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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/14529-0.txt b/14529-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d2e8d46 --- /dev/null +++ b/14529-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,800 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14529 *** + +YALE STUDIES IN ENGLISH +ALBERT S. COOK, EDITOR +LXIII + + +THE +OLD ENGLISH PHYSIOLOGUS + + +TEXT AND PROSE TRANSLATION +BY +ALBERT STANBURROUGH COOK +Professor of the English Language and Literature in Yale University + + +VERSE TRANSLATION +BY +JAMES HALL PITMAN +Fellow in English of Yale University + + +NEW HAVEN: YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS +LONDON: HUMPHREY MILFORD +OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS +MDCCCXXI + + +[FACSIMILE] + + + + +PREFACE + + +The Old English _Physiologus_, or _Bestiary_, is a series of three brief +poems, dealing with the mythical traits of a land-animal, a sea-beast, +and a bird respectively, and deducing from them certain moral or +religious lessons. These three creatures are selected from a much larger +number treated in a work of the same name which was compiled at +Alexandria before 140 B.C., originally in Greek, and afterwards +translated into a variety of languages--into Latin before 431. The +standard form of the _Physiologus_ has 49 chapters, each dealing with a +separate animal (sometimes imaginary) or other natural object, beginning +with the lion, and ending with the ostrich; examples of these are the +pelican, the eagle, the phoenix, the ant (cf. Prov. 6.6), the fox, the +unicorn, and the salamander. In this standard text, the Old English +poems are represented by chapters 16, 17, and 18, dealing in succession +with the panther, a mythical sea-monster called the asp-turtle (usually +denominated the whale), and the partridge. Of these three poems, the +third is so fragmentary that little is left except eight lines of +religious application, and four of exhortation by the poet, so that the +outline of the poem, and especially the part descriptive of the +partridge, must be conjecturally restored by reference to the treatment +in the fuller versions, which are based upon Jer. 17.11 (the texts drawn +upon for the application in lines 5-11 are 2 Cor. 6.17,18; Isa. 55.7; +Heb. 2.10,11). + +It has been said: 'With the exception of the Bible, there is perhaps no +other book in all literature that has been more widely current in every +cultivated tongue and among every class of people.' Such currency might +be illustrated from many English authors. Two passages from Elizabethan +literature may serve as specimens--the one from Spenser, the other from +Shakespeare. The former is from the _Faerie Queene_ (1. 11.34): + + At last she saw, where he upstarted brave + Out of the well, wherein he drenched lay; + As Eagle fresh out of the Ocean wave, + Where he hath left his plumes all hoary gray, + And deckt himselfe with feathers youthly gay, + Like Eyas hauke up mounts unto the skies, + His newly budded pineons to assay, + And marveiles at himselfe, still as he flies: + So new this new-borne knight to battell new did rise. + +The other is from _Hamlet_ (Laertes to the King): + + To his good friends thus wide I'll ope my arms; + And like the kind life-rendering pelican, + Repast them with my blood.[1] + +However widely diffused, the symbolism exemplified by the _Physiologus_ +is peculiarly at home in the East. Thus Egypt symbolized the sun, with +his death at night passing into a rebirth, by the phœnix, which, by a +natural extension, came to signify the resurrection. And the Bible not +only sends the sluggard to the ant, and bids men consider the lilies of +the field, but with a large sweep commands (Job 12.7,8): 'Ask now the +beasts, and they shall teach thee; and the fowls of the air, and they +shall tell thee; or speak to the earth, and it shall teach thee; and the +fishes of the sea shall declare unto thee.' + +[Footnote 1: Alfred de Musset, in _La Nuit de Mai_, develops the image +of the pelican through nearly thirty lines.] + +The text as here printed is extracted from my edition, _The Old English +Elenc, Phœnix, and Physiologus_ (Yale University Press, 1919), where a +critical apparatus may be found; here it may be sufficient to say that +Italic letters in square brackets denote my emendations, and Roman +letters those of previous editors. The translations have not hitherto +been published, and no complete ones are extant in any language, save +those contained in Thorpe's edition of the _Codex Exoniensis_, which +appeared in 1842. The long conjectural passage in the _Partridge_ is due +wholly to Mr. Pitman. + + A.S.C. + +March 27, 1921. + + + + +PHYSIOLOGUS + + + + +[**Transcriber's note: The following texts have been split into small +sections based on the pagination of the original. These sections +alternate as follows, each section being separated from its neighbors by +rows of asterisks: Old English verse; Modern English verse translation; +Modern English prose translation. While this fragments each version, it +facilitates comparison in parallel.] + + +I + +THE PANTHER + + + Monge sindon geond middangeard + unrīmu cynn, [_þāra_] þe wē æþelu ne magon + ryhte āreccan nē rīm witan; + þæs wīde sind geond wor[_u_]l[d] innan +5 fugla and dēora foldhrērendra + wornas widsceope, swā wæter bibūgeð + þisne beorhtan bōsm, brim grymetende, + sealtȳpa geswing. + Wē bi sumum hȳrdon + wrǣtlīc[_um_] gecynd[_e_] wildra secgan, +10 fīrum frēamǣrne, feorlondum on, + eard weardian, ēðles nēotan, + æfter dūnscrafum. Is þæt dēor Pandher + bi noman hāten, þæs þe niþþa bear[n], + + * * * * * + + Of living creatures many are the kinds + Throughout the world--unnumbered, since no man + Can count their multitudes, nor rightly learn + The ways of their wild nature; wide they roam, + These beasts and birds, as far as ocean sets + A limit to the earth, embracing her + And all her sunny fields with salty seas + And toss of roaring billows. + We have heard + From men of wider lore of one wild beast, + Wonderful dweller in a far-off land + Renowned of men, who loves his native glens + And dusky caverns. Him have wise men called + + * * * * * + +Many, yea numberless, are the tribes throughout the world whose natures +we can not rightly expound nor their multitudes reckon, so immense are +the swarms of birds and earth-treading animals wherever water, the +roaring ocean, the surge of salt billows, encompasses the smiling bosom +of earth. + +We have heard about one marvelous kind of wild beast which inhabits, in +lands far off, a domain renowned among men, rejoicing there in his home +amid the mountain-caves. This beast is called panther, as the learned + + * * * * * + + wīsfæste weras, on gewritum cȳþa[_ð_] +15 bi þām ānstapan. + Sē is ǣ[_g_]hwām frēond, + duguða ēstig, būtan dracan ānum; + þām hē in ealle tīd andwrāð leofaþ, + þurh yfla gehwylc þe hē geæfnan mæg. + Ðæt is wrǣtlīc dēor, wundrum scȳne, +20 hīwa gehwylces. Swā hæleð secgað, + gǣsthālge guman, þætte Iōsēphes + tunece wǣre telga gehwylces + blēom bregdende, þāra beorhtra gehwylc, + ǣghwæs ǣnlīcra, ōþrum līxte +25 dryhta bearnum, swā þæs dēores hīw, + blǣc, brigda gehwæs, beorhtra and scȳnra + wundrum līxeð, þætte wrǣtlīcra + ǣghwylc ōþrum, ǣnlīcra gīen + and fǣgerra, frætwum blīceð, +30 symle sellīcra. + Hē hafað sundorgecynd, + + * * * * * + + The panther, and in books have told of him, + The solitary rover. + He is kind, + A bounteous friend to every living thing + Save one alone, the dragon; but with him + The panther ever lives at enmity, + Employing every means within his power + To work him evil. + Fair is he, full bright + And wonderful of hue. The holy scribes + Tell us how Joseph's many-colored coat, + Gleaming with varying dyes of every shade, + Brilliant, resplendent, dazzled all men's eyes + That looked upon it. So the panther's hues + Shine altogether lovely, marvelous, + While each fair color in its beauty glows + Ever more rare and charming than the rest. + His wondrous character is mild, and free + + * * * * * + +among the children of men report in their books concerning that lonely +wanderer. + +He is a friend, bountiful in kindness, to every one save only the +dragon; with him he always lives at enmity by means of every injury he +can inflict. + +He is a bewitching animal, marvelously beautiful with every color. Just +as, according to men holy in spirit, Joseph's coat was variegated with +hues of every shade, each shining before the sons of men brighter and +more perfect than another, so does the color of this beast blaze with +every diversity, gleaming in wondrous wise so clear and fair that each +tint is ever lovelier than the next, glows more enchanting in its +splendor, more rare, more beauteous, and more strange. + +He has a nature all his own, so gentle and so calm is + + * * * * * + + milde, gemetfæst. Hē is monþwǣre, + lufsum and lēoftæl: nele lāþes wiht + ǣ[ng]um geæfnan būtan þām āttorsceaþan, + his fyrngeflitan, þe ic ǣr fore sægde. +35 Symle, fylle fægen, þonne fōddor þigeð, + æfter þām gereordum ræste sēceð, + dȳgle stōwe under dūnscrafum; + ðǣr se þēo[d]wiga þrēonihta fæc + swifeð on swe[_o_]fote, slǣpe gebiesga[d]. +40 Þonne ellenrōf ūp āstondeð, + þrymme gewelga[d], on þone þriddan dæg, + snēome of slǣpe. Swēghlēoþor cymeð, + wōþa wynsumast, þurh þæs wildres mūð; + æfter pære stefne stenc ūt cymeð +45 of þām wongstede-- wynsumra stēam, + swēttra and swīþra, swæcca gehwylcum, + wyrta blōstmum and wudublēdum, + eallum æþelīcra eorþan frætw[um]. + + * * * * * + + From all disturbing passion. Gracious, kind, + And full of love, he meditates no harm + But to that venomous foe, as I have told, + His ancient enemy. + Once he has rejoiced + His heart with feasting, straight he finds a nook + Hidden among dim caves, his resting-place. + There three nights' space, in deepest slumber wrapped, + The people's champion lies. Then, stout of heart, + The third day he arises fresh from sleep, + Endowed with glory. From the creature's mouth + Issues a melody of sweetest strains; + And close upon the voice a balmy scent + Fills all the place--an incense lovelier, + Sweeter, and abler to perfume the air, + Than any odor of an earthly flower + Or scent of woodland fruit, more excellent + + * * * * * + +it. Kind, attractive, and friendly, he has no thought of doing harm to +any save the envenomed foe, his ancient adversary of whom I spoke. + +When, delighting in a feast, he has partaken of food, ever at the end of +the meal he betakes himself to his resting-place, a hidden retreat among +the mountain-caves; there the champion of his race, overcome by sleep, +abandons himself to slumber for the space of three nights. Then the +dauntless one, replenished with vigor, straightway arises from sleep +when the third day has come. A melody, the most ravishing of strains, +flows from the wild beast's mouth; and, following the music, there +issues a fragrance from the place--a fume more transporting, sweet, and +strong than any odor whatever, than blossoms of plants or fruits of the +forest, choicer + + * * * * * + + Þonne of ceastrum and cynestōlum +50 and of burgsalum beornþrēat monig + farað foldwegum folca þrȳþum; + ēoredcystum, ofestum gefȳsde, + dareðlācende --dēor [s]wā some-- + æfter þǣre stefne on þone stenc farað. +55 Swā is Dryhten God, drēama Rǣdend, + eallum ēaðmēde ōþrum gesceaftum, + duguða gehwylcre, būtan dracan ānum, + āttres ordfruman-- þæt is se ealda fēond + þone hē gesǣlde in sūsla grund, +60 and gefetrade fȳrnum tēagum, + biþeahte þrēanȳdum; and þȳ þriddan dæge + of dīgle ārās, þæs þe hē dēað fore ūs + þrēo niht þolade, Þēoden engla, + sigora Sellend. Þæt wæs swēte stenc, +65 wlitig and wynsum, geond woruld ealle. + Siþþan tō þām swicce sōðfæste men, + + * * * * * + + Than all this world's adornments. Then from town + And palace, then from castle-hall, come forth + Along the roads great troops of hurrying men-- + The very beasts come also; all press on + Toward that sweet odor, when the voice is stilled. + Such as this creature is the Lord our God, + Giver of joys, to all creation kind, + To men benignant, save alone to him, + The dragon, author of all wickedness, + Satan, the ancient adversary whom, + Fettered with fire, shackled with dire constraint, + Into the pit of torments God cast down. + The third day Christ arose from out the grave, + For three nights having suffered death for us, + He, Lord of angels, he in whom alone + Is hope of overcoming. Far and wide + The tidings spread, like perfume fresh and sweet, + Through all the world. Then to that fragrance thronged + + * * * * * + +than aught that clothes the earth with beauty. Thereupon from cities, +courts, and castle-halls many companies of heroes flock along the +highways of earth; the wielders of the spear press forward in hurrying +throngs to that perfume--and so also do animals--when once the music has +ceased. + +Even so the Lord God, the Giver of joy, is gracious to all creatures, to +every order of them, save only the dragon, the source of venom, that +ancient enemy whom he bound in the abyss of torments; shackling him with +fiery fetters, and loading him with dire constraints, he arose from +darkness on the third day after he, the Lord of angels, the Bestower of +victory, had for three nights endured death on our behalf. That was a +sweet perfume throughout the world, winsome and entrancing. Henceforth, + + * * * * * + + on healfa gehwone, hēapum þrungon + geond ealne ymbhwyrft eorþan scēat[a]. + Swā se snottra gecwæð Sanctus Paulus: +70 'Monigfealde sind geond middangeard + gōd ungnȳðe þe ūs tō giefe dǣleð + and tō feorhnere Fæder ælmihtig, + and se ānga Hyht ealra gesceafta + uppe ge niþre.' Þæt is æþele stenc. + + * * * * * + + From every side all men whose hearts were true, + Throughout the regions of the circled earth. + Thus spoke the wise St. Paul: 'In all the world + His gifts are many, which he gives to us + For our salvation with unstinting hand, + Almighty Father, he, the only Hope + Of all in heaven or here below on earth.' + This is that noble fragrance, rare and sweet, + Which draws all men to seek it from afar. + + * * * * * + +through the whole extent of earth's regions, righteous men have streamed +in multitudes from every side to that fragrance. As said the wise St. +Paul: 'Manifold over the world are the lavish bounties which the Father +almighty, the Hope of all creatures above and below, bestows on us as +grace and salvation.' That, too, is a sweet odor. + + + + +II + +THE WHALE (ASP-TURTLE) + + + Nū ic fitte gēn ymb fisca cynn + wille wōðcræfte wordum cȳþan + þurh mōdgemynd, bi þām miclan hwale. + Sē bið unwillum oft gemēted, +5 frēcne and fer[_h_]ðgrim, fareðlācendum, + niþþa gehwylcum; þām is noma cenned, + fyr[ge]nstrēama geflotan, Fastitocalon. + Is þæs hīw gelīc hrēofum stāne, + swylce wōrie bi wædes ōfre, +10 sondbeorgum ymbseald, sǣrȳrica mǣst, + swā þæt wēnaþ wǣglīþende + þæt hȳ on ēalond sum ēagum wlīten; + and þonne gehȳd[_i_]að hēahstefn scipu + tō þām unlonde oncyrrāpum, +15 s[_ǣ_]laþ sǣmearas sundes æt ende, + + * * * * * + + Now will I spur again my wit, and use + Poetic skill to weave words into song, + Telling of one among the race of fish, + The great asp-turtle. Men who sail the sea + Often unwillingly encounter him, + Dread preyer on mankind. His name we know, + The ocean-swimmer, Fastitocalon. + Dun, like rough stone in color, as he floats + He seems a heaving bank of reedy grass + Along the shore, with rolling dunes behind, + So that sea-wanderers deem their gaze has found + An island. Boldly then their high-prowed ships + They moor with cables to that shore, a land + That is no land. Still floating on the waves, + Their ocean-coursers curvet at the marge; + + * * * * * + +This time I will with poetic art rehearse, by means of words and wit, a +poem about a kind of fish, the great sea-monster which is often +unwillingly met, terrible and cruel-hearted to seafarers, yea, to every +man; this swimmer of the ocean-streams is known as the asp-turtle. + +His appearance is like that of a rough boulder, as if there were tossing +by the shore a great ocean-reedbank begirt with sand-dunes, so that +seamen imagine they are gazing upon an island, and moor their +high-prowed ships with cables to that false land, make fast the +ocean-coursers at the sea's end, and, bold of heart, climb up + + * * * * * + + and þonne in þæt ēglond ūp gewītað + collenfer[_h_]þe; cēolas stondað + bi staþe fæste strēame biwunden. + Ðonne gewīciað wērigfer[_h_]ðe, +20 faroðlācende, frēcnes ne wēnað. + On þām ēalonde ǣled weccað, + hēah fyr ǣlað. Hæleþ bēoþ on wynnum, + rēonigmōde, ræste gel[y]ste. + Þonne gefēleð fācnes cræftig +25 þæt him þā fērend on fæste wuniaþ, + wīc weardiað, wedres on luste, + ðonne semninga on sealtne wǣg + mid þā nōþe niþer gewīteþ, + gārsecges gæst, grund gesēceð, +30 and þonne in dēaðsele drence bifæsteð + scipu mid scealcum. + Swā bið scinn[_en_]a þēaw, + dēofla wīse, þæt hī droht[i]ende + þurh dyrne meaht duguðe beswīcað, + and on teosu tyhtaþ tilra dǣda, +35 wēmað on willan, þæt hȳ wraþe sēcen, + + * * * * * + + The weary-hearted sailors mount the isle, + And, free from thought of peril, there abide. + Elated, on the sands they build a fire, + A mounting blaze. There, light of heart, they sit-- + No more discouraged--eager for sweet rest. + Then when the crafty fiend perceives that men, + Encamped upon him, making their abode, + Enjoy the gentle weather, suddenly + Under the salty waves he plunges down, + Straight to the bottom deep he drags his prey; + He, guest of ocean, in his watery haunts + Drowns ships and men, and fast imprisons them + Within the halls of death. + Such is the way + Of demons, devils' wiles: to hide their power, + And stealthily inveigle heedless men, + Inciting them against all worthy deeds, + And luring them to seek for help and comfort + + * * * * * + +on that island; the vessels stand by the beach, enringed by the flood. +The weary-hearted sailors then encamp, dreaming not of peril. + +On the island they start a fire, kindle a mounting flame. The dispirited +heroes, eager for repose, are flushed with joy. Now when the cunning +plotter feels that the seamen are firmly established upon him, and have +settled down to enjoy the weather, the guest of ocean sinks without +warning into the salt wave with his prey (?), and makes for the bottom, +thus whelming ships and men in that abode of death. + +Such is the way of demons, the wont of devils: they spend their lives in +outwitting men by their secret power, inciting them to the corruption of +good deeds, misguiding + + * * * * * + + frōfre tō fēondum, oþþæt hy fæste ðǣr + æt þām wǣrlogan wīc gecēosað. + Þonne þæt gecnāweð of cwicsūsle + flāh fēond gemāh, þætte fīra gehwylc +40 hæleþa cynnes on his hringe biþ + fæste gefēged, hē him feorgbona, + þurh slīþen searo, siþþan weorþeð, + wloncum and hēanum þe his willan hēr + firenum fremmað; mid þām hē fǣringa, +45 heoloþhelme biþeaht, helle sēceð, + gōda gēasne, grundlēasne wylm + under mistglōme, swā se micla hwæl + se þe bisenceð sǣlīþende + eorlas and ȳðmearas. + Hē hafað ōþre gecynd, +50 wæterþisa wlonc, wrǣtlīcran gīen. + Þonne hine on holme hunger bysgað, + and þone āglǣcan ǣtes lysteþ, + ðonne se mereweard mūð ontȳneð, + + * * * * * + + From unsuspected foes, until at last + They choose a dwelling with the faithless one. + Then, when the fiend, by crafty malice stirred, + From where hell's torments bind him fast, perceives + That men are firmly set in his domain, + With treachery unspeakable he hastes + To snare and to destroy the lives of those, + Both proud and lowly, who in sin perform + His will on earth. Donning the mystic helm + Of darkness, with his prey he speeds to hell, + The place devoid of good--all misty gloom, + Where broods a sullen lake, black, bottomless, + Just as the monster, Fastitocalon, + Destroys seafarers, overwhelming men + And staunch-built ships. + Another trait he has, + This proud sea-swimmer, still more marvelous. + When hunger grips the monster on the deep, + Making him long for food, his gaping mouth + The ocean-warder opens, stretching wide + + * * * * * + +them at will so that they seek help and support from fiends, until they +end by making their fixed abode with the betrayer. When, from out his +living torture, the crafty, malicious enemy perceives that any one is +firmly settled within his domain, he proceeds, by his malignant wiles, +to become the slayer of that man, be he rich or poor, who sinfully does +his will; and, covered by his cap of darkness, suddenly betakes himself +with them to hell, where naught of good is found, a bottomless abyss +shrouded in misty gloom--like that monster which engulfs the +ocean-traversing men and ships. + +This proud tosser of the waves has another and still more wonderful +trait. When hunger plagues him on the deep, and the monster longs for +food, this haunter of the sea opens his mouth, and sets his lips agape; + + * * * * * + + wīde weleras; cymeð wynsum stenc +55 of his innoþe, þætte ōþre þurh þone, + sǣfisca cynn, beswicen weorðaþ. + Swimmað sundhwate þǣr se swēta stenc + ūt gewīt[e]ð. Hī þǣr in farað, + unware weorude, oþþæt se wīda ceafl +60 gefylled bið; þonne fǣringa + ymbe þā herehūþe hlemmeð tōgædre + grimme gōman. + Swā biþ gumena gehwām + se þe oftost his unwærlīce, + on þās lǣnan tīd, līf biscēawað: +65 lǣteð hine beswīcan þurh swētne stenc, + lēasne willan, þæt hē biþ leahtrum fāh + wið Wuldorcyning. Him se āwyrgda ongēan + æfter hinsīþe helle ontȳneð, + þām þe lēaslīce līces wynne +70 ofer ferh[ð]gereaht fremedon on unrǣd. + Þonne se fǣcna in þām fæstenne + gebrōht hafað, bealwes cræftig, + + * * * * * + + His monstrous lips; and from his cavernous maw + Sends an entrancing odor. This sweet scent, + Deceiving other fishes, lures them on + In swiftly moving schools toward that fell place + Whence comes the perfume. There, unwary host, + They enter in, until the yawning mouth + Is filled to overflowing, when, at once, + Trapping their prey, the fearful jaws snap shut. + So, in this fleeting earthly time, each man + Who orders heedlessly his mortal life + Lets a sweet odor, some beguiling wish, + Entice him, so that in the eyes of God, + The King of glory, his iniquities + Make him abhorrent. After death for him + The all-accursed devil opens hell-- + Opens for all who in their folly here + Let pleasures of the body overcome + Their spirits' guidance. When the wily fiend + Into his hold beside the fiery lake + + * * * * * + +whereupon there issues a ravishing perfume from his inwards, by which +other kinds of fish are beguiled. With lively motions they swim to where +the sweet odor comes forth, and there enter in, a heedless host, until +the wide gorge is full; then, in one instant, he snaps his fierce jaws +together about the swarming prey. + +Thus it is with any one who, in this fleeting time, full oft neglects to +take heed to his life, and allows himself to be enticed by sweet +fragrance, a lying lure, so that he becomes hostile to the King of glory +by reason of his sins. The accursed one will, when they die, throw wide +the doors of hell to those who, in their folly, have wrought the +treacherous delights of the body, contrary to the wise guidance of the +soul. When the deceiver, skilful in wrongdoing, hath brought into that +fastness, + + * * * * * + + æt þām [_ā_]dwylme, þā þe him on cleofiað, + gyltum gehrodene, and ǣr georne his +75 in hira līfdagum lārum hȳrdon, + þonne he þā grimman gōman bihlemmeð, + æfter feorhcwale, fæste tōgædre, + helle hlinduru. Nāgon hwyrft nē swice, + ūtsīþ ǣfre, þā [_þe_] þǣr in cumað, +80 þon mā þe þā fiscas, faraðlācende, + of þæs hwæles fenge hweorfan mōtan. + Forþon is eallinga . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + dryhtna Dryhtne, and ā dēoflum wiðsace +85 wordum and weorcum, þæt wē Wuldorcyning + gesēon mōton. Uton ā sibbe tō him, + on þās hwīlnan tīd, hǣlu sēcan, + þæt wē mid swā lēofne in lofe mōtan + tō wīdan feore wuldres nēotan. + + * * * * * + + With evil craft has led those erring ones + Who cleave to him, sore laden with their sins, + Those who in earthly life have hearkened well + To his instruction, after death close shut + He snaps those woful jaws, the gates of hell. + Whoever enters there has no relief, + Nor may he any more escape his doom + And thence depart, than can the swimming fish + Elude the monster. + Therefore it is [best + And[1]] altogether [right for each of us + To serve and honor God,[1]] the Lord of lords, + And always in our every word and deed + To combat devils, that we may at last + Behold the King of glory. In this time + Of transitory things, then, let us seek + Peace and salvation from him, that we may + Rejoice for ever in so dear a Lord, + And praise his glory everlastingly. + +[Footnote 1: Conjecturally supplied.] + + * * * * * + +the lake of fire, those that cleave to him and are laden with guilt, +such as had eagerly followed his teachings in the days of their life, he +then, after their death, snaps tight together his fierce jaws, the gates +of hell. They who enter there have neither relief nor escape, no means +of flight, any more than the fishes that swim the sea can escape from +the clutch of the monster. + +Therefore is it by all means [best for every one of us to serve[1]] the +Lord of lords, and strive against devils with words and works, that so +we may come to behold the King of glory. Let us ever, now in this +fleeting time, seek from him grace and salvation, that so with the +Beloved we may in worship enjoy the bliss of heaven for evermore. + +[Footnote 1: Conjecturally supplied.] + + * * * * * + + + + +III + +THE PARTRIDGE[1] + + + Hȳrde ic secgan gēn bi sumum fugle + wundorlīcne[2]. . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fǣger + þæt word þe gecwæð wuldres Ealdor: +5 'In swā hwylce tiid swā gē mid trēowe tō mē + on hyge hweorfað, and gē hellfirena + sweartra geswīcað, swā ic symle tō ēow + mid siblufan sōna gecyrre + þurh milde mōd; gē bēoð mē siþþan + +[Footnote 1: The partridge (like the cuckoo) broods the eggs of other +birds. When they are hatched and grown, they fly off to their true +parents. So men may turn from the devil, who has wrongfully gained +possession of them, to their heavenly Father, who will receive them as +his children.] + +[Footnote 2: Gap in the manuscript, probably of considerable length.] + + * * * * * + + About another creature have I heard + A wondrous [tale.] [There is] a bird [men call + The partridge. Strange is she, unlike all birds + In field or wood who brood upon their eggs, + Hatching their young. The partridge lays no eggs, + Nor builds a dwelling; but instead, she steals + The well-wrought nests of others. There she sits, + Warming a stranger brood, until at last + The eggs are hatched. But when the stolen chicks + Are fledged, they straightway fly away to seek + Their proper kin, and leave the partridge there + Forsaken. In such wise the devil works + To steal the souls of those whose youthful minds + Or foolish hearts in vain resist his wiles. + But when they reach maturer age, they see + They are true children of the Lord of lords. + Then they desert the lying fiend, and seek + Their rightful Father, who with open arms + Receives them, as he long since promised them.[1]] + Fair is that word the Lord of glory spoke: + 'In such time as you turn with faithful hearts + To me, and put away your hellish sins, + Abominable to me, then will I turn + To you in love for ever, for my heart + Is mild and gracious. Thenceforth you shall be + +[Footnote 1: Conjecturally supplied, on the basis of other versions.] + + * * * * * + +So, too, I have heard tell a wondrous [tale[1]] about a certain bird.[2] +... fair the word[3] spoken by the King of glory: 'At whatsoever time ye +turn to me with faith in your soul, and forsake the black iniquities of +hell, I will turn straightway to you with love, in the gentleness of my +heart; and thenceforth ye shall be reckoned to + +[Footnote 1: Conjecturally supplied.] + +[Footnote 2: Gap in the manuscript, probably of considerable length.] + +[Footnote 3: Cf. 2 Cor. 6.17,18; Isa. 55.7; Heb. 2.10,11.] + + * * * * * + +10 torhte, tīrēadge, talade and rīmde, + beorhte gebrōþor on bearna stǣl.' + Uton wē þȳ geornor Gode ōliccan, + firene fēogan, friþes earnian, + duguðe tō Dryhtne, þenden ūs dæg scīne, +15 þæt swā æþelne eardwīca cyst + in wuldres wlite wunian mōtan. + Finit. + + * * * * * + + Refulgent, glorious, numbered with the host + Of heaven, and, instead of children, called + Bright brethren of the Lord.' + Let us by this + Be taught to please God better, hating sin, + And strive to earn salvation from the Lord, + His full deliverance, so long as day + Shall shine upon us, that we may at last + Inhabit heavenly mansions, nobler far + Than earthly dwellings, gloriously bright. + + Finit. + + * * * * * + +me as glorious and renowned, as my illustrious brethren, yea, in the +place of children.' + +Let us therefore propitiate God with all zeal, abhor evil, and gain +forgiveness and salvation from the Lord while for us the day still +shines, so that thus we may, in glorious beauty, inhabit a dwelling +excellent beyond compare. Finit. + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Old English Physiologus, by Albert S. Cook + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14529 *** diff --git a/14529-h/14529-h.htm b/14529-h/14529-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..29df308 --- /dev/null +++ b/14529-h/14529-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1071 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> +<head> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Old English Physiologus by Albert Stanburrough Cook, editor</title> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> +<style type="text/css"> + + +a.link:link { color: #0000bf } +a.link:visited { color: #0000bf } +a.link:hover { color: #ff0000 } +a.link:active { color: #ff0000 } + + +blockquote { font-size: 0.875em } + + +body { margin-left: 7.5%; margin-right: 7.5% } + + +div.crest { margin-bottom: 4em; margin-top: 4em } +div.facsimile { font-size: 1.25em; font-variant: small-caps; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 3em; text-transform: none } +div.finit { margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right } +div.footnote { margin: 1em; padding: 0.5em } +div.footnote,span.fn-marker { background: #eeeeee; border: 1px dashed #000000; color: #000000; font-size: 0.75em } +div.preface-author { margin-top: 1em; text-align: right } +div.preface-date { font-size: 0.75em; margin-top: 1em } +div.publication { font-size: 1.125em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.0625em } +div.publication-date { font-size: 65%; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 1em } +div.retitle { font-size: 2em; margin-top: 2em; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase } +div.series { font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-top: 1em } +div.series-editorship { font-size: 70%; font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: none } +div.title { font-size: 2.125em; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em } +div.titlepage { font-weight: bold; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; word-spacing: 0.25em } +div.trans { font-size: 0.875em; line-height: 2em; margin-bottom: 3em } +div.trans-by { font-size: 80% } +div.trans-translator { font-size: 175%; font-weight: normal } +div.trans-translatorposition { text-transform: none } + + +h1,h2 { clear: both; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase } +h1 { font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 6em } +h2 { font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.75em; margin-top: 4em } + + +img { border: 0px } + + +p { margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em; text-indent: 2em } +p.continued,p.stanza { text-indent: 0em } +p.stanza { line-height: 1.25em; white-space: nowrap } + + +span.break { margin-left: 1em } +span.fn-label { font-weight: bold } +span.fn-marker { font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.25em; margin-right: 0.25em; padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em } +span.fn-marker a { text-decoration: none } +span.handoff { position: relative; top: 1.25em } +span.linenum { left: 7.5%; padding-left: 0.5em; position: absolute; text-indent: 0em } +span.lotsofdots { word-spacing: 0.375em } +span.series-editorship-editor { text-transform: uppercase } + + +table.parallel { margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em } +table.parallel td { border: 1px solid #7F7F7F; padding: 0.5em; vertical-align: top } +table.parallel p.stanza { padding-left: 1.5em } + + +@media print +{ +a { text-decoration: none } +a.link:link,a.link:visited,a.link:hover,a.link:active { color: #000000 } +} +</style> +</head> +<body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14529 ***</div> + +<div class="titlepage"> + +<div class="series"> +<div class="series-name">Yale Studies in English</div> +<div class="series-editorship"><span class="series-editorship-editor">Albert S. Cook</span>, Editor</div> +<div class="series-romannumeral">LXIII</div> +</div> + + +<div class="title">The<br /> +Old English Physiologus</div> + + +<div class="trans"> +<div class="trans-whichpart">Text and Prose Translation</div> +<div class="trans-by">by</div> +<div class="trans-translator">Albert Stanburrough Cook</div> +<div class="trans-translatorposition">Professor of the English Language and Literature in Yale University</div> +</div> + + +<div class="trans"> +<div class="trans-whichpart">Verse Translation</div> +<div class="trans-by">by</div> +<div class="trans-translator">James Hall Pitman</div> +<div class="trans-translatorposition">Fellow in English of Yale University</div> +</div> + + +<div class="crest"> +<a href="images/crestbw.png"><img src="images/crest.png" alt="" title="[Illustration: A Crest.]" width="130" height="115" /></a> +</div> + + +<div class="publication"> +<div class="publisher">New Haven: Yale University Press</div> +<div class="publisher">London: Humphrey Milford</div> +<div class="publisher">Oxford University Press</div> +<div class="publication-date">MDCCCXXI</div> +</div> + + +<div class="facsimile">[Facsimile]</div> + +</div> + + + + +<h1>Preface</h1> + + +<p> +The Old English <i class="title">Physiologus</i>, or <i class="title">Bestiary</i>, is a series of three brief +poems, dealing with the mythical traits of a land-animal, a sea-beast, +and a bird respectively, and deducing from them certain moral or +religious lessons. These three creatures are selected from a much larger +number treated in a work of the same name which was compiled at +Alexandria before 140 B. C., originally in Greek, and afterwards +translated into a variety of languages—into Latin before 431. The +standard form of the <i class="title">Physiologus</i> has 49 chapters, each dealing with a +separate animal (sometimes imaginary) or other natural object, beginning +with the lion, and ending with the ostrich; examples of these are the +pelican, the eagle, the phoenix, the ant (cf. Prov. 6.6), the fox, the +unicorn, and the salamander. In this standard text, the Old English +poems are represented by chapters 16, 17, and 18, dealing in succession +with the panther, a mythical sea-monster called the asp-turtle (usually +denominated the whale), and the partridge. Of these three poems, the +third is so fragmentary that little is left except eight lines of +religious application, and four of exhortation by the poet, so that the +outline of the poem, and especially the part descriptive of the +partridge, must be conjecturally restored by reference to the treatment +in the fuller versions, which are based upon Jer. 17. 11 (the texts drawn +upon for the application in lines 5–11 are 2 Cor. 6. 17, 18; Isa. 55.7; +Heb. 2. 10, 11). +</p> + +<p> +It has been said: ‘With the exception of the Bible, there is perhaps no +other book in all literature that has been more widely current in every +cultivated tongue and among every class of people.’ Such currency might +be illustrated from many English authors. Two passages from Elizabethan +literature may serve as specimens—the one from Spenser, the other from +Shakespeare. The former is from the <i class="title">Faerie Queene</i> (1. 11.34): +</p> + +<blockquote><p class="stanza"> + At last she saw, where he upstarted brave<br /> + Out of the well, wherein he drenched lay;<br /> + As Eagle fresh out of the Ocean wave,<br /> + Where he hath left his plumes all hoary gray,<br /> + And deckt himselfe with feathers youthly gay,<br /> + Like Eyas hauke up mounts unto the skies,<br /> + His newly budded pineons to assay,<br /> + And marveiles at himselfe, still as he flies:<br /> + So new this new-borne knight to battell new did rise. +</p></blockquote> + +<p style="text-indent: 0em"> +The other is from <i class="title">Hamlet</i> (Laertes to the King): +</p> + +<blockquote><p class="stanza"> + To his good friends thus wide I’ll ope my arms;<br /> + And like the kind life-rendering pelican,<br /> + Repast them with my blood.<span class="fn-marker"><a href="#fn-1" class="link">[1]</a></span> +</p></blockquote> + +<p> +However widely diffused, the symbolism exemplified by the <i class="title">Physiologus</i> +is peculiarly at home in the East. Thus Egypt symbolized the sun, with +his death at night passing into a rebirth, by the phœnix, which, by a +natural extension, came to signify the resurrection. And the Bible not +only sends the sluggard to the ant, and bids men consider the lilies of +the field, but with a large sweep commands (Job 12.7,8): ‘Ask now the +beasts, and they shall teach thee; and the fowls of the air, and they +shall tell thee; or speak to the earth, and it shall teach thee; and the +fishes of the sea shall declare unto thee.’ +</p> + +<p> +The text as here printed is extracted from my edition, <i class="title">The Old English +Elenc, Phœnix, and Physiologus</i> (Yale University Press, 1919), where a +critical apparatus may be found; here it may be sufficient to say that +Italic letters in square brackets denote my emendations, and Roman +letters those of previous editors. The translations have not hitherto +been published, and no complete ones are extant in any language, save +those contained in Thorpe’s edition of the <i class="title" lang="la">Codex Exoniensis</i>, which +appeared in 1842. The long conjectural passage in the <i class="title">Partridge</i> is due +wholly to Mr. Pitman. +</p> + +<div class="preface-author"> +A. S. C. +</div> + + +<div class="preface-date"> +March 27, 1921. +</div> + + + + + + +<div class="retitle">Physiologus</div> + + + + +<h1>Physiologus</h1> + + +<h2 style="margin-top: 1em"> +I<br /> +The Panther +</h2> + + +<table class="parallel"><tr><td class="left" lang="ang"> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + Monge sindon<span class="break"> </span>geond middangeard<br /> + unrīmu cynn,<span class="break"> </span>[<i>þāra</i>] þe wē æþelu ne magon<br /> + ryhte āreccan<span class="break"> </span>nē rīm witan;<br /> + þæs wīde sind<span class="break"> </span>geond wor[<i>u</i>]l[d] innan<br /> +<span class="linenum">5</span> fugla and dēora<span class="break"> </span>foldhrērendras,<br /> + wornas widsceope,<span class="break"> </span>swā wæter bibūgeð<br /> + þisne beorhtan bōsm,<span class="break"> </span>brim grymetende,<br /> + sealtȳpa geswing.<span class="break"> </span><span class="handoff">Wē bi sumum hȳrdon</span><br /><br /> +</p> + +<p class="stanza"> + wrǣtlīc[<i>um</i>] gecynd[<i>e</i>]<span class="break"> </span>wildra secgan,<br /> +<span class="linenum">10</span> fīrum frēamǣrne,<span class="break"> </span>feorlondum on,<br /> + eard weardian,<span class="break"> </span>ēðles nēotan,<br /> + æfter dūnscrafum.<span class="break"> </span>Is þæt dēor Pandher<br /> + bi noman hāten,<span class="break"> </span>þæs þe niþþa bear[n], +</p> +</td> +<td class="right"> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + Of living creatures many are the kinds<br /> + Throughout the world—unnumbered, since no man<br /> + Can count their multitudes, nor rightly learn<br /> + The ways of their wild nature; wide they roam,<br /> + These beasts and birds, as far as ocean sets<br /> + A limit to the earth, embracing her<br /> + And all her sunny fields with salty seas<br /> + And toss of roaring billows.<span class="handoff">We have heard</span><br /><br /> +</p> +<p class="stanza"> + From men of wider lore of one wild beast,<br /> + Wonderful dweller in a far-off land<br /> + Renowned of men, who loves his native glens<br /> + And dusky caverns. Him have wise men called +</p> +</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" class="bottom"> +<p> +Many, yea numberless, are the tribes throughout the world whose natures +we can not rightly expound nor their multitudes reckon, so immense are +the swarms of birds and earth-treading animals wherever water, the +roaring ocean, the surge of salt billows, encompasses the smiling bosom +of earth. +</p> + +<p> +We have heard about one marvelous kind of wild beast which inhabits, in +lands far off, a domain renowned among men, rejoicing there in his home +amid the mountain-caves. This beast is called panther, as the learned +</p> +</td></tr> + + + +<tr><td class="left" lang="ang"> +<p class="stanza"> + wīsfæste weras,<span class="break"> </span>on gewritum cȳþa[<i>ð</i>]<br /> +<span class="linenum">15</span> bi þām ānstapan.<span class="break"> </span><span class="handoff">Sē is ǣ[<i>g</i>]hwām frēond,</span><br /><br /> +</p> +<p class="stanza"> + duguða ēstig,<span class="break"> </span>būtan dracan ānum;<br /> + þām hē in ealle tīd<span class="break"> </span>andwrāð leofaþ,<br /> + þurh yfla gehwylc<span class="break"> </span>þe hē geæfnan mæg.<br /> +</p> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + Ðæt is wrǣtlīc dēor,<span class="break"> </span>wundrum scȳne,<br /> +<span class="linenum">20</span> hīwa gehwylces.<span class="break"> </span>Swā hæleð secgað,<br /> + gǣsthālge guman,<span class="break"> </span>þætte Iōsēphes<br /> + tunece wǣre<span class="break"> </span>telga gehwylces<br /> + blēom bregdende,<span class="break"> </span>þāra beorhtra gehwylc,<br /> + ǣghwæs ǣnlīcra,<span class="break"> </span>ōþrum līxte<br /> +<span class="linenum">25</span> dryhta bearnum,<span class="break"> </span>swā þæs dēores hīw,<br /> + blǣc, brigda gehwæs,<span class="break"> </span>beorhtra and scȳnra<br /> + wundrum līxeð,<span class="break"> </span>þætte wrǣtlīcra<br /> + ǣghwylc ōþrum,<span class="break"> </span>ǣnlīcra gīen<br /> + and fǣgerra,<span class="break"> </span>frætwum blīceð,<br /> +<span class="linenum">30</span> symle sellīcra.<span class="break"> </span><span class="handoff">Hē hafað sundorgecynd,</span><br /><br /> +</p> +</td> +<td class="right"> +<p class="stanza"> + The panther, and in books have told of him,<br /> + The solitary rover. <span class="handoff">He is kind,</span><br /><br /> +</p> +<p class="stanza"> + A bounteous friend to every living thing<br /> + Save one alone, the dragon; but with him<br /> + The panther ever lives at enmity,<br /> + Employing every means within his power<br /> + To work him evil. <span class="handoff">Fair is he, full bright</span><br /><br /> +</p> +<p class="stanza"> + And wonderful of hue. The holy scribes<br /> + Tell us how Joseph’s many-colored coat,<br /> + Gleaming with varying dyes of every shade,<br /> + Brilliant, resplendent, dazzled all men’s eyes<br /> + That looked upon it. So the panther’s hues<br /> + Shine altogether lovely, marvelous,<br /> + While each fair color in its beauty glows<br /> + Ever more rare and charming than the rest. +</p> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + His wondrous character is mild, and free +</p> +</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" class="bottom"> +<p class="continued"> +among the children of men report in their books concerning that lonely +wanderer. +</p> + +<p> +He is a friend, bountiful in kindness, to every one save only the +dragon; with him he always lives at enmity by means of every injury he +can inflict. +</p> + +<p> +He is a bewitching animal, marvelously beautiful with every color. Just +as, according to men holy in spirit, Joseph’s coat was variegated with +hues of every shade, each shining before the sons of men brighter and +more perfect than another, so does the color of this beast blaze with +every diversity, gleaming in wondrous wise so clear and fair that each +tint is ever lovelier than the next, glows more enchanting in its +splendor, more rare, more beauteous, and more strange. +</p> + +<p> +He has a nature all his own, so gentle and so calm is +</p> +</td></tr> + + +<tr><td class="left" lang="ang"> +<p class="stanza"> + milde, gemetfæst.<span class="break"> </span>Hē is monþwǣre,<br /> + lufsum and lēoftæl:<span class="break"> </span>nele lāþes wiht<br /> + ǣ[ng]um geæfnan<span class="break"> </span>būtan þām āttorsceaþan,<br /> + his fyrngeflitan,<span class="break"> </span>þe ic ǣr fore sægde. +</p> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> +<span class="linenum">35</span> Symle, fylle fægen,<span class="break"> </span>þonne fōddor þigeð,<br /> + æfter þām gereordum<span class="break"> </span>ræste sēceð,<br /> + dȳgle stōwe<span class="break"> </span>under dūnscrafum;<br /> + ðǣr se þēo[d]wiga<span class="break"> </span>þrēonihta fæc<br /> + swifeð on swe[<i>o</i>]fote,<span class="break"> </span>slǣpe gebiesga[d].<br /> +<span class="linenum">40</span> Þonne ellenrōf<span class="break"> </span>ūp āstondeð,<br /> + þrymme gewelga[d],<span class="break"> </span>on þone þriddan dæg,<br /> + snēome of slǣpe.<span class="break"> </span>Swēghlēoþor cymeð,<br /> + wōþa wynsumast,<span class="break"> </span>þurh þæs wildres mūð;<br /> + æfter pære stefne<span class="break"> </span>stenc ūt cymeð<br /> +<span class="linenum">45</span> of þām wongstede—<span class="break"> </span>wynsumra stēam,<br /> + swēttra and swīþra,<span class="break"> </span>swæcca gehwylcum,<br /> + wyrta blōstmum<span class="break"> </span>and wudublēdum,<br /> + eallum æþelīcra<span class="break"> </span>eorþan frætw[um].<br /> +</p> +</td> +<td class="right"> +<p class="stanza"> + From all disturbing passion. Gracious, kind,<br /> + And full of love, he meditates no harm<br /> + But to that venomous foe, as I have told,<br /> + His ancient enemy. <span class="handoff">Once he has rejoiced</span><br /><br /> +</p> +<p class="stanza"> + His heart with feasting, straight he finds a nook<br /> + Hidden among dim caves, his resting-place.<br /> + There three nights’ space, in deepest slumber wrapped,<br /> + The people’s champion lies. Then, stout of heart,<br /> + The third day he arises fresh from sleep,<br /> + Endowed with glory. From the creature’s mouth<br /> + Issues a melody of sweetest strains;<br /> + And close upon the voice a balmy scent<br /> + Fills all the place—an incense lovelier,<br /> + Sweeter, and abler to perfume the air,<br /> + Than any odor of an earthly flower<br /> + Or scent of woodland fruit, more excellent +</p> +</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" class="bottom"> +<p class="continued"> +it. Kind, attractive, and friendly, he has no thought of doing harm to +any save the envenomed foe, his ancient adversary of whom I spoke. +</p> + +<p> +When, delighting in a feast, he has partaken of food, ever at the end of +the meal he betakes himself to his resting-place, a hidden retreat among +the mountain-caves; there the champion of his race, overcome by sleep, +abandons himself to slumber for the space of three nights. Then the +dauntless one, replenished with vigor, straightway arises from sleep +when the third day has come. A melody, the most ravishing of strains, +flows from the wild beast’s mouth; and, following the music, there +issues a fragrance from the place—a fume more transporting, sweet, and +strong than any odor whatever, than blossoms of plants or fruits of the +forest, choicer +</p> +</td></tr> + + +<tr><td class="left" lang="ang"> +<p class="stanza"> + Þonne of ceastrum<span class="break"> </span>and cynestōlum<br /> +<span class="linenum">50</span> and of burgsalum<span class="break"> </span>beornþrēat monig<br /> + farað foldwegum<span class="break"> </span>folca þrȳþum;<br /> + ēoredcystum,<span class="break"> </span>ofestum gefȳsde,<br /> + dareðlācende<span class="break"> </span>—dēor [s]wā some—<br /> + æfter þǣre stefne<span class="break"> </span>on þone stenc farað. +</p> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> +<span class="linenum">55</span> Swā is Dryhten God,<span class="break"> </span>drēama Rǣdend,<br /> + eallum ēaðmēde<span class="break"> </span>ōþrum gesceaftum,<br /> + duguða gehwylcre,<span class="break"> </span>būtan dracan ānum,<br /> + āttres ordfruman—<span class="break"> </span>þæt is se ealda fēond<br /> + þone hē gesǣlde<span class="break"> </span>in sūsla grund,<br /> +<span class="linenum">60</span> and gefetrade<span class="break"> </span>fȳrnum tēagum,<br /> + biþeahte þrēanȳdum;<span class="break"> </span>and þȳ þriddan dæge<br /> + of dīgle ārās,<span class="break"> </span>þæs þe hē dēað fore ūs<br /> + þrēo niht þolade,<span class="break"> </span>Þēoden engla,<br /> + sigora Sellend.<span class="break"> </span>Þæt wæs swēte stenc,<br /> +<span class="linenum">65</span> wlitig and wynsum,<span class="break"> </span>geond woruld ealle.<br /> + Siþþan tō þām swicce<span class="break"> </span>sōðfæste men, +</p> +</td> +<td class="right"> +<p class="stanza"> + Than all this world’s adornments. Then from town<br /> + And palace, then from castle-hall, come forth<br /> + Along the roads great troops of hurrying men—<br /> + The very beasts come also; all press on<br /> + Toward that sweet odor, when the voice is stilled. +</p> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + Such as this creature is the Lord our God,<br /> + Giver of joys, to all creation kind,<br /> + To men benignant, save alone to him,<br /> + The dragon, author of all wickedness,<br /> + Satan, the ancient adversary whom,<br /> + Fettered with fire, shackled with dire constraint,<br /> + Into the pit of torments God cast down.<br /> + The third day Christ arose from out the grave,<br /> + For three nights having suffered death for us,<br /> + He, Lord of angels, he in whom alone<br /> + Is hope of overcoming. Far and wide<br /> + The tidings spread, like perfume fresh and sweet,<br /> + Through all the world. Then to that fragrance thronged +</p> +</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" class="bottom"> +<p class="continued"> +than aught that clothes the earth with beauty. Thereupon from cities, +courts, and castle-halls many companies of heroes flock along the +highways of earth; the wielders of the spear press forward in hurrying +throngs to that perfume—and so also do animals—when once the music has +ceased. +</p> + +<p> +Even so the Lord God, the Giver of joy, is gracious to all creatures, to +every order of them, save only the dragon, the source of venom, that +ancient enemy whom he bound in the abyss of torments; shackling him with +fiery fetters, and loading him with dire constraints, he arose from +darkness on the third day after he, the Lord of angels, the Bestower of +victory, had for three nights endured death on our behalf. That was a +sweet perfume throughout the world, winsome and entrancing. Henceforth, +</p> +</td></tr> + + +<tr><td class="left" lang="ang"> +<p class="stanza"> + on healfa gehwone,<span class="break"> </span>hēapum þrungon<br /> + geond ealne ymbhwyrft<span class="break"> </span>eorþan scēat[a].<br /> + Swā se snottra gecwæð<span class="break"> </span>Sanctus Paulus:<br /> +<span class="linenum">70</span> ‘Monigfealde sind<span class="break"> </span>geond middangeard<br /> + gōd ungnȳðe<span class="break"> </span>þe ūs tō giefe dǣleð<br /> + and tō feorhnere<span class="break"> </span>Fæder ælmihtig,<br /> + and se ānga Hyht<span class="break"> </span>ealra gesceafta<br /> + uppe ge niþre.’<span class="break"> </span>Þæt is æþele stenc. +</p> +</td> +<td class="right"> +<p class="stanza"> + From every side all men whose hearts were true,<br /> + Throughout the regions of the circled earth.<br /> + Thus spoke the wise St. Paul: ‘In all the world<br /> + His gifts are many, which he gives to us<br /> + For our salvation with unstinting hand,<br /> + Almighty Father, he, the only Hope<br /> + Of all in heaven or here below on earth.’<br /> + This is that noble fragrance, rare and sweet,<br /> + Which draws all men to seek it from afar. +</p> +</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" class="bottom"> +<p class="continued"> +through the whole extent of earth’s regions, righteous men have streamed +in multitudes from every side to that fragrance. As said the wise St. +Paul: ‘Manifold over the world are the lavish bounties which the Father +almighty, the Hope of all creatures above and below, bestows on us as +grace and salvation.’ That, too, is a sweet odor. +</p> +</td></tr> + + +</table> + + + +<h2 style="margin-top: 1em"> +II<br /> +The Whale (Asp-Turtle) +</h2> + + +<table class="parallel"><tr><td class="left" lang="ang"> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + Nū ic fitte gēn<span class="break"> </span>ymb fisca cynn<br /> + wille wōðcræfte<span class="break"> </span>wordum cȳþan<br /> + þurh mōdgemynd,<span class="break"> </span>bi þām miclan hwale.<br /> + Sē bið unwillum<span class="break"> </span>oft gemēted,<br /> +<span class="linenum">5</span> frēcne and fer[<i>h</i>]ðgrim,<span class="break"> </span>fareðlācendum,<br /> + niþþa gehwylcum;<span class="break"> </span>þām is noma cenned,<br /> + fyr[ge]nstrēama geflotan,<span class="break"> </span>Fastitocalon. +</p> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + Is þæs hīw gelīc<span class="break"> </span>hrēofum stāne,<br /> + swylce wōrie<span class="break"> </span>bi wædes ōfre,<br /> +<span class="linenum">10</span> sondbeorgum ymbseald,<span class="break"> </span>sǣrȳrica mǣst,<br /> + swā þæt wēnaþ<span class="break"> </span>wǣglīþende<br /> + þæt hȳ on ēalond sum<span class="break"> </span>ēagum wlīten;<br /> + and þonne gehȳd[<i>i</i>]að<span class="break"> </span>hēahstefn scipu<br /> + tō þām unlonde<span class="break"> </span>oncyrrāpum,<br /> +<span class="linenum">15</span> s[<i>ǣ</i>]laþ sǣmearas<span class="break"> </span>sundes æt ende, +</p> +</td> +<td class="right"> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + Now will I spur again my wit, and use<br /> + Poetic skill to weave words into song,<br /> + Telling of one among the race of fish,<br /> + The great asp-turtle. Men who sail the sea<br /> + Often unwillingly encounter him,<br /> + Dread preyer on mankind. His name we know,<br /> + The ocean-swimmer, Fastitocalon. +</p> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + Dun, like rough stone in color, as he floats<br /> + He seems a heaving bank of reedy grass<br /> + Along the shore, with rolling dunes behind,<br /> + So that sea-wanderers deem their gaze has found<br /> + An island. Boldly then their high-prowed ships<br /> + They moor with cables to that shore, a land<br /> + That is no land. Still floating on the waves,<br /> + Their ocean-coursers curvet at the marge; +</p> +</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" class="bottom"> +<p> +This time I will with poetic art rehearse, by means of words and wit, a +poem about a kind of fish, the great sea-monster which is often +unwillingly met, terrible and cruel-hearted to seafarers, yea, to every +man; this swimmer of the ocean-streams is known as the asp-turtle. +</p> + +<p> +His appearance is like that of a rough boulder, as if there were tossing +by the shore a great ocean-reedbank begirt with sand-dunes, so that +seamen imagine they are gazing upon an island, and moor their +high-prowed ships with cables to that false land, make fast the +ocean-coursers at the sea’s end, and, bold of heart, climb up +</p> +</td></tr> + + +<tr><td class="left" lang="ang"> +<p class="stanza"> + and þonne in þæt ēglond<span class="break"> </span>ūp gewītað<br /> + collenfer[<i>h</i>]þe;<span class="break"> </span>cēolas stondað<br /> + bi staþe fæste<span class="break"> </span>strēame biwunden.<br /> + Ðonne gewīciað<span class="break"> </span>wērigfer[<i>h</i>]ðe,<br /> +<span class="linenum">20</span> faroðlācende,<span class="break"> </span>frēcnes ne wēnað.<br /> +</p> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + On þām ēalonde<span class="break"> </span>ǣled weccað,<br /> + hēah fyr ǣlað.<span class="break"> </span>Hæleþ bēoþ on wynnum,<br /> + rēonigmōde,<span class="break"> </span>ræste gel[y]ste.<br /> + Þonne gefēleð<span class="break"> </span>fācnes cræftig<br /> +<span class="linenum">25</span> þæt him þā fērend on<span class="break"> </span>fæste wuniaþ,<br /> + wīc weardiað,<span class="break"> </span>wedres on luste,<br /> + ðonne semninga<span class="break"> </span>on sealtne wǣg<br /> + mid þā nōþe<span class="break"> </span>niþer gewīteþ,<br /> + gārsecges gæst,<span class="break"> </span>grund gesēceð,<br /> +<span class="linenum">30</span> and þonne in dēaðsele<span class="break"> </span>drence bifæsteð<br /> + scipu mid scealcum.<span class="break"> </span><span class="handoff">Swā bið scinn[<i>en</i>]a þēaw,</span><br /><br /> +</p> +<p class="stanza"> + dēofla wīse,<span class="break"> </span>þæt hī droht[i]ende<br /> + þurh dyrne meaht<span class="break"> </span>duguðe beswīcað,<br /> + and on teosu tyhtaþ<span class="break"> </span>tilra dǣda,<br /> +<span class="linenum">35</span> wēmað on willan,<span class="break"> </span>þæt hȳ wraþe sēcen, +</p> +</td> +<td class="right"> +<p class="stanza"> + The weary-hearted sailors mount the isle,<br /> + And, free from thought of peril, there abide. +</p> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + Elated, on the sands they build a fire,<br /> + A mounting blaze. There, light of heart, they sit—<br /> + No more discouraged—eager for sweet rest.<br /> + Then when the crafty fiend perceives that men,<br /> + Encamped upon him, making their abode,<br /> + Enjoy the gentle weather, suddenly<br /> + Under the salty waves he plunges down,<br /> + Straight to the bottom deep he drags his prey;<br /> + He, guest of ocean, in his watery haunts<br /> + Drowns ships and men, and fast imprisons them<br /> + Within the halls of death. <span class="handoff">Such is the way</span><br /><br /> +</p> +<p class="stanza"> + Of demons, devils’ wiles: to hide their power,<br /> + And stealthily inveigle heedless men,<br /> + Inciting them against all worthy deeds,<br /> + And luring them to seek for help and comfort +</p> +</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" class="bottom"> +<p class="continued"> +on that island; the vessels stand by the beach, enringed by the flood. +The weary-hearted sailors then encamp, dreaming not of peril. +</p> + +<p> +On the island they start a fire, kindle a mounting flame. The dispirited +heroes, eager for repose, are flushed with joy. Now when the cunning +plotter feels that the seamen are firmly established upon him, and have +settled down to enjoy the weather, the guest of ocean sinks without +warning into the salt wave with his prey (?), and makes for the bottom, +thus whelming ships and men in that abode of death. +</p> + +<p> +Such is the way of demons, the wont of devils: they spend their lives in +outwitting men by their secret power, inciting them to the corruption of +good deeds, misguiding +</p> +</td></tr> + + +<tr><td class="left" lang="ang"> +<p class="stanza"> + frōfre tō fēondum,<span class="break"> </span>oþþæt hy fæste ðǣr<br /> + æt þām wǣrlogan<span class="break"> </span>wīc gecēosað.<br /> + Þonne þæt gecnāweð<span class="break"> </span>of cwicsūsle<br /> + flāh fēond gemāh,<span class="break"> </span>þætte fīra gehwylc<br /> +<span class="linenum">40</span> hæleþa cynnes<span class="break"> </span>on his hringe biþ<br /> + fæste gefēged,<span class="break"> </span>hē him feorgbona,<br /> + þurh slīþen searo,<span class="break"> </span>siþþan weorþeð,<br /> + wloncum and hēanum<span class="break"> </span>þe his willan hēr<br /> + firenum fremmað;<span class="break"> </span>mid þām hē fǣringa,<br /> +<span class="linenum">45</span> heoloþhelme biþeaht,<span class="break"> </span>helle sēceð,<br /> + gōda gēasne,<span class="break"> </span>grundlēasne wylm<br /> + under mistglōme,<span class="break"> </span>swā se micla hwæl<br /> + se þe bisenceð<span class="break"> </span>sǣlīþende<br /> + eorlas and ȳðmearas.<span class="break"> </span><span class="handoff">Hē hafað ōþre gecynd,</span><br /><br /> +</p> +<p class="stanza"> +<span class="linenum">50</span> wæterþisa wlonc,<span class="break"> </span>wrǣtlīcran gīen.<br /> + Þonne hine on holme<span class="break"> </span>hunger bysgað,<br /> + and þone āglǣcan<span class="break"> </span>ǣtes lysteþ,<br /> + ðonne se mereweard<span class="break"> </span>mūð ontȳneð, +</p> +</td> +<td class="right"> +<p class="stanza"> + From unsuspected foes, until at last<br /> + They choose a dwelling with the faithless one.<br /> + Then, when the fiend, by crafty malice stirred,<br /> + From where hell’s torments bind him fast, perceives<br /> + That men are firmly set in his domain,<br /> + With treachery unspeakable he hastes<br /> + To snare and to destroy the lives of those,<br /> + Both proud and lowly, who in sin perform<br /> + His will on earth. Donning the mystic helm<br /> + Of darkness, with his prey he speeds to hell,<br /> + The place devoid of good—all misty gloom,<br /> + Where broods a sullen lake, black, bottomless,<br /> + Just as the monster, Fastitocalon,<br /> + Destroys seafarers, overwhelming men<br /> + And staunch-built ships. <span class="handoff">Another trait he has,</span><br /><br /> +</p> +<p class="stanza"> + This proud sea-swimmer, still more marvelous.<br /> + When hunger grips the monster on the deep,<br /> + Making him long for food, his gaping mouth<br /> + The ocean-warder opens, stretching wide +</p> +</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" class="bottom"> +<p class="continued"> +them at will so that they seek help and support from fiends, until they +end by making their fixed abode with the betrayer. When, from out his +living torture, the crafty, malicious enemy perceives that any one is +firmly settled within his domain, he proceeds, by his malignant wiles, +to become the slayer of that man, be he rich or poor, who sinfully does +his will; and, covered by his cap of darkness, suddenly betakes himself +with them to hell, where naught of good is found, a bottomless abyss +shrouded in misty gloom—like that monster which engulfs the +ocean-traversing men and ships.' +</p> + +<p> +This proud tosser of the waves has another and still more wonderful +trait. When hunger plagues him on the deep, and the monster longs for +food, this haunter of the sea opens his mouth, and sets his lips agape; +</p> +</td></tr> + + +<tr><td class="left" lang="ang"> +<p class="stanza"> + wīde weleras;<span class="break"> </span>cymeð wynsum stenc<br /> +<span class="linenum">55</span> of his innoþe,<span class="break"> </span>þætte ōþre þurh þone,<br /> + sǣfisca cynn,<span class="break"> </span>beswicen weorðaþ.<br /> + Swimmað sundhwate<span class="break"> </span>þǣr se swēta stenc<br /> + ūt gewīt[e]ð.<span class="break"> </span>Hī þǣr in farað,<br /> + unware weorude,<span class="break"> </span>oþþæt se wīda ceafl<br /> +<span class="linenum">60</span> gefylled bið;<span class="break"> </span>þonne fǣringa<br /> + ymbe þā herehūþe<span class="break"> </span>hlemmeð tōgædre<br /> + grimme gōman.<span class="break"> </span><span class="handoff">Swā biþ gumena gehwām</span><br /><br /> +</p> +<p class="stanza"> + se þe oftost his<span class="break"> </span>unwærlīce,<br /> + on þās lǣnan tīd,<span class="break"> </span>līf biscēawað:<br /> +<span class="linenum">65</span> lǣteð hine beswīcan<span class="break"> </span>þurh swētne stenc,<br /> + lēasne willan,<span class="break"> </span>þæt hē biþ leahtrum fāh<br /> + wið Wuldorcyning.<span class="break"> </span>Him se āwyrgda ongēan<br /> + æfter hinsīþe<span class="break"> </span>helle ontȳneð,<br /> + þām þe lēaslīce<span class="break"> </span>līces wynne<br /> +<span class="linenum">70</span> ofer ferh[ð]gereaht<span class="break"> </span>fremedon on unrǣd.<br /> + Þonne se fǣcna<span class="break"> </span>in þām fæstenne<br /> + gebrōht hafað,<span class="break"> </span>bealwes cræftig, +</p> +</td> +<td class="right"> +<p class="stanza"> + His monstrous lips; and from his cavernous maw<br /> + Sends an entrancing odor. This sweet scent,<br /> + Deceiving other fishes, lures them on<br /> + In swiftly moving schools toward that fell place<br /> + Whence comes the perfume. There, unwary host,<br /> + They enter in, until the yawning mouth<br /> + Is filled to overflowing, when, at once,<br /> + Trapping their prey, the fearful jaws snap shut. +</p> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + So, in this fleeting earthly time, each man<br /> + Who orders heedlessly his mortal life<br /> + Lets a sweet odor, some beguiling wish,<br /> + Entice him, so that in the eyes of God,<br /> + The King of glory, his iniquities<br /> + Make him abhorrent. After death for him<br /> + The all-accursed devil opens hell—<br /> + Opens for all who in their folly here<br /> + Let pleasures of the body overcome<br /> + Their spirits’ guidance. When the wily fiend<br /> + Into his hold beside the fiery lake +</p> +</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" class="bottom"> +<p class="continued"> +whereupon there issues a ravishing perfume from his inwards, by which +other kinds of fish are beguiled. With lively motions they swim to where +the sweet odor comes forth, and there enter in, a heedless host, until +the wide gorge is full; then, in one instant, he snaps his fierce jaws +together about the swarming prey. +</p> +<p> +Thus it is with any one who, in this fleeting time, full oft neglects to +take heed to his life, and allows himself to be enticed by sweet +fragrance, a lying lure, so that he becomes hostile to the King of glory +by reason of his sins. The accursed one will, when they die, throw wide +the doors of hell to those who, in their folly, have wrought the +treacherous delights of the body, contrary to the wise guidance of the +soul. When the deceiver, skilful in wrongdoing, hath brought into that +fastness, +</p> +</td></tr> + + +<tr><td class="left" lang="ang"> +<p class="stanza"> + æt þām [<i>ā</i>]dwylme,<span class="break"> </span>þā þe him on cleofiað,<br /> + gyltum gehrodene,<span class="break"> </span>and ǣr georne his<br /> +<span class="linenum">75</span> in hira līfdagum<span class="break"> </span>lārum hȳrdon,<br /> + þonne he þā grimman<span class="break"> </span>gōman bihlemmeð,<br /> + æfter feorhcwale,<span class="break"> </span>fæste tōgædre,<br /> + helle hlinduru.<span class="break"> </span>Nāgon hwyrft nē swice,<br /> + ūtsīþ ǣfre,<span class="break"> </span>þā [<i>þe</i>] þǣr in cumað,<br /> +<span class="linenum">80</span> þon mā þe þā fiscas,<span class="break"> </span>faraðlācende,<br /> + of þæs hwæles fenge<span class="break"> </span>hweorfan mōtan. +</p> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + Forþon is eallinga<span class="lotsofdots"> . . . . . . . . . . .<br /> + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</span><br /> + dryhtna Dryhtne, and ā dēoflum wiðsace<br /> +<span class="linenum">85</span> wordum and weorcum,<span class="break"> </span>þæt wē Wuldorcyning<br /> + gesēon mōton.<span class="break"> </span>Uton ā sibbe tō him,<br /> + on þās hwīlnan tīd,<span class="break"> </span>hǣlu sēcan,<br /> + þæt wē mid swā lēofne<span class="break"> </span>in lofe mōtan<br /> + tō wīdan feore<span class="break"> </span>wuldres nēotan. +</p> +</td> +<td class="right"> +<p class="stanza"> + With evil craft has led those erring ones<br /> + Who cleave to him, sore laden with their sins,<br /> + Those who in earthly life have hearkened well<br /> + To his instruction, after death close shut<br /> + He snaps those woful jaws, the gates of hell.<br /> + Whoever enters there has no relief,<br /> + Nor may he any more escape his doom<br /> + And thence depart, than can the swimming fish<br /> + Elude the monster. <span class="handoff">Therefore it is [best</span><br /><br /> +</p> +<p class="stanza"> + And<span class="fn-marker"><a href="#fn-2" class="link">[2]</a></span>] altogether [right for each of us<br /> + To serve and honor God,<span class="fn-marker"><a href="#fn-2" class="link">[2]</a></span>] the Lord of lords,<br /> + And always in our every word and deed<br /> + To combat devils, that we may at last<br /> + Behold the King of glory. In this time<br /> + Of transitory things, then, let us seek<br /> + Peace and salvation from him, that we may<br /> + Rejoice for ever in so dear a Lord,<br /> + And praise his glory everlastingly. +</p> +</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" class="bottom"> +<p class="continued"> +the lake of fire, those that cleave to him and are laden with guilt, +such as had eagerly followed his teachings in the days of their life, he +then, after their death, snaps tight together his fierce jaws, the gates +of hell. They who enter there have neither relief nor escape, no means +of flight, any more than the fishes that swim the sea can escape from +the clutch of the monster. +</p> +<p> +Therefore is it by all means [best for every one of us to serve<span class="fn-marker"><a href="#fn-2" class="link">[2]</a></span>] the +Lord of lords, and strive against devils with words and works, that so +we may come to behold the King of glory. Let us ever, now in this +fleeting time, seek from him grace and salvation, that so with the +Beloved we may in worship enjoy the bliss of heaven for evermore. +</p> +</td></tr> + + +</table> + + + + +<h2>III<br /> + +The Partridge<span class="fn-marker"><a href="#fn-3" class="link">[3]</a></span></h2> + + +<table class="parallel"><tr><td class="left" lang="ang"> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + Hȳrde ic secgan gēn<span class="break"> </span>bi sumum fugle<br /> + wundorlīcne<span class="fn-marker"><a href="#fn-5" class="link">[5]</a></span><span class="lotsofdots"> . . . . . . . . . .<br /> + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br /> + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br /> + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br /> + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </span>fǣger<br /> + þæt word þe gecwæð<span class="break"> </span>wuldres Ealdor:<br /> +<span class="linenum">5</span> ‘In swā hwylce tiid<span class="break"> </span>swā gē mid trēowe tō mē<br /> + on hyge hweorfað,<span class="break"> </span>and gē hellfirena<br /> + sweartra geswīcað,<span class="break"> </span>swā ic symle tō ēow<br /> + mid siblufan<span class="break"> </span>sōna gecyrre<br /> + þurh milde mōd;<span class="break"> </span>gē bēoð mē siþþan +</p> +</td> +<td class="right"> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + About another creature have I heard<br /> + A wondrous [tale.] [There is] a bird [men call<br /> + The partridge. Strange is she, unlike all birds<br /> + In field or wood who brood upon their eggs,<br /> + Hatching their young. The partridge lays no eggs,<br /> + Nor builds a dwelling; but instead, she steals<br /> + The well-wrought nests of others. There she sits,<br /> + Warming a stranger brood, until at last<br /> + The eggs are hatched. But when the stolen chicks<br /> + Are fledged, they straightway fly away to seek<br /> + Their proper kin, and leave the partridge there<br /> + Forsaken. In such wise the devil works<br /> + To steal the souls of those whose youthful minds<br /> + Or foolish hearts in vain resist his wiles.<br /> + But when they reach maturer age, they see<br /> + They are true children of the Lord of lords.<br /> + Then they desert the lying fiend, and seek<br /> + Their rightful Father, who with open arms<br /> + Receives them, as he long since promised them.<span class="fn-marker"><a href="#fn-7" class="link">[7]</a></span>] +</p> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + Fair is that word the Lord of glory spoke:<br /> + ‘In such time as you turn with faithful hearts<br /> + To me, and put away your hellish sins,<br /> + Abominable to me, then will I turn<br /> + To you in love for ever, for my heart<br /> + Is mild and gracious. Thenceforth you shall be +</p> +</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" class="bottom"> +<p> +So, too, I have heard tell a wondrous [tale<span class="fn-marker"><a href="#fn-4" class="link">[4]</a></span>] about a certain bird.<span class="fn-marker"><a href="#fn-5" class="link">[5]</a></span> … fair the word<span class="fn-marker"><a href="#fn-6" class="link">[6]</a></span> spoken by the King of glory: ‘At whatsoever time ye +turn to me with faith in your soul, and forsake the black iniquities of +hell, I will turn straightway to you with love, in the gentleness of my +heart; and thenceforth ye shall be reckoned to +</p> +</td></tr> + + +<tr><td class="left" lang="ang"> +<p class="stanza"> +<span class="linenum">10</span> torhte, tīrēadge,<span class="break"> </span>talade and rīmde,<br /> + beorhte gebrōþor<span class="break"> </span>on bearna stǣl.’<br /> +</p> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + Uton wē þȳ geornor<span class="break"> </span>Gode ōliccan,<br /> + firene fēogan,<span class="break"> </span>friþes earnian,<br /> + duguðe tō Dryhtne,<span class="break"> </span>þenden ūs dæg scīne,<br /> +<span class="linenum">15</span> þæt swā æþelne<span class="break"> </span>eardwīca cyst<br /> + in wuldres wlite<span class="break"> </span>wunian mōtan. +</p> +<div class="finit">Finit.</div> +</td> +<td class="right"> +<p class="stanza"> + Refulgent, glorious, numbered with the host<br /> + Of heaven, and, instead of children, called<br /> + Bright brethren of the Lord.’ <span class="handoff">Let us by this</span><br /><br /> +</p> +<p class="stanza"> + Be taught to please God better, hating sin,<br /> + And strive to earn salvation from the Lord,<br /> + His full deliverance, so long as day<br /> + Shall shine upon us, that we may at last<br /> + Inhabit heavenly mansions, nobler far<br /> + Than earthly dwellings, gloriously bright. +</p> +<div class="finit">Finit.</div> +</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" class="bottom"> +<p class="continued"> +me as glorious and renowned, as my illustrious brethren, yea, in the +place of children.’ +</p> +<p> +Let us therefore propitiate God with all zeal, abhor evil, and gain +forgiveness and salvation from the Lord while for us the day still +shines, so that thus we may, in glorious beauty, inhabit a dwelling +excellent beyond compare. <span style="padding-left: 0.5em">Finit.</span> +</p> +</td></tr> + + +</table> + + + + +<div class="footnote"> +<a name="fn-1" id="fn-1"> +<span class="fn-label">Footnote 1:</span> +</a> +Alfred de Musset, in <i class="title" lang="fr">La Nuit de Mai</i>, develops the image +of the pelican through nearly thirty lines. +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<a name="fn-2" id="fn-2"> +<span class="fn-label">Footnote 2:</span> +</a> +Conjecturally supplied. +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<a name="fn-3" id="fn-3"> +<span class="fn-label">Footnote 3:</span> +</a> +The partridge (like the cuckoo) broods the eggs of other +birds. When they are hatched and grown, they fly off to their true +parents. So men may turn from the devil, who has wrongfully gained +possession of them, to their heavenly Father, who will receive them as +his children. +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<a name="fn-4" id="fn-4"> +<span class="fn-label">Footnote 4:</span> +</a> +Conjecturally supplied. +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<a name="fn-5" id="fn-5"> +<span class="fn-label">Footnote 5:</span> +</a> +Gap in the manuscript, probably of considerable length. +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<a name="fn-6" id="fn-6"> +<span class="fn-label">Footnote 6:</span> +</a> +Cf. 2 Cor. 6. 17, 18; Isa. 55. 7; Heb. 2. 10, 11. +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<a name="fn-7" id="fn-7"> +<span class="fn-label">Footnote 7:</span> +</a> +Conjecturally supplied, on the basis of other versions. +</div> + +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14529 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/14529-h/images/crest.png b/14529-h/images/crest.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b2eb9e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/14529-h/images/crest.png diff --git a/14529-h/images/crestbw.png b/14529-h/images/crestbw.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e33edbf --- /dev/null +++ b/14529-h/images/crestbw.png diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f86e4f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #14529 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14529) diff --git a/old/14529-0.txt b/old/14529-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c84e575 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/14529-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1188 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Old English Physiologus, by Albert S. Cook + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Old English Physiologus + +Author: Albert S. Cook + +Release Date: December 30, 2004 [EBook #14529] + +Language: English and Old English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE OLD ENGLISH PHYSIOLOGUS *** + + + + +Produced by David Starner, Ben Beasley and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team + + + + + +YALE STUDIES IN ENGLISH +ALBERT S. COOK, EDITOR +LXIII + + +THE +OLD ENGLISH PHYSIOLOGUS + + +TEXT AND PROSE TRANSLATION +BY +ALBERT STANBURROUGH COOK +Professor of the English Language and Literature in Yale University + + +VERSE TRANSLATION +BY +JAMES HALL PITMAN +Fellow in English of Yale University + + +NEW HAVEN: YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS +LONDON: HUMPHREY MILFORD +OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS +MDCCCXXI + + +[FACSIMILE] + + + + +PREFACE + + +The Old English _Physiologus_, or _Bestiary_, is a series of three brief +poems, dealing with the mythical traits of a land-animal, a sea-beast, +and a bird respectively, and deducing from them certain moral or +religious lessons. These three creatures are selected from a much larger +number treated in a work of the same name which was compiled at +Alexandria before 140 B.C., originally in Greek, and afterwards +translated into a variety of languages--into Latin before 431. The +standard form of the _Physiologus_ has 49 chapters, each dealing with a +separate animal (sometimes imaginary) or other natural object, beginning +with the lion, and ending with the ostrich; examples of these are the +pelican, the eagle, the phoenix, the ant (cf. Prov. 6.6), the fox, the +unicorn, and the salamander. In this standard text, the Old English +poems are represented by chapters 16, 17, and 18, dealing in succession +with the panther, a mythical sea-monster called the asp-turtle (usually +denominated the whale), and the partridge. Of these three poems, the +third is so fragmentary that little is left except eight lines of +religious application, and four of exhortation by the poet, so that the +outline of the poem, and especially the part descriptive of the +partridge, must be conjecturally restored by reference to the treatment +in the fuller versions, which are based upon Jer. 17.11 (the texts drawn +upon for the application in lines 5-11 are 2 Cor. 6.17,18; Isa. 55.7; +Heb. 2.10,11). + +It has been said: 'With the exception of the Bible, there is perhaps no +other book in all literature that has been more widely current in every +cultivated tongue and among every class of people.' Such currency might +be illustrated from many English authors. Two passages from Elizabethan +literature may serve as specimens--the one from Spenser, the other from +Shakespeare. The former is from the _Faerie Queene_ (1. 11.34): + + At last she saw, where he upstarted brave + Out of the well, wherein he drenched lay; + As Eagle fresh out of the Ocean wave, + Where he hath left his plumes all hoary gray, + And deckt himselfe with feathers youthly gay, + Like Eyas hauke up mounts unto the skies, + His newly budded pineons to assay, + And marveiles at himselfe, still as he flies: + So new this new-borne knight to battell new did rise. + +The other is from _Hamlet_ (Laertes to the King): + + To his good friends thus wide I'll ope my arms; + And like the kind life-rendering pelican, + Repast them with my blood.[1] + +However widely diffused, the symbolism exemplified by the _Physiologus_ +is peculiarly at home in the East. Thus Egypt symbolized the sun, with +his death at night passing into a rebirth, by the phœnix, which, by a +natural extension, came to signify the resurrection. And the Bible not +only sends the sluggard to the ant, and bids men consider the lilies of +the field, but with a large sweep commands (Job 12.7,8): 'Ask now the +beasts, and they shall teach thee; and the fowls of the air, and they +shall tell thee; or speak to the earth, and it shall teach thee; and the +fishes of the sea shall declare unto thee.' + +[Footnote 1: Alfred de Musset, in _La Nuit de Mai_, develops the image +of the pelican through nearly thirty lines.] + +The text as here printed is extracted from my edition, _The Old English +Elenc, Phœnix, and Physiologus_ (Yale University Press, 1919), where a +critical apparatus may be found; here it may be sufficient to say that +Italic letters in square brackets denote my emendations, and Roman +letters those of previous editors. The translations have not hitherto +been published, and no complete ones are extant in any language, save +those contained in Thorpe's edition of the _Codex Exoniensis_, which +appeared in 1842. The long conjectural passage in the _Partridge_ is due +wholly to Mr. Pitman. + + A.S.C. + +March 27, 1921. + + + + +PHYSIOLOGUS + + + + +[**Transcriber's note: The following texts have been split into small +sections based on the pagination of the original. These sections +alternate as follows, each section being separated from its neighbors by +rows of asterisks: Old English verse; Modern English verse translation; +Modern English prose translation. While this fragments each version, it +facilitates comparison in parallel.] + + +I + +THE PANTHER + + + Monge sindon geond middangeard + unrīmu cynn, [_þāra_] þe wē æþelu ne magon + ryhte āreccan nē rīm witan; + þæs wīde sind geond wor[_u_]l[d] innan +5 fugla and dēora foldhrērendra + wornas widsceope, swā wæter bibūgeð + þisne beorhtan bōsm, brim grymetende, + sealtȳpa geswing. + Wē bi sumum hȳrdon + wrǣtlīc[_um_] gecynd[_e_] wildra secgan, +10 fīrum frēamǣrne, feorlondum on, + eard weardian, ēðles nēotan, + æfter dūnscrafum. Is þæt dēor Pandher + bi noman hāten, þæs þe niþþa bear[n], + + * * * * * + + Of living creatures many are the kinds + Throughout the world--unnumbered, since no man + Can count their multitudes, nor rightly learn + The ways of their wild nature; wide they roam, + These beasts and birds, as far as ocean sets + A limit to the earth, embracing her + And all her sunny fields with salty seas + And toss of roaring billows. + We have heard + From men of wider lore of one wild beast, + Wonderful dweller in a far-off land + Renowned of men, who loves his native glens + And dusky caverns. Him have wise men called + + * * * * * + +Many, yea numberless, are the tribes throughout the world whose natures +we can not rightly expound nor their multitudes reckon, so immense are +the swarms of birds and earth-treading animals wherever water, the +roaring ocean, the surge of salt billows, encompasses the smiling bosom +of earth. + +We have heard about one marvelous kind of wild beast which inhabits, in +lands far off, a domain renowned among men, rejoicing there in his home +amid the mountain-caves. This beast is called panther, as the learned + + * * * * * + + wīsfæste weras, on gewritum cȳþa[_ð_] +15 bi þām ānstapan. + Sē is ǣ[_g_]hwām frēond, + duguða ēstig, būtan dracan ānum; + þām hē in ealle tīd andwrāð leofaþ, + þurh yfla gehwylc þe hē geæfnan mæg. + Ðæt is wrǣtlīc dēor, wundrum scȳne, +20 hīwa gehwylces. Swā hæleð secgað, + gǣsthālge guman, þætte Iōsēphes + tunece wǣre telga gehwylces + blēom bregdende, þāra beorhtra gehwylc, + ǣghwæs ǣnlīcra, ōþrum līxte +25 dryhta bearnum, swā þæs dēores hīw, + blǣc, brigda gehwæs, beorhtra and scȳnra + wundrum līxeð, þætte wrǣtlīcra + ǣghwylc ōþrum, ǣnlīcra gīen + and fǣgerra, frætwum blīceð, +30 symle sellīcra. + Hē hafað sundorgecynd, + + * * * * * + + The panther, and in books have told of him, + The solitary rover. + He is kind, + A bounteous friend to every living thing + Save one alone, the dragon; but with him + The panther ever lives at enmity, + Employing every means within his power + To work him evil. + Fair is he, full bright + And wonderful of hue. The holy scribes + Tell us how Joseph's many-colored coat, + Gleaming with varying dyes of every shade, + Brilliant, resplendent, dazzled all men's eyes + That looked upon it. So the panther's hues + Shine altogether lovely, marvelous, + While each fair color in its beauty glows + Ever more rare and charming than the rest. + His wondrous character is mild, and free + + * * * * * + +among the children of men report in their books concerning that lonely +wanderer. + +He is a friend, bountiful in kindness, to every one save only the +dragon; with him he always lives at enmity by means of every injury he +can inflict. + +He is a bewitching animal, marvelously beautiful with every color. Just +as, according to men holy in spirit, Joseph's coat was variegated with +hues of every shade, each shining before the sons of men brighter and +more perfect than another, so does the color of this beast blaze with +every diversity, gleaming in wondrous wise so clear and fair that each +tint is ever lovelier than the next, glows more enchanting in its +splendor, more rare, more beauteous, and more strange. + +He has a nature all his own, so gentle and so calm is + + * * * * * + + milde, gemetfæst. Hē is monþwǣre, + lufsum and lēoftæl: nele lāþes wiht + ǣ[ng]um geæfnan būtan þām āttorsceaþan, + his fyrngeflitan, þe ic ǣr fore sægde. +35 Symle, fylle fægen, þonne fōddor þigeð, + æfter þām gereordum ræste sēceð, + dȳgle stōwe under dūnscrafum; + ðǣr se þēo[d]wiga þrēonihta fæc + swifeð on swe[_o_]fote, slǣpe gebiesga[d]. +40 Þonne ellenrōf ūp āstondeð, + þrymme gewelga[d], on þone þriddan dæg, + snēome of slǣpe. Swēghlēoþor cymeð, + wōþa wynsumast, þurh þæs wildres mūð; + æfter pære stefne stenc ūt cymeð +45 of þām wongstede-- wynsumra stēam, + swēttra and swīþra, swæcca gehwylcum, + wyrta blōstmum and wudublēdum, + eallum æþelīcra eorþan frætw[um]. + + * * * * * + + From all disturbing passion. Gracious, kind, + And full of love, he meditates no harm + But to that venomous foe, as I have told, + His ancient enemy. + Once he has rejoiced + His heart with feasting, straight he finds a nook + Hidden among dim caves, his resting-place. + There three nights' space, in deepest slumber wrapped, + The people's champion lies. Then, stout of heart, + The third day he arises fresh from sleep, + Endowed with glory. From the creature's mouth + Issues a melody of sweetest strains; + And close upon the voice a balmy scent + Fills all the place--an incense lovelier, + Sweeter, and abler to perfume the air, + Than any odor of an earthly flower + Or scent of woodland fruit, more excellent + + * * * * * + +it. Kind, attractive, and friendly, he has no thought of doing harm to +any save the envenomed foe, his ancient adversary of whom I spoke. + +When, delighting in a feast, he has partaken of food, ever at the end of +the meal he betakes himself to his resting-place, a hidden retreat among +the mountain-caves; there the champion of his race, overcome by sleep, +abandons himself to slumber for the space of three nights. Then the +dauntless one, replenished with vigor, straightway arises from sleep +when the third day has come. A melody, the most ravishing of strains, +flows from the wild beast's mouth; and, following the music, there +issues a fragrance from the place--a fume more transporting, sweet, and +strong than any odor whatever, than blossoms of plants or fruits of the +forest, choicer + + * * * * * + + Þonne of ceastrum and cynestōlum +50 and of burgsalum beornþrēat monig + farað foldwegum folca þrȳþum; + ēoredcystum, ofestum gefȳsde, + dareðlācende --dēor [s]wā some-- + æfter þǣre stefne on þone stenc farað. +55 Swā is Dryhten God, drēama Rǣdend, + eallum ēaðmēde ōþrum gesceaftum, + duguða gehwylcre, būtan dracan ānum, + āttres ordfruman-- þæt is se ealda fēond + þone hē gesǣlde in sūsla grund, +60 and gefetrade fȳrnum tēagum, + biþeahte þrēanȳdum; and þȳ þriddan dæge + of dīgle ārās, þæs þe hē dēað fore ūs + þrēo niht þolade, Þēoden engla, + sigora Sellend. Þæt wæs swēte stenc, +65 wlitig and wynsum, geond woruld ealle. + Siþþan tō þām swicce sōðfæste men, + + * * * * * + + Than all this world's adornments. Then from town + And palace, then from castle-hall, come forth + Along the roads great troops of hurrying men-- + The very beasts come also; all press on + Toward that sweet odor, when the voice is stilled. + Such as this creature is the Lord our God, + Giver of joys, to all creation kind, + To men benignant, save alone to him, + The dragon, author of all wickedness, + Satan, the ancient adversary whom, + Fettered with fire, shackled with dire constraint, + Into the pit of torments God cast down. + The third day Christ arose from out the grave, + For three nights having suffered death for us, + He, Lord of angels, he in whom alone + Is hope of overcoming. Far and wide + The tidings spread, like perfume fresh and sweet, + Through all the world. Then to that fragrance thronged + + * * * * * + +than aught that clothes the earth with beauty. Thereupon from cities, +courts, and castle-halls many companies of heroes flock along the +highways of earth; the wielders of the spear press forward in hurrying +throngs to that perfume--and so also do animals--when once the music has +ceased. + +Even so the Lord God, the Giver of joy, is gracious to all creatures, to +every order of them, save only the dragon, the source of venom, that +ancient enemy whom he bound in the abyss of torments; shackling him with +fiery fetters, and loading him with dire constraints, he arose from +darkness on the third day after he, the Lord of angels, the Bestower of +victory, had for three nights endured death on our behalf. That was a +sweet perfume throughout the world, winsome and entrancing. Henceforth, + + * * * * * + + on healfa gehwone, hēapum þrungon + geond ealne ymbhwyrft eorþan scēat[a]. + Swā se snottra gecwæð Sanctus Paulus: +70 'Monigfealde sind geond middangeard + gōd ungnȳðe þe ūs tō giefe dǣleð + and tō feorhnere Fæder ælmihtig, + and se ānga Hyht ealra gesceafta + uppe ge niþre.' Þæt is æþele stenc. + + * * * * * + + From every side all men whose hearts were true, + Throughout the regions of the circled earth. + Thus spoke the wise St. Paul: 'In all the world + His gifts are many, which he gives to us + For our salvation with unstinting hand, + Almighty Father, he, the only Hope + Of all in heaven or here below on earth.' + This is that noble fragrance, rare and sweet, + Which draws all men to seek it from afar. + + * * * * * + +through the whole extent of earth's regions, righteous men have streamed +in multitudes from every side to that fragrance. As said the wise St. +Paul: 'Manifold over the world are the lavish bounties which the Father +almighty, the Hope of all creatures above and below, bestows on us as +grace and salvation.' That, too, is a sweet odor. + + + + +II + +THE WHALE (ASP-TURTLE) + + + Nū ic fitte gēn ymb fisca cynn + wille wōðcræfte wordum cȳþan + þurh mōdgemynd, bi þām miclan hwale. + Sē bið unwillum oft gemēted, +5 frēcne and fer[_h_]ðgrim, fareðlācendum, + niþþa gehwylcum; þām is noma cenned, + fyr[ge]nstrēama geflotan, Fastitocalon. + Is þæs hīw gelīc hrēofum stāne, + swylce wōrie bi wædes ōfre, +10 sondbeorgum ymbseald, sǣrȳrica mǣst, + swā þæt wēnaþ wǣglīþende + þæt hȳ on ēalond sum ēagum wlīten; + and þonne gehȳd[_i_]að hēahstefn scipu + tō þām unlonde oncyrrāpum, +15 s[_ǣ_]laþ sǣmearas sundes æt ende, + + * * * * * + + Now will I spur again my wit, and use + Poetic skill to weave words into song, + Telling of one among the race of fish, + The great asp-turtle. Men who sail the sea + Often unwillingly encounter him, + Dread preyer on mankind. His name we know, + The ocean-swimmer, Fastitocalon. + Dun, like rough stone in color, as he floats + He seems a heaving bank of reedy grass + Along the shore, with rolling dunes behind, + So that sea-wanderers deem their gaze has found + An island. Boldly then their high-prowed ships + They moor with cables to that shore, a land + That is no land. Still floating on the waves, + Their ocean-coursers curvet at the marge; + + * * * * * + +This time I will with poetic art rehearse, by means of words and wit, a +poem about a kind of fish, the great sea-monster which is often +unwillingly met, terrible and cruel-hearted to seafarers, yea, to every +man; this swimmer of the ocean-streams is known as the asp-turtle. + +His appearance is like that of a rough boulder, as if there were tossing +by the shore a great ocean-reedbank begirt with sand-dunes, so that +seamen imagine they are gazing upon an island, and moor their +high-prowed ships with cables to that false land, make fast the +ocean-coursers at the sea's end, and, bold of heart, climb up + + * * * * * + + and þonne in þæt ēglond ūp gewītað + collenfer[_h_]þe; cēolas stondað + bi staþe fæste strēame biwunden. + Ðonne gewīciað wērigfer[_h_]ðe, +20 faroðlācende, frēcnes ne wēnað. + On þām ēalonde ǣled weccað, + hēah fyr ǣlað. Hæleþ bēoþ on wynnum, + rēonigmōde, ræste gel[y]ste. + Þonne gefēleð fācnes cræftig +25 þæt him þā fērend on fæste wuniaþ, + wīc weardiað, wedres on luste, + ðonne semninga on sealtne wǣg + mid þā nōþe niþer gewīteþ, + gārsecges gæst, grund gesēceð, +30 and þonne in dēaðsele drence bifæsteð + scipu mid scealcum. + Swā bið scinn[_en_]a þēaw, + dēofla wīse, þæt hī droht[i]ende + þurh dyrne meaht duguðe beswīcað, + and on teosu tyhtaþ tilra dǣda, +35 wēmað on willan, þæt hȳ wraþe sēcen, + + * * * * * + + The weary-hearted sailors mount the isle, + And, free from thought of peril, there abide. + Elated, on the sands they build a fire, + A mounting blaze. There, light of heart, they sit-- + No more discouraged--eager for sweet rest. + Then when the crafty fiend perceives that men, + Encamped upon him, making their abode, + Enjoy the gentle weather, suddenly + Under the salty waves he plunges down, + Straight to the bottom deep he drags his prey; + He, guest of ocean, in his watery haunts + Drowns ships and men, and fast imprisons them + Within the halls of death. + Such is the way + Of demons, devils' wiles: to hide their power, + And stealthily inveigle heedless men, + Inciting them against all worthy deeds, + And luring them to seek for help and comfort + + * * * * * + +on that island; the vessels stand by the beach, enringed by the flood. +The weary-hearted sailors then encamp, dreaming not of peril. + +On the island they start a fire, kindle a mounting flame. The dispirited +heroes, eager for repose, are flushed with joy. Now when the cunning +plotter feels that the seamen are firmly established upon him, and have +settled down to enjoy the weather, the guest of ocean sinks without +warning into the salt wave with his prey (?), and makes for the bottom, +thus whelming ships and men in that abode of death. + +Such is the way of demons, the wont of devils: they spend their lives in +outwitting men by their secret power, inciting them to the corruption of +good deeds, misguiding + + * * * * * + + frōfre tō fēondum, oþþæt hy fæste ðǣr + æt þām wǣrlogan wīc gecēosað. + Þonne þæt gecnāweð of cwicsūsle + flāh fēond gemāh, þætte fīra gehwylc +40 hæleþa cynnes on his hringe biþ + fæste gefēged, hē him feorgbona, + þurh slīþen searo, siþþan weorþeð, + wloncum and hēanum þe his willan hēr + firenum fremmað; mid þām hē fǣringa, +45 heoloþhelme biþeaht, helle sēceð, + gōda gēasne, grundlēasne wylm + under mistglōme, swā se micla hwæl + se þe bisenceð sǣlīþende + eorlas and ȳðmearas. + Hē hafað ōþre gecynd, +50 wæterþisa wlonc, wrǣtlīcran gīen. + Þonne hine on holme hunger bysgað, + and þone āglǣcan ǣtes lysteþ, + ðonne se mereweard mūð ontȳneð, + + * * * * * + + From unsuspected foes, until at last + They choose a dwelling with the faithless one. + Then, when the fiend, by crafty malice stirred, + From where hell's torments bind him fast, perceives + That men are firmly set in his domain, + With treachery unspeakable he hastes + To snare and to destroy the lives of those, + Both proud and lowly, who in sin perform + His will on earth. Donning the mystic helm + Of darkness, with his prey he speeds to hell, + The place devoid of good--all misty gloom, + Where broods a sullen lake, black, bottomless, + Just as the monster, Fastitocalon, + Destroys seafarers, overwhelming men + And staunch-built ships. + Another trait he has, + This proud sea-swimmer, still more marvelous. + When hunger grips the monster on the deep, + Making him long for food, his gaping mouth + The ocean-warder opens, stretching wide + + * * * * * + +them at will so that they seek help and support from fiends, until they +end by making their fixed abode with the betrayer. When, from out his +living torture, the crafty, malicious enemy perceives that any one is +firmly settled within his domain, he proceeds, by his malignant wiles, +to become the slayer of that man, be he rich or poor, who sinfully does +his will; and, covered by his cap of darkness, suddenly betakes himself +with them to hell, where naught of good is found, a bottomless abyss +shrouded in misty gloom--like that monster which engulfs the +ocean-traversing men and ships. + +This proud tosser of the waves has another and still more wonderful +trait. When hunger plagues him on the deep, and the monster longs for +food, this haunter of the sea opens his mouth, and sets his lips agape; + + * * * * * + + wīde weleras; cymeð wynsum stenc +55 of his innoþe, þætte ōþre þurh þone, + sǣfisca cynn, beswicen weorðaþ. + Swimmað sundhwate þǣr se swēta stenc + ūt gewīt[e]ð. Hī þǣr in farað, + unware weorude, oþþæt se wīda ceafl +60 gefylled bið; þonne fǣringa + ymbe þā herehūþe hlemmeð tōgædre + grimme gōman. + Swā biþ gumena gehwām + se þe oftost his unwærlīce, + on þās lǣnan tīd, līf biscēawað: +65 lǣteð hine beswīcan þurh swētne stenc, + lēasne willan, þæt hē biþ leahtrum fāh + wið Wuldorcyning. Him se āwyrgda ongēan + æfter hinsīþe helle ontȳneð, + þām þe lēaslīce līces wynne +70 ofer ferh[ð]gereaht fremedon on unrǣd. + Þonne se fǣcna in þām fæstenne + gebrōht hafað, bealwes cræftig, + + * * * * * + + His monstrous lips; and from his cavernous maw + Sends an entrancing odor. This sweet scent, + Deceiving other fishes, lures them on + In swiftly moving schools toward that fell place + Whence comes the perfume. There, unwary host, + They enter in, until the yawning mouth + Is filled to overflowing, when, at once, + Trapping their prey, the fearful jaws snap shut. + So, in this fleeting earthly time, each man + Who orders heedlessly his mortal life + Lets a sweet odor, some beguiling wish, + Entice him, so that in the eyes of God, + The King of glory, his iniquities + Make him abhorrent. After death for him + The all-accursed devil opens hell-- + Opens for all who in their folly here + Let pleasures of the body overcome + Their spirits' guidance. When the wily fiend + Into his hold beside the fiery lake + + * * * * * + +whereupon there issues a ravishing perfume from his inwards, by which +other kinds of fish are beguiled. With lively motions they swim to where +the sweet odor comes forth, and there enter in, a heedless host, until +the wide gorge is full; then, in one instant, he snaps his fierce jaws +together about the swarming prey. + +Thus it is with any one who, in this fleeting time, full oft neglects to +take heed to his life, and allows himself to be enticed by sweet +fragrance, a lying lure, so that he becomes hostile to the King of glory +by reason of his sins. The accursed one will, when they die, throw wide +the doors of hell to those who, in their folly, have wrought the +treacherous delights of the body, contrary to the wise guidance of the +soul. When the deceiver, skilful in wrongdoing, hath brought into that +fastness, + + * * * * * + + æt þām [_ā_]dwylme, þā þe him on cleofiað, + gyltum gehrodene, and ǣr georne his +75 in hira līfdagum lārum hȳrdon, + þonne he þā grimman gōman bihlemmeð, + æfter feorhcwale, fæste tōgædre, + helle hlinduru. Nāgon hwyrft nē swice, + ūtsīþ ǣfre, þā [_þe_] þǣr in cumað, +80 þon mā þe þā fiscas, faraðlācende, + of þæs hwæles fenge hweorfan mōtan. + Forþon is eallinga . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + dryhtna Dryhtne, and ā dēoflum wiðsace +85 wordum and weorcum, þæt wē Wuldorcyning + gesēon mōton. Uton ā sibbe tō him, + on þās hwīlnan tīd, hǣlu sēcan, + þæt wē mid swā lēofne in lofe mōtan + tō wīdan feore wuldres nēotan. + + * * * * * + + With evil craft has led those erring ones + Who cleave to him, sore laden with their sins, + Those who in earthly life have hearkened well + To his instruction, after death close shut + He snaps those woful jaws, the gates of hell. + Whoever enters there has no relief, + Nor may he any more escape his doom + And thence depart, than can the swimming fish + Elude the monster. + Therefore it is [best + And[1]] altogether [right for each of us + To serve and honor God,[1]] the Lord of lords, + And always in our every word and deed + To combat devils, that we may at last + Behold the King of glory. In this time + Of transitory things, then, let us seek + Peace and salvation from him, that we may + Rejoice for ever in so dear a Lord, + And praise his glory everlastingly. + +[Footnote 1: Conjecturally supplied.] + + * * * * * + +the lake of fire, those that cleave to him and are laden with guilt, +such as had eagerly followed his teachings in the days of their life, he +then, after their death, snaps tight together his fierce jaws, the gates +of hell. They who enter there have neither relief nor escape, no means +of flight, any more than the fishes that swim the sea can escape from +the clutch of the monster. + +Therefore is it by all means [best for every one of us to serve[1]] the +Lord of lords, and strive against devils with words and works, that so +we may come to behold the King of glory. Let us ever, now in this +fleeting time, seek from him grace and salvation, that so with the +Beloved we may in worship enjoy the bliss of heaven for evermore. + +[Footnote 1: Conjecturally supplied.] + + * * * * * + + + + +III + +THE PARTRIDGE[1] + + + Hȳrde ic secgan gēn bi sumum fugle + wundorlīcne[2]. . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fǣger + þæt word þe gecwæð wuldres Ealdor: +5 'In swā hwylce tiid swā gē mid trēowe tō mē + on hyge hweorfað, and gē hellfirena + sweartra geswīcað, swā ic symle tō ēow + mid siblufan sōna gecyrre + þurh milde mōd; gē bēoð mē siþþan + +[Footnote 1: The partridge (like the cuckoo) broods the eggs of other +birds. When they are hatched and grown, they fly off to their true +parents. So men may turn from the devil, who has wrongfully gained +possession of them, to their heavenly Father, who will receive them as +his children.] + +[Footnote 2: Gap in the manuscript, probably of considerable length.] + + * * * * * + + About another creature have I heard + A wondrous [tale.] [There is] a bird [men call + The partridge. Strange is she, unlike all birds + In field or wood who brood upon their eggs, + Hatching their young. The partridge lays no eggs, + Nor builds a dwelling; but instead, she steals + The well-wrought nests of others. There she sits, + Warming a stranger brood, until at last + The eggs are hatched. But when the stolen chicks + Are fledged, they straightway fly away to seek + Their proper kin, and leave the partridge there + Forsaken. In such wise the devil works + To steal the souls of those whose youthful minds + Or foolish hearts in vain resist his wiles. + But when they reach maturer age, they see + They are true children of the Lord of lords. + Then they desert the lying fiend, and seek + Their rightful Father, who with open arms + Receives them, as he long since promised them.[1]] + Fair is that word the Lord of glory spoke: + 'In such time as you turn with faithful hearts + To me, and put away your hellish sins, + Abominable to me, then will I turn + To you in love for ever, for my heart + Is mild and gracious. Thenceforth you shall be + +[Footnote 1: Conjecturally supplied, on the basis of other versions.] + + * * * * * + +So, too, I have heard tell a wondrous [tale[1]] about a certain bird.[2] +... fair the word[3] spoken by the King of glory: 'At whatsoever time ye +turn to me with faith in your soul, and forsake the black iniquities of +hell, I will turn straightway to you with love, in the gentleness of my +heart; and thenceforth ye shall be reckoned to + +[Footnote 1: Conjecturally supplied.] + +[Footnote 2: Gap in the manuscript, probably of considerable length.] + +[Footnote 3: Cf. 2 Cor. 6.17,18; Isa. 55.7; Heb. 2.10,11.] + + * * * * * + +10 torhte, tīrēadge, talade and rīmde, + beorhte gebrōþor on bearna stǣl.' + Uton wē þȳ geornor Gode ōliccan, + firene fēogan, friþes earnian, + duguðe tō Dryhtne, þenden ūs dæg scīne, +15 þæt swā æþelne eardwīca cyst + in wuldres wlite wunian mōtan. + Finit. + + * * * * * + + Refulgent, glorious, numbered with the host + Of heaven, and, instead of children, called + Bright brethren of the Lord.' + Let us by this + Be taught to please God better, hating sin, + And strive to earn salvation from the Lord, + His full deliverance, so long as day + Shall shine upon us, that we may at last + Inhabit heavenly mansions, nobler far + Than earthly dwellings, gloriously bright. + + Finit. + + * * * * * + +me as glorious and renowned, as my illustrious brethren, yea, in the +place of children.' + +Let us therefore propitiate God with all zeal, abhor evil, and gain +forgiveness and salvation from the Lord while for us the day still +shines, so that thus we may, in glorious beauty, inhabit a dwelling +excellent beyond compare. 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Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/old/14529-0.zip b/old/14529-0.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7e18ca7 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/14529-0.zip diff --git a/old/14529-8.txt b/old/14529-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9c4e525 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/14529-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1196 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Old English Physiologus, by Albert S. Cook + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Old English Physiologus + +Author: Albert S. Cook + +Release Date: December 30, 2004 [EBook #14529] + +Language: English and Old English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE OLD ENGLISH PHYSIOLOGUS *** + + + + +Produced by David Starner, Ben Beasley and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team + + + + + +[Transcriber's note: This text contains some special characters, +including a, e, i, o, u, y, and with macrons, which are represented by +[=a],[=e], [=i], [=o], [=u], [=y], and [=], respectively, and the oe +ligature, which has been split into two letters.] + + + + +YALE STUDIES IN ENGLISH +ALBERT S. COOK, EDITOR +LXIII + + +THE +OLD ENGLISH PHYSIOLOGUS + + +TEXT AND PROSE TRANSLATION +BY +ALBERT STANBURROUGH COOK +Professor of the English Language and Literature in Yale University + + +VERSE TRANSLATION +BY +JAMES HALL PITMAN +Fellow in English of Yale University + + +NEW HAVEN: YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS +LONDON: HUMPHREY MILFORD +OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS +MDCCCXXI + + +[FACSIMILE] + + + + +PREFACE + + +The Old English _Physiologus_, or _Bestiary_, is a series of three brief +poems, dealing with the mythical traits of a land-animal, a sea-beast, +and a bird respectively, and deducing from them certain moral or +religious lessons. These three creatures are selected from a much larger +number treated in a work of the same name which was compiled at +Alexandria before 140 B.C., originally in Greek, and afterwards +translated into a variety of languages--into Latin before 431. The +standard form of the _Physiologus_ has 49 chapters, each dealing with a +separate animal (sometimes imaginary) or other natural object, beginning +with the lion, and ending with the ostrich; examples of these are the +pelican, the eagle, the phoenix, the ant (cf. Prov. 6.6), the fox, the +unicorn, and the salamander. In this standard text, the Old English +poems are represented by chapters 16, 17, and 18, dealing in succession +with the panther, a mythical sea-monster called the asp-turtle (usually +denominated the whale), and the partridge. Of these three poems, the +third is so fragmentary that little is left except eight lines of +religious application, and four of exhortation by the poet, so that the +outline of the poem, and especially the part descriptive of the +partridge, must be conjecturally restored by reference to the treatment +in the fuller versions, which are based upon Jer. 17.11 (the texts drawn +upon for the application in lines 5-11 are 2 Cor. 6.17,18; Isa. 55.7; +Heb. 2.10,11). + +It has been said: 'With the exception of the Bible, there is perhaps no +other book in all literature that has been more widely current in every +cultivated tongue and among every class of people.' Such currency might +be illustrated from many English authors. Two passages from Elizabethan +literature may serve as specimens--the one from Spenser, the other from +Shakespeare. The former is from the _Faerie Queene_ (1. 11.34): + + At last she saw, where he upstarted brave + Out of the well, wherein he drenched lay; + As Eagle fresh out of the Ocean wave, + Where he hath left his plumes all hoary gray, + And deckt himselfe with feathers youthly gay, + Like Eyas hauke up mounts unto the skies, + His newly budded pineons to assay, + And marveiles at himselfe, still as he flies: + So new this new-borne knight to battell new did rise. + +The other is from _Hamlet_ (Laertes to the King): + + To his good friends thus wide I'll ope my arms; + And like the kind life-rendering pelican, + Repast them with my blood.[1] + +However widely diffused, the symbolism exemplified by the _Physiologus_ +is peculiarly at home in the East. Thus Egypt symbolized the sun, with +his death at night passing into a rebirth, by the phoenix, which, by a +natural extension, came to signify the resurrection. And the Bible not +only sends the sluggard to the ant, and bids men consider the lilies of +the field, but with a large sweep commands (Job 12.7,8): 'Ask now the +beasts, and they shall teach thee; and the fowls of the air, and they +shall tell thee; or speak to the earth, and it shall teach thee; and the +fishes of the sea shall declare unto thee.' + +[Footnote 1: Alfred de Musset, in _La Nuit de Mai_, develops the image +of the pelican through nearly thirty lines.] + +The text as here printed is extracted from my edition, _The Old English +Elenc, Phoenix, and Physiologus_ (Yale University Press, 1919), where a +critical apparatus may be found; here it may be sufficient to say that +Italic letters in square brackets denote my emendations, and Roman +letters those of previous editors. The translations have not hitherto +been published, and no complete ones are extant in any language, save +those contained in Thorpe's edition of the _Codex Exoniensis_, which +appeared in 1842. The long conjectural passage in the _Partridge_ is due +wholly to Mr. Pitman. + + A.S.C. + +March 27, 1921. + + + + +PHYSIOLOGUS + + + + +[**Transcriber's note: The following texts have been split into small +sections based on the pagination of the original. These sections +alternate as follows, each section being separated from its neighbors by +rows of asterisks: Old English verse; Modern English verse translation; +Modern English prose translation. While this fragments each version, it +facilitates comparison in parallel.] + + +I + +THE PANTHER + + + Monge sindon geond middangeard + unr[=i]mu cynn, [_[=a]ra_] e w[=e] elu ne magon + ryhte [=a]reccan n[=e] r[=i]m witan; + s w[=i]de sind geond wor[_u_]l[d] innan +5 fugla and d[=e]ora foldhr[=e]rendra + wornas widsceope, sw[=a] wter bib[=u]ge + isne beorhtan b[=o]sm, brim grymetende, + sealt[=y]pa geswing. + W[=e] bi sumum h[=y]rdon + wr[=]tl[=i]c[_um_] gecynd[_e_] wildra secgan, +10 f[=i]rum fr[=e]am[=]rne, feorlondum on, + eard weardian, [=e]les n[=e]otan, + fter d[=u]nscrafum. Is t d[=e]or Pandher + bi noman h[=a]ten, s e nia bear[n], + + * * * * * + + Of living creatures many are the kinds + Throughout the world--unnumbered, since no man + Can count their multitudes, nor rightly learn + The ways of their wild nature; wide they roam, + These beasts and birds, as far as ocean sets + A limit to the earth, embracing her + And all her sunny fields with salty seas + And toss of roaring billows. + We have heard + From men of wider lore of one wild beast, + Wonderful dweller in a far-off land + Renowned of men, who loves his native glens + And dusky caverns. Him have wise men called + + * * * * * + +Many, yea numberless, are the tribes throughout the world whose natures +we can not rightly expound nor their multitudes reckon, so immense are +the swarms of birds and earth-treading animals wherever water, the +roaring ocean, the surge of salt billows, encompasses the smiling bosom +of earth. + +We have heard about one marvelous kind of wild beast which inhabits, in +lands far off, a domain renowned among men, rejoicing there in his home +amid the mountain-caves. This beast is called panther, as the learned + + * * * * * + + w[=i]sfste weras, on gewritum c[=y]a[__] +15 bi [=a]m [=a]nstapan. + S[=e] is [=][_g_]hw[=a]m fr[=e]ond, + dugua [=e]stig, b[=u]tan dracan [=a]num; + [=a]m h[=e] in ealle t[=i]d andwr[=a] leofa, + urh yfla gehwylc e h[=e] gefnan mg. + t is wr[=]tl[=i]c d[=e]or, wundrum sc[=y]ne, +20 h[=i]wa gehwylces. Sw[=a] hle secga, + g[=]sth[=a]lge guman, tte I[=o]s[=e]phes + tunece w[=]re telga gehwylces + bl[=e]om bregdende, [=a]ra beorhtra gehwylc, + [=]ghws [=]nl[=i]cra, [=o]rum l[=i]xte +25 dryhta bearnum, sw[=a] s d[=e]ores h[=i]w, + bl[=]c, brigda gehws, beorhtra and sc[=y]nra + wundrum l[=i]xe, tte wr[=]tl[=i]cra + [=]ghwylc [=o]rum, [=]nl[=i]cra g[=i]en + and f[=]gerra, frtwum bl[=i]ce, +30 symle sell[=i]cra. + H[=e] hafa sundorgecynd, + + * * * * * + + The panther, and in books have told of him, + The solitary rover. + He is kind, + A bounteous friend to every living thing + Save one alone, the dragon; but with him + The panther ever lives at enmity, + Employing every means within his power + To work him evil. + Fair is he, full bright + And wonderful of hue. The holy scribes + Tell us how Joseph's many-colored coat, + Gleaming with varying dyes of every shade, + Brilliant, resplendent, dazzled all men's eyes + That looked upon it. So the panther's hues + Shine altogether lovely, marvelous, + While each fair color in its beauty glows + Ever more rare and charming than the rest. + His wondrous character is mild, and free + + * * * * * + +among the children of men report in their books concerning that lonely +wanderer. + +He is a friend, bountiful in kindness, to every one save only the +dragon; with him he always lives at enmity by means of every injury he +can inflict. + +He is a bewitching animal, marvelously beautiful with every color. Just +as, according to men holy in spirit, Joseph's coat was variegated with +hues of every shade, each shining before the sons of men brighter and +more perfect than another, so does the color of this beast blaze with +every diversity, gleaming in wondrous wise so clear and fair that each +tint is ever lovelier than the next, glows more enchanting in its +splendor, more rare, more beauteous, and more strange. + +He has a nature all his own, so gentle and so calm is + + * * * * * + + milde, gemetfst. H[=e] is monw[=]re, + lufsum and l[=e]oftl: nele l[=a]es wiht + [=][ng]um gefnan b[=u]tan [=a]m [=a]ttorsceaan, + his fyrngeflitan, e ic [=]r fore sgde. +35 Symle, fylle fgen, onne f[=o]ddor ige, + fter [=a]m gereordum rste s[=e]ce, + d[=y]gle st[=o]we under d[=u]nscrafum; + [=]r se [=e]o[d]wiga r[=e]onihta fc + swife on swe[_o_]fote, sl[=]pe gebiesga[d]. +40 onne ellenr[=o]f [=u]p [=a]stonde, + rymme gewelga[d], on one riddan dg, + sn[=e]ome of sl[=]pe. Sw[=e]ghl[=e]oor cyme, + w[=o]a wynsumast, urh s wildres m[=u]; + fter pre stefne stenc [=u]t cyme +45 of [=a]m wongstede-- wynsumra st[=e]am, + sw[=e]ttra and sw[=i]ra, swcca gehwylcum, + wyrta bl[=o]stmum and wudubl[=e]dum, + eallum el[=i]cra eoran frtw[um]. + + * * * * * + + From all disturbing passion. Gracious, kind, + And full of love, he meditates no harm + But to that venomous foe, as I have told, + His ancient enemy. + Once he has rejoiced + His heart with feasting, straight he finds a nook + Hidden among dim caves, his resting-place. + There three nights' space, in deepest slumber wrapped, + The people's champion lies. Then, stout of heart, + The third day he arises fresh from sleep, + Endowed with glory. From the creature's mouth + Issues a melody of sweetest strains; + And close upon the voice a balmy scent + Fills all the place--an incense lovelier, + Sweeter, and abler to perfume the air, + Than any odor of an earthly flower + Or scent of woodland fruit, more excellent + + * * * * * + +it. Kind, attractive, and friendly, he has no thought of doing harm to +any save the envenomed foe, his ancient adversary of whom I spoke. + +When, delighting in a feast, he has partaken of food, ever at the end of +the meal he betakes himself to his resting-place, a hidden retreat among +the mountain-caves; there the champion of his race, overcome by sleep, +abandons himself to slumber for the space of three nights. Then the +dauntless one, replenished with vigor, straightway arises from sleep +when the third day has come. A melody, the most ravishing of strains, +flows from the wild beast's mouth; and, following the music, there +issues a fragrance from the place--a fume more transporting, sweet, and +strong than any odor whatever, than blossoms of plants or fruits of the +forest, choicer + + * * * * * + + onne of ceastrum and cynest[=o]lum +50 and of burgsalum beornr[=e]at monig + fara foldwegum folca r[=y]um; + [=e]oredcystum, ofestum gef[=y]sde, + darel[=a]cende --d[=e]or [s]w[=a] some-- + fter [=]re stefne on one stenc fara. +55 Sw[=a] is Dryhten God, dr[=e]ama R[=]dend, + eallum [=e]am[=e]de [=o]rum gesceaftum, + dugua gehwylcre, b[=u]tan dracan [=a]num, + [=a]ttres ordfruman-- t is se ealda f[=e]ond + one h[=e] ges[=]lde in s[=u]sla grund, +60 and gefetrade f[=y]rnum t[=e]agum, + bieahte r[=e]an[=y]dum; and [=y] riddan dge + of d[=i]gle [=a]r[=a]s, s e h[=e] d[=e]a fore [=u]s + r[=e]o niht olade, [=e]oden engla, + sigora Sellend. t ws sw[=e]te stenc, +65 wlitig and wynsum, geond woruld ealle. + Sian t[=o] [=a]m swicce s[=o]fste men, + + * * * * * + + Than all this world's adornments. Then from town + And palace, then from castle-hall, come forth + Along the roads great troops of hurrying men-- + The very beasts come also; all press on + Toward that sweet odor, when the voice is stilled. + Such as this creature is the Lord our God, + Giver of joys, to all creation kind, + To men benignant, save alone to him, + The dragon, author of all wickedness, + Satan, the ancient adversary whom, + Fettered with fire, shackled with dire constraint, + Into the pit of torments God cast down. + The third day Christ arose from out the grave, + For three nights having suffered death for us, + He, Lord of angels, he in whom alone + Is hope of overcoming. Far and wide + The tidings spread, like perfume fresh and sweet, + Through all the world. Then to that fragrance thronged + + * * * * * + +than aught that clothes the earth with beauty. Thereupon from cities, +courts, and castle-halls many companies of heroes flock along the +highways of earth; the wielders of the spear press forward in hurrying +throngs to that perfume--and so also do animals--when once the music has +ceased. + +Even so the Lord God, the Giver of joy, is gracious to all creatures, to +every order of them, save only the dragon, the source of venom, that +ancient enemy whom he bound in the abyss of torments; shackling him with +fiery fetters, and loading him with dire constraints, he arose from +darkness on the third day after he, the Lord of angels, the Bestower of +victory, had for three nights endured death on our behalf. That was a +sweet perfume throughout the world, winsome and entrancing. Henceforth, + + * * * * * + + on healfa gehwone, h[=e]apum rungon + geond ealne ymbhwyrft eoran sc[=e]at[a]. + Sw[=a] se snottra gecw Sanctus Paulus: +70 'Monigfealde sind geond middangeard + g[=o]d ungn[=y]e e [=u]s t[=o] giefe d[=]le + and t[=o] feorhnere Fder lmihtig, + and se [=a]nga Hyht ealra gesceafta + uppe ge nire.' t is ele stenc. + + * * * * * + + From every side all men whose hearts were true, + Throughout the regions of the circled earth. + Thus spoke the wise St. Paul: 'In all the world + His gifts are many, which he gives to us + For our salvation with unstinting hand, + Almighty Father, he, the only Hope + Of all in heaven or here below on earth.' + This is that noble fragrance, rare and sweet, + Which draws all men to seek it from afar. + + * * * * * + +through the whole extent of earth's regions, righteous men have streamed +in multitudes from every side to that fragrance. As said the wise St. +Paul: 'Manifold over the world are the lavish bounties which the Father +almighty, the Hope of all creatures above and below, bestows on us as +grace and salvation.' That, too, is a sweet odor. + + + + +II + +THE WHALE (ASP-TURTLE) + + + N[=u] ic fitte g[=e]n ymb fisca cynn + wille w[=o]crfte wordum c[=y]an + urh m[=o]dgemynd, bi [=a]m miclan hwale. + S[=e] bi unwillum oft gem[=e]ted, +5 fr[=e]cne and fer[_h_]grim, farel[=a]cendum, + nia gehwylcum; [=a]m is noma cenned, + fyr[ge]nstr[=e]ama geflotan, Fastitocalon. + Is s h[=i]w gel[=i]c hr[=e]ofum st[=a]ne, + swylce w[=o]rie bi wdes [=o]fre, +10 sondbeorgum ymbseald, s[=]r[=y]rica m[=]st, + sw[=a] t w[=e]na w[=]gl[=i]ende + t h[=y] on [=e]alond sum [=e]agum wl[=i]ten; + and onne geh[=y]d[_i_]a h[=e]ahstefn scipu + t[=o] [=a]m unlonde oncyrr[=a]pum, +15 s[_[=]_]la s[=]mearas sundes t ende, + + * * * * * + + Now will I spur again my wit, and use + Poetic skill to weave words into song, + Telling of one among the race of fish, + The great asp-turtle. Men who sail the sea + Often unwillingly encounter him, + Dread preyer on mankind. His name we know, + The ocean-swimmer, Fastitocalon. + Dun, like rough stone in color, as he floats + He seems a heaving bank of reedy grass + Along the shore, with rolling dunes behind, + So that sea-wanderers deem their gaze has found + An island. Boldly then their high-prowed ships + They moor with cables to that shore, a land + That is no land. Still floating on the waves, + Their ocean-coursers curvet at the marge; + + * * * * * + +This time I will with poetic art rehearse, by means of words and wit, a +poem about a kind of fish, the great sea-monster which is often +unwillingly met, terrible and cruel-hearted to seafarers, yea, to every +man; this swimmer of the ocean-streams is known as the asp-turtle. + +His appearance is like that of a rough boulder, as if there were tossing +by the shore a great ocean-reedbank begirt with sand-dunes, so that +seamen imagine they are gazing upon an island, and moor their +high-prowed ships with cables to that false land, make fast the +ocean-coursers at the sea's end, and, bold of heart, climb up + + * * * * * + + and onne in t [=e]glond [=u]p gew[=i]ta + collenfer[_h_]e; c[=e]olas stonda + bi stae fste str[=e]ame biwunden. + onne gew[=i]cia w[=e]rigfer[_h_]e, +20 farol[=a]cende, fr[=e]cnes ne w[=e]na. + On [=a]m [=e]alonde [=]led wecca, + h[=e]ah fyr [=]la. Hle b[=e]o on wynnum, + r[=e]onigm[=o]de, rste gel[y]ste. + onne gef[=e]le f[=a]cnes crftig +25 t him [=a] f[=e]rend on fste wunia, + w[=i]c weardia, wedres on luste, + onne semninga on sealtne w[=]g + mid [=a] n[=o]e nier gew[=i]te, + g[=a]rsecges gst, grund ges[=e]ce, +30 and onne in d[=e]asele drence bifste + scipu mid scealcum. + Sw[=a] bi scinn[_en_]a [=e]aw, + d[=e]ofla w[=i]se, t h[=i] droht[i]ende + urh dyrne meaht dugue besw[=i]ca, + and on teosu tyhta tilra d[=]da, +35 w[=e]ma on willan, t h[=y] wrae s[=e]cen, + + * * * * * + + The weary-hearted sailors mount the isle, + And, free from thought of peril, there abide. + Elated, on the sands they build a fire, + A mounting blaze. There, light of heart, they sit-- + No more discouraged--eager for sweet rest. + Then when the crafty fiend perceives that men, + Encamped upon him, making their abode, + Enjoy the gentle weather, suddenly + Under the salty waves he plunges down, + Straight to the bottom deep he drags his prey; + He, guest of ocean, in his watery haunts + Drowns ships and men, and fast imprisons them + Within the halls of death. + Such is the way + Of demons, devils' wiles: to hide their power, + And stealthily inveigle heedless men, + Inciting them against all worthy deeds, + And luring them to seek for help and comfort + + * * * * * + +on that island; the vessels stand by the beach, enringed by the flood. +The weary-hearted sailors then encamp, dreaming not of peril. + +On the island they start a fire, kindle a mounting flame. The dispirited +heroes, eager for repose, are flushed with joy. Now when the cunning +plotter feels that the seamen are firmly established upon him, and have +settled down to enjoy the weather, the guest of ocean sinks without +warning into the salt wave with his prey (?), and makes for the bottom, +thus whelming ships and men in that abode of death. + +Such is the way of demons, the wont of devils: they spend their lives in +outwitting men by their secret power, inciting them to the corruption of +good deeds, misguiding + + * * * * * + + fr[=o]fre t[=o] f[=e]ondum, ot hy fste [=]r + t [=a]m w[=]rlogan w[=i]c gec[=e]osa. + onne t gecn[=a]we of cwics[=u]sle + fl[=a]h f[=e]ond gem[=a]h, tte f[=i]ra gehwylc +40 hlea cynnes on his hringe bi + fste gef[=e]ged, h[=e] him feorgbona, + urh sl[=i]en searo, sian weore, + wloncum and h[=e]anum e his willan h[=e]r + firenum fremma; mid [=a]m h[=e] f[=]ringa, +45 heolohelme bieaht, helle s[=e]ce, + g[=o]da g[=e]asne, grundl[=e]asne wylm + under mistgl[=o]me, sw[=a] se micla hwl + se e bisence s[=]l[=i]ende + eorlas and [=y]mearas. + H[=e] hafa [=o]re gecynd, +50 wterisa wlonc, wr[=]tl[=i]cran g[=i]en. + onne hine on holme hunger bysga, + and one [=a]gl[=]can [=]tes lyste, + onne se mereweard m[=u] ont[=y]ne, + + * * * * * + + From unsuspected foes, until at last + They choose a dwelling with the faithless one. + Then, when the fiend, by crafty malice stirred, + From where hell's torments bind him fast, perceives + That men are firmly set in his domain, + With treachery unspeakable he hastes + To snare and to destroy the lives of those, + Both proud and lowly, who in sin perform + His will on earth. Donning the mystic helm + Of darkness, with his prey he speeds to hell, + The place devoid of good--all misty gloom, + Where broods a sullen lake, black, bottomless, + Just as the monster, Fastitocalon, + Destroys seafarers, overwhelming men + And staunch-built ships. + Another trait he has, + This proud sea-swimmer, still more marvelous. + When hunger grips the monster on the deep, + Making him long for food, his gaping mouth + The ocean-warder opens, stretching wide + + * * * * * + +them at will so that they seek help and support from fiends, until they +end by making their fixed abode with the betrayer. When, from out his +living torture, the crafty, malicious enemy perceives that any one is +firmly settled within his domain, he proceeds, by his malignant wiles, +to become the slayer of that man, be he rich or poor, who sinfully does +his will; and, covered by his cap of darkness, suddenly betakes himself +with them to hell, where naught of good is found, a bottomless abyss +shrouded in misty gloom--like that monster which engulfs the +ocean-traversing men and ships. + +This proud tosser of the waves has another and still more wonderful +trait. When hunger plagues him on the deep, and the monster longs for +food, this haunter of the sea opens his mouth, and sets his lips agape; + + * * * * * + + w[=i]de weleras; cyme wynsum stenc +55 of his innoe, tte [=o]re urh one, + s[=]fisca cynn, beswicen weora. + Swimma sundhwate [=]r se sw[=e]ta stenc + [=u]t gew[=i]t[e]. H[=i] [=]r in fara, + unware weorude, ot se w[=i]da ceafl +60 gefylled bi; onne f[=]ringa + ymbe [=a] hereh[=u]e hlemme t[=o]gdre + grimme g[=o]man. + Sw[=a] bi gumena gehw[=a]m + se e oftost his unwrl[=i]ce, + on [=a]s l[=]nan t[=i]d, l[=i]f bisc[=e]awa: +65 l[=]te hine besw[=i]can urh sw[=e]tne stenc, + l[=e]asne willan, t h[=e] bi leahtrum f[=a]h + wi Wuldorcyning. Him se [=a]wyrgda ong[=e]an + fter hins[=i]e helle ont[=y]ne, + [=a]m e l[=e]asl[=i]ce l[=i]ces wynne +70 ofer ferh[]gereaht fremedon on unr[=]d. + onne se f[=]cna in [=a]m fstenne + gebr[=o]ht hafa, bealwes crftig, + + * * * * * + + His monstrous lips; and from his cavernous maw + Sends an entrancing odor. This sweet scent, + Deceiving other fishes, lures them on + In swiftly moving schools toward that fell place + Whence comes the perfume. There, unwary host, + They enter in, until the yawning mouth + Is filled to overflowing, when, at once, + Trapping their prey, the fearful jaws snap shut. + So, in this fleeting earthly time, each man + Who orders heedlessly his mortal life + Lets a sweet odor, some beguiling wish, + Entice him, so that in the eyes of God, + The King of glory, his iniquities + Make him abhorrent. After death for him + The all-accursed devil opens hell-- + Opens for all who in their folly here + Let pleasures of the body overcome + Their spirits' guidance. When the wily fiend + Into his hold beside the fiery lake + + * * * * * + +whereupon there issues a ravishing perfume from his inwards, by which +other kinds of fish are beguiled. With lively motions they swim to where +the sweet odor comes forth, and there enter in, a heedless host, until +the wide gorge is full; then, in one instant, he snaps his fierce jaws +together about the swarming prey. + +Thus it is with any one who, in this fleeting time, full oft neglects to +take heed to his life, and allows himself to be enticed by sweet +fragrance, a lying lure, so that he becomes hostile to the King of glory +by reason of his sins. The accursed one will, when they die, throw wide +the doors of hell to those who, in their folly, have wrought the +treacherous delights of the body, contrary to the wise guidance of the +soul. When the deceiver, skilful in wrongdoing, hath brought into that +fastness, + + * * * * * + + t [=a]m [_[=a]_]dwylme, [=a] e him on cleofia, + gyltum gehrodene, and [=]r georne his +75 in hira l[=i]fdagum l[=a]rum h[=y]rdon, + onne he [=a] grimman g[=o]man bihlemme, + fter feorhcwale, fste t[=o]gdre, + helle hlinduru. N[=a]gon hwyrft n[=e] swice, + [=u]ts[=i] [=]fre, [=a] [_e_] [=]r in cuma, +80 on m[=a] e [=a] fiscas, faral[=a]cende, + of s hwles fenge hweorfan m[=o]tan. + Foron is eallinga . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + dryhtna Dryhtne, and [=a] d[=e]oflum wisace +85 wordum and weorcum, t w[=e] Wuldorcyning + ges[=e]on m[=o]ton. Uton [=a] sibbe t[=o] him, + on [=a]s hw[=i]lnan t[=i]d, h[=]lu s[=e]can, + t w[=e] mid sw[=a] l[=e]ofne in lofe m[=o]tan + t[=o] w[=i]dan feore wuldres n[=e]otan. + + * * * * * + + With evil craft has led those erring ones + Who cleave to him, sore laden with their sins, + Those who in earthly life have hearkened well + To his instruction, after death close shut + He snaps those woful jaws, the gates of hell. + Whoever enters there has no relief, + Nor may he any more escape his doom + And thence depart, than can the swimming fish + Elude the monster. + Therefore it is [best + And[1]] altogether [right for each of us + To serve and honor God,[1]] the Lord of lords, + And always in our every word and deed + To combat devils, that we may at last + Behold the King of glory. In this time + Of transitory things, then, let us seek + Peace and salvation from him, that we may + Rejoice for ever in so dear a Lord, + And praise his glory everlastingly. + +[Footnote 1: Conjecturally supplied.] + + * * * * * + +the lake of fire, those that cleave to him and are laden with guilt, +such as had eagerly followed his teachings in the days of their life, he +then, after their death, snaps tight together his fierce jaws, the gates +of hell. They who enter there have neither relief nor escape, no means +of flight, any more than the fishes that swim the sea can escape from +the clutch of the monster. + +Therefore is it by all means [best for every one of us to serve[1]] the +Lord of lords, and strive against devils with words and works, that so +we may come to behold the King of glory. Let us ever, now in this +fleeting time, seek from him grace and salvation, that so with the +Beloved we may in worship enjoy the bliss of heaven for evermore. + +[Footnote 1: Conjecturally supplied.] + + * * * * * + + + + +III + +THE PARTRIDGE[1] + + + H[=y]rde ic secgan g[=e]n bi sumum fugle + wundorl[=i]cne[2]. . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f[=]ger + t word e gecw wuldres Ealdor: +5 'In sw[=a] hwylce tiid sw[=a] g[=e] mid tr[=e]owe t[=o] m[=e] + on hyge hweorfa, and g[=e] hellfirena + sweartra gesw[=i]ca, sw[=a] ic symle t[=o] [=e]ow + mid siblufan s[=o]na gecyrre + urh milde m[=o]d; g[=e] b[=e]o m[=e] sian + +[Footnote 1: The partridge (like the cuckoo) broods the eggs of other +birds. When they are hatched and grown, they fly off to their true +parents. So men may turn from the devil, who has wrongfully gained +possession of them, to their heavenly Father, who will receive them as +his children.] + +[Footnote 2: Gap in the manuscript, probably of considerable length.] + + * * * * * + + About another creature have I heard + A wondrous [tale.] [There is] a bird [men call + The partridge. Strange is she, unlike all birds + In field or wood who brood upon their eggs, + Hatching their young. The partridge lays no eggs, + Nor builds a dwelling; but instead, she steals + The well-wrought nests of others. There she sits, + Warming a stranger brood, until at last + The eggs are hatched. But when the stolen chicks + Are fledged, they straightway fly away to seek + Their proper kin, and leave the partridge there + Forsaken. In such wise the devil works + To steal the souls of those whose youthful minds + Or foolish hearts in vain resist his wiles. + But when they reach maturer age, they see + They are true children of the Lord of lords. + Then they desert the lying fiend, and seek + Their rightful Father, who with open arms + Receives them, as he long since promised them.[1]] + Fair is that word the Lord of glory spoke: + 'In such time as you turn with faithful hearts + To me, and put away your hellish sins, + Abominable to me, then will I turn + To you in love for ever, for my heart + Is mild and gracious. Thenceforth you shall be + +[Footnote 1: Conjecturally supplied, on the basis of other versions.] + + * * * * * + +So, too, I have heard tell a wondrous [tale[1]] about a certain bird.[2] +... fair the word[3] spoken by the King of glory: 'At whatsoever time ye +turn to me with faith in your soul, and forsake the black iniquities of +hell, I will turn straightway to you with love, in the gentleness of my +heart; and thenceforth ye shall be reckoned to + +[Footnote 1: Conjecturally supplied.] + +[Footnote 2: Gap in the manuscript, probably of considerable length.] + +[Footnote 3: Cf. 2 Cor. 6.17,18; Isa. 55.7; Heb. 2.10,11.] + + * * * * * + +10 torhte, t[=i]r[=e]adge, talade and r[=i]mde, + beorhte gebr[=o]or on bearna st[=]l.' + Uton w[=e] [=y] geornor Gode [=o]liccan, + firene f[=e]ogan, fries earnian, + dugue t[=o] Dryhtne, enden [=u]s dg sc[=i]ne, +15 t sw[=a] elne eardw[=i]ca cyst + in wuldres wlite wunian m[=o]tan. + Finit. + + * * * * * + + Refulgent, glorious, numbered with the host + Of heaven, and, instead of children, called + Bright brethren of the Lord.' + Let us by this + Be taught to please God better, hating sin, + And strive to earn salvation from the Lord, + His full deliverance, so long as day + Shall shine upon us, that we may at last + Inhabit heavenly mansions, nobler far + Than earthly dwellings, gloriously bright. + + Finit. + + * * * * * + +me as glorious and renowned, as my illustrious brethren, yea, in the +place of children.' + +Let us therefore propitiate God with all zeal, abhor evil, and gain +forgiveness and salvation from the Lord while for us the day still +shines, so that thus we may, in glorious beauty, inhabit a dwelling +excellent beyond compare. Finit. + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Old English Physiologus, by Albert S. Cook + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE OLD ENGLISH PHYSIOLOGUS *** + +***** This file should be named 14529-8.txt or 14529-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/4/5/2/14529/ + +Produced by David Starner, Ben Beasley and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. 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Cook + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Old English Physiologus + +Author: Albert S. Cook + +Release Date: December 30, 2004 [EBook #14529] + +Language: English and Old English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE OLD ENGLISH PHYSIOLOGUS *** + + + + +Produced by David Starner, Ben Beasley and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="titlepage"> + +<div class="series"> +<div class="series-name">Yale Studies in English</div> +<div class="series-editorship"><span class="series-editorship-editor">Albert S. Cook</span>, Editor</div> +<div class="series-romannumeral">LXIII</div> +</div> + + +<div class="title">The<br /> +Old English Physiologus</div> + + +<div class="trans"> +<div class="trans-whichpart">Text and Prose Translation</div> +<div class="trans-by">by</div> +<div class="trans-translator">Albert Stanburrough Cook</div> +<div class="trans-translatorposition">Professor of the English Language and Literature in Yale University</div> +</div> + + +<div class="trans"> +<div class="trans-whichpart">Verse Translation</div> +<div class="trans-by">by</div> +<div class="trans-translator">James Hall Pitman</div> +<div class="trans-translatorposition">Fellow in English of Yale University</div> +</div> + + +<div class="crest"> +<a href="images/crestbw.png"><img src="images/crest.png" alt="" title="[Illustration: A Crest.]" width="130" height="115" /></a> +</div> + + +<div class="publication"> +<div class="publisher">New Haven: Yale University Press</div> +<div class="publisher">London: Humphrey Milford</div> +<div class="publisher">Oxford University Press</div> +<div class="publication-date">MDCCCXXI</div> +</div> + + +<div class="facsimile">[Facsimile]</div> + +</div> + + + + +<h1>Preface</h1> + + +<p> +The Old English <i class="title">Physiologus</i>, or <i class="title">Bestiary</i>, is a series of three brief +poems, dealing with the mythical traits of a land-animal, a sea-beast, +and a bird respectively, and deducing from them certain moral or +religious lessons. These three creatures are selected from a much larger +number treated in a work of the same name which was compiled at +Alexandria before 140 B. C., originally in Greek, and afterwards +translated into a variety of languages—into Latin before 431. The +standard form of the <i class="title">Physiologus</i> has 49 chapters, each dealing with a +separate animal (sometimes imaginary) or other natural object, beginning +with the lion, and ending with the ostrich; examples of these are the +pelican, the eagle, the phoenix, the ant (cf. Prov. 6.6), the fox, the +unicorn, and the salamander. In this standard text, the Old English +poems are represented by chapters 16, 17, and 18, dealing in succession +with the panther, a mythical sea-monster called the asp-turtle (usually +denominated the whale), and the partridge. Of these three poems, the +third is so fragmentary that little is left except eight lines of +religious application, and four of exhortation by the poet, so that the +outline of the poem, and especially the part descriptive of the +partridge, must be conjecturally restored by reference to the treatment +in the fuller versions, which are based upon Jer. 17. 11 (the texts drawn +upon for the application in lines 5–11 are 2 Cor. 6. 17, 18; Isa. 55.7; +Heb. 2. 10, 11). +</p> + +<p> +It has been said: ‘With the exception of the Bible, there is perhaps no +other book in all literature that has been more widely current in every +cultivated tongue and among every class of people.’ Such currency might +be illustrated from many English authors. Two passages from Elizabethan +literature may serve as specimens—the one from Spenser, the other from +Shakespeare. The former is from the <i class="title">Faerie Queene</i> (1. 11.34): +</p> + +<blockquote><p class="stanza"> + At last she saw, where he upstarted brave<br /> + Out of the well, wherein he drenched lay;<br /> + As Eagle fresh out of the Ocean wave,<br /> + Where he hath left his plumes all hoary gray,<br /> + And deckt himselfe with feathers youthly gay,<br /> + Like Eyas hauke up mounts unto the skies,<br /> + His newly budded pineons to assay,<br /> + And marveiles at himselfe, still as he flies:<br /> + So new this new-borne knight to battell new did rise. +</p></blockquote> + +<p style="text-indent: 0em"> +The other is from <i class="title">Hamlet</i> (Laertes to the King): +</p> + +<blockquote><p class="stanza"> + To his good friends thus wide I’ll ope my arms;<br /> + And like the kind life-rendering pelican,<br /> + Repast them with my blood.<span class="fn-marker"><a href="#fn-1" class="link">[1]</a></span> +</p></blockquote> + +<p> +However widely diffused, the symbolism exemplified by the <i class="title">Physiologus</i> +is peculiarly at home in the East. Thus Egypt symbolized the sun, with +his death at night passing into a rebirth, by the phœnix, which, by a +natural extension, came to signify the resurrection. And the Bible not +only sends the sluggard to the ant, and bids men consider the lilies of +the field, but with a large sweep commands (Job 12.7,8): ‘Ask now the +beasts, and they shall teach thee; and the fowls of the air, and they +shall tell thee; or speak to the earth, and it shall teach thee; and the +fishes of the sea shall declare unto thee.’ +</p> + +<p> +The text as here printed is extracted from my edition, <i class="title">The Old English +Elenc, Phœnix, and Physiologus</i> (Yale University Press, 1919), where a +critical apparatus may be found; here it may be sufficient to say that +Italic letters in square brackets denote my emendations, and Roman +letters those of previous editors. The translations have not hitherto +been published, and no complete ones are extant in any language, save +those contained in Thorpe’s edition of the <i class="title" lang="la">Codex Exoniensis</i>, which +appeared in 1842. The long conjectural passage in the <i class="title">Partridge</i> is due +wholly to Mr. Pitman. +</p> + +<div class="preface-author"> +A. S. C. +</div> + + +<div class="preface-date"> +March 27, 1921. +</div> + + + + + + +<div class="retitle">Physiologus</div> + + + + +<h1>Physiologus</h1> + + +<h2 style="margin-top: 1em"> +I<br /> +The Panther +</h2> + + +<table class="parallel"><tr><td class="left" lang="ang"> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + Monge sindon<span class="break"> </span>geond middangeard<br /> + unrīmu cynn,<span class="break"> </span>[<i>þāra</i>] þe wē æþelu ne magon<br /> + ryhte āreccan<span class="break"> </span>nē rīm witan;<br /> + þæs wīde sind<span class="break"> </span>geond wor[<i>u</i>]l[d] innan<br /> +<span class="linenum">5</span> fugla and dēora<span class="break"> </span>foldhrērendras,<br /> + wornas widsceope,<span class="break"> </span>swā wæter bibūgeð<br /> + þisne beorhtan bōsm,<span class="break"> </span>brim grymetende,<br /> + sealtȳpa geswing.<span class="break"> </span><span class="handoff">Wē bi sumum hȳrdon</span><br /><br /> +</p> + +<p class="stanza"> + wrǣtlīc[<i>um</i>] gecynd[<i>e</i>]<span class="break"> </span>wildra secgan,<br /> +<span class="linenum">10</span> fīrum frēamǣrne,<span class="break"> </span>feorlondum on,<br /> + eard weardian,<span class="break"> </span>ēðles nēotan,<br /> + æfter dūnscrafum.<span class="break"> </span>Is þæt dēor Pandher<br /> + bi noman hāten,<span class="break"> </span>þæs þe niþþa bear[n], +</p> +</td> +<td class="right"> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + Of living creatures many are the kinds<br /> + Throughout the world—unnumbered, since no man<br /> + Can count their multitudes, nor rightly learn<br /> + The ways of their wild nature; wide they roam,<br /> + These beasts and birds, as far as ocean sets<br /> + A limit to the earth, embracing her<br /> + And all her sunny fields with salty seas<br /> + And toss of roaring billows.<span class="handoff">We have heard</span><br /><br /> +</p> +<p class="stanza"> + From men of wider lore of one wild beast,<br /> + Wonderful dweller in a far-off land<br /> + Renowned of men, who loves his native glens<br /> + And dusky caverns. Him have wise men called +</p> +</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" class="bottom"> +<p> +Many, yea numberless, are the tribes throughout the world whose natures +we can not rightly expound nor their multitudes reckon, so immense are +the swarms of birds and earth-treading animals wherever water, the +roaring ocean, the surge of salt billows, encompasses the smiling bosom +of earth. +</p> + +<p> +We have heard about one marvelous kind of wild beast which inhabits, in +lands far off, a domain renowned among men, rejoicing there in his home +amid the mountain-caves. This beast is called panther, as the learned +</p> +</td></tr> + + + +<tr><td class="left" lang="ang"> +<p class="stanza"> + wīsfæste weras,<span class="break"> </span>on gewritum cȳþa[<i>ð</i>]<br /> +<span class="linenum">15</span> bi þām ānstapan.<span class="break"> </span><span class="handoff">Sē is ǣ[<i>g</i>]hwām frēond,</span><br /><br /> +</p> +<p class="stanza"> + duguða ēstig,<span class="break"> </span>būtan dracan ānum;<br /> + þām hē in ealle tīd<span class="break"> </span>andwrāð leofaþ,<br /> + þurh yfla gehwylc<span class="break"> </span>þe hē geæfnan mæg.<br /> +</p> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + Ðæt is wrǣtlīc dēor,<span class="break"> </span>wundrum scȳne,<br /> +<span class="linenum">20</span> hīwa gehwylces.<span class="break"> </span>Swā hæleð secgað,<br /> + gǣsthālge guman,<span class="break"> </span>þætte Iōsēphes<br /> + tunece wǣre<span class="break"> </span>telga gehwylces<br /> + blēom bregdende,<span class="break"> </span>þāra beorhtra gehwylc,<br /> + ǣghwæs ǣnlīcra,<span class="break"> </span>ōþrum līxte<br /> +<span class="linenum">25</span> dryhta bearnum,<span class="break"> </span>swā þæs dēores hīw,<br /> + blǣc, brigda gehwæs,<span class="break"> </span>beorhtra and scȳnra<br /> + wundrum līxeð,<span class="break"> </span>þætte wrǣtlīcra<br /> + ǣghwylc ōþrum,<span class="break"> </span>ǣnlīcra gīen<br /> + and fǣgerra,<span class="break"> </span>frætwum blīceð,<br /> +<span class="linenum">30</span> symle sellīcra.<span class="break"> </span><span class="handoff">Hē hafað sundorgecynd,</span><br /><br /> +</p> +</td> +<td class="right"> +<p class="stanza"> + The panther, and in books have told of him,<br /> + The solitary rover. <span class="handoff">He is kind,</span><br /><br /> +</p> +<p class="stanza"> + A bounteous friend to every living thing<br /> + Save one alone, the dragon; but with him<br /> + The panther ever lives at enmity,<br /> + Employing every means within his power<br /> + To work him evil. <span class="handoff">Fair is he, full bright</span><br /><br /> +</p> +<p class="stanza"> + And wonderful of hue. The holy scribes<br /> + Tell us how Joseph’s many-colored coat,<br /> + Gleaming with varying dyes of every shade,<br /> + Brilliant, resplendent, dazzled all men’s eyes<br /> + That looked upon it. So the panther’s hues<br /> + Shine altogether lovely, marvelous,<br /> + While each fair color in its beauty glows<br /> + Ever more rare and charming than the rest. +</p> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + His wondrous character is mild, and free +</p> +</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" class="bottom"> +<p class="continued"> +among the children of men report in their books concerning that lonely +wanderer. +</p> + +<p> +He is a friend, bountiful in kindness, to every one save only the +dragon; with him he always lives at enmity by means of every injury he +can inflict. +</p> + +<p> +He is a bewitching animal, marvelously beautiful with every color. Just +as, according to men holy in spirit, Joseph’s coat was variegated with +hues of every shade, each shining before the sons of men brighter and +more perfect than another, so does the color of this beast blaze with +every diversity, gleaming in wondrous wise so clear and fair that each +tint is ever lovelier than the next, glows more enchanting in its +splendor, more rare, more beauteous, and more strange. +</p> + +<p> +He has a nature all his own, so gentle and so calm is +</p> +</td></tr> + + +<tr><td class="left" lang="ang"> +<p class="stanza"> + milde, gemetfæst.<span class="break"> </span>Hē is monþwǣre,<br /> + lufsum and lēoftæl:<span class="break"> </span>nele lāþes wiht<br /> + ǣ[ng]um geæfnan<span class="break"> </span>būtan þām āttorsceaþan,<br /> + his fyrngeflitan,<span class="break"> </span>þe ic ǣr fore sægde. +</p> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> +<span class="linenum">35</span> Symle, fylle fægen,<span class="break"> </span>þonne fōddor þigeð,<br /> + æfter þām gereordum<span class="break"> </span>ræste sēceð,<br /> + dȳgle stōwe<span class="break"> </span>under dūnscrafum;<br /> + ðǣr se þēo[d]wiga<span class="break"> </span>þrēonihta fæc<br /> + swifeð on swe[<i>o</i>]fote,<span class="break"> </span>slǣpe gebiesga[d].<br /> +<span class="linenum">40</span> Þonne ellenrōf<span class="break"> </span>ūp āstondeð,<br /> + þrymme gewelga[d],<span class="break"> </span>on þone þriddan dæg,<br /> + snēome of slǣpe.<span class="break"> </span>Swēghlēoþor cymeð,<br /> + wōþa wynsumast,<span class="break"> </span>þurh þæs wildres mūð;<br /> + æfter pære stefne<span class="break"> </span>stenc ūt cymeð<br /> +<span class="linenum">45</span> of þām wongstede—<span class="break"> </span>wynsumra stēam,<br /> + swēttra and swīþra,<span class="break"> </span>swæcca gehwylcum,<br /> + wyrta blōstmum<span class="break"> </span>and wudublēdum,<br /> + eallum æþelīcra<span class="break"> </span>eorþan frætw[um].<br /> +</p> +</td> +<td class="right"> +<p class="stanza"> + From all disturbing passion. Gracious, kind,<br /> + And full of love, he meditates no harm<br /> + But to that venomous foe, as I have told,<br /> + His ancient enemy. <span class="handoff">Once he has rejoiced</span><br /><br /> +</p> +<p class="stanza"> + His heart with feasting, straight he finds a nook<br /> + Hidden among dim caves, his resting-place.<br /> + There three nights’ space, in deepest slumber wrapped,<br /> + The people’s champion lies. Then, stout of heart,<br /> + The third day he arises fresh from sleep,<br /> + Endowed with glory. From the creature’s mouth<br /> + Issues a melody of sweetest strains;<br /> + And close upon the voice a balmy scent<br /> + Fills all the place—an incense lovelier,<br /> + Sweeter, and abler to perfume the air,<br /> + Than any odor of an earthly flower<br /> + Or scent of woodland fruit, more excellent +</p> +</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" class="bottom"> +<p class="continued"> +it. Kind, attractive, and friendly, he has no thought of doing harm to +any save the envenomed foe, his ancient adversary of whom I spoke. +</p> + +<p> +When, delighting in a feast, he has partaken of food, ever at the end of +the meal he betakes himself to his resting-place, a hidden retreat among +the mountain-caves; there the champion of his race, overcome by sleep, +abandons himself to slumber for the space of three nights. Then the +dauntless one, replenished with vigor, straightway arises from sleep +when the third day has come. A melody, the most ravishing of strains, +flows from the wild beast’s mouth; and, following the music, there +issues a fragrance from the place—a fume more transporting, sweet, and +strong than any odor whatever, than blossoms of plants or fruits of the +forest, choicer +</p> +</td></tr> + + +<tr><td class="left" lang="ang"> +<p class="stanza"> + Þonne of ceastrum<span class="break"> </span>and cynestōlum<br /> +<span class="linenum">50</span> and of burgsalum<span class="break"> </span>beornþrēat monig<br /> + farað foldwegum<span class="break"> </span>folca þrȳþum;<br /> + ēoredcystum,<span class="break"> </span>ofestum gefȳsde,<br /> + dareðlācende<span class="break"> </span>—dēor [s]wā some—<br /> + æfter þǣre stefne<span class="break"> </span>on þone stenc farað. +</p> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> +<span class="linenum">55</span> Swā is Dryhten God,<span class="break"> </span>drēama Rǣdend,<br /> + eallum ēaðmēde<span class="break"> </span>ōþrum gesceaftum,<br /> + duguða gehwylcre,<span class="break"> </span>būtan dracan ānum,<br /> + āttres ordfruman—<span class="break"> </span>þæt is se ealda fēond<br /> + þone hē gesǣlde<span class="break"> </span>in sūsla grund,<br /> +<span class="linenum">60</span> and gefetrade<span class="break"> </span>fȳrnum tēagum,<br /> + biþeahte þrēanȳdum;<span class="break"> </span>and þȳ þriddan dæge<br /> + of dīgle ārās,<span class="break"> </span>þæs þe hē dēað fore ūs<br /> + þrēo niht þolade,<span class="break"> </span>Þēoden engla,<br /> + sigora Sellend.<span class="break"> </span>Þæt wæs swēte stenc,<br /> +<span class="linenum">65</span> wlitig and wynsum,<span class="break"> </span>geond woruld ealle.<br /> + Siþþan tō þām swicce<span class="break"> </span>sōðfæste men, +</p> +</td> +<td class="right"> +<p class="stanza"> + Than all this world’s adornments. Then from town<br /> + And palace, then from castle-hall, come forth<br /> + Along the roads great troops of hurrying men—<br /> + The very beasts come also; all press on<br /> + Toward that sweet odor, when the voice is stilled. +</p> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + Such as this creature is the Lord our God,<br /> + Giver of joys, to all creation kind,<br /> + To men benignant, save alone to him,<br /> + The dragon, author of all wickedness,<br /> + Satan, the ancient adversary whom,<br /> + Fettered with fire, shackled with dire constraint,<br /> + Into the pit of torments God cast down.<br /> + The third day Christ arose from out the grave,<br /> + For three nights having suffered death for us,<br /> + He, Lord of angels, he in whom alone<br /> + Is hope of overcoming. Far and wide<br /> + The tidings spread, like perfume fresh and sweet,<br /> + Through all the world. Then to that fragrance thronged +</p> +</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" class="bottom"> +<p class="continued"> +than aught that clothes the earth with beauty. Thereupon from cities, +courts, and castle-halls many companies of heroes flock along the +highways of earth; the wielders of the spear press forward in hurrying +throngs to that perfume—and so also do animals—when once the music has +ceased. +</p> + +<p> +Even so the Lord God, the Giver of joy, is gracious to all creatures, to +every order of them, save only the dragon, the source of venom, that +ancient enemy whom he bound in the abyss of torments; shackling him with +fiery fetters, and loading him with dire constraints, he arose from +darkness on the third day after he, the Lord of angels, the Bestower of +victory, had for three nights endured death on our behalf. That was a +sweet perfume throughout the world, winsome and entrancing. Henceforth, +</p> +</td></tr> + + +<tr><td class="left" lang="ang"> +<p class="stanza"> + on healfa gehwone,<span class="break"> </span>hēapum þrungon<br /> + geond ealne ymbhwyrft<span class="break"> </span>eorþan scēat[a].<br /> + Swā se snottra gecwæð<span class="break"> </span>Sanctus Paulus:<br /> +<span class="linenum">70</span> ‘Monigfealde sind<span class="break"> </span>geond middangeard<br /> + gōd ungnȳðe<span class="break"> </span>þe ūs tō giefe dǣleð<br /> + and tō feorhnere<span class="break"> </span>Fæder ælmihtig,<br /> + and se ānga Hyht<span class="break"> </span>ealra gesceafta<br /> + uppe ge niþre.’<span class="break"> </span>Þæt is æþele stenc. +</p> +</td> +<td class="right"> +<p class="stanza"> + From every side all men whose hearts were true,<br /> + Throughout the regions of the circled earth.<br /> + Thus spoke the wise St. Paul: ‘In all the world<br /> + His gifts are many, which he gives to us<br /> + For our salvation with unstinting hand,<br /> + Almighty Father, he, the only Hope<br /> + Of all in heaven or here below on earth.’<br /> + This is that noble fragrance, rare and sweet,<br /> + Which draws all men to seek it from afar. +</p> +</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" class="bottom"> +<p class="continued"> +through the whole extent of earth’s regions, righteous men have streamed +in multitudes from every side to that fragrance. As said the wise St. +Paul: ‘Manifold over the world are the lavish bounties which the Father +almighty, the Hope of all creatures above and below, bestows on us as +grace and salvation.’ That, too, is a sweet odor. +</p> +</td></tr> + + +</table> + + + +<h2 style="margin-top: 1em"> +II<br /> +The Whale (Asp-Turtle) +</h2> + + +<table class="parallel"><tr><td class="left" lang="ang"> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + Nū ic fitte gēn<span class="break"> </span>ymb fisca cynn<br /> + wille wōðcræfte<span class="break"> </span>wordum cȳþan<br /> + þurh mōdgemynd,<span class="break"> </span>bi þām miclan hwale.<br /> + Sē bið unwillum<span class="break"> </span>oft gemēted,<br /> +<span class="linenum">5</span> frēcne and fer[<i>h</i>]ðgrim,<span class="break"> </span>fareðlācendum,<br /> + niþþa gehwylcum;<span class="break"> </span>þām is noma cenned,<br /> + fyr[ge]nstrēama geflotan,<span class="break"> </span>Fastitocalon. +</p> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + Is þæs hīw gelīc<span class="break"> </span>hrēofum stāne,<br /> + swylce wōrie<span class="break"> </span>bi wædes ōfre,<br /> +<span class="linenum">10</span> sondbeorgum ymbseald,<span class="break"> </span>sǣrȳrica mǣst,<br /> + swā þæt wēnaþ<span class="break"> </span>wǣglīþende<br /> + þæt hȳ on ēalond sum<span class="break"> </span>ēagum wlīten;<br /> + and þonne gehȳd[<i>i</i>]að<span class="break"> </span>hēahstefn scipu<br /> + tō þām unlonde<span class="break"> </span>oncyrrāpum,<br /> +<span class="linenum">15</span> s[<i>ǣ</i>]laþ sǣmearas<span class="break"> </span>sundes æt ende, +</p> +</td> +<td class="right"> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + Now will I spur again my wit, and use<br /> + Poetic skill to weave words into song,<br /> + Telling of one among the race of fish,<br /> + The great asp-turtle. Men who sail the sea<br /> + Often unwillingly encounter him,<br /> + Dread preyer on mankind. His name we know,<br /> + The ocean-swimmer, Fastitocalon. +</p> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + Dun, like rough stone in color, as he floats<br /> + He seems a heaving bank of reedy grass<br /> + Along the shore, with rolling dunes behind,<br /> + So that sea-wanderers deem their gaze has found<br /> + An island. Boldly then their high-prowed ships<br /> + They moor with cables to that shore, a land<br /> + That is no land. Still floating on the waves,<br /> + Their ocean-coursers curvet at the marge; +</p> +</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" class="bottom"> +<p> +This time I will with poetic art rehearse, by means of words and wit, a +poem about a kind of fish, the great sea-monster which is often +unwillingly met, terrible and cruel-hearted to seafarers, yea, to every +man; this swimmer of the ocean-streams is known as the asp-turtle. +</p> + +<p> +His appearance is like that of a rough boulder, as if there were tossing +by the shore a great ocean-reedbank begirt with sand-dunes, so that +seamen imagine they are gazing upon an island, and moor their +high-prowed ships with cables to that false land, make fast the +ocean-coursers at the sea’s end, and, bold of heart, climb up +</p> +</td></tr> + + +<tr><td class="left" lang="ang"> +<p class="stanza"> + and þonne in þæt ēglond<span class="break"> </span>ūp gewītað<br /> + collenfer[<i>h</i>]þe;<span class="break"> </span>cēolas stondað<br /> + bi staþe fæste<span class="break"> </span>strēame biwunden.<br /> + Ðonne gewīciað<span class="break"> </span>wērigfer[<i>h</i>]ðe,<br /> +<span class="linenum">20</span> faroðlācende,<span class="break"> </span>frēcnes ne wēnað.<br /> +</p> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + On þām ēalonde<span class="break"> </span>ǣled weccað,<br /> + hēah fyr ǣlað.<span class="break"> </span>Hæleþ bēoþ on wynnum,<br /> + rēonigmōde,<span class="break"> </span>ræste gel[y]ste.<br /> + Þonne gefēleð<span class="break"> </span>fācnes cræftig<br /> +<span class="linenum">25</span> þæt him þā fērend on<span class="break"> </span>fæste wuniaþ,<br /> + wīc weardiað,<span class="break"> </span>wedres on luste,<br /> + ðonne semninga<span class="break"> </span>on sealtne wǣg<br /> + mid þā nōþe<span class="break"> </span>niþer gewīteþ,<br /> + gārsecges gæst,<span class="break"> </span>grund gesēceð,<br /> +<span class="linenum">30</span> and þonne in dēaðsele<span class="break"> </span>drence bifæsteð<br /> + scipu mid scealcum.<span class="break"> </span><span class="handoff">Swā bið scinn[<i>en</i>]a þēaw,</span><br /><br /> +</p> +<p class="stanza"> + dēofla wīse,<span class="break"> </span>þæt hī droht[i]ende<br /> + þurh dyrne meaht<span class="break"> </span>duguðe beswīcað,<br /> + and on teosu tyhtaþ<span class="break"> </span>tilra dǣda,<br /> +<span class="linenum">35</span> wēmað on willan,<span class="break"> </span>þæt hȳ wraþe sēcen, +</p> +</td> +<td class="right"> +<p class="stanza"> + The weary-hearted sailors mount the isle,<br /> + And, free from thought of peril, there abide. +</p> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + Elated, on the sands they build a fire,<br /> + A mounting blaze. There, light of heart, they sit—<br /> + No more discouraged—eager for sweet rest.<br /> + Then when the crafty fiend perceives that men,<br /> + Encamped upon him, making their abode,<br /> + Enjoy the gentle weather, suddenly<br /> + Under the salty waves he plunges down,<br /> + Straight to the bottom deep he drags his prey;<br /> + He, guest of ocean, in his watery haunts<br /> + Drowns ships and men, and fast imprisons them<br /> + Within the halls of death. <span class="handoff">Such is the way</span><br /><br /> +</p> +<p class="stanza"> + Of demons, devils’ wiles: to hide their power,<br /> + And stealthily inveigle heedless men,<br /> + Inciting them against all worthy deeds,<br /> + And luring them to seek for help and comfort +</p> +</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" class="bottom"> +<p class="continued"> +on that island; the vessels stand by the beach, enringed by the flood. +The weary-hearted sailors then encamp, dreaming not of peril. +</p> + +<p> +On the island they start a fire, kindle a mounting flame. The dispirited +heroes, eager for repose, are flushed with joy. Now when the cunning +plotter feels that the seamen are firmly established upon him, and have +settled down to enjoy the weather, the guest of ocean sinks without +warning into the salt wave with his prey (?), and makes for the bottom, +thus whelming ships and men in that abode of death. +</p> + +<p> +Such is the way of demons, the wont of devils: they spend their lives in +outwitting men by their secret power, inciting them to the corruption of +good deeds, misguiding +</p> +</td></tr> + + +<tr><td class="left" lang="ang"> +<p class="stanza"> + frōfre tō fēondum,<span class="break"> </span>oþþæt hy fæste ðǣr<br /> + æt þām wǣrlogan<span class="break"> </span>wīc gecēosað.<br /> + Þonne þæt gecnāweð<span class="break"> </span>of cwicsūsle<br /> + flāh fēond gemāh,<span class="break"> </span>þætte fīra gehwylc<br /> +<span class="linenum">40</span> hæleþa cynnes<span class="break"> </span>on his hringe biþ<br /> + fæste gefēged,<span class="break"> </span>hē him feorgbona,<br /> + þurh slīþen searo,<span class="break"> </span>siþþan weorþeð,<br /> + wloncum and hēanum<span class="break"> </span>þe his willan hēr<br /> + firenum fremmað;<span class="break"> </span>mid þām hē fǣringa,<br /> +<span class="linenum">45</span> heoloþhelme biþeaht,<span class="break"> </span>helle sēceð,<br /> + gōda gēasne,<span class="break"> </span>grundlēasne wylm<br /> + under mistglōme,<span class="break"> </span>swā se micla hwæl<br /> + se þe bisenceð<span class="break"> </span>sǣlīþende<br /> + eorlas and ȳðmearas.<span class="break"> </span><span class="handoff">Hē hafað ōþre gecynd,</span><br /><br /> +</p> +<p class="stanza"> +<span class="linenum">50</span> wæterþisa wlonc,<span class="break"> </span>wrǣtlīcran gīen.<br /> + Þonne hine on holme<span class="break"> </span>hunger bysgað,<br /> + and þone āglǣcan<span class="break"> </span>ǣtes lysteþ,<br /> + ðonne se mereweard<span class="break"> </span>mūð ontȳneð, +</p> +</td> +<td class="right"> +<p class="stanza"> + From unsuspected foes, until at last<br /> + They choose a dwelling with the faithless one.<br /> + Then, when the fiend, by crafty malice stirred,<br /> + From where hell’s torments bind him fast, perceives<br /> + That men are firmly set in his domain,<br /> + With treachery unspeakable he hastes<br /> + To snare and to destroy the lives of those,<br /> + Both proud and lowly, who in sin perform<br /> + His will on earth. Donning the mystic helm<br /> + Of darkness, with his prey he speeds to hell,<br /> + The place devoid of good—all misty gloom,<br /> + Where broods a sullen lake, black, bottomless,<br /> + Just as the monster, Fastitocalon,<br /> + Destroys seafarers, overwhelming men<br /> + And staunch-built ships. <span class="handoff">Another trait he has,</span><br /><br /> +</p> +<p class="stanza"> + This proud sea-swimmer, still more marvelous.<br /> + When hunger grips the monster on the deep,<br /> + Making him long for food, his gaping mouth<br /> + The ocean-warder opens, stretching wide +</p> +</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" class="bottom"> +<p class="continued"> +them at will so that they seek help and support from fiends, until they +end by making their fixed abode with the betrayer. When, from out his +living torture, the crafty, malicious enemy perceives that any one is +firmly settled within his domain, he proceeds, by his malignant wiles, +to become the slayer of that man, be he rich or poor, who sinfully does +his will; and, covered by his cap of darkness, suddenly betakes himself +with them to hell, where naught of good is found, a bottomless abyss +shrouded in misty gloom—like that monster which engulfs the +ocean-traversing men and ships.' +</p> + +<p> +This proud tosser of the waves has another and still more wonderful +trait. When hunger plagues him on the deep, and the monster longs for +food, this haunter of the sea opens his mouth, and sets his lips agape; +</p> +</td></tr> + + +<tr><td class="left" lang="ang"> +<p class="stanza"> + wīde weleras;<span class="break"> </span>cymeð wynsum stenc<br /> +<span class="linenum">55</span> of his innoþe,<span class="break"> </span>þætte ōþre þurh þone,<br /> + sǣfisca cynn,<span class="break"> </span>beswicen weorðaþ.<br /> + Swimmað sundhwate<span class="break"> </span>þǣr se swēta stenc<br /> + ūt gewīt[e]ð.<span class="break"> </span>Hī þǣr in farað,<br /> + unware weorude,<span class="break"> </span>oþþæt se wīda ceafl<br /> +<span class="linenum">60</span> gefylled bið;<span class="break"> </span>þonne fǣringa<br /> + ymbe þā herehūþe<span class="break"> </span>hlemmeð tōgædre<br /> + grimme gōman.<span class="break"> </span><span class="handoff">Swā biþ gumena gehwām</span><br /><br /> +</p> +<p class="stanza"> + se þe oftost his<span class="break"> </span>unwærlīce,<br /> + on þās lǣnan tīd,<span class="break"> </span>līf biscēawað:<br /> +<span class="linenum">65</span> lǣteð hine beswīcan<span class="break"> </span>þurh swētne stenc,<br /> + lēasne willan,<span class="break"> </span>þæt hē biþ leahtrum fāh<br /> + wið Wuldorcyning.<span class="break"> </span>Him se āwyrgda ongēan<br /> + æfter hinsīþe<span class="break"> </span>helle ontȳneð,<br /> + þām þe lēaslīce<span class="break"> </span>līces wynne<br /> +<span class="linenum">70</span> ofer ferh[ð]gereaht<span class="break"> </span>fremedon on unrǣd.<br /> + Þonne se fǣcna<span class="break"> </span>in þām fæstenne<br /> + gebrōht hafað,<span class="break"> </span>bealwes cræftig, +</p> +</td> +<td class="right"> +<p class="stanza"> + His monstrous lips; and from his cavernous maw<br /> + Sends an entrancing odor. This sweet scent,<br /> + Deceiving other fishes, lures them on<br /> + In swiftly moving schools toward that fell place<br /> + Whence comes the perfume. There, unwary host,<br /> + They enter in, until the yawning mouth<br /> + Is filled to overflowing, when, at once,<br /> + Trapping their prey, the fearful jaws snap shut. +</p> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + So, in this fleeting earthly time, each man<br /> + Who orders heedlessly his mortal life<br /> + Lets a sweet odor, some beguiling wish,<br /> + Entice him, so that in the eyes of God,<br /> + The King of glory, his iniquities<br /> + Make him abhorrent. After death for him<br /> + The all-accursed devil opens hell—<br /> + Opens for all who in their folly here<br /> + Let pleasures of the body overcome<br /> + Their spirits’ guidance. When the wily fiend<br /> + Into his hold beside the fiery lake +</p> +</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" class="bottom"> +<p class="continued"> +whereupon there issues a ravishing perfume from his inwards, by which +other kinds of fish are beguiled. With lively motions they swim to where +the sweet odor comes forth, and there enter in, a heedless host, until +the wide gorge is full; then, in one instant, he snaps his fierce jaws +together about the swarming prey. +</p> +<p> +Thus it is with any one who, in this fleeting time, full oft neglects to +take heed to his life, and allows himself to be enticed by sweet +fragrance, a lying lure, so that he becomes hostile to the King of glory +by reason of his sins. The accursed one will, when they die, throw wide +the doors of hell to those who, in their folly, have wrought the +treacherous delights of the body, contrary to the wise guidance of the +soul. When the deceiver, skilful in wrongdoing, hath brought into that +fastness, +</p> +</td></tr> + + +<tr><td class="left" lang="ang"> +<p class="stanza"> + æt þām [<i>ā</i>]dwylme,<span class="break"> </span>þā þe him on cleofiað,<br /> + gyltum gehrodene,<span class="break"> </span>and ǣr georne his<br /> +<span class="linenum">75</span> in hira līfdagum<span class="break"> </span>lārum hȳrdon,<br /> + þonne he þā grimman<span class="break"> </span>gōman bihlemmeð,<br /> + æfter feorhcwale,<span class="break"> </span>fæste tōgædre,<br /> + helle hlinduru.<span class="break"> </span>Nāgon hwyrft nē swice,<br /> + ūtsīþ ǣfre,<span class="break"> </span>þā [<i>þe</i>] þǣr in cumað,<br /> +<span class="linenum">80</span> þon mā þe þā fiscas,<span class="break"> </span>faraðlācende,<br /> + of þæs hwæles fenge<span class="break"> </span>hweorfan mōtan. +</p> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + Forþon is eallinga<span class="lotsofdots"> . . . . . . . . . . .<br /> + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</span><br /> + dryhtna Dryhtne, and ā dēoflum wiðsace<br /> +<span class="linenum">85</span> wordum and weorcum,<span class="break"> </span>þæt wē Wuldorcyning<br /> + gesēon mōton.<span class="break"> </span>Uton ā sibbe tō him,<br /> + on þās hwīlnan tīd,<span class="break"> </span>hǣlu sēcan,<br /> + þæt wē mid swā lēofne<span class="break"> </span>in lofe mōtan<br /> + tō wīdan feore<span class="break"> </span>wuldres nēotan. +</p> +</td> +<td class="right"> +<p class="stanza"> + With evil craft has led those erring ones<br /> + Who cleave to him, sore laden with their sins,<br /> + Those who in earthly life have hearkened well<br /> + To his instruction, after death close shut<br /> + He snaps those woful jaws, the gates of hell.<br /> + Whoever enters there has no relief,<br /> + Nor may he any more escape his doom<br /> + And thence depart, than can the swimming fish<br /> + Elude the monster. <span class="handoff">Therefore it is [best</span><br /><br /> +</p> +<p class="stanza"> + And<span class="fn-marker"><a href="#fn-2" class="link">[2]</a></span>] altogether [right for each of us<br /> + To serve and honor God,<span class="fn-marker"><a href="#fn-2" class="link">[2]</a></span>] the Lord of lords,<br /> + And always in our every word and deed<br /> + To combat devils, that we may at last<br /> + Behold the King of glory. In this time<br /> + Of transitory things, then, let us seek<br /> + Peace and salvation from him, that we may<br /> + Rejoice for ever in so dear a Lord,<br /> + And praise his glory everlastingly. +</p> +</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" class="bottom"> +<p class="continued"> +the lake of fire, those that cleave to him and are laden with guilt, +such as had eagerly followed his teachings in the days of their life, he +then, after their death, snaps tight together his fierce jaws, the gates +of hell. They who enter there have neither relief nor escape, no means +of flight, any more than the fishes that swim the sea can escape from +the clutch of the monster. +</p> +<p> +Therefore is it by all means [best for every one of us to serve<span class="fn-marker"><a href="#fn-2" class="link">[2]</a></span>] the +Lord of lords, and strive against devils with words and works, that so +we may come to behold the King of glory. Let us ever, now in this +fleeting time, seek from him grace and salvation, that so with the +Beloved we may in worship enjoy the bliss of heaven for evermore. +</p> +</td></tr> + + +</table> + + + + +<h2>III<br /> + +The Partridge<span class="fn-marker"><a href="#fn-3" class="link">[3]</a></span></h2> + + +<table class="parallel"><tr><td class="left" lang="ang"> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + Hȳrde ic secgan gēn<span class="break"> </span>bi sumum fugle<br /> + wundorlīcne<span class="fn-marker"><a href="#fn-5" class="link">[5]</a></span><span class="lotsofdots"> . . . . . . . . . .<br /> + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br /> + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br /> + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br /> + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </span>fǣger<br /> + þæt word þe gecwæð<span class="break"> </span>wuldres Ealdor:<br /> +<span class="linenum">5</span> ‘In swā hwylce tiid<span class="break"> </span>swā gē mid trēowe tō mē<br /> + on hyge hweorfað,<span class="break"> </span>and gē hellfirena<br /> + sweartra geswīcað,<span class="break"> </span>swā ic symle tō ēow<br /> + mid siblufan<span class="break"> </span>sōna gecyrre<br /> + þurh milde mōd;<span class="break"> </span>gē bēoð mē siþþan +</p> +</td> +<td class="right"> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + About another creature have I heard<br /> + A wondrous [tale.] [There is] a bird [men call<br /> + The partridge. Strange is she, unlike all birds<br /> + In field or wood who brood upon their eggs,<br /> + Hatching their young. The partridge lays no eggs,<br /> + Nor builds a dwelling; but instead, she steals<br /> + The well-wrought nests of others. There she sits,<br /> + Warming a stranger brood, until at last<br /> + The eggs are hatched. But when the stolen chicks<br /> + Are fledged, they straightway fly away to seek<br /> + Their proper kin, and leave the partridge there<br /> + Forsaken. In such wise the devil works<br /> + To steal the souls of those whose youthful minds<br /> + Or foolish hearts in vain resist his wiles.<br /> + But when they reach maturer age, they see<br /> + They are true children of the Lord of lords.<br /> + Then they desert the lying fiend, and seek<br /> + Their rightful Father, who with open arms<br /> + Receives them, as he long since promised them.<span class="fn-marker"><a href="#fn-7" class="link">[7]</a></span>] +</p> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + Fair is that word the Lord of glory spoke:<br /> + ‘In such time as you turn with faithful hearts<br /> + To me, and put away your hellish sins,<br /> + Abominable to me, then will I turn<br /> + To you in love for ever, for my heart<br /> + Is mild and gracious. Thenceforth you shall be +</p> +</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" class="bottom"> +<p> +So, too, I have heard tell a wondrous [tale<span class="fn-marker"><a href="#fn-4" class="link">[4]</a></span>] about a certain bird.<span class="fn-marker"><a href="#fn-5" class="link">[5]</a></span> … fair the word<span class="fn-marker"><a href="#fn-6" class="link">[6]</a></span> spoken by the King of glory: ‘At whatsoever time ye +turn to me with faith in your soul, and forsake the black iniquities of +hell, I will turn straightway to you with love, in the gentleness of my +heart; and thenceforth ye shall be reckoned to +</p> +</td></tr> + + +<tr><td class="left" lang="ang"> +<p class="stanza"> +<span class="linenum">10</span> torhte, tīrēadge,<span class="break"> </span>talade and rīmde,<br /> + beorhte gebrōþor<span class="break"> </span>on bearna stǣl.’<br /> +</p> +<p class="stanza" style="text-indent: 1em"> + Uton wē þȳ geornor<span class="break"> </span>Gode ōliccan,<br /> + firene fēogan,<span class="break"> </span>friþes earnian,<br /> + duguðe tō Dryhtne,<span class="break"> </span>þenden ūs dæg scīne,<br /> +<span class="linenum">15</span> þæt swā æþelne<span class="break"> </span>eardwīca cyst<br /> + in wuldres wlite<span class="break"> </span>wunian mōtan. +</p> +<div class="finit">Finit.</div> +</td> +<td class="right"> +<p class="stanza"> + Refulgent, glorious, numbered with the host<br /> + Of heaven, and, instead of children, called<br /> + Bright brethren of the Lord.’ <span class="handoff">Let us by this</span><br /><br /> +</p> +<p class="stanza"> + Be taught to please God better, hating sin,<br /> + And strive to earn salvation from the Lord,<br /> + His full deliverance, so long as day<br /> + Shall shine upon us, that we may at last<br /> + Inhabit heavenly mansions, nobler far<br /> + Than earthly dwellings, gloriously bright. +</p> +<div class="finit">Finit.</div> +</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" class="bottom"> +<p class="continued"> +me as glorious and renowned, as my illustrious brethren, yea, in the +place of children.’ +</p> +<p> +Let us therefore propitiate God with all zeal, abhor evil, and gain +forgiveness and salvation from the Lord while for us the day still +shines, so that thus we may, in glorious beauty, inhabit a dwelling +excellent beyond compare. <span style="padding-left: 0.5em">Finit.</span> +</p> +</td></tr> + + +</table> + + + + +<div class="footnote"> +<a name="fn-1" id="fn-1"> +<span class="fn-label">Footnote 1:</span> +</a> +Alfred de Musset, in <i class="title" lang="fr">La Nuit de Mai</i>, develops the image +of the pelican through nearly thirty lines. +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<a name="fn-2" id="fn-2"> +<span class="fn-label">Footnote 2:</span> +</a> +Conjecturally supplied. +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<a name="fn-3" id="fn-3"> +<span class="fn-label">Footnote 3:</span> +</a> +The partridge (like the cuckoo) broods the eggs of other +birds. When they are hatched and grown, they fly off to their true +parents. So men may turn from the devil, who has wrongfully gained +possession of them, to their heavenly Father, who will receive them as +his children. +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<a name="fn-4" id="fn-4"> +<span class="fn-label">Footnote 4:</span> +</a> +Conjecturally supplied. +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<a name="fn-5" id="fn-5"> +<span class="fn-label">Footnote 5:</span> +</a> +Gap in the manuscript, probably of considerable length. +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<a name="fn-6" id="fn-6"> +<span class="fn-label">Footnote 6:</span> +</a> +Cf. 2 Cor. 6. 17, 18; Isa. 55. 7; Heb. 2. 10, 11. +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<a name="fn-7" id="fn-7"> +<span class="fn-label">Footnote 7:</span> +</a> +Conjecturally supplied, on the basis of other versions. +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Old English Physiologus, by Albert S. 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