish it to soldiers +in the ranks at half the regular price; but in such cases it must be +mailed from the office of publication.</p> + +<p><span class="hi" style="font-weight: bold;">J.R. GILMORE, 110 Tremont Street, Boston.</span></p> + +<p><span class="hi" style="font-weight: bold;">CHARLES T. EVANS, at G.P. PUTNAM'S, 532 Broadway, New York, +is authorized to receive Subscriptions in that City.</span></p> + +<p><span class="hi" style="font-weight: bold;">N.B.</span>—Newspapers publishing this Prospectus, and giving the +CONTINENTAL monthly notices, will +be entitled to an exchange.</p> +</div> + +</div> + <hr class="doublepage"> + +<div class="back"> + <div class="div" id="footnotes"><a name="toc_31"></a><h2>Notes</h2><dl class="footnote"> +<dt><a name="note_1">1.</a></dt><dd><p>An incident that occurred at Palmyra, in +Marion County, of which the writer was a witness, +may be given as a fair illustration of Benton's +insulting and insufferable manner in this +celebrated canvass. During the delivery of his +speech, in the densely-crowded court-house, +a prominent county politician, who was opposed +to Benton, arose and put a question to +him. 'Come here,' said Benton, in his abrupt +and authoritative tone. The man with difficulty +made his way through the mass, and advanced +till he stood immediately in front of +Benton. 'Who are you, sir?' inquired the +swelling and indignant senator. The citizen +gave his well-known name. 'Who?' demanded +Benton. The name was distinctly repeated. +And then, without replying to the question +that had been proposed, but with an air of disdain +and annihilating contempt that no man in +America but Benton could assume, he proceeded +with his speech, leaving his interrogator to +retire from his humiliating embarrassment as +best he could. At the close of the address, +some of his friends expressed surprise to Benton +that he had not known the man that interrupted +him. 'Know him!' said he; 'I knew +him well enough. I only meant to make him +stand with his hat in his hand, and tell me his +name, like a nigger.'</p></dd><dt><a name="note_2">2.</a></dt><dd><p>See Historical Mag., Vol. 4, p. 230.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_3">3.</a></dt><dd><p>Among the cotton lately arrived from Port +Royal was a number of bales marked with the +form of a coffin. It was the growth of 'Coffin's +Island,' which is usually of the highest +grade.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_4">4.</a></dt><dd><p>The palmetto is a straight, tall tree, with a +tuft of branches and palm leaves at its top. +The new growth is the centre as it first expands +somewhat resembles a cabbage. It is +often used for boiling and pickling. The wood +of the tree is spongy, and is used for building +wharves, as it is impervious to the sea-worm. +It is said that a cannon ball will not penetrate +it. It is a paltry emblem for a State flag, as its +characteristics accurately indicate pride and +poverty. When used for wharves, it, however, +becomes a veritable '<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Mudsill</span>.'</p></dd><dt><a name="note_5">5.</a></dt><dd><p>Before 1700 a colony from Dorchester, Mass., +made a settlement on Ashley River, and named +it for their native town; afterwards, they sent +an offshoot and planted the town of Midway, in +Georgia. For more than a century they kept +up their Congregational Church, with many of +their New England institutions. Their descendants +in both States have been famed for their +enterprise, industry, and moral qualities down +to the present day.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_6">6.</a></dt><dd><p>The Barnwells can trace their pedigree back +about one hundred and fifty years to a Col. +Barnwell who commanded in an Indian war. +Subsequently the name appears on the right +side in the Revolution. This is a long period +to trace ancestry in Carolina; for while nearly +all New England families can trace back to +the Puritans, more than two hundred years, +the lordly Carolinians generally get among the + +'mudsills' in three or four generations at the +farthest.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_7">7.</a></dt><dd><p>Some thirty years ago, R. Barnwell Smith +made a figure in Congress by his ultra nullification +speeches, and was then considered the +greatest fire-eater of them all. He was not 'to +the manor born,' but was the son of a Gen. +Smith, who founded and resided in the small +and poverty-stricken town of Smithville, N.C., +at the mouth of the Cape Fear River. As his +paternal fortune was small, and some family +connection existed with the Barnwells, he emigrated +to Beaufort, and there practiced as a +lawyer. He was followed by two brothers, +who had the same profession. He was the +first who openly advocated secession in Congress. +They have all been leading politicians +and managers of the Charleston <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Mercury</span>, +which, by its mendacity and constant abuse of +the North, and its everlasting laudations of +Southern wealth and power, has done much to +bring on the present war.</p> + +<p>Desirous to stand better with the aristocracy, +some years ago the family sunk the plebeian +patronymic of Smith and adopted that of Rhett, +a name known in South Carolina a century previous.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_8">8.</a></dt><dd><p>During Nullification times the Fullers were +Union men. Doctor Thomas Fuller, who, a +short time since, set fire to his buildings and +cotton crop to prevent their falling into Yankee +hands, is well known as a kind-hearted physician, +and better things might have been expected +of him.</p> + +<p>His brother is a celebrated Baptist clergyman +in Baltimore. He was formerly a lawyer, +and afterwards preached to an immense congregation, +mainly of slaves, in his native place.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_9">9.</a></dt><dd><p>Many years ago the Elliots were staunch +Union men, and Stephen Elliot, a gentleman of +talent, wrote many very able arguments against +nullification and in favor of the Union. He always +thought that Port Royal must some day +be the great naval and commercial depot of the +South. He may yet live to see his former anticipations +realized, though not in the way he +desired.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_10">10.</a></dt><dd><p>An Inquiry laid by me it few years ago before +the Historical Society of Pennsylvania +elicited information as to several of these +'gates' in that State. I have not the work by +me, but I believe that FALES DUNLAP, Esq., of +New York, asserts on Rabbinical authority, in +an appendix to <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Sod or the Mysteries</span>, that the +Hebrew word commonly translated as 'passover' +should be rendered 'passing through.'</p></dd><dt><a name="note_11">11.</a></dt><dd><p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Robertson's Lectures and Addresses.</span> Boston: +Ticknor & Fields.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_12">12.</a></dt><dd><p>The negro whippers and field overseers.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_13">13.</a></dt><dd><p>Referring to the common practice of bathing +the raw and bleeding backs of the punished +slaves with a strong solution of salt and water.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_14">14.</a></dt><dd><p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Words to the West. Knickerbocker Magazine</span>, +Oct., 1861.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_15">15.</a></dt><dd><p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Continental Magazine</span>, March, 1862. See +article, <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Southern Aids to the North</span>.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_16">16.</a></dt><dd> + +<div class="lg"> +<p class="l">Don't speak of quacks; just take your dose;</p> +<p class="l">Why should you try to mend it,</p> +<p class="l">If Doctor H—— concocts the pill,</p> +<p class="l">And <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Parsons</span> recommend it?</p> +</div> +<p>See <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Amer. Jour. of Sci.</span>, Vol. xxx., 2d Scr., pages 10-12.</p> + +</dd></dl></div> + </div> +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Continental Monthly, Vol. I., No. IV., +April, 1862, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONTINENTAL MONTHLY *** + +***** This file should be named 15065-h.htm or 15065-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/0/6/15065/ + +Produced by Cornell University, Joshua Hutchinson, Josephine Paolucci +and the PG Online Distributed Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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