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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14604 ***
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+             SCANDINAVIAN INFLUENCE
+                      ON
+            SOUTHERN LOWLAND SCOTCH
+
+
+                A Contribution
+    to the Study of the Linguistic Relations
+          of English and Scandinavian
+
+
+                      by
+
+         GEORGE TOBIAS FLOM, B.L., A.M.
+ Sometime Fellow in German, Columbia University
+
+
+
+
+               AMS PRESS, INC.
+                   NEW YORK
+                     1966
+
+
+
+
+Copyright 1900, Columbia University Press,
+New York
+
+Reprinted with the permission of the
+Original Publisher, 1966
+
+AMS PRESS, INC.
+New York, N.Y. 10003
+1966
+
+Manufactured in the United States of America
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ERRATA.
+
+
+P. vi, l. 10, for _norrnøe_, read _norrøne_.
+
+P. viii, l. 5, for _Wyntown_, read _Wyntoun_ and so elsewhere.
+
+P. x, l. 11 from bottom, for _Koolmann_, read _Koolman_ and so
+elsewhere.
+
+P. xi, l. 1, for _Paul_, read _Kluge_; l. 2, for _Hermann Paul_,
+read _Friedrich Kluge_.
+
+P. 5, l. 6 from bottom, for _in York_, read _and York_.
+
+P. 13, last line, for or ǣ ę̄, read ǣ or ę̄.
+
+P. 18, l. 3 from bottom, for _Skaif_, read _Skæif_.
+
+P. 19, l. 13, for _is to_, read _is to be_.
+
+P. 21, l. 10, for _Fiad_, read _Faid_.
+
+P. 26, l. 2, _aparasta_ should be _aprasta_.
+
+P. 31, under Bront (See Skeat _brunt_) should be See Skeat _brunt_.
+
+P. 32, under _Byrd_, for bōræ, read böræ.
+
+P. 47, under Hansel, for Bruce, V, 120, Hansell used ironically
+means "defeat," read: Bruce, V, 120, hansell, etc.
+
+P. 50, under _Laike_, for _i-diphthong_, read _æi-diphthong_.
+
+P. 66, under _Swarf_, in the last line for O. Fr. read O.F.
+
+P. 74, l. 19, for _e to a_, read _e to æ_.
+
+
+[Transcriber's Note: The above changes, listed in the printed book,
+have been made in the e-text without further notation.
+The following apparent errors, not mentioned in the Errata, have not
+been changed but are noted here:
+
+P.  5, last line, the form _bỳr_
+  ?should be the form _býr_
+
+P. 28 _Bein, bene, bein_: duplication in original
+
+P. 28 under _Bing_, Douglass
+  ?should be Douglas
+
+P. 29 under _Blout, blowt_, Douglas, III, 76; II,
+  ?should be Douglas, III, 76, 11
+
+P. 49 under _Irking_, Winyet, II, 76; I
+  ?should be II, 76, 1
+
+P. 55 under _Quey, quoy_: O. N. Norse
+
+P. 69 under _Skyle_, Fer.
+  ?should be Far.
+
+P. 79 under _ǣ_, ǣ > e, e
+  ?should be ǣ > a, e
+]
+
+
+
+
+To
+
+Prof. WILLIAM H. CARPENTER, Ph.D.
+Prof. CALVIN THOMAS, A.M.
+Prof. THOMAS R. PRICE, LL.D.
+of Columbia University in the City of New York
+
+IN GRATITUDE
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+This work aims primarily at giving a list of Scandinavian loanwords
+found in Scottish literature. The publications of the Scottish Text
+Society and Scotch works published by the Early English Text Society
+have been examined. To these have been added a number of other works
+to which I had access, principally Middle Scotch. Some words have
+been taken from works more recent--"Mansie Wauch" by James Moir,
+"Johnnie Gibb" by William Alexander, Isaiah and The Psalms by
+P. Hately Waddell--partly to illustrate New Scotch forms, but also
+because they help to show the dialectal provenience of loanwords.
+Norse elements in the Northern dialects of Lowland Scotch, those of
+Caithness and Insular Scotland, are not represented in this work.
+My list of loanwords is probably far from complete. A few early
+Scottish texts I have not been able to examine. These as well as the
+large number of vernacular writings of the last 150 years will have
+to be examined before anything like completeness can be arrived at.
+
+I have adopted certain tests of form, meaning, and distribution.
+With regard to the test of the form of a word great care must be
+exercised. Old Norse and Old Northumbrian have a great many
+characteristics in common, and some of these are the very ones in
+which Old Northumbrian differs from West Saxon. It has,
+consequently, in not a few cases, been difficult to decide whether
+a word is a loanword or not. Tests that apply in the South prove
+nothing for the North. Brate rightly regarded _leȝȝkenn_ in
+the Ormulum as a Scandinavian loanword, but in Middle Scotch
+_laiken_ or _laken_ would be the form of the word whether Norse or
+genuine English. Certain well-known tests of form, however, first
+formulated by Brate, such as _ou_ for O.E. _ea_, or the assimilation
+of certain consonants apply as well to Scotch as to Early Middle
+English. The distribution of a word in English dialects frequently
+helps to ascertain its real history, and may become a final test
+where those of form and meaning leave us in doubt. In the study of
+Norse or Scandinavian influence on Lowland Scotch the question of
+Gaelic influence cannot be overlooked. The extent of Norse
+influence on Celtic in Caithness, Sutherland and the Western
+Highlands, has never been ascertained, nor the influence of Celtic
+on Lowland Scotch. A large number of Scandinavian loanwords are
+common to Gaelic, Irish, and Lowland Scotch. It is possible that
+some of these have come into Scotch through Gaelic and not directly
+from Norse. Perhaps _faid_, "a company of hunters," is such a word.
+
+There are no works bearing directly on the subject of Scandinavian
+elements in Lowland Scotch proper. J. Jakobsen's work, "Det norrøne
+Sprog på Shetland," has sometimes given me valuable hints. From
+Brate's well-known work on the Ormulum I have derived a great deal
+of help. Steenstrup's "Danelag" has been of assistance to me, as
+also Kluge's "Geschichte der englischen Sprache" in Paul's
+Grundriss, the latter especially with regard to characteristics of
+Northern English. Wall's work on "Scandinavian Elements in English
+Dialects" has been especially helpful because of the excellent list
+of loanwords given. In many cases, however, my own investigations
+have led me to different conclusions, principally with regard to
+certain tests and the dialectal provenience of loanwords. Finally,
+the excellent editions of Scottish texts published by the S.T.S. and
+the E.E.T.S. have made the work less difficult than it otherwise
+would have been. I may mention particularly "The Bruce," Dunbar,
+and Montgomery, where Scandinavian elements are very prominent.
+
+
+ABBREVIATIONS REFERRING TO TEXTS INCLUDED IN THIS INVESTIGATION.
+
+[*Footnote: The publications of the Scottish Text Society and those
+of the Early English Text Society are given first. The others
+follow, as nearly as may be, in chronological order.]
+
+K.Q. = The "Kingis Quair" of James I., ed. W.W. Skeat. S.T.S. 1.
+
+Dunbar = Bishop Dunbar's Works, ed. by John Small, R.J.G. Mackay
+and W. Gregor. S.T.S. 2, 4, 16, 21, 29.
+
+Rolland = "The Court of Venus" by John Rolland, ed. W. Gregor. S.T.S. 3.
+
+Dalr. = Leslie's History of Scotland, translated by Dalrymple,
+ed. E.G. Cody. S.T.S. 5, 14, 19, 34.
+
+Wallace = Henry the Minstrel's "Wallace," ed. James Moir. S.T.S.
+6, 7, 17.
+
+Montg. = Alexander Montgomery's Poems, ed. James Cranstoun. S.T.S.
+9, 10, 11.
+
+Gau = "Richt way to the hevinlie Kingdom," by John Gau, ed. A.F.
+Mitchell. S.T.S. 12.
+
+Winyet = "Certain Tractates," by Ninian Winyet, ed. J.K. Hewison.
+S.T.S. 15, 52.
+
+Sat. P. = Satirical Poems of the Time of the Reformation,
+ed. J. Cranstoun. S.T.S. 20, 24, 28, 30.
+
+Buchanan = Vernacular Writings of George Buchanan, ed. P. H. Brown.
+S.T.S. 26.
+
+Bruce = Barbour's "Bruce," ed. W. W. Skeat. E.E.T.S. Extra Series
+II, 21, 29.
+
+Lyndsay = Sir David Lyndsay's Works, containing "The Monarchie,"
+"Squire Meldrum," "The Dream," and "Ane Satire of the Three
+Estates," ed. F. Hall. E.E.T.S. 11, 19, 35, 37.
+
+C.S.= "The Complaynt of Scotland," ed. J.A.H. Murray. E.E.T.S. 17.
+
+L.L.= "Lancelot of the Laik," ed. W. W. Skeat. E.E.T.S. 6.
+
+R.R. = "Ratis Raving" and other Moral and Religious Pieces in Prose
+and Verse, ed. J. Rawson Lumby. E.E.T.S. 43.
+
+Douglas = The Poetical Works of Gawain Douglas in 4 vols., ed. John
+Small. Edinburgh. 1874.
+
+Wyntoun = "The Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland," by Andrew of
+Wyntoun, ed. David McPherson. 2 vols. London. 1795.
+
+R. and L. = "Roswell and Lillian," ed. O. Lengert. Englische
+Studien 16.
+
+Gol. and Gaw. = "Golagros and Gawain," ed. Moritz Trautmann.
+Anglia II.
+
+Scott = The Poems of Alexander Scott, ed. Andrew Laing. Edinburgh.
+1821.
+
+Philotus = "Philotus, A Comedy imprinted at Edinburgh by Robert
+Charters, 1603." Published by the Bannatyne Club. Edinburgh. 1835.
+
+Anc. Pro. = Collection of Ancient Scottish Prophecies in
+Alliterative Verse, 1603. Published by the Bannatyne Club. 1833.
+
+Poet. Rem. = The Poetical Remains of Some of the Scottish Kings,
+containing "Peblis to the Play," "Christ's Kirk on the Green,"
+"The Gaberlunzie Man," and "Ane Ballad of Good Council," ed. George
+Chalmers. London. 1824.
+
+Sco. Poems = Scottish Poems in 3 vols. containing "The Tales of the
+Priests of Peblis," "Ballads" (1508), Holland's "Howlate," "The
+Bloody Sark" of Robert Henrison, and "Sir Gawain and Sir Galaron"
+of Galloway. London. 1792.
+
+A.P.B.S. = Ancient Popular Ballads and Songs, ed. Robert Jamieson.
+Edinburgh. 1806.
+
+Fergusson = The Works of Robert Fergusson, ed. David Irving.
+Greenock. 1810.
+
+Irving = History of Scottish Poetry, containing a number of
+extracts, ed. David Irving. Edinburgh. 1874.
+
+Scotticisms = Scotticisms Corrected. London. 1855.
+
+Ramsay = The Poems of Allan Ramsay, in 2 vols. Printed by A. Strahan
+for T. Cadwell and W. Davies. London. 1800.
+
+Burns = The Works of Robert Burns, ed. Dr. Adolphus Wagner. Leipzig.
+1835.
+
+Isaiah = Isaiah, frae Hebrew intil Scottis, by P. Hately Waddell.
+Edinburgh and Glasgow. 1879.
+
+Psalms = The Psalms, frae Hebrew intil Scottis, by P. Hately
+Waddell. Edinburgh and Glasgow. 1891.
+
+M.W. = "Mansie Wauch," by D.M. Moir. Edinburgh. 1898. Centenary
+Edition.
+
+J.G. = "Johnnie Gibb of Gushetneuk," by William Alexander (1871).
+Edinburgh. 1897.
+
+
+ABBREVIATIONS REFERRING TO GRAMMARS, GLOSSARIES, DICTIONARIES,
+AND THE LIKE.
+
+Aasen = Norsk Ordbog, af Ivar Aasen. Christiania. 1873. Generally
+referred to as Norse.
+
+B-T. = The Bosworth-Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. Referred to
+generally as Old English.
+
+B-S. = Bradley's Stratmann's Middle English Dictionary. References
+to Middle English forms are to B-S., unless otherwise specified.
+
+Brate = "Nordische Lehnwörter im Ormulum." Paul und Braunes
+Beiträge, X. 1885.
+
+Brem. W. = Bremisch-Niedersächsisches Wörterbuch. Bremen. 1767.
+
+Bouterwek = Die vier Evangelien in alt-nordhumbrischer Sprache.
+Karl Bouterwek. Gütersloh. 1857.
+
+Cl. and V. = Cleasby and Vigfusson's Icelandic-English Dictionary.
+Oxford. 1874. Old Norse words have been taken largely from Cl. and
+V.
+
+Cook = A Glossary of the Old Northumbrian Gospels. A.S. Cook.
+Halle. 1894.
+
+Craigie = Oldnordiske Ord i de gæliske Sprog. W.A. Craigie, in Arkiv
+for nordisk Filologie X. pp. 149ff.
+
+Curtis = An Investigation of the Rimes and Phonology of the Middle
+Scotch Romance "Clariodus," by F.J. Curtis, in Anglia XVI and XVII.
+
+Dickinson = A Glossary of the Words and Phrases of Cumberland.
+William Dickinson. Whitehaven and London. 1859.
+
+D.S.C.S. = The Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland, by
+J.A.H. Murray. London. 1873.
+
+Egge = Norse words in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Albert Egge.
+Pullman, Washington. 1898.
+
+E.D.D. = The English Dialect Dictionary, A to C, ed. Joseph Wright.
+Oxford. 1898.
+
+Ellis = On Early English Pronunciation. Vol. 5, by Alexander J.
+Ellis. Early English Text Society, Extra Series 56.
+
+Fritzner = Ordbog over det gamle norske Sprog. Johan Fritzner.
+Christiania. 1886-1896.
+
+Gibson = The Folkspeech of Cumberland, by A.C. Gibson. London. 1873.
+
+Haldorson = Lexicon Islandico-Latino-Danicum, Biornonis Haldorsonii.
+Havniae. 1814.
+
+Jakobsen = Det norrøne Sprog på Shetland, by J. Jakobsen. Köbenhavn.
+1897. Shetland dialect forms are generally taken from this work.
+
+Jamieson = Jamieson's Dictionary of the Scottish Language.
+
+Jellinghaus = Angelsächsisch-Neuenglische Wörter, die nicht
+niederdeutsch sind, by H. Jellinghaus, in Anglia XX. Pp. 46-466.
+
+Kalkar = Ordbog til det ældre danske Sprog. Otto Kalkar. Köbenhavn.
+1881-1892.
+
+Lindelöf = Glossar zur altnordhumbrischen Evanglienübersetzung in
+der Rushworth-Handschrift (in Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae
+Tome XXII., No. 5), von Uno Lindelöf. Helsingfors. 1897.
+
+Kluge P.G.(2)I. = Kluge's "Geschichte der englischen Sprache," in
+Paul's Grundriss, 2 Auflage, I Band.
+
+Kluge and Lutz = English Etymology, by F. Kluge and F. Lutz.
+Strassburg. 1898.
+
+Koolman = Wörterbuch der ostfriesischen Sprache. J ten Doornkaat
+Koolman. Norden. 1879-1884. Sometimes cited as Low German.
+
+Luik = Untersuchungen zur englischen Lautgeschichte. Strassburg. 1896.
+
+Molbech = Dansk Ordbog. C. Molbech. Kjöbenhavn. 1859. Referred to
+generally as Danish.
+
+N.E.D. = The New English Dictionary, A to Frankish, ed. J.A.H.
+Murray.
+
+Noreen P.G.(2)I. = Noreen's "Geschichte der nordischen Sprachen,"
+in Paul's Grundriss, 2 Auflage, 1 Band.
+
+Kluge = Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. Friedrich
+Kluge. Strassburg. 1894.
+
+Richthofen (or O.F.) = Altfriesisches Wörterbuch, von Karl Freiherrn
+von Richthofen. Göttingen. 1840.
+
+Rietz (or Sw. dial.) = Svenskt Dialekt-Lexikon. J.E. Rietz.
+Malmö. 1867.
+
+Ross = Norsk Ordbog. Tillæg til Ivar Aasen's Ordbog. Hans Ross.
+Christiania. 1895.
+
+Schiller und Lübben = Mittelniederdeutsches Wörterbuch. Bremen.
+1875-1880. Cited as M.L.G.
+
+Schlyter = Glossarium til Skånelagen (Sveriges Gamle Lagar IX.).
+C.J. Schlyter. Lund. 1859.
+
+O.S. = Old Saxon. Schmellers Glossarium Saxonicum e Poemate Heliand.
+Tübingae. 1840.
+
+Sievers = Altenglische Grammatik. Eduard Sievers. 3 Auflage. 1898.
+
+Skeat = Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. Oxford.
+1882; and Concise Etymological Dictionary. Oxford. 1897.
+
+Skeat's list = A List of English Words, the Etymology of which is
+illustrated by Comparison with Icelandic. W.W. Skeat. Oxford. 1876.
+
+Steenstrup = Danelag (Vol. IV. of "Normannerne"). J.C.H.R.
+Steenstrup. Kjöbenhavn. 1882.
+
+Sweet = Student's Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. Henry Sweet. Oxford. 1897.
+
+Söderwall = Ordbok öfver svenska Medeltids Språket, A to L. K.F.
+Söderwall. Lund. 1884-1890.
+
+Thorkelson = Supplement til islandske Ordböger. Jon Thorkelson.
+Reykjavik. 1876-1897.
+
+Wall = "Scandinavian Elements in the English Dialects," by Arnold
+Wall. Anglia XX.
+
+Worsaae = Minder om de Danske og Normændene i England, Skotland,
+og Irland, af J.J.A. Worsaae. Kjöbenhavn. 1851.
+
+
+ABBREVIATIONS REFERRING TO LANGUAGES, GRAMMATICAL TERMS, ETC.
+
+adj. = adjective.
+adv. = adverb.
+cp. = compare.
+conj. = conjunction.
+Cu. = Cumbrian, Cumberland.
+Dan. = New or Modern Danish.
+dem. pr. = demonstrative pronoun.
+deriv. = derivative.
+dial. = dialect, dialectal.
+diall. = dialects.
+E. Norse = East Norse.
+Eng. = English, standard speech.
+Far. = Faroese.
+Fr. = French.
+Gael. = Gaelic.
+Germ. = German.
+Gmc. = Germanic.
+Goth. = Gothic.
+id. = the same.
+inf. = infinitive.
+Ir. = Irish.
+L.G. = Low German.
+M. Dan. = Middle Danish.
+M. Du. = Middle Dutch.
+M.E. = Middle English.
+M.H.G. = Middle High German.
+M.L.G. = Middle Low German.
+M. Sco. = Middle Scotch.
+M. Sw. = Middle Swedish.
+Norse = New or Modern Norse.
+N. Sco. = Modern Scotch dialects.
+O. Dan. = Old Danish.
+O.E. = Old English.
+O.F. = Old Frisian.
+O. Fr. = Old French.
+O. Ic. = Old Icelandic.
+O.N. = Old Norse.
+O. Nh. = Old Northern.
+O. Nhb. = Old Northumbrian.
+O.S. = Old Saxon.
+O. Sw. = Old Swedish.
+p. = page; pp. = pages.
+p. p. = past participle.
+pr. p. = present participle.
+pret. = preterite.
+pron. = pronounced.
+prep. = preposition.
+pl. = plural.
+q.v. = quod vide.
+Scand. = Scandinavian.
+Sco. = Scotch.
+S.S. = Southern Scotland.
+sb. = substantive.
+Sw. = Swedish.
+vb. = verb.
+W.Norse = West Norse.
+W. Scand. = West Scandinavian.
+W.S. = West Saxon.
+> = developed into.
+< = derived from.
+E.D.S. = English Dialect Society.
+E.E.T.S. = Early English Text Society.
+S.T.S. = Scottish Text Society.
+
+
+
+
+There has been considerable confusion in the use of the terms Norse
+and Danish. Either has been used to include the other, or, again,
+in a still wider sense, as synonymous with Scandinavian; as, for
+instance, when we speak of the Danish kingdoms in Dublin, or Norse
+elements in Anglo-Saxon. Danish is the language of Denmark, Norse
+the language of Norway. When I use the term Old Danish I mean that
+dialect of Old Scandinavian, or Old Northern, that developed on
+Danish soil. By Old Norse I mean the old language of Norway. The
+one is East Scandinavian, the other West Scandinavian. The term
+Scandinavian, being rather political than linguistic, is not a good
+one, but it has the advantage of being clear, and I have used it
+where the better one, Northern, might lead to confusion with
+Northern Scotch.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+  PART I. INTRODUCTION.
+
+General Remarks  §1
+Place-Names and Settlements in Northwestern England  §2
+Scandinavian Settlements in Southern Scotland  §3
+Settlements in England, Norse or Danish? The Place-Name Test  §4
+_By_ in Place-Names. Conclusions as to this Test  §5
+Characteristics of Old Northern, or Old Scandinavian.
+    Early Dialectal Differentiations  §6
+Old Norse and Old Danish  §7
+Remarks  §8
+Characteristics of Old Northumbrian  §9
+Remarks. Metathesis of _r_  §10
+The Question of Palatalization in Old Northumbrian  §11
+_Sk_ as a Scandinavian Sign. Certain Words in _sk_.
+    Palatalization in Norse  §12
+Conclusion as to the Test of Non-palatalization  §13.
+Old and Middle Scotch  §14
+Some Characteristics of Scotch. O.E. _ă ā_  §15
+Curtis's Table  §16
+O.E. _ō_. A List of Illustrative Words
+    from the Aberdeen Dialect  §17
+Inorganic _y_ in Scotch  §18
+_D_ for the Spirant _th_  §19
+O.E. _ā_ and O.N. _æi_. How far we can Determine
+    such Words to be of Native or of Norse Origin  §20
+A List of Some Words that are Norse. Further Remarks  §21
+Celtic, Lowland Scotch, and Norse  §22
+Some Words that are not Scandinavian Loanwords  §23
+Loanword Tests  §24
+Remarks on the Texts  §25
+
+
+  PART II.
+
+A List of Scandinavian Loanwords taken chiefly from "The Bruce,"
+  "The Wallace," Wyntoun's Chronicle, Dunbar, Douglas, Lyndsay,
+  Alexander Scott, Montgomery, Ramsay and Burns.
+
+
+  PART III.
+
+1. The Dialectal Provenience of Loanwords.
+
+2. (a) The Old Northern Vowels in the Loanwords. Short Vowels, Long
+    Vowels, Diphthongs.
+
+   (b) The Old Northern Consonants.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PART I.
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+  1. GENERAL REMARKS.
+
+Worsaae's list of 1400 place-names in England gives us an idea of
+the extent, as well as the distribution of Scandinavian settlements
+in the 9th and 10th centuries. How long Scandinavian was spoken in
+England we do not know, but it is probable that it began to merge
+into English at an early date. The result was a language largely
+mixed with Norse and Danish elements. These are especially prominent
+in the M.E. works "Ormulum," "Cursor Mundi," and "Havelok." We have
+historical records of the Danes in Central and Eastern England. We
+have no such records of Scandinavian settlements in Northwestern
+England, but that they took place on an extensive scale 300 place-
+names in Cumberland and Westmoreland prove. In Southern Scotland,
+there are only about 100 Scandinavian place-names, which would
+indicate that such settlements here were on a far smaller scale than
+in Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, or Cumberland--which inference, however,
+the large number of Scandinavian elements in Early Scotch seems to
+disprove. I have attempted to ascertain how extensive these elements
+are in the literature of Scotland. It is possible that the
+settlements were more numerous than place-names indicate, that they
+took place at a later date, for instance, than those in Central
+England. Brate showed that the general character of Scandinavian
+loanwords in the Ormulum is East Scandinavian. Wall concludes that
+it is not possible to determine the exact source of the loanwords in
+modern English dialects because "the dialect spoken by the Norsemen
+and the Danes at the time of settlement had not become sufficiently
+differentiated to leave any distinctive trace in the loanwords
+borrowed from them, or (that) neither race preponderated in any
+district so far as to leave any distinctive mark upon the dialect of
+the English peasantry." It is true that the general character of
+the language of the two races was at the time very much the same,
+but some very definite dialectal differentiations had already taken
+place, and I believe the dialectal provenience of a very large
+number of the loanwords can be determined. Furthermore, the
+distribution of certain place-names indicates that certain parts
+were settled more especially by Danes, others by Norsemen. The
+larger number of loanwords in Wall's "List A" seem to me to be
+Danish. My own list of loanwords bears a distinctively Norse stamp,
+as I shall show in Part III. of this work. This we should also
+expect, judging from the general character of Scandinavian place-
+names in Southern Scotland.
+
+
+  2. PLACE-NAMES AND SETTLEMENTS IN NORTHWESTERN ENGLAND.
+
+Cumberland and Westmoreland, together covering an area equal to
+about two-thirds that of Yorkshire, have 300 Scandinavian place-
+names. Yorkshire has 407 according to Worsaae's table. The character
+of these names in Cumberland and Westmoreland is different from that
+of those in the rest of England. It seems that these counties were
+settled predominantly by Norsemen and also perhaps at a later date
+than that which we accept for the settlements in York and
+Lincolnshire. We know that as early as 795 Norse vikings began their
+visits to Ireland; that they settled and occupied the Western Isles
+about that time; that in 825 the Faroes were first colonized by
+Norsemen, partly from the Isles. After 870 Iceland was settled by
+Norsemen from Norway, but in part also from the Western Isles and
+Ireland. The 'Austmen' in Ireland, especially Dublin, seem
+frequently to have visited the opposite shore. It seems probable
+that Northwestern England was settled chiefly by Norsemen from
+Ireland, Man, and the Isles on the west. It is not likely that any
+settlements took place before 900. It seems more probable that they
+belong rather to the second quarter of the 10th Century or even
+later, when the Irish began successfully to assert themselves
+against the Norse kings in Dublin and Waterford. Perhaps some may
+have taken place even as late as the end of the 10th Century.
+
+
+  3. SCANDINAVIAN SETTLEMENTS IN SOUTHERN SCOTLAND.
+
+In Southern Scotland, Dumfriesshire, Eastern Kircudbright and
+Western Roxburgh seem to have formed the center of Scandinavian
+settlements; so, at any rate, the larger number of place-names would
+indicate. The dialect spoken here is in many respects very similar
+to that of Northwestern England, D. 31 in Ellis, and the general
+character of the place-names is the same. These are, however, far
+fewer than in Northwestern England. Worsaae gives a list of about
+30. This list is not exhaustive. From additional sources, rather
+incomplete, I have been able to add about 80 more Scandinavian
+place-names that occur in Southern Scotland, most of them of the
+same general character as those in Northwestern England. Among them:
+Applegarth, Cogarth, Auldgirth, Hartsgarth, Dalsgairth, Tundergarth,
+Stonegarthside, Helbeck, Thornythwaite, Twathwaite, Robiethwaite,
+Murraythwaite, Lockerby, Alby, Denbie, Middlebie, Dunnabie, Wysebie,
+Perceby, Newby, Milby, Warmanbie, Sorbie, Canoby, Begbie, Sterby,
+Crosby, Bushby, Magby, Pockby, Humbie, Begbie, Dinlaybyre, Maybole,
+Carnbo, Gateside, Glenholm, Broomholm, Twynholm, Yetholm, Smailholm,
+Langholm, Cogar, Prestwick, Fenwick, Howgate, Bowland, Arbigland,
+Berwick, Southwick, Corstorphine, Rowantree, Eggerness, Southerness,
+Boness, etc. There are in all about 110 such place-names, with a
+number of others that may be either English or Scandinavian. The
+number of Scandinavian elements in Southern Scotch is, however, very
+great and indicates larger settlements than can be inferred from
+place-names alone. In the case of early settlements these will
+generally represent fairly well the extent of settlement. But where
+they have taken place comparatively late, or where they have been of
+a more peaceful nature, the number of new names of places that
+result from them may not at all indicate their extent. The
+Scandinavians that settled in Southern Scotland probably at no time
+exceeded in number the native population. The place-names would then
+for the most part remain unchanged. The loanwords found in Southern
+Scotch and the names of places resemble those of Northwestern
+England. The same Northern race that located in Cumberland and
+Westmoreland also located in Scotland. It is probable, as Worsaae
+believed, that it is a second migration, chiefly from Cumberland.
+Dumfriesshire, at any rate, may have been settled in this way. The
+settlers of Kircudbright and Wigtown were probably largely from the
+Isles on the west. Other independent settlements were made in
+Lothian and the region about the Forth. That these are all later
+than those of Cumberland and Westmoreland is probable. According to
+what has been said above, the settlements in Dumfries, which seem to
+have been the earliest, could not have taken place before about the
+second quarter of the 10th Century, and probably were made later.
+The other settlements in Southern Scotland may extend even into the
+11th Century. The name Dingwall (O.N. _Ðingvöllr_) in Dumfries, the
+place where the laws were announced annually, indicates a rather
+extensive settlement in Dumfries, and the dialect of Dumfries is
+also characterized by a larger number of Scandinavian elements than
+the rest of the Southern counties.
+
+
+  4. SETTLEMENTS IN ENGLAND, NORSE OR DANISH? THE PLACE-NAME TEST.
+
+That the Danes were more numerous than the Norsemen in Central and
+Eastern England from Northumberland down to the Thames there can be
+no doubt. The distinctive Norse names _fell_, _tarn_ and _force_ do
+not occur at all, while _thorpe_ and _toft_, which are as
+distinctively Danish, are confined almost exclusively to this
+section. In Northumberland, Durham, Cumberland, Westmoreland and
+Lancashire _thorpe_ is comparatively rare, while _toft_ is not found
+at all. On the other hand, _fell_, _dale_, _force_, _haugh_, and
+_tarn_ (O.N. _fjall_, _dalr_, _foss_ and _fors_, _haugr_, _tjörn_)
+occur in large numbers in Northwestern England. _Beck_ may be either
+Danish or Norse, occurs, however, chiefly in the North. _Thwaite_
+Worsaae regarded as Danish "because it occurs generally along with
+the Danish _by_." We find, however, that this is not exactly the
+case. In Lincolnshire there are 212 _by's_, in Leicestershire 66, in
+Northampton 26; _thwaite_ does not occur at all. In Yorkshire there
+are 167 names in _by_ and only 8 in _thwaite_, and 6 of these are in
+West Riding. It is only in Cumberland and Westmoreland that the
+proportions are nearly the same, but on _by_ see below §5. _Tveit_
+is far more common in Norway than _tved_ in Denmark. The form of the
+word in place-names in England is, furthermore, more Norse than
+Danish. In the earliest Scandinavian settlements in England, those
+of Lincolnshire, for instance, _thwaite_ might be Danish if it
+occurred, for monophthongation of _æi_ to _e_ did not take place in
+Danish before about the end of the 9th Century; by about 900 this
+was complete (see §6). The Scandinavian settlements in Northwestern
+England, however, did not take place so early, consequently if these
+names were Danish and not Norse we should expect to find _thwet_, or
+_thweet_ (_tweet_), in place of _thwaite_. It is then to be regarded
+as Norse and not Danish. _Thwaite_ occurs almost exclusively in
+Northwestern England--43 times in Cumberland as against 3 in the
+rest of England south of Yorkshire. _Garth_ (O.N. _garðr_, O. Dan.
+_gardh_, later _gaard_), occurs very often in Cumberland. _With_,
+_ness_, _holm_, _land_, and _how_, do not occur very often. _How_
+reminds one of the Jutish _höw_ in Modern Danish dialect. The rest
+of these may be either Danish or Norse. In Yorkshire we find a mixed
+condition of affairs. East Riding, as we should expect, has
+predominantly Danish names. _Thorpe_, which occurs 63 times in
+Lincolnshire, is found 48 times in East Riding. _Fell_, _tarn_ and
+_haugh_ do not occur. _Force_ is found twice, and _thwaite_ once.
+_Dale_, however, occurs 12 times. West Riding was probably settled
+by Danes from the East and by Norsemen from the West. _Thorpe_
+occurs 29 times, _with_ 8, _toft_ 2, _beck_ 4, _fell_ 15, _thwaite_
+6, _dale_ 12, and _tarn_ 2. In North Riding _thorpe_ occurs 18
+times. _Force_, _fell_, and _tarn_ together 12. The large number of
+names in _dale_ in North Riding is rather striking (40 in all), as
+compared with 52 for Westmoreland and Cumberland. While _dale_ is
+predominantly Norse, it may perfectly well be Danish, and it is not
+rare in Denmark. Furthermore, the greater number of _dales_ in
+Norway as compared with Denmark is largely accounted for by the
+nature of the country. No conclusions can be drawn from names in
+_force_ in Yorkshire, Cumberland and Westmoreland, as it is of too
+infrequent occurrence. _Fell_ occurs 22 times in York, as against 57
+in Cumberland and Westmoreland (42 in Westmoreland alone), but in
+York occurs predominantly in West Riding, where everything points to
+a mixed settlement. The distribution of _tarn_ is interesting.
+_Tarn_ is as distinctively Norse as _thorpe_ is Danish. It occurs 24
+times in Cumberland and Westmoreland, 3 in North Riding, and is not
+found at all south of Westmoreland and York.
+
+
+  5. _BY_ IN PLACE-NAMES. CONCLUSIONS AS TO THIS TEST.
+
+_By_ has been regarded as a sign of Danish settlement for the
+following reasons: (1) O.N. _bör_ would have given _bo_. The O. Dan.
+form _býr_ becomes _by_. (2) _By_ is peculiar to Denmark, rare in
+Norway. (3) _Bö_ or _bo_ is the form found in Insular Scotland, in
+the Faroes and other Norse settlements. First, the form _bỳr_ is
+not exclusively O. Dan. It occurs several times in Old Norse sagas
+in the form _býr_ and _bý_--in "Flateyarbók," III., 290, in
+"Fagrskinna" 41, several times in the "Heimskringla," as well as
+elsewhere. Again, J. Vibe (see Nordisk Tidskrift, 1884, 535, and
+Norsk Historisk Tidskrift, 2 Række, 5 Bind), has shown that _by_ is
+not peculiar to Denmark and rare in Norway. It occurs 600-700 times
+in Denmark and Skåne, and 450 times in Norway. Finally, _by_ is
+often found in Norse settlements in Scotland and elsewhere--in
+Iceland, Shetland, Orkney, Man, and in the Western Isles. In fact,
+_by_ seems to be the more common form outside of Iceland. All we can
+say then is that _by_ is more Danish than Norse, but may also be
+Norse. Where names in _by_ are numerous it indicates that the
+settlements are rather Danish, but they may also be Norse. We have,
+then, the following results: Predominantly Danish settlements:
+Essex, Bedford, Buckingham, Suffolk, Norfolk, Northampton,
+Leicester, Rutland, Lincoln, Nottingham, Derby, East Riding. Mixed
+Norse and Danish settlements: North Riding, West Riding, Durham,
+part of Cheshire, and Southern Lancashire. Norse settlements:
+Cumberland, Westmoreland, North Lancashire, part of Cheshire, and
+parts of Northumberland. The number of Scandinavian place-names in
+Northumberland is not large, only 22 in Worsaae's list. North of the
+Cheviot Hills the names are again predominantly Norse.
+
+
+  6. CHARACTERISTICS OF OLD NORTHERN, OR OLD SCANDINAVIAN.
+       EARLY DIALECTAL DIFFERENTIATION.
+
+On the characteristics of primitive Northern and the changes that
+had taken place in the language before the Viking period, see
+Noreen, P.G.(2)I, 521-526. On pp. 523-526 are summarized the
+characteristics of General Northern. Until 800 the Northern tongue
+was unitary throughout the Scandinavian North. In the Viking age
+dialectal differentiations began to appear, especially in O. Dan.
+These are as follows (from Noreen):
+
+  About 800, older _hr_ > _r_ in Denmark.
+  Soon after 800, older diphthongs became simplified in Denmark,
+    e.g.,
+
+    _au_ > _u_ cp. O. Ic. _þau_, O.Gutnic _þaun_ = O. Dan. _þusi_
+      pronounced _þøsi_.
+    _ai_, _ei_ > _i_ cp. O. Ic. _stein_, O.N. _stæin_, O.Gtnc.
+      _stain_ = O. Dan. _stin_.
+    _io_, _iau_ > _u_ cp. O.N., O. Ic. _briote_, O.Gtnc.
+      _briauti_ = O. Dan. _biruti_.
+
+  Before 1000, _ē_ > _æ_ cp. O.N., O. Ic. _sér_ = O. Dan. _sær_
+    (written _sar_).
+  About 1,000, appears in O. Sw.--O. Dan. an excrescent _d_ between
+    _nn_ and _r_, e.g., _mantr_, pronounced _mandr_ (see Noreen,
+    p. 526).
+
+
+  7. OLD NORSE AND OLD DANISH.
+
+Not until the year 1,000, or the beginning of the 11th Century, do
+dialectal differentiations seem to be fully developed. O.N., which
+in general preserves best the characteristics of the old Northern
+speech, undergoes at this time a few changes that differentiate Dan.
+and Norse still more. O. Sw. remains throughout closer to O. Dan. The
+two together are therefore called East Scandinavian. Old Icelandic,
+that is, Norse on Icelandic soil, develops its own forms, remaining,
+however, in the main very similar to O.N. These two are then called
+West Scandinavian. The following are some of the chief differences
+between West and East Scandinavian at the time (from Noreen,
+P.G.(2)I, 527):
+
+  1. _I_--(_R_) and _U_--_Umlaut_ in W.S. Absence of it in E.S.,
+    e.g.,
+
+    W.S. _hældr_                    E.S. _halder_.
+      3 sg. pres. of _halda_, "to hold."
+    W.S. _i gær_, "yesterday,"      E.S. _i gar_.
+    W.S. _lǫnd_, pl. "land,"     E.S. _land_.
+
+  2. Development of _i_, _e_, _y_ into a consonantal _i_ in
+    diphthongs in W. S., not so in E. S., e.g.,
+
+    W.S. _siá_, "to see,"           E.S. _sēa_.
+    W.S. _fiánde_, "enemy,"         E.S. _fiande_.
+    W.S. _biár_, "of a village,"    E.S. _býar_.
+
+  3. Assimilation of _mp_, _nk_, _nt_, respectively, to _pp_, _kk_,
+    _tt_ in W.S., retention of them in E.S., e.g.,
+
+    W.S. _kroppen_, "crippled,"     E.S. _krumpin_.
+    W.S. _ækkia_, "widow,"          E.S. _ankia_.
+    W.S. _batt_, "bound,"           E.S. _binda_.
+      pret. of _binda_,
+
+  4. The Medio-passive:
+
+    W.S. _sk_, e.g., _kallask_,     E.S. _s_, _kallas_.
+
+  5. Pronominal forms:
+
+    W.S. _ek_, _vér_ (_mér_),       E.S. _iak_, _vīr_,
+      _ér_ (_þer_), _sem_,            _īr_, _sum_.
+
+
+  8. REMARKS.
+
+Assimilation of _mp_ to _pp_ and _nk_ to _kk_ appears also quite
+early in Danish and Swedish, e.g., _kap_ (_kapp_) and _drocken_ (see
+Kalkar), _kapp_ and _drokken_ (Sw.). _U--Umlaut_ seems to be more
+limited in O.N. than in O. Ic. O. Ic. _hl_, _hn_, _hr_ initially
+appear early as simple _l_, _n_, _r_ in O.N. (see Noreen 528), e.g.,
+O. Ic. _hlaupa_, O.N. _loupa_; O. Ic. _hniga_, O.N. _niga_; O. Ic.
+_hringr_, O.N. _ringr_; O. Ic. _fn_ appears in O.N. as _bn_ or _mn_,
+e.g., O. Ic. _nafn_, O.N. _namn_ (N. Norse _navn_, _nabn_, _namn_).
+Initial _hv_, which was a heavy guttural spirant, became _kv_ in
+Western Norway, _kv_ and _khv_ in Iceland (though written _hv_
+still), e.g., O.N., O. Ic. _hvelva_, Norse _kvelva_. O.N. _ø_ became
+_œæ_ in Iceland, _døma_ > _dœæma_. O.N. _œæi_ became _ei_ in Iceland,
+e.g., O.N. _stϾin_ > O. Ic. _stein_, O.N. _bϾin_ > O. Ic. _bein_
+(_stin_ and _bin_ in O. Dan.).
+
+
+  9. CHARACTERISTICS OF OLD NORTHUMBRIAN.
+
+The following are some of the chief differences between O. Nhb. and
+W. S:
+
+  1. Preference in O. Nhb. for _a_ in many cases where W. S. has _e_.
+
+  2. _A_ sometimes appears in closed syllable where W.S. has æ.
+
+  3. _A_ before _l_ + consonant is not broken to _ea_ (Sievers
+  §121.3, and Lindelöf: Die Sprache des Durham Rituals).
+
+  4. _A_ before _r_ + consonant very frequently not broken, cp.
+  _arm_, _farra_. Breaking occurs more often, however.
+
+  5. _E_ before _l_ + consonant not broken in the Ritual (see
+  Lindelöf).
+
+  6. _E_ before _r_ + consonant is broken and appears as either _ea_
+  or _eo_, cp. _eorthe_, _earthe_.
+
+  7. _A_ before _h_, _ht_, _x_ (_hs_) becomes _œæ_. Sievers §162.1.
+  In W.S. _a_ was broken to _œea_, cp. O. Nhb. _sax_, W.S. _seax_.
+  This Lindelöf explains as due to the different quality of the
+  _h_--in W.S. it was guttural, hence caused breaking; in Nhb. it
+  was palatal and hence the preceding _a_ was palatalized to _Ͼ_.
+
+  8. Nhb. umlaut of _o_ is _œœ_. In W. S. it was _e_, cp.
+  _dœœma_, _sœœca_, W. S. _dēman, sēcan_. See Sievers §§27
+  and 150.4. Bouterwek CXXVII, and Lindelöf. This difference was,
+  however, levelled out, Nhb. _œœ_ becoming also _e_, according to
+  Sievers.
+
+  9. Special Nhb. diphthongs _ei_, _ai_, cp. _heista_, _seista_,
+  W.S. _hiehsta_, _siexta_.
+
+  10. Influence of preceding _w_ was greater than in the South.
+  A diphthong whose second element was a dark vowel was simplified
+  generally to a dark vowel (Lindelöf), e.g., _weo_ > _wo_,
+  _wio_ > _wu_, cp. _weorld_ > _world_, _weord_ > _word_, etc.
+
+  11. W.S. _t_ is represented quite frequently by _ð_ or _d_,
+  regularly so when combined with _l_, often so when combined with
+  _s_. See Lindelöf above.
+
+  12. W.S. _ð_ frequently appears as _d_ in the North; the reverse
+  also occurs. See Bouterwek CXLII-CXLV. In a few cases _ð_ > _t_.
+
+  13. _C_ before _t_ where W. S. regularly has _h_. See Bouterwek.
+
+  14. Metathesis of _r_ less extensive than in W. S.
+
+  15. Preceding _g_, _c_, _sc_ did not cause diphthongation in Nhb.
+  as often as in W. S.
+
+  16. Generally speaking, less extensive palatalization in Nhb. than
+  in W. S.
+
+  17. Dropping of final _n_ in infinitives in Northumbrian.
+
+
+  10. REMARKS. METATHESIS OF _R_.
+
+The above characteristics of O. Nhb. will not only explain a great
+many later Scotch forms, but also show that a number of words which
+have been considered loanwords are genuine English. Sco. _daw_,
+"day," need not necessarily be traced to O.N. _dagr_. The W.S. _dæg_
+gave Eng. _day_. _Dæg_ is also the Northern form. _Daw_ may of
+course be due to _a_ in the oblique cases, but according to 2 _dag_
+may have appeared in the nominative case early in the North. This
+would develop to _daw_. Sco. _daw_, verb, "to dawn," is easily
+explained. W.S. _dagian_ > _dawn_ regularly, Nhb. _dagia_ (see 17
+above) > _daw_. The O.N. _daga_, "to dawn," is then out of the
+question. Sco. _mauch_, "a kinsman"; the O.E. form was _mæg_, which
+would have given _may_. In the North the _g_ was probably not
+palatal. Furthermore a Northern form _mag_ would regularly develop
+to _maw_, might also be _mauch_ (cp. _law_ and _lawch_, adj., "low,"
+O.N. _lagr_). O.N. _magr_, "kinsman," may, however, be the source of
+_mauch_. Sco. _hals_ is not from O.N. _hals_, but from O. Nhb. _hals_
+which corresponded to W. S. _heals_; Sco. _hawse_, "to clasp,"
+(Ramsay, II, 257); comes from O. Nhb. _halsiga_, W. S. _healsian_.
+(Sco. _hailse_, "to greet," is a different word, see loanword list,
+part II.). Forms that appear later in standard English frequently
+are found earliest in the North (cp. §10). No. 13 explains some
+differences in the later pronunciation of Sco. and Eng. No. 12 is a
+characteristic that is much more common in Middle and Early New
+Scotch. Many words in this way became identical in form with their
+Norse cognates, cp. _broder_, _fad(d)er_, etc. This will be
+discussed later. No. 14, Metathesis of _r_, was carried out
+extensively in W. S. (see Sievers, 179), e.g., _beornan_ "burn";
+_iernan_, "run"; _burn_, "a stream"; _hors_, "horse"; _forsk_,
+"frog"; _þerscan_, "to thrash"; _berstan_, "to burst"; _fierst_,
+"a space of time," (cp. Norse _frist_, Germ. _Frist_). This
+progressive metathesis of _r_ is very common in the South. In the
+North, on the contrary, metathesis of _r_ has taken place before
+_ht_ in _frohtian, fryhtu_, etc. (Sievers, 179, 2). In addition to
+these a large number of words appear in Old and Middle Sco.
+differing from literary English with regard to metathesis, sometimes
+showing metathesis where Eng. does not. A list of words will
+illustrate this difference: _thyrldom_, "thraldom"; _thirl_, "to
+enthrall"; _fryst_, "first"; _brest_, "to burst"; _thretty_,
+"thirty"; _thrid_, "third"; _thirl_, "to pierce thirl"; _gyrs_,
+"grass"; _krul_, "curl"; _drit_, "dirt"; _warsill_, "to wrestle";
+_scart_, "to scratch"; _cruddled_, "curdled"; _birde_, O.E. _brid_,
+"offspring." The result is that many of these words are more like
+the corresponding O.N. words than the Anglo-Saxon (cp. O.N.
+_fristr_, _brenna_, Norse _tretti_, _tredie_, etc.), hence they
+have in many cases been considered loanwords. Sco. _braist_ and
+_landbrest_, "breakers," (cp. O.N. _bresta_, _landbrest_), are not
+from the Norse but from the corresponding O. Nhb. words. _Cors_ which
+occurs in Gau may be a similar case and like Eng. _cross_ derived
+from O. Fr. _crois_, but Gau otherwise shows considerable Danish
+influence and Gau's form may be due to that. Eng. _curl_ and _dirt_
+(from O.Du. _krul_ and O.N. _drit_) have undergone metathesis. The
+Sco. words have not.
+
+
+  11. THE QUESTION OF PALATALIZATION IN O. NHB.
+
+Just to what extent _g_, _c_, _sc_ were palatalized in O. Nhb. is not
+definitely known. Until this has been ascertained the origin of a
+number of dialect words in the North will remain uncertain. The
+palatal character of _g_, _c_, _sc_ in O.E. was frequently
+represented by inserting a palatal vowel, generally _e_, before the
+following guttural vowel. Kluge shows (in Litteraturblatt für germ,
+und rom. Philologie, 1887, 113-114) that the Middle English
+pronunciation of _crinǧen_, _sinǧen_, proves early
+palatalization, which was, however, not indicated in the writing of
+the O.E. words _cringan_, _singan_. And in the same way
+palatalization existed in a great many words where it was not
+graphically represented. Initial _sc_ was always palatalized (Kluge,
+114 above). In the MSS. _k_ seems to represent a guttural, _c_ a
+palatal sound of older _c_ (Sievers, 207, 2). Palatalization of _c_
+is quite general. _K_ became palatalized to _c_ in primitive Eng.
+initially before front vowels, also before Gmc. _e_ and _eu_ (Kluge,
+P.G.(2)I, 991). Kluge accepts gutturalizing of a palatal _c_ before
+a consonant where this position is the result of syncopation of a
+palatal vowel. In the South palatal _c_ became a fricative _ch_.
+According to Kluge it never developed to _ch_ in Northern England
+and Scotland, but either remained _c_ or recurred to a guttural _k_.
+The same is true with regard to _g_. The exact extent of such
+palatalization is very difficult to determine. It is possible that
+the sound always remained a guttural in the North. We have seen that
+_c_ or _g_ did not cause diphthongation of the following vowel in
+the North as often as in the South. In view of the fact that
+palatalization was not always indicated, this may not prove
+anything, but may, however, indicate less palatalization than in the
+South. The fact that _e_ or _i_ was sometimes inserted before a
+following dark vowel, cp. _ahefgia_, "gravare," _gefragia_,
+"interrogare," proves that palatalization in these words, at least,
+existed.
+
+
+  12. _SK_ AS A SCANDINAVIAN SIGN. CERTAIN WORDS IN _SK_.
+        PALATALIZATION IN NORSE.
+
+Wall argues that non-palatalization cannot be regarded as a sign of
+Scand. influence and cites a number of words in support of this
+conclusion (see Wall, §30). With regard to _dick_, "ditch," and
+_sag_, "sedge," Wall is probably right. Those in _sk_ are, however,
+not so easily disposed of. The presence of certain words with _sk_
+in the South or those cited in _sh_ in the North does not prove the
+case. While the presence of a word in South Eng. diall. is in favor
+of its genuine Eng. origin, it does not prove it, for certain words,
+undoubtedly Scand., are found in the Southern dialects. _Shag_,
+"rough hair," Skeat regards as Norse rather than Eng. _Scaggy_,
+"shaggy," with initial _sk_, I would regard as Norse from O.N.
+_skegg_, not from O.E. _sceagga_. _Shriek_ Skeat regards as Scand.
+Bradley derives it from O.L.G. _scricon_ which is found once in the
+Heliand. Eng. dial. _skrike_. Wall on the other hand derives it from
+O.E. _scricon_, since _scric_ is found. _Scric_ occurs in O.E. as
+the name of the shriekbird. The vb. is not found. Whether we regard
+"shriek" native or not, _scrike_ is to be derived from O.N.
+_skrika_. _Skeer_ is from O.N. _skera_; _sheer_ from O.E. _sceran_.
+In form if not in meaning, we have an exact parallel in the M.E.
+_skir_, "bright," from O.N. _skir_, and _schir_ from O.E. _scir_. In
+a few cases words that seem Scand. appear with _sh_, not _sk_. The
+etymology of such words, however, becomes rather doubtful. This is
+especially the case where in the Norse word a guttural vowel
+followed the _sk_. Where, however, the Norse or Dan. word had a
+palatal vowel after the _sk_ the change to _sh_ is not at all
+impossible, and here arises the question of palatalization in O.N.
+O.N. _skiól_, pron. _sk-iól_, with _sk_, = Norse _skjūl_ (pron.
+_shūl_). _Ski_ thus becomes _sh_ in O.N. _skilinn_, Norse _shil_,
+O.N. _skilja_, Norse _shilja_ (or _skille_), O.N. _skipta_, Norse
+_shifta_. West Norse also shows change of _k_ to _ch_ before _i_
+where the _k_ has been kept in East Scand., e.g., O. Ic. _ekki_ =
+W.Norse (dial.) _ikkje_ or _intje_, pron. _ittje_, _intje_,
+Dan. _ikke_ (_igge_). _I_ between _sk_ and a dark vowel early became
+_j_ in Norse, which then gave the preceding _sk_ something of a
+palatal nature. The development of O.N. _skiól_ into _shiel_ in
+Scotland and England may be explained in this way, as _skiól_ >
+_shul_ in Norway. This is, however, to be understood in this way,
+that if an _i_ or _e_ followed the _sk_, this was in condition to
+become palatalized, not that it was at all palatal at the time of
+borrowing. The sound was then distinctly guttural, and the guttural
+character of _sk_ has in nearly every case been kept in Scand.
+loanwords in English, for palatalization of O.E. _sc_ was completed
+before the period of borrowing. This palatalization of _sk_ was
+general in Scotland as well as in England, and such words in _sk_
+must be regarded as Scand. loanwords.
+
+
+  13. CONCLUSION AS TO THE TEST OF NON-PALATALIZATION.
+
+As initial _sk_, corresponding to O.N. _sk_, O.E. _sc_, is due to
+Scand. influence, so, in general, medial and final _sk_ may be also
+so regarded: cp. here Sco. _harsk_, "harsh," _bask_ (adj.), _mensk_,
+_forjeskit_, etc. The guttural character of _g_ and _k_ in Sco. is
+not to be regarded as due to Scand. influence. Thus _mirk_, _reek_,
+_steek_, _streek_, _breek_, _dik, rike_, _sark_, _kirn_, _lig_,
+_brig_, _rig_, etc., are to be derived from the corresponding O. Nhb.
+words, not from O.N. There is something of uncertainty in these
+words, however, as they all could come from the O.N. O.N. _hryggr_,
+for instance, would become _rig_ in Sco., just as would O. Nhb.
+_rycg_ (_rygg_). O.N. _bryggia_ would become _brig_, just as well as
+O. Nhb. _brycg_ (_brygg_). The _i_ after _g_ in _bryggia_ does not
+hinder this, since, as we know, the O.N. word was pronounced
+_brygg-ia_, not _bryddja_, as a later form would be.
+
+
+  14. OLD AND MIDDLE SCOTCH.
+
+After Chaucer, Northumbrian English became a mere popular dialect
+no longer represented in literature. But the form of Northumbrian
+spoken north of the Tweed, Lowland Scotch, has during the next three
+hundred years quite a different history. From the Scottish war of
+Independence to the Union of the Crowns, Scotland had its own
+literary language. It is customary to speak of three periods of
+Scottish language and literature as Old, Middle and New: Old Scotch
+extending down to about 1450; Middle Scotch to the Union of the
+Crowns; and New Scotch covering the period after the Union. This is,
+of course, simply a Northern and later form of the Northumbrian we
+have discussed above.
+
+
+  15. SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF SCOTCH. O.E. _ă_, _ā_.
+
+There are no monuments in O.Sco. dating back to the 13th or first
+half of the 14th Century. The first of any importance that we have
+is "The Bruce" of 1375. By this time the language of Scotland had
+already undergone many changes that made its general character quite
+different from literary or Midland English. None of these changes
+tended so much to differentiate the two as the very different
+development of O.E. long and short _a_. In the south O.E. _a_ >
+_ē_ (_name_ > _nę̄m_ > _nēm_); but O.E. _ā_ > _ǭ_,
+later _ō_ (_stān_ > _stǭn_ > _stōne_, _hām_ >
+_hǭm_ > _hōme_). The change of _ā_ to _ǭ_ (probably
+about 1200) took place before that of _ă_ to _ā_, else they
+would have coincided and both developed to _ō_ or _ē_. The
+last is precisely what took place in Scotland. O. Nhb. _ă_ >
+_ā_ and early coincided with original _ā_, and along with it
+developed to later _ē_, as only short _a_ did in the south. The
+two appear together in rhyme in Barbour. Their graphic
+representation is _a_, _ai_, _ay_. The sound in Barbour is probably
+_ǣ_ or _ę̄_. In "Wallace" Fr. _entré_ is also written
+_entray_, _entra_. Fr. _a_ and _ei_ and Eng. diphthong _ai_ (< _æg_)
+rhyme regularly with Sco. _a_, _ay_, _ai_, from O.E. _ā_. On O.E.
+and O.N. _ā_- and M. Sco. _ē_-sounds in general see Curtis,
+§§1-165.
+
+
+  16. CURTIS'S TABLE.
+
+The following (see Curtis §§144-145) illustrates the development of
+O.E. _ă_, and _ā_, in England and Scotland:
+
+  1. Central Scotland.     {O.E. _ă_}
+                           {        } > an _ē_-vowel.
+                           {O.E. _ā_}
+
+  2. S. Scotland and       {O.E. _ă_}
+    Ellis's D. 31*         {        } > _ē_ > an _i_-
+    in England.            {        }     fracture in
+                           {O.E. _ā_}     the mdn. diall.
+
+                                      { > an _ē_-vowel.
+  3. The rest of Northern  { O.E. _ă_ { > _ē_, later
+     England and Midland.  {          {     _ī_-fracture in
+                           {          {   D 25, 26, 28, 29.
+                           {
+                           { O.E. _ā_ > _ō_ or _ū_,
+                                             with fracture.
+
+  4. Southern England      { O.E. _ă_ > an _e_-fracture or
+                           {                 _i_-fracture.
+                           { O.E. _ā_ > _ū_ or _ō_.
+
+[*Footnote: Ellis's D 31 = N. W. Yorkshire, Cumberland,
+Westmoreland and N. Lancashire.]
+
+  In 1. O.E. _hām_ > _hēm_, _năme_ > _nēm_.
+
+  In 2. _hām_ > _hēm_ > _hiǝm_, _năme_ > _nēm_ >
+  _niǝm_.
+
+  In 3. _hām_ > _hōm_, _hoǝm_, _hoᵘm_ or _hūm_ with
+  fracture.
+        _năme_ > _nēm_.
+        _năme_ > _nēm_ > _niǝm_ in certain dialects.
+
+  In 4. _hām_ > _hūm_, or _hom_.
+        _năme_ > _neǝm_, _niǝm_.
+
+The intermediate stage of this development, however, is explained
+in two ways. According to Curtis it was (in 2) _ā_ > _ę̄_ >
+_ē_ > _ī_ > _iǝ_. Luik (§244) shows that
+  das Vorrücken zum Vocalextrem ist an die Abstumpfung gebunden;
+  wir finden es nur dort, wo auch Abstumpfung zu constatieren
+  ist, wäbrend diese selbst ein weiteres Gebiet hat. Schon
+  daraus folgt, dass die Abstumpfung das Primäre ist, dass also
+  ihre Basis _e_ war, nicht _i_. Dies wird bestätigt
+  durch eine einfache Erwägung. Hätte die Abstumpfung die
+  Lautstufe _i_ ergriffen, so hätte sie auch das _e_
+  treffen müssen, das ja schon seit Beginn der neuenglischen
+  Zeit in allen Dialekten durch _i_ vertreten ist. Endlich
+  bieten die frühesten Zeugnisse nur _e_, nicht _i_,
+  auch für solche Striche, die heute _i_ haben.
+According to this, then, the development is more probably _ā̆ >
+ę̄ > ēǝ > iǝ_, or, as Luik thinks, _ā̆_ >
+_æ_ > _æǝ_, or _ę̄ǝ_ > _ēǝ_ > _iǝ_.
+
+
+  17. O.E. _ō_.--A LIST OF ILLUSTRATIVE WORDS
+      FROM THE ABERDEEN DIALECT.
+
+Another Northern peculiarity relates to O.E. _ō_. While in the
+south O.E. _ō_ developed to an _ū_-vowel or an _ū_-
+fracture, in Scotland it became _ee_ (_ui_, _ee_, _i_). The process
+involved here does not yet seem to be fully understood. The modern
+dialect of Aberdeen is most pronounced in this respect, older _i_
+also frequently becoming _u_, _o_. The following examples taken from
+"Johnnie Gibb" (Aberdeen. 1871) will illustrate:
+
+  1. Words with an _u_ (o)-vowel in English that have _i_ in
+  Aberdeen dialect: _ither_, "other"; _mither_, "mother"; _tribble_
+  (O. Fr. _troble_), "trouble"; _kwintra_ (O. Fr. _contree_),
+  "country"; _dis_, "does" (3. s. of "do"); _hiz_, "us"; _dizzen_
+  (O. Fr. _dozaine_), "dozen"; _sipper_ (O. Fr. _soper_), "supper."
+  Here we may also include, _pit_, "to put"; _fit_, "foot." _Buik_,
+  "book," seems to show the intermediate stage, cp. also _tyeuk_,
+  "took." On the other hand O.E. _broðer_ > _breeder_;
+  (_ge_)_-don_ > _deen_; _judge_ (O. Fr. _juger_) > _jeedge_, all of
+  which have a short vowel in English recent speech.
+
+  2. Words with _ĭ_ in Eng. that have _ŭ_ in Aberdeen dialect:
+  _full_, "to fill"; _spull_, "to spill"; _buzness_ (cp. O.E.
+  _bȳsig_), "business"; _wutness_, "witness"; _wull_, "will"
+  (vb.); _wunna_, "will not"; _wutty_, "witty"; _chucken_,
+  "chicken"; _fusky_ (Gael. _usquebah_), "whiskey"; _sun_, "sin."
+
+  3. Words with _ōō_ (or _iu_) in Eng. have _ee_ (_ī_) in
+  Aberdeen dialect: _seer_ (O. Fr. _sur_), "sure"; _seen_, "soon";
+  _refeese_ (O. Fr. _refuser_), "refuse"; _peer_ (O. Fr. _poure_),
+  "poor"; _yeel_ (M.E. _ȝole_), "yule"; _reed_ (O.E. _rōd_),
+  "rood"; _eese_ (O. Fr. _us_), "use"; _shee_ (O.E. _scēo_),
+  "shoe"; _adee_, "ado"; _tee_, "too"; _aifterneen_, "afternoon";
+  _skweel_, "school"; _reet_ (O.E. _rōt_), "root";
+  _constiteetion_, "constitution." Cp. also _gweed_ (O.E. _gōd_),
+  "good." The _w_ in _gweed_, _skweel_, shows again the process of
+  change from _o_ to _ee_. _U_ in _buik_ and _w_ in _kwintra_ also
+  seem to represent the _u_-element that is left in the sound. In
+  words like _refeese_, _keerious_, etc., where _ee_ is from Fr.
+  _u_, the sound is quite easily explained. So _fusky_ from
+  _usquebah_. _Full_, from O.E. _fyllan_, and _buzness_ are
+  interesting.
+
+
+  18. INORGANIC _Y_ IN SCOTCH.
+
+Many words have developed a _y_ where originally there was none.
+This phenomenon is, however, closely connected with _e_-_i_-fracture
+from original _ā̆_. _Y_ we find appears often before _a_ (from
+original _ā̆_). It is, then, simply the development of the
+_e_-_i_-fracture into a consonant + _a_, and may be represented
+thus: O.E. _āc_ ("oak") > _ę̄c_ > _ēc_ > _ēǝc_ >
+_iǝc_ > _yak_. (See also Murray D.S.C.S., 105). Cp. _yance_
+and _yence_, "once"; _yell_, "ale"; _yak_, "ache." This also appears
+in connection with fracture other than that from O.E. _ā_: cp.
+_yirth_, _yird_, for "earth."
+
+
+  19. _D_ FOR THE SPIRANT _TH_.
+
+This appears in a number of words: e.g., _ledder_, "leather";
+_fader_ (in Gau), _fadder_, "father"; _moder_, _mudder_, "mother";
+_broder_, _brudder_, "brother"; _lidder_ (A.S. _liðre_); _de_ (Gau),
+"the" (article); _widdie_ (O.E. _wiðig_), "withy"; _dead_, "death";
+_ferde_, "fourth"; etc. In some works this tendency is quite
+general. Norse loanwords as a rule keep the spirant, but in the
+following loanwords _ð_ has become _d_: _cleed_, _cleeding_,
+"clothe, clothing," from O.N. _klæða_; _red_, "to clear up," O.N.
+_ryðja_; _bodin_, O.N. _boðinn_ (? See E.D.D.); _bud_, "bribe," O.N.
+_boð_; _heid_, "brightness," O.N. _hæið_; _eident_, "busy," O.N.
+_iðinn_ (_ythand_ is, however, the more common Sco. form);
+_bledder_, "to prate," O.N. _blaðra_ (more commonly _blether_ in
+Sco.); _byrd_, "ought," O.N. _burði_; _stiddy_, O.N. _steði_. I do
+not think _ryde_, "severe," can be derived from O.N. _reiðr_; and
+_frody_, "wise," is rather O.E. _frod_ than O.N. _fróðr_. _Waith_,
+O.N. _væiðr_, has kept the spirant, but _faid_, a "company of
+hunters," has changed it to _d_. _Faid_ probably comes in from
+Gaelic. I have called attention to this change of _ð_ to _d_ in
+Sco., since many words affected by it have become almost identical
+in form with their Scand. cognates and have consequently been
+considered loan-words. See §23.
+
+
+  20. O.E. _ā_ AND O.N. _ÆI_. HOW FAR WE CAN DETERMINE
+        SUCH WORDS TO BE OF NATIVE OR OF NORSE ORIGIN.
+
+Certain Eng. dialect words in _ē_ corresponding to O.E. _ā_
+have been considered Scand. loanwords. We have, however, seen that
+in the north O.E. _ā_ > _ē_ just as did O.N. _æi_ (_ei)_. How
+many of these words are genuine English and how many are loanwords
+becomes, then, rather uncertain. Wall argues that the Norse words
+were always in M.E. spelled with a diphthong, while the genuine
+English words were spelled with an _a_--thus _bain_, _baisk_ from
+O.N. _bæinn_, _bæiskr_, but _hame_, _stane_, _hale_ from O.E.
+_hām_, _stān_, _hāl_. If this were always the case we
+should have here a safe test. It is, however, a fact that in
+Scottish texts at least, no such consistency exists with regards to
+these words. The following variant spellings will show this: _hame_,
+_haim_, _haym_; _stain_, _stane_, _stayne_; _hal_, _hale, hail_,
+_hayle_; _lak_, _lake_, _laik_, _layk_; _blake_, _blaik_, _blayk_,
+etc., etc. There is, however, another way in which to determine
+which of such words are loanwords and which are not. In Southern
+Scotland in D. 33, and in Northwestern England (D. 31), O.N. _æi_
+and O.E. _ā_ did not coincide, but have been kept distinct down
+to the present time (see Ellis's word-lists and Luik, 220, 221). In
+these two dialects O.E. _ā_ developed to an _i_-fracture (see
+§16.2), while O.N. _æi_ never went beyond the _e_-stage, and remains
+an _e_-vowel in the modern dialects. Here, then, we have a perfectly
+safe test for a large number of words. Those that have in D. 31 and
+D. 33 an _i_-vowel or an _i_-fracture are genuine English, those
+that have an _e_-vowel are Scandinavian loanwords. Ellis's list
+offers too few examples of words of this class. We find _hi'm_,
+_bi'n_, _hi'l, sti'n_, and in Murray's D.S.C.S. _heame_, and _heale_
+(beside _geate_ (O.N. _gata)_, _beath_, _meake_, _tweae_, _neame_,
+etc.). This then proves that Sco. _haim_, _bain_, _hail_, and
+_stain_ are from O.E. _hām_, _bān_, _hāl_, _stān_ and
+not from O.N. _hæim_, _bæinn_, _hæil_, _stæinn_. _Mair_, in spite of
+its _e_-vowel, is not from O.N. _mæir_, for a following _r_
+prevented the development to _i_, as a rule, although in Cumberland
+_meear_ is found beside _mair_. The word "steak" (O.N. _stæik_),
+which occurs in Ellis's list, has had an irregular development and
+cannot be considered here (see further Luik, 323). In the following
+works are found a number of words of this class:
+
+  Westmoreland and Cumberland Dialects, by J.R. Smith. London. 1839.
+
+  A Glossary of Words and Phrases of Cumberland, by William
+  Dickinson. London. 1859.
+
+  Folk Speech of Cumberland, by Alexander Craig Gibson. London.
+  1873.
+
+  A Glossary of Words used in Swaledale, Yorkshire, by John Harand.
+  E.D.S. 1873.
+
+  Whitby Glossary, by F.K. Robinson. E.D.S. 1876.
+
+
+  21. A LIST OF SOME WORDS THAT ARE NORSE. FURTHER REMARKS.
+
+These all aim at giving the phonetic value of the sounds. O.E., O.N.
+_ā_ is represented by _ea_ or _eea_, indicating _i_-fracture. For
+instance: _heam_, _steean_, _neam_, _geat_, _beeath_, _leath_ (O.N.
+_laði_), _heeal_, _brea_ (O.N. _brā)_, _breead_ (O.E. _brād_,
+not O.N. _bræi), greeay_, _blea_, etc. Those that have _a_, _ai_,
+or _ay_, that is an _e_-vowel, and must consequently be derived from
+the corresponding O.N. words, are the following:
+
+    BLAKE, _adj._ yellow, pale, O.N. _blæikr_.
+    BLAKEN, _vb._ to turn yellow, N.N. _blæikna_.
+    CLAME, _vb._ to adhere, O.N. _klæima_.
+    CLAM, _adj._ slimy, deriv.
+    CLAMING, _sb._ adhesive material, deriv.
+    FLAY, _vb._ to frighten, O.N. _fleya_.
+    FLAYTLY, _adv._ timidly, deriv.
+    HAIN, _vb._ to save, protect, O.N. _hegna_.
+    LAKE, LAIKE, _vb._ to play, O.N. _læika_, cp. O.E. _lācan_.
+    LAKEING, _sb._ a toy, deriv.
+    LAVE, _sb._ the remainder, O.N. _læifr_, cp. O.E. _lāf_.
+    RATE, _vb._ to bleach, whiten, O.N. _rōyta_. M.L.G. _roten_,
+      is out of the question, and *_reeat_ would be the form
+      corresponding to M.L.G. _raten_.
+    SLAKE, _vb._ to smear, daub, O.N. _slæikja_. O.L.G. _slikken_
+      does not correspond.
+    SLAKE, _sb._ a kiss, deriv., cp. O.N. _slæikr_.
+    SLAPE, _adj._ slippery, O.N. _slæipr_, cp. O.E. _slape_.
+    SLAPEN, _vb._ to make smooth, O.N. _slæipna_, but possibly
+      deriv. from _slape_.
+    SNAPE, _vb._ to restrain, O.N. _snöypa_.
+
+In addition to these, _blain_, "to become white," is a Scand. loan-
+word, but rather from Dan. _blegne_ than Norse _blæikna_, cp.
+_blake_ above. _Blained_, adj. "half dry," said of linen hung out to
+dry, is, of course, simply the pp. of _blain_, cp. Dan. _blegned_.
+_Skaif_, "distant, wild, scattered abroad, or apt to be dispersed"
+(is the definition given), corresponds exactly to O.N. _skæif_ in
+form, but not in meaning. _Skæif_ meant "crooked." Sco. _daive_,
+"to stun, stupefy," is here regularly spelled _deeave_ (_deave_ in
+Swaledale). It must, then, be derived from O.E. _deafian_, not O.N.
+_döyfa_, O. Ic. _deyfa_. Swaledale _slaiching_, "sneaking," is the
+same as O.N. _slæikja_, "to lick"; a secondary meaning of O.N.
+_slæikja_ is "to sneak"; _keeal_, "kail," could come from O.N. _kál_
+or Gael. _cál_. It is probably from the latter. The word _slaister_,
+"to dawdle, to waste one's time," is not clear. The sb.
+_slaisterer_, "a slink, an untidy person," is also found. The _ai_
+indicates an original diphthong. It is probably the same as Norse
+_slöysa_, sb. "an untidy person," as vb. "to be untidy, to be
+careless." _Ster_ (_slais_ + _ster_) would, then, be an Eng. suffix,
+or it may be the same as that in Sco. _camstary_, cp. Germ.
+_halsstarrig_. The Norse word _slöysa_ is probably not the direct
+source of the Eng. dialect word. _Slaister_, however, for _slöysa_,
+seems to be a recent word in Norse. _Skane_, "to cut the shell fish
+out of the shell" (Wall, list B), is to be derived from O.N.
+_skæina_, rather than from O.E. _scænan_. _Slade_, "breadth of
+greensward in plowed land," cannot be from O.N. _slettr_, "plain,"
+_sletta_, "a plain." Neither form nor meaning quite correspond. The
+Sw. _slägd_ corresponds perfectly in form but not in meaning. It is,
+however, probably from O.E. _slæd_. This word is taken from Wall's
+list, not from the works named above.
+
+
+  22. CELTIC, LOWLAND SCOTCH, AND NORSE.
+
+In Gaelic and Irish, in the Western Isles and the Highlands,
+considerable Norse elements are found as the result of Norse
+occupancy that continued in the Isles, at least, for several hundred
+years. A number of words that have come into Gaelic and Irish from
+Norse are also found in Lowland Scotch. In some cases it seems that
+the word has not come into Lowland Scotch direct from Norse, but by
+way of Gaelic or Irish. Craigie has given a list of about 200 words
+in Gaelic that seem to come from Norse. Out of these I will take a
+few that have corresponding words in Scotch:
+
+  GAELIC OR IRISH.  LOWLAND SCOTCH.   OLD NORSE.
+    gardha            garth             garðr
+    lobht             loft              loft
+    prine             prin              prjónn
+    stop              stoup             staup
+    sgeap             skep              skeppa
+    sainseal          hansell           handsal
+    gaort             girt, girth       giörð
+    cnapp, cneap      knap              knappr
+    maol              mull              múli
+    sgeir             sker              sker
+    scarbh            scarth            scarfr
+    gead              ged, gedde        gedda
+    scát              scait             skata
+    brod              brod              broddr
+    masg              mask _Dan._       maske
+    rannsaich         ransack, runsick  rannsaka
+
+_Garth_ and _loft_ agree perfectly with the O.N. and are not
+doubtful. With the Gael. _gardh_ cp. O.N. _garðr_ and O. Sw.
+_gardher_. The Sco. _garth_ has changed the original voiced spirant
+to a voiceless one. In Gael. _lobht_ _f_ has become _v_. _Prin_ is
+rather doubtful. There is an O.E. _prēon_ from which the Gael.
+word may have come. The Sco. word _prin_ does not seem to come from
+either O.E. _prēon_ or O.N. _prjónn_, but from the Gael. _prine_.
+There is a Northern dialectic _prēon_ which may come from O.E.
+_prēon_. There is also a _pren_ in Dan. dial. _Stoup_ has the
+Norse diphthong which has been simplified in Gael. _stop_. _Skep_ is
+a little doubtful because of meaning. The loanword _sgeap_ in Gael.
+has the specialized meaning of "a beehive." This meaning the Sco.
+word has very frequently, the Norse to my knowledge never. It may be
+a case of borrowed meaning from Gael. _Girth_ is from the Norse.
+_Girt_ is probably simply change of _th_ to _t_, which is also found
+elsewhere in Sco. _Knap_ may be from either. _Mull_ in Sco. may be
+native English. The word occurs in L.G. _Sker_ is from O.N. _Skarth_
+is anomalous, showing change of _f_ to _th_. In the Gael. _scarbh_,
+_f_ is changed to _v_ as in _lobht_. _Ged_ is nearer the O.N.
+_Scait_ could be from either, as also _brod_. Sco. _mask_ is
+probably not at all a loanword, and may be from older _mex_ by
+metathesis of _s_; cp. O.E. _mexfat_ and Sco. _maskfat_ cited by
+Skeat, Et. Dict. The Gael. _masg_ is probably not a loanword from
+the Scand., but from O.E., or perhaps from O.Sco. An O. Nhb. _mesk_
+probably existed. _Ransack_ agrees with the Norse word. The spelling
+_runsick_ found once (Wallace VII, 120), probably does not represent
+the exact sound, and is, in any case, as _ransack_ to be derived
+from the O.N. and not through the Gael. _Faid_, "a company of
+hunters," has already once been referred to. This cannot possibly
+come from the O.N. _væiðr_, for while the spirant _ð_ sometimes
+becomes _d_, O.N. _v_ regularly becomes _w_ in Sco. (rarely _v_).
+We should expect the form _waith_, and this is the form we have in
+Wallace I, 326, in the sense "the spoil of the chase." There is a
+Gael. _fiadhoig_, meaning "a huntsman." The first element _fiad_
+seems to be the O.N. _veiðr_ with regular change of _ð_ to _d_ (or
+_dh_, cp. _gardha_), and _v_ or _w_ to _f_ which is considered a
+sign of Gael. influence in Aberdeen Sco., cp. _fat_ for _what_,
+_fen_ for _when_, etc., the development probably being _wh_ > _w_ >
+_v_ > _f_. _Faid_ in Sco. is then probably from the Gaelic.
+
+
+  23. SOME WORDS THAT ARE NOT SCANDINAVIAN LOANWORDS.
+
+We have spoken in §§10, 13, 20 and 22, of a number of words that
+are to be considered regular Sco. developments of O.E. words. The
+following words have also generally been derived from the Scand.,
+but must be considered native, or from sources other than Norse:
+
+    BLAIT, _adj._ backward, must be traced to O.E. _blēat_,
+      rather than to O.N. _blout_. O.N. _ou_, _au_ is always _ou_
+      or _oi_ in Sco.
+
+    BREID, _sb._ breadth, not Norse _bræidde_ nor Dan. _bredde_,
+      but native Eng.
+
+    CUMMER, _sb._ misery, wail, seems uncertain. It corresponds in
+      form and usage exactly to Norse _kummer_, but _mb_ > _mm_ is
+      natural and occurs elsewhere in Sco., cp. _slummer_,
+      "slumber," which need not be derived from Norse _slummer_ or
+      any L.G. word. The usage of the word is peculiarly Scand.
+
+    DEAD, _sb._ death. Not Dan.-Norse _död_, but English "death."
+
+    FALD, _vb._ to fall. Skeat says the _d_ is due to Scand.
+      influence, but cp. _boldin_ from _bolna_ (older _bolgna_). So
+      _d_ after _l_ in _fald_ may be genuine. Besides the O.N. word
+      is _falla_, later Dan. _falde_.
+
+    FERDE, ordinal of four, not Norse _fjerde_. See §19.
+
+    FLATLYNGIS, _adv._ flatly, headlong, looks very much like Norse
+      _flatlengs_ and corresponds perfectly in meaning. The Norse
+      word is, however, a late formation, apparently, and _-lyngs_
+      is a very common adverbial ending in Sco.
+
+    HAP, _vb._ to cover up, to wrap up, cannot come from O. Sw.
+      _hypia_, as _y_ could not become _a_.
+
+    LEDDER, _sb._ leather. Not from Dan. _leder_, for cp. §19;
+      besides the vowel in the Dan. word is long.
+
+    MISTER, _sb._ and _vb._ need, from O. Fr. _mestier_, not from
+      O.N. _miste_, which always means "to lose," as it does in the
+      modern diall. The O. Fr. _mestier_ meant "office, trade," and
+      sometimes "need." The last is the meaning of the modern
+      _métier_ in the dialects of Normandy. Both meanings exist in
+      Northern English.
+
+    OUKE, _sb._ week. In all probability from O.E. _wucu_ by loss of
+      initial _w_ before _u_. The Dan. _uge_ does not quite
+      correspond. The O.N. _vika_ even less. The Danish _uge_ simply
+      shows similar dropping of _w_ (_v_) as the Sco. word.
+
+    RIGBANE, _sb._ backbone. Both elements are Eng. The compound
+      finds a parallel in Norse _rygbæin_.
+
+    SOOM, _vb._ to swim. Not Dan. _sömme_, but loss of _w_ before
+      _oo_, cp. the two Norse forms _svömma_ and _symma_. Cp.
+      _soote_, the last word in the first line of the Prologue to
+      Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.
+
+    TEEM, _vb._ to empty. It is not necessary to derive this from
+      Norse _tömme_, "to empty." There is an O.E. _tōm_ from
+      which the Sco. adj. _toom_ probably comes. _Toom_ is also a
+      verb in Sco. _Teem_ is simply this same word by characteristic
+      Sco. change of _o_ to _e_. (See §17.) This also explains the
+      length of the vowel.
+
+    TRAK, _vb._ to pull, not necessarily Norse _trekka_, cp. the
+      L.G. _trekken_.
+
+    WID, _sb._ wood. Not O.N. _viðr_ nor Dan. _ved_. The vowel is
+      against it in both cases. But just as above _toom_ becomes
+      _teem_, so _wood_ > _wid_, cp. Sco. _guid_, "good," _pit_,
+      "put," etc. (See §17.) Hence also the shortness of the vowel
+      in _wid_.
+
+    WERE, _sb._ spring, cp. Latin _ver_. _Var_, _vaar_ in Scand.
+      does not account for the _e_ in the Sco. word.
+
+    YIRD, _sb._ earth. Not from Dan. _jord_. See next word.
+
+    YIRTH, _sb._ earth, an inorganic _y_ (see §18). Not from O.N.
+      _jörð_. For _d_ in _yird_ see §19.
+
+
+  24. LOANWORD TESTS.
+
+I have adopted the following tests of form, meaning and distribution
+in determining the Scand. source of loanwords:
+
+  1. The diphthong _ou_, _ow_ corresponding to O.N. _ou_, O.E. _ea_.
+
+  2. _Ai_, _ay_ corresponding to O.N. _æi_, O.E. _ā_ as far as
+  such words can be determined from modern dialects according to
+  §20.
+
+  3. The spirant _th_ corresponding to O.N. _ð_, and O.E. _d_.
+
+  4. Consonantal assimilation of _nk_ to _kk_, _mb_ to _bb_, _mp_ to
+  _pp_, _ðl_ to _ll_, _zd_ and _rd_ to _dd_, corresponding to
+  similar assimilation in Scand.
+
+  5. Other consonantal and inflexional forms that are Scand., as
+  opposed to O. Nhb. _d_ for Scand. _d_, O.E. _ð_ excluded, see §§19
+  and 23.
+
+  6. A word that is used in a sense distinctively Scand., as opposed
+  to Eng. or L.G., is to be regarded as a loanword.
+
+  7. The distribution of a word in South England diall., or in O.F.,
+  O.S. or M.L.G., indicates that the word is not a Scand. loanword.
+
+  8. On the other hand, if a word occurs exclusively in Scand.
+  settlements in England and Scotland, it is to be regarded as due
+  to Scand. influence in Scotch in spite of L.G. parallels.
+
+  9. The presence of a word in O.E. excludes Scand. influence,
+  except in cases where the O.E. word has been shown to be a
+  loanword. See Steenstrup and Kluge.
+
+
+  25. REMARKS ON THE TEXTS.
+
+The following dates it may be well to remember:
+
+  Barbour's "Bruce" finished about 1375.
+  Wyntoun's Chronicle written about 1420.
+  Henry the Minstrel's "Wallace" written about 1450.
+  Dunbar lived from 1460 to 1520.
+  Douglas lived from 1475 to 1520.
+  Sir David Lyndsay lived from 1490 to 1555.
+  Alexander Scott lived from 1547 to 1584.
+  "The Complaynt of Scotland" was written about 1549.
+  Alexander Montgomery lived from 1540 to 1610.
+  Allan Ramsay lived from 1686 to 1758.
+  Robert Burns lived from 1759 to 1796.
+
+"The Bruce," Wyntoun's "Cronykale" and the "Wallace" belong, then,
+to the early period of Scotch, which, for convenience, has been
+called Old Scotch. The last half of the 15th Century is a transition
+period. The language of Dunbar and Douglas is already Middle Scotch.
+Middle Scotch of the 16th Century is further represented by Lyndsay,
+Alexander Scott and Montgomery. "The Complaynt of Scotland" is
+Central Scotch of the middle of the 16th Century. Ramsay represents
+Early New Scotch. The language of Burns is in all essentials present
+Scotch. From the Scottish War of Independence down to the Union of
+the Crowns the literary standard of Scotland was Central Scotch.
+After the Union there was no longer a Scotch language of literature
+and Central Scotch became a mere spoken dialect like the other
+dialects of Scotland. The writings of Ramsay and Burns represent
+local dialects just as the large number of Scotch dialect writers of
+the last and this century have written in their own peculiar local
+vernacular. The great majority of loanwords are taken from "The
+Bruce," "The Wallace," Douglas, Dunbar, Scott and Montgomery. "The
+Bruce" has a large number of Scand. elements; it represents,
+however, literary Scotch and not Aberdeen Scotch of 1375. "Johnnie
+Gibb," written in modern Aberdeen dialect, has not a very large
+Scand. element, while "Mansie Wauch" (modern Edinburgh dialect) has
+a far larger number. In "The Wallace" Scand. elements are quite
+prominent. So in the writings of Douglas, Scott and Montgomery. "The
+Complaynt of Scotland" has comparatively very few loanwords from
+Scand., while on the other hand the French element is more prominent
+than in the other works. Norse elements are not prominent in
+Lyndsay. None of the Scotch writers has as many Scand. words as
+Dunbar. We may say that they are nearly as prominent in Dunbar's
+works as in the Ormulum, Midland English of about 300 years before
+Dunbar's works were written.
+
+The numbers given in the references are self-explanatory. They are
+generally to page and line, in some cases to book and verse, as in
+Bruce and Wyntoun. T.W.M. refers to Dunbar's "Twa Mariit Wemen."
+F. to "The Flyting with Kennedy." F. after Montgomery's name refers
+to "The Flyting." G.T. refers to Dunbar's "Golden Targe," and
+C. and S. to Montgomery's "Cherrie and the Slae." M.P. to the
+"Miscellaneous Poems" and S. to the "Sonnets."
+
+Only words that are specifically Scotch in form or usage have been
+included. Very well known Scotch words, that occur in older Scotch
+as well as the modern dialects, such as _blether_, _busk_, _ettle_,
+_kilt_, etc., are given without references to texts where they have
+been found, otherwise one or more references are given in each case.
+For the sake of comparison and illustration Shetland and Cumberland
+forms are frequently given. Wherever a W. Scand. source is
+accepted for a loanword the O.N. form is given if it be different
+from O. Ic. Examples from Danish dialects or Swedish dialects are
+given as Dan. dial. or Sw. dial. Those from Norse dialects are cited
+as Norse simply. Those that are specifically literary Norse are
+cited as Dano-Norse.
+
+
+
+
+PART II.
+
+  LOANWORDS.
+
+
+AGAIT, _adv._ uniformly. R.R. 622. Sco. _ae_, one, + O.N. _gata_
+    literally "ae way," one way.
+
+AGAIT, _adv._ astir, on the way. See Wall.
+
+AGROUF, _adv._ on the stomach, grovelling. Ramsay, II, 339. O.N.
+    _á grúfu_, id. See _grouf_.
+
+AIRT (ę̆rt), _vb._ urge, incite, force, guide, show. O.N. _erta_,
+    to taunt, to tease, _erting_, teasing. Norse _erta_, _örta_,
+    id. Sw. dial. _erta_, to incite some one to do a thing. Sw.
+    _reta_ shows metathesis. M.E. _ertin_, to provoke.
+
+ALLGAT, _adv._ always, by all means. Bruce, XII, 36; L.L. 1996. O.N.
+    _allu gatu_. O. Ic. _öllu gǫtu_. See Kluge, P.G.(2)I, 938.
+
+ALGAIT, ALGATIS, _adv._ wholly. Douglas, II, 15, 32; II, 129, 31.
+    See Kluge, P.G.(2)I, 938.
+
+ALTHING, as a _sb._ everything. Gau, 8, 30, corresponding to Dan.
+    _alting_. "Over al thing," Dan. _over alting_. Not to be taken
+    as a regular Sco. word, however. Gau has a number of other
+    expressions which correspond closely to those of the Dan.
+    original of Kristjern Pedersen, of which Gau's work is a
+    translation.
+
+ANGER, _sb._ grief, misery. Bruce, I, 235. Sco. Pro. 29. O.N.
+    _angr_, grief, sorrow. See Bradley's Stratmann, and Kluge and
+    Lutz. The root _ang_ is general Gmc., cp. O.E. _angmod_,
+    "vexed in mind." M.L.G. _anxt_, Germ. _angst_, Dan. _anger_.
+    The form of the word in Eng., however, is Scand.
+
+ANGRYLY, _adv._ painfully. Wyntoun, VI, 7, 30. Deriv., cp. Cu.
+    _angry_, painful, O.N. _angrligr_, M.E. _angerliche_. The
+    O. Dan. vb. _angre_, meant "to pain," e.g., _thet angar mek,
+    at thu skal omod thorn stride_ (Kalkar).
+
+APERT, _adj._ bold. Bruce, XX, 14. _apertly_, boldly, XIV, 77.
+    Evidently from O.N. _apr_, sharp, cp. _en aprasta hrið_,
+    "sharp fighting," cited in Cl. and V. Cl. and V. compares
+    N.Ic. _napr_, "snappish," cp. furthermore _apirsmert_, adj.
+    (Douglas, II, 37, 18), meaning "crabbed," the second element
+    of which is probably Eng. _Apr_ in O.N. as applied to persons
+    means "harsh, severe" (Haldorson).
+
+ASSIL-TOOTH, _sb._ molar tooth. Douglas, I, 2, 12. See Wall.
+
+AT, _conj._ that. O.N. _at_, Norse, Dan. _at_, to be regarded as a
+    Scand. word. Might in some places be due to Celtic influence,
+    but its early presence, and general distribution in Scand.
+    settlements in England, Scotland, Shetland, etc., indicates
+    that it is Scand.
+
+AWEBAND, _sb._ "a band used for tying cattle to the stake."
+    Jamieson, Lothian. O.N. _há-band_, "vinculum nervos poplitis
+    adstringens" (Haldorson). Norse _habbenda_, "to tie cattle
+    with a rope between the knees to keep them from running away."
+    Cp. O. Sw. _haband_, Sw. dial. _haband_, "a rope that unites
+    the oar with the oarlock."
+
+AWKWART, _prep._ athwart, across. Wallace, III, 175; II, 109. Same
+    as the Eng. adj. "awkward" which was originally an adv.
+    Etymologically it is the O.N. _afugr_ (O. Ic. _öfugr_) + Eng.
+    _ward_ (Skeat), cp. the Norse vb. _afvige_, to turn off.
+    I have not found the prepositional use of the word in Eng. Cp.
+    "toward."
+
+AWSOME, _adj._ terrible, deriv. from _awe_ (O.N. _ági_). The ending
+    _some_ is Eng. O.N. _ágasamr_, Norse _aggsam_, means
+    "turbulent, restless."
+
+AYND (ēnd), _sb._ O.N. _andi_, breath, O. Sw. _ande_, Norse
+    _ande_, Dan. _aande_.
+
+AYNDING, _sb._ breathing, deriv. See _aynd_.
+
+AYNDLESS, _adj._ breathless. Bruce, X, 609. See _aynd_.
+
+
+BAIT, _vb._ to incite. Dunbar, 21127. O.N. _bæita_, O. Ic. _beita_.
+    See B-S.
+
+BAITH, BATH (bēth), _pron._ both. M.E. _bōþe_, _bāþe_, Cu.
+    _beatth_, Eng. _both_, O.N. _bāðir_, O. Dan. _bāðe_.
+    Skeat.
+
+BAITTENIN, _pr. p._ thriving. Jamieson. O.N. _batna_, Eng. _batten_.
+    See Skeat, and Kluge and Lutz.
+
+BAITTLE (bētl), _sb._ a pasture, a lea which has thick sward of
+    grass. Jamieson, Dumfries. O.N. _bæita_, "to feed," _bæiti_,
+    pasturage. Cp. Norse _fjellbæite_, a mountain pasture.
+
+BAN, _vb._ to swear, curse. Dunbar, 13, 47; Rolland, II, 680. O.N.
+    _banna_, to swear, to curse, _banna_, a curse, Norse _banna_,
+    to swear, _banning_, swearing, W. Sw. dial. _bænn_ id., Dan.
+    _bande_, to swear, to wish one bad luck, O.S. _banna_ id.
+    M. Du. _bannen_ means to excommunicate. This is the L.G.
+    meaning. The Sco. usage is distinctly Scand. It is also a
+    Northern word in Eng. diall. Cp. Shetland _to ban_, to swear.
+
+BANG, _vb._ to beat. Sat. P. 39, 150. O.N. _banga_, O. Sw. _banka_,
+    Norse, _banke_, to beat, to strike. Cp. Shetland _bonga_, in
+    "open de door dat's a bonga," somebody is knocking, literally
+    "it knocks" Norse _det banka_. _Bang_ is very frequently used
+    in the sense of rushing off, cp. Dalrymple's translation of
+    Leslie, I, 324, 7.
+
+BANGSTER, _sb._ a wrangler. Sat. P. 44, 257. Evidently Norse _bang_
+    + Eng. suffix _ster_. See _bang_ vb. Cp. _camstarrie_, where
+    the second syllable corresponds to that in Germ.
+    _halsstarrig_.
+
+BARK, _vb._ to tan, to harden. Dunbar F. 202 and 239. Ramsay, I,
+    164, "barkit lether," tanned leather. O.N. _barka_, to tan,
+    Norse _barka_, to tan, to harden, M.E. _barkin_. General
+    Scand. both sb. and vb. In the sense "to tan" especially
+    W. Scand., cp. Sw. _barka_, to take the bark off. O. Sw.
+    _barka_, however, has the meaning "to tan."
+
+BARKNIT, _adj._ clotted, hardened. Douglas, II, 84, 15. pp. of vb.
+    _barken_, to tan. See above.
+
+BASK, _adj._ dry, withering (of wind). Jamieson, Dumfries. Dan.
+    _barsk_, hard, cold, _en barsk Vinter_, a cold winter. Cp.
+    Sco. "a bask daw," a windy day. M.L.G. _barsch_ and _basch_ do
+    not agree in meaning with the Sco. word; besides the _sk_ is
+    Scand. For loss of _r_ before _sk_ cp. _hask_ from _harsk_.
+
+BAUCH, BAWCH, BAUGH, _adj._ awkward, stiff, jaded, disconsolate,
+    timid. Sat. P. 12, 58; Dunbar Twa. M.W. 143; Rolland, IV, 355;
+    Johnnie Gibb, 127, 2. O.N. _bagr_, awkward, clownish,
+    inexperienced, unskilful. _Bauchly_, poorly, in Ramsay,
+    II, 397.
+
+BAYT, _vb._ to feed, graze. Bruce, XIII, 589, 591; Lyndsay, 451,
+    1984. O.N. _bæit_, to feed, to graze, causative from _bita_,
+    literally means to make to bite. Norse _bita_, to graze,
+    Sw. _beta_, M.E. _beyten_. In many diall. in Norway the word
+    means "to urge, to force." Cp. _bait_.
+
+BECK, _sb._ a rivulet, a brook. Jamieson. O.N. _bekkr_, O. Sw.
+    _bäkker_, Norse _bekk_, O. Dan. _bæk_. Sw. _bäck_, a rivulet.
+    In place-names a test of Scand. settlements.
+
+BEET, _vb._ to incite, inflame. Burns, 4, 8. Same as _bait_, incite,
+    q.v. Cp. Cu. "to beet t'yubm, to supply sticks, etc. to the
+    oven while heating" (Dickinson).
+
+BIG, BEGG, _sb._ barley. Fergusson, II, 102; Jamieson, Dumfries.
+    O.N. _bygg_, Dan. _byg_. See Wall. Cp. Shetland _big_.
+
+BEGRAVE, _vb._ to bury. Douglas, II, 41, 25; IV, 25, 22; IV, 17, 8.
+    Dan. _begrave_, Norse _begrava_, O. Sw. _begrava_, _begrafwa_,
+    to bury. Possibly not a loanword.
+
+BEIN, BENE, BEIN, _adj._ liberal, open-handed, also comfortable,
+    pleasant. Douglas, III, 260, 23; Fergusson, 108; Sat. P. 12,
+    43. _Beine_, hearty, in Philotus, II, is probably the same
+    word. O.N. _bæinn_.
+
+BEIR, _vb._ to roar. Douglas, II, 187, 1. See _bir_, sb.
+
+BIG, _vb._ to build, dwell, inhabit. Dunbar T.M.W. 338; Dalr., I,
+    26, 19; Sco. pro. 5. O.N. _byggia_. See Wall. Sco. "to big wi'
+    us," to live with us, cp. Norse _ny-byddja_, to colonize.
+
+BIGGING, BYGINE, _sb._ a building. O.N. _bygging_, a building,
+    habitation. Scand. diall. all have the form _bygning_, so
+    O. Sw. _bygning_. The word may be an independent Sco.
+    formation just as _erding_, "burial," from _erde_, "to bury";
+    _layking_, "a tournament," from _layke_, "to sport";
+    _casting_, "a cast-off garment," from _cast_; _flytting_,
+    "movable goods," from _flyt_, "to move"; _hailsing_,
+    "a salute," from _hailse_; and Eng. _dwelling_, "a house,"
+    from vb. _dwell_. Cp. however Shetland _bogin_.
+
+BING, _sb._ a heap, a pile. Douglass, II, 216, 8. O.N. _bingr_,
+    a heap, O. Sw. _binge_. Norse _bing_ more frequently a heap or
+    quantity of grain in an enclosed space. O. Dan. _byng_,
+    _bing_.
+
+BIR, BIRR, BEIR, _sb._ clamor, noise, also rush. S.S. 38; Lyndsay,
+    538, 4280. O.N. _byrr_, a fair wind. O. Sw. _byr_. Cp. Cu.
+    _bur_ and Shetland "a pirr o' wind," a gust. Also pronounced
+    _bur_, _bor_.
+
+BIRRING, _pr. p._ flapping (of wings). Mansie Wauch, 159, 33. See
+    _bir_.
+
+BLA, BLAE (blē), _adj._ blue, livid. Douglas, III, 130, 30;
+    Irving, 468. O.N. _blá_, blue, Norse _blaa, blau_, Sw. _blå_,
+    Dan. _blaa_. Not from O.E. _blēo_.
+
+BLABBER, _vb._ to chatter, speak nonsense. Dunbar F., 112. O.N.
+    _blabbra_, lisp, speak indistinctly, Dan. _blabbre_ id., Dan.
+    dial. _blabre_, to talk of others more than is proper. M.E.
+    _blaber_, cp. Cu. _blab_, to tell a secret. American dial.
+    _blab_, to inform on one, to tattle. There is a Gael.
+    _blabaran_, sb. a stutterer, which is undoubtedly borrowed
+    from the O.N. The meaning indicates that.
+
+BLAIK, _vb._ to cleanse, to polish. Johnnie Gibb, 9, 6. O.N.
+    _blæikja_, to bleach, O. Sw. _blekia_, Sw. dial. _bleika_. All
+    these are causative verbs like the Sco. The inchoative
+    corresponding to them is _blæikna_ in O.N., N.N., _blekna_ in
+    O. Sw., _blegne_ in Dan. See _blayknit_. Cp. Shetland _bleg_,
+    sb. a white spot.
+
+BLAYKNIT, _pp._ bleached. Douglas, III, 78, 15. O.N. _blæikna_, to
+    become pale, O. Sw. _blekna_, Norse _blæikna_ id. O.N.
+    _blæikr_, pale. Cp. Cu. _blake_, pale, and _bleakken_ with
+    _i_-fracture. O.E. _blāc, blæcan_.
+
+BLECK, _vb._ put to shame. Johnnie Gibb, 59, 34, 256, 13. O.N.
+    _blekkja_, to impose upon, _blekkiliga_, delusively,
+    _blekking_, delusion, fraud; a little doubtful.
+
+BLETHER, BLEDDER, _vb._ to chatter, prate. O.N. _blaðra_, to talk
+    indistinctly, _blaðr_, sb. nonsense. Norse _bladra_, to
+    stammer, to prate, Sw. dial. _bladdra_, Dan. dial. _bladre_,
+    to bleet. Cp. Norse _bladdra_, to act foolishly.
+
+BLATHER, _sb._ nonsense. Burns 32, 2, 4 and 4, 2, 4. O.N. _blaðr_,
+    nonsense. Probably the Sco. word used substantively.
+
+BLOME, _sb._ blossom. Bruce, V, 10; Dunbar, I, 12. Same as Eng.
+    _bloom_ from O.N. _blómi_.
+
+BLOME, _vb._ to flourish, successfully resist. Douglas, IV, 58, 25.
+    "No wound nor wapyn mycht hym anis effeir, forgane the speris
+    so butuus blomyt he." Small translates "show himself
+    boastfully." The word _blómi_ in O.N. used metaphorically
+    means "prosperity, success."
+
+BLOUT, BLOWT, _adj._ bare, naked, also forsaken. Douglas, III, 76,
+    11; IV, 76, 6. O.N. _blautr_, Norse _blaut_, see Cl. and V.
+    The corresponding vowel in O.E. is _ea_: _blēat_. The O.N.
+    as well as the N.N. word means "soft." The O.E. word means
+    "wretched." In Sco. _blout_ has coincided in meaning with
+    _blait_. The Dan. word _blot_ is, on account of its form, out
+    of the question.
+
+BODIN, _adj._ ready, provided. Douglas, III, 22, 24; Dunbar, 118,
+    36; Wyntoun, VII, 9, 213. From _boðinn_, _boðja_ (E.D.D.).
+
+BOLAX, _sb._ hatchet. Jamieson. O.N. _bolöx_, a poleaxe, Norse
+    _bolöks_, O. Sw. _bolöxe_, _bolyxe_, O. Dan. _bulöx_, Dano-
+     Norse _bulaks_. Ormulum _bulaxe_ (see further Brate).
+
+BOLE, _sb._ the trunk of a tree. Isaiah, 44, 19. O.N. _bolr_, the
+    trunk of a tree, Norse _bol_, _bul_, O. Sw. _bol, bul_, Sw.
+    dial. _bol_ id.
+
+BOLDIN, _vb._ to swell. Douglas, II, 52; I, II, 130, 25. Norse
+    _bolna_, older _bolgna_, Dan. _bolne_, M.E. _bollen_ (also
+    _bolnin_). The Sco. word has developed an excrescent _d_ after
+    _l_. In Lindsay, 127, 3885, _boildin_, adj. pp. swollen.
+
+BOLLE, _sb._ a measure. Bruce, III, 221; Wyntoun, VII, 10, 519, 521,
+    523. O.N. _bolli_, a vessel, _blotbolli_, a measure, Sw.
+    _bulle_. Rather than from O.E. _bolla_ (Eng. _bowl_).
+
+BOUN, _adj._ bent upon, seems to have almost the idea of "compelled
+    to." Gol. and Gaw. 813. O.N. _búinn_. See Wall under _bound_,
+    and Cl. and V. under _bua_ B. II.
+
+BOUNE, _vb._ to prepare, to prepare to go, to go. Houlate, I, 23;
+    Poet. R. 107, I; Gol. and Gaw. 59, 13, 40. See _bown_.
+
+BOWDYN, _pp. adj._ swollen. Dunbar T.M.W. 41, 345; Montg. F. 529.
+    See _boldin_.
+
+BOWK, _sb._ trunk of the body, body. Dunbar, 248, 25; Rolland, II,
+    343. O.N. _búkr_, the trunk, the body, Norse _būk_, Dan.
+    _bug_, O. Sw. _buker_. Specific Scand. usage. O.E. _būc_,
+    like O.F. _buk_ and Germ. _bauch_, meant "belly."
+
+BOW, _sb._ a fold for cows. Douglas, III, 11, 4. O.N. _ból_, a place
+    where cows are penned, also den, lair or lying-place of
+    beasts. Norse _bol_, Shetland _bol_, _bøl_, a fold for cattle.
+    In Psalms XVII, 12, _bole_ occurs in the sense of "a lion's
+    den."
+
+BOWN, _adj._ ready, prepared. L.L. 1036. O.N. _búinn_. Not Eng., but
+    a loanword from O.N., and as Kluge P.G.(2)I, 939, has pointed
+    out shows also Norse influence in the Midland dial.
+
+BOWNE, _vb._ to swell. Irving, 230. O.N. _bolgna_ to swell, Norse
+    _bolna_, Dan. _bolne_. Shows characteristic Sco. change of _l_
+    to _w_. In _boudin_, Irving, 467, an excrescent _d_ has
+    developed before the _l_ became _u_ (_w_). Wallace, VI, 756,
+    _bolnyt_, swelled. So in Wyntoun, IX, 17, 5. _Boldnit_ with
+    excrescent _d_ occurs in Douglas, II, 84, 16.
+
+BRA, BRAE, BRAY (brē), a slope, declivity. O.N. _brá_, see
+    Bradley's Stratmann. Cp. _Jöstedalsbrä_ in Western Norway.
+
+BRAID (brēd), _sb._ a sudden movement, an assault (Small).
+    Douglas, III, 251, 2. O.N. _bragð_, a sudden motion, a quick
+    movement, tricks or sleights in wrestling. O. Sw. _braghþ_,
+    a sudden motion. Norse, Sw. _bragd_, manner of execution,
+    exploit. The fundamental idea in the Sco. and the O. Nh. word
+    is sudden movement. The O.E. _brægd_ meant deceit, fraud.
+
+BRAITH, _adj._ hasty, violent. Wallace, X, 242. O.N. _bráðr_,
+    sudden, hasty, O. Dan. _braadh_, Norse _braad_. Cp. _braahast_
+    (E. Norse), great hurry, O. Sw. _brader_, _brodher_, hasty,
+    violent, Orm. _bra_, angry. _Brothfall_ (Orm), a fit, _broth_
+    (Eng. dial.), in Skeat's list. _Braithful_, violent, sharp.
+
+BRAITHLY, _adv._ violently, suddenly. O.N. _bráðliga_, hastily. Cp.
+    E. Norse _braaleg_ adj., and M. Dan. _bradelig_. O.N.
+    _bráðorðr_ means "hasty of speech."
+
+BROKIT, BRUKIT, _adj._ streaked, spotted. Burns, 569. O. Sw.
+    _brokoter_, Norse _brokut_, Dan. _broget_, variegated,
+    striped. Cp. _dannebrog_, the Danish flag. Same as Cu.
+    _breukt_. Probably the same with Shetland _brogi_, in "a brogi
+    sky," cloudy. May possibly be Eng. Exists in M.L.G.
+
+BROD, _sb._ a sharp point. Wyntoun, VI, 14, 70. O.N. _broddr_,
+    Norse, Sw. _brodd_, Orm. _brodd_. (See Brate.)
+
+BROD, _vb._ to prick, spur on, incite. C.S. 123; Douglas, III, 3,
+    20; Dunbar T.M.W. 330. O.N. _brodda_, to prick, to urge. Dan.
+    _brodde_ means "to equip with points," a vb. later developed
+    out of the sb.
+
+BRONT, _sb._ force, rush, shock. Douglas, I, 90, 20; II, 161, 28.
+    "At the first bront we swept by." See Skeat _brunt_.
+
+BUD, _sb._ a bribe, an offer. Lyndsay, 436, 1616; Dunbar T.M.W. 142.
+    O.N. _bod_, an offer, Norse _bod_, Sw. _bud_, Dan. dial.
+    _bud_, an offer at an auction. Cp. O.E. _friðbote_, a peace-
+     offering, O.N. _frið_ + _boð_.
+
+BUGHT, _sb._ a corner or stall where cows are milked. Ramsay, II,
+    539. O.N. _bugt_, a bowing, a bight, Norse _bugt_, Dan.
+    _bugt_.
+
+BULLER, _vb._ to trickle, bubble. Winyet, II, 62. O.N. _buldra_,
+    Norse _bulrdra_. See E.D.D. cp. Sw. _bullra_, to make an
+    indistinct noise. O. Fr. _bulder_, L.G. _bullern_ (see
+    Koolman), Germ. _poltern_ all have more the idea of loud
+    noise, clamor, as the Norse word sometimes has. Lyndsay, 226,
+    95, uses the word in this sense. It may be genuine Eng.
+
+BUSK, _vb._ to prepare, dress, adorn, ornament. O.N. _búask_ from
+    _búa sik_, to make ready, to ornament. See Wall. Exhibits
+    W. Scand. reflexive ending _sk_. The Gael. _busgainnich_, to
+    dress, to adorn, is a loanword from O.N.
+
+BUSKIE, _adj._ fond of dress, Jamieson, _busk_ sb. dress,
+    decoration. See _busk_ vb.
+
+BUITH (ū), _sb._ booth, shop. Winyet, 1, 23, 2. O.N. _búð_, shop,
+    O. Dan. _both, bodh_. O. Sw. _boð_, Norse _bud_, Sw. _bod_,
+    Dan. dial. _bod_. M.E. _bōþe_, cp. M.L.G. _bode_.
+
+BYNG, _vb._ to heap up. Douglas, III, 144, 5. See _bing_ sb.
+
+BYRD, _vb._ impers., it behoved. Bruce, VI, 316. O.N. _byrja_, to
+    behove, beseem, pret. _burði_, Norse _byrja_ id., pret.
+    _burde_, O. Dan. _böræ_, Sw. _böra_.
+
+BYSNING, _adj._ strange, monstrous, terrible, Douglas, I, 29, 7;
+    I, 37, 5; II, 70, 17. M.E. _biseninge_, ill-boding, monstrous,
+    from O.N. _býsna_, to portend, Norse _bisna_, to marvel over.
+
+BYSNING, _sb._ a strange person, an unusually unfortunate person.
+    Douglas, I, 2544; I, 339. O.N. _býsna_, to portend, _býsn_,
+    a strange and portentous thing. Norse _bysn_, a prodigy,
+    _bysning_, curiosity. See the adj. Cp. Shetland _sóni-bosni_,
+    O.N. _sjonar-býsn_, a marvel.
+
+
+CADYE, _adj._ wanton. Lyndsay, LXXXVII, 2567. Also written _cady_,
+    _caidgy_, _caigie_; sometimes means "sportive, cheerful." Dan.
+    _kaad_, merry, lusty, lustful. So Sw. _kåt_, O.N. _katr_,
+    merry, cheerful, Norse _kaat_. Cp. Philotus 5, "the carle
+    caiges," where the same word is used as a vb. to wanton, be
+    wanton.
+
+CALLER, _adj._ cool. Fergusson, 73. Very common in modern Sco.
+    diall. O.N. _kaldr_, Norse _kall_, cold. Seems to be a case
+    of the Norse inflexional _r_ not disappearing in Sco.
+
+CANGLER, a wrangler. Ramsay, II, 482. Norse _kengla_, _kæingla_,
+    _kjæingla_, to quarrel. A Sco. vb. _cangle_, to quarrel, also
+    exists. Cp. O.N. _kangin-yrði_, jeering words, Yorkshire
+    _caingy_, cross, ill-tempered.
+
+CAPPIT, _vb. pret._ strove. Douglas, II, 154, 21. O.N. _kapp_,
+    contest, zeal, _deila kappi við_, strive with. Norse _kapp_
+    id. _kappa_, reflexive, to race. Dan. _kamp_, O.E. _camp_,
+    _cempam_. The Sco. word exhibits W. Scand. assimilation of
+    _mp_ to _pp_, the form _kapp_, however, also existed in O. Sw.
+    and exists in N.Dan. In Cu. a _capper_ is one who excels. This
+    is probably the same word. See, however, E.D.
+
+CAREING (kēr), _pr. p._ driving, from _care_, _caire_, to drive.
+    Douglas, III, 166, 10; Wallace, IX, 1240. O.N. _köyra_, O. Ic.
+    _keyra_, Norse _køyra_, to drive, ride, O. Ic. _keyrsla_,
+    a driving, Norse _kjørsel_, id. Cp. Shetland _care_, id.
+    Monophthongation in O. Sw. _köra_, Dan. _köre_.
+
+CARL, _sb._ a man, an old man, very frequently with an idea of
+    disrespect. C.S., 144. O.N. _karl_, Norse _kar_, a man,
+    fellow, but _kall_, an old man, with assimilation of _rl_ to
+    _ll_. W.Norse _kadl_ exhibits the change of _ll_ to _dl_. In
+    Dan. and in Sw. dial _karl_. Cu. _carl_ means a coarse fellow.
+    Dunbar has the word _wifcarl_, man.
+
+CARLAGE, _adj._ oldish, decrepit. Irving, 172. O.N. _karl_ +
+    _leikr_.
+
+CARLING, KARLING, CARLINE, _sb._ an old woman, a slatternly woman.
+    O.N. _kerling_, an old woman, _karlinna_, a woman. O. Dan.
+    _kærlingh_, O. Sw. _kärling_, Norse _kjæring_, Dan. _kiærling_
+    (pronounced _kælling_), id. Dan. dial. _kerling_. Cp. Gael.
+    _cailliach_. Does not seem to exist in Eng. diall. south of
+    the border.
+
+CARP, KARP, _vb._ to talk, converse. Wyntoun, VI, 18, 313. O.N.
+    _karpa_. See Skeat Et.D.
+
+CASTINGS, _sb. pl._ cast off clothes. Dunbar's Complaynt, 43. Deriv.
+    from _cast_. O.N. _kasta_.
+
+CHAFT, _sb._ the jaw, also used vulgarly for the mouth. O.N.
+    _kjaptr_, the jaw. Norse _kjæft_, vulgar name for the mouth.
+    O. Sw. _kiäpter_, M. Sw. _käft_, Dan. _kjæft_, M.E. _chaft_.
+
+CHAFT-BLADE, CHAFF-BLADE, _sb._ jaw. Mansie Wauch, 41, 20; 76, 23;
+    147, 28. Cp. Norse _kjæfte-blad_, id. See _chaft_.
+
+CHOWK, _sb._ jawbone. Dalr., VIII, 112, 14; Isaiah, L, 6. O.N.
+    _kjálki_, the jawbone, Norse _kjāke_.
+
+CHYNGIEL, _sb._ gravel. Douglas, III, 302, 30. Norse _singl_, see
+    Skeat, and Wall.
+
+CLED, _pp._ clad, clothed. Wallace, I, 382. O.N. _klæddr_, dressed,
+    from _klæða_. O.E. _clæðan_, from which N. Eng. _clothe_, was
+    borrowed from the Scand. in late O.E. See Kluge P.G.(2)I,
+    932.
+
+CLAG, _sb._ a stain, a flaw. Dalr., VIII, 97, 17. The vowel in O.N.
+    _kleggi_ does not correspond. It is rather Dan. _klag_, see
+    _claggit_.
+
+CLAGGIT, _adj._ clagged, literally adhering, sticking, vb. _clag_,
+    to stick. Lindsay, LXXXVII, 2667. Dan. _klæg_, mud, sticky
+    clay, as adj. sticky, cp. Cu. _claggy_, adhesive, _clog_, to
+    stick to, O.E. _clæg_, from which N. Eng. _clay_. Possibly
+    from an unpalatalized O. Nhb. _clæg_.
+
+Cleading, _sb._ dress, clothing, A.P.B. 110 cp. Norse _klædning_,
+    Sco. formation, same as clothing in Eng. The Sco. vb. is
+    _cleed_.
+
+CLECKIN, _sb._ brood of chickens. Burns, 99, 4. Cp. O.N. _klekking_,
+    chicken, but probably Sco. formation from _cleck_, to hatch,
+    q.v.
+
+CLEG, _sb._ the gadfly, horsefly. Burns, 88, I. O.N. _kleggi_,
+    horsefly, Dan. _kleg_. See Wall.
+
+CLEK, _vb._ to hatch. Dunbar, 105; Douglas, II, 198, 3. O.N.
+    _klekja_, O. Sw. _kläkkia_, Norse _klökkja_, _klöttja_, Dan.
+    _klække_, Sw. _kläcka_, id.
+
+CLOFF, _sb._ fork, fissure. Montg. F., 60. O.N. _klof_, bifurcation,
+    O. Dan. _klov_, a rift in a tree, O. Sw. _klovi_, id. Norse
+    _klov_, a cleft opening. Cp. Sco. _long-cloved_ and Ic.
+    _klof-langr_.
+
+CLOUR, _vb._ to beat, strike; always used with reference to personal
+    encounters. O.N. _klóra_, to scratch, Norse _klōra_ id.,
+    _klōr_ sb. used with reference to the scratch one gets as
+    the result of a blow. In Sco. _clour_ may also mean the blow
+    itself.
+
+CLOUR, CLOWRE, _sb._ a scratch or swelling after a blow. Fergusson,
+    120; Philotus, 153; Douglas, I, 6, 4. O.N. _klór_,
+    a scratching. Norse _klōr._ Probably Sco. formation.
+
+CLUBBIT, _adj._ clubfooted, clumsy. Montg. S., XXVIII; M.P., 13, 30.
+    O.N. _klubba_ and _klumba_, Norse _klubba_, Dan., Norse
+    _klump_. Cp. Eng. _clump_. Söderwall gives _klubba, klobba_,
+    probably M. Sw. Cp. N.Dan. _klubbe_. Exhibits assimilation of
+    _mb_ to _bb_ which is general in W. Scand. Also appears to
+    some extent later in E. Scand. Eng. _club_ is Scand. See
+    Skeat.
+
+CLUNK, _vb._ to emit a hollow and uninterrupted sound. Jamieson,
+    Ayr. O.N. _klunka_, Norse _klunka_, to emit a gurgling sound.
+    O. Sw. _klunka_, Eng. _clink_ shows umlaut.
+
+CLYFFT, _sb._ a cleft, a fissure. Wallace, VII, 859. Norse _klyft_,
+    _kluft_, Ic. _kluft_, Sw. _klyfta_, Dan. _kloft_. See also
+    Skeat under _cleft_, and B.S. _cluft_. The Sco. word like the
+    M.E. exhibits the umlaut which has taken place in some places
+    in Norway and Sweden.
+
+COG, KOG, COGGIE, _sb._ a keg, a wooden vessel of any kind.
+    Ferguson, 13; Burns, 195, 51, 2; 195, 50, 6. O.N. _kaggi_,
+    Norse _kagge_, Dan. Sw. _kagge_, a cask, a barrel. Skeat cites
+    the form _cag_ for Eng. diall. The Sco. word preserves more
+    closely the Norse sound, which is not _o_, but _a_. On L.G.
+    cognates see Skeat Et.D.
+
+COSTLYK, _adj._ costly, magnificent. Wyntoun, VIII, 28, 76; IX, 18,
+    66, costlike. O.N. _kostligr_, costly, choice, desirable.
+    O. Sw. _kosteliker_, O. Dan. _kostælic_, N. Dan. _kostelig_,
+    Norse _kosteleg_, costly, magnificent. Deriv. _costlykly_.
+    Wyntoun, VII, 5, 96.
+
+COUR, _vb._ to bow, to croutch. O.N. _kúra_, O. Dan. _kuræ_, O. Sw.
+    _kura_, Norse _kura_, _kurra_, bend down, become quiet, go to
+    rest. Norse _kurr_, adj. silent, _kurrende still_, perfectly
+    quiet, cowered to silence. The fundamental idea in the O.N.
+    word was probably that of "lying quiet." Cp. Shetland _to
+    cur_, to sit down. Isaiah, LVIII, 5: "His head till cower like
+    a seggan flouir."
+
+COW, _vb._ to overcome, surpass, "beat." O.N. _kúga_, to compel to
+    something, to tyrannize over. Dan _kue_, _underkue_, suppress,
+    oppress, Norse _kua_, press down, also put into subjection.
+    The more general meaning in the modern diall. is "to beat."
+    "To cow a'," in Barrie, to beat everything; _cow'd_, Fergusson
+    117, terrified.
+
+CRAIK, _sb._ crow. Burns, 226, 119, 3, and 121, 1. O.N. _kráka_,
+    Norse _kraake_, _krauka_, Dan. _krage_, Shetland _kraga_,
+    crow. See also Wall.
+
+CRAVE, _vb._ to demand payment of a debt, to dun. A regular Sco. use
+    of the word. O.E. _crafian_ is a loanword from Scand. See
+    Kluge P.G.(2)I, 933. Cp. Norse _kreva_, to dun.
+
+CROVE, _sb._ hut, cottage. Ramsay, I, 158. O.N. _kró_, a hut,
+    a little cottage (Haldorson), Norse, _kro_, specialized to
+    "wine or ale house." So in Dan.
+
+CUNNAND, _adj._ knowing, skilful, dexterous. Wyntoun, VII, 3, 28;
+    _connand_, V, 12, 1243; Douglas, II, 18, 22. O.N. _kunnandi_,
+    knowing, learned, Norse _kunnande_, skilled. Deriv.
+    _cunnandly_, _conandly_ (Wallace, I, 248).
+
+CUNNANDNESS, _sb._ skill, knowledge, wisdom. Wyntoun, V, 12, 280;
+    VII, 8, 667. Sb. formation from _cunnand_.
+
+
+DAGGIT, _adj. pp._ soaked. Montg. S., 68, 11. O.N. _döggva_, to
+    bedew, _döggottr_, covered with dew, Norse _dogga_, id., Sw.
+    _dagg_, thin, drizzling rain, O. Sw. _dag_, dew, Shetland
+    _dag_, dew, "he's dagen," it is misting. Cp. Cu. _daggy_,
+    misty.
+
+DAPILL, _adj._ gray. Douglas, II, 257, 19; Scott 72, 126, "till hair
+    and berd grow dapill." O.N. _depill_. See Skeat.
+
+DAPPLET, _adj._ spotted, flecked. Burns, VII, 11. See _dapple_ in
+    Skeat Et.D.
+
+DASH, _vb._ to strike. Burns, 210, 872, 8, 7. O.N. _daska_, to
+    strike, sb. _dask_, a strike, Norse _daska_, Dan., Sw.
+    _daska_, M.E. _daschen_. See Bradley's Stratmann.
+
+DE, DEE, _vb._ to die, M.E. _deyen_. Undoubtedly a Scand. loan-word.
+    Luik (91-93), agreeing with Napier, thinks the word is native
+    from primitive Gmc. *_daujan_. I think, however, with Kluge,
+    that if the word had existed in O.E. it would have appeared
+    earlier. See Kluge P.G.(2)I, 933. O.N. _döyja_, Norse _döi_,
+    O. Dan. _döia_, Dan, _dö_. On M.E. _deyen_ see Brate.
+
+DEGRAITHIT, _pp._ deprived of. Lyndsay, 523, 3935. Formed from the
+    sb. _graith_, possessions, hence _degraith_, to dispossess.
+    Cp. the Eng. parallel. See _graith_.
+
+DEY, DEE, _sb._ maid, woman. A.P.B., 151; Ramsay 399. O.N. _dæigja_,
+    a dairy maid, Norse _deigja_, servant, _budeie_, dairy maid,
+    O. Sw. _deghia_, _deijha_, maid, girl, sweetheart, O. Dan.
+    _deije_, mistress, _deijepige_, servant. The Sco. word has
+    nearly always the general sense of "woman."
+
+DING, _vb._ to drive, strike, beat, overcome. O.N. _dengja_, to
+    hammer, Norse _dengja_, _denge_, to whip, beat, O. Sw.
+    _dängia_ id., Sw. _dänge_, O. Dan. _dænge_, M.E. _dingen_.
+    A very common word in Sco., used quite generally as Eng.
+    "beat," in the sense of "surpassing." "To ding a'" = to beat
+    everything. Cp. "to cow a'."
+
+DIRDUM, _sb._ tumult, uproar. Douglas, I, 117, 9. O.N. _dýra-dómr_,
+    "doordoom, an ancient tribunal held at the door of the house
+    of the suspected person, which often was followed by uproar
+    and bloodshed" (Small). The word appears in Gael. as _durdan_.
+
+DOIF, _adj._ deaf, dull. Irving, 214. See _douff_. For similar
+    parallel forms cp. _gowk_ and _goilk_; _nowt_ and _nolt_;
+    _howk_ and _holk_; _lowp_ and _loip_; _bowdyn_ and _boildin_,
+    etc.
+
+DONK, _adj._ damp, moist. Douglas, II, 196, 32; Dunbar, G.T., 97.
+    Cu. _donky_. See Skeat under _dank_. Cp. _donk_ sb.
+
+DONK, _sb._ a moist place. Rolland, I, 2. Sw. dial. _dank_, a moist
+    marshy place, small valley. O.N. _dökk_, a pool, Norse _dok_,
+    a valley, Shetland _dek_. Exhibits E. Scand. non-assimilation
+    of _nk_ to _kk_.
+
+DONK, _vb._ to moisten. Dunbar, T.M.W., 10, 512. M.E. _donken_, to
+    moisten. See _donk_, adj.
+
+DONNART, _adj._ stupid, stupefied. Mansie Wauch, 96, 29. Norse
+    _daana_, Sw. _dåna_, to faint. For the _r_ cp. dumbfoundered,
+    M.W., p. 210, 25. An excrescent _r_ appears in a number of
+    words, so in _dynnart_, a variant of the word above, Dunbar,
+    T.M.W. 10. Cp. _daunert_, in stupor, Johnnie Gibb, 56, 44,
+    and _dauner_, to wander aimlessly, Psalms CVII, 40.
+
+DOOCK, DUCK. _sb._ a kind of coarse cloth. Jamieson. Probably in
+    this case, as the form of the word indicates, from O.N.
+    _dúkr_, O. Sw. _dūker_, cloth. Cp. Norse _dūk_, Dan.
+    _dug_, Sw. dial. _duk_. Skeat derives the Eng. _duck_ from Du.
+    _dock_, but the Sco. word agrees more closely with the Norse.
+
+DOSEN, _adj._ stupefied. Burns 220, 107, 2. Cp. Cu. _dozent_,
+    stupefied, and Mansie Wauch, 207, 24, _dozing_, whirling,
+    sprawling. The Norse work _dusen_ has the same meaning as
+    _dosen_ above. The form _dosynt_, pp. dazed, stunned (Burns),
+    is to be explained from a Sco. vb. _dosen_ (not necessarily
+    _dosnen_ in Scotland), corresponding to M.E. _dasin_, O.N.
+    _dasa_. See Skeat under _doze_.
+
+DOWFF, DOUF, DOLF, _adj._ deaf, dull, melancholy, miserable.
+    Douglas, II, 63, 11; Burns, 44, 4. O.N. _daufr_, deaf, Norse
+    _dauv_, drowsy, dull, _dauva_, make drowsy. See _dowie_.
+
+DOWIE, DOWY, _adj/_ melancholy, dismal. O.N. _doufr_, dead, drowsy.
+    Norse _dauv_, _dau_, id. Cp. Sco. _doolie_ and Ir. _doiligh_,
+    mournful, O.N. _daufligr_, dismal.
+
+DOWLESS, _adj._ careless, worthless. Isaiah, 32, 11. O.N.
+    _duglauss_, Norse _duglaus_, good for nothing, said of a person
+    who has lost all courage or strength, as opposed to _duglegr_,
+    capable. Norse _dugløysa_, weakness, inability. Cp. Dan.
+    _due_, to be able. Germ. _taugen_.
+
+DRAIK, _vb._ to drown, drench. Lyndsay, 247, 714; _draikit_, Isaiah,
+    I, 22. Apparently from O.N. _drekkja_, to drown, to swamp. The
+    vowel is difficult to explain. The Cu. form _drakt_, drenched,
+    wet, indicates a verb, _drak_. The change in vowel would then
+    be similar to that in _dwall_ from O.N. _dvelja_, Eng.
+    _dwell_. Uncertain.
+
+DRAM, _sb._ a drink. Fergusson, 40; Mansie Wauch, 9, 9; 90, 2. Norse
+    _dram_, a drink, always used with reference to a strong drink,
+    so in Sco. Dan. _dram_, as much of a strong drink as is taken
+    at one time (Molbeck). O. Sw. _dramb_, drinking in general,
+    carousing. This usage of _dram_ is distinctively Scand. and
+    Sco. Cp. Eng. _dram_, Sco. vb. _dram_, to furnish with drinks.
+
+DRAWKIT, _adj._ drenched. Dunbar 142, 102; Douglas, I, 56, 12; III,
+    303, 8. See _draik_. The vowel is difficult to explain.
+    Absence of _n_ before the _k_ proves that it is either a
+    Scand. loanword direct, or a Sco. formation from one. There is
+    no Scand. word from which _drawkit_ could come. It may be a
+    Sco. formation from _draik_. For change of _ai_ to _aw_ cp.
+    _agent_ and _awgent_; _various_ and _vawrious_, in Aberdeen
+    dial. The M. Dan. _drockne_, N. Norse _drokna_, would hardly
+    account for _aw_ in _drawkit_.
+
+DROOK, to drench, to drown. Isaiah, XVI, 9; LV, 10; Psalms, VI, 6.
+    Cannot come from O.N. _drekkja_. Probably from O.N. _drukna_,
+    to drown, Norse _drukna_, O. Dan. _dronkne_, by lengthening of
+    the vowel. Cp. Cu. _drookt_, severely wet. The following
+    infinitive forms also occur, _draik_, _drowk_, _drawk_.
+
+DROUKIT, _adj._ drenched. Fergusson, 40. See _drook_.
+
+DRUCKEN, DRUKEN, _adj._ drunken, addicted to drink. O.N., Norse
+    _drukken_, pp. of _drikka_, to drink. Early E. Scand. has the
+    unassimilated form. Cp. O. Dan. _dronkne_, _drone_. Later Dan.
+    _drougne_, _drocken_. Early Sw. _drokken_.
+
+DUDDY, _adj._ ragged. Fergusson, 146; Burns, 68, 48. See _duds_.
+    Cp. Cu. _duddy fuddiel_, a ragged fellow.
+
+DUDS, _sb. pl._ rags, clothes, O.N. _dudi_, "vestes plumatae"
+    (Haldorson), _duda_ (_duða_), to wrap up heavily, to swaddle.
+    Gael. _dud_, rag, is a loan-word from O.N. It is possible that
+    the word may have come into Lowland Sco. by way of Gael.
+
+
+EGG, _vb._ to urge on, to incite. O.N. _eggja_, goad, incite, Norse
+    _egga_, Dan. _egge_, id. The word is general Gmc., but this
+    specific sense is Scand. Cp. O. Fr. _eggia_, to quarrel, to
+    fight. M.L.G. _eggen_, to cut, to sharpen a sword.
+
+EGGING, _sb._ excitement, urging. Bruce, IV, 539. See _egg_.
+
+EIDENT, YDAN, YTHAND, _adj._ diligent. Dalr., I, 233, 35; Fergusson,
+    94; Douglas, I, 86, 17. O.N. _iðinn_, assiduous, diligent,
+    _iðja_, to be active. Norse _idn_, activity, industry. Cp.
+    Dan. _id_, _idelig_.
+
+ELDING, _sb._ fuel. Dalr., I, 10, 8. O.N. _elding_, firing, fuel.
+    Norse _elding_, id. Cu. _eldin_. From O.N. _eldr_, fire.
+    Cp. Shetland _eld_, fire. See N.E.D.
+
+ELDNYNG, _sb._ passion, also jealousy. Dunbar, 36, 204; 119, 126,
+    literally "firing up." O.N. _eldr_, fire. Cp. Sw. _elding_.
+
+ENCRELY, YNKIRLY, _adv._ especially, particularly. Bruce, I, 92;
+    I, 301; X, 287. O.N. _einkarlegr_, O. Dan. _enkorlig_, O. Sw.
+    _enkorlika_, adj. adv. special, especially. Cp. Norse
+    _einkeleg_, unusual, extraordinary. See B-S and Skeat's
+    glossary to Barbour's Bruce.
+
+END, _sb._ breath. Sat. P., 42, 63. See _aynd_.
+
+END, _vb._ to breathe upon. Dalr., I, 29, 6. O.N. _anda_, Norse
+    _anda_, breathe, M.E. _anden_.
+
+ERD, _vb._ to bury. Dunbar, F., 372; Douglas, II, 266, 10; Bruce,
+    XX, 291. O.N. _jarða_, to bury, O. Sw. _iorþa_. O.E. _eardian_
+    meant "to dwell, inhabit." See further Wall. A case of
+    borrowed meaning, the form is Eng.
+
+ERDING, _sb._ burial. Bruce, IV, 255; XIX, 86. See _erd_ vb.
+
+ESPYNE, _sb._ a long boat. Bruce, XVII, 719. O.N. _espingr_,
+    a ship's boat, Sw. _esping_.
+
+ETTIL, ETIL, _sb._ aim, design. Douglas, II, 249, 13; II, 254. See
+    _ettil_ vb.
+
+ETLYNG, _sb._ aim, endeavor, intention. Bruce, II, 22; I, 587; R.R.,
+    1906. Probably a deriv. from _ettle_, see below, but cp. O.N.
+    _etlun_, design, plan, intention.
+
+ETTLE, ETTIL, _vb._ to intend, aim at, attempt. O.N. _ætla_, intend,
+    O. Dan. _ætlæ_, ponder over, Norse _etla_, intend, determine,
+    or get ready to do a thing. Cu. _ettle_, York, _attle_. In
+    Isaiah, LIX, colophon, _ettle_ signifies "means, have the
+    meaning."
+
+
+FALOW, _vb._ to match, compare. R. R., 3510. Also the regular form
+    of the sb. in Sco., O.N. _félagr._ See Skeat, B-S under
+    _fēlaȝe._ The Sco. vowel is long as in O.N. and M.E. The
+    tendency in Sco. is toward _a_ in a great many words that have
+    _e_ in Eng. Cp. Aberdeen _wast_ for _west_; _laft_ for _left_;
+    _stap _ for _step_; _sattlit_ for _settled_, S. Sco. _wat_ for
+    _wet_. Similar unfronting of the vowel is seen in _prenciple_,
+    _reddance_, _enterdick_.
+
+FANG, _vb._ to catch, seize. O.N. _fanga_, to fetch, capture. Norse
+    _fanga_, Dan. _fange_. This word in Northern England and
+    Scotland is to be regarded as a Scand. loan-word. The word
+    _fangast_, a marriageable maid, cited by Wall, proves this.
+    Literally the word means something caught (cp. Norse
+    _fangst_). This meaning could not possibly have arisen out of
+    the O.E. word, but is explained by the Norse use of it and the
+    peculiar Norse custom, cp. _fanga kǫnu_, to wed a woman,
+    _kvan-fang_, marriage, _fangs-tið_, wedding-season, Norse
+    _bryllöp_ < _brudlaup_, the "bride-run." Wall suggests that it
+    may come from the root of O.E. pp. _gefangen_. Its presence in
+    S.Eng. diall. in the meaning "to struggle, to bind," may be
+    explained in this way.
+
+FARANDNESS, _sb._ comeliness, handsomeness. R.R., 1931. See
+    _farrand_. Cp. _cunnandness_, from pr. p. _cunnand_.
+
+FARRAND, _adj._ appearing, generally well-appearing, handsome, e.g.,
+    _a seemly farrand person_. The word frequently means "fitting,
+    proper," O.N. _fara_, to suit, to fit, a secondary sense of
+    _fara_, to go.
+
+FEIR, FER, _adj._ sound, unharmed. O.N. _færr_, safe, well, in
+    proper condition, originally applied to a way that was in
+    proper condition or a sea that was safe, e.g., _Petlandsfjörðr
+    var eigi færr_, the Pentland Firth was not safe, could not be
+    crossed. Norse _før_ also has this same meaning, also means
+    "handy, skillful," finally "strong, well-built." Dan., Sw.
+    _för_, able. So in Dunbar, 258, 51. Sometimes spelled _fier_.
+
+FELL, _sb._ mountain. O.N. _fjald_, Norse _fjell_. See Wall.
+
+FILLOK, _sb._ a giddy young woman. Douglas, III, 143, 10; Lyndsay,
+    87, 2654. Diminutive of _filly_, q.v.
+
+FILLY, _sb._ a chattering, gossipy young woman. Ramsay, II, 328.
+    Sco. usage. See Skeat under _filly_, O.N. _fylja_.
+
+FIRTH, _sb._ a bay, arm of the sea. O.N. _fjörðr_, O. Sw.
+    _fjördher_. See Skeat.
+
+FLAKE, _sb._ a hurdle. Douglas, IV, 14, 10. O.N. _flaki_, a hurdle,
+    or shield wicker-work. Norse _flake_, Sw. _flake_ and O. Sw.
+    _flaki_. Cu. _flaks_, pieces of turf, is probably the same.
+    Cp. Norse _flake_, in _kote-flake_.
+
+FLAT, _adj._ dull, spiritless. Rolland, Prol. 16. O.N. _flat_, Norse
+    _flat_, ashamed, disappointed, _fara flatt fyrir einem_, to
+    fare ill, be worsted, O. Dan. _flad_, weak.
+
+FLECKERIT, _pp. adj._ spotted. Gol. and Gaw., 475. O.N. _flekkr_,
+    a spot, _flekkóttr_, spotted. The _r_ in the Sco. word is
+    frequentative, not the inflexional ending of the O.N. See also
+    Skeat under _fleck_.
+
+FLEGGER, _sb._ a flatterer. Dunbar, F., 242. Dan. dial. _flægger_,
+    false, _flægre_, to flatter.
+
+FLINGIN TREE, _sb._ a piece of timber hung by way of partition
+    between two horses in a stable (Wagner), Burns, 32, 23. O.N.
+    _flengja_, Norse _flenga_, _flengja_, to fling, to sling. Sw.
+    _flänga_, O. Ic. _flengja_, to whip up, to cause to hurry, to
+    ride furiously. The Norse and the Dan., like the English, do
+    not have the primary meaning seen in O. Ic. and N.Sw. See
+    further Skeat.
+
+FLIT, _vb._ to move, change abode. O.N. _flyttja_, Norse _flytta_,
+    O. Dan. _flyttæ_, O. Sw. _flyttia_, to move, M.E. _flytten_
+     . The O.N. _flyttja_ meant "to migrate," as also the M.E. word,
+    otherwise the usage is the same in all the Scand. languages.
+    Sco. _flit_ is to be derived from O.N. not from Sw.
+
+FLYRE, _vb._ to grin, leer, whimper, look surly. Montg. F., 188.
+    Dunbar, T.M.W., 114. O.N., _flira_, Norse _flira_, smile at,
+    leer, laugh, Dan. _flire_ to leer, M.E. _fliren_. The three
+    words _flina_, _flira_ and _flisa_ in Scand. mean the same.
+    Cu. _fliar_, to laugh heartily. See also Wall.
+
+FLYTTING, _sb._ furniture, moveable goods. Wyntoun, VIII, 38, 50. In
+    Wallace simply in the sense of removal. O.N. _flutning_,
+    transport, carriage of goods. The Sco. word is probably a
+    deriv. from _flyt_, as indicated also by the umlauted vowel.
+
+FORELDERS, _sb. pl._ parents. Gau. 15, 2. Dan. _forældre_, Sw.
+    _föräldrar_, Norse _foreldre_, parents. In the sense
+    "ancestors" the word is general Gmc, but the above use is
+    specifically Scand. In Sco. the word usually has the general
+    sense. Gau has Dan. elements that are not to be found in other
+    Sco. works.
+
+FORJESKIT, _adj._ jaded, fatigued. Burns, 44, 29. Dan. _jask_ adj.,
+    _jaske_ vb. to rumple, put in disorder, _jask_, a rag,
+    _jasket_, _hjasket_ left in disordered condition. Dan. dial.
+    _jasked_, clumsy, homely. Sw. dial. _jaska_, to walk slovenly
+    and as if tired, _jasked_, adj. in bad condition. R.L.
+    Stevenson in "The Blast" uses _forjaskit_ in the sense of
+    "jaded." The prefix _for_ may be either Eng. or Dan.
+
+FORLOPPIN, _adj._ renegade. Sat., p. 44, 243. The pp. of _loup_, to
+    leap, to run, with intensive prefix _for_. See _loup_. Cp. the
+    Norse _forloppen_ from _læupa_, used precisely in the same
+    way, and the Dan. dial. _loben_. _Forloppin_ as sb., Dunbar,
+    139. See also _loppert_.
+
+FORS, _sb._ a stream. O.N. _fors_, N.Ic. and Norse _foss_, Dan., Sw.
+    _foss_, stream, waterfall, O.N. _forsa_, to foam, spout. The
+    word is very common in Norway, not so common in Sweden and
+    Denmark.
+
+FORTH, _sb._ Dunbar, 316, 63. Same as _firth_.
+
+FRA, FRAE, _prep._ and _conj._ from, since. Aberdeen form _fae_.
+    O.N. _frá_, from, Dan. _fra_, Norse _fra_, Sw. _frå_. Deriv.
+    from "from," according to Wall, by analogy of _o'_, etc. I do
+    not believe so. It is first found in Scand. settlements and is
+    confined to them. Besides _m_ would not be likely to fall out.
+    The case is quite different with _f_ and _n_ in "of" and "in"
+    when before "the." Furthermore, the conjunctive use of _fra_
+    as in Sco. is Norse.
+
+FRECKLIT, FRECKLED, _adj._ flecked, spotted, differing slightly from
+    the Eng. use. Douglas, II, 216, 5; Mansie Wauch, 18, 5,
+    "freckled corn." O.N. _freknur_. See Kluge and Lutz, and
+    Skeat. In M.W. above: "The horn-spoons green and black
+    freckled."
+
+FREND, _sb._ relation, relative. Wyntoun, VII, 10, 354. O.N.
+    _frændi_, kinsman, O. Dan. _frændi_, Norse _frænde_, Sw.
+    _frände_, id. O.E. _frēond_, O.H.G. _friunt_, O. Fr.
+    _friond_, _friund_, M.L.G. _vrint_, "friend." Cp. the Sco.
+    proverb: "Friends agree best at a distance," relations agree
+    best when there is no interference of interests, Jamieson.
+
+FRESTIN, _vb._ to tempt, taunt, also to try. Gol. and Gaw., 902,
+    911; Ramsay, I, 271. O.N. _fræista_, to tempt, Norse
+    _freista_, _frista_, to tempt, try, O. Sw. _fresta_, Dan.
+    _friste_, Sw. dial. _freista_, to attempt, O.E. _frāsian_.
+
+
+GANAND, _adj._ fitting, proper. Dunbar, 294; Douglas, II, 24, 19.
+    Pr. p. of _gane_. Cp. Eng. fitting. See _gane_.
+
+GANE, _vb._ to be suitable. L.L., 991; Rolland, II, 135. O.N.
+    _gegna_, to suit, to satisfy, from _gegn_. O. Sw. _gen_, same
+    root in Germ. _begegnen_. See further Kluge. Entirely
+    different from _gane_, to profit.
+
+GANE, _vb._ to profit. L.L., 131; R.R., 1873. O.N. _gagne_, to help,
+    be of use, _gagn_, use, profit, Norse _gagna_, id., O. Sw.
+    _gaghna_, to profit, Dan. _gavne_.
+
+GANE, _sb._ the mouth and throat. Douglas, III, 168, 26. Cannot come
+    from O.E. _gin_, O.N. _gin_, mouth, because of the quality of
+    the vowel, is, however, Norse _gan_, _gane_, the throat, the
+    mouth and throat, Sw. _gan_, gap, the inside of the mouth.
+
+GAIT, GATE, GAT, _sb._ road, way, manner. O.N. _gata_, O. Dan.
+    _gatæ_, M.E. _gāte_. See Wall. Cp. Northern Eng. "to gang
+    i' that rwoad," to continue in that manner.
+
+GARTH, GAIRTH, _sb._ the yard, the house with the enclosure,
+    dwelling. O.N. _garðr_, a yard, the court and premises, O. Sw.
+    _garþer_, _gardh_, the homeplace, Dan. _gaard_, M.E. _garth_,
+    and _yeard_ from O.E. _geard_, Cu. _garth_, Shetland _gard_.
+    Is in form more specifically Norse than Dan. Occurs in a
+    number of place-names in South Scotland, especially Dumfries.
+    See I, §3.
+
+GATEFARRIN, _adj._ wayfaring, in the sense of fit to travel, in
+    suitable apparel for travel. Johnnie Gibb, 12, 35. Wall
+    distinguishes rightly between the O.N. and the Eng. use of the
+    word _fare_. This Scand. use of the word is confined to Norway
+    and Iceland, and is, at any rate in the later period, more
+    characteristic of Icelandic than Norse. Cp. a similar use of
+    the word _sitta_, in Norse, to look well, said of clothes that
+    look well on a person. Not quite the same.
+
+GAWKY, _adj._ foolish. Burns, 78, 60. From _gowk_. Cp. _gawkish_.
+
+GEDDE, _sb._ a pike (fish). Bruce, II, 576; Sat. P. I, 53, 9. O.N.
+    _gedda_, the pike, Dan. _gjedde_, Sw. _gädda_. Not in M.E.,
+    except in Sco. works, and does not seem to exist in Eng.
+    diall.
+
+GEMSAL, YEMSEILL, YHEMSALE, _sb._ concealment, secrecy. Bruce, XX,
+    231; Wyntoun, VIII, 19, 206; VIII, 36, 84. O.N. _göymsla_,
+    O. Ic. _geymsla_, Norse _gøymsla_, _gøymsel_, concealment.
+    Dano-Norse _gjemsel_. The ending _sal_ is distinctively Scand.
+    Cp. _trængsel_, misery; _længsel_, longing; _hørsel_, hearing;
+    _pinsel_, torture; _trudsel_, threat; _opførsel_, conduct;
+    Sco. _tynsell, hansell_, etc.
+
+GENȝELD, _sb._ reward, recompense. Douglas, II, 100, 12; II,
+    111, 17; Scott, 59, 62. O.N. _gegn-gjald_, reward, O. Dan.
+    _gengæld_, _giengiald_ id., _giengielde_, to reward, Norse
+    _gjengjæld_. _Gen_ is the same as the _gegn_ in _gegna_, to
+    suit, _-ȝeld_ can be either Scand. or Eng. The palatal _g_
+    is also Scand. in this word. The compound _genȝeld_ is
+    Scand. In Sco. also spelled _ganȝeld_, _gaynȝeild_.
+
+GER, GAR, _vb._ to make, cause, force. O.N. _gera_ (Cl. and V.).
+    O. Dan. _göræ_, Sw. _göra_, Norse _gjera_, to do, to make.
+    O. Nh. _görva_. _Gar_ is the modern form which exhibits
+    regular Sco. change of _er_ to _ar_. Cp. _serk_, _sark_;
+    _werk_, _wark_.
+
+GESTNYNG, _sb._ hospitality. Douglas, III, 315, 8. O.N. _gistning_,
+    a passing the night as a guest at a place, _gista_, vb. to
+    spend the night with one, _gestr_, guest. O. Dan. _gæstning_,
+    O. Sw. _gästning_, _gistning_.
+
+GLETE, GLEIT, _vb._ to glitter. Douglas, I, 33; II, 88, 16; Montg.
+    C. and S., 1288; Dunbar, G.T., 66. O.N. _glita_, to glitter,
+    Dan. _glitte_. Cp. Shetland _glid_, a glittering object. O.E.
+    _glitnian_ > M.E. _glitenien_, as O.E. _glisnian_ > M.E.
+    _glistnian_, N. Eng. _glisten_. The M.E. _glitenian_ (N.Eng.
+    *_glitten_) was replaced by the Scand. _glitter_.
+
+GLEIT, _sb._ literally "anything shining," used in Palace of Honour,
+    II, 8, for polish of speech. See the vb.
+
+GLEY, _sb._ a look, glance, stare. Mansie Wauch, 85, 10; 117, 37.
+    See Wall, _gley_, to squint, B-S. _glien_. Cp. Sw. dial.
+    _glia_.
+
+GLEG, _adj._ sharp. See Wall, deriv. _glegly_, quickly.
+
+GLITTERIT, _adj._ full of glitter. Dunbar, T.M.W., 30. See _glitter_
+    in Skeat.
+
+GOWK, _sb._ a fool. O.N. _gaukr_, Norse _gæuk_, O. Sw. _göker_, Dan.
+    _gjög_. In Sco. very frequently spelled _goilk_, _golk_. Cu.
+    _April-gowk_, April fool.
+
+GOWL, _vb._ to scream, yell. O.N. _gaula_, Norse _gæula_, to yell,
+    to scream. Shetland _gjol_, _gol_, to howl, seems to be the
+    same word, but the palatal before _o_ is strange. Cp. Sco.
+    _gowle_.
+
+GOWLYNGE, _sb._ screaming, howling. R.R. 823, pr. p. of _gowl_.
+    Cp. O.N. _gaulan_, Norse _gæuling_, sb. screaming.
+
+GRAIP, _sb._ a dung-fork. Burns, 38, 1, 2. Johnnie Gibb, 102, 18;
+    214, 21. Norse _græip_, id., Dan. _greb_, a three-pronged
+    fork.
+
+GRAITH, _adj._ ready, direct. Bruce, IV, 759; Wallace, V, 76. O.N.
+    _græiðr_, ready, Norse _greid_, simple, clear, ready. Deriv.
+    _graithly_, directly, Gol. and Gau. 54. Cp. Yorkshire
+    _graidly_, proper.
+
+GRAITH, _vb._ make ready, dress, furnish, equip. C.S., 39; R.R.,
+    424; Psalms XVIII, 32. O.N. _græiða_, to disentangle, set in
+    order, make ready. Norse _greide_, to dress (the hair). Cu.
+    _graitht_, dressed.
+
+GRANE, _sb._ twig, branch. Douglas, II, 10, 27; Dunbar, 76. O.N.
+    _græin_, Norse _grein_, Dan. _gren_, O. Sw. _gren_, branch.
+    The Dan. and Sw. forms show monophthongation. The Sco. word
+    agrees best with the Norse.
+
+GRANIT, _adj._ forked. Douglas, II, 133, 4. O.N. _græina_, to
+    branch, divide into branches, separate. Norse _græina_, Sw.,
+    Dan. _grena_, id., O. Sw. _grenadh_, adj. forked, Cu.
+    _grainet_.
+
+GRAYTH, GRAITH, _sb._ equipment, possessions. Dunbar, 229; Lyndsay,
+    154, 4753; Burns, 23, 18. O.N. _græiða_, means "tools,
+    possessions," originally "order." Cp. the vb. In Douglas,
+    III, 3, 25, _graith_ means "preparation."
+
+GRAITHLY, _adv._ directly, speedily. Bruce, XIX, 708; X, 205. O.N.
+    _græiðliga_, readily, promptly.
+
+GRITH, _sb._ peace, truce. Wallace, X, 884. O.N., O. Dan. _grið_,
+    truce, protection, peace. O. Sw. _grið_, _gruð_. Occurs very
+    often in the parts of the A-S. Chronicle dealing with the wars
+    with the Danes, for the first time in 1002. "_Frið and grið_,"
+    meant "truce," or "peace and protection." See Steenstrup's
+    discussion of these words, pp. 245-250.
+
+GROUF, on growfe, _adj._ prone, on one's face. Douglas, IV, 20, 24;
+    Dunbar, 136, 12. O.N. _á grúfu_, grovelling. Norse _aa gruva_,
+    id., O. Sw. _a gruvo_. Sw. diall. _gruva, å gruv_, Dan. _paa
+    gru_.
+
+GRYS, GRYCE, _sb._ a pig. Douglas, II, 143, 14; Lyndsay, 218, 300;
+    Montg., F., 88. O.N. _griss_, a young pig, swine, O. Dan.
+    _gris_, Norse _gris_.
+
+GUKK, _vb._ to act the fool. Dunbar, F., 497. Probably to be derived
+    from _gowk_, sb. a fool. It cannot very well come from _geck_,
+    to jest, the vowels do not correspond. In Poet. R., 108, 5,
+    _gukit_ means "foolish, giddy."
+
+GYLL, _sb._ cleft, glen, ravine. Douglas, III, 148, 2; Sat. P., 12,
+    71. O.N. _gil_, a narrow glen with a stream at the bottom,
+    Norse _gil_, _gyl_, a mountain ravine. Cp. Cu. _gill_,
+    _ghyll_.
+
+GYLMYR, _sb._ a ewe in her second year. C.S., 66. O.N. _gymbr_,
+    a ewe lamb a year old, also _gymbr-lamb_, Norse _gymber_,
+    Dan. _gimber_, M.E. _gimbir_, _gimbyr_, Cu. _gimmer_. In
+    northwestern England and Scotland assimilation of _mb_ to
+    _mm_ took place. Our word has excrescent _l_, cp. _chalmer_,
+    not uncommon.
+
+GYRTH, _sb._ a sanctuary, protection. Bruce, IV, 47; II, 44; C.S.,
+    115. O.N. _grið_, a sanctuary, a truce. O. Sw. _grið_, _gruð_,
+    M.Norse _gred_, protection. Cu. _gurth_, cp. _grith_.
+
+GYRTH _sb._ a hoop for a barrel, the barrel. R.R., 27, 81. O.N.
+    _gjörð_, a girdle, a hoop, Dan. _gjord_, Norse _gjord_,
+    _gjaar_, _gjoir_, hoop, girdle, O.E. form _gyrd_. Cp. O.N.
+    _girða_, to gird, and _girði_, wood for making hoops.
+
+GYRTHYN, _sb._ saddle-strap, saddle-band. Wyntoun, VIII, 36, 64.
+    O.N. _gjörð_. See Skeat, _girth_. Our word is not nominative
+    pl. as the editor of Wyntoun takes it, but is the singular
+    originally pr. p. of _girth_, to gird, to strap. In Poet. R.
+    113, occurs the form _girthing_. Cp. Cu. _girting_,
+    _girtings_.
+
+
+HAILSE, _vb._ to greet, salute. Bruce, II, 153; C.S., 141. O.N.
+    _helsa_, older _hæilsa_, to hailsay one, to greet, O. Sw.
+    _helsa_, Dan. _hilse_, Norse _helsa_, id., M.E. _hailsen_.
+    This word is entirely different from O.E. _healsian_, which is
+    _heals_ + _ian_ and meant "beseech, implore," literally
+    "embrace." The form of this was _halsian_ in O. Nhb., from
+    which Sco. _hawse_, to embrace.
+
+HAILSING, HALSING, _sb._ a salute, greeting. Douglas, II, 243, 31;
+    Dunbar "Freires of Berwick" 57; Rosw. and Lill. 589. O.N.,
+    O. Sw., Norse _helsa_, see above; Norse _helsing_, Dan.
+    _hilsning_, a greeting. _Hailsing_ formed direct from the vb.
+    _hailse_.
+
+HAINE, _vb._ to protect, save. Fergusson, 171; Psalms LXXVIII, 50;
+    LXXX, 19; _we're hain'd_, we are saved. O.N. _hegna_, to hedge
+    in, protect, _hegnaðr_, defence, Norse _hegna_, Dan. _hegne_,
+    O. Sw. _häghna_, to hedge in for the sake of protecting. Cu.
+    _hain_.
+
+HAINED, _pp. adj._ sheltered, secluded, cp. _a hained rig_, Burns,
+    8, 1. In modern usage very frequently means "saved up,
+    hoarded," so _hained gear_, hoarded money. See _haine_ above.
+
+HAININ' TOWER, _sb._ fortress. Psalms XVIII, 2; XXXI, 2; LXII, 7.
+    See _hain_.
+
+HALING (hēling), _pr. p._ pouring down. Douglas, II, 47, 31. O.N.
+    _hella_, to pour out water, _helling_, sb. pouring. See Wall
+    under _hell_. We should expect a short vowel as generally in
+    Eng. diall. The form _hale_, however, occurs in Yorkshire too.
+    Both are from O.N. _hella_. There is no Scand. or L.G. word
+    with original _a_ to explain _hale_, but cp. the two words
+    _dwell_ and _wail_, to choose. _Dwell_ from O.N. _dvelja_,
+    preserves both quality and quantity of the original vowel. The
+    Sco. form is, however, _dwall_. Here the vowel has been opened
+    according to Sco. tendency of changing _e_ to _a_ before
+    liquids, cp. _félag_ > _falow_, also frequently before other
+    consonants. Cp. the same tendency in certain dialects in
+    America, so _tăll_ or even _tǣl_ for _tell, băll_ for
+    _bell_, _wăll_ for _well_, etc. If _e_ before _l_ in
+    _hell_, to pour, was changed to _a_, as _e_ in _dwell_, and
+    later lengthened, we would have the form _hǣl_ out of which
+    _hale_ would be regularly developed, and so a double
+    development from the same word, _hell_ and _hale_. _Wail_, to
+    choose, might be explained in the same way from O.N. vb.
+    _velja_. _Well_ would be the regular form, but this is not
+    found. The O.N. _val_, choice, is, however, sufficient to
+    explain _wail_.
+
+HAME-SUCKEN, _sb._ the crime of assaulting a person within his own
+    house. O.N. _hæim-sókn_, O. Dan. _hem-sokn_, an attack on
+    one's house. O. Sw. _hem-sokn_, O.E. _hamsocn_, E. _ham-
+    socne_. See Steenstrup, pp. 348-349. The word seems to have
+    come into Eng. during the time of the Danes in England, though
+    both elements are Eng. as well as Scand. See Kluge, P.G.(2)I, 933.
+
+HAMMALD, _adj._ domestic. Douglas, II, 26, 7. O.N. _heimoll_,
+    _heimill_, domestic, O. Sw. _hemoll_, Norse _heimholt_.
+    Excrescent _d_ after _l_ quite common in Scand. and appears
+    in Sco. in a few words. See _fald_.
+
+HANK, _sb._ thread as it comes from the measuring reel, a coil of
+    thread. Burns, 584. See Skeat. Cu. _hankle_, to entangle, is
+    probably the same word.
+
+HANSEL, _sb._ gift. O.N. _handsal_. Bruce, V, 120, _hansell_ used
+    ironically means "defeat." See Skeat.
+
+HARN, _sb._ brain. O.N. _hjarni_, brain, O. Dan. _hiærnę_, Norse
+    _hjarne_, Dan. _hjerne_, O. Sw. _hiärne, härne_.
+
+HARSK, _adj._ harsh, cruel. Wyntoun, IX, 1, 27; Douglas, II, 208,
+    17. O.N. *_harsk_, bitter, as proved by Shetland, _ask_,
+    _hask_, _hosk_, and Norse _hersk_. Cp. Dan. _harsk_. O. Ic.
+    _herstr_, bitter, hard, severe, is probably the same word,
+    _st_ to _sk_. Cp. Cu. _hask weather_, dry weather. Shetland,
+    _hoski wadder_, dry and windy weather (Jakobson, p. 68). Dan.
+    dial. _harsk_, bitter, dry. For dropping of _r_, as in the
+    Shetland form, cp. _kask_, from _karsk_, in "Havelok," cited
+    in Skeat's list.
+
+HARSKNESS, _sb._ harshness. Dunbar, 104, 19. See _harsk_.
+
+HARTH, _adj._ hard. Dunbar, F., 181; O.N. _harðr_, Norse _har(d)_,
+    Dan. _haar(d)_, hard.
+
+HAUGH, _sb._ a hill, a knoll. O.N. _haugr_, a hill, Norse _haug_,
+    Old Gutnic _haugr_, Cu. _howe_. The O. Sw. _högher_, O. Dan.
+    _hög_, _höw_, Dan. _höi_, Shetland _hjog_, _hög_, show later
+    monophthongation. Cp. M.E. _houȝ_, _hogh_.
+
+HAVER-MEAL, _sb._ oat-meal. Burns, 187, 32, 1. Cp. Norse,
+    _havremjöl_, O.N. _hafrmjöl_, Dan. _havre meel_. The first
+    element of the compound is used especially in Scand.
+    settlements in England and is probably due to Scand.
+    influence. An O.S. _hafore_ exists, but if our word is native,
+    it ought to be distributed in South Eng. diall. as well. The
+    second element of the compound may be Eng.
+
+HAYND, _sb._ Douglas, III, 119, 6. See _aynd_.
+
+HEID, _sb._ brightness. Rolland, I, 122. O.N. _hæið_, brightness of
+    the sky, _hæið ok sólskin_, brightness and sunshine, _hæiða_,
+    to brighten, _hæiðbjartr_, serene. Cp. _heiðs-há-rann_, the
+    high hall of brightness, an O. poetical name for heaven. The
+    Norse adj. _heid_, bright, like the Sco. word, shows change of
+    _ð_ to _d_.
+
+HENDIR, _adj._ past, bygone. Bruce, 10, 551. Dunbar's poem, _This
+    hendir Night_. O.N. _endr_, formerly. Cp. _ender-day_ in
+    Skeat's list.
+
+HETHING, _sb._ scorn, mockery. Wyntoun, IX, 10, 92; Wallace, V, 739;
+    Douglas, II, 209, 7. O.N. _hǽðing_, sb. scoffing, scorn,
+    _hǽða_, to scoff, to mock, Norse, _hæding_, scorn, mockery,
+    O. Sw. _hädha_, _hödha_.
+
+HING, _vb._ to hang. Lindsay, 527, 4033; Gol. and Gaw., 438; Psalms
+    LXIX, 6. Same as Cu. _hing_, for which see Wall.
+
+HOOLI, HULIE, _adj._ quiet, slow, leisurely, careful. Dalr., I, 149,
+    27; A.P.B., 41; Fergusson, 54. O.N., _hógligr_, easy, gentle,
+    _hógleiki_, meekness, _hóglifi_, a quiet life, _hóglyndr_,
+    good-natured.
+
+HUGSUM, _adj._ horrible. Wyntoun, VII, 5, 176. See _ug_, to fear.
+
+HUSBAND, _sb._ a small farmer. Bruce, X, 387; VII, 151. O.N. _hús-
+     bondi_, a house-master. See Skeat. For full discussion of this
+    word as well as _bonde_, see Steenstrup, 97-100.
+
+
+ILL, _adj._ evil, wicked. Bruce, III, 10. O.N. _illr_, adj. bad,
+    Norse _ill_, _idl_, cross, angry, Dan. _ilde_, adv. badly. As
+    an adv. common in M.E. The adj. use of it more specifically
+    Sco. as in Norse. See Skeat.
+
+IRKE, _vb._ to weary, to suffer. Dunbar, F., 429; R.R., 456; L.L.,
+    2709. O.N. _yrkja_, to work, take effect, O. Sw. _yrkja_,
+    O. Dan. _yrki_ (Schlyter), Sw. _yrke_, to urge, enforce, Norse
+    _orka_, be able, always used in the sense of "barely being
+    able to," or, with the negative, "not being able to." Ramsay
+    uses the word in the sense of "being vexed."
+
+IRKE, _adj._ weary, lazy. Dunbar, 270, 36; R.R., 3570. See _irke_,
+    vb. _Irkit_, pp. adj. tired, Montg., M.P., 521.
+
+IRKING, _sb._ delay. Winyet, II, 76; I. Deriv. from _irke_, vb.
+
+ITHANDLY, YTHANDLY, YDANLIE, _adv._ busily, assiduously. Dalr., II,
+    36, 12; R.R., 36, 95. O.N. _iðinn_, busy. See _eident_.
+
+
+KARPING, CARPING, _sb._ speech, address. Wyntoun, VIII, 18, 85;
+    VIII, 18, 189; IX, 9, 34. See _carp_.
+
+KEIK, KEK, _vb._ to peep, to pry. O.N. _kíkja_, to pry, Norse
+    _kika_. Undoubtedly a Scand. loan-word, _i>ei_ as in _gleit_,
+    _gley_.
+
+KENDLE, KENDILL, KENNLE, _vb._ to kindle. Lyndsay, 161, 4970; Gol.
+    and Gaw., 1221; Rolland, I, 609. O.N. _kendill, kynda_, M.E.
+    _kindlen_. See Brate.
+
+KILT, _vb._ to tuck up, O.N. _kelta_, _kjalta_, O. Dan. _kiltæ_, the
+    lap, Dan., Norse _kilte_, to tuck up, O. Sw. _kilta_, sb. For
+    discussion of this word see Skeat.
+
+KIST, KYST, _sb._ chest, box. O.N. _kista_, Norse, Dan. _kiste_,
+    a chest. O.E. _cest_ would have given _kest_, or _chest_. See
+    also Curtis, §392. The tendency in Sco. is to change _i_ to
+    _e_ before _st_, not _e_ to _i_. Cp. _restit_, _gestning_.
+
+KITTLING, KITTLEN, _sb._ kitten. Burns, 38, 2, 3; Mansie Wauch, 23,
+    19; 210, 10. O.N. _ketlingr_, diminutive of _ketta_, she-cat,
+    Norse _kjetling_. Cp. Cu. _kitlin_. The same diminutive
+    formation appears in Dan. _kylling_, older _kykling_, Norse
+    _kjukling_, a chicken.
+
+KNUSE, KNOOSE, _vb._ to bruise, to press down with the knees, to
+    beat, also to knead. Ramsay, I, 236. See Jamieson for
+    secondary meanings. O.N. _knusa_, to bruise, to beat, Norse
+    _knusa_, Dan. _knuse_, crush, O. Sw. _knosa_, _knusa_, crush,
+    press tight, beat. Cp. Goth. _knusian_. O.E. _cnysian_, shows
+    umlaut.
+
+KOW, _sb._ a fright, terror. Winyet, I, 107, 12. O.N. _kúga_, to
+    cow. See _cow_, vb.
+
+
+LACK, _vb._ to belittle, blame, reproach, despise. Mont., M.P., 43,
+    17; R.R., 3242; 3517; Gau., 17, 25. O.N. _hlakka_, to look
+    down upon, O. Dan. _lakke_, to slander, O. Sw. _belacka_, id.
+    See _lak_, sb.
+
+LAICHING, _sb._ sport, play. R.R., 647. From Sco. vb. _laike_, to
+    play, O.N. _læika_. See _lak_.
+
+LAIF, LAVE, _sb._ the rest. O.N. _læif_, a leaving, pl. _læifar_,
+    remnants, Norse _leiv_, id., _løyva_, to leave. Cannot come
+    from O.E. _lāf_. See §20.
+
+LAIGH, _adj._ low. Ramsay, II, 20; Mansie Wauch, 106, 23. Same as
+    Eng. _low_, from O.N. _lágr_, O. Sw. _lagher_, O. Dan. _lagh,
+    lag_, low. In Eng., O.N. _ag_ > _ǫw_ > _ow_. In Scotland
+    _ag_ > _aw_, did not become _ow_ later. So the regular Sco.
+    form is _law_, or, with guttural, _lawch_. In _laigh_,
+    however, _a_ has developed as _a_ would when not before _g_ or
+    _h_. The form _logh_ also occurs. In Dunbar occur _low_,
+    _law_, _laich_, and _loigh_.
+
+LAIGH, _vb._ to bend down, to kneel. Psalms XCV, 6. See _laigh_,
+    adj.
+
+LAIKE, _sb._ the stake for which one plays. Montg., C., I, 109. O.N.
+    _læikr_, a play, Norse _leik_, O. Dan. _legh_. Also means play
+    in Sco., but the transferred meaning is common. It cannot come
+    from O.E. _lāc_. The _e_-vowel in Cu., Westm., and S.
+    Scotland proves an original _æi_-diphthong. See Part I, §16.
+
+LAIRET, _adj._ bemired. Psalms LXIX, 2. Norse _læir_, clay. Dan.
+    dial. _ler_, O. Sw. _leer_, _ler_, id., Eng. dial. _lair_. See
+    Wall. Jamieson gives _lair_, vb. to stick in the mire, _lair_,
+    sb. a bog, _lairy_, adj. boggy.
+
+LAIRING, _sb._ gutter, deep mud. Burns, 10, 11. O.N. _læir_, clay.
+    Same as Yorkshire _lyring_, for which see Wall. _Lyring_ seems
+    to show original E. Scan. monophthongation of _æi_ to _e_.
+
+LAIT, _sb._ manner, trick. R.R., 273, 25, 36. O.N., Ic. _lát_,
+    manners, _skipta lítum ok látum_, change shape and manners.
+    O. Sw. _lat_, manner, way of proceeding. Cp. O.N. _láta-læti_,
+    dissimulation, _látbragð_, gestures, and Dan. _lade_, to
+    dissimulate, pretend. Norse _lata_, id. Probably related to
+    O.N. _lát_.
+
+LAYKING, _sb._ jousting, a tournament. Wyntoun, VIII, 35. See
+    _laik_.
+
+LAK, _sb._ a plaything. Wallace, VIII, 1410. Norse _leik_, a game,
+    _leiker_ (pl.), games, toys. Sw. dial. _leika_, a doll, a play
+    sister. Cp. Cu. _lakin_, a child's toy.
+
+LAK, _sb._ contempt, reproach, disgrace. Rolland, I, 455; Rosw. and
+    Lill., 784; R.R., 3092. O.N. _lakr_, defective, O. Dan. _lak_,
+    fault, deficiency. Sw. _lack_, fault, slander. O. Sw.
+    _lakkare_, a slanderer. Cp. Dan. _lakkeskrift_, a satirical
+    piece. See _lack_, vb.
+
+LEISTER, _sb._ a three-pronged salmon spear. Burns, 16, 1. Dumfries
+    and Ayr., any spear for striking or spearing fish with. O.N.
+    _ljóstr_, a salmon spear. Norse _ljoster, ljøster_, Dan.
+    _lyster_, Sw. _ljuster_, vb. _Ljostra_, vb. in Norse, to spear
+    fish. Cu. _lister_, _leester_. See also Worsaae, p. 260. Vb.
+    _leister_ in Sco., to strike fish with a spear or leister.
+
+LINK, _vb._ to walk briskly, smartly. Burns, 1291, 6, 5, 2. Norse
+    _linke_, to hurry along, cp. Sw., Dan. _linke_, to limp along.
+    Stevenson in _Ille Terrarum_ 6, 3, uses _link_ in the sense of
+    "walking along leisurely," which is nearer the Dan. meaning of
+    the word.
+
+LIRK, _vb._ to crease, to rumple, shrivel. Ramsay, I, 307. O.N.
+    _lerka_, to lace tight, _lirk_, sb. a crease, a fold.
+
+LIPIN, LIPPEN, _vb._ to trust. R.R., 3501; Psalms, XVIII, 30, etc.
+    O.N. _litna_ (?), very doubtful. See B-S.
+
+LITE, _vb._ to dye, to stain. Dalr., I, 48, 24; Douglas, IV, 190,
+    32. O.N. _lita_, to dye, Shetland, to _litt_. See Wall.
+
+LITLING, _sb._ dyeing. Sat. P., 48, 1. See _lit_.
+
+LOFT, _sb._ upper room, gallery. O.N. _lopt_, Norse _loft_, Aberdeen
+    _laft_. See Skeat.
+
+LOFT, _vb._ to equip with a loft. C.S., 96. See _loft_, sb.
+
+LOKMEN, _sb. pl._ executioners. Wallace, 134. O. Dan., O. Sw.
+    _lagman_. O.N. _lögmaðr_, literally "the law-man," was the
+    speaker of the law. In Iceland, particularly, the _lögmaðr_
+    was the law-speaker. In Norway a _lögman_ seems also to have
+    meant a country sheriff or officer, which comes closer to the
+    use in Wallace. A little doubtful.
+
+LOPPRIT, _pp._ clotted. Douglas, II, 157, 28; III, 306, 4. O.N.
+    _hlaupa_ (of milk), to curdle (of blood), to coagulate. So
+    Norse _lopen_, _løpen_ (from _læupa_, _løypa_), thick,
+    coagulated. Dan. _at löbe sammen_, to curdle, _löbe_, make
+    curdle, _löbe_, sb. curdled milk. O.N. _hlöypa mjolk_, id.,
+    literally "to make milk leap together." O. Sw. _löpa_. In Cu.
+    milk is said to be _loppert_ when curdled.
+
+LOUN, LOWN, _adj._ quiet, calm, sheltered. O.N. _logn_, O. Sw.
+    _lughn_. See Wall under _lownd_.
+
+LOUP, LOWP, _vb._ to leap, to jump. O.N. _hlaupa_, to leap, Norse
+    _læupa_, run, O. Sw. _löpa_, Dan. _löbe_. Cp. Cu. _lowpy-
+     dike_, a husband of unfaithful habits, and the secondary
+    meanings of Norse _laupa_ given in Aasen.
+
+LOUP, LOWP, _sb._ a jump, a spring. Bruce, VI, 638; X, 414; Sco.
+    Pro. 3. See the verb.
+
+LOUSE, LOWSE, _adj._ loose, free, unfettered. Wyntoun, IX, 2, 63;
+    Douglas, I, 95, 9; I, 95, 23. O.N. _lauss_, Norse _læus_,
+    loose. See Wall. Sco. _to be louse_, to be abroad, about. The
+    Norse word is similarly used. Cp. Germ. _los_, and Dan. _lös_.
+    Waddell has the word _godlowse_, godless.
+
+LOUSE, LOWSE, _vb._ to make loose, release. C.S., 121; Lyndsay, 460,
+    232; K.Q., 34. O.N. _lauss_. The O.N. vb. was _løysa_. See
+    _louse_, adj.
+
+LOW, _vb._ to humble. R.R., 148. Same as Eng. to _lower_. So in Sco.
+    to _hey_, to heighten.
+
+LOW, _vb._ to flame, to flare up, kindle. Dunbar, G.T., 45; Ramsay,
+    II, 17; Psalms, LXXVI. O.N. _lǫga_, to burn with a flame,
+    Norse _lǫga_, _laaga_, to blaze, but cp. the Sco. sb.
+    _lowe_.
+
+LOWE, _sb._ flame. O.N. _lǫgi_, Norse _laage_. See Skeat.
+
+LOWNE, _vb._ to shelter. Bruce, XV, 276; M.E. _lounen_, to shelter.
+    See _lowne_, adj. Douglas, II, 236, 31, _lownit_, pp. serene,
+    tranquil.
+
+LUCK, _vb._ to succeed. Montg., C., 643. O.N. _lukka_, reflexive, to
+    succeed (bene succedere, Haldorson), _lukka_, sb. luck. O. Sw.
+    _lukka_, _löcka_ and _lykka_. In Scand. dial. the latter
+    umlauted form only is found for the vb., but Norse sb.
+    _lukka_, Dan. sb. _lykke_. Undoubtedly Norse influence in Sco.
+
+LUCKEN, _vb._ to give luck, cause to succeed. Sco. formation from
+    _luck_. Cp. _slok_ and _sloken_.
+
+LUFE, LOOF, _sb._ the palm of the hand. O.N _lófi_, the hollow of
+    the hand, the palm, Norse _love_, id., Sw. dial. _love_.
+
+LUG, _sb._ the ear. See Skeat and Wall. Cp. Norse _lugga_, to pull,
+    and _lug_ as a sb. originally "that which is pulled." In Cu.
+    _lug_ means "the handle of a pail." Compare the Eng. to _lug_,
+    to carry.
+
+LYTHE, _vb._ to listen. Dunbar, 192, I. O.N. _hlyða_, to listen,
+    Dan. _lytte_, O. Sw. _lyÞa_, id.
+
+
+MAIK, _sb._ companion, partner, consort. Dunbar, T.M.W., 32;
+    Philotus, 2. O.N. _maki_, partner, an equal, Norse _make_,
+    Dan. _mage_, O. Sw. _maki_, M.E. _make_, consort, partner.
+
+MAIKLESS, _adj._ without peer. Wyntoun, IX, Prol. 48; Montg. "The
+    Lady Margaret Montgomery," 8. O.N. _maki_ + _laus_, Norse
+    _makalæus_, Dan. _magelös_, extraordinary.
+
+MAUCH, _adj._ full of maggots. Dunbar, F., 241. O.N. _maðkr_,
+    a maggot, W.Norse, with assimilation, _makk_, E. Norse _mark_,
+    Dan. _madik_, Sw. dial. _mark_, O. Sw. _matk_, and _madhker_.
+    The _k_ is a diminutive ending, cp. Eng. _moth_ < O.E. _maða_.
+    In the Sco. word _ð_ fell out and _a_ was lengthened for
+    compensation. Cp. Cu. _mawk_, a midge, Eng. dial. _mawkish_.
+    Skeat cites Eng. dial. form _mad_.
+
+MELDER, _sb._ flour, meal just ground. Burns, 127, 113. O.N.
+    _meldr_, flour, or corn in the mill, Norse _melder_, wheat
+    about to be ground, or flour that has just been ground,
+    _melderlas_, a load of wheat intended for the mill,
+    _meldersekk_, a bag of flour. Cp. Cu. _melder_, the quantity
+    of meal ground at one time.
+
+MENSE, _vb._ to do grace to. Lyndsay, 529. See _mensk_, sb. The
+    change of _sk_ to _s_ is characteristic of Sco. See _mensk_.
+
+MENSEDOM, _sb._ wisdom. Psalms, CV, 22. See _mensk_.
+
+MENSK, MENSE, _sb._ proper conduct, more generally honor. Dunbar,
+    T.M.W., 352; Wyntoun, VIII, 42, 143; Burns, 90, 1. O.N.
+    _mennska_. For discussion of this word see Wall. Deriv.
+    _menskless_, _menskful_, _menskly_.
+
+MIDDING, MYDDING, _sb._ a midden. C.S., 12; Lyndsay, 216, 269. Dan.
+    _mödding_, older _möghdyngh_, O.N. _mykidyngja_, Sw. dial.
+    _mödding_, Cu. _middin_.
+
+MON, MAN, MAUN, _vb._ must, O.N. _monu_ (_munu_), will, shall, Norse
+    _mun_, will, but used variously. Dan. _monne_, _mon_, as an
+    auxiliary vb. used very much like _do_ in Eng. Sw. _mån_, Cu.
+    _mun_. The form of the Sco. word is the same in all persons.
+    So in Norse.
+
+MYTH, _vb._ to mark, recognize. Wallace, V, 664; Douglas, I, 28, 26.
+    O.N. _miða_, to show, to mark a place, Norse _mida_, mark a
+    place, _mid_ sb. a mark by which to find a place. O.E.
+    _miðan_, meant "to conceal, lie concealed," same as O.H.G.
+    _midan_, vitare, occultare, Germ. _meiden_, _vermeiden_,
+    avoid.
+
+
+NEIRIS, _sb. pl._ the kidneys. C.S., 67. O.N. _nyra_, a kidney,
+    Norse _nyra_, O. Dan. _nyre_, Sw. _niura_, Sw. dial. _nyra_,
+    M.E. _nere_. Cp. Sco. _eir_, _an eir_, for _a neir_, as in
+    Eng. _augur_, _an augur_, _a naugur_.
+
+NEVIN, _vb._ to name. Gol. and Gaw., 506; Howlate, II, 3, 7. O.N.
+    _nefna_, Norse _nevna_, Dan. _nævne_, to name, O.E. _namnian_.
+
+NIEVE, NEEFE, NEVE, _sb._ the hand, the fist. O.N. _hnefi_, Norse
+    _neve_, hand, fist, Shetland _nev_, Cu. _neif_, _neive_,
+    _neef_. Wall considers this an unrecorded Eng. word, which is
+    possible. Its general distribution in Scand. dial. and
+    elsewhere in Scand. settlements, as Northern and Central
+    England, Southern Scotland, Shetland, etc., as well as its
+    absence in all other Gmc. languages, indicates, however, that
+    the word is Scand. in Eng. diall.
+
+NOUT, NOWT, _sb._ cattle. O.N. _naut_, cattle, Norse _næut_ id. Dan.
+    _nöd_, Sw. _noet_, Shetland _nød_. In M. Sco., also written
+    _nolt_.
+
+NYK, NEK, _vb._ to shake the head in denial of anything, "to nyk
+    with nay." Gol. and Gaw, 115; Philotus, 32. Norse _nikka_, to
+    bow slightly, _nikk_, a slight bow, Sw. _neka_, to deny, say
+    no, M.E. _nicken_.
+
+NYTE, _vb._ to deny. Gol. and Gaw., 889; Wyntoun, VIII, 2, 16. O.N.
+    _næita_, to deny, refuse, Norse _neitta_, _neikta_, _nekta_,
+    id., _neiting_, a denial, _neitan_, id., Dan. _nægte_.
+
+ONDING, _sb._ terror. Psalms, LXXXVIII, 15. See _ding_.
+
+ONFARRAND, _adj._ ill-looking. Douglas, III, 250, 26. See _farrand_.
+
+ON LOFT, _adv._ up. Gol. and Gaw., 485; Bruce, XIII, 652. O.N.
+    _á loft_, up into the air. See Skeat _aloft_. Sco. Pro. 27,
+    _upon loft_, up.
+
+ON LOFT, _adv._ aloud. Dunbar, T.M.W., 338. See above.
+
+OUTWALE, _sb._ the best, the choice. Lyndsay, XX, 4. Eng. _out_ +
+    O.N. _val_; similar formation to Norse _udvalg_, _utval_.
+
+PIRRYE, _sb._ whirlwind. Sat. P., I, 178. See _bir_.
+
+POCKNET, _sb._ from O.N. _poki_, pouch and _net_, a net.
+    A Dumfriesshire word. Not found in any Sco. text but given by
+    Worsaae, p. 260, and in Jamieson, where the following
+    description is given of pocknet fishing.
+      This is performed by fixing stakes or stours, as they are
+      called, in the sand either in the channel of a river, or
+      in the sand which is dry at low water. These stours are
+      fixed in a line across the tideway at a distance of 46
+      inches from each other, about three feet high above the
+      sand, and between every two of these stours is fixed a
+      pocknet, tied by a rope to the top of each stour."
+    P. Dorneck, Dumr. Statist. Acc., II, 1.
+
+
+QUEY, QUOY, _sb._ a young cow, a yearling. Douglas, II, 178, 19; II,
+    299, 8; Burns, 595. O.N. Norse _kviga_, Dan. dial. _kvie_. Cp.
+    Shetland _hwäi_ and _kwäi_. Cu. _why_, _wheye_ (guttural
+    _wh_).
+
+QUHELM, WHELM, _vb._ to overturn, to turn upside down. Douglas, II,
+    64, 14; II, 264, 16. Burns, 66, 1, also written _quhelme_,
+    _whamle_, _whemle_. In Cu. _whemmel_, M.E. _hwēlmen_. See
+    Skeat under _whelm_. Cp. Norse _kvelm_ and _hvelm._ The O.N.
+    _hvelfa_, N. Norse _kvelva_, means "to turn upside down."
+
+QUYOK, QUYACH, diminutive of _quey_, q. v.
+
+
+RA (rē), _sb._ a sail-yard. Douglas, II, 274, 16. O.N., Ic. _rá_,
+    Dan. _raa_, Norse _raa_, Sw. _ra_, Shetland _roe_, a sail-
+     yard.
+
+RAD, RED, _adj._ afraid. Bruce, XII, 431; Dunbar, T. M.W., 320;
+    Montg. C. and S., 1392. O.N. _hræddr_, timid, frightened,
+    Norse _rædd_, Dan. _ræd_, Sw. _rädd_, id., M.E. _rad_. Cp.
+    O.N. _hræða_, to frighten, Norse _rædda._
+
+RADNESS, _sb._ timidity, fear. R. R., 1166; 1660. Deriv. from _rad_,
+    q.v.
+
+RADEUR, _sb._ fear. L.L., 1489. Sco. formation from _rad_ adj.,
+    afraid. M.E. _reddour_, _redour_ is a different word from
+    O. Fr. _reidur_, later _roideur_, see B-S.
+
+RAGGED, _adj._ full of _rag_, ragwort. Burns, 103, 85. See
+    _ragweed._
+
+RAGWEED, _sb._ an herb, ragwort. Burns, 6, 5, 9. O.N. _rögg_, M.E.
+    _ragge_ for which see B-S. Cp. Sw. dial. _ragg_, _rogga._
+
+RAISE, RAIZE, _vb._ to incite, stir up. Burns, 6, 5, 4; and 7, 1, 1.
+    Used here as Sco. _bait_ would be used, otherwise generally as
+    Eng. _raise_, from O.N. _ræisa_.
+
+RAKE, RAIK (rēk), _vb._ to go, walk, wander, also depart. Dunbar,
+    T. M.W., 524; Gol. and Gaw., 72; Psalms, XVIII, 10. O.N.
+    _ræika_, to wander, Norse _ræka_, to wander about aimlessly.
+    Cp. Cu. _rake_, a journey, "He's teann a rake ower to Kendal."
+    See also Wall.
+
+RAMFEEZLED, _adj._ exhausted, fatigued. Burns, 42, 1, 3. One of a
+    number of words in Sco. formed with _ram_, cp. _ramshackle_,
+    _ramstam_, _rammous_, etc. The second element probably the
+    same as Eng. _fizzle_ in the expression _to fizzle out_, fail,
+    come to nought. See _fizz_ in Skeat. See _rammys_.
+
+RAMMEIST, _vb.pret._ ran wild, frenzied. Montg., F., 511. Cp.
+    _rammous_ adj. Probably the same used as a vb. Cp. Norse
+    _ramsa_, to slash together, do a thing hurriedly, also to
+    make a noise.
+
+RAMMYS, RAMMOUS, _adj._ excited, violent. R.R., 113. O.N. _ramr_,
+    _rammr_, strong, vehement, Norse _ram_, powerful, risky,
+    hazardous. Cl. and V. cites the N. Eng. form _ram_, bitter,
+    which is the same word.
+
+RAMSTAM, _adj._ indiscreet, with an idea of rushing into anything
+    thoughtlessly. Burns, 32, 22. O.N. _rammr_, vehement, and
+    _stam_, stiff, hard, unbending. Cp. Cu. _ram_, strong, and
+    _rammish_, violent, and American slang _rambunktious_,
+    obstreperous.
+
+RANEGILL, _sb._ a scapegrace, a worthless fellow. Johnnie Gibb, 179,
+    11. Cp. Norse _rangel_, _ranglefant_, a loafer, rascal.
+    Doubtful.
+
+RANGALE, _sb._ rabble, mob. Wyntoun, VIII, 36, 35; Bruce, XII, 474.
+    O.N. _hrang_, noise, tumult, especially the noise a crowd
+    makes.
+
+RED, _vb._ to clear away, clear up, set to rights. R.R., 1242;
+    Isaiah, LX, 10. O.N. _hryðja_, to clear away, Norse _rydja_,
+    _rydda_, Sw. _rödja_, Dan. _rydde_. Cp. Eng. _rid_, O. Fr.
+    _hredda, _ O.E. _hreddan_, Norse _redda_, save, liberate.
+    Germ. _retten_ is another word.
+
+RED UP, _vb._ open up. Isaiah, XL, 3; LXII, 10. O.N. _hryðja upp,
+    _ Norse _rydde op_, clear up. In Ramsay, II, 225, _red up_
+    pp. means dressed. See also Wall under _red_.
+
+REDDING, _sb._ growing afraid. Lyndsay, 356, 1263. See _rad_, _red_.
+
+REESE, _vb._ to extol. Ramsay, I, 262. Eng. _raise_. See also
+    _raise_ above, as used in Burns.
+
+RESTIT (very frequently reestit), _adj._ dry, withered. Burns, 6, 5.
+    Dan. _riste_, to dry something over a _rist_, _ristet_, dried.
+    O.N. _rist_, a gridiron. Cp. Cu. _reestit_, rancid, rusty.
+
+RIVE, RYFE, RIF (rīv), _vb._ to tear, break open, cleave.
+    Lyndsay, 434, 156; Wynyet, II, 6514; Psalms, XXIX, 5. O.N.
+    _rifa_, to tear, Norse _riva_, _reiva_, Dan. _rive_, Sw.
+    _rifwa_, M.E. _raven_ id. Cp. Dunbar, T.M.W., 350, "rif into
+    sondir," tear to pieces, and Norse "rive sonde." Cu. _reavv_,
+    and _ryve_.
+
+ROCK, _sb._ a loom, spinning wheel, spinning distaff. Lyndsay, 109,
+    3330; Burns, 223, 112, 3; 240, 148, 1. O.N. _rokkr_, a loom,
+    Norse _rokk_, Dan. _rok_, spinning wheel.
+
+ROCKING, _sb._ "a chat, a friendly visit at which they would spin on
+    the rock which the visitor carried along with her" (Wagner).
+    Burns, 4, 28. See _rock_.
+
+ROVE, RUFE, _sb._ rest, repose. Montg., M.P., VI, 20; Scott, 62, 19.
+    O.N. _ró_, Norse, Dan. _ro_, quiet, rest, Orm. _ro_ (see
+    Brate). Final epenthetic _v_ also occurs in other words in
+    Sco. Cp. _qhwov_ for _qwho, cruive_, besides _crue_, etc.
+
+ROWSTE, _vb._ "to cry with a rough voice." Douglas, III, 304, 11.
+    O.N. _raust_, the voice. Dan. _röst_, Sw. _röst_, Norse
+    _ryest_. Cp. O.N. _rausa_, to talk loud or fast. Shetland
+    _ruz_ (Cl. and V.). The Sco. vb. seems to be formed from a sb.
+    _rowste_, which occurs in Orm.
+
+ROWT, ROUT, _vb._ to cry out, roar. Lyndsay, 538, 4353; Montg., F.,
+    501; Rolland, IV, 406. O.N. _rauta_, O. Ic. _rǫuta_, to
+    roar, to bellow, Norse _rauta_, _ræuta_, Sw. dial. _röta_, id.
+    The Sw. word exhibits the E. Scand. monophthongation, which
+    took place in Dan. about 900.
+
+ROWT, _sb._ loud clamor. Poet. R., 157; Ramsay, I, 251. See vb.
+    _rowt_.
+
+RUCKLE, RICLE, _sb._ a little heap of anything. Lyndsay, 539, 4356;
+    Burns, 596; M.W., 114, 3. See Wall under _rook_. _Ruckle_ is
+    the form of the word in Edinburgh dial. May be Eng. Skeat
+    considers Eng. _ruck_ Scand. and _rick_ Eng., but in Scotland
+    the one may be simply a variant of the other, not necessarily
+    a doublet. Cp. _fill_ and _full_.
+
+RUIK, a heap. Lyndsay, 454, 2079; 494, 3075. Spelled _ruck_, meaning
+    "a cock of hay," in Ramsay's "The Gentle Shepherd," 160. See
+    Wall, under _rook_. Cp. Cu. _ruck_, the chief part, the
+    majority.
+
+ROOP AND STOOP. Ramsay, II, 527; M.W. 203, 8; 214, 5. Cp. _rubb og
+    stubb_, every particle. Aasen defines "löst og fast, smaat og
+    stort, selja rubb og stubb," sell everything, dispose of all
+    one has; literally "stump and piece," "rump and stump." Used
+    exactly the same way in Sco. Of very frequent occurrence in
+    this sense in Norway.
+
+RUND, ROOND, ROON, _sb._ the border of a web, the edge. Burns, 596.
+    O.N. _rond_, rim, border, Dan. _rand_, a line, seam, the
+    border, Norse _rand_, _rond_, a streak, seam, edge, border.
+    Cp. Cu. _randit_, streaked, Norse _randet_, id.
+
+RUNSIK, _vb._ to ransack. Wallace, VII, 120. O.N. _rannsaka_, to
+    search a house, Norse _ransaka_, from _ran_, house, and
+    _saka_, _söka_, seek. See Skeat, and Kluge and Lutz.
+
+RUSARE, _sb_, a flatterer. R.R., 3356. See _ruse_.
+
+RUSE, ROOSE, RUSS (rūs), _vb._ to praise, to boast, pride
+    oneself. Douglas, II, 57, 8; Rolland, I, 389; R.R., 2823. O.N.
+    _rósa_, older _hrósa_, to praise, Norse _rosa_, Dan. _rose_,
+    Sw. _rosa_, M.E. (_h_)_rosen_, Lincolnshire _rose_, _reouse_,
+    Cu. _roose_.
+
+RUSE, _sb._ praise, a boast. Dunbar, T. M.W., 431; Sat. P., 12, 17.
+    O.N. _hrós_, praise, Norse, Dan. _ros_.
+
+
+SAIKLESS, _adj._ innocent. Lyndsay, 545, 4563. O.N. _saklauss_, O.E.
+    _saclēas_. The O.E. word is a loan-word from O. Nh. See
+    Steenstrup, 210-211. In modern Eng. dial. the form is
+    generally _sackless_.
+
+SAIKLESSNESS, _sb._ innocence, innocency. Psalms, XXVI, 6, 11;
+    LXXIII, 13. See _saikless_.
+
+SAIT, _sb._ session, court. Dunbar, 79, 41. O.N. _sǽti_, seat,
+    sitting, Norse _sæte_, id. See Skeat under _seat_.
+
+SAUCHT, _adj._ reconciled, also at ease, undisturbed, tranquil.
+    Bruce, N, 300; Douglas, II, 91, 22. O.E. _saht_, borrowed from
+    O.N. See Kluge, P.G.(2)I, 934. For discussion of O.E.
+    _seht_ and _sehtian_ see Steenstrup, 181-182. In Howlate, III,
+    16, _sacht_ vb. pret., made peace.
+
+SAY, _sb._ a milk-pail, also tub. Jamieson, Dumfries. O.N. _sár_,
+    a large cask, Norse _saa_, a pail, a water-bucket, a wooden
+    tub, Dan. _saa_, _vandsaa_, waterpail, Sw. _så_, id.
+
+SCAIT, _sb._ the skate fish. Dunbar, 261, 9. O.N. _skata_, Norse
+    _skata_, the skate, M.E. _scate_. Ir. _scat_, _sgat_, id., is
+    a loan-word from O.N. (Cp. Craigie, p. 163). O.N. _sk_ becomes
+    quite regularly _sg_ in Ir. and Gael. Cp. also _sgeir_ <
+    _skar_. Cu. _skeatt_ exhibits regular i-fracture from older
+    _a_.
+
+SCAITH, SCATH, _vb._ to injure. Bruce, IV, 363; XII, 392; R. R.,
+    1323. Not from O. Nhb. _sceðða_, but from O.N. _skaða_, Norse
+    _skade_, with which the vowel corresponds.
+
+SCAR, _sb._ a precipitous bank of earth, a bare place on the side of
+    a steep hill, a cliff. Ramsay, II, 205; Burns, 10, 11. Also
+    written _skard_, _scair_, _scaur_. O.N. _sker_, a skerry, an
+    isolated rock in the sea. Norse _skjær_, a projecting cliff,
+    a bank of rocky ground, Dan. _skjær_, _skær_, a rock in the
+    water near the land, Sw. _skär_, M.E. _sker_, _scerre_. Cp.
+    Cu. _skerr_, a precipice. The fundamental idea is "something
+    cut apart, standing by itself." Root the same as in the Norse
+    _skera_, to cut, Eng. _shear_ and _shore_, sea-_shore._ Cp.
+    the O.E. vb. _scorian_ cited by Sweet.
+
+SCARTH, _sb._ the cormorant. Dunbar, T.M.W., 92; F., 194; Douglas,
+    I, 46, 15. O.N. _skarfr_, Norse _skarv_, cormorant. Shetland,
+    _scarf_.
+
+SCHOIR, _sb._ a threat, menace. Bruce, VI, 621; Gol. and Gaw., 103.
+    B-S. derive from O. Sw. _skorra_, O.N. _skera_.
+
+SCOL, _vb._ to wish one health, an expression used in drinking, just
+    as the Norse _skaal_ is used. Montg. S., 69, 13. O.N. _skal_,
+    Norse _skaal_, a drinking cup. Cp. Sco. _skull_, a goblet.
+    Ir.-Gael. _scala_, _sgaile_, a beaker, is a Norse loan-word
+    (Craigie).
+
+SCOUG, scog, _vb._ to shelter. M.W., 20, 19; Isaiah, XVIII, 6. O.N.
+    _skuggi_, shade, Norse _skugge_, to shade, Sw. _skugga_, sb.,
+    Dan. _skygge_, to shade. Spelled _scug_ also in Sco.
+
+SCRATCH, _sb._ an hermaphrodite. Jamieson. O.N. _skratti_, a
+    monster. This form exists in Yorkshire, otherwise the form in
+    Eng. dial. is _scrat_. See Wall.
+
+SCRIP, a coarse or obscene gesture. Wallace, VI, 143. Probably from
+    O.N. _skripi_. Cp. _skripatal_, scurrilous language,
+    _skripalæti_, buffoonery, scurrilous gestures. With the Sco.
+    word cp. the Norse _skripa_, vb., _skripa_, sb. f., and Ic.
+    _skrípr_, sb. m. See Aasen.
+
+SCUD, _vb._ to hurry away, hasten on. Burns, 55, 1, 4. Eng. _scud_
+    Skeat derives from Dan. _skyde_, Sw. _skutta_. The Sw. form is
+    nearest, the Dan. form shows umlaut. The corresponding O.E.
+    word is _scēotan_.
+
+SCUDLER, a male kitchen servant. Wallace, 5, 10, 27. Cp. O.N.
+    _skutilsvæinn_, a page at a royal table. _Skutil_ is the same
+    as O.E. _scutel_, a dish, a trencher. In O.N. it means also
+    "a small table." The unpalatalized _sc_, as well as the usage,
+    would indicate that the word is a loan-word.
+
+SEIR, SER, _adj._ various, separate. Rolland, Prol., 295; R.R., 990;
+    "Freires of Berwick," 321. O.N. _sér_, for oneself,
+    separately. Originally the dative of the refl. pron., but used
+    very frequently as an adverb.
+
+SEMELEY, _adv._ proper, looking properly. Wallace, I, 191; Wyntoun,
+    IX, 26, 53. _Seimly_, _semely-farrand_, good-looking,
+    handsome, also means "in proper condition." Redundant, since
+    _semely_ and _farrand_ in Sco. mean the same. O.N. _sæmiligr_.
+    See Skeat.
+
+SHACKLET, _adj._ crooked, distorted. Burns, 322, I, 7. O.N.
+    _skakkr_, skew, wry, distorted, _skakki-fótr_, wry leg, Norse
+    _skakk_, crooked, so Sw. dial. _skak_, Dan. _skak_, slanting.
+    The palatal _sh_ is unusual, but cp. _dash_ from _daska_.
+    Norse words generally preserve _sk_ in all positions, genuine
+    Eng. words do not. See Part I, 12 and 13.
+
+SHIEL, _sb._ shelter, protection. Burns, 226, 119, 3. O.N, _skjól_,
+    shelter, cover, refuge, Norse _skjul_, _skjol_, pron. _shul_,
+    _shol_, Dan. _skjul_, id., _skjule_, to conceal. _Shielin_,
+    sb. shelter, may be formed from the vb.
+
+SHORE, _vb._ to threaten. Ramsay, I, 261. Origin rather doubtful.
+    Has been considered Scand. See _schoir_.
+
+SIT (sīt), _vb._ to grieve. Wallace, I, 438. O.N. _sýta_, Norse
+    _syta_, to care. See _syte_, sb.
+
+SITEFULL, _adj._ sorrowful, distressing. Douglas, I, 40, 19. Cp.
+    Norse _suteful_. See _syte_, sb.
+
+SKAIL, SKALE, SCALE, _vb._ to scatter, disperse, dismiss, part,
+    leave. A very common word. O.N. _skilja_, separate, O. Dan.
+    _skiliæ_, Norse, _skilja_, Dan. _skille_, Sw. dial. _skila_.
+    The long vowel is unusual. Cp. _skeely_ in N. Sco. from O.N.
+    _skilinn_. The same change of _i_ to an e-vowel is observed in
+    _gleit_ and _quey_.
+
+SKAIL, _sb._ a storm, a strong wind that "skails." Isaiah, XXVIII,
+    2. See _skail_, vb.
+
+SKATH, SKAITH, SCAITH, _sb._ harm, misery. O.N. _skaði_, harm,
+    damage, Norse _skade_, id., Dan. _skade_, O.E. _sceaða_.
+
+SKANT, _sb._ want, poverty. Burns, 290, I, 3. O.N. _skammt_. See
+    Skeat. Cp. _skerum skamti_, in short measure.
+
+SKANTLIN, _sb._ little. Burns, 5, 5, 7. As adv. generally
+    _skantlins_, _scantlings_, scarcely. O.N. _skamt_.
+
+SKANTLY, _adv._ with difficulty, hardly. C.S., 69. See _skant_.
+
+SKAR, _sb._ a scarecrow, a fright. Lyndsay, 437, 1633. From vb.
+    _skar_, to frighten, Eng. _scare_, M.E. _skerren_. O.N.
+    _skirra_. See Skeat.
+
+SKEIGH, _adj._ originally meant timid, then very frequently, dainty,
+    nice, finally, proud. Dunbar, T.M.W., 357. Burns, 193, 46, I.
+    Norse _sky_, Dan. _sky_, adj. and also vb. _sky_, to avoid.
+    B-S. compares Sw. _skygg_ also, which is the same word, but
+    the vowel is long. The Sco. word, furthermore, seems to
+    suggest an older diphthong. It could, however, not be O.E.
+    _sceah_, which gave M.E. _scheah_ and should have become
+    _schee_ in N. Sco. Doubtful.
+
+SKER, _adj._ timid, easily frightened. Dunbar, T.M.W., 357; Lyndsay,
+    227, 126. O.N. _skjarr_, shy, timid, Sw. dial. _skar_, M.E.
+    _scer_, Cu. _scar_, wild.
+
+SKEWYT, _vb. pret._ turned obliquely. Wallace, IX, 148. O.N.
+    _skæifr_, O. Ic. _skeifr_, oblique, Norse _skæiv_, _skjaiv_,
+    crooked, Dan. _skjæv_. The Dan word exhibits monophthongation
+    of _æi_ to _æ_ (not to _e_, _i_, as in _sten_).
+
+SKILL, _sb._ motive, reason. Gol. and Gaw., 147; Bruce, I, 214, 7.
+    See Skeat, and Kluge and Lutz. In Dunbar, 307, 63, "did nane
+    skill," did not do a wise thing.
+
+SKOG, SCOUG, _sb._ place of retreat, shelter, protection. Dalr.,
+    I, 30, 29; Isaiah, XXXII, 2. O.N. _skuggi_, shade, Norse
+    _skugge_, O. Sw. _skuggi_.
+
+SKOGY, _adj._ shady. Douglas, III, 1, 21, 16. See _scoug_.
+
+SKRECH, SKRIK, _sb._ a scream, yell. C.S., 39; Rolland, IV, 336.
+    O.N. Norse _skrik_, a cry, a yell, _skrikja_, vb. Dan.
+    _skrig_. Cu. _skrike_ to scream. Eng. _shriek_ < O.E.
+    *_scrician_.
+
+SKRYP, _sb._ bag. Dunbar, F., 509. O.N. _skreppa_, a bag, Norse
+    _skreppa_, Dan. _skreppe_, Sw. _skräppa_, id.
+
+SKUGG, _sb._ a shadow. Dunbar, III, 24, 12. O.N. _skuggi_. See
+    _skog_. Cp. _skog_, vb. to hide. Isaiah, XXVIII, 15.
+
+SKYLE, _vb._ to hide, cover. Jamieson, quotation from Henryson. O.N.
+    _skjúla_, O. Ic. _skjóla_, to screen, shelter, Norse _skjula_,
+    Dan. _skjul_, Sw. _skyla_, Fer. _skỹla_, Shetland _skail_,
+    _skol_, cover, protect. Our word corresponds most closely to
+    the Fer. word. Both are developed out of O.N. _skjúla_. Cp.
+    O.N. _mjúkr_ > _meek_, in standard Eng. Norse _skjula_ has
+    preserved the original unumlauted vowel. The O.N. word was
+    pronounced _sk-iula_ or _sk-júla_. Cp. _skjenka_, which is
+    N. Norse dial. _sheinka_. From _skj_ developed _sh_ in
+    _shielin_.
+
+SKYRIN, _adj._ shining, conspicuous because of brightness, showy.
+    Burns, 210, 87, 3. O.N. _skirr_, clear, bright, _skira_, to
+    make clear, _skýra_, to purify. (Cp. Norse _skjerr-torsdag_,
+    O.N. _skiriþorsdagr_, Maundy Thursday.) O.E. _scir_ > N. Eng.
+    _sheer_.
+
+SLAIK, _vb._ to smooth, to lick. L.L., 457, 2173. O.N. _slæikja_, to
+    lick, Norse _sleikja_, Dan. _slikke_, O. Sw. _slekia_, Sw.
+    dial. _släkja_. The Eng. word _slick_, with a short vowel,
+    corresponds exactly to the Dan. word, but may be native. Cp.
+    M.L.G. _slicken_. _Slikke_ in Dan. may be a loan-word from
+    L.G. The Sco. _slaik_ corresponds in every way to the O.N.,
+    and is certainly a loan-word proved by quality and quantity of
+    vowel.
+
+SLAK, _sb._ a pit, a hollow in the ground, hollow place. Bruce, XIV,
+    536; R.R., 769. O.N. _slakki_, a slope, Norse _slakke_, Dan.
+    _slank_. Exhibits W. Scand. assimilation of _nk_ to _kk_. Cu.
+    _slack_, a shallow dell (Dickinson), Kent, _slank_.
+
+SLE, _adj._ experienced, skillful. Bruce, XVI, 355; XVII, 44. O.N.
+    _slægr_, O. Ic. _slægr_, Eng. _sly_. See Skeat.
+
+SLEEK, _adj._ neat, prancing, said of a horse. Burns, 7, 1, 1. O.N.
+    _slikr_, smooth. _Sleikit_, smooth, Dunbar, 567, 38; Burns,
+    117, 114. See Skeat, under _sleek_, _slick_.
+
+SLEUTH, _sb._ track. Bruce, VII, 1 and 44. O.N. _slóð_, track,
+    trail. Cp. Norse _slod_, _slode_.
+
+SLOKE, _vb._ to quench. Isaiah, I, 2, 3; and 49, 26. O.N. _slökva_,
+    to quench. O. Ic. _slækva_, Norse _slökka_, id. The word does
+    not show the Scand. umlaut _o_ > _ö_. Cu. _sleck_ has further
+    developed the umlaut _ö_ to _e_. Cp. O. Ic. _æ_ < O. Nh. _æ_.
+    All such words in Norse exhibit the intermediate stage _ö_ up
+    to the present time. In Ic. the _ö_ developed to _æ_, in the
+    first half of the 13th century. (See Noreen P.G.(2)I, 529.)
+    In later O. Nhb. also _æ_ > _e_.
+
+SLOKEN, SLOKYN, _vb._ to quench, to satisfy. Dunbar, T.M.W., 283;
+    K.Q., 42; M.W., 116, 35. O.N. _slokna_, Norse _slokna_,
+    inchoative of _slökva_. It may, however, be an infinitive in
+    _en_ from _slökkva_, see _slock_.
+
+SLOKNING, _sb._ the act of quenching, also the power of quenching.
+    Douglas, II, 26, heading of Chapter XII; Montg. C. and S.,
+    1377. Pr. p., see _sloken_. Cp. O.N. _slokning_, Dan.
+    _slukning_.
+
+SLONK, _sb._ a ditch, a depression in the land, also a slope on the
+    mountain side. Winyet, II, 19, 5; Wallace, III, 4. Dan.
+    _slank_, a depression in the land, a hollow, O.N. _slakki_,
+    Norse _slakke_. The non-assimilation proves E. Scand. source.
+    Cp. Sw. dial. _slakk_ adj. bending, e.g., "bakken jär no na
+    slakk," the hill slopes a great deal, again a W. Scand. form
+    in Sw. dial. The word is probably related to Eng. _slack_,
+    loose, lax, Dan. _slak_, Norse _slāk_.
+
+SLUT, _sb._ a slattern, an untidy woman. Dunbar, 119, 71. O.N.,
+    O. Ic. _slöttr_. See Skeat.
+
+SMAIK, _sb._ a coward. Sat. P., 39, 175; Lyndsay, 425, 1320, and
+    434, 1562. O.N. _smöykr_, adj. timid, M.L.G. _smeker_ means
+    "a flatterer," besides the vowel, as well as the final _r_ of
+    the L.G. word, is against a L.G. origin of the Sco. word. The
+    Sco. _ai_ indicates an original diphthong. Cp. Cu. _smaik_
+    applied to a small boy, or any small being.
+
+SNAPE-DIKE, _sb._ an enclosure. Jamieson, Ayr. Cp. O.N. _snap_,
+    a pasture for cattle, especially a winter pasture (Haldorson),
+    _snapa_, vb. to nibble, M.E. _snaipen_. The vowel in the Sco.
+    word proves an original open _a_, hence it is from the vb.
+    _snapa_. O.N. _snap_, sb. would have given _snăp_. Our word
+    is _snēp._
+
+SNIB, SNEB, _vb._ to snub, check, reprove. Sat., P., 33, 18; L.L.,
+    3387. Dan. _snibbe_, M.E. _snibben_. Eng. _snub_ and M.E.
+    _snubben_ correspond to O.N. _snubba_ with original unumlauted
+    vowel.
+
+SNITE, _vb._ to blow the nose, to snuff a candle. Jamieson. O.N.
+    _snýta_, Norse _snyta_, used exactly the same way, Dan.
+    _snyde_. Sw. _snute_ and M.L.G. _snuten_ have unumlauted vowel
+    which would have given _snoot_, _snowt_, or _snoit_ in Sco.
+
+SOCK, _vb._ to examine, investigate. Fergusson, 169. Probably from
+    O.N. _sækja_, to seek, Norse _söka_, _sökja_, Dan. _söge_
+    since O. Nhb. _sæca_ later became _sēca_ and developed as
+    W.S. _sécan._
+
+SOLANDE, _sb._ a soland goose. Dalr., I, 25, 1. O.N. _súla_ + _n_
+    (Skeat). The _d_ is epenthetic. The _n_ is the post-positive
+    definite article, a peculiarly Scand. characteristic.
+
+SOP, _sb._ a round, compact body. Bruce, III, 47. O.N. _soppr_,
+    a ball (Skeat), Norse _sopp_, id. Cp. Cu. _sop_, "a milk-
+     maid's cushion for the head."
+
+SOUM, _sb._ The rope or chain a plow is drawn by. Dunbar, III, 126,
+    21. O.N. _saumr_, a seam, trace. In Bruce, X, 180, _hede-
+     soyme_, sb. the trace.
+
+SOYM, _sb._ trace of a cart. Bruce, X, 233. From O.N. _saumr_,
+    a seam (Skeat), Norse _saum_, Dan. _söm_. For _oy_ in place of
+    _ou_, as we should expect, cp. _gowk_ and _goilk_, _lowp_ and
+    _loip_, etc., and the Norse _laupa_ and _loipa_.
+
+SPAE, SPA, _vb._ to prophesy. Douglas, II, 142, 2; II, 2; Burns, 37,
+    2, 2. O.N. _spá_, to prophesy, Norse _spaa_, Dan. _spaa_, id.
+    Cp. _spaamand_, _spaafolk_, and Sco. _spaeman_, _spaefolk_,
+    _spaewife_.
+
+SPAY, SPE, _sb._ prophecy, omen, augury. Dalr., II, 5, 8; Isaiah,
+    XLVII, 12. O.N. _spá_, a prophecy. _Vǫluspá_, the vala's
+    prophecy, M.E. _spa_.
+
+SPAEQUEAN, _sb._ fortune teller, spaewife. Isaiah, XLVII. O.N.
+    _spákona_, a woman who spaes. The compound may, however,
+    be Sco.
+
+SPALE, _sb._ lath, chip, splinter. R.R., 1979; Burns, 132, 114.
+    Norse _spela_, _spila_, _speil_, a splinter, a chip, also
+    _spol_. O.N. _spölr_, a rail, bar, lattice work, sometimes
+    means "a short piece of anything." Cu. _speal_. The O.E. word
+    is _speld._ Cp. Fr. _espalier_.
+
+SPENN, _vb._ to button, to lace. Jamieson. O.N. _spenna_, to clasp.
+    Norse _spenna_, lace, _spenne_ sb. a buckle, Dan. _spænde_,
+    Sw. _spänne_, to lace. The O.E. word is _spannan_, without
+    umlaut. The meaning as well as the form of the Sco. word is
+    Scand.
+
+SPRACK, _adj._ lively, animated. Jamieson. O.N. _sprǽkr_, quick,
+    strong, sprightly, Norse _spræk_, spry, nimble, Dan. _spræk_,
+    M.E. _sprac_. This is one of a few undoubted Scand. words
+    found in South Eng. diall.
+
+SPIL, _sb._ a stake. Douglas, III, 250, 16. O.N. *_spílr_, variant
+    of _spölr_. Cp. Norse _spil_, in the diall. of Western Norway.
+    See _spale_.
+
+SPRATTLE, _vb._ to walk through mud, to scramble through wet and
+    muddy places as the result of which one's clothes become
+    soiled. Burns, 10, 11, 3; also 68, 1, 3. O.N. _spretta_, Norse
+    _spretta_ to spurt, sputter, splash, Sw. _spritte_. On
+    assimilation of _nt_, cp. _sprent_. The _l_ is frequentative.
+    Exhibits characteristic Sco. change of _e_ to _a_ before t.
+    Cp. _wat_ for _wet_, _swat_ for _sweat_.
+
+SPRENT, _vb._ to start, spring. Wallace, N, 23. O. Dan. _sprenta_,
+    spurt out, spring, start, O.N. _spretta_, Norse _spretta_,
+    shoot forth, spurt. In Cu. a pen is said to _sprent_ when it
+    scatters the ink over the paper. So in Norse. The Sco. word
+    agrees more closely in meaning with the Norse than with the
+    Dan. but exhibits E. Scand. non-assimilation of _nt_ to _tt_
+    which took place in Norse before 1000. Sw. diall. which
+    otherwise have many W. Scand. characteristics have both
+    _sprenta_ and _spritta_. The word _sprætte_ also occurs in
+    later Dan.
+
+SPRENT, _sb._ a spring, as the back spring of a knife. Wallace, IV,
+    238. See _sprent_, vb.
+
+STAKKER, STACKER, _vb._ to stagger. Brace, II, 42; Gol. and Gaw.,
+    II, 25. O.N. _stakra_. See B-S. under M.E. _stakerin_. Cp.
+    Norse _stakra_, to stagger, to fall.
+
+STANG, _vb._ to sting. R.R., 771. O.N. _stanga_, to prick, goad,
+    also to butt, Norse _stanga_, Dan. _stange_, id., M.E.
+    _stangen_.
+
+STAPP, _vb._ to put into, to stuff, fill. Dunbar, T.M.W., 99; Montg.
+    C. and S., 1552; Isaiah, VI, 6; M.W. 21, 12. O.N. _stappa_, to
+    stamp down, Norse _stappa_, to stuff, fill, same as O.E.
+    _stempan_, Eng. _stamp_, Dan. _stampe_. The assimilated form
+    _stampa_ occurs in Norse beside _stappa_. The usage in Sco. is
+    distinctively Norse and the vowel is the Norse vowel. Not the
+    same as Eng. _stop_, O.E. (_for_)_stoppian_ in Leechdoms. With
+    the last cp. Dan. _stoppe_ used just like Eng. _stop_.
+
+STARN, _sb._ the helm of a vessel. Dunbar, F., 450. O.N. _stjorn_,
+    steerage, helm, Norse _stjorn_, vb. _stjorna_, to steer,
+    cognate with Eng. _steer_, O.E. _styrian_. For a similar
+    difference between the Eng. and the Norse word cp. Eng. _star_
+    and Norse _stjerne_.
+
+STARR, _sb._ sedge, heavy coarse grass. Jamieson. See Wall under
+    _star_.
+
+STERN, STARN, _sb._ star. C.S., 48; Dunbar, G.T. 1; Lindsay, 239,
+    492. O.N. _stjarna_, Dan. _stjerne_, star, Norse _stjerna_.
+
+STERT, _vb._ to start, rush. Poet. R., 109, 8. O.N. _sterta_. For
+    discussion of this word see Skeat.
+
+STOOP, _sb._ See _roop_.
+
+STORKYN, _vb._ to become rigid, stiffen. Dunbar, 248, 48. Norse
+    _storkna_, coagulate, become rigid. See Wall under _storken_.
+
+STOT, _sb._ a young bull, bullock. Montg., C. and S., 1099; A.P.B.
+    1, 306; Burns, 231, 129, 4. Stratmann derives M.E. _stot_,
+    "buculus," from Sw. _stut_; and _stot_, "caballus," from O.E.
+    _stotte_. O.N. _stútr_ is rather the source of the former.
+    Norse _stut_, Dan. _stud_.
+
+STOUR, _sb._ a pole. Douglas, III, 248, 27. O.N. _staur_, a pole,
+    a stake, Norse _staur_, Sw. _stör_, Dan. and Dano-Norse
+    _stör_. See the quotation under _pocknet_.
+
+STOWIT, _pt. p._ cutoff, cropped. Douglas, III, 42, 3. O.N. _stúfa_,
+    a stump, _stýfa_, to cut off, Dan. _stuve_, Sw. _stuf_,
+    a piece left after the rest has been cut away, _styva_, to
+    crop, O. Sw., Sw. dial. _styva_, _stuva_, id. An O.E.
+    _styfician_, to root up, occurs once (Leechdoms). See B-T.
+
+STOWP, _sb._ a pitcher, a beaker. Dunbar, 161, 26. O.N. _staup_,
+    a beaker, a cup, Norse _staup_, id., Dan. _stöb_, O.E.
+    _stēap_, O.H.G. _stouf_.
+
+STRAY, STRAE, STRA, _sb._ straw. O.N. _strá_, Dan., Norse _straa_,
+    Sw. _strå _, Cu. _strea_.
+
+STROUP, (strūp), _sb._ the spout of a kettle or pump. Burns, 602;
+    Jamieson. O.N. _strjúpi_, the spurting trunk, Norse _strupe_
+    and _striupe_, the throat, gullet, Dan. _strube_, id., M.E.
+    _strūpe_, the throat.
+
+STUDIE, _sb._ anvil. Dunbar, 141, 52. The word rhymes with _smidy_.
+    See _styddy_.
+
+STYDDY, STUDDIE, STUTHY, _sb._ anvil. Douglas, III, 926, 9;
+    III, 180, 26; Dunbar 141, 52. See also Burns, 502. O.N.
+    _steði_, a stithy, an anvil. Norse _sted_. Sw. _städ_.
+    Exhibits change of ð to _d_ which is a Sco. characteristic,
+    but does not often take place in Norse words. See, too, Cu.
+    _stiddy, steady_.
+
+SUMPH, _sb._ a blunt fellow. Burns, 98, 1. Norse _sump_, a bungler,
+    a simpleton, _sumpa_, vb. to entangle, put into disorder,
+    _sump_, a disordered mass. Cu. _sumph_. M.L.G. _sump_, and
+    Dan. _sump_ do not seem to be quite the same.
+
+SWARF, _vb._ originally to turn, then to overturn, fall over, fall.
+    Burns, 211, 87, 4. O.N. _svarfa_, to turn aside, to be turned
+    upside down, Sw. _swarfve_, Norse _svarva_, turn, swing about,
+    Dan. _svarve_ or _svarre_. Eng. _swerve_ does not quite
+    correspond. O.E. _sweorfan_ meant "to file, polish," O.S.
+    _swerban_, to wipe off, polish, O.F. _swerva_, to creep.
+
+SWAGE, SWEY, _vb._ sway, waver, also turn, make turn. Sat. P., 5, 8;
+    Douglas, II, 104, 12. O.N. _svæigja_, to bend, to sway, Dan.
+    _sveie_, Sw. dial. _sväiga_, Norse _sveigja_.
+
+SYTE, _sb._ grief, suffering. Lyndsay, 273, 333. Montg., M.P.,
+    V, 14. O.N. _sýta_, to wail, _sýting_, sb., _sút_, grief,
+    affliction, Norse _sut_, care, _syta_, to care. Skeat cites
+    _sut_ (in list) which would exactly correspond to the O.N. sb.
+    Brate accepts an O.N. sb. _syt_.
+
+
+TAIT, _adj._ foul. Montg., F., 755. O.N. _tað_. The change of _ð_ to
+    _t_ is unusual. See Wall.
+
+TANGLE, _sb._ seaweed, stalk of a seaweed. Dalr., I, 62, 1; Burns,
+    91, 2, 2. O.N. _þöngul_, tangle, seaweed. Cp. _þönglabakki_,
+    Tangle-hill, name of a place in Iceland. In Norse _tangel_
+    same as Eng. _tangle_, _entangle_.
+
+TANGLING, _pr. p._, _adj._ clinging, intertwining. Burns, 60, 3,
+    tangling roots, clinging together in tangles. See _tangle_.
+
+TARN, _sb._ a small lake. Jamieson. O.N. _tjörn_, a small lake,
+    Norse _tjönn_, _tjörn_, Sw. _tjärn_, M.E. _terne_, a lake.
+    Particularly Sco. and N.W. Eng. Cp. Shetland _shon_, _shoden_,
+    a pool, a little lake. The last example exhibits W.Norse
+    change of _rn_ to _dn_. The form _tjödn_ occurs in Sogn,
+    Norway.
+
+TATH, _sb._ Jamieson. O.N. _tað_. See Wall.
+
+TEAL, TILL, _vb._ to entice. Wallace, VI, 151, and Jamieson. O.N.
+    _tæla_, to entice, related to Norse _telja_. Sco. _tealer_,
+    _sb._ Jamieson. The form in _i_ is strange.
+
+TEYND, TEIND, _sb_, tithe. C.S., 123; Lyndsay, 152, 4690; Rolland,
+    I, 546. O.N. _tíund_, the tenth, the tithe, Norse _tiende_,
+    Dan. _tiende_, the regular ordinal of _ti_.
+
+THA, _dem. pron._ these, those. Same form in all cases. Wallace, X,
+    41; Wyntoun, I, 1, 6. O.N. _þeir_.
+
+THECK, _vb._ to thatch. Ramsay, II, 224. Has been taken as a loan-
+     word from O.N. _þekja_, to thatch, Norse _tekka_, Sw. _täcka_.
+    Cp. O.E. _þeccan. Theck_ probably comes from O. Nhb. _þecca._
+
+THIR, _dem. pron._ these, those. Bruce, I, 76; Dunbar, G.T., 127;
+    Lyndsay, 4, 20, 1175; R.R., 108. O.N. _þeir._ Cp. M.E. _þir_,
+    _þer_, those, Cu. _thur_.
+
+THRA, _adj._ eager. Bruce, XVIII, 71. O.N. _þrár_, obstinate,
+    persistent, Norse _traa_, untiring, also wilful, Sw. dial.
+    _trå_, M.E. _þra_, bold, strong, _thraly_, adv. Wyntoun, II,
+    8, 55; VII, 8, 186. See Wall. Skeat cites Eng. dial. _thro_.
+
+THRA, _adv._ boldly. Dunbar, T.M.W., 195. See above, _thra_.
+
+TRAIF, _sb._ two stooks or twenty-four sheaves of grain. Dunbar,
+    228. O.N. _þrefi_, a number of sheaves, Dan. _trave_, Sw.
+    _trafwe_, twenty sheaves of grain, M.E. _þrāve_, a bundle,
+    a number, Cu. _threve_, _threeav_.
+
+THREAVE, _sb._ a crowd, a large number. Ramsay, II, 463. The same
+    word as _thraif_, q.v.
+
+THRIST, _vb._ to thrust, push, also means to clasp. Bruce, XIII,
+    156; R.R. 12, 9; Rolland, IV, 590. O.N. _þrýsta_, to thrust,
+    force, Norse _trysta_, to press together, M.E. _þrīsten,
+    þrȳstan._ Lyndsay also uses the word in the sense of
+    "to pierce."
+
+THWAITE, _sb._ originally a small piece of cleared land on which
+     ahouse was built, a cottage with its paddock. O.N. _þvæit_,
+    O. Ic. _þveit_. Northwest England _thwaite_, Norse _tveit_,
+    _tvæit_, Dan. _tved_. Occurs in a number of place-names in
+    S. Scotland, especially in Dumfriesshire. Its form is Norse
+    not Dan. _Thweet_ or _thwet_ would correspond to the Dan.
+    word, but see also Part III, 1.
+
+TIT, TYT, adv. soon, quickly. Bruce, II, 4; IV, 289. O.N. _títt_,
+    adv. frequently, in quick succession, "höggva hart ok títt."
+    The Sco. word comes from this O.N. form, which is simply the
+    neuter inflected form of _tiðr_, adj. meaning "customary,
+    familiar." The comparative _titter_ often means "rather" in
+    Sco., like Eng. _sooner_. Cp. Cu. "I'd as tite deat as nut,"
+    "I'd as lief do it as not."
+
+TITHAND, TITAND, _sb._ news, tidings. Bruce, IV, 468; Lyndsay,
+     341, 720. O.N. _tiðindi_, news, Norse _tidende_, id., Dan.
+    _tidende_, Orm. _tiþennde._ Of O.E. _tidung_ > _tidings_
+    Bosworth says: "the use of the word, even if its form be not
+    borrowed from Scand., seems to have Scand. influence."
+
+TITLENE, _sb._ the hedge sparrow. C.S., 38. O.N. _titlingr_, a tit,
+    a sparrow.
+
+TOYM, TUME, _sb._ leisure. Bruce, V, 64, 2, XVII, 735. O.N. _tóm_,
+    leisure (Skeat).
+
+TRAIST, _vb._ to trust. Bruce, I, 125; XVII, 273; Rolland, I, 27.
+    _Trast_, _adj._ secure, _traist_, _sb._ confidence. Lindsay,
+    229, 195. _Traisting_, _sb._ confidence, reliance, L.L., 25.
+    Cp. O.N. _tröysta_, _adj._ _traustr_, and Eng. _trust_, M.E.
+    _trusten_. I do not at present understand the relation between
+    the forms in _e_, and these in _u_ and _ou_.
+
+TRIG, _adj._ trim, neat, handsome. M.W., 159, 26. O.N. _tryggr_,
+    true, trusty, unconcerned, _trygging_, security, O. Dan.
+    _trygd_, _trugd_, confidence (Schlyter), Norse _trygg_,
+    secure, unconcerned, confident, _tryggja_, to consider secure,
+    _tryggja sek_, feel secure, Dan. _tryg_, fearless, confident.
+    Cp. Cu. _trig_, tight, well-fitted, "trig as an apple." The
+    M.E. _trig_ means faithful, see B-S. Ramsay, II, 526, uses the
+    adv. _trigly_ in the sense of "proudly."
+
+TWIST, _sb._ twig, branch. Bruce, VII, 188; Montg., C. and S.,
+    Irving, 468. O.N. _kvistr_, a twig, O. Dan., _quist_, Norse,
+    Dan. _kvist_, Sw. _quist_, id. For the change of _kv_ (_kw_)
+    to _tw_ cp. Norse, Dan. _kviddre_, Sw. _quittra_, Du.
+    _kwittern_ with Eng. _twitter_, and _kj_ to _tj_ in W.Norse.
+    A regular change.
+
+TYNE, _vb._ lose, impair, destroy. C.S., 3; Wyntoun, IX, 21, 14;
+    R.R. 779. O.N. _týna_, to lose, destroy, Norse _tyna_, to
+    lose, sometimes impair, Sw. dial. _tyna_, to destroy.
+
+TYNSELL, TYNSALE, _sb._ loss. Bruce, V, 450, XIX, 449; R.R., 505. In
+    Wyntoun, IX, 3, 25, it means "delay, loss of time," frequently
+    means "loss of life, slaughter." M.E. _tinsel_, loss, ruin,
+    probably a Sco. formation from _tyne_, to lose, similarly in
+    Norse _tynsell_, loss (not frequent), from _tyna_.
+
+TYNSALE, _vb._ to lose, suffer loss. Bruce, XIX, 693. See the sb.
+
+TYTT, _adj._ firm, tight. Wallace, VII, 21, 2. O.N. _þittr_, tight,
+    close, Norse, _tett_ or _titt_, Dan. _tæt_, Sw. _tät_, close
+    together, tight, Eng. dial. _theet_. The long vowel in _theet_
+    is unusual.
+
+
+UG, _vb._ to dislike, abhor. Winyet, II, 31, 32; Scott, 71, 119.
+    O.N. _ugga_, abhor, Norse _ugga_, see B-S.
+
+UGSUM, _adj._ fearful. Sat. P., 3, 135. See _ug_. _Ougsum_, Howlate,
+    I, 8, means "ugly."
+
+UNDERLIE, _adj._ wonderful. Gau, 29, 24. Dan. _underlig_, Norse,
+    _underleg_, O.N. _underlegr_, wonderful, shows Scand. loss of
+    _w_ before _u_. The O.E. word is _wundorlic_, cp. Scand.
+    _ulf_, Eng. _wolf_. The word is Dan. in Gau.
+
+UNFLECKIT, _adj._ unstained. Psalms, XXIV, 4. See _fleckerit_.
+
+UNGANAND (gēn.), _adj._ unfit, unprepared. Douglas, II, 48, 16.
+    See _ganand_.
+
+UNRUFE, _sb._ restlessness, vexation. Gol. and Gaw., 499. See
+    _rove_, sb. Cp. Norse _uro_, restlessness, noise, Dan. _uro_,
+    id.
+
+UNSAUCHT, _adj._ disturbed, troubled. Gol. and Gaw., II, 12. See
+    _saucht_.
+
+UPBIGARE, _sb._ a builder. Winyet, II, 3, 4. See _big_. Cp. Norse
+    _bygga up_.
+
+UPLOIP, _vb._ leap up. Montg., M.P., III, 33. See _loup_. On this
+    change of _ou_ to _oi_ cp. the same word in Norse, _laupa_ and
+    _loipa_.
+
+
+VATH, WAITH, _sb._ danger. Bruce, V, 418; Wallace, IX, 1737.
+     O.N._váði_, harm, mishap, disaster, Dan. _vaade_, danger,
+    adversity, Sw. _våde_, an unlucky accident, M.E. _wāþe_,
+    peril. Does not seem to exist in the modern diall.
+
+VITTERLY, _adv._ certainly. Bruce, IV, 771; X, 350. O.N. _vitrliga_,
+    wisely, Dan. _vitterlig_, well-known, undoubted, M.E.
+    _witerliche_, certainly.
+
+VYNDLAND, _pr. p._ whirling around. Bruce, XVII, 721. O.N. _vindla_,
+    to wind up. Norse _vindel_, a curl, anything twisted or wound.
+    Cu. _winnel_. Cp. Dan. _vindelbugt_, a spiral twist. Skeat
+    cites provincial Eng. _windle_, a wheel for winding yarn.
+
+
+WAG, _vb._ to totter, walk unsteady. Dunbar, 120, 98. Norse,
+    _vagga_, to swing, rock, sway, O.N. _vaga_, to waddle. See
+    further Skeat.
+
+WAGGLE, _vb._ to wag, sway from side to side, wabble. M.W., 16, 23;
+    51, 5. Sw. dial. _vagla_, _vackla_, to reel, Norse _vakla_,
+    id. May be taken as a Sco. frequentative of _wag_, q.v. Not to
+    be derived from the L.G. word. Confined to the Scand.
+    settlements.
+
+WAILIE, _adj._ excellent. Burns, 179, 2, 3, and 8, 7. See _wale_,
+    sb.
+
+WAILIT, _adj._ choice, fashionable, excellent. Rolland, I, 64. See
+    _wail_, vb.
+
+WALE, _vb._ to select, choose. Douglas, III, 3, 21; Dunbar, G.T.,
+    186. Probably from the noun _wale_, choice. The vowel does not
+    correspond with that of the O.N. vb. _velja_, which should
+    have become _well_. But the forms _dwall_ from O.N. _dvelja_,
+    and _hale_, O.N. _hella_, appear in Sco. _Wale_ may be a
+    formation analogous to _hale_.
+
+WAITH, _sb._ the spoil of the chase or of fishing. Wallace, I, 386.
+    O.N. _væiðr_, a catch in hunting or fishing. Norse _veidd_,
+    the chase, _veida_, to hunt. On Sco. _faid_, a company of
+    hunters. See I, §22.
+
+WANDRETH, _sb._ sorrow, trouble. Douglas, I, 88, 14. O.N.
+    _vandræði_, difficulty, trouble. Norse, _vanraad_, misery,
+    poverty.
+
+WANT, VANT, _vb._ lack, stand in need of, suffer. Montg., S., 48, 3;
+    Lyndsay, 152, 40704; Bruce, V, 422; Burns, 113, 2, 3. O.N.
+    _vanta_, to lack. Norse _vanta_, lack, never means desire.
+    This is the regular use of the word in Sco.
+
+WANTHREIVIN, _adj._ unthriven, miserable. Montg., F., 327. O.N.
+    _van_ + _þrifenn_, Norse _vantreven_, O.N. vb. _þrifa_, Norse
+    _triva_, _vantriva_ (refl.). See Skeat under Eng. _thrive_ and
+    _thrift_.
+
+WAP (wæ̆p), _vb._ to turn, overturn, throw, hurl. Douglas, I, 2,
+    20; III, 167, 28; Gol. and Gaw., 127. O.N. _vappa_, to waddle.
+    Norse _vappa_, turn, wrap around. Sw. dial. _vappla_, wrap up.
+    Cu. _wap_, to wrap.
+
+WARE, _vb._ to lay out money, spend. Rolland, III, 450; Dunbar, 92,
+    13; R.R., 3553. O.N. _verja_, to invest money. See Wall.
+
+WAUR, _vb._ to overcome. Burns, 7, 1, 7; Psalms, CXL, 2. See _werr_.
+    Cp. Eng. _worst_ as a vb. and superlative of bad, worse.
+
+WEIK, _vb._ to weaken. Scott, 68, 14. Cp. Norse _veikja_, to
+    weaken, make weak. O.N. _væikja_, to grow weak, both from adj.
+    _væikr_, weak, same as O.E. _wāc_. The Sco. vb. may be
+    formed directly from the adj., in which case its origin
+    becomes uncertain. Skeat says Eng. _weak_, M.E. _weyke_ (which
+    replaced _wook_ < O.E. _wāc_), is from O.N. _væikr_. But
+    the M. Sco. form of O.E. or O. Nhb. _wāc_ was _wāke_
+    (wēk); our word could come from this. The diphthong,
+    however, rather indicates that it comes from the Norse vb.
+
+WEILL-VARANDLY, _adv._ in a proper manner. R.R., 911. See _farrand_.
+    Cp. O.N. _fara vel_, Norse _fara vel_, to go well, _velfaren_,
+    gone well.
+
+WELTER, _vb._ to roll, turn, overturn. Bruce, XI, 25; III, 700;
+    Douglas, II, 125, 25; T.M.W., 439; Lyndsay, 342, 770. O.N.
+    _valtra_, to be unsteady, not firm, easily shaken. O. Sw.
+    _valltra_, Sw. dial. _välltra_, to roll.
+
+WERR, WERE, WAR, VAR, WAUR, _adj._ worse. C.S., 57; Lyndsay,
+    428, 1392; R.R., 589, etc. O.N. _verr_, worse, Norse _verr_,
+    _verre_, Dan. _værre_, Sw. _värr_, Cu. _waar_. This is the
+    modern Sco. pronunciation of it. The O. Fr. _wirra_ does not
+    correspond to the Sco. forms of the word. It is most common in
+    Scotland and N.W. England.
+
+WICHT, _adj._ strong, vigorous, skillful. Bruce, VII, 263; Ramsay,
+    I 253. O.N. _vígr_, fit for battle, skilled in war, from
+    _víg_, battle, Sw. _vig_, active, M.E. _wiht_, valiant. B-S.
+    queries the word, but thinks it may come from M.L.G. _wicht_,
+    heavy, thus the same word as Eng. _weight_. This meaning is,
+    however, not satisfactory. The Sco. usage is that of the
+    Scand. word. The _t_ is inflectional. Cp. O.N. _eiga vígt um_.
+
+WICK, _vb._ to make to turn, to strike off on the side, strike a
+    stone in an oblique direction, a term in curling, to hit the
+    corner (Wagner). O.N. _víkja_, to turn, to veer, Sw. dial.
+    _vik_, Sw. _wika_, Norse _vikja_, _vika_, to turn (causative).
+    Dan. _vige_ not quite the same word.
+
+WILKATT, _sb._ a wild cat, Dalr., I, 723. Ramsay II, 500. O.N.
+    _vill_ + Eng., Norse _cat_, _kat_.
+
+WILL, VILL, _adj. adv._ lost, bewildered, astray. Dunbar, 228, 74;
+    Douglas, II, 24, 6, "to go will." O.N. _villr_, bewildered,
+    _fara villt_, get lost, Norse _vill_, astray, Dan. _vild_, Sw.
+    _vill_. Cp. Cu. _wills_, doubts, "Aaz i' wills whether to gang
+    or nit."
+
+WILRONE, _sb._ a wild boar. Scott, 71, 106. O.N. _vill_, wild, +
+    _runi_, a boar, a wild boar, Norse _rone_, _raane_, Sw. dial.
+    _råne_, Dan., with metathesis, _orne_.
+
+WILSUM, _adj._ errant, wandering. Douglas, II, 65, 16; "a wilsome
+    way," "Freires of Berwick," 410. See _will_, astray. _Wilsum_
+    more frequently means "willful," is Eng.
+
+WISSLE, VISSIL, WYSSIL. Douglas, III, 225, 8; Bruce, XII, 580;
+    Montg., F., 578. O.N. _vixla_, to cross, to put across,
+    _vixlingr_, a changeling (Cl. and V.), Norse _veksla_,
+    _vessla_, to exchange, Dan. _veksle_. Sco. and Norse both show
+    the change of _ks_ to _ss_. The Norse form _versla_ shows
+    later dissimilation of _ss_ to _rs_. This is W.Norse.
+
+WITTIR, _sb._ a sign. Douglas, II, 231, 16. See _wittering_.
+
+WITTERING, VITTERING, _sb._ information, knowledge. Bruce, IV, 562;
+    Douglas, II, 185, 27. O.N. _vitring_, revelation, from vb.
+    _vitra_, to reveal. Norse _vitring_, information, M.E.
+    _witering_, id.
+
+WELTER, _sb._ an overturning. Winyet, I, 49, 22. See the vb.
+    _welter_.
+
+
+
+
+PART III.
+
+
+  1. THE DIALECTAL PROVENIENCE OF LOANWORDS.
+
+The general character of the Scand. loanwords in Sco. is Norse, not
+Dan. This is shown by (a) A number of words that either do not exist
+in Dan. or else have in Sco. a distinctively W. Scand. sense;
+(b) Words with a W. Scand. form.
+
+  (a). The following words have in Sco. a W. Scand. meaning
+  or are not found in Danish:
+
+    AIRT, to urge. O.N. _erta_. Not a Dan. word.
+    APERT, boldly. O.N. _apr_. Not Dan.
+    AWEBAND, a rope for tying cattle. O.N. _háband_. Meaning
+      distinctively W. Scand.
+    BAUCH, awkward. Not E. Scand.
+    BEIN, liberal. Meaning is W. Scand.
+    BROD, to incite. O.N. _brodda_, id. Dan. _brodde_, means "to
+      equip with points."
+    BYSNING, monstrous. O.N. _bysna_. Not E. Scand.
+    CARPE, to converse. Not E. Scand.
+    CHOWK, jawbone. Rather W. Scand. than E. Scand.
+    CHYNGILL, gravel. A Norse word.
+    DAPILL, gray. A W. Scand. word.
+    DYRDUM, uproar. W. Scand. The word is also found in Gael.
+      Furthermore the form is more W. Scand. than Dan. Cp. _dýr_ and
+      _dør_.
+    DOWLESS, worthless. _Duglauss_ a W. Scand. word.
+    DUDS, clothes. Not found in Dan. or Sw.
+    ETTLE, aim at. W. Scand. meaning. O. Dan. _ætlæ_ meant "ponder
+      over."
+    FARRAND, handsome. This meaning is Icelandic and Norse.
+    FELL, mountain. W. Scand. more than E. Scand.
+    GANE, be suitable. O.N. _gegna_. Vb. not found in Dan.
+    GYLL, a ravine. O.N. _gil_. Is W. Scand.
+    HEID, brightness. O.N. _hærð_. Icel. and Norse.
+    HOOLIE, slow. O.N. _hógligr_. Not in Dan. or Sw.
+    KENDILL, to kindle. Ormulum _kinndlenn_ is from O. Ic. _kendill_
+      (Brate).
+    LIRK, to crease. I have not found the word in E. Scand.
+    MELDER, flour. O.N. _meldr_. Is W. Scand., particularly Norse.
+    POCKNET, a fishnet. O.N. _pōki-net. _ Not Dan.
+    RAMSTAM, indiscreet, boisterous. Both elements are W. Scand.
+    SCARTH, cormorant. W. Scand.
+    TARN, a lake. Distinctively Norse.
+    TYNE, to lose. O.N. _týna_. Distinctively Norse.
+    WAITH, booty. O.N. _væiðr_. Icel. and Søndmøre, Norway.
+    WARE, to spend. N. _verja_. W. Scand.
+    WICK, to cause to turn. O.N. _vikja_. Not Danish.
+
+
+  (b). The following words are W. Scand. in form:
+
+    BOLAX, hatchet. O.N. _bolöx_. The O. Dan. word has the vowel _u_,
+      _bulöx_.
+    BOWN, O.N. _búinn_, cp. _grouf < grúfu_; _bowk_ < _búkr_;
+      _stroup_ < _strjúpr_; _dowless_ < _duglauss_, etc. The O. Dan.
+      word was _boin_. The form in Orm. is _būn_, a Norse
+      loanword.
+    BUSK, to prepare, has W. Scand. reflexive ending _sk_.
+    BUTH, O.N. _búð_. The O. Dan., O. Sw. vowel was _o_, _boð_ and
+      _bodh_, so in modern Dan. diall. In Norse diall. it is _u_.
+    CAPPIT shows W. Scand. assimilation of _mp_ < _pp_.
+    CLUBBIT shows W. Scand. assimilation of _mb_ < _bb_.
+    DRUCKEN exhibits W. Scand. assimilation of _nk > kk_. Cp. O. Dan.
+      _dronkne_, _drone_, but N.Dan. _drukken_.
+    HARN corresponds better to O.N. _hjarni_ than to umlauted Dan.
+      _hjerne_, O. Sw. _hiärne_.
+    ILL, WILL. Both show assimilation of _ld_ to _ll_. Cp. O.N.
+      _illr, villr_, but Dan. _ilde_, _vild_.
+    RUND, ROOND, is rather the O.N. _rond_ than Dan. _rand_.
+    SER, SEIR corresponds better to O.N., O. Ic. _sér_ than to
+      O. Dan. _sær_. This change of _e_ to _æ_ in Dan. was, however,
+      late, i.e., in the last part of the 10th Century. See Noreen
+      P.G.(2)I, 526.
+    SLAK, O.N. _slakki_. Shows W. Scand. assimilation of _nk_ >
+      _kk_.
+    STAPP, O.N. _stappa_. Has W. Scand. assimilation of _mp_ > _pp_.
+      Cp. _cappit_.
+    STERT is O.N. _sterta_. Cp. Dan. _styrte_.
+    WANDRETH is nearer to O.N. _vandræði_ than to O. Dan. *_vandraþ_
+      (Brate), from which N. Dan. _vanraad_.
+
+Monophthongization of _ou_ to _o_, _ai_ to _i_ (_e_), _öy_ to _ö_
+took place in O. Dan. about 900. The Scand. loanwords in Eng., where
+the monophthong might be expected to appear, nearly always have the
+diphthong, however, which as we know was kept in W. Scand. Have such
+words been borrowed from W. Scand. then, or were they borrowed from
+Dan. before the period of monophthongation? Danish settlements began
+in the latter half of the 9th Century, but Dan. (and Norse) and Eng.
+did not merge immediately. Scand. continued to be spoken throughout
+the next century down to the beginning of the 11th Century (Noreen).
+Brate says the majority of loanwords probably came in in the
+beginning of the 10th Century. Wall points out that the Mercian and
+the Northumbrian Gospels of the 1st part of the 10th Century show
+extremely small traces of Scand. influence. It would seem, then,
+that the greater number of loanwords came in after monophthongation
+had taken place in Dan. The following dates for the appearance of
+loanwords in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle may be of interest. These are
+all taken from Egge's article, "Norse Words in the A-S. Chronicle."
+
+_Hold_ first appears in 905, then again in 911 and 921; _law_ in the
+present sense is first used in 959; in 1002 is first found the word
+_grith_, peace, which at once became common; _lætan_, to think, is
+first found in 1005. In 1008 appears _sagth_; in 1011 _hustinge_;
+1014 _utlagian_; 1048 the noun _utlah_; 1016 _feologan_; 1036, 1046,
+1047, _lithmen_, sailors; _lith_, fleet, in 1012, 1066, 1068, 1069,
+1071; in 1055 _sciplith_; in 1036, 1041, 1054, 1045, and 1071
+_huscarl_; _hamule_, _hamle_ 1039; _ha_ 1040; _hasata_, rower, (O.N.
+_há-sæti_) in 1052; in 1048 _bunda_ and _husbunda_; 1049 _nithing_;
+in the same year also the phrase _scylode of male_, paid off (O.N.
+_skilja af máli_); 1052, 1066 _butscarl_, boatsman, _hytte_ in 1066,
+_wyrre_ 1066. In 1072 for the first time appears _tacan_; in 1076
+_hofding_ and _brydlop_, etc.
+
+We may conclude that the Scand. elements that had come into O.Eng.
+in the beginning of the 10th Century were not large. From the middle
+of the century they came in in large numbers, but the period of most
+extensive borrowing seems rather to be the last part of the 10th and
+the first half of the 11th Century. Wall suggests that the Dan.
+spoken by the Dan. settlers in England was of a more archaic kind
+than that spoken in Denmark--that this might in many cases account
+for the archaic character of the loanwords. We know that the
+settlements in central England were predominantly Dan. as opposed
+to Norse. The Scand. place-names as well as the character of the
+loanwords in the Ormulum indicate that. It is probable, then, that
+monophthongation took place later in the Dan. spoken in England than
+in that spoken in Denmark. The following is a list of some of these
+words found in Scotch. O.N. _æi_, Dan. _e_: _bayt_, to graze;
+_blaik_, to cleanse; _graip_, a fork; _grane_, a branch; _graith_,
+to prepare; _laike_, to play; _slaik_, to smoothen; _lairing_,
+gutter; the Yorkshire form _lyring_ (Wall) seems to show an original
+monophthong. O.N. _öy_: _careing_, _smaik_. O.N. _ou_, Dan. _ö_:
+_blout_, bare; _douff_, dull; _gowk_, a fool; _haugh_, a knoll;
+_loup_, to run; _louse_, loose; _nout_, cattle; _rowt_, to roar;
+_rowst_, to cry out; _stowp_, a beaker; _stour_, a pole.
+
+It will be seen from the above, leaving out of consideration the
+diphthong _ou_ and _ai_, that the character of a large number of the
+loanwords is Norse. In a great many cases the E. and W. Scand. form
+of the word was the same. There are, however, a few words in Sco.
+that bear a Dan. stamp: _sprent_, _donk_ and _slonk_ exhibit
+E. Scand. non-assimilation of _nt_ and _nk_ to _tt_ and _kk_. _Snib_
+corresponds to Dan. _snibbe_, cp. M.E. _snibben_. All these have the
+umlaut. Eng. _snub_, M.E. _snubben_ and O.N. _snubba_ have the
+unumlauted vowel. _Bud_ agrees closer with Dan. _bud_, _budh_, than
+O.N. _boð_, Norse _bod_. _Thraive_ (Dunbar) and _threave_ (Ramsay)
+both indicate an original _a_-vowel, hence correspond better to Dan.
+_trave_ than O.N. _þrefi_. To these may be added _bask_, _flegger_
+and _forjeskit_, which are not found in W. Scand.
+
+
+  2. (a) THE OLD NORTHERN VOWELS IN THE LOANWORDS.
+
+The values given in the following tables are for Middle Scotch. The
+symbols used do not need explanation:
+
+    SHORT VOWELS.
+
+    _a._
+
+      O.N. _a_ in originally close syllable > _æ_, written _a_:
+          _anger_, _hansell_, _apert_, _ban_, _blabber_,
+          _slak_, _cast_, _chaff_, _dash_, _dram_, _bang_,
+          _fang_, _stang_, _lack_, etc.
+      O.N. _a_ in originally close syllable before _r_ remains
+          _a_: _bark_, _carl_, _carp_, _farrand_, _garth_,
+          _harth_, _scarth_, _swarf_, and _harsk_ (O. Dan.).
+      O.N., O. Dan. _a_ in close syllable > _é_ in _blether_,
+          _forjeskit_, _welter_.
+        _a_ in close syllable > _ē_ (_ay_, _ai_) in _aynd_,
+          _baittenin_.
+        _a_ in close syllable remains _a_, written _o_ in
+          _cog_.
+      O.N. _a_ in originally open syllable regularly becomes
+          _ē_, written _a_, _ai_, _ay_: _dasen_, _flake_,
+          _maik_, _scait_, etc.
+      O.N. _a_ + _g_ > _ē_ written _ai_ in _braid_, _gane_
+          (to profit).
+        _a_ + _g_ > _aw_ in _bawch_. In _mawch_ _ð_ fell out
+          and _a_ developed as _a_ before _g_.
+
+    _e._
+
+      O.N. _e_ remains in _airt_, _bekk_, _bleck_, _cleck_,
+        _cleg_, _egg_ (to incite), _elding_, _esping_,
+        _fleckerit_, _freckled_, _gedde_, _gengeld_, _kendell_,
+        _melder_, _mensk_, _nevin_, _werr_, _spenn_, _stert_,
+        _sker_.
+      O. Dan. _e_ remains in _sprent_.
+      O.N. _e_ becomes _i_ in _lirk_, _kitling_, and before
+          _ng_ in _ding_, _flingin_, _hing_, and also in
+          _skrip_, _styddy_.
+      O.N. _e_ > _æ_, written _a_, in _dapill_, _clag_.
+          Cp. _sprattle_ in Burns.
+        > _æ_ before _r_ in _ware_.
+        > _a_ before _r_ in _karling_.
+      O.N. _e_ > _i_ in _neefe_ (_nieve_).
+      O.N. _e_ appears as _u_ in _studdy_. See word list.
+      O.N. _e_ (from older _æi_) > _ē_ in _hailse_.
+        _e_ + _g_ > _e_ written _a_, _ai:_ e.g., _haine_,
+          _gane_ (to suit).
+
+    _i._
+
+      O.N. _i_ generally remains _i_: _bing_, _grith_, _kist_,
+          _link_, _lite_, _titling_, _wilrone_, frequently
+          written _y_: _byng_, _chyngill_, _gyll_, etc.
+      O.N. _i_ before _st_ > _e_: _gestning_, _restit_.
+        _i_ > _ī_ in _ithand_ (_ythand_), and _ei_ in
+          _eident_.
+
+    _o._
+
+      O.N. _o_ remains _o_: _boldin_, _bolle_, _brod_,
+          _costlyk_, _loft_, _rock_, etc.
+      O.N. _o_ + _g_ > _ow_ in _low_.
+
+    _u._
+
+      O.N. _u_ generally remains _u_: _bught_, _buller_,
+          _clunk_, _cunnand_, _lucken_, _ugg_, _clubbit_,
+          _drucken_, _skugg_. The sound of _u_ in O.N.,
+          however, was approximately that of _oo_ in "foot."
+      O.N. _u_ > _ū_ in _drook_.
+
+    _y._
+
+      O.N. _y_ always becomes _i_, written _i_, _y_: _big_,
+          _birr_, _filly_, _flit_, _trig_, _wyndland_,
+          _gylmyr_. The O.N. _y_ had approximately the value
+          of Germ. _ü_.
+
+    _æ._
+
+      O.N. _æ_ > _e_ in _ettle._
+
+    _ö_
+
+      O.N. _ö_ > _e_ in _gleg_, _glegy_, appears as _u_ in
+          _slut_.
+      O.N. _ö_, _u_-_v_-umlaut of _a_, becomes _æ_, written
+          _a_: _daggit_, _ragweed_, _tangle_.
+      O.N. _ö_, _u_-umlaut of _a_ in originally open syllable,
+          like open _a_, > _ē_ in _spale_.
+
+      Hence _u_-umlaut does not appear in loanwords.
+
+    _ja_ (_ia_).
+
+      O.N. _ja_ > _a_ in _assle-tooth_, _harn_, _starn_.
+        > _e_ in _sker_ and _stern_.
+
+    _jö_ (_iö_).
+
+      O.N. _jö_ > _a_ in _tarn_.
+      O.N. _jö_ > _i_ before _r_ in _firth_, _gyrth_
+          (_gjörth_), _gyrthin_.
+
+
+    LONG VOWELS.
+
+    _ā_.
+
+      O.N. _ā_ regularly > _ē_, written _a_, _ai_, _ay_,
+          _ae_, _ei_ (?): _baith_, _blae_, _bray_, _braith_,
+          _fra_, _frae_, _lait_, _craik_, _ra_, _saikless_,
+          _spay_, etc.
+      O.N. _ā_ + _g_ > _aw_, _awch_, _aigh_, _aich_,
+          _awsome_, _law_, sb. _law_, adj. _lawch_, beside
+          _laigh_ and _laich_ in N. Sco.
+      O.N. _ā_ + _l_ > _ow_ in _chowk_ (O.N. _kjálki_).
+
+    _ē_.
+
+      O.N. _ē_ remains in _ser_, _seir_.
+        _ē_ > _ǣ_, written _a_, in _fallow_.
+      O.N. _ē_ before _tt_ > _i_, written _y_, in _tytt_.
+           Cp. _titt_ in W.Norse dial.
+
+    _ī_.
+
+      O.N. _ī_ most frequently remains _ī_, written _i_,
+          _y_: _flyre_, _gryce_, _grise_, _myth_, _skrik_,
+          _rive_, _ryfe_, _tithand_, etc.
+      O.N. _ī_ appears as _e_ in _skrech_, probably
+          pronounced _skrich_.
+      O.N. _ī_ > _ē_, written _ei_, in _quey_, _gleit_,
+          _keik_.
+      O.N. _ī_ > _ĭ_ in _scrip_, _wick_, and before
+          original _xl_ in _wissle_ (_wyssyl_).
+      The corresponding word in Norse also has a short vowel,
+          but changed to _e_, _veksl_, _vessla_ (and _versla_).
+
+    _ō_.
+
+      O.N. _ō_ > _ū_, written _o_, _oo_, _u_, _eu_:
+          _crove_, _rove_, _unrufe_, _hoolie_, _hulie_, _lufe_,
+          _ruse_, _roose_, _sleuth_, _tume_.
+      O.N. _ō_ > _ou_ in _clour_.
+        _ō_ > _oy_ in _toym_ (Bruce), exact sound uncertain.
+        _ō_ + _l_ > _ow_ in _bow_.
+
+    _ū_.
+
+      O.N. _ū_ remains in _buth_, _grouf_.
+      O.N. _ū_ generally > _ou_, _ow_: _boun_, _bowne_,
+          _bowk_, _cow_, _cour_, etc.
+        _ū_ > _ō_ in _solande_, _stot_.
+        _ū_ > _ŭ_ in _busk_.
+
+    _ȳ_.
+
+      O.N. _ȳ_ regularly > _ī_, written _i_, _y_:
+          _lythe_, _tyne_, _sit_, _skyrin_, _snite_. Cp. _y_.
+      O.N. _ȳ_ appears as _ē_ (_ei_) in _neiris_, exact
+          sound not certain. Cp. _ȳ_ before _st_ > _ĭ_ in
+          _thrist_ (O.N. _þrýsta_).
+
+    _ǣ_.
+
+      O.N. _ǣ_ remains in _hething_.
+        _ǣ_ > _e_ in _sait_.
+        _ǣ_ > _e_, _e_, in _rad_, _red_, _radness_, etc.
+
+
+    DIPHTHONGS.
+
+    _ai_.
+
+      O.N. _ai_ > _ē_, written _a_, _ai_, _ay_, _ei_:
+          _bait_, _bein_, _bayt_, _blaik_, _dey_, _grane_,
+          _graip_, _graith_, _heid_, _laif_, _lairet_,
+          _lairing_, _lak_, _laiching_, _thwaite_, _waith_,
+          _slaik_, _swage_, _raise_, _tha_.
+      O.N. _ai_ > _i_ in _nyte_ (?).
+      O.N. _ai_ is represented by _i_ before _r_ in _thir_.
+          Cp. Cu. _thur_.
+      O.N. _ain_ > _en_ initially in _enkrely_.
+
+    _öy_.
+
+      O.N. _öy_ > _ē_, written _e_, _ai_: _careing_, _dey_,
+          _smaik_.
+        _öy > e_ in _yemsel_ (_yhemsell_), may be a case of
+          Dan. monophthongation.
+
+    _ou_, _au_.
+
+      O.N. _ou_, _au_ is regularly _ou_, _ow_ in Sco.: _blowt_,
+          _douff_, _dowff_, _gowk_, _gowl_, _loup_, _louse_,
+          _nowt_, _rout_, _rowste_, _soum_. Very frequently
+          appears as _oi_, _oy_: e.g., _soym_, _doif_, _goilk_,
+          _loip_, etc.
+      O.N. _ou > u_ in _gukk_, vb. formed from _gowk_ (?).
+
+    _jo_.
+
+      O.N. _jo_ before _r_ > _a_ in _starn_ (O.N. _stjorn_).
+      _jo > ei_ in _leister_. Appears as _i_ in the N. Sco.
+          word _shiel_.
+
+    _ju_.
+
+      O.N. _ju_ > _ū_ in _stroop_.
+        _ju_ > _i_ in _skyle_.
+
+
+  (b) THE OLD NORTHERN CONSONANTS.
+
+    _b_.
+
+      O.N. _b_ regularly remains _b_.
+        Is lost after _m_ in _gylmyr_.
+        _b_ > _p_ initially _pirrye._
+
+    _d_.
+
+      O.N. _d_ regularly remains.
+        Is lost after _n_ in _hansell_.
+        An epenthetic _d_ appears after _n_ in _solande_,
+          _ythand_; after _l_ in _boldin_ and _rangeld_.
+      O.N. _ld_ > _ll_ in _caller_.
+
+    _g_.
+
+      O.N. _g_ regularly remains _g_ before guttural and
+          palatal vowels alike.
+        _g_ > _ȝ_ before a palatal vowel in _genȝeld_,
+          _yhemsel_.
+      O.N. _g_ disappears after _n_ in _titlene_.
+          _g_ > _ch_ in _bawch_, _lawch_.
+        On O.N. _a_ + _g_, _o_ + _g_, _e_ + _g_, see the
+          vowels.
+
+    _p_.
+
+      O.N. _p_ regularly remains _p_.
+        _p_ > _ph_ finally in _sumph_.
+
+    _t_.
+
+      O.N. _t_ regularly remains _t_.
+        _t_ > _tch_ in _scratch_.
+        Seems to have become _d_ in _cadie_ (O.N. _kátr_), but
+          Dan. _kådh_ may be the source.
+        An epenthetic _t_ after _n_ appears in _eident_.
+
+    _k_.
+
+      O.N. _k_ regularly remains _k_.
+        _k_ > _ch_ finally in _screch_. Cp. also _laiching_.
+      O.N. _ks_ (_x_) > _ss_ in _assletooth_, _wissle_.
+        On O.N. _sk_, see _s_.
+
+    _v_.
+
+      O.N. _v_ regularly becomes _w_: _welter_, _witter_,
+          _ware_, _werr_, _wicht_, etc.
+      O.N. _v_ is represented by _v_ in _vath_, _vittirly_,
+        _vyndland_, all in Bruce.
+        An epenthetic _v_ appears after _o_ (_u_) in _crove_,
+          _rove_, _unrufe_.
+
+    _ð_, _þ_
+
+      O.N. _ð_, _þ_ quite regularly > _th_: _baith_,
+          _bletherb_, _raith_, _buith_, _degraith_, _firth_,
+          _garth_, _graith_, _ithand_, _lythe_, _mythe_,
+          _hething_, _harth_, _grith_, _gyrth_, _waith_,
+          _vath_, _sleuth_, _tath_, _skaith_, _wandreth_, etc.
+      O.N. _ð_ > _d_ medially and finally in _eident_,
+          _ydlanlie_, _heid_, _red_, _duds_, _stud_.
+      O.N. _ð_ is lost in _mauch_.
+      O.N. _þ_ initially remains in _thrist_, _thra_, _thraif_,
+          _tha_, _thir_, _thwaite_, _wan-threvin_.
+        _þ_ > _t_ in _tytt_, _tangle_.
+
+    _f._
+
+      O.N. _f_ initially always remains.
+        Medially and finally _f_ remains in _cloff_, _nefe_,
+          _lufe_, _laif._
+        Medially and finally _f_ > _v_ in: _nieve_, _nevin_,
+          _rive_, _lave_, _crave_.
+      O.N. _f_ > _th_ in _scarth_ (O.N. _skarfr_).
+        An epenthetic _f_ appears in _unrufe_ (_v?_).
+
+    _s._
+
+      O.N. _s_ regularly remains _s_.
+        _s_ > _ch_ in _chyngill_ (?).
+
+    _sk._
+
+      O.N. _sk_ = _sk_ initially medially and finally: _skar_,
+          _sker_, _skewit_, _skill_, _skugg_, _skrech_,
+          _skant_, _scait_, _scool_, _scratch_, _scarth_,
+          _skait_, _skail_, _scud_, _scudler_, _script_,
+          _skyle_, _skeigh_, _busk_, _bask_ (dry), _harsk_,
+          _harskness_, _forjeskit_, _mensk_(?).
+      O.N. _sk_ > _sh_ finally in _dash_ (?).
+        _sk_ > _sh_ before a guttural vowel in _shacklet_ (?),
+          and _schore_ (?).
+      O.N. _sk_ before _i_ (_ī_) > _sh_ in _shiel_.
+          Cp. _skyle_ above.
+        _sk_ > _s_ finally in _mense_.
+
+    _h_.
+
+      O.N. _h_ initially before vowels remains, except in
+          _aweband_.
+      O.N. _h_ initially before _r_, _l_, _n_, is lost: _rad_,
+          _rangale_, _ruse_, _lack_, _loup_, _nieve_, etc.
+      O.N. _ht_ remains, is not assimilated to _tt_, e.g.,
+          _sacht_, _unsaucht_.
+        An inorganic _h_ initially appears in _hendir_,
+          _hugsum_.
+
+    _hv_.
+
+      O.N. _hv_ regularly > _qu_, _quh_: _quhelm_, _quey_.
+
+    _m_, _n_, _l_, _r_.
+
+      O.N. _m_ regularly remains.
+        _m_ before _t_ > _n_ in _skant_, _skantlin_.
+
+      O.N. _n_ always remains, _nd_ is not assimilated to _nn_.
+          Cp. Cu. _winnle_.
+
+      O.N. _l_ initially remains.
+        Medially and finally generally remains.
+      O.N. _l_ after _o_ > _w_: _bowdyne_, _bowne_, _bow_.
+        _l_ very frequently takes the place of _w_ medially:
+          _golk_, _dolf_.
+        An excrescent _l_ appears in _gylmyr_.
+
+      O.N. _r_ regularly remains.
+        Disappears before _sk_ in _bask_, undergoes metathesis
+          in _gyrth_.
+        Inflexional _r_ remains in _caller_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+             Volume 1 in the Series
+                       of
+                GERMANIC STUDIES
+                      from
+              Columbia University
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Scandinavian influence on Southern
+Lowland Scotch, by George Tobias Flom
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14604 ***