initial commit of ebook 15036HEADmain

1 files changed, 1661 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/15036.txt b/15036.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f49f96e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15036.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1661 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Narrative of the Life of Moses Grandy, Late
+a Slave in the United States of America, by Moses Grandy
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Narrative of the Life of Moses Grandy, Late a Slave in the United States of America
+
+Author: Moses Grandy
+
+Release Date: February 13, 2005 [EBook #15036]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NARRATIVE OF THE LIFE OF MOSES GRANDY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Suzanne Shell, Richard J. Shiffer and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NARRATIVE
+
+OF THE
+
+LIFE OF MOSES GRANDY,
+
+LATE A SLAVE
+
+IN THE
+
+UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+     "Slavery is a mass, a system of enormities, which
+     incontrovertibly bids defiance to every regulation which
+     ingenuity can devise, or power effect, but a TOTAL
+     EXTINCTION. Why ought slavery to be abolished? Because
+     _it is incurable injustice_. Why is injustice to remain
+     for a single hour?"
+                                          WILLIAM PITT.
+
+SECOND AMERICAN FROM THE LAST LONDON EDITION.
+
+
+SOLD FOR THE BENEFIT OF HIS RELATIONS STILL IN
+                  SLAVERY.
+
+
+BOSTON:
+
+OLIVER JOHNSON, 25 CORNHILL.
+
+1844.
+
+
+
+
+*** It is not improbable that some of the proper names in the
+following pages are incorrectly spelled. M.G., through the laws of the
+slave states, is perfectly illiterate; his pronunciation being the
+only guide.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+About a fortnight ago, the subject of the following brief Memoir came
+to me, bearing with him a letter from a dear friend and distinguished
+abolitionist in the United States, from which the following is an
+extract:--'I seize my pen in haste to gratify a most worthy colored
+friend of mine, by giving him a letter of introduction to you, as he
+intends sailing this week (August 8th, 1842) for Liverpool and London,
+_via_ New Orleans. His name is Moses Grandy. He knows what it is to
+have been a slave, and what are the tender mercies of the southern
+slave-drivers. His history is not only authentic, but most
+extraordinary, and full of thrilling interest. Could it be published,
+it would make a deep sensation in every quarter. He was compelled to
+buy his freedom _three times over_! He paid for it $1,850. He has
+since bought his wife, and one or two of his children; and before
+going to England will first go to New Orleans, to purchase some of his
+other children, if he can find them, who are still held in captivity.
+His benevolence, affection, kindness of heart, and elasticity of
+spirit, are truly remarkable. He has a good head, a fine countenance,
+and a great spirit, notwithstanding his education has been obtained in
+the horrible school of slavery. Just get him to tell you his
+narrative, and if you happen to have an anti-slavery meeting, let him
+tell his tale to a British audience.' In the letter of another highly
+esteemed friend, he is spoken of as 'unsurpassed for faithfulness and
+perseverance;' in the letter of a third, as a 'worthy and respectable
+man.' On examining a book containing a list of the donations made him
+by American friends, in aid of his noble design to rescue from the
+miseries of slavery his relations, I found the names and certificates
+of persons of the highest respectability. It will be amply sufficient
+with those who are acquainted with the Abolitionists of the United
+States, for me to name General Fessenden, and Nathan Winslow, Esq., of
+Portland, Maine; the Rev. A.A. Phelps, Ellis Gray Loring, and Samuel
+E. Sewall, Esqs., of Boston, Massachusetts. Being satisfied, by these
+indubitable vouchers, of Moses Grandy's title to credit, I listened to
+his artless tale with entire confidence, and with a feeling of
+interest which all will participate who peruse the following pages.
+Considering his Narrative calculated to promote a more extensive
+knowledge of the workings of American slavery, and that its sale might
+contribute to the object which engages so entirely the mind of Moses,
+namely, the redemption of those who are in bonds, belonging to his
+family, I resolved to commit it to the press, as nearly as possible in
+the language of Moses himself. I have carefully abstained from casting
+a single reflection or animadversion of my own. I leave the touching
+story of the self-liberated captive to speak for itself, and the wish
+of my heart will be gratified, and my humble effort on his behalf be
+richly rewarded, if this little book is the means of obtaining for my
+colored brother the assistance which he seeks, or of increasing the
+zeal of those who are associated for the purpose of 'breaking every
+yoke and setting the oppressed free.'
+
+                                           GEORGE THOMPSON.
+
+  _9, Blandford Place, Regent's Park_,
+  _October 18th, 1842._
+
+
+
+
+NARRATIVE.
+
+
+My name is Moses Grandy. I was born in Camden county, North Carolina.
+I believe I am fifty-six years old. Slaves seldom know exactly how old
+they are; neither they nor their masters set down the time of a birth;
+the slaves, because they are not allowed to write or read, and the
+masters, because they only care to know what slaves belong to them.
+
+The master, Billy Grandy, whose slave I was born, was a hard-drinking
+man; he sold away many slaves. I remember four sisters and four
+brothers; my mother had more children, but they were dead or sold away
+before I can remember. I was the youngest. I remember well my mother
+often hid us all in the woods, to prevent master selling us. When we
+wanted water, she sought for it in any hole or puddle formed by
+falling trees or otherwise. It was often full of tadpoles and insects.
+She strained it, and gave it round to each of us in the hollow of her
+hand. For food, she gathered berries in the woods, got potatoes, raw
+corn, &c. After a time, the master would send word to her to come in,
+promising he would not sell us. But, at length, persons came who
+agreed to give the prices he set on us. His wife, with much to be
+done, prevailed on him not to sell me; but he sold my brother, who was
+a little boy. My mother, frantic with grief, resisted their taking her
+child away. She was beaten, and held down; she fainted; and, when she
+came to herself, her boy was gone. She made much outcry, for which the
+master tied her up to a peach-tree in the yard, and flogged her.
+
+Another of my brothers was sold to Mr. Tyler, Dewan's Neck, Pasquotank
+county. This man very much ill treated many colored boys. One very
+cold day, he sent my brother out, naked and hungry, to find a yoke of
+steers; the boy returned without finding them, when his master flogged
+him, and sent him out again. A white lady, who lived near, gave him
+food, and advised him to try again; he did so, but, it seems, again
+without success. He piled up a heap of leaves, and laid himself down
+in them, and died there. He was found through a flock of turkey
+buzzards hovering over him; these birds had pulled his eyes out.
+
+My young master and I used to play together; there was but two days'
+difference in our ages. My old master always said he would give me to
+him. When he died, all the colored people were divided amongst his
+children, and I fell to young master; his name was James Grandy. I was
+then about eight years old. When I became old enough to be taken away
+from my mother and put to field work, I was hired out for the year, by
+auction, at the court house, every January: this is the common
+practice with respect to slaves belonging to persons who are under
+age. This continued till my master and myself were twenty-one years
+old.
+
+The first who hired me was Mr. Kemp, who used me pretty well; he gave
+me plenty to eat, and sufficient clothing.
+
+The next was old Jemmy Coates, a severe man. Because I could not learn
+his way of hilling corn, he flogged me naked with a severe whip, made
+of a very tough sapling; this lapped round me at each stroke; the
+point of it at last entered my belly and broke off, leaving an inch
+and a half outside. I was not aware of it until, on going to work
+again, it hurt my inside very much, when, on looking down, I saw it
+sticking out of my body. I pulled it out, and the blood spouted after
+it. The wound festered, and discharged very much at the time, and hurt
+me for years after.
+
+In being hired out, sometimes the slave gets a good home, and
+sometimes a bad one: when he gets a good one, he dreads to see January
+come; when he has a bad one, the year seems five times as long as it
+is.
+
+I was next with Mr. Enoch Sawyer, of Camden county. My business was to
+keep ferry, and do other odd work. It was cruel living. We had not
+near enough of either victuals or clothes. I was half starved for half
+my time. I have often ground the husks of Indian corn over again in a
+hand-mill, for the chance of getting something to eat out of it which
+the former grinding had left. In severe frosts, I was compelled to go
+into the fields and woods to work, with my naked feet cracked and
+bleeding from extreme cold: to warm them, I used to rouse an ox or
+hog, and stand on the place where it had lain. I was at that place
+three years, and very long years they seemed to me. The trick by which
+he kept me so long was this: the court house was but a mile off. At
+hiring day, he prevented me from going till he went himself and bid
+for me. On the last occasion, he was detained for a little while by
+other business; so I ran as quickly as I could, and got hired before
+he came up.
+
+Mr. George Furley was my next master; he employed me as a car-boy in
+the Dismal Swamp; I had to drive lumber, &c. I had plenty to eat and
+plenty of clothes. I was so overjoyed at the change, that I then
+thought I would not have left the place to go to heaven.
+
+Next year I was hired by Mr. John Micheau, of the same county, who
+married my young mistress, one of the daughters of Mr. Grandy, and
+sister of my present owner. This master gave us very few clothes, and
+but little to eat. I was almost naked. One day he came into the field,
+and asked why no more work was done. The older people were afraid of
+him; so I said that the reason was, we were so hungry we could not
+work. He went home and told the mistress to give us plenty to eat, and
+at dinner-time we had plenty. We came out shouting for joy, and went
+to work with delight. From that time we had food enough, and he soon
+found that he had a great deal more work done. The field was quite
+alive with people striving who should do most.
+
+He hired me for another year. He was a great gambler. He kept me up
+five nights together, without sleep night or day, to wait on the
+gambling table. I was standing in the corner of the room, nodding for
+want of sleep, when he took up the shovel and beat me with it; he
+dislocated my shoulder, and sprained my wrist, and broke the shovel
+over me. I ran away, and got another person to hire me.
+
+This person was Mr. Richard Furley, who, after that, hired me at the
+court house every year till my master came of age. He gave me a pass
+to work for myself; so I obtained work by the piece where I could, and
+paid him out of my earnings what we had agreed on; I maintained myself
+on the rest, and saved what I could. In this way I was not liable to
+be flogged and ill used. He paid seventy, eighty, or ninety dollars a
+year for me, and I paid him twenty or thirty dollars a year more than
+that.
+
+When my master came of age, he took all his colored people to himself.
+Seeing that I was industrious and persevering, and had obtained plenty
+of work, he made me pay him almost twice as much as I had paid Mr.
+Furley. At that time the English blockaded the Chesapeake, which made
+it necessary to send merchandise from Norfolk to Elizabeth City by the
+Grand Canal, so that it might get to sea by Pamlico Sound and Ocracock
+Inlet. I took some canal boats on shares; Mr. Grice, who married my
+other young mistress, was the owner of them. I gave him one half of
+all I received for freight; out of the other half I had to victual and
+man the boats, and all over that expense was my own profit.
+
+Some time before this, my brother Benjamin returned from the West
+Indies, where he had been two years with his master's vessel. I was
+very glad to hear of it, and got leave to go see him. While I was
+sitting with his wife and him, his wife's master came and asked him to
+fetch a can of water; he did so, and carried it into the store. While
+I was waiting for him, and wondering at his being so long away, I
+heard the heavy blows of a hammer: after a little while I was
+alarmed, and went to see what was going on. I looked into the store,
+and saw my brother lying on his back on the floor, and Mr. Williams,
+who had bought him, driving staples over his wrists and ankles; an
+iron bar was afterwards put across his breast, which was also held
+down by staples. I asked what he had been doing, and was told that he
+had done nothing amiss, but that his master had failed, and he was
+sold towards paying the debts. He lay in that state all that night;
+next day he was taken to jail, and I never saw him again. This is the
+usual treatment under such circumstances. I had to go by my mother's
+next morning, but I feared to tell her what had happened to my
+brother. I got a boy to go and tell her. She was blind and very old,
+and was living in a little hut, in the woods, after the usual manner
+of old, worn-out slaves; she was unable to go to my brother before he
+was taken away, and grieved after him greatly.
+
+It was some time after this that I married a slave belonging to Mr.
+Enoch Sawyer, who had been so hard a master to me. I left her at home,
+(that is, at his house,) one Thursday morning, when we had been
+married about eight months. She was well, and seemed likely to be so.
+We were nicely getting together our little necessaries. On the Friday,
+as I was at work, as usual, with the boats, I heard a noise behind me,
+on the road which ran by the side of the canal. I turned to look, and
+saw a gang of slaves coming. When they came up to me, one of them
+cried out, 'Moses, my dear!' I wondered who among them should know me,
+and found it was my wife. She cried out to me, 'I am gone!' I was
+struck with consternation. Mr. Rogerson was with them, on his horse,
+armed with pistols. I said to him, 'For God's sake, have you bought my
+wife?' He said he had; when I asked him what she had done, he said she
+had done nothing, but that her master wanted money. He drew out a
+pistol, and said that, if I went near the wagon on which she was, he
+would shoot me. I asked for leave to shake hands with her, which he
+refused, but said I might stand at a distance and talk with her. My
+heart was so full that I could say very little. I asked leave to give
+her a dram. He told Mr. Burgess, the man who was with him, to get down
+and carry it to her. I gave her the little money I had in my pocket,
+and bade her farewell. I have never seen or heard of her from that day
+to this. I loved her as I loved my life.
+
+Mr. Grice found that I served him faithfully. He and my young
+mistress, his wife, advised me, as I was getting money fast, to try to
+buy myself. By their advice, I asked my master what he would take for
+me. He wanted $800; and, when I said that was too much, he replied, he
+could get $1000 for me any minute. Mr. Grice afterwards went with me
+to him; he said to him that I had already been more profitable to him
+than any five others of his negroes, and reminded him that we had been
+playfellows. In this way he got him to consent to take $600 for me. I
+then went heartily to work, and, whenever I paid him for my time, I
+paid him something, also, towards my freedom, for which he gave me
+receipts. When I made him the last payment of the $600 for my freedom,
+he tore up all the receipts. I told him he ought not to have done so;
+he replied it did not signify, for, as soon as court day came, he
+should give me my free papers. On Monday, in court week, I went to
+him; he was playing at billiards, and would not go with me, but told
+me to come again the next day; the next day he did the same, and so on
+daily. I went to his sister, Mrs. Grice, and told her I feared that he
+did not mean to give them to me; she said she feared so too, and sent
+for him. He was a very wicked young man; he came, and cursed her, and
+went out of the house. Mr. Grice was from home; on his return, he went
+to my master, and told him he ought to give me my free papers; that I
+had paid for myself, and it was court week, so that there was no
+excuse. He promised he would; instead of which, he rode away and kept
+away till court was over. Before the next court came, he sold me to
+Mr. Trewitt for $600.
+
+The way in which Mr. Trewitt came to buy me was this: I had left the
+boats, and had gone with a schooner collecting lumber in Albemarle
+Sound for the merchants. Coming to Elizabeth City, I found a new store
+had been opened by Mr. Grice, which Mr. Sutton was keeping: the latter
+gentleman was glad to see me, and was desirous that I should return to
+my old employment with the canal boats, as lumber was in great demand
+at Norfolk. I did so, and sold some cargoes to Mr. Moses Myers, of
+Norfolk. As I was waiting at the door of his store for settlement, he
+came up with Mr. Trewitt, whom I did not then know. Mr. Myers said to
+Mr. Trewitt, 'Here is a captain doing business for you.' Mr. Trewitt
+then asked me who had chartered the boats, and to whom I belonged. I
+told him Mr. Sutton had chartered me, and that I had belonged to Mr.
+James Grandy, but had bought myself. He said he would buy me; on which
+Mr. Myers told him he could not, as I had already bought myself, and
+further said I was one of their old war captains, and had never lost a
+single thing of the property intrusted to me. Mr. Trewitt said he
+would buy me, and would see about it as soon as he got to Elizabeth
+City. I thought no more about it. On my return voyage, I delivered a
+cargo at Elizabeth City, for Mr. Trewitt. I had been at Mr. Grice's,
+the owner of the boats; and, on my going away from him to meet Mr.
+Trewitt for settlement, he said he would go with me, as he wanted
+money. Opposite the custom house we met Mr. Trewitt, who said, 'Well,
+captain, I have bought you.' Mr. Grice said, 'Let us have no nonsense;
+go and settle with him.' Angry words passed between them, one saying
+he had bought me, and the other denying that he had or could, as I had
+bought myself already. We all went to Mr. Grice's dwelling house;
+there Mr. Trewitt settled with me about the freight, and then, jumping
+up, said, 'Now I will show you, Mr. Grice, whether I am a liar or
+not.' He fetched the bill of sale; on reading it, Mr. Grice's color
+changed, and he sent for Mrs. Grice. When she read it, she began to
+cry; seeing that, I began to cry too. She sent me to her brother, who
+was at Mr. Wood's boarding house. He was playing at billiards. I said
+to him, 'Master James, have you sold me?' He said, 'No.' I said he
+had; when he turned round and went into another room, crying; I
+followed him. All the gentlemen followed us, saying, 'Captain Grandy,
+what is the matter?' I told them Master James had sold me again. They
+asked him why he had done it; he said it was because people had jeered
+him by saying I had more sense than he had. They would not suffer him
+to remain in the boarding house, but turned him out, there and then,
+with all his trunks and boxes. Mrs. Grice, his sister, sued him in my
+name for my liberty, but he gained the cause. The court maintained
+that I, and all I could do, belonged to him, and that he had a right
+to do as he pleased with me and all my earnings, as his own property,
+until he had taken me to the court house, and given me my free papers,
+and until, besides that, I had been a year and a day in the Northern
+States to gain my residence.
+
+So I was forced to go to Mr. Trewitt. He agreed that, if I would pay
+him the same wages as I paid my late master, and the $600 he gave for
+me, he would give me my free papers. He bought two canal boats, and,
+taking me out of Mr. Grice's employment, set me to work them on the
+same terms as I did for my former master. I was two years and a half
+in earning $600 to pay for myself the second time. Just when I had
+completed the payment, he failed. On Christmas eve he gave me a letter
+to take to Mr. Mews, at Newbegun Creek. I was rather unwilling to take
+it, wishing to go to my wife; I told him, too, I was going to his
+office to settle with him. He offered to give me two dollars to take
+the letter, and said he would settle when I came back: then Mr. Shaw
+came from another room, and said his vessel was ready loaded, but he
+had nobody he could trust with his goods; he offered me five dollars
+to take the vessel down, and deliver the goods to Mr. Knox, who also
+was at Newbegun Creek. The wind was fair, and the hands on board, so I
+agreed; it being Christmas eve, I was glad of something to carry to my
+wife. I ran the vessel down to the mouth of the creek, and anchored;
+when the moon rose, I went up the river. I reached the wharf, and
+commenced taking out the goods that night, and delivered them all
+safely to Mr. Knox next morning. I then took the letter to Mr. Mews,
+who read it, and, looking up at me, said, 'Well, you belong to me.' I
+thought he was joking, and said, 'How? What way?' He said, 'Don't you
+recollect when Trewitt chartered Wilson Sawyer's brig to the West
+Indies?' I said, I did. He told me Trewitt then came to him to borrow
+$600, which he would not lend, except he had a mortgage on me: Trewitt
+was to take it up at a certain time, but never did. I asked him
+whether he really took the mortgage on me. He replied that he
+certainly thought Trewitt would have taken up the mortgage, but he had
+failed, and was not worth a cent, and he, Mews, must have his money. I
+asked him whether he had not helped me and my young mistress in the
+court house, when master James fooled me before. He said he did help
+me all he could, and that he should not have taken a mortgage on me,
+but that he thought Trewitt would take it up. Trewitt must have
+received some of the last payments from me, after he had given the
+mortgage, and knew he should fail; for the mortgage was given two
+months before this time.
+
+My head seemed to turn round and round; I was quite out of my senses;
+I went away towards the woods; Mr. Mews sent his waiter after me to
+persuade me to go back. At first I refused, but afterwards went. He
+told me he would give me another chance to buy myself, and I certainly
+should have my freedom that time. He said Mr. Enoch Sawyer wanted to
+buy me, to be his overseer in the Swamp. I replied I would never try
+again to buy myself, and that they had already got $1,200 from me. My
+wife[1] (this was my second wife) belonged to Mr. Sawyer; he told me
+that her master would not allow me to go to see her, if I would not
+consent to what he now proposed; for any colored person going on the
+grounds of a white man, after being warned off, is liable to be
+flogged, or even shot. I thus found myself forced to go, although no
+colored man wishes to live at the house where his wife lives, for he
+has to endure the continual misery of seeing her flogged and abused,
+without daring to say a word in her defence.
+
+In the service of Mr. Sawyer, I got into a fair way of buying myself
+again; for I undertook the lightering of shingles or boards out of the
+Dismal Swamp, and hired hands to assist me. But my master had become
+security for his two sons-in-law at Norfolk, who failed; in
+consequence of which he sold eighteen colored people, his share of the
+Swamp, and two plantations. I was one of the slaves he kept, and after
+that had to work in the corn-field the same as the rest. The overseer
+was a bad one; his name was Brooks. The horn was blown at sunrise; the
+colored people had then to march before the overseer to the field, he
+on horseback. We had to work, even in long summer days, till twelve
+o'clock, before we tasted a morsel, men, women, and children all being
+served alike. At noon the cart appeared with our breakfast. It was in
+large trays, and was set on the ground. There was bread, of which a
+piece was cut off for each person; then there was small hominy boiled,
+that is, Indian-corn, ground in the hand-mill, and besides this two
+herrings for each of the men and women, and one for each of the
+children. Our drink was the water in the ditches, whatever might be
+its state; if the ditches were dry, water was brought to us by the
+boys. The salt fish made us always thirsty, but no other drink than
+water was ever allowed. However thirsty a slave may be, he is not
+allowed to leave his employment for a moment to get water; he can only
+have it when the hands in working have reached the ditch, at the end
+of the rows. The overseer stood with his watch in his hand, to give us
+just an hour; when he said, 'Rise,' we had to rise and go to work
+again. The women who had children laid them down by the hedge-row, and
+gave them straws and other trifles to play with; here they were in
+danger from snakes; I have seen a large snake found coiled round the
+neck and face of a child, when its mother went to suckle it at
+dinner-time. The hands work in a line by the side of each other; the
+overseer puts the swiftest hands in the fore row, and all must keep up
+with them. One black man is kept on purpose to whip the others in the
+field; if he does not flog with sufficient severity, he is flogged
+himself; he whips severely, to keep the whip from his own back. If a
+man have a wife in the same field with himself, he chooses a row by
+the side of hers, that, with extreme labor, he may, if possible, help
+her. But he will not be in the same field if he can help it; for, with
+his hardest labor, he often cannot save her from being flogged, and he
+is obliged to stand by and see it; he is always liable to see her
+taken home at night, stripped naked, and whipped before all the men.
+On the estate I am speaking of, those women who had sucking children
+suffered much from their breasts becoming full of milk, the infants
+being left at home; they therefore could not keep up with the other
+hands. I have seen the overseer beat them with raw hide, so that blood
+and milk flew mingled from their breasts. A woman who gives offence in
+the field, and is large in the family way, is compelled to lie down
+over a hole made to receive her corpulency, and is flogged with the
+whip, or beat with a paddle, which has holes in it; at every hole
+comes a blister. One of my sisters was so severely punished in this
+way, that labor was brought on, and the child was born in the field.
+This very overseer, Mr. Brooks, killed in this manner a girl named
+Mary; her father and mother were in the field at the time. He killed,
+also, a boy about twelve years old. He had no punishment, or even
+trial, for either.
+
+There was no dinner till dark, when he gave the order to knock off and
+go home. The meal then was the same as in the morning, except that we
+had meat twice a week.
+
+On very few estates are the colored people provided with any bedding:
+the best masters give only a blanket; this master gave none; a board,
+which the slave might pick up any where on the estate, was all he had
+to lie on. If he wished to procure bedding, he could only do so by
+working at nights. For warmth, therefore, the negroes generally sleep
+near a large fire, whether in the kitchen, or in their log huts; their
+legs are often in this way blistered and greatly swelled, and
+sometimes badly burnt: they suffer severely from this cause.
+
+When the water-mill did not supply meal enough, we had to grind with
+the hand-mill. The night was employed in this work, without any thing
+being taken from the labor of the day. We had to take turn at it,
+women as well as men; enough was to be ground to serve for the
+following day.
+
+I was eight months in the field. My master, Mr. Sawyer, agreed to
+allow me eight dollars a month, while so employed, towards buying
+myself; it will be seen he did not give me even that. When I first
+went to work in the corn-field, I had paid him $230 towards this third
+buying of my freedom. I told him, one night, I could not stand his
+field work any longer; he asked, why; I said I was almost starved to
+death, and had long been unaccustomed to this severe labor. He wanted
+to know why I could not stand it as well as the rest. I told him he
+knew well I had not been used to it for a long time; that his overseer
+was the worst that had ever been on the plantation, and that I could
+not stand it. He said he would direct Mr. Brooks to give each of us a
+pint of meal or corn every evening, which we might bake, and which
+would serve us next morning, till our breakfast came at noon. The
+black people were much rejoiced that I got this additional allowance
+for them. But I was not satisfied; I wanted liberty.
+
+On Sunday morning, as master was sitting in his porch, I went to him,
+and offered to give him the $230 I had already paid him, if, beside
+them, he would take for my freedom the $600 he had given for me. He
+drove me away, saying I had no way to get the money. I sat down for a
+time, and went to him again. I repeated my offer to procure the $690,
+and he again said I could not. He called his wife out of the room to
+the porch, and said to her, 'Don't you think Moses has taken to
+getting drunk?' She asked me if it was so; I denied it, when she
+inquired what was the matter. Master replied, 'Don't you think he
+wants me to sell him?' She said, 'Moses, we would not take any money
+for you. Captain Cormack put a thousand dollars for you on the supper
+table last Friday night, and Mr. Sawyer would not touch it; he wants
+you to be overseer in the Dismal Swamp.' I replied, 'Captain Cormack
+never said any thing to me about buying me; I would cut my throat from
+ear to ear rather than go to him. I know what made him say so; he is
+courting Miss Patsey, and he did it to make himself look big.'
+Mistress laughed and turned away, and slammed to the door; master
+shook himself with laughing, and put the paper he was reading before
+his face, knowing that I spoke the truth. Captain Cormack was an old
+man who went on crutches. Miss Patsey was the finest of master's
+daughters. Master drove me away from him again.
+
+On Monday morning, Mr. Brooks, the overseer, blew the horn as usual
+for all to go to the field. I refused to go. I went to master, and
+told him that if he would give me a paper, I would go and fetch the
+$600; he then gave me a paper, stating that he was willing to take
+that sum for my freedom: so I hired an old horse and started for
+Norfolk, fifty miles off.
+
+When I reached Deep Creek, I went to the house of Captain Edward
+Minner. He was very glad to see me, for in former days I had done much
+business for him; he said how sorry he had been to hear that I was at
+field work. He inquired where I was going. I said, to Norfolk, to get
+some of the merchants to let me have money to buy myself. He replied,
+'What did I always say to you? Was it not, that I would let you have
+the money at any time, if you would only tell me when you could be
+sold?' He called Mrs. Minner into the room, and told her I could be
+sold for my freedom; she was rejoiced to hear it. He said, 'Put up
+your horse at Mr. Western's tavern, for you need go no farther; I have
+plenty of old rusty dollars, and no man shall put his hand on your
+collar again to say you are a slave. Come and stay with me to-night,
+and in the morning I will get Mr. Garret's horse, and go with you.'
+
+Next morning we set off, and found master at Major Farrence's, at the
+cross canal, where I knew he was to be that day, to sell his share of
+the canal. When I saw him, he told me to go forward home, for he would
+not sell me. I felt sick and sadly disappointed. Captain Minner
+stepped up to him, and showed him the paper he had given me, saying,
+'Mr. Sawyer, is not this your hand-writing?' He replied, 'Mistress
+said, the last word when I came away, I was not to sell him, but send
+him home again.' Captain Minner said, 'Mind, gentlemen, I do not want
+him for a slave; I want to buy him for freedom. He will repay me the
+money, and I shall not charge him a cent of interest for it. I would
+not have a colored person, to drag me down to hell, for all the money
+in the world.' A gentleman who was by said it was a shame I should be
+so treated; I had bought myself so often that Mr. Sawyer ought to let
+me go. The very worst man as an overseer over the persons employed in
+digging the canal, Mr. Wiley M'Pherson, was there; he was never known
+to speak in favor of a colored person; even he said that Mr. Sawyer
+ought to let me go, as I had been sold so often. At length, Mr. Sawyer
+consented I should go for $650, and would take no less. I wished
+Captain Minner to give the extra $50, and not stand about it. I
+believe it was what M'Pherson said that induced my master to let me
+go; for he was well known for his great severity to colored people; so
+that after even he had said so, master could not stand out. The Lord
+must have opened M'Pherson's heart to say it.
+
+I have said this M'Pherson was an overseer where slaves were employed
+in cutting canals. The labor there is very severe. The ground is often
+very boggy; the negroes are up to the middle, or much deeper, in mud
+and water, cutting away roots and baling out mud; if they can keep
+their heads above water, they work on. They lodge in huts, or, as they
+are called, camps, made of shingles or boards. They lie down in the
+mud which has adhered to them, making a great fire to dry themselves,
+and keep off the cold. No bedding whatever is allowed them; it is only
+by work done over his task that any of them can get a blanket. They
+are paid nothing, except for this overwork. Their masters come once a
+month to receive the money for their labor; then, perhaps, some few
+very good masters will give them $2 each, some others $1, some a pound
+of tobacco, and some nothing at all. The food is more abundant than
+that of field slaves: indeed, it is the best allowance in America--it
+consists of a peck of meal and six pounds of pork per week; the pork
+is commonly not good; it is damaged, and is bought, as cheap as
+possible, at auctions.
+
+M'Pherson gave the same task to each slave; of course, the weak ones
+often failed to do it. I have often seen him tie up persons and flog
+them in the morning, only because they were unable to get the previous
+day's task done; after they were flogged, pork or beef brine was put
+on their bleeding backs to increase the pain; he sitting by, resting
+himself, and seeing it done. After being thus flogged and pickled, the
+sufferers often remained tied up all day, the feet just touching the
+ground, the legs tied, and pieces of wood put between the legs. All
+the motion allowed was a slight turn of the neck. Thus exposed and
+helpless, the yellow flies and musquitoes in great numbers would
+settle on the bleeding and smarting back, and put the sufferer to
+extreme torture. This continued all day, for they were not taken down
+till night. In flogging, he would sometimes tie the slave's shirt over
+his head, that he might not flinch when the blow was coming; sometimes
+he would increase his misery, by blustering, and calling out that he
+was coming to flog again, which he did or did not, as happened. I have
+seen him flog them with his own hands till their entrails were
+visible; and I have seen the sufferers dead when they were taken down.
+He never was called to account in any way for it.
+
+It is not uncommon for flies to blow the sores made by flogging; in
+that case, we get a strong weed growing in those parts, called the Oak
+of Jerusalem; we boil it at night, and wash the sores with the
+liquor, which is extremely bitter. On this the creepers or maggots
+come out. To relieve them in some degree, after severe flogging, their
+fellow-slaves rub their backs with part of their little allowance of
+fat meat.
+
+For fear the slaves should run away, while unable to work from
+flogging, he kept them chained till they could work again. This man
+had from 500 to 700 men under his control. When out of other
+employment, I sometimes worked under him, and saw his doings. I
+believe it was the word of this man which gained my freedom. He is
+dead, but there are yet others like him on public works.
+
+When the great kindness of Captain Minner had set me clear of Mr.
+Sawyer, I went to my old occupation of working the canal boats. These
+I took on shares, as before. After a time, I was disabled for a year
+from following this employment by a severe attack of rheumatism,
+caught by frequent exposure to severe weather. I was anxious, however,
+to be earning something towards the repayment of Captain Minner, lest
+any accident, unforeseen by him or me, should even yet deprive me of
+the liberty for which I so longed, and for which I had suffered so
+much. I therefore had myself carried in a lighter up a cross canal in
+the Dismal Swamp, and to the other side of Drummond's Lake. I was left
+on the shore, and there I built myself a little hut, and had
+provisions brought to me as opportunity served. Here, among snakes,
+bears, and panthers, whenever my strength was sufficient, I cut down a
+juniper-tree, and converted it into cooper's timber. The camp, like
+those commonly set up for negroes, was entirely open on one side; on
+that side a fire is lighted at night, and a person sleeping puts his
+feet towards it. One night I was awoke by some animal smelling my
+face, and snuffing strongly; I felt its cold muzzle. I suddenly thrust
+out my arms, and shouted with all my might; it was frightened, and
+made off. I do not know whether it was a bear or a panther; but it
+seemed as tall as a large calf. I slept, of course, no more that
+night. I put my trust in the Lord, and continued on the spot; I was
+never attacked again.
+
+I recovered, and went to the canal boats again; by the end of three
+years from the time he laid down the money, I entirely repaid my very
+kind and excellent friend. During this time he made no claim whatever
+on my services; I was altogether on the footing of a free man, as far
+as a colored man can there be free.
+
+When, at length, I had repaid Captain Minner, and had got my free
+papers, so that my freedom was quite secure, my feelings were greatly
+excited. I felt to myself so light, that I could almost think I could
+fly; in my sleep I was always dreaming of flying over woods and
+rivers. My gait was so altered by my gladness, that people often
+stopped me, saying, 'Grandy, what is the matter?' I excused myself as
+well as I could; but many perceived the reason, and said, 'O! he is so
+pleased with having got his freedom.' Slavery will teach any man to be
+glad when he gets freedom.
+
+My good master, Captain Minner, sent me to Providence, in Rhode
+Island, to stay a year and a day, in order to gain my residence. But I
+staid only two months. Mr. Howard's vessel came there laden with corn.
+I longed much to see my master and mistress, for the kindness they had
+done me, and so went home in the schooner. On my arrival, I did not
+stop at my own house, except to ask my wife at the door how she and
+the children were in health, but went up the town to see Captain and
+Mrs. Minner. They were very glad to see me, and consulted with me
+about my way of getting a living. I wished to go on board the New York
+and Philadelphia packets, but feared I should be troubled for my
+freedom. Captain Minner thought I might venture, and I therefore
+engaged myself. I continued in that employment till his death, which
+happened about a year alter my return from Providence. Then I returned
+to Boston; for, while he lived, I knew I could rely on his protection;
+but when I lost my friend, I thought it best to go wholly to the
+Northern States.
+
+At Boston I went to work at sawing wood, sawing with the whip-saw,
+laboring in the coal-yards, loading and unloading vessels, &c. After
+laboring in this way for a few months, I went a voyage to St. John's,
+in Porto Rico, with Captain Cobb, in the schooner _New Packet_. On the
+return voyage, the vessel got ashore on Cape Cod; we left her, after
+doing in vain what we could to right her: she was afterwards
+recovered. I went several other voyages, and particularly two to the
+Mediterranean: the last was to the East Indies, in the ship _James
+Murray_, Captain Woodbury, owner Mr. Gray. My entire savings, up to
+the period of my return from this voyage, amounted to $300; I sent it
+to Virginia, and bought my wife. She came to me at Boston. I dared not
+go myself to fetch her, lest I should be again deprived of my liberty,
+as often happens to free colored people.
+
+At the time, called the time of the Insurrection, about eight years
+ago, when the whites said the colored people were going to rise, and
+shot, hanged, and otherwise destroyed many of them, Mrs. Minner
+thought she saw me in the street, and fainted there. The soldiers were
+seizing all the blacks they could find, and she knew, if I were there,
+I should be sure to suffer with the rest. She was mistaken; I was not
+there.
+
+My son's master, at Norfolk, sent a letter to me at Boston, to say,
+that if I could raise $450, I might have his freedom; he was then
+fifteen years old. I had again saved $300. I knew the master was a
+drinking man, and was therefore very anxious to get my son out of his
+hands. I went to Norfolk, running the risk of my liberty, and took my
+$300 with me, to make the best bargain I could. Many gentlemen in
+Boston, my friends, advised me not to go myself; but I was anxious to
+get my boy's freedom, and I knew that nobody in Virginia had any cause
+of complaint against me. So, notwithstanding their advice, I
+determined to go.
+
+When the vessel arrived there, they said it was against the law for me
+to go ashore. The mayor of the city said I had been among the cursed
+Yankees too long; he asked me whether I did not know that it was
+unlawful for me to land, to which I replied, that I did not know it,
+for I could neither read nor write. The merchants for whom I had
+formerly done business came on board, and said they cared for neither
+the mare (mayor) nor the horse, and insisted that I should go ashore.
+I told the mayor the business on which I came, and he gave me leave to
+stay nine days, telling me that if I were not gone in that time, he
+would sell me for the good of the state.
+
+I offered my boy's master the $300; he counted the money, but put it
+back to me, refusing to take less than $450. I went on board to return
+to Boston. We met with head winds, and put back three times to
+Norfolk, anchoring each time just opposite the jail. The nine days had
+expired, and I feared the mayor would find me on board and sell me. I
+could see the jail, full of colored people, and even the
+whipping-post, at which they were constantly enduring the lash. While
+we were lying there by the jail, two vessels came from Eastern Shore,
+Virginia, laden with cattle and colored people. The cattle were lowing
+for their calves, and the men and women were crying for their
+husbands, wives, or children. The cries and groans were terrible,
+notwithstanding there was a whipper on board each vessel, trying to
+compel the poor creatures to keep silence. These vessels lay close to
+ours. I had been a long time away from such scenes; the sight affected
+me very much, and added greatly to my fears.
+
+One day I saw a boat coming from the shore with white men in it. I
+thought they were officers coming to take me; and such was my horror
+of slavery, that I twice ran to the ship's waist to jump overboard
+into the strong ebb tide then running, to drown myself; but a strong
+impression on my mind restrained me each time.
+
+Once more we got under way for New York; but, meeting again with head
+winds, we ran into Maurice's River, in Delaware Bay. New Jersey, in
+which that place lies, is not a slave state. So I said to the captain,
+'Let me have a boat, and set me on the free land once more; then I
+will travel home over land; for I will not run the risk of going back
+to Virginia any more. The captain said there was no danger, but I
+exclaimed, 'No, no! captain, I will not try it; put my feet on free
+land once again, and I shall be safe.' When I once more touched the
+free land, the burden of my mind was removed; if two ton weight had
+been taken off me, the relief would not have seemed so great.
+
+From Maurice's Creek I travelled to Philadelphia, and at that place
+had a letter written to my wife, at Boston, thanking God that I was on
+free land again. On arriving at Boston, I borrowed $150 of a friend,
+and, going to New York, I obtained the help of Mr. John Williams to
+send the $450 to Norfolk; thus, at length, I bought my son's freedom.
+I met him at New York, and brought him on to Boston.
+
+Six other of my children, three boys and three girls, were sold to New
+Orleans. Two of these daughters have bought their own freedom. The
+eldest of them, Catherine, was sold three times after she was taken
+away from Virginia; the first time was by auction. Her last master but
+one was a Frenchman; she worked in his sugar-cane and cotton fields.
+Another Frenchman inquired for a girl, on whom he could depend, to
+wait on his wife, who was in a consumption. Her master offered him my
+daughter; they went into the field to see her, and the bargain was
+struck. Her new master gave her up to his sick wife, on whom she
+waited till her death. As she had waited exceedingly well on his wife,
+her master offered her a chance of buying her freedom. She objected to
+his terms as too high; for he required her to pay him $4 a week out of
+her earnings, and $1,200 for her freedom. He said he could get more
+for her, and told her she might get plenty of washing, at a dollar a
+dozen: at last she agreed. She lived near the river side, and
+obtained plenty of work. So anxious was she to obtain her freedom,
+that she worked nearly all her time, days and nights, and Sundays. She
+found, however, she gained nothing by working on Sundays, and
+therefore left it off. She paid her master punctually her weekly hire,
+and also something towards her freedom, for which he gave her
+receipts. A good stewardess was wanted for a steamboat on the
+Mississippi; she was hired for the place at $30 a month, which is the
+usual salary; she also had liberty to sell apples and oranges on
+board; and, commonly, the passengers give from twenty-five cents to a
+dollar to a stewardess who attends them well. Her entire incoming,
+wages and all, amounted to about sixty dollars a month. She remained
+at this employment till she had paid the entire sum of $ 1,200 for her
+freedom.
+
+As soon as she obtained her free papers, she left the steamboat,
+thinking she could find her sister Charlotte. Her first two trials
+were unsuccessful; but on the third attempt she found her at work in
+the cane-field. She showed her sister's master her own free papers,
+and told him how she had bought herself; he said that, if her sister
+would pay him as much as she paid her master, she might go too. They
+agreed, and he gave her a pass. The two sisters went on board a
+steamboat, and worked together for the wages of one, till they had
+saved the entire $1,200 for the freedom of the second sister. The
+husband of Charlotte was dead; her children were left behind in the
+cotton and cane-fields; their master refuses to take less than $2,400
+for them; their names and ages are as follows: Zeno, about fifteen;
+Antoinette, about thirteen; Joseph, about eleven; and Josephine,
+about ten years old. Of my other children, I only know that one, a
+girl, named Betsey, is a little way from Norfolk, in Virginia. Her
+master, Mr. William Dixon, is willing to sell her for $500.
+
+I do not know where any of my other four children are, nor whether
+they be dead or alive. It will be very difficult to find them out: for
+the names of slaves are commonly changed with every change of master:
+they usually bear the name of the master to whom they belong at the
+time: they have no family name of their own by which they can be
+traced. Through this circumstance, and their ignorance of reading and
+writing, to which they are compelled by law, all trace between parents
+and children, who are separated from them in childhood, is lost in a
+few years. When, therefore, a child is sold away from its mother, she
+feels that she is parting from it forever; there is little likelihood
+of her ever knowing what of good or evil befalls it. The way of
+finding out a friend or relative who has been sold away for any length
+of time, or to any great distance, is to trace them, if possible, to
+one master after another, or if that cannot be done, to inquire about
+the neighborhood where they are supposed to be, until some one is
+found who can tell that such or such a person belonged to such or such
+a master; and the person supposed to be the one sought for, may,
+perhaps, remember the names of the persons to whom his father and
+mother belonged: there is little to be learned from his appearance,
+for so many years may have passed away that he may have grown out of
+the memory of his parents, or his nearest relations. There are thus no
+lasting family ties to bind relations together, not even the nearest,
+and this aggravates their distress when they are sold from each other.
+I have little hope of finding my four children again.
+
+I have lived in Boston ever since I bought my freedom, except during
+the last year, which I have spent at Portland, in the state of Maine.
+
+I have yet said nothing of my father. He was often sold through the
+failure of his successive owners. When I was a little boy, he was sold
+away from us to a distance: he was then so far off that he could not
+come to see us oftener than once a year. After that, he was sold to go
+still farther away, and then he could not come at all. I do not know
+what has become of him.
+
+When my mother became old, she was sent to live in a little lonely
+log-hut in the woods. Aged and worn-out slaves, whether men or women,
+are commonly so treated. No care is taken of them, except, perhaps,
+that a little ground is cleared about the hut, on which the old slave,
+if able, may raise a little corn. As far as the owner is concerned,
+they live or die, as it happens: it is just the same thing as turning
+out an old horse. Their children, or other near relations, if living
+in the neighborhood, take it by turns to go at night with a supply
+saved out of their own scanty allowance of food, as well as to cut
+wood and fetch water for them: this is done entirely through the good
+feelings of the slaves, and not through the masters' taking care that
+it is done. On these night-visits, the aged inmate of the hut is often
+found crying on account of sufferings from disease or extreme
+weakness, or from want of food or water in the course of the day: many
+a time, when I have drawn near to my mother's hut, I have heard her
+grieving and crying on these accounts: she was old and blind too, and
+so unable to help herself. She was not treated worse than others: it
+is the general practice. Some few good masters do not treat their old
+slaves so: they employ them in doing light jobs about the house and
+garden.
+
+My eldest sister is in Elizabeth City. She has five children, who, of
+course, are slaves. Her master is willing to sell her for $100: she is
+growing old. One of her children, a young man, cannot be bought under
+$900.
+
+My sister Tamar, who belonged to the same master with myself, had
+children very fast. Her husband had hard owners, and lived at a
+distance. When a woman who has many children belongs to an owner who
+is under age, as ours was, it is customary to put her and the children
+out yearly to the person who will maintain them for the least money,
+the person taking them having the benefit of whatever work the woman
+can do. But my sister was put to herself in the woods. She had a bit
+of ground cleared, and was left to hire herself out to labor. On the
+ground she raised corn and flax; and obtained a peck of corn, some
+herrings, or a piece of meat, for a day's work among the neighboring
+owners. In this way she brought up her children. Her husband could
+help her but little. As soon as each of the children became big
+enough, it was sold away from her.
+
+After parting thus with five, she was sold along with the sixth,
+(about a year and a half old,) to the speculators; these are persons
+who buy slaves in Carolina and Virginia, to sell them in Georgia and
+New Orleans. After travelling with them more than one hundred miles,
+she made her escape, but could not obtain her child to take it with
+her. On her journey homeward she travelled by night, and hid herself
+in thick woods by day. She was in great danger on the road, but in
+three weeks reached the woods near us: there she had to keep herself
+concealed: I, my mother, and her husband, knew where she was: she
+lived in a den she made for herself. She sometimes ventured down to my
+mother's hut, where she was hid in a hollow under the floor. Her
+husband lived ten miles off; he would sometimes set off after his
+day's work was done, spend part of the night with her, and get back
+before next sunrise: sometimes he would spend Sunday with her. We all
+supplied her with such provisions as we could save. It was necessary
+to be very careful in visiting her; we tied pieces of wood or bundles
+of rags to our feet, that no track might be made.
+
+In the wood she had three children born; one of them died. She had not
+recovered from the birth of the youngest when she was discovered and
+taken to the house of her old master.
+
+She was afterwards sold to Culpepper, who used her very cruelly. He
+was beating her dreadfully, and the blood was streaming from her head
+and back one day when I happened to go to his house. I was greatly
+grieved, and asked his leave to find a person to buy her: instead of
+answering me, he struck at me with an axe, and I was obliged to get
+away as fast as I could. Soon after this he failed, and she was
+offered for sale in Norfolk; there Mr. Johnson bought her and her two
+children, out of friendship for me: he treated her exceedingly well,
+and she served him faithfully; but it was not long before she was
+claimed by a person to whom Culpepper had mortgaged her before he sold
+her to Johnson. This person sold her to Long, of Elizabeth City, where
+again she was very badly treated. After a time, this person sold her
+to go to Georgia: she was very ill at the time, and was taken away in
+a cart. I hear from her sometimes, and am very anxious to purchase her
+freedom, if ever I should be able. Two of her children are now in
+North Carolina, and are longing to obtain their freedom. I know
+nothing of the others, nor am I likely ever to hear of them again.
+
+The treatment of slaves is mildest near the borders, where the free
+and slave states join: it becomes more severe, the farther we go from
+the free states. It is more severe in the west and south than where I
+lived. The sale of slaves most frequently takes place from the milder
+to the severer parts: there is great traffic in slaves in that
+direction, which is carried on by the speculators. On the frontier
+between the slave and free States there is a guard; no colored person
+can go over a ferry without a pass. By these regulations, and the
+great numbers of patrols, escape is made next to impossible.
+
+Formerly slaves were allowed to have religious meetings of their own;
+but after the insurrection which I spoke of before, they were
+forbidden to meet even for worship. Often they are flogged if they are
+found singing or praying at home. They may go to the places of worship
+used by the whites; but they like their own meetings better. My wife's
+brother Isaac was a colored preacher. A number of slaves went
+privately into a wood to hold meetings; when they were found out, they
+were flogged, and each was forced to tell who else was there. Three
+were shot, two of whom were killed and the other was badly wounded.
+For preaching to them, Isaac was flogged, and his back pickled; when
+it was nearly well, he was flogged and pickled again, and so on for
+some months; then his back was suffered to get well, and he was sold.
+A little while before this, his wife was sold away with an infant at
+her breast; and out of six children, four had been sold away by one at
+a time. On the way with his buyers he dropped down dead; his heart was
+broken.
+
+Having thus narrated what has happened to myself, my relatives and
+near friends, I will add a few matters about slaves and colored people
+in general.
+
+Slaves are under fear in every word they speak. If, in their master's
+kitchen, they let slip an expression of discontent, or a wish for
+freedom, it is often reported to the master or mistress by the
+children of the family who may be playing about: severe flogging is
+often the consequence.
+
+I have already said that it is forbidden by law to teach colored
+persons to read or write. A few well-disposed white young persons, of
+the families to which the slaves belonged, have ventured to teach
+them, but they dare not let it be known they have done so.
+
+The proprietors get new land cleared in this way. They first 'dead' a
+piece of ground in the woods adjoining the plantation: by 'deading' is
+meant killing the trees, by cutting a nick all round each, quite
+through the bark. Out of this ground each colored person has a piece
+as large as he can tend after his other work is done; the women have
+pieces in like manner. The slave works at night, cutting down the
+timber and clearing the ground; after it is cleared, he has it for his
+own use for two or three years, as may be agreed on. As these new
+clearings lie between the woods and the old cultivated land, the
+squirrels and raccoons first come at the crops on them, and thus those
+on the planter's land are saved from much waste. When the negro has
+had the land for the specified time, and it has become fit for the
+plough, the master takes it, and he is removed to another new piece.
+It is no uncommon thing for the land to be taken from him before the
+time is out, if it has sooner become fit for the plough. When the crop
+is gathered, the master comes to see how much there is of it; he then
+gives the negro an order to sell that quantity; without that order, no
+storekeeper dare buy it. The slave lays out the money in something
+tidy to go to meeting in, and something to take to his wife.
+
+The evidence of a black man, or of ever so many black men, stands for
+nothing against that of one white; in consequence of it the free
+negroes are liable to great cruelties. They have had their dwellings
+entered, their bedding and furniture destroyed, and themselves, their
+wives and children, beaten; some have even been taken, with their
+wives, into the woods, and tied up, flogged, and left there. There is
+nothing which a white man may not do against a black one, if he only
+takes care that no other white man can give evidence against him.
+
+A law has lately been passed in New Orleans prohibiting any free
+colored person from going there.
+
+The coasting packets of the ports on the Atlantic commonly have
+colored cooks. When a vessel goes from New York or Boston to a port in
+the slaveholding states, the black cook is usually put in jail till
+the vessel sails again.
+
+No colored person can travel without a pass. If he cannot show it, he
+may be flogged by any body; in such a case he often is seized and
+flogged by the patrols. All through the slave states there are
+patrols; they are so numerous that they cannot be easily escaped.
+
+The only time when a man can visit his wife, when they are on
+different estates, is Saturday evening and Sunday. If they be very
+near to each other, he may sometimes see her on Wednesday evening. He
+must always return to his work by sunrise; if he fail to do so, he is
+flogged. When he has got together all the little things he can for his
+wife and children, and has walked many miles to see them, he may find
+that they have all been sold away, some in one direction, and some in
+another. He gives up all hope of seeing them again, but he dare not
+utter a word of complaint.
+
+It often happens that, when a slave wishes to visit his wife on
+another plantation, his own master is busy or from home, and therefore
+he cannot get a pass. He ventures without it. If there be any little
+spite against his wife or himself, he may be asked for it when he
+arrives, and, not having it, he may be beaten with thirty-nine
+stripes, and sent away. On his return, he may be seized by the patrol,
+and flogged again for the same reason; and he will not wonder if he is
+again seized and beaten for the third time.
+
+If a negro has given offence to the patrol, even by so innocent a
+matter as dressing tidily to go to a place of worship, he will be
+seized by one of them, and another will tear up his pass; while one is
+flogging him, the others will look another way; so when he or his
+master makes complaint of his having been beaten without cause, and he
+points out the person who did it, the others will swear they saw no
+one beat him. His oath, being that of a black man, would stand for
+nothing; but he may not even be sworn; and, in such a case, his
+tormentors are safe, for they were the only whites present.
+
+In all the slave states there are men who make a trade of whipping
+negroes; they ride about inquiring for jobs of persons who keep no
+overseer; if there is a negro to be whipped, whether man or woman,
+this man is employed when he calls, and does it immediately; his fee
+is half a dollar. Widows and other females, having negroes, get them
+whipped in this way. Many mistresses will insist on the slave who has
+been flogged begging pardon for her fault on her knees, and thanking
+her for the correction.
+
+A white man, who lived near me in Camden county, Thomas Evidge,
+followed this business. He was also sworn whipper at the court house.
+A law was passed that any white man detected in stealing should be
+whipped. Mr. Dozier frequently missed hogs, and flogged many of his
+negroes on suspicion of stealing them; when he could not, in his
+suspicions, fix on any one in particular, he flogged them all round,
+saying that he was sure of having punished the right one. Being one
+day shooting in his woods, he heard the report of another gun, and
+shortly after met David Evidge, the nephew of the whipper, with one of
+his hogs on his back, which had just been shot. David was sent to
+prison, convicted of the theft, and sentenced to be flogged. His
+uncle, who vapored about greatly in flogging slaves, and taunted them
+with unfeeling speeches while he did it, could not bear the thought of
+flogging his nephew, and hired a man to do it. The person pitched on
+chanced to be a sailor; he laid it well on the thief; pleased enough
+were the colored people to see a white back for the first time
+subjected to the lash.
+
+Another man of the same business, George Wilkins, did no greater
+credit to the trade. Mr. Carnie, on Western Branch, Virginia, often
+missed corn from his barn. Wilkins, the whipper, was very officious in
+pointing out this slave and that, as very likely to be the thief; with
+nothing against them but his insinuations, some were very severely
+punished, being flogged by this very Wilkins, and others, at his
+instigation, were sold away. One night, Mr. Carnie, unknown to his
+colored people, set a steel trap in the barn; some of the negroes,
+passing the barn before morning, saw Wilkins standing there, but were
+not aware he was caught. They called the master, that he might seize
+the thief before he could escape; he came and teased Wilkins during
+the night; in the morning, he exposed him to the view of the
+neighbors, and then set him at liberty without further punishment.
+
+The very severe punishments to which slaves are subjected, for
+trifling offences, or none at all, their continued liability to all
+kinds of ill usage, without a chance of redress, and the agonizing
+feelings they endure at being separated from the dearest connections,
+drive many of them to desperation, and they abscond. They hide
+themselves in the woods, where they remain for months, and, in some
+cases, for years. When caught, they are flogged with extreme
+severity, their backs are pickled, and the flogging repeated as before
+described: after months of this torture, the back is allowed to heal,
+and the slave is sold away. Especially is this done when the slave has
+attempted to reach a free state.
+
+In violent thunder-storms, when the whites have got between
+feather-beds to be safe from the lightning, I have often seen negroes,
+the aged as well as others, go out, and, lifting up their hands, thank
+God that judgment was coming at last. So cruelly are many of them
+used, that judgment, they think, would be a happy release from their
+horrible slavery.
+
+The proprietors, though they live in luxury, generally die in debt:
+their negroes are so hardly treated that no profit is made by their
+labor. Many of them are great gamblers. At the death of a proprietor,
+it commonly happens that his colored people are sold towards paying
+his debts. So it must and will be with the masters while slavery
+continues: when freedom is established, I believe they will begin to
+prosper greatly.
+
+Before I close this Narrative, I ought to express my grateful thanks
+to the many friends in the Northern States, who have encouraged and
+assisted me: I shall never forget to speak of their kindness, and to
+pray for their prosperity. I am delighted in saying, that not only to
+myself, but to very many other colored persons, they have lent a
+benevolent and helping hand. Last year, gentlemen whom I know bought
+no less than ten families from slavery; and this year they are
+pursuing the same good work. But for these numerous and heavy claims
+on their means and their kindness, I should have had no need to appeal
+to the generosity of the British public; they would gladly have
+helped me to redeem all my children and relations.
+
+When I first went to the Northern States,--which is about ten years
+ago,--although I was free, as to the law, I was made to feel severely
+the difference between persons of different colors. No black man was
+admitted to the same seats in churches with the whites, nor to the
+inside of public conveyances, nor into street coaches or cabs: we had
+to be content with the decks of steamboats in all weathers, night and
+day, not even our wives or children being allowed to go below, however
+it might rain, or snow, or freeze; in various other ways, we were
+treated as though we were of a race of men below the whites. But the
+abolitionists boldly stood up for us, and, through them, things are
+much changed for the better. Now, we may sit in any part of many
+places of worship, and are even asked into the pews of respectable
+white families; many public conveyances now make no distinction
+between white and black. We begin to feel that we are really on the
+same footing as our fellow-citizens. They see we can and do conduct
+ourselves with propriety, and they are now admitting us, in many
+cases, to the same standing with themselves.
+
+During the struggles which have procured for us this justice from our
+fellow-citizens, we have been in the habit of looking in public places
+for some well-known abolitionists, and, if none that we knew were
+there, we addressed any person dressed as a Quaker; these classes
+always took our part against ill usage, and we have to thank them for
+many a contest in our behalf.
+
+We were greatly delighted by the zealous efforts and powerful
+eloquence in our cause of Mr. George Thompson, who came from our
+English friends to aid our suffering brethren. He was hated and mobbed
+by bad men amongst the whites; they put his life in great danger, and
+threatened destruction to all who sheltered him. We prayed for him,
+and did all we could to defend him. The Lord preserved him, and
+thankful were we when he escaped from our country with his life. At
+that time, and ever since, we have had a host of American friends, who
+have labored for the cause night and day; they have nobly stood up for
+the rights and honor of the colored man; but they did so at first in
+the midst of scorn and danger. Now, thank God, the case is very
+different. William Lloyd Garrison, who was hunted for his life by a
+mob in the streets of New York, has lately been chairman of a large
+meeting in favor of abolition, held in Faneuil Hall, the celebrated
+public hall of Boston, called the 'Cradle of Liberty.'
+
+I am glad to say also that numbers of my colored brethren now escape
+from slavery; some by purchasing their freedom, others by quitting,
+through many dangers and hardships, the land of bondage. The latter
+suffer many privations in their attempts to reach the free states.
+They hide themselves, during the day, in the woods and swamps; at
+night, they travel, crossing rivers by swimming or by boats they may
+chance to meet with, and passing over hills and meadows which they do
+not know: in these dangerous journeys they are guided by the
+north-star, for they only know that the land of freedom is in the
+north. They subsist only on such wild fruit as they can gather, and as
+they are often very long on their way, they reach the free states
+almost like skeletons. On their arrival they have no friends but such
+as pity those who have been in bondage, the number of whom, I am happy
+to say, is increasing; but if they can meet with a man in a
+broad-brimmed hat and Quaker coat, they speak to him without
+fear--relying on him as a friend. At each place the escaped slave
+inquires for an abolitionist or a Quaker, and these friends of the
+colored man help them on their journey northwards, until they are out
+of the reach of danger.
+
+Our untiring friends, the abolitionists, once obtained a law that no
+colored person should be seized as a slave within the free states;
+this law would have been of great service to us, by ridding us of all
+anxiety about our freedom while we remained there; but I am sorry to
+say, that it has lately been repealed, and that now, as before, any
+colored person who is said to be a slave, may be seized in the free
+states and carried away, no matter how long he may have resided there,
+as also may his children and their children, although they all may
+have been born there. I hope this law will soon be altered again. At
+present many escaped slaves are forwarded by their friends to Canada,
+where, under British rule, they are quite safe. There is a body of ten
+thousand of them in Upper Canada; they are known for their good order,
+and loyalty to the British government; during the late troubles, they
+could always be relied on for the defence of the British possessions
+against the lawless Americans who attempted to invade them.
+
+As to the settlement of Liberia, on the coast of Africa, the free
+colored people of America do not willingly go to it. America is their
+home: if their forefathers lived in Africa, they themselves know
+nothing of that country. None but free colored people are taken
+there: if they would take slaves, they might have plenty of colonists.
+Slaves will go any where for freedom.
+
+We look very much to England for help to the cause of the slaves.
+Whenever we hear of the people of England doing good to black men, we
+are delighted, and run to tell each other the news. Our kind friends,
+the abolitionists, are very much encouraged when they hear of meetings
+and speeches in England in our cause. The first of August, the day
+when the slaves in the West Indies were made free, is always kept as a
+day of rejoicing by the American colored free people.
+
+I do hope and believe that the cause of freedom to the blacks is
+becoming stronger and stronger every day. I pray for the time to come
+when freedom shall be established all over the world. Then will men
+love as brethren; they will delight to do good to one another; and
+they will thankfully worship the Father of All.
+
+And now I have only to repeat my hearty thanks to all who have done
+any thing towards obtaining liberty for my colored brethren, and
+especially to express my gratitude to those who have helped me to
+procure for myself, my wife, and so far of my children, the blessing
+of freedom--a blessing of which none can know the value, but he who
+has been a slave. Whatever profit may be obtained by the sale of this
+book, and all donations with which I may be favored, will be
+faithfully employed in redeeming my remaining children and relatives
+from the dreadful condition of slavery.
+
+
+
+
+NOTE.
+
+
+I have paid the following sums to redeem myself and relatives from
+slavery, viz:
+
+  For my own freedom,  ... $1,850
+  For my wife's "      ...    300
+  For my son's  "      ...    450
+  Grandchild's  "      ...    400
+  To redeem my kidnapped son,  60
+                           ------$3,060
+
+I now wish to raise $100 to buy the freedom of my sister Mary, who is
+a slave at Elizabeth City, N.C. Her master says he will take that sum
+for her.
+                                    M.G.
+
+_Boston, Jan. 19, 1844._
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: It will be observed that the narrator married a second
+wife, without having heard of the decease of the first. To explain
+this fact, it is necessary to state, that the frequent occurrence of
+cases where husbands and wives, members of Christian societies, were
+finally separated by sale, led the ministers, some years ago, to
+deliberate on the subject: they decided that such separation might be
+considered as the death of the parties to each other, and they
+therefore agreed to consider subsequent marriages not immoral. The
+practice is general. It is scarcely necessary to remark, that a more
+unequivocal and impressive proof of the heinous nature of the system
+could hardly exist. It breaks up the fondest connections, it tears up
+the holiest attachments, and induces the ministers of religion, as
+much as in them lies, to carve the divine law to a fitting with its
+own infernal exigencies.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Narrative of the Life of Moses Grandy,
+Late a Slave in the United States of America, by Moses Grandy
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NARRATIVE OF THE LIFE OF MOSES GRANDY ***
+
+***** This file should be named 15036.txt or 15036.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/0/3/15036/
+
+Produced by Suzanne Shell, Richard J. Shiffer and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.