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+ padding-left:1em;} + + /* index classes */ + div#index { font-size:small; + margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%;} + div#index p {margin-top:.5em; margin-bottom:.5em; + text-indent:0em;} + div.chapterhead { padding-top:4em; } + </style> +</head> +<body> +<div class="boilerplate"> +<p> + The Project Gutenberg EBook of Montcalm and Wolfe, by Francis Parkman + #7 in the series France and England in North America. +</p> + +<p> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org +</p> + +<p> + Title: Montcalm and Wolfe<br /> + Part 7 of the France and England in North America series <br /> + Author: Francis Parkman<br /> + Release Date: December 29, 2004 [EBook #14517]<br /> + Updated: May 24, 2017.<br /> + Character set encoding: utf-8 <br /> +</p> + + + +<p> + Produced by Curtis Weyant, Graeme Mackreth, the PG Online + Distributed Proofreading Team, and Robert Homa.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p class="bold double-space-top"> +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MONTCALM AND WOLFE *** +</p> + + +<div class="titlepage"> + <p class="quad-space-top"><br /></p> + <h1>Montcalm and Wolfe</h1> + <p class="title-author">by Francis Parkman</p> + <p class="double-space-top"> + France and England<br /> in North America + </p> + <p> + A Series<br /> of Historical Narratives + </p> + <p> + Part Seventh.<br /> + </p> + <p class="double-space-top center small"> + BOSTON:<br /> + LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY.<br /> + 1885.<br /> + </p> + + <hr /> + <p class="quad-space-top center small"> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">ii<br />V1</a></span> + <i>Copyright, 1884,</i><br /> + by <span class="smcap">Francis Parkman.</span><br /> + <br /><br /> + University Press:<br /> + <span class="smcap">John Wilson and Son, Cambridge.</span> + </p> + + <hr /> + <p class="quad-space-top"> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">iii<br />V1</a></span> + <br /></p> + <h2>Montcalm and Wolfe<br /> + Vol. 1.</h2> + <p class="title-author">by Francis Parkman</p> + <p class="double-space-top smcap"> + sixth edition. + </p> + <p class="double-space-top center small"> + BOSTON:<br /> + LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY.<br /> + 1885.<br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p class="quad-space-top center small"> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">iv<br />V1</a></span> + <i>Copyright, 1884,</i><br /> + by <span class="smcap">Francis Parkman.</span><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p class="quad-space-top"> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">v<br />V1</a></span> + <br /></p> + <p class="smcap">To</p> + <p class="smcap xl">Harvard College,</p> + <p class="smcap">the alma mater under whose influence the<br /> + purpose of writing it was conceived,</p> + <p class="smcap lg"> + this book</p> + <p class="smcap"> + is affectionately inscribed. + </p> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Preface" id="Preface"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">vii<br />V1</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents">PREFACE.</a><br /> + </h2> +</div> + + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">The</span> names on the titlepage stand as representative +of the two nations whose final contest for the control of North America is the +subject of the book.</p> + +<p>A very large amount of unpublished material has been used in its +preparation, consisting for the most part of documents copied from the +archives and libraries of France and England, especially from the +Archives de la Marine et des Colonies, the Archives de la Guerre, and +the Archives Nationales at Paris, and the Public Record Office and the +British Museum at London. The papers copied for the present work in +France alone exceed six thousand folio pages of manuscript, additional +and supplementary to the "Paris Documents" procured for the State of New +York under the agency of Mr. Brodhead. The copies made in England form +ten volumes, besides many English documents consulted in the original +manuscript. Great numbers of autograph letters, diaries, and other +writings of persons engaged in the war have also been examined on this +side of the Atlantic.</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">viii<br />V1</a></span> +I owe to the kindness of the present Marquis de Montcalm the permission +to copy all the letters written by his ancestor, General Montcalm, when +in America, to members of his family in France. General Montcalm, from +his first arrival in Canada to a few days before his death, also carried +on an active correspondence with one of his chief officers, Bourlamaque, +with whom he was on terms of intimacy. These autograph letters are now +preserved in a private collection. I have examined them, and obtained +copies of the whole. They form an interesting complement to the official +correspondence of the writer, and throw the most curious side-lights on +the persons and events of the time.</p> + +<p>Besides manuscripts, the printed matter in the form of books, pamphlets, +contemporary newspapers, and other publications relating to the American +part of the Seven Years' War, is varied and abundant; and I believe I +may safely say that nothing in it of much consequence has escaped me. +The liberality of some of the older States of the Union, especially New +York and Pennsylvania, in printing the voluminous records of their +colonial history, has saved me a deal of tedious labor.</p> + +<p>The whole of this published and unpublished mass of evidence has been +read and collated with extreme care, and more than common pains have +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">ix<br />V1</a></span> +been taken to secure accuracy of statement. The study of books and +papers, however, could not alone answer the purpose. The plan of the +work was formed in early youth; and though various causes have long +delayed its execution, it has always been kept in view. Meanwhile, I +have visited and examined every spot where events of any importance in +connection with the contest took place, and have observed with attention +such scenes and persons as might help to illustrate those I meant to +describe. In short, the subject has been studied as much from life and +in the open air as at the library table.</p> + +<p>These two volumes are a departure from chronological sequence. The +period between 1700 and 1748 has been passed over for a time. When this +gap is filled, the series of "France and England in North America" will +form a continuous history of the French occupation of the continent.</p> + +<p> +The portrait in the first volume is from a photograph of the original +picture in possession of the Marquis de Montcalm; that in the second, +from a photograph of the original picture in possession of Admiral Warde. +</p> + +<p class="neat-left-margin small"> + <span class="smcap">Boston</span>, Sept. 16, 1884. +</p> + + +<hr /> + +<div class="contents"> + <a id="Contents" name="Contents"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">xi<br />V1</a></span> + <h2>Contents</h2> +</div> + + <p class="smcapheader"> + Montcalm and Wolfe: Volume 1 + </p> + <p class="noindent double-space-top"><a href="#Preface">PREFACE.</a></p> + <p class="noindent"><a href="#Chapter_0">AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION.</a></p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="Contents01" name="Contents01"></a> + <a href="#Chapter_01">CHAPTER I.</a> 1745-1755. + </p> + <p class="noindent">THE COMBATANTS.</p> + + <p class="topics"> + England in the Eighteenth Century • + Her Political and Social Aspects • Her Military Condition • + France • Her Power and Importance • Signs of Decay • + The Court, the Nobles, the Clergy, the People • + The King and Pompadour • The Philosophers • + Germany • Prussia • Frederic II • Russia • + State of Europe • War of the Austrian Succession • + American Colonies of France and England • + Contrasted Systems and their Results • Canada • + Its Strong Military Position • French Claims to the Continent • + British Colonies • New England • Virginia • + Pennsylvania • New York • + Jealousies, Divisions, Internal Disputes, Military Weakness. + </p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="Contents02" name="Contents02"></a> + <a href="#Chapter_02">CHAPTER II. </a>1749-1752 + </p> + <p class="noindent">CÉLORON DE BIENVILLE.</p> + <p class="topics"> + La Galissonière • English Encroachment • + Mission of Céloron • The Great West • + Its European Claimants • Its Indian Population • + English Fur-Traders • Céloron on the Alleghany • + His Reception • His Difficulties • Descent of the Ohio • + Covert Hostility • Ascent of the Miami • La Demoiselle • + Dark Prospects for France • Christopher Gist • + George Croghan • Their Western Mission • Pickawillany • + English Ascendency • English Dissension and Rivalry • + The Key of the Great West.<br/> + </p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="Contents03" name="Contents03"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">xii<br />V1</a></span> + <a href="#Chapter_03">CHAPTER III.</a> 1749-1753. + </p> + <p class="noindent">CONFLICT FOR THE WEST.</p> + <p class="topics"> + The Five Nations • Caughnawaga • Abbé Piquet • + His Schemes • His Journey • Fort Frontenac • + Toronto • Niagara • Oswego • Success of Piquet • + Detroit • La Jonquière • His Intrigues • + His Trials • His Death • English Intrigues • + Critical State of the West • Pickawillany Destroyed • + Duquesne • His Grand Enterprise. + </p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="Contents04" name="Contents04"></a> + <a href="#Chapter_04">CHAPTER IV.</a> 1710-1754. + </p> + <p class="noindent">CONFLICT FOR ACADIA.</p> + <p class="topics"> + Acadia ceded to England • Acadians swear Fidelity • + Halifax founded • French Intrigue • Acadian Priests • + Mildness of English Rule • Covert Hostility of Acadians • + The New Oath • Treachery of Versailles • + Indians incited to War • Clerical Agents of Revolt • + Abbé Le Loutre • Acadians impelled to emigrate • + Misery of the Emigrants • Humanity of Cornwallis and Hopson • + Fanaticism and Violence of Le Loutre • + Capture of the "St. François" • The English at Beaubassin • + Le Loutre drives out the Inhabitants • Murder of Howe • + Beauséjour • Insolence of Le Loutre • + His Harshness to the Acadians • The Boundary Commission • + Its Failure • Approaching War + </p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="Contents05" name="Contents05"></a> + <a href="#Chapter_05">CHAPTER V.</a> 1753, 1754. + </p> + <p class="noindent">WASHINGTON.</p> + <p class="topics"> + The French occupy the Sources of the Ohio • Their Sufferings • + Fort Le Bœuf • Legardeur de Saint-Pierre • + Mission of Washington • Robert Dinwiddie • + He opposes the French • His Dispute with the Burgesses • + His Energy • His Appeals for Help • Fort Duquesne • + Death of Jumonville • Washington at the Great Meadows • + Coulon de Villiers • Fort Necessity. + </p> + + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="Contents06" name="Contents06"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">xiii<br />V1</a></span> + <a href="#Chapter_06">CHAPTER VI.</a> 1754, 1755. + </p> + <p class="noindent">THE SIGNAL OF BATTLE.</p> + <p class="topics"> + Troubles of Dinwiddie • Gathering of the Burgesses • + Virginian Society • Refractory Legislators • + The Quaker Assembly • It refuses to resist the French • + Apathy of New York • + Shirley and the General Court of Massachusetts • + Short-sighted Policy • Attitude of Royal Governors • + Indian Allies waver • Convention at Albany • + Scheme of Union • It fails • Dinwiddie and Glen • + Dinwiddie calls on England for Help • The Duke of Newcastle • + Weakness of the British Cabinet • Attitude of France • + Mutual Dissimulation • Both Powers send Troops to America • + Collision • Capture of the "Alcide" and the "Lis." + </p> + + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="Contents07" name="Contents07"></a> + <a href="#Chapter_07">CHAPTER VII.</a> 1755. + </p> + <p class="noindent">BRADDOCK.</p> + <p class="topics"> + Arrival of Braddock • His Character • + Council at Alexandria • Plan of the Campaign • + Apathy of the Colonists • Rage of Braddock • Franklin • + Fort Cumberland • Composition of the Army • + Offended Friends • The March • The French Fort • + Savage Allies • The Captive • Beaujeu • + He goes to meet the English • Passage of the Monongahela • + The Surprise • The Battle • Rout of Braddock • + His Death • Indian Ferocity • Reception of the Ill News • + Weakness of Dunbar • The Frontier abandoned. + </p> + + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="Contents08" name="Contents08"></a> + <a href="#Chapter_08">CHAPTER VIII.</a> 1755-1763. + </p> + <p class="noindent">REMOVAL OF THE ACADIANS.</p> + <p class="topics"> + State of Acadia • Threatened Invasion • + Peril of the English • Their Plans • + French Forts to be attacked • + Beauséjour and its Occupants • + French Treatment of the Acadians • John Winslow • + Siege and Capture of Beauséjour • Attitude of Acadians • + Influence of their Priests • + They Refuse the Oath of Allegiance • + Their Condition and Character • Pretended Neutrals • + Moderation of English Authorities • + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">xiv<br />V1</a></span> + The Acadians persist in their Refusal • Enemies or Subjects? • + Choice of the Acadians • The Consequence • + Their Removal determined • Winslow at Grand Pré • + Conference with Murray • Summons to the Inhabitants • + Their Seizure • Their Embarkation • Their Fate • + Their Treatment in Canada • Misapprehension concerning them. + </p> + + + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="Contents09" name="Contents09"></a> + <a href="#Chapter_09">CHAPTER IX.</a> 1755. + </p> + <p class="noindent">DIESKAU.</p> + <p class="topics"> + Expedition against Crown Point • William Johnson • + Vaudreuil • Dieskau • Johnson and the Indians • + The Provincial Army • Doubts and Delays • + March to Lake George • Sunday in Camp • + Advance of Dieskau • He changes Plan • + Marches against Johnson • Ambush • Rout of Provincials • + Battle of Lake George • Rout of the French • + Rage of the Mohawks • Peril of Dieskau • + Inaction of Johnson • The Homeward March • + Laurels of Victory. + </p> + + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="Contents10" name="Contents10"></a> + <a href="#Chapter_10">CHAPTER X.</a> 1755, 1756. + </p> + <p class="noindent">SHIRLEY. BORDER WAR.</p> + <p class="topics"> + The Niagara Campaign • Albany • March to Oswego • + Difficulties • The Expedition abandoned • + Shirley and Johnson • Results of the Campaign • + The Scourge of the Border • Trials of Washington • + Misery of the Settlers • Horror of their Situation • + Philadelphia and the Quakers • Disputes with the Penns • + Democracy and Feudalism • Pennsylvanian Population • + Appeals from the Frontier • Quarrel of Governor and Assembly • + Help refused • Desperation of the Borderers • + Fire and Slaughter • The Assembly alarmed • + They pass a mock Militia Law • They are forced to yield. + </p> + + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="Contents11" name="Contents11"></a> + <a href="#Chapter_11">CHAPTER XI.</a> 1712-1756. + </p> + <p class="noindent">MONTCALM.</p> + <p class="topics"> + War declared • State of Europe • + Pompadour and Maria Theresa • Infatuation of the French Court • + The European War • Montcalm to command in America • + His early Life • + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">xv<br />V1</a></span> + An intractable Pupil • His Marriage • + His Family • His Campaigns • Preparation for America • + His Associates • Lévis, Bourlamaque, Bougainville • + Embarkation • The Voyage • Arrival • Vaudreuil • + Forces of Canada • + Troops of the Line, Colony Troops, Militia, Indians • + The Military Situation • Capture of Fort Bull • + Montcalm at Ticonderoga. + </p> + + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="Contents12" name="Contents12"></a> + <a href="#Chapter_12">CHAPTER XII.</a> 1756. + </p> + <p class="noindent">OSWEGO.</p> + <p class="topics"> + The new Campaign • Untimely Change of Commanders • + Eclipse of Shirley • Earl of Loudon • + Muster of Provincials • New England Levies • + Winslow at Lake George • Johnson and the Five Nations • + Bradstreet and his Boatmen • Fight on the Onondaga • + Pestilence at Oswego • Loudon and the Provincials • + New England Camps • Army Chaplains • A sudden Blow • + Montcalm attacks Oswego • Its Fall. + </p> + + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="Contents13" name="Contents13"></a> + <a href="#Chapter_13">CHAPTER XIII.</a> 1756, 1757. + </p> + <p class="noindent">PARTISAN WAR.</p> + <p class="topics"> + Failure of Shirley's Plan • Causes • + Loudon and Shirley • Close of the Campaign • + The Western Border • Armstrong destroys Kittanning • + The Scouts of Lake George • War Parties from Ticonderoga • + Robert Rogers • The Rangers • Their Hardihood and Daring • + Disputes as to Quarters of Troops • Expedition of Rogers • + A Desperate Bush-fight • Enterprise of Vaudreuil • + Rigaud attacks Fort William Henry. + </p> + + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="Contents14" name="Contents14"></a> + <a href="#Chapter_14">CHAPTER XIV.</a> 1757. + </p> + <p class="noindent">MONTCALM AND VAUDREUIL.</p> + <p class="topics"> + The Seat of War • Social Life at Montreal • + Familiar Correspondence of Montcalm • His Employments • + His Impressions of Canada • His Hospitalities • + Misunderstandings with the Governor • Character of Vaudreuil • + His Accusations • Frenchmen and Canadians • + Foibles of Montcalm • The opening Campaign • + Doubts and Suspense • London's Plan • His Character • + Fatal Delays • Abortive Attempt against Louisbourg • + Disaster to the British Fleet. + </p> + + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="Contents15" name="Contents15"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">xvi<br />V1</a></span> + <a href="#Chapter_15">CHAPTER XV.</a> 1757. + </p> + <p class="noindent">FORT WILLIAM HENRY.</p> + <p class="topics"> + Another Blow • The War-song • The Army at Ticonderoga • + Indian Allies • The War-feast • Treatment of Prisoners • + Cannibalism • Surprise and Slaughter • The War Council • + March of Lévis • The Army embarks • + Fort William Henry • Nocturnal Scene • Indian Funeral • + Advance upon the Fort • General Webb • His Difficulties • + His Weakness • The Siege begun • Conduct of the Indians • + The Intercepted Letter • Desperate Position of the Besieged • + Capitulation • Ferocity of the Indians • + Mission of Bougainville • Murder of Wounded Men • + A Scene of Terror • The Massacre • Efforts of Montcalm • + The Fort burned. + </p> + <p> + <a href="#contentsV2">Contents of Volume II</a> + </p> +<hr /> + +<div class="chapterhead"> + <p> + <br /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_001-V1" id="Page_001-V1">1<br />V1</a></span> + <br /><a name="Chapter_0" id="Chapter_0"></a><br /><br /> + </p> + <h2><a href="#Contents">INTRODUCTION.</a><br /> + </h2> +</div> + + + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">It</span> is the nature of great events to +obscure the great events that came +before them. The Seven Years War in Europe is seen but dimly through +revolutionary convulsions and Napoleonic tempests; and the same contest +in America is half lost to sight behind the storm-cloud of the War of +Independence. Few at this day see the momentous issues involved in it, +or the greatness of the danger that it averted. The strife that armed +all the civilized world began here. "Such was the complication of +political interests," says Voltaire, "that a cannon-shot fired in +America could give the signal that set Europe in a blaze." Not quite. It +was not a cannon-shot, but a volley from the hunting-pieces of a few +backwoodsmen, commanded by a Virginian youth, George Washington.</p> + +<p> +To us of this day, the result of the American part of the war seems a +foregone conclusion. It was far from being so; and very far from being +so regarded by our forefathers. The numerical superiority of the British +colonies was offset by organic weaknesses fatal to vigorous and united +action. Nor at the outset did they, or the mother-country, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_002-V1" id="Page_002-V1">2<br />V1</a></span> +aim at conquering Canada, but only at pushing back her boundaries. +Canada—using the name in its restricted sense—was a position of great +strength; and even when her dependencies were overcome, she could hold +her own against forces far superior. Armies could reach her only by +three routes,—the Lower St. Lawrence on the east, the Upper St. +Lawrence on the west, and Lake Champlain on the south. The first access +was guarded by a fortress almost impregnable by nature, and the second +by a long chain of dangerous rapids; while the third offered a series of +points easy to defend. During this same war, Frederic of Prussia held +his ground triumphantly against greater odds, though his kingdom was +open on all sides to attack.</p> + +<p> +It was the fatuity of Louis XV. and his Pompadour that made the conquest +of Canada possible. Had they not broken the traditionary policy of +France, allied themselves to Austria, her ancient enemy, and plunged +needlessly into the European war, the whole force of the kingdom would +have been turned, from the first, to the humbling of England and the +defence of the French colonies. The French soldiers left dead on +inglorious Continental battle-fields could have saved Canada, and +perhaps made good her claim to the vast territories of the West.</p> + +<p> +But there were other contingencies. The possession of Canada was a +question of diplomacy as well as of war. If England conquered her, she +might restore her, as she had lately restored Cape +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_003-V1" id="Page_003-V1">3<br />V1</a></span> +Breton. She had an +interest in keeping France alive on the American continent. More than +one clear eye saw, at the middle of the last century, that the +subjection of Canada would lead to a revolt of the British colonies. So +long as an active and enterprising enemy threatened their borders, they +could not break with the mother-country, because they needed her help. +And if the arms of France had prospered in the other hemisphere; if she +had gained in Europe or Asia territories with which to buy back what she +had lost in America, then, in all likelihood, Canada would have passed +again into her hands.</p> + +<p> +The most momentous and far-reaching question ever brought to issue on +this continent was: Shall France remain here, or shall she not? If, by +diplomacy or war, she had preserved but the half, or less than the half, +of her American possessions, then a barrier would have been set to the +spread of the English-speaking races; there would have been no +Revolutionary War; and for a long time, at least, no independence. It +was not a question of scanty populations strung along the banks of the +St. Lawrence; it was—or under a government of any worth it would have +been—a question of the armies and generals of France. America owes much +to the imbecility of Louis XV. and the ambitious vanity and personal +dislikes of his mistress.</p> + +<p> +The Seven Years War made England what she is. It crippled the commerce +of her rival, ruined France in two continents, and blighted her as a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_004-V1" id="Page_004-V1">4<br />V1</a></span> +colonial power. It gave England the control of the seas and the mastery +of North America and India, made her the first of commercial nations, +and prepared that vast colonial system that has planted new Englands in +every quarter of the globe. And while it made England what she is, it +supplied to the United States the indispensable condition of their +greatness, if not of their national existence.</p> + +<p> +Before entering on the story of the great contest, we will look at the +parties to it on both sides of the Atlantic.</p> + + + + + +<hr /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <a name="Chapter_01" id="Chapter_01"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_005-V1" id="Page_005-V1">5<br />V1</a></span> + <p class="center lg caps noindent"> + Montcalm and Wolfe. + </p> + <hr class="tiny" /> + <br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents01">CHAPTER I.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1745-1755.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader">THE COMBATANTS.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + England in the Eighteenth Century • + Her Political and Social Aspects • Her Military Condition • + France • Her Power and Importance • Signs of Decay • + The Court, the Nobles, the Clergy, the People • + The King and Pompadour • The Philosophers • + Germany • Prussia • Frederic II • Russia • + State of Europe • War of the Austrian Succession • + American Colonies of France and England • + Contrasted Systems and their Results • Canada • + Its Strong Military Position • French Claims to the Continent • + British Colonies • New England • Virginia • + Pennsylvania • New York • + Jealousies, Divisions, Internal Disputes, Military Weakness. + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> +</div> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">The</span> latter half of the reign of George II. +was one of the most prosaic +periods in English history. The civil wars and the Restoration had had +their enthusiasms, religion and liberty on one side, and loyalty on the +other; but the old fires declined when William III. came to the throne, +and died to ashes under the House of Hanover. Loyalty lost half its +inspiration when it lost the tenet of the divine right of kings; and +nobody could now hold that tenet with any consistency except the +defeated and despairing Jacobites. Nor had anybody as yet proclaimed the +rival dogma of the divine right of the people. The reigning +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_006-V1" id="Page_006-V1">6<br />V1</a></span> +monarch held +his crown neither of God nor of the nation, but of a parliament +controlled by a ruling class. The Whig aristocracy had done a priceless +service to English liberty. It was full of political capacity, and by no +means void of patriotism; but it was only a part of the national life. +Nor was it at present moved by political emotions in any high sense. It +had done its great work when it expelled the Stuarts and placed William +of Orange on the throne; its ascendency was now complete. The Stuarts +had received their death-blow at Culloden; and nothing was left to the +dominant party but to dispute on subordinate questions, and contend for +office among themselves. The Troy squires sulked in their +country-houses, hunted foxes, and grumbled against the reigning dynasty; +yet hardly wished to see the nation convulsed by a counter-revolution +and another return of the Stuarts.</p> + +<p>If politics had run to commonplace, so had morals; and so too had +religion. Despondent writers of the day even complained that British +courage had died out. There was little sign to the common eye that under +a dull and languid surface, forces were at work preparing a new life, +material, moral, and intellectual. As yet, Whitefield and Wesley had not +wakened the drowsy conscience of the nation, nor the voice of William +Pitt roused it like a trumpet-peal.</p> + +<p> +It was the unwashed and unsavory England of Hogarth, Fielding, Smollett, +and Sterne; of Tom Jones, Squire Western, Lady Bellaston, and Parson +Adams; of the "Rake's Progress" and "Marriage +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_007-V1" id="Page_007-V1">7<br />V1</a></span> +à la Mode;" of the lords +and ladies who yet live in the undying gossip of Horace Walpole, +be-powdered, be-patched, and be-rouged, flirting at masked balls, +playing cards till daylight, retailing scandal, and exchanging double +meanings. Beau Nash reigned king over the gaming-tables of Bath; the +ostrich-plumes of great ladies mingled with the peacock-feathers of +courtesans in the rotunda at Ranelagh Gardens; and young lords in velvet +suits and embroidered ruffles played away their patrimony at White's +Chocolate-House or Arthur's Club. Vice was bolder than to-day, and +manners more courtly, perhaps, but far more coarse.</p> + +<p>The humbler clergy were thought—sometimes with reason—to be no fit +company for gentlemen, and country parsons drank their ale in the +squire's kitchen. The passenger-wagon spent the better part of a +fortnight in creeping from London to York. Travellers carried pistols +against footpads and mounted highwaymen. Dick Turpin and Jack Sheppard +were popular heroes. Tyburn counted its victims by scores; and as yet no +Howard had appeared to reform the inhuman abominations of the prisons.</p> + +<p> +The middle class, though fast rising in importance, was feebly and +imperfectly represented in parliament. The boroughs were controlled by +the nobility and gentry, or by corporations open to influence or +bribery. Parliamentary corruption had been reduced to a system; and +offices, sinecures, pensions, and gifts of money were freely used to +keep ministers in power. The great offices of state +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_008-V1" id="Page_008-V1">8<br />V1</a></span> +were held by men +sometimes of high ability, but of whom not a few divided their lives +among politics, cards, wine, horse-racing, and women, till time and the +gout sent them to the waters of Bath. The dull, pompous, and irascible +old King had two ruling passions,—money, and his Continental dominions +of Hanover. His elder son, the Prince of Wales, was a centre of +opposition to him. His younger son, the Duke of Cumberland, a character +far more pronounced and vigorous, had won the day at Culloden, and lost +it at Fontenoy; but whether victor or vanquished, had shown the same +vehement bull-headed courage, of late a little subdued by fast growing +corpulency. The Duke of Newcastle, the head of the government, had +gained power and kept it by his rank and connections, his wealth, his +county influence, his control of boroughs, and the extraordinary +assiduity and devotion with which he practised the arts of corruption. +Henry Fox, grasping, unscrupulous, with powerful talents, a warm friend +after his fashion, and a most indulgent father; Carteret, with his +strong, versatile intellect and jovial intrepidity; the two Townshends, +Mansfield, Halifax, and Chesterfield,—were conspicuous figures in the +politics of the time. One man towered above them all. Pitt had many +enemies and many critics. They called him ambitious, audacious, +arrogant, theatrical, pompous, domineering; but what he has left for +posterity is a loftiness of soul, undaunted courage, fiery and +passionate eloquence, proud incorruptibility, domestic virtues rare in +his day, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_009-V1" id="Page_009-V1">9<br />V1</a></span> +unbounded faith in the cause for which he stood, and abilities +which without wealth or strong connections were destined to place him on +the height of power. The middle class, as yet almost voiceless, looked +to him as its champion; but he was not the champion of a class. His +patriotism was as comprehensive as it was haughty and unbending. He +lived for England, loved her with intense devotion, knew her, believed +in her, and made her greatness his own; or rather, he was himself +England incarnate.</p> + +<p> +The nation was not then in fighting equipment. After the peace of +Aix-la-Chapelle, the army within the three kingdoms had been reduced to +about eighteen thousand men. Added to these were the garrisons of +Minorca and Gibraltar, and six or seven independent companies in the +American colonies. Of sailors, less than seventeen thousand were left in +the Royal Navy. Such was the condition of England on the eve of one of +the most formidable wars in which she was ever engaged.</p> + +<hr class="break" /> +<p> +Her rival across the Channel was drifting slowly and unconsciously +towards the cataclysm of the Revolution; yet the old monarchy, full of +the germs of decay, was still imposing and formidable. The House of +Bourbon held the three thrones of France, Spain, and Naples; and their +threatened union in a family compact was the terror of European +diplomacy. At home France was the foremost of the Continental nations; +and she boasted herself second only to Spain as a colonial power. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_010-V1" id="Page_010-V1">10<br />V1</a></span> +She disputed with England the mastery of India, owned the islands of Bourbon +and Mauritius, held important possessions in the West Indies, and +claimed all North America except Mexico and a strip of sea-coast. Her +navy was powerful, her army numerous, and well appointed; but she lacked +the great commanders of the last reign. Soubise, Maillebois, Contades, +Broglie, and Clermont were but weak successors of Condé, Turenne, +Vendôme, and Villars. Marshal Richelieu was supreme in the arts of +gallantry, and more famous for conquests of love than of war. The best +generals of Louis XV. were foreigners. Lowendal sprang from the royal +house of Denmark; and Saxe, the best of all, was one of the three +hundred and fifty-four bastards of Augustus the Strong, Elector of +Saxony and King of Poland. He was now, 1750, dying at Chambord, his iron +constitution ruined by debaucheries.</p> + +<p>The triumph of the Bourbon monarchy was complete. The government had +become one great machine of centralized administration, with a king for +its head; though a king who neither could nor would direct it. All +strife was over between the Crown and the nobles; feudalism was robbed +of its vitality, and left the mere image of its former self, with +nothing alive but its abuses, its caste privileges, its exactions, its +pride and vanity, its power to vex and oppress. In England, the nobility +were a living part of the nation, and if they had privileges, they paid +for them by constant service to the state; in France, they had no +political life, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_011-V1" id="Page_011-V1">11<br />V1</a></span> +and were separated from the people by sharp lines of +demarcation. From warrior chiefs, they had changed to courtiers. Those +of them who could afford it, and many who could not, left their estates +to the mercy of stewards, and gathered at Versailles to revolve about +the throne as glittering satellites, paid in pomp, empty distinctions, +or rich sinecures, for the power they had lost. They ruined their +vassals to support the extravagance by which they ruined themselves. +Such as stayed at home were objects of pity and scorn. "Out of your +Majesty's presence," said one of them, "we are not only wretched, but +ridiculous."</p> + +<p>Versailles was like a vast and gorgeous theatre, where all were actors +and spectators at once; and all played their parts to perfection. Here +swarmed by thousands this silken nobility, whose ancestors rode cased in +iron. Pageant followed pageant. A picture of the time preserves for us +an evening in the great hall of the Château, where the King, with piles +of louis d'or before him, sits at a large oval green table, throwing the +dice, among princes and princesses, dukes and duchesses, ambassadors, +marshals of France, and a vast throng of courtiers, like an animated bed +of tulips; for men and women alike wear bright and varied colors. Above +are the frescos of Le Brun; around are walls of sculptured and inlaid +marbles, with mirrors that reflect the restless splendors of the scene +and the blaze of chandeliers, sparkling with crystal pendants. Pomp, +magnificence, profusion, were a business and a duty at the Court. +Versailles was a gulf +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_012-V1" id="Page_012-V1">12<br />V1</a></span> +into which the labor of France poured its +earnings; and it was never full.</p> + +<p>Here the graces and charms were a political power. Women had prodigious +influence, and the two sexes were never more alike. Men not only dressed +in colors, but they wore patches and carried muffs. The robust qualities +of the old nobility still lingered among the exiles of the provinces, +while at Court they had melted into refinements tainted with corruption. +Yet if the butterflies of Versailles had lost virility, they had not +lost courage. They fought as gayly as they danced. In the halls which +they haunted of yore, turned now into a historical picture-gallery, one +sees them still, on the canvas of Lenfant, Lepaon, or Vernet, facing +death with careless gallantry, in their small three-cornered hats, +powdered perukes, embroidered coats, and lace ruffles. Their valets +served them with ices in the trenches, under the cannon of besieged +towns. A troop of actors formed part of the army-train of Marshal Saxe. +At night there was a comedy, a ballet, or a ball, and in the morning a +battle. Saxe, however, himself a sturdy German, while he recognized +their fighting value, and knew well how to make the best of it, +sometimes complained that they were volatile, excitable, and difficult +to manage.</p> + +<p>The weight of the Court, with its pomps, luxuries, and wars, bore on the +classes least able to support it. The poorest were taxed most; the +richest not at all. The nobles, in the main, were free from imposts. The +clergy, who had vast possessions, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_013-V1" id="Page_013-V1">13<br />V1</a></span> +were wholly free, though they +consented to make voluntary gifts to the Crown; and when, in a time of +emergency, the minister Machault required them, in common with all +others hitherto exempt, to contribute a twentieth of their revenues to +the charges of government, they passionately refused, declaring that +they would obey God rather than the King. The cultivators of the soil +were ground to the earth by a threefold extortion,—the seigniorial +dues, the tithes of the Church, and the multiplied exactions of the +Crown, enforced with merciless rigor by the farmers of the revenue, who +enriched themselves by wringing the peasant on the one hand, and +cheating the King on the other. A few great cities shone with all that +is most brilliant in society, intellect, and concentrated wealth; while +the country that paid the costs lay in ignorance and penury, crushed and +despairing. Of the inhabitants of towns, too, the demands of the +tax-gatherer were extreme; but here the immense vitality of the French +people bore up the burden. While agriculture languished, and intolerable +oppression turned peasants into beggars or desperadoes; while the clergy +were sapped by corruption, and the nobles enervated by luxury and ruined +by extravagance, the middle class was growing in thrift and strength. +Arts and commerce prospered, and the seaports were alive with foreign +trade. Wealth tended from all sides towards the centre. The King did not +love his capital; but he and his favorites amused themselves with +adorning it. Some of the chief embellishments +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_014-V1" id="Page_014-V1">14<br />V1</a></span> +that make Paris what it is to-day—the Place de la Concorde, the +Champs Élysées, and many of the palaces of the Faubourg +St. Germain—date from this reign. +</p> + +<p>One of the vicious conditions of the time was the separation in +sympathies and interests of the four great classes of the +nation,—clergy, nobles, burghers, and peasants; and each of these, +again, divided itself into incoherent fragments. France was an aggregate +of disjointed parts, held together by a meshwork of arbitrary power, +itself touched with decay. A disastrous blow was struck at the national +welfare when the Government of Louis XV. revived the odious persecution +of the Huguenots. The attempt to scour heresy out of France cost her the +most industrious and virtuous part of her population, and robbed her of +those most fit to resist the mocking scepticism and turbid passions that +burst out like a deluge with the Revolution.</p> + +<p>Her manifold ills were summed up in the King. Since the Valois, she had +had no monarch so worthless. He did not want understanding, still less +the graces of person. In his youth the people called him the +"Well-beloved;" but by the middle of the century they so detested him +that he dared not pass through Paris, lest the mob should execrate him. +He had not the vigor of the true tyrant; but his langour, his hatred of +all effort, his profound selfishness, his listless disregard of public +duty, and his effeminate libertinism, mixed with superstitious devotion, +made him no less a national curse. Louis XIII. was equally unfit +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_015-V1" id="Page_015-V1">15<br />V1</a></span> +to govern; but he gave the reins to the Great Cardinal. Louis XV. abandoned +them to a frivolous mistress, content that she should rule on condition +of amusing him. It was a hard task; yet Madame de Pompadour accomplished +it by methods infamous to him and to her. She gained and long kept the +power that she coveted: filled the Bastille with her enemies; made and +unmade ministers; appointed and removed generals. Great questions of +policy were at the mercy of her caprices. Through her frivolous vanity, +her personal likes and dislikes, all the great departments of +government—army, navy, war, foreign affairs, justice, finance—changed +from hand to hand incessantly, and this at a time of crisis when the +kingdom needed the steadiest and surest guidance. Few of the officers of +state, except, perhaps, D'Argenson, could venture to disregard her. She +turned out Orry, the comptroller-general, put her favorite, Machault, +into his place, then made him keeper of the seals, and at last minister +of marine. The Marquis de Puysieux, in the ministry of foreign affairs, +and the Comte de St.-Florentin, charged with the affairs of the clergy, +took their cue from her. The King stinted her in nothing. First and +last, she is reckoned to have cost him thirty-six million +francs,—answering now to more than as many dollars.</p> + +<p>The prestige of the monarchy was declining with the ideas that had given +it life and strength. A growing disrespect for king, ministry, and +clergy was beginning to prepare the catastrophe that was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_016-V1" id="Page_016-V1">16<br />V1</a></span> +still some +forty years in the future. While the valleys and low places of the +kingdom were dark with misery and squalor, its heights were bright with +a gay society,—elegant, fastidious, witty,—craving the pleasures of +the mind as well as of the senses, criticising everything, analyzing +everything, believing nothing. Voltaire was in the midst of it, hating, +with all his vehement soul, the abuses that swarmed about him, and +assailing them with the inexhaustible shafts of his restless and +piercing intellect. Montesquieu was showing to a despot-ridden age the +principles of political freedom. Diderot and D'Alembert were beginning +their revolutionary Encyclopædia. Rousseau was sounding the first notes +of his mad eloquence,—the wild revolt of a passionate and diseased +genius against a world of falsities and wrongs. The <i>salons</i> of Paris, +cloyed with other pleasures, alive to all that was racy and new, +welcomed the pungent doctrines, and played with them as children play +with fire, thinking no danger; as time went on, even embraced them in a +genuine spirit of hope and good-will for humanity. The Revolution began +at the top,—in the world of fashion, birth, and intellect,—and +propagated itself downwards. "We walked on a carpet of flowers," Count +Ségur afterwards said, "unconscious that it covered an abyss;" +till the gulf yawned at last, and swallowed them.</p> + +<hr class="break" /> +<p> +Eastward, beyond the Rhine, lay the heterogeneous patchwork of the Holy +Roman, or Germanic, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_017-V1" id="Page_017-V1">17<br />V1</a></span> +Empire. The sacred bonds that throughout the Middle +Ages had held together its innumerable fragments, had lost their +strength. The Empire decayed as a whole; but not so the parts that +composed it. In the south the House of Austria reigned over a formidable +assemblage of states; and in the north the House of Brandenburg, +promoted to royalty half a century before, had raised Prussia into an +importance far beyond her extent and population. In her dissevered rags +of territory lay the destinies of Germany. It was the late King, that +honest, thrifty, dogged, headstrong despot, Frederic William, who had +made his kingdom what it was, trained it to the perfection of drill, and +left it to his son, Frederic II. the best engine of war in Europe. +Frederic himself had passed between the upper and nether millstones of +paternal discipline. Never did prince undergo such an apprenticeship. +His father set him to the work of an overseer, or steward, flung plates +at his head in the family circle, thrashed him with his rattan in +public, bullied him for submitting to such treatment, and imprisoned him +for trying to run away from it. He came at last out of purgatory; and +Europe felt him to her farthest bounds. This bookish, philosophizing, +verse-making cynic and profligate was soon to approve himself the first +warrior of his time, and one of the first of all time.</p> + +<hr class="break" /> +<p>Another power had lately risen on the European world. Peter the Great, +half hero, half savage, had roused the inert barbarism of Russia into a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_018-V1" id="Page_018-V1">18<br />V1</a></span> +titanic life. His daughter Elizabeth had succeeded to his +throne,—heiress of his sensuality, if not of his talents.</p> + +<hr class="break" /> +<p>Over all the Continent the aspect of the times was the same. Power had +everywhere left the plains and the lower slopes, and gathered at the +summits. Popular life was at a stand. No great idea stirred the nations +to their depths. The religious convulsions of the sixteenth and +seventeenth centuries were over, and the earthquake of the French +Revolution had not begun. At the middle of the eighteenth century the +history of Europe turned on the balance of power; the observance of +treaties; inheritance and succession; rivalries of sovereign houses +struggling to win power or keep it, encroach on neighbors, or prevent +neighbors from encroaching; bargains, intrigue, force, diplomacy, and +the musket, in the interest not of peoples but of rulers. Princes, great +and small, brooded over some real or fancied wrong, nursed some dubious +claim born of a marriage, a will, or an ancient covenant fished out of +the abyss of time, and watched their moment to make it good. The general +opportunity came when, in 1740, the Emperor Charles VI. died and +bequeathed his personal dominions of the House of Austria to his +daughter, Maria Theresa. The chief Powers of Europe had been pledged in +advance to sustain the will; and pending the event, the veteran Prince +Eugene had said that two hundred thousand soldiers would be worth all +their +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_019-V1" id="Page_019-V1">19<br />V1</a></span> +guaranties together. The two hundred thousand were not there, and +not a sovereign kept his word. They flocked to share the spoil, and +parcel out the motley heritage of the young Queen. Frederic of Prussia +led the way, invaded her province of Silesia, seized it, and kept it. +The Elector of Bavaria and the King of Spain claimed their share, and +the Elector of Saxony and the King of Sardinia prepared to follow the +example. France took part with Bavaria, and intrigued to set the +imperial crown on the head of the Elector, thinking to ruin her old +enemy, the House of Austria, and rule Germany through an emperor too +weak to dispense with her support. England, jealous of her designs, +trembling for the balance of power, and anxious for the Hanoverian +possessions of her king, threw herself into the strife on the side of +Austria. It was now that, in the Diet at Presburg, the beautiful and +distressed Queen, her infant in her arms, made her memorable appeal to +the wild chivalry of her Hungarian nobles; and, clashing their swords, +they shouted with one voice: "Let us die for our king, Maria Theresa;" +<i>Moriamur pro rege nostro, Mariâ Theresiâ</i>,—one +of the most dramatic scenes in +history; not quite true, perhaps, but near the truth. Then came that +confusion worse confounded called the war of the Austrian Succession, +with its Mollwitz, its Dettingen, its Fontenoy, and its Scotch episode +of Culloden. The peace of Aix-la-Chapelle closed the strife in 1748. +Europe had time to breathe; but the germs of discord remained alive.</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_020-V1" id="Page_020-V1">20<br />V1</a></span></p> +<h3>The American Combatants</h3> + +<p>The French claimed all America, from the Alleghanies to the Rocky +Mountains, and from Mexico and Florida to the North Pole, except only +the ill-defined possessions of the English on the borders of Hudson Bay; +and to these vast regions, with adjacent islands, they gave the general +name of New France. They controlled the highways of the continent, for +they held its two great rivers. First, they had seized the St. Lawrence, +and then planted themselves at the mouth of the Mississippi. Canada at +the north, and Louisiana at the south, were the keys of a boundless +interior, rich with incalculable possibilities. The English colonies, +ranged along the Atlantic coast, had no royal road to the great inland, +and were, in a manner, shut between the mountains and the sea. At the +middle of the century they numbered in all, from Georgia to Maine, about +eleven hundred and sixty thousand white inhabitants. By the census of +1754 Canada had but fifty-five thousand.<span class="superscript">[1]</span> +Add those of Louisiana and +Acadia, and the whole white population under the French flag might be +something more than eighty thousand. Here is an enormous disparity; and +hence it has been argued that the success of the English colonies and +the failure of the French was not due to difference of religious and +political systems, but +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_021-V1" id="Page_021-V1">21<br />V1</a></span> +simply to numerical preponderance. But this preponderance itself grew out +of a difference of systems. We have said before, and it cannot be said too +often, that in making Canada a citadel of the state religion,—a holy +of holies of exclusive Roman Catholic orthodoxy,—the clerical +monitors of the Crown robbed their country of a trans-Atlantic empire. +New France could not grow with a priest on guard at the gate to let in +none but such as pleased him. One of the ablest of Canadian governors, +La Galissonière, seeing the feebleness of the colony compared with +the vastness of its claims, advised the King to send ten thousand peasants +to occupy the valley of the Ohio, and hold back the British swarm that was +just then pushing its advance-guard over the Alleghanies. It needed no +effort of the King to people his waste domain, not with ten thousand +peasants, but with twenty times ten thousand Frenchmen of every +station,—the most industrious, most instructed, most disciplined by +adversity and capable of self-rule, that the country could boast. While La +Galissonière was asking for colonists, the agents of the Crown, set +on by priestly fanaticism, or designing selfishness masked with fanaticism, +were pouring volleys of musketry into Huguenot congregations, imprisoning +for life those innocent of all but their faith,—the men in the galleys, +the women in the pestiferous dungeons of Aigues Mortes,—hanging their +ministers, kidnapping their children, and reviving, in short, the dragonnades. +Now, as in the past century, many +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_022-V1" id="Page_022-V1">22<br />V1</a></span> +of the victims escaped to the British colonies, and became a part of +them. The Huguenots would have hailed as a boon the permission to +emigrate under the fleur-de-lis, and build up a Protestant France in the +valleys of the West. It would have been a bane of absolutism, but a +national glory; would have set bounds to English colonization, and +changed the face of the continent. The opportunity was spurned. The +dominant Church clung to its policy of rule and ruin. France built its +best colony on a principle of exclusion, and failed; England reversed +the system, and succeeded.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_001" name="footer_001"></a> + <span class="superscript">[1]</span> + <i>Censuses of Canada</i>, iv. 61. Rameau <i>(La France aux +Colonies,</i> II. 81) estimates the Canadian population, in 1755, at +sixty-six thousand, besides <i>voyageurs</i>, Indian traders, etc. Vaudreuil, +in 1760, places it at seventy thousand. +</p> +</div> + + +<p>I have shown elsewhere the aspects of Canada, where a rigid scion of the +old European tree was set to grow in the wilderness. The military +Governor, holding his miniature Court on the rock of Quebec; the feudal +proprietors, whose domains lined the shores of the St. Lawrence; the +peasant; the roving bushranger; the half-tamed savage, with crucifix and +scalping-knife; priests; friars; nuns; and soldiers,—mingled to form a +society the most picturesque on the continent. What distinguished it +from the France that produced it was a total absence of revolt against +the laws of its being,—an absolute conservatism, an unquestioning +acceptance of Church and King. The Canadian, ignorant of everything but +what the priest saw fit to teach him, had never heard of Voltaire; and +if he had known him, would have thought him a devil. He had, it is true, +a spirit of insubordination born of the freedom of the forest; but if +his instincts rebelled, his mind and soul +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_023-V1" id="Page_023-V1">23<br />V1</a></span> +were passively submissive. The +unchecked control of a hierarchy robbed him of the independence of +intellect and character, without which, under the conditions of modern +life, a people must resign itself to a position of inferiority. Yet +Canada had a vigor of her own. It was not in spiritual deference only +that she differed from the country of her birth. Whatever she had caught +of its corruptions, she had caught nothing of its effeminacy. The mass +of her people lived in a rude poverty,—not abject, like the peasant of +old France, nor ground down by the tax-gatherer; while those of the +higher ranks—all more or less engaged in pursuits of war or adventure, +and inured to rough journeyings and forest exposures—were rugged as +their climate. Even the French regular troops, sent out to defend the +colony, caught its hardy spirit, and set an example of stubborn fighting +which their comrades at home did not always emulate.</p> + +<p> +Canada lay ensconced behind rocks and forests. All along her southern +boundaries, between her and her English foes, lay a broad tract of +wilderness, shaggy with primeval woods. Innumerable streams gurgled +beneath their shadows; innumerable lakes gleamed in the fiery sunsets; +innumerable mountains bared their rocky foreheads to the wind. These +wastes were ranged by her savage allies, Micmacs, Etechémins, Abenakis, +Caughnawagas; and no enemy could steal upon her unawares. Through the +midst of them stretched Lake Champlain, pointing straight to the heart +of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_024-V1" id="Page_024-V1">24<br />V1</a></span> +the British settlements,—a watery thoroughfare of mutual attack, and +the only approach by which, without a long <i>détour</i> by wilderness or +sea, a hostile army could come within striking distance of the colony. +The French advanced post of Fort Frederic, called Crown Point by the +English, barred the narrows of the lake, which thence spread northward +to the portals of Canada guarded by Fort St. Jean. Southwestward, some +fourteen hundred miles as a bird flies, and twice as far by the +practicable routes of travel, was Louisiana, the second of the two heads +of New France; while between lay the realms of solitude where the +Mississippi rolled its sullen tide, and the Ohio wound its belt of +silver through the verdant woodlands.</p> + +<p>To whom belonged this world of prairies and forests? France claimed it +by right of discovery and occupation. It was her explorers who, after De +Soto, first set foot on it. The question of right, it is true, mattered +little; for, right or wrong, neither claimant would yield her +pretensions so long as she had strength to uphold them; yet one point is +worth a moment's notice. The French had established an excellent system +in the distribution of their American lands. Whoever received a grant +from the Crown was required to improve it, and this within reasonable +time. If he did not, the land ceased to be his, and was given to another +more able or industrious. An international extension of her own +principle would have destroyed the pretensions of France to all the +countries of the West. She had called them +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_025-V1" id="Page_025-V1">25<br />V1</a></span> +hers for three fourths of a +century, and they were still a howling waste, yielding nothing to +civilization but beaver-skins, with here and there a fort, trading-post, +or mission, and three or four puny hamlets by the Mississippi and the +Detroit. We have seen how she might have made for herself an +indisputable title, and peopled the solitudes with a host to maintain +it. She would not; others were at hand who both would and could; and the +late claimant, disinherited and forlorn, would soon be left to count the +cost of her bigotry.</p> + +<hr class="break" /> +<p>The thirteen British colonies were alike, insomuch as they all had +representative governments, and a basis of English law. But the +differences among them were great. Some were purely English; others were +made up of various races, though the Anglo-Saxon was always predominant. +Some had one prevailing religious creed; others had many creeds. Some +had charters, and some had not. In most cases the governor was appointed +by the Crown; in Pennsylvania and Maryland he was appointed by a feudal +proprietor, and in Connecticut and Rhode Island he was chosen by the +people. The differences of disposition and character were still greater +than those of form.</p> + +<p>The four northern colonies, known collectively as New England, were an +exception to the general rule of diversity. The smallest, Rhode Island, +had features all its own; but the rest were substantially one in nature +and origin. The principal among them, Massachusetts, may serve as the +type +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_026-V1" id="Page_026-V1">26<br />V1</a></span> +of all. It was a mosaic of little village republics, firmly +cemented together, and formed into a single body politic through +representatives sent to the "General Court" at Boston. Its government, +originally theocratic, now tended to democracy, ballasted as yet by +strong traditions of respect for established worth and ability, as well +as by the influence of certain families prominent in affairs for +generations. Yet there were no distinct class-lines, and popular power, +like popular education, was widely diffused. Practically Massachusetts +was almost independent of the mother-country. Its people were purely +English, of sound yeoman stock, with an abundant leaven drawn from the +best of the Puritan gentry; but their original character had been +somewhat modified by changed conditions of life. A harsh and exacting +creed, with its stiff formalism and its prohibition of wholesome +recreation; excess in the pursuit of gain,—the only resource left to +energies robbed of their natural play; the struggle for existence on a +hard and barren soil; and the isolation of a narrow village +life,—joined to produce, in the meaner sort, qualities which were +unpleasant, and sometimes repulsive. Puritanism was not an unmixed +blessing. Its view of human nature was dark, and its attitude towards it +one of repression. It strove to crush out not only what is evil, but +much that is innocent and salutary. Human nature so treated will take +its revenge, and for every vice that it loses find another instead. +Nevertheless, while New England Puritanism bore its +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_027-V1" id="Page_027-V1">27<br />V1</a></span> +peculiar crop of +faults, it produced also many good and sound fruits. An uncommon vigor, +joined to the hardy virtues of a masculine race, marked the New England +type. The sinews, it is true, were hardened at the expense of blood and +flesh,—and this literally as well as figuratively; but the staple of +character was a sturdy conscientiousness, an undespairing courage, +patriotism, public spirit, sagacity, and a strong good sense. A great +change, both for better and for worse, has since come over it, due +largely to reaction against the unnatural rigors of the past. That +mixture, which is now too common, of cool emotions with excitable +brains, was then rarely seen. The New England colonies abounded in high +examples of public and private virtue, though not always under the most +prepossessing forms. They were conspicuous, moreover, for intellectual +activity, and were by no means without intellectual eminence. +Massachusetts had produced at least two men whose fame had crossed the +sea,—Edwards, who out of the grim theology of Calvin mounted to sublime +heights of mystical speculation; and Franklin, famous already by his +discoveries in electricity. On the other hand, there were few genuine +New Englanders who, however personally modest, could divest themselves +of the notion that they belonged to a people in an especial manner the +object of divine approval; and this self-righteousness, along with +certain other traits, failed to commend the Puritan colonies to the +favor of their fellows. Then, as now, New England was best known to her +neighbors by her worst side.</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_028-V1" id="Page_028-V1">28<br />V1</a></span> +In one point, however, she found general applause. She was regarded as +the most military among the British colonies. This reputation was well +founded, and is easily explained. More than all the rest, she lay open +to attack. The long waving line of the New England border, with its +lonely hamlets and scattered farms, extended from the Kennebec to beyond +the Connecticut, and was everywhere vulnerable to the guns and +tomahawks of the neighboring French and their savage allies. The +colonies towards the south had thus far been safe from danger. New York +alone was within striking distance of the Canadian war-parties. That +province then consisted of a line of settlements up the Hudson and the +Mohawk, and was little exposed to attack except at its northern end, +which was guarded by the fortified town of Albany, with its outlying +posts, and by the friendly and warlike Mohawks, whose "castles" were +close at hand. Thus New England had borne the heaviest brunt of the +preceding wars, not only by the forest, but also by the sea; for the +French of Acadia and Cape Breton confronted her coast, and she was often +at blows with them. Fighting had been a necessity with her, and she had +met the emergency after a method extremely defective, but the best that +circumstances would permit. Having no trained officers and no +disciplined soldiers, and being too poor to maintain either, she +borrowed her warriors from the workshop and the plough, and officered +them with lawyers, merchants, mechanics, or farmers. To compare them +with good +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_029-V1" id="Page_029-V1">29<br />V1</a></span> +regular troops would be folly; but they did, on the whole, +better than could have been expected, and in the last war achieved the +brilliant success of the capture of Louisburg. This exploit, due partly +to native hardihood and partly to good luck, greatly enhanced the +military repute of New England, or rather was one of the chief sources +of it.</p> + +<p> +The great colony of Virginia stood in strong contrast to New England. In +both the population was English; but the one was Puritan with Roundhead +traditions, and the other, so far as concerned its governing class, +Anglican with Cavalier traditions. In the one, every man, woman, and +child could read and write; in the other, Sir William Berkeley once +thanked God that there were no free schools, and no prospect of any for +a century. The hope had found fruition. The lower classes of Virginia +were as untaught as the warmest friend of popular ignorance could wish. +New England had a native literature more than respectable under the +circumstances, while Virginia had none; numerous industries, while +Virginia was all agriculture, with but a single crop; a homogeneous +society and a democratic spirit, while her rival was an aristocracy. +Virginian society was distinctively stratified. On the lowest level were +the negro slaves, nearly as numerous as all the rest together; next, the +indented servants and the poor whites, of low origin, good-humored, but +boisterous, and sometimes vicious; next, the small and despised class +of tradesmen and mechanics; next, the farmers and lesser planters, who +were mainly of good +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_030-V1" id="Page_030-V1">30</a></span> +English stock, and who merged insensibly into the +ruling class of the great landowners. It was these last who represented +the colony and made the laws. They may be described as English country +squires transplanted to a warm climate and turned slave-masters. They +sustained their position by entails, and constantly undermined it by the +reckless profusion which ruined them at last. Many of them were well +born, with an immense pride of descent, increased by the habit of +domination. Indolent and energetic by turns; rich in natural gifts and +often poor in book-learning, though some, in the lack of good teaching +at home, had been bred in the English universities; high-spirited, +generous to a fault; keeping open house in their capacious mansions, +among vast tobacco-fields and toiling negroes, and living in a rude pomp +where the fashions of St. James were somewhat oddly grafted on the +roughness of the plantation,—what they wanted in schooling was supplied +by an education which books alone would have been impotent to give, the +education which came with the possession and exercise of political +power, and the sense of a position to maintain, joined to a bold spirit +of independence and a patriotic attachment to the Old Dominion. They +were few in number; they raced, gambled, drank, and swore; they did +everything that in Puritan eyes was most reprehensible; and in the day +of need they gave the United Colonies a body of statesmen and orators +which had no equal on the continent. A vigorous aristocracy favors the +growth of personal eminence, even in those who are not of it, but only +near it.</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_031-V1" id="Page_031-V1">31<br />V1</a></span> +The essential antagonism of Virginia and New England was afterwards to +become, and to remain for a century, an element of the first influence +in American history. Each might have learned much from the other; but +neither did so till, at last, the strife of their contending principles +shook the continent. Pennsylvania differed widely from both. She was a +conglomerate of creeds and races,—English, Irish, Germans, Dutch, and +Swedes; Quakers, Lutherans, Presbyterians, Romanists, Moravians, and a +variety of nondescript sects. The Quakers prevailed in the eastern +districts; quiet, industrious, virtuous, and serenely obstinate. The +Germans were strongest towards the centre of the colony, and were +chiefly peasants; successful farmers, but dull, ignorant, and +superstitious. Towards the west were the Irish, of whom some were +Celts, always quarrelling with their German neighbors, who detested +them; but the greater part were Protestants of Scotch descent, from +Ulster; a vigorous border population. Virginia and New England had each +a strong distinctive character. Pennsylvania, with her heterogeneous +population, had none but that which she owed to the sober neutral tints +of Quaker existence. A more thriving colony there was not on the +continent. Life, if monotonous, was smooth and contented. Trade and the +arts grew. Philadelphia, next to Boston, was the largest town in British +America; and was, moreover, the intellectual centre of the middle and +southern colonies. Unfortunately, for her credit in the approaching +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_032-V1" id="Page_032-V1">32<br />V1</a></span> +war, the Quaker influence made Pennsylvania non-combatant. Politically, too, +she was an anomaly; for, though utterly unfeudal in disposition and +character, she was under feudal superiors in the persons of the +representatives of William Penn, the original grantee.</p> + +<p>New York had not as yet reached the relative prominence which her +geographical position and inherent strength afterwards gave her. The +English, joined to the Dutch, the original settlers, were the dominant +population; but a half-score of other languages were spoken in the +province, the chief among them being that of the Huguenot French in the +southern parts, and that of the Germans on the Mohawk. In religion, the +province was divided between the Anglican Church, with government +support and popular dislike, and numerous dissenting sects, chiefly +Lutherans, Independents, Presbyterians, and members of the Dutch +Reformed Church. The little city of New York, like its great successor, +was the most cosmopolitan place on the continent, and probably the +gayest. It had, in abundance, balls, concerts, theatricals, and evening +clubs, with plentiful dances and other amusements for the poorer +classes. Thither in the winter months came the great hereditary +proprietors on the Hudson; for the old Dutch feudality still held its +own, and the manors of Van Renselaer, Cortland, and Livingston, with +their seigniorial privileges, and the great estates and numerous +tenantry of the Schuylers and other leading families, formed the basis +of an aristocracy, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_033-V1" id="Page_033-V1">33<br />V1</a></span> +some of whose members had done good service to the +province, and were destined to do more. Pennsylvania was feudal in form, +and not in spirit; Virginia in spirit, and not in form; New England in +neither; and New York largely in both. This social crystallization had, +it is true, many opponents. In politics, as in religion, there were +sharp antagonisms and frequent quarrels. They centred in the city; for +in the well-stocked dwellings of the Dutch farmers along the Hudson +there reigned a tranquil and prosperous routine; and the Dutch border +town of Albany had not its like in America for unruffled conservatism +and quaint picturesqueness.</p> + +<p>Of the other colonies, the briefest mention will suffice: New Jersey, +with its wholesome population of farmers; tobacco-growing Maryland, +which, but for its proprietary government and numerous Roman Catholics, +might pass for another Virginia, inferior in growth, and less decisive +in features; Delaware, a modest appendage of Pennsylvania; wild and rude +North Carolina; and, farther on, South Carolina and Georgia, too remote +from the seat of war to take a noteworthy part in it. The attitude of +these various colonies towards each other is hardly conceivable to an +American of the present time. They had no political tie except a common +allegiance to the British Crown. Communication between them was +difficult and slow, by rough roads traced often through primeval +forests. Between some of them there was less of sympathy than of +jealousy kindled by conflicting interests or perpetual +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_034-V1" id="Page_034-V1">34<br />V1</a></span> +disputes concerning boundaries. The patriotism of the colonist was bounded +by the lines of his government, except in the compact and kindred colonies of +New England, which were socially united, though politically distinct. +The country of the New Yorker was New York, and the country of the +Virginian was Virginia. The New England colonies had once confederated; +but, kindred as they were, they had long ago dropped apart. William Penn +proposed a plan of colonial union wholly fruitless. James II. tried to +unite all the northern colonies under one government; but the attempt +came to naught. Each stood aloof, jealously independent. At rare +intervals, under the pressure of an emergency, some of them would try to +act in concert; and, except in New England, the results had been most +discouraging. Nor was it this segregation only that unfitted them for +war. They were all subject to popular legislatures, through whom alone +money and men could be raised; and these elective bodies were sometimes +factious and selfish, and not always either far-sighted or reasonable. +Moreover, they were in a state of ceaseless friction with their +governors, who represented the king, or, what was worse, the feudal +proprietary. These disputes, though varying in intensity, were found +everywhere except in the two small colonies which chose their own +governors; and they were premonitions of the movement towards +independence which ended in the war of Revolution. The occasion of +difference mattered little. Active or latent, the quarrel was always +present. In New +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_035-V1" id="Page_035-V1">35<br />V1</a></span> +York it turned on a question of the governor's salary; +in Pennsylvania on the taxation of the proprietary estates; in Virginia +on a fee exacted for the issue of land patents. It was sure to arise +whenever some public crisis gave the representatives of the people an +opportunity of extorting concessions from the representative of the +Crown, or gave the representative of the Crown an opportunity to gain a +point for prerogative. That is to say, the time when action was most +needed was the time chosen for obstructing it.</p> + +<p> +In Canada there was no popular legislature to embarrass the central +power. The people, like an army, obeyed the word of command,—a military +advantage beyond all price.</p> + +<p> +Divided in government; divided in origin, feelings, and principles; +jealous of each other, jealous of the Crown; the people at war with the +executive, and, by the fermentation of internal politics, blinded to an +outward danger that seemed remote and vague,—such were the conditions +under which the British colonies drifted into a war that was to decide +the fate of the continent.</p> + +<p> +This war was the strife of a united and concentred few against a divided +and discordant many. It was the strife, too, of the past against the +future; of the old against the new; of moral and intellectual torpor +against moral and intellectual life; of barren absolutism against a +liberty, crude, incoherent, and chaotic, yet full of prolific vitality.</p> + + +<hr /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Chapter_02" id="Chapter_02"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_036-V1" id="Page_036-V1">36<br />V1</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents02">CHAPTER II.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1749-1752.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader">CÉLORON DE BIENVILLE.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + La Galissonière • English Encroachment • + Mission of Céloron • The Great West • + Its European Claimants • Its Indian Population • + English Fur-Traders • Céloron on the Alleghany • + His Reception • His Difficulties • Descent of the Ohio • + Covert Hostility • Ascent of the Miami • La Demoiselle • + Dark Prospects for France • Christopher Gist • + George Croghan • Their Western Mission • Pickawillany • + English Ascendency • English Dissension and Rivalry • + The Key of the Great West. + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> +</div> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">When</span> +the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle was signed, the Marquis de la +Galissonière ruled over Canada. Like all the later Canadian governors, +he was a naval officer; and, a few years after, he made himself famous +by a victory, near Minorca, over the English admiral Byng,—an +achievement now remembered chiefly by the fate of the defeated +commander, judicially murdered as the scapegoat of an imbecile ministry. +Galissonière was a humpback; but his deformed person was animated by a +bold spirit and a strong and penetrating intellect. He was the chief +representative of the American policy of France. He felt that, cost what +it might, she must hold fast to Canada, and link her to Louisiana by +chains of forts strong enough to hold back the British colonies, and +cramp their growth +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_037-V1" id="Page_037-V1">37<br />V1</a></span> +by confinement within narrow limits; while French +settlers, sent from the mother-country, should spread and multiply in +the broad valleys of the interior. It is true, he said, that Canada and +her dependencies have always been a burden; but they are necessary as a +barrier against English ambition; and to abandon them is to abandon +ourselves; for if we suffer our enemies to become masters in America, +their trade and naval power will grow to vast proportions, and they will +draw from their colonies a wealth that will make them preponderant in +Europe.<span class="superscript">[2]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_002" name="footer_002"></a> + <span class="superscript">[2]</span> + La Galissonière, <i>Mémoire sur les Colonies de la France +dans l'Amérique septentrionale</i>. +</p> +</div> + +<p>The treaty had done nothing to settle the vexed question of boundaries +between France and her rival. It had but staved off the inevitable +conflict. Meanwhile, the English traders were crossing the mountains +from Pennsylvania and Virginia, poaching on the domain which France +claimed as hers, ruining the French fur-trade, seducing the Indian +allies of Canada, and stirring them up against her. Worse still, English +land speculators were beginning to follow. Something must be done, and +that promptly, to drive back the intruders, and vindicate French rights +in the valley of the Ohio. To this end the Governor sent Céloron de +Bienville thither in the summer of 1749.</p> + +<p>He was a chevalier de St. Louis and a captain in the colony troops. +Under him went fourteen officers and cadets, twenty soldiers, a hundred +and eighty Canadians, and a band of Indians, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_038-V1" id="Page_038-V1">38<br />V1</a></span> +all in twenty-three +birch-bark canoes. They left La Chine on the fifteenth of June, and +pushed up the rapids of the St. Lawrence, losing a man and damaging +several canoes on the way. Ten days brought them to the mouth of the +Oswegatchie, where Ogdensburg now stands. Here they found a Sulpitian +priest, Abbé Piquet, busy at building a fort, and lodging for the +present under a shed of bark like an Indian. This enterprising father, +ostensibly a missionary, was in reality a zealous political agent, bent +on winning over the red allies of the English, retrieving French +prestige, and restoring French trade. Thus far he had attracted but two +Iroquois to his new establishment; and these he lent to Céloron.</p> + +<p>Reaching Lake Ontario, the party stopped for a time at the French fort +of Frontenac, but avoided the rival English post of Oswego, on the +southern shore, where a trade in beaver skins, disastrous to French +interests, was carried on, and whither many tribes, once faithful to +Canada, now made resort. On the sixth of July Céloron reached Niagara. +This, the most important pass of all the western wilderness, was guarded +by a small fort of palisades on the point where the river joins the +lake. Thence, the party carried their canoes over the portage road by +the cataract, and launched them upon Lake Erie. On the fifteenth they +landed on the lonely shore where the town of Portland now stands; and +for the next seven days were busied in shouldering canoes and baggage up +and down the steep hills, through the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_039-V1" id="Page_039-V1">39<br />V1</a></span> +dense forest of beech, oak, ash, +and elm, to the waters of Chautauqua Lake, eight or nine miles distant. +Here they embarked again, steering southward over the sunny waters, in +the stillness and solitude of the leafy hills, till they came to the +outlet, and glided down the peaceful current in the shade of the tall +forests that overarched it. This prosperity was short. The stream was +low, in spite of heavy rains that had drenched them on the carrying +place. Father Bonnecamp, chaplain of the expedition, wrote, in his +Journal: "In some places—and they were but too frequent—the water was +only two or three inches deep; and we were reduced to the sad necessity +of dragging our canoes over the sharp pebbles, which, with all our care +and precaution, stripped off large slivers of the bark. At last, tired +and worn, and almost in despair of ever seeing La Belle Rivière, we +entered it at noon of the 29th." The part of the Ohio, or "La Belle +Rivière," which they had thus happily reached, is now called the +Alleghany. The Great West lay outspread before them, a realm of wild and +waste fertility.</p> + +<p>French America had two heads,—one among the snows of Canada, and one +among the canebrakes of Louisiana; one communicating with the world +through the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the other through the Gulf of +Mexico. These vital points were feebly connected by a chain of military +posts,—slender, and often interrupted,—circling through the wilderness +nearly three thousand miles. Midway between Canada and Louisiana +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_040-V1" id="Page_040-V1">40<br />V1</a></span> +lay the valley of the Ohio. If the English should seize it, they would sever +the chain of posts, and cut French America asunder. If the French held it, +and entrenched themselves well along its eastern limits, they would shut +their rivals between the Alleghanies and the sea, control all the tribes +of the West, and turn them, in case of war, against the English +borders,—a frightful and insupportable scourge.</p> + +<p>The Indian population of the Ohio and its northern tributaries was +relatively considerable. The upper or eastern half of the valley was +occupied by mingled hordes of Delawares, Shawanoes, Wyandots, and +Iroquois, or Indians of the Five Nations, who had migrated thither from +their ancestral abodes within the present limits of the State of New +York, and who were called Mingoes by the English traders. Along with +them were a few wandering Abenakis, Nipissings, and Ottawas. Farther +west, on the waters of the Miami, the Wabash, and other neighboring +streams, was the seat of a confederacy formed of the various bands of +the Miamis and their kindred or affiliated tribes. Still farther west, +towards the Mississippi, were the remnants of the Illinois.</p> + +<p>France had done but little to make good her claims to this grand domain. +East of the Miami she had no military post whatever. Westward, on the +Maumee, there was a small wooden fort, another on the St. Joseph, and +two on the Wabash. On the meadows of the Mississippi, in the Illinois +country, stood Fort Chartres,—a much stronger +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_041-V1" id="Page_041-V1">41<br />V1</a></span> +work, and one of the chief links of the chain that connected Quebec with New +Orleans. Its four stone bastions were impregnable to musketry; and, here in +the depths of the wilderness, there was no fear that cannon would be brought +against it. It was the centre and citadel of a curious little forest +settlement, the only vestige of civilization through all this region. At +Kaskaskia, extended along the borders of the stream, were seventy or eighty +French houses; thirty or forty at Cahokia, opposite the site of St. Louis; +and a few more at the intervening hamlets of St. Philippe and Prairie +à la Roche,—a picturesque but thriftless population, mixed +with Indians, totally ignorant, busied partly with the fur-trade, and +partly with the raising of corn for the market of New Orleans. They +communicated with it by means of a sort of row galley, of eighteen or +twenty oars, which made the voyage twice a year, and usually spent ten +weeks on the return up the river.<span class="superscript">[3]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_003" name="footer_003"></a> + <span class="superscript">[3]</span> +Gordon, <i>Journal</i>, 1766, appended to Pownall, <i>Topographical +Description</i>. In the Dépôt des Cartes de la Marine at +Paris, C. 4,040, are two curious maps of the Illinois colony, made a +little after the middle of the century. In 1753 the Marquis Duquesne +denounced the colonists as debauched and lazy. +</p> +</div> + + +<p> +The Pope and the Bourbons had claimed this wilderness for seventy years, +and had done scarcely more for it than the Indians, its natural owners. +Of the western tribes, even of those living at the French posts, the +Hurons or Wyandots alone were Christian.<span class="superscript">[4]</span> +The devoted zeal of the early +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_042-V1" id="Page_042-V1">42<br />V1</a></span> +missionaries and the politic efforts of their successors had +failed alike. The savages of the Ohio and the Mississippi, instead of +being tied to France by the mild bonds of the faith, were now in a state +which the French called defection or revolt; that is, they received and +welcomed the English traders.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_004" name="footer_004"></a> + <span class="superscript">[4]</span> +"De toutes les nations domiciliées dans les postes des pays +d'en haut, il n'y a que les hurons du détroit qui aient embrassé +la Réligion chretienne." <i>Mémoirs du Roy pour servir +d'instruction au S<span class="superscript">r</span>. Marquis de +Lajonquière</i>. +</p> +</div> + + +<p> +These traders came in part from Virginia, but chiefly from Pennsylvania. +Dinwiddie, governor of Virginia, says of them: "They appear to me to be +in general a set of abandoned wretches;" and Hamilton, governor of +Pennsylvania, replies: "I concur with you in opinion that they are a +very licentious people." <span class="superscript">[5]</span> +Indian traders, of whatever nation, are +rarely models of virtue; and these, without doubt, were rough and +lawless men, with abundant blackguardism and few scruples. Not all of +them, however, are to be thus qualified. Some were of a better stamp; +among whom were Christopher Gist, William Trent, and George Croghan. +These and other chief traders hired men on the frontiers, crossed the +Alleghanies with goods packed on the backs of horses, descended into the +valley of the Ohio, and journeyed from stream to stream and village to +village along the Indian trails, with which all this wilderness was +seamed, and which the traders widened to make them practicable. More +rarely, they carried their goods on horses to the upper waters of the +Ohio, and embarked them in large wooden canoes, in which +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_043-V1" id="Page_043-V1">43<br />V1</a></span> +they descended +the main river, and ascended such of its numerous tributaries as were +navigable. They were bold and enterprising; and French writers, with +alarm and indignation, declare that some of them had crossed the +Mississippi and traded with the distant Osages. It is said that about +three hundred of them came over the mountains every year.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_005" name="footer_005"></a> + <span class="superscript">[5]</span> +<i>Dinwiddie to Hamilton</i>, 21 <i>May</i>, 1753. <i>Hamilton to +Dinwiddie</i>,—<i>May</i>, 1753. +</p> +</div> + +<p> +On reaching the Alleghany, Céloron de Bienville entered upon the work +assigned him, and began by taking possession of the country. The men +were drawn up in order; Louis XV. was proclaimed lord of all that +region, the arms of France, stamped on a sheet of tin, were nailed to a +tree, a plate of lead was buried at its foot, and the notary of the +expedition drew up a formal act of the whole proceeding. The leaden +plate was inscribed as follows: "Year 1749, in the reign of Louis +Fifteenth, King of France. We, Céloron, commanding the detachment sent +by the Marquis de la Galissonière, commander-general of New France, to +restore tranquillity in certain villages of these cantons, have buried +this plate at the confluence of the Ohio and the Kanaouagon +[<i>Conewango</i>], this 29th July, as a token of renewal of possession +heretofore taken of the aforesaid River Ohio, of all streams that fall +into it, and all lands on both sides to the source of the aforesaid +streams, as the preceding Kings of France have enjoyed or ought to have +enjoyed it, and which they have upheld by force of arms and by treaties, +notably by those of Ryswick, Utrecht, and Aix-la-Chapelle."</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_044-V1" id="Page_044-V1">44<br />V1</a></span> +This done, the party proceeded on its way, moving downward with the +current, and passing from time to time rough openings in the forest, +with clusters of Indian wigwams, the inmates of which showed a strong +inclination to run off at their approach. To prevent this, Chabert de +Joncaire was sent in advance, as a messenger of peace. He was himself +half Indian, being the son of a French officer and a Seneca squaw, +speaking fluently his maternal tongue, and, like his father, holding an +important place in all dealings between the French and the tribes who +spoke dialects of the Iroquois. On this occasion his success was not +complete. It needed all his art to prevent the alarmed savages from +taking to the woods. Sometimes, however, Céloron succeeded in gaining +an audience; and at a village of Senecas called La Paille Coupée he read +them a message from La Galissonière couched in terms sufficiently +imperative: "My children, since I was at war with the English, I have +learned that they have seduced you; and not content with corrupting your +hearts, have taken advantage of my absence to invade lands which are not +theirs, but mine; and therefore I have resolved to send you Monsieur de +Céloron to tell you my intentions, which are that I will not endure the +English on my land. Listen to me, children; mark well the word that I +send you; follow my advice, and the sky will always be calm and clear +over your villages. I expect from you an answer worthy of true +children." And he urged them to stop all trade with the intruders, and +send +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_045-V1" id="Page_045-V1">45<br />V1</a></span> +them back to whence they came. They promised compliance; "and," +says the chaplain, Bonnecamp, "we should all have been satisfied if we +had thought them sincere; but nobody doubted that fear had extorted +their answer."</p> + +<p>Four leagues below French Creek, by a rock scratched with Indian +hieroglyphics, they buried another leaden plate. Three days after, they +reached the Delaware village of Attiqué, at the site of Kittanning, +whose twenty-two wigwams were all empty, the owners having fled. A +little farther on, at an old abandoned village of Shawanoes, they found +six English traders, whom they warned to begone, and return no more at +their peril. Being helpless to resist, the traders pretended obedience; +and Céloron charged them with a letter to the Governor of Pennsylvania, +in which he declared that he was "greatly surprised" to find Englishmen +trespassing on the domain of France. "I know," concluded the letter, +"that our Commandant-General would be very sorry to be forced to use +violence; but his orders are precise, to leave no foreign traders within +the limits of his government." <span class="superscript">[6]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_006" name="footer_006"></a> + <span class="superscript">[6]</span> + Céloron, <i>Journal</i>. Compare the letter as translated in +<i>N. Y. Col. Docs</i>., VI. 532; also <i>Colonial Records of Pa</i>., +V. 425. +</p> +</div> + + +<p> +On the next day they reached a village of Iroquois under a female chief, +called Queen Alequippa by the English, to whom she was devoted. Both +Queen and subjects had fled; but among the deserted wigwams were six +more Englishmen, whom Céloron warned off like the others, and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_046-V1" id="Page_046-V1">46<br />V1</a></span> +who, like them, pretended to obey. At a neighboring town they found only two +withered ancients, male and female, whose united ages, in the judgment +of the chaplain, were full two centuries. They passed the site of the +future Pittsburg; and some seventeen miles below approached Chiningué, +called Logstown by the English, one of the chief places on the river. +<span class="superscript">[7]</span> +Both English and French flags were flying over the town, and the +inhabitants, lining the shore, greeted their visitors with a salute of +musketry,—not wholly welcome, as the guns were charged with ball. +Céloron threatened to fire on them if they did not cease. The French +climbed the steep bank, and encamped on the plateau above, betwixt the +forest and the village, which consisted of some fifty cabins and +wigwams, grouped in picturesque squalor, and tenanted by a mixed +population, chiefly of Delawares, Shawanoes, and Mingoes. Here, too, +were gathered many fugitives from the deserted towns above. Céloron +feared a night attack. The camp was encircled by a ring of sentries; the +officers walked the rounds till morning; a part of the men were kept +under arms, and the rest ordered to sleep in their clothes. Joncaire +discovered through some women of his acquaintance that an attack was +intended. Whatever the danger may have been, the precautions of the +French averted it; and instead of a battle, there was a council. Céloron +delivered to the assembled chiefs a message from +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_047-V1" id="Page_047-V1">47<br />V1</a></span> +the Governor more +conciliatory than the former, "Through the love I bear you, my children, +I send you Monsieur de Céloron to open your eyes to the designs of the +English against your lands. The establishments they mean to make, and of +which you are certainly ignorant, tend to your complete ruin. They hide +from you their plans, which are to settle here and drive you away, if I +let them. As a good father who tenderly loves his children, and though +far away from them bears them always in his heart, I must warn you of +the danger that threatens you. The English intend to rob you of your +country; and that they may succeed, they begin by corrupting your minds. +As they mean to seize the Ohio, which belongs to me, I send to warn them +to retire."</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_007" name="footer_007"></a> + <span class="superscript">[7]</span> +There was another Chiningué, the Shenango of the English, +on the Alleghany. +</p> +</div> + +<p> +The reply of the chiefs, though sufficiently humble, was not all that +could be wished. They begged that the intruders might stay a little +longer, since the goods they brought were necessary to them. It was in +fact, these goods, cheap, excellent, and abundant as they were, which +formed the only true bond between the English and the Western tribes. +Logstown was one of the chief resorts of the English traders; and at +this moment there were ten of them in the place. Céloron warned them +off. "They agreed," says the chaplain, "to all that was demanded, well +resolved, no doubt, to do the contrary as soon as our backs were +turned."</p> + +<p>Having distributed gifts among the Indians, the French proceeded on +their way, and at or +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_048-V1" id="Page_048-V1">48<br />V1</a></span> +near the mouth of Wheeling Creek buried another plate of lead. They repeated +the same ceremony at the mouth of the Muskingum. Here, half a century later, +when this region belonged to the United States, a party of boys, bathing in +the river, saw the plate protruding from the bank where the freshets had laid +it bare, knocked it down with a long stick, melted half of it into bullets, +and gave what remained to a neighbor from Marietta, who, hearing of this +mysterious relic, inscribed in an unknown tongue, came to rescue it from their +hands.<span class="superscript">[8]</span> It is now in the cabinet of +the American Antiquarian Society.<span class="superscript">[9]</span> +On the eighteenth of August, Céloron buried yet another +plate, at the mouth of the Great Kenawha. This, too, in the course of a +century, was unearthed by the floods, and was found in 1846 by a boy at +play, by the edge of the water.<span class="superscript">[10]</span> +The inscriptions on all these plates were much alike, with variations of +date and place.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_008" name="footer_008"></a> + <span class="superscript">[8]</span> +O. H. Marshall, in <i>Magazine of American History, March,</i> +1878. + </p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_009" name="footer_009"></a> + <span class="superscript">[9]</span> +For papers relating to it, see <i>Trans. Amer. Antiq. Soc</i>., +II. + </p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_010" name="footer_010"></a> + <span class="superscript">[10]</span> + For a fac-simile of the inscription on this plate, see +<i>Olden Time,</i> I. 288. Céloron calls the Kenawha, +<i>Chinodahichetha</i>. The inscriptions as given in his Journal +correspond with those on the plates discovered. + </p> +</div> + + +<p> +The weather was by turns rainy and hot; and the men, tired and famished, +were fast falling ill. On the twenty-second they approached Scioto, +called by the French St. Yotoc, or Sinioto, a large Shawanoe town at the +mouth of the river which bears the same name. Greatly doubting what +welcome awaited them, they filled their powder-horns and prepared for the +worst. Joncaire was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_049-V1" id="Page_049-V1">49<br />V1</a></span> +sent forward to propitiate the inhabitants; but they +shot bullets through the flag that he carried, and surrounded him, +yelling and brandishing their knives. Some were for killing him at once; +others for burning him alive. The interposition of a friendly Iroquois +saved him; and at length they let him go. Céloron was very uneasy at the +reception of his messenger. "I knew," he writes, "the weakness of my +party, two thirds of which were young men who had never left home +before, and would all have run at the sight of ten Indians. Still, there +was nothing for me but to keep on; for I was short of provisions, my +canoes were badly damaged, and I had no pitch or bark to mend them. So I +embarked again, ready for whatever might happen. I had good officers, +and about fifty men who could be trusted."</p> + +<p>As they neared the town, the Indians swarmed to the shore, and began the +usual salute of musketry. "They fired," says Céloron, "full a thousand +shots; for the English give them powder for nothing." He prudently +pitched his camp on the farther side of the river, posted guards, and +kept close watch. Each party distrusted and feared the other. At length, +after much ado, many debates, and some threatening movements on the part +of the alarmed and excited Indians, a council took place at the tent of +the French commander; the chiefs apologized for the rough treatment of +Joncaire, and Céloron replied with a rebuke, which would doubtless have +been less mild, had he felt himself stronger. He gave them also a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_050-V1" id="Page_050-V1">50<br />V1</a></span> +message from the Governor, modified, apparently, to suit the +circumstances; for while warning them of the wiles of the English, it +gave no hint that the King of France claimed mastery of their lands. +Their answer was vague and unsatisfactory. It was plain that they were +bound to the enemy by interest, if not by sympathy. A party of English +traders were living in the place; and Céloron summoned them to withdraw, +on pain of what might ensue. "My instructions," he says, "enjoined me to +do this, and even to pillage the English; but I was not strong enough; +and as these traders were established in the village and well supported +by the Indians, the attempt would have failed, and put the French to +shame." The assembled chiefs having been regaled with a cup of brandy +each,—the only part of the proceeding which seemed to please +them,—Céloron reimbarked, and continued his voyage.</p> + +<p>On the thirtieth they reached the Great Miami, called by the French, +Rivière à la Roche; and here Céloron buried the last of his leaden +plates. They now bade farewell to the Ohio, or, in the words of the +chaplain, to "La Belle Rivière,—that river so little known to the +French, and unfortunately too well known to the English." He speaks of +the multitude of Indian villages on its shores, and still more on its +northern branches. "Each, great or small, has one or more English +traders, and each of these has hired men to carry his furs. Behold, +then, the English well advanced upon our lands, and, what is worse, +under the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_051-V1" id="Page_051-V1">51<br />V1</a></span> +protection of a crowd of savages whom they have drawn over to +them, and whose number increases daily."</p> + +<p>The course of the party lay up the Miami; and they toiled thirteen days +against the shallow current before they reached a village of the Miami +Indians, lately built at the mouth of the rivulet now called Loramie +Creek. Over it ruled a chief to whom the French had given the singular +name of La Demoiselle, but whom the English, whose fast friend he was, +called Old Britain. The English traders who lived here had prudently +withdrawn, leaving only two hired men in the place. The object of +Cèloron was to induce the Demoiselle and his band to leave this new +abode and return to their old villages near the French fort on the +Maumee, where they would be safe from English seduction. To this end, he +called them to a council, gave them ample gifts, and made them an +harangue in the name of the Governor. The Demoiselle took the gifts, +thanked his French father for his good advice, and promised to follow it +at a more convenient time.<span class="superscript">[11]</span> +In vain Céloron insisted that he and his +tribesmen should remove at once. Neither blandishments nor threats would +prevail, and the French commander felt that his negotiation had failed.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_011" name="footer_011"></a> + <span class="superscript">[11]</span> +Céloron, <i>Journal</i>. Compare <i>A Message from the +Twightwees</i> (Miamis) in <i>Colonial Records of Pa</i>., V. 437, where they +say that they refused the gifts. + +</p> +</div> + + +<p>He was not deceived. Far from leaving his village, the Demoiselle, who +was Great Chief of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_052-V1" id="Page_052-V1">52<br />V1</a></span> +the Miami Confederacy, gathered his followers to the +spot, till, less than two years after the visit of Céloron, its +population had increased eightfold. Pique Town, or Pickawillany, as the +English called it, became one of the greatest Indian towns of the West, +the centre of English trade and influence, and a capital object of +French jealousy.</p> + +<p> +Céloron burned his shattered canoes, and led his party across the long +and difficult portage to the French post on the Maumee, where he found +Raymond, the commander, and all his men, shivering with fever and ague. +They supplied him with wooden canoes for his voyage down the river; and, +early in October, he reached Lake Erie, where he was detained for a time +by a drunken debauch of his Indians, who are called by the chaplain "a +species of men made to exercise the patience of those who have the +misfortune to travel with them." In a month more he was at Fort +Frontenac; and as he descended thence to Montreal, he stopped at the +Oswegatchie, in obedience to the Governor, who had directed him to +report the progress made by the Sulpitian, Abbé Piquet, at his new +mission. Piquet's new fort had been burned by Indians, prompted, as he +thought, by the English of Oswego; but the priest, buoyant and +undaunted, was still resolute for the glory of God and the confusion of +the heretics.</p> + +<p> +At length Céloron reached Montreal; and, closing his Journal, wrote +thus: "Father Bonnecamp, who is a Jesuit and a great mathematician, +reckons that we have travelled twelve hundred leagues; I and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_053-V1" id="Page_053-V1">53<br />V1</a></span> +my officers think we have travelled more. All I can say is, that the nations +of these countries are very ill-disposed towards the French, and devoted +entirely to the English." +<span class="superscript">[12]</span> +If his expedition had done no more, it had at least revealed clearly the +deplorable condition of French interests in the West.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_012" name="footer_012"></a> + <span class="superscript">[12]</span> +<i>Journal de la Campagne que moy Céloron, Chevalier de +l'Ordre Royal et Militaire de St. Louis, Capitaine Commandant un +détachement envoyé dans la Belle Rivière par les +ordres de M. le Marquis de La Galissonière</i>, etc. +</p> +<p> +<i>Relation d'un voyage dans la Belle Rivière sous les ordres +de M. de Céloron, par le Père Bonnecamp, en</i> 1749. +</p> +</div> + + +<p> +While Céloron was warning English traders from the Ohio, a plan was on +foot in Virginia for a new invasion of the French domain. An association +was formed to settle the Ohio country; and a grant of five hundred +thousand acres was procured from the King, on condition that a hundred +families should be established upon it within seven years, a fort built, +and a garrison maintained. The Ohio Company numbered among its members +some of the chief men of Virginia, including two brothers of Washington; +and it had also a London partner, one Hanbury, a person of influence, +who acted as its agent in England. In the year after the expedition of +Céloron, its governing committee sent the trader Christopher Gist to +explore the country and select land. It must be "good level land," wrote +the Committee; "we had rather go quite down to the Mississippi than take +mean, broken land." <span class="superscript">[13]</span> +In November Gist reached Logstown, the Chiningué +of Céloron, where he found +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_054-V1" id="Page_054-V1">54<br />V1</a></span> +what he calls a "parcel of reprobate Indian +traders." Those whom he so stigmatizes were Pennsylvanians, chiefly +Scotch-Irish, between whom and the traders from Virginia there was great +jealousy. Gist was told that he "should never go home safe." He declared +himself the bearer of a message from the King. This imposed respect, and +he was allowed to proceed. At the Wyandot village of Muskingum he found +the trader George Croghan, sent to the Indians by the Governor of +Pennsylvania, to renew the chain of friendship. +<span class="superscript">[14]</span> +"Croghan," he says, +"is a mere idol among his countrymen, the Irish traders;" yet they met +amicably, and the Pennsylvanian had with him a companion, Andrew +Montour, the interpreter, who proved of great service to Gist. As +Montour was a conspicuous person in his time, and a type of his class, +he merits a passing notice. He was the reputed grandson of a French +governor and an Indian squaw. His half-breed mother, Catharine Montour, +was a native of Canada, whence she was carried off by the Iroquois, and +adopted by them. She lived in a village at the head of Seneca Lake, and +still held the belief, inculcated by the guides of her youth, that +Christ was a Frenchman crucified by the English. +<span class="superscript">[15]</span> +Her son Andrew is thus described by the Moravian Zinzendorf, who knew him: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_055-V1" id="Page_055-V1">55<br />V1</a></span> +"His face is like that of a European, but marked with a broad Indian ring +of bear's-grease and paint drawn completely round it. He wears a coat of +fine cloth of cinnamon color, a black necktie with silver spangles, a +red satin waistcoat, trousers over which hangs his shirt, shoes and +stockings, a hat, and brass ornaments, something like the handle of a +basket, suspended from his ears." +<span class="superscript">[16]</span> He was an excellent interpreter, +and held in high account by his Indian kinsmen.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_013" name="footer_013"></a> + <span class="superscript">[13]</span> +Instructions to Gist, in appendix to Pownall, +<i>Topographical Description of North America</i>. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_014" name="footer_014"></a> + <span class="superscript">[14]</span> +<i>Mr. Croghan's Transactions with the Indians</i>, in <i>N. Y. +Col. Docs.,</i> VII. 267; <i>Croghan to Hamilton</i>, 16 <i>Dec</i>. 1750. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_015" name="footer_015"></a> + <span class="superscript">[15]</span> +This is stated by Count Zinzendorf, who visited her among the Senecas. +Compare <i>Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV.</i>, p. 376. In +a plan of the "Route of the Western Army," made in 1779, and of which +a tracing is before me, the village where she lived is still called +"French Catharine's Town." +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_016" name="footer_016"></a> + <span class="superscript">[16]</span> +Journal of Zinzendorf, quoted in Schweinitz, <i>Life of +David Zeisberger</i>, 112, <i>note</i>. +</p> +</div> + +<p> +After leaving Muskingum, Gist, Croghan, and Montour went together to a +village on White Woman's Creek,—so called from one Mary Harris, who +lived here. She was born in New England, was made prisoner when a child +forty years before, and had since dwelt among her captors, finding such +comfort as she might in an Indian husband and a family of young +half-breeds. "She still remembers," says Gist, "that they used to be +very religious in New England, and wonders how white men can be so +wicked as she has seen them in these woods." He and his companions now +journeyed southwestward to the Shawanoe town at the mouth of the +Scioto, where they found a reception very different from that which had +awaited Céloron. Thence they rode northwestward along the forest path +that led to Pickawillany, the Indian town on the upper waters of the +Great Miami. Gist was delighted with the country; and reported to his +employers that "it is fine, rich, level land, well +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_056-V1" id="Page_056-V1">56<br />V1</a></span> +timbered with large +walnut, ash, sugar trees and cherry trees; well watered with a great +number of little streams and rivulets; full of beautiful natural +meadows, with wild rye, blue-grass, and clover, and abounding with +turkeys, deer, elks, and most sorts of game, particularly buffaloes, +thirty or forty of which are frequently seen in one meadow." A little +farther west, on the plains of the Wabash and the Illinois, he would +have found them by thousands.</p> + +<p>They crossed the Miami on a raft, their horses swimming after them; and +were met on landing by a crowd of warriors, who, after smoking with +them, escorted them to the neighboring town, where they were greeted by +a fusillade of welcome. "We entered with English colors before us, and +were kindly received by their king, who invited us into his own house +and set our colors upon the top of it; then all the white men and +traders that were there came and welcomed us." This "king" was Old +Britain, or La Demoiselle. Great were the changes here since Céloron, a +year and a half before, had vainly enticed him to change his abode, and +dwell in the shadow of the fleur-de-lis. The town had grown to four +hundred families, or about two thousand souls; and the English traders +had built for themselves and their hosts a fort of pickets, strengthened +with logs.</p> + +<p> +There was a series of councils in the long house, or town-hall. Croghan +made the Indians a present from the Governor of Pennsylvania; and he and +Gist delivered speeches of friendship and good +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_057-V1" id="Page_057-V1">57<br />V1</a></span> +advice, which the +auditors received with the usual monosyllabic plaudits, ejected from the +depths of their throats. A treaty of peace was solemnly made between the +English and the confederate tribes, and all was serenity and joy; till +four Ottawas, probably from Detroit, arrived with a French flag, a gift +of brandy and tobacco, and a message from the French commandant inviting +the Miamis to visit him. Whereupon the great war-chief rose, and, with +"a fierce tone and very warlike air," said to the envoys: "Brothers the +Ottawas, we let you know, by these four strings of wampum, that we will +not hear anything the French say, nor do anything they bid us." Then +addressing the French as if actually present: "Fathers, we have made a +road to the sun-rising, and have been taken by the hand by our brothers +the English, the Six Nations, the Delawares, Shawanoes, and +Wyandots. <span class="superscript">[17]</span> +We assure you, in that road we will go; and as you +threaten us with war in the spring, we tell you that we are ready to +receive you." Then, turning again to the four envoys: "Brothers the +Ottawas, you hear what I say. Tell that to your fathers the French, for +we speak it from our hearts." The chiefs then took down the French flag +which the Ottawas had planted in the town, and dismissed the envoys with +their answer of defiance.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_017" name="footer_017"></a> + <span class="superscript">[17]</span> +Compare <i>Message of Miamis and Hurons to the Governor of +Pennsylvania</i> in <i>N. Y. Col. Docs</i>., VI. 594; and +<i>Report of Croghan</i> in <i>Colonial Records of Pa</i>., +V. 522, 523. +</p> +</div> + + +<p> +On the next day the town-crier came with a message from the Demoiselle, +inviting his English +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_058-V1" id="Page_058-V1">58<br />V1</a></span> +guests to a "feather dance," which Gist thus describes: "It was performed by +three dancing-masters, who were painted all over of various colors, with long +sticks in their hands, upon the ends of which were fastened long feathers of +swans and other birds, neatly woven in the shape of a fowl's wing; in this +disguise they performed many antic tricks, waving their sticks and feathers +about with great skill, to imitate the flying and fluttering of birds, keeping +exact time with their music." This music was the measured thumping of an +Indian drum. From time to time a warrior would leap up, and the drum +and the dancers would cease as he struck a post with his tomahawk, and +in a loud voice recounted his exploits. Then the music and the dance +began anew, till another warrior caught the martial fire, and bounded +into the circle to brandish his tomahawk and vaunt his prowess.</p> + +<p> +On the first of March Gist took leave of Pickawillany, and returned +towards the Ohio. He would have gone to the Falls, where Louisville now +stands, but for a band of French Indians reported to be there, who would +probably have killed him. After visiting a deposit of mammoth bones on +the south shore, long the wonder of the traders, he turned eastward, +crossed with toil and difficulty the mountains about the sources of the +Kenawha, and after an absence of seven months reached his frontier home +on the Yadkin, whence he proceeded to Roanoke with the report of his +journey. <span class="superscript">[18]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_018" name="footer_018"></a> + <span class="superscript">[18]</span> +<i>Journal of Christopher Gist</i>, in appendix to Pownall, +<i>Topographical Description. Mr. Croghan's Transactions with the Indians</i> +in <i>N. Y. Col. Docs</i>., VII. 267. +</p> +</div> + + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_059-V1" id="Page_059-V1">59<br />V1</a></span> +All looked well for the English in the West; but under this fair outside +lurked hidden danger. The Miamis were hearty in the English cause, and +so perhaps were the Shawanoes; but the Delawares had not forgotten the +wrongs that drove them from their old abodes east of the Alleghanies, +while the Mingoes, or emigrant Iroquois, like their brethren of New +York, felt the influence of Joncaire and other French agents, who spared +no efforts to seduce them. <span class="superscript">[19]</span> + Still more baneful to British interests +were the apathy and dissensions of the British colonies themselves. The +Ohio Company had built a trading-house at Will's Creek, a branch of the +Potomac, to which the Indians resorted in great numbers; whereupon the +jealous traders of Pennsylvania told them that the Virginians meant to +steal away their lands. This confirmed what they had been taught by the +French emissaries, whose intrigues it powerfully aided. The governors of +New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia saw the importance of Indian +alliances, and felt their own responsibility in regard to them; but they +could do nothing without their assemblies. Those of New York and +Pennsylvania were largely composed of tradesmen and farmers, absorbed in +local interests, and possessed by two motives,—the saving of the +people's money, and opposition to the governor, who stood for the royal +prerogative. It was Hamilton, of Pennsylvania, who had sent Croghan +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_060-V1" id="Page_060-V1">60<br />V1</a></span> +to the Miamis to "renew the chain of friendship;" and when the envoy +returned, the Assembly rejected his report. "I was condemned," he says, +"for bringing expense on the Government, and the Indians were +neglected." <span class="superscript">[20]</span> +In the same year Hamilton again sent him over the mountains, with a +present for the Mingoes and Delawares. Croghan succeeded in persuading +them that it would be for their good if the English should build a +fortified trading-house at the fork of the Ohio, where Pittsburg now +stands; and they made a formal request to the Governor that it should be +built accordingly. But, in the words of Croghan, the Assembly "rejected +the proposal, and condemned me for making such a report." Yet this post +on the Ohio was vital to English interests. Even the Penns, +proprietaries of the province, never lavish of their money, offered four +hundred pounds towards the cost of it, besides a hundred a year towards +its maintenance; but the Assembly would not listen. +<span class="superscript">[21]</span> The Indians were +so well convinced that a strong English trading-station in their country +would add to their safety and comfort, that when Pennsylvania refused +it, they repeated the proposal to Virginia; but here, too, it found for +the present little favor.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_019" name="footer_019"></a> + <span class="superscript">[19]</span> +Joncaire made anti-English speeches to the Ohio Indians +under the eyes of the English themselves, who did not molest him. +<i>Journal of George Croghan</i>, 1751, in <i>Olden Time</i>, I. 136. +</p> +<p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_020" name="footer_020"></a> + <span class="superscript">[20]</span> +<i>Mr. Croghan's Transactions with the Indians, N. Y. Col. +Docs.,</i> VII. 267. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_021" name="footer_021"></a> + <span class="superscript">[21]</span> +<i>Colonial Records of Pa</i>., V. 515, 529, 547. At a council +at Logstown (1751), the Indians said to Croghan: "The French want to +cheat us out of our country; but we will stop them, and, Brothers the +English, you must help us. We expect that you will build a strong house +on the River Ohio, that in case of war we may have a place to secure our +wives and children, likewise our brothers that come to trade with us." +<i>Report of Treaty at Logstown, Ibid</i>., V. 538. +</p> +</div> + + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_061-V1" id="Page_061-V1">61<br />V1</a></span> +The question of disputed boundaries had much to do with this most +impolitic inaction. A large part of the valley of the Ohio, including +the site of the proposed establishment, was claimed by both Pennsylvania +and Virginia; and each feared that whatever money it might spend there +would turn to the profit of the other. This was not the only evil that +sprang from uncertain ownership. "Till the line is run between the two +provinces," says Dinwiddie, governor of Virginia, "I cannot appoint +magistrates to keep the traders in good order." +<span class="superscript">[22]</span> Hence they did what +they pleased, and often gave umbrage to the Indians. Clinton, of New +York, appealed to his Assembly for means to assist Pennsylvania in +"securing the fidelity of the Indians on the Ohio," and the Assembly +refused. <span class="superscript">[23]</span> +"We will take care of our Indians, and they may take care +of theirs:" such was the spirit of their answer. He wrote to the various +provinces, inviting them to send commissioners to meet the tribes at +Albany, "in order to defeat the designs and intrigues of the French." +All turned a deaf ear except Massachusetts, Connecticut, and South +Carolina, who sent the commissioners, but supplied them very meagrely +with the indispensable presents. <span class="superscript">[24]</span> +Clinton says further: "The Assembly +of this province have not given one farthing for Indian affairs, nor for +a year past have they provided for +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_062-V1" id="Page_062-V1">62</a></span> +the subsistence of the garrison at +Oswego, which is the key for the commerce between the colonies and the +inland nations of Indians." <span class="superscript">[25]</span> </p> + + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_022" name="footer_022"></a> + <span class="superscript">[22]</span> +<i>Dinwiddie to the Lords of Trade</i>, 6 <i>Oct</i>. 1752. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_023" name="footer_023"></a> + <span class="superscript">[23]</span> +<i>Journals of New York Assembly</i>, II. 283, 284. <i>Colonial +Records of Pa</i>., V. 466. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_024" name="footer_024"></a> + <span class="superscript">[24]</span> +<i>Clinton to Hamilton</i>, 18 <i>Dec.</i> 1750. <i>Clinton to Lords of +Trade</i>, 13 <i>June</i>, 1751; <i>Ibid.</i>, 17 <i>July</i>, 1751. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_025" name="footer_025"></a> + <span class="superscript">[25]</span> + <i>Clinton to Bedford</i>, 30 <i>July</i>, 1750. +</p> +</div> + + +<p> +In the heterogeneous structure of the British colonies, their clashing +interests, their internal disputes, and the misplaced economy of +penny-wise and short-sighted assembly-men, lay the hope of France. The +rulers of Canada knew the vast numerical preponderance of their rivals; +but with their centralized organization they felt themselves more than a +match for any one English colony alone. They hoped to wage war under the +guise of peace, and to deal with the enemy in detail; and they at length +perceived that the fork of the Ohio, so strangely neglected by the +English, formed, together with Niagara, the key of the Great West. Could +France hold firmly these two controlling passes, she might almost boast +herself mistress of the continent.</p> + +<div class="footer"> +<p class="double-space-top"> + <a id="footer_02Note" name="footer_02Note"></a> +<span class="smcap">Note</span>.—The Journal of Céloron +(Archives de la Marine) is very long and circumstantial, including the +<i>procès verbaux</i>, and reports of councils with Indians. +The Journal of the chaplain, Bonnecamp (Dépôt de la Marine), +is shorter, but is the work of an intelligent and observing man. The +author, a Jesuit, was skilled in mathematics, made daily observations, +and constructed a map of the route, still preserved at the +Dépôt de la Marine. Concurrently with these French narratives, +one may consult the English letters and documents bearing on the same +subjects, in the Colonial Records of Pennsylvania, the Archives of +Pennsylvania, and the Colonial Documents of New York.</p> +<p> +Three of Céloron's leaden plates have been found,—the two +mentioned in the text, and another which was never buried, and which the +Indians, who regarded these mysterious tablets as "bad medicine," procured +by a trick from Joncaire, or, according to Governor Clinton, stole from +him. A Cayuga chief brought it to Colonel Johnson, on the Mohawk, who +interpreted the "Devilish writing" in such a manner as best to inspire +horror of French designs.</p> +</div> +<hr /> + +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Chapter_03" id="Chapter_03"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_063-V1" id="Page_063-V1">63<br />V1</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents03">CHAPTER III.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1749-1753.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader">CONFLICT FOR THE WEST.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + The Five Nations • Caughnawaga • Abbé Piquet • + His Schemes • His Journey • Fort Frontenac • + Toronto • Niagara • Oswego • Success of Piquet • + Detroit • La Jonquière • His Intrigues • + His Trials • His Death • English Intrigues • + Critical State of the West • Pickawillany Destroyed • + Duquesne • His Grand Enterprise. + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> +</div> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">The</span> +Iroquois, or Five Nations, sometimes called Six Nations after the +Tuscaroras joined them, had been a power of high importance in American +international politics. In a certain sense they may be said to have held +the balance between their French and English neighbors; but their +relative influence had of late declined. So many of them had emigrated +and joined the tribes of the Ohio, that the centre of Indian population +had passed to that region. Nevertheless, the Five Nations were still +strong enough in their ancient abodes to make their alliance an object +of the utmost consequence to both the European rivals. At the western +end of their "Long House," or belt of confederated villages, Joncaire +intrigued to gain them for France; while in the east he was counteracted +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_064-V1" id="Page_064-V1">64<br />V1</a></span> +by the young colonel of militia, William Johnson, who lived on the +Mohawk, and was already well skilled in managing Indians. Johnson +sometimes lost his temper; and once wrote to Governor Clinton to +complain of the "confounded wicked things the French had infused into +the Indians' heads; among the rest that the English were determined, the +first opportunity, to destroy them all. I assure your Excellency I had +hard work to beat these and several other cursed villanous things, told +them by the French, out of their heads." <span class="superscript">[26]</span> +</p> + + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_026" name="footer_026"></a> + <span class="superscript">[26]</span> +<i>Johnson to Clinton</i>, 28 <i>April</i>, 1749. +</p> +</div> + + +<p> +In former times the French had hoped to win over the Five Nations in a +body, by wholesale conversion to the Faith; but the attempt had failed. +They had, however, made within their own limits an asylum for such +converts as they could gain, whom they collected together at +Caughnawaga, near Montreal, to the number of about three hundred +warriors. <span class="superscript">[27]</span> +These could not be trusted to fight their kinsmen, but +willingly made forays against the English borders. Caughnawaga, like +various other Canadian missions, was divided between the Church, the +army, and the fur-trade. It had a chapel, fortifications, and +storehouses; two Jesuits, an officer, and three chief traders. Of these +last, two were maiden ladies, the Demoiselles Desauniers; and one of the +Jesuits, their friend Father Tournois, was their partner in business. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_065-V1" id="Page_065-V1">65<br />V1</a></span> +They carried on by means of the Mission Indians, and in collusion with +influential persons in the colony, a trade with the Dutch at Albany, +illegal, but very profitable. <span class="superscript">[28]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_027" name="footer_027"></a> + <span class="superscript">[27]</span> + The estimate of a French official report, 1736, and of Sir +William Johnson, 1763. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_028" name="footer_028"></a> + <span class="superscript">[28]</span> +<i>La Jonquière au Ministre</i>, 27 <i>Fév</i>. 1750. +<i>Ibid.</i>, 29 <i>Oct</i>. 1751. <i>Ordres du Roy et Dépêches +des Ministres</i>, 1751. <i>Notice biographique de la Jonquière</i>. +La Jonquière, governor of Canada, at last broke up their contraband +trade, and ordered Tournois to Quebec. +</p> +</div> + + +<p> +Besides this Iroquois mission, which was chiefly composed of Mohawks and +Oneidas, another was now begun farther westward, to win over the +Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas. This was the establishment of Father +Piquet, which Céloron had visited in its infancy when on his way to the +Ohio, and again on his return. Piquet was a man in the prime of life, of +an alert, vivacious countenance, by no means unprepossessing; +<span class="superscript">[29]</span> an enthusiastic schemer, with great +executive talents; ardent, energetic, vain, self-confident, and boastful. +The enterprise seems to have been of his own devising; but it found warm +approval from the Government. <span class="superscript">[30]</span> La +Présentation, as he called the new mission, stood on the bank of the +River Oswegatchie where it enters the St. Lawrence. Here the rapids +ceased, and navigation was free to Lake Ontario. The place commanded the +main river, and could bar the way to hostile war-parties or contraband +traders. Rich meadows, forests, and abundance of fish and game, made it +attractive to Indians, and the Oswegatchie gave access to the Iroquois +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_066-V1" id="Page_066-V1">66<br />V1</a></span> +towns. Piquet had chosen his site with great skill. His activity was +admirable. His first stockade was burned by Indian incendiaries; but it +rose quickly from its ashes, and within a year or two the mission of La +Présentation had a fort of palisades flanked with blockhouses, a chapel, +a storehouse, a barn, a stable, ovens, a saw-mill, broad fields of corn +and beans, and three villages of Iroquois, containing, in all, +forty-nine bark lodges, each holding three or four families, more or +less converted to the Faith; and, as time went on, this number +increased. The Governor had sent a squad of soldiers to man the fort, +and five small cannon to mount upon it. The place was as safe for the +new proselytes as it was convenient and agreeable. The Pennsylvanian +interpreter, Conrad Weiser, was told at Onondaga, the Iroquois capital, +that Piquet had made a hundred converts from that place alone; and that, +"having clothed them all in very fine clothes, laced with silver and +gold, he took them down and presented them to the French Governor at +Montreal, who received them very kindly, and made them large +presents." <span class="superscript">[31]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_029" name="footer_029"></a> + <span class="superscript">[29]</span> +I once saw a contemporary portrait of him at the mission +of Two Mountains, where he had been stationed. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_030" name="footer_030"></a> + <span class="superscript">[30]</span> +<i>Rouillé à la Jonquière</i>, 1749. The Intendant Bigot +gave him money and provisions. <i>N. Y. Col. Docs.</i>, X. 204. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_031" name="footer_031"></a> + <span class="superscript">[31]</span> +<i>Journal of Conrad Weiser,</i> 1750. +</p> +</div> + + +<p> +Such were some of the temporal attractions of La Présentation. The +nature of the spiritual instruction bestowed by Piquet and his +fellow-priests may be partly inferred from the words of a proselyte +warrior, who declared with enthusiasm that he had learned from the +Sulpitian missionary that the King of France was the eldest son of the +wife of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_067-V1" id="Page_067-V1">67<br />V1</a></span> +Jesus Christ. <span class="superscript">[32]</span> +This he of course took in a literal sense, the +mystic idea of the Church as the spouse of Christ being beyond his +savage comprehension. The effect was to stimulate his devotion to the +Great Onontio beyond the sea, and to the lesser Onontio who represented +him as Governor of Canada.</p> + + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_032" name="footer_032"></a> + <span class="superscript">[32]</span> +Lalande, <i>Notice de l'Abbé Piquet</i>, in <i>Lettres +Édifiantes</i>. See also Tassé in <i>Revue Canadienne,</i> +1870, p. 9. +</p> +</div> + + +<p>Piquet was elated by his success; and early in 1752 he wrote to the +Governor and Intendant: "It is a great miracle that, in spite of envy, +contradiction, and opposition from nearly all the Indian villages, I +have formed in less than three years one of the most flourishing +missions in Canada. I find myself in a position to extend the empire of +my good masters, Jesus Christ and the King, even to the extremities of +this new world; and, with some little help from you, to do more than +France and England have been able to do with millions of money and all +their troops." <span class="superscript">[33]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_033" name="footer_033"></a> + <span class="superscript">[33]</span> +<i>Piquet à la Jonquière et Bigot</i>, 8 <i>Fév.</i> +1752. See <a href="#appendixA">Appendix A</a>. +In spite of Piquet's self-laudation, and in spite also of +the detraction of the author of the <i>Mémoires sur le Canada,</i> +1749-1760, there can be no doubt of his practical capacity and his fertility +of resource. Duquesne, when governor of the colony, highly praises "ses +talents et son activité pour le service de Sa Majesté." +</p> +</div> + + +<p> +The letter from which this is taken was written to urge upon the +Government a scheme in which the zealous priest could see nothing +impracticable. He proposed to raise a war-party of thirty-eight hundred +Indians, eighteen hundred of whom were to be drawn from the Canadian +missions, the Five Nations, and the tribes of the Ohio, while the +remaining +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_068-V1" id="Page_068-V1">68<br />V1</a></span> +two thousand were to be furnished by the Flatheads, or +Choctaws, who were at the same time to be supplied with missionaries. +The united force was first to drive the English from the Ohio, and next +attack the Dog Tribe, or Cherokees, who lived near the borders of +Virginia, with the people of which they were on friendly terms. "If," +says Piquet, "the English of Virginia give any help to this last-named +tribe,—which will not fail to happen,—they [<i>the war-party</i>] will do +their utmost against them, through a grudge they bear them by reason of +some old quarrels." In other words, the missionary hopes to set a host +of savages to butchering English settlers in time of peace! +<span class="superscript">[34]</span> His +wild project never took effect, though the Governor, he says, at first +approved it.</p> + + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_034" name="footer_034"></a> + <span class="superscript">[34]</span> +<a href="#appendixJ">Appendix A</a>. +</p> +</div> + +<p> +In the preceding year the "Apostle of the Iroquois," as he was called, +made a journey to muster recruits for his mission, and kept a copious +diary on the way. By accompanying him, one gets a clear view of an +important part of the region in dispute between the rival nations. Six +Canadians paddled him up the St. Lawrence, and five Indian converts +followed in another canoe. Emerging from among the Thousand Islands, +they stopped at Fort Frontenac, where Kingston now stands. Once the +place was a great resort of Indians; now none were here, for the English +post of Oswego, on the other side of the lake, had greater attractions. +Piquet and his company found the pork and bacon very bad, and he +complains that "there was not +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_069-V1" id="Page_069-V1">69<br />V1</a></span> +brandy enough in the fort to wash a +wound." They crossed to a neighboring island, where they were soon +visited by the chaplain of the fort, the storekeeper, his wife, and +three young ladies, glad of an excursion to relieve the monotony of the +garrison. "My hunters," says Piquet, "had supplied me with means of +giving them a pretty good entertainment. We drank, with all our hearts, +the health of the authorities, temporal and ecclesiastical, to the sound +of our musketry, which was very well fired, and delighted the +islanders." These islanders were a band of Indians who lived here. +Piquet gave them a feast, then discoursed of religion, and at last +persuaded them to remove to the new mission.</p> + +<p>During eight days he and his party coasted the northern shore of Lake +Ontario, with various incidents, such as an encounter between his dog +Cerberus and a wolf, to the disadvantage of the latter, and the meeting +with "a very fine negro of twenty-two years, a fugitive from Virginia." +On the twenty-sixth of June they reached the new fort of Toronto, which +offered a striking contrast to their last stopping-place. "The wine here +is of the best; there is nothing wanting in this fort; everything is +abundant, fine, and good." There was reason for this. The Northern +Indians were flocking with their beaver-skins to the English of Oswego; +and in April, 1749, an officer named Portneuf had been sent with +soldiers and workmen to build a stockaded trading-house at Toronto, in +order to intercept them,—not by force, which would +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_070-V1" id="Page_070-V1">70<br />V1</a></span> +have been ruinous to French interests, but by a tempting supply of goods +and brandy. <span class="superscript">[35]</span> +Thus the fort was kept well stocked, and with excellent effect. Piquet +found here a band of Mississagas, who would otherwise, no doubt, have +carried their furs to the English. He was strongly impelled to persuade +them to migrate to La Présentation; but the Governor had told him to +confine his efforts to other tribes; and lest, he says, the ardor of his +zeal should betray him to disobedience, he reimbarked, and encamped six +leagues from temptation.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_035" name="footer_035"></a> + <span class="superscript">[35]</span> +On Toronto, <i>La Jonquière et Bigot au Ministre</i>, 1749. +<i>La Jonquière au Ministre</i>, 30 <i>Août</i>, 1750. +<i>N. Y. Col. Docs</i>., X. 201, +246. +</p> +</div> + + +<p> +Two days more brought him to Niagara, where he was warmly received by +the commandant, the chaplain, and the storekeeper,—the triumvirate who +ruled these forest outposts, and stood respectively for their three +vital principles, war, religion, and trade. Here Piquet said mass; and +after resting a day, set out for the trading-house at the portage of the +cataract, recently built, like Toronto, to stop the Indians on their way +to Oswego. <span class="superscript">[36]</span> + Here he found Joncaire, and here also was encamped a +large band of Senecas; though, being all drunk, men, women, and +children, they were in no condition to receive the Faith, or appreciate +the temporal advantages that attended it. On the next morning, finding +them partially sober, he invited them to remove to La Présentation; "but +as they had still something left in their bottles, I could get no answer +till the following day." "I pass in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_071-V1" id="Page_071-V1">71<br />V1</a></span> +silence," pursues the missionary, +"an infinity of talks on this occasion. Monsieur de Joncaire forgot +nothing that could help me, and behaved like a great servant of God and +the King. My recruits increased every moment. I went to say my breviary +while my Indians and the Senecas, without loss of time, assembled to +hold a council with Monsieur de Joncaire." The result of the council was +an entreaty to the missionary not to stop at Oswego, lest evil should +befall him at the hands of the English. He promised to do as they +wished, and presently set out on his return to Fort Niagara, attended by +Joncaire and a troop of his new followers. The journey was a triumphal +progress. "Whenever was passed a camp or a wigwam, the Indians saluted +me by firing their guns, which happened so often that I thought all the +trees along the way were charged with gunpowder; and when we reached the +fort, Monsieur de Becancour received us with great ceremony and the +firing of cannon, by which my savages were infinitely flattered."</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_036" name="footer_036"></a> + <span class="superscript">[36]</span> +<i>La Jonquière au Ministre</i>, 23 <i>Fév</i>. 1750. +<i>Ibid.</i>, 6 <i>Oct</i>. 1751. +Compare <i>Colonial Records of Pa</i>., V. 508. +</p> +</div> + + +<p> +His neophytes were gathered into the chapel for the first time in their +lives, and there rewarded with a few presents. He now prepared to turn +homeward, his flock at the mission being left in his absence without a +shepherd; and on the sixth of July he embarked, followed by a swarm of +canoes. On the twelfth they stopped at the Genesee, and went to visit +the Falls, where the city of Rochester now stands. On the way, the +Indians found a populous resort of rattlesnakes, and attacked the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_072-V1" id="Page_072-V1">72<br />V1</a></span> +gregarious reptiles with great animation, to the alarm of the +missionary, who trembled for his bare-legged retainers. His fears proved +needless. Forty-two dead snakes, as he avers, requited the efforts of +the sportsmen, and not one of them was bitten. When he returned to camp +in the afternoon he found there a canoe loaded with kegs of brandy. "The +English," he says, "had sent it to meet us, well knowing that this was +the best way to cause disorder among my new recruits and make them +desert me. The Indian in charge of the canoe, who had the look of a +great rascal, offered some to me first, and then to my Canadians and +Indians. I gave out that it was very probably poisoned, and immediately +embarked again."</p> + +<p> +He encamped on the fourteenth at Sodus Bay, and strongly advises the +planting of a French fort there. "Nevertheless," he adds, "it would be +still better to destroy Oswego, and on no account let the English build +it again." On the sixteenth he came in sight of this dreaded post. +Several times on the way he had met fleets of canoes going thither +or returning, in spite of the rival attractions of Toronto and Niagara. +No English establishment on the continent was of such ill omen to the +French. It not only robbed them of the fur-trade, by which they lived, +but threatened them with military and political, no less than commercial, +ruin. They were in constant dread lest ships of war should be built +here, strong enough to command Lake Ontario, thus separating Canada from +Louisiana, and cutting New France asunder. To +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_073-V1" id="Page_073-V1">73<br />V1</a></span> +meet this danger, they +soon after built at Fort Frontenac a large three-masted vessel, mounted +with heavy cannon; thus, as usual, forestalling their rivals by +promptness of action. <span class="superscript">[37]</span> +The ground on which Oswego stood was claimed by the Province of New York, +which alone had control of it; but through the purblind apathy of the +Assembly, and their incessant quarrels with the Governor, it was commonly +left to take care of itself. For some time they would vote no money to pay +the feeble little garrison; and Clinton, who saw the necessity of maintaining +it, was forced to do so on his own personal credit. +<span class="superscript">[38]</span> +"Why can't your Governor and your great men [<i>the Assembly</i>] agree?" +asked a Mohawk chief of the interpreter, Conrad Weiser. +<span class="superscript">[39]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_037" name="footer_037"></a> + <span class="superscript">[37]</span> +<i>Lieutenant Lindesay to Johnson, July</i>, 1751. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_038" name="footer_038"></a> + <span class="superscript">[38]</span> +<i>Clinton to Lords of Trade</i>, 30 <i>July</i>, 1750. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_039" name="footer_039"></a> + <span class="superscript">[39]</span> +<i>Journal of Conrad Weiser</i>, 1750. +</p> +</div> + + + +<p> +Piquet kept his promise not to land at the English fort; but he +approached in his canoe, and closely observed it. The shores, now +covered by the city of Oswego, were then a desolation of bare hills and +fields, studded with the stumps of felled trees, and hedged about with a +grim border of forests. Near the strand, by the mouth of the Onondaga, +were the houses of some of the traders; and on the higher ground behind +them stood a huge block-house with a projecting upper story. This +building was surrounded by a rough wall of stone, with flankers at the +angles, forming what was called the fort. <span class="superscript">[40]</span> +Piquet reconnoitred it from his canoe with the eye of a soldier. "It is +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_074-V1" id="Page_074-V1">74<br />V1</a></span> +commanded," he says, "on almost every side; two batteries, of three +twelve-pounders each, would be more than enough to reduce it to ashes." +And he enlarges on the evils that arise from it. "It not only spoils our +trade, but puts the English into communication with a vast number of our +Indians, far and near. It is true that they like our brandy better than +English rum; but they prefer English goods to ours, and can buy for two +beaver-skins at Oswego a better silver bracelet than we sell at Niagara +for ten."</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_040" name="footer_040"></a> + <span class="superscript">[40]</span> +Compare <i>Doc. Hist. N. Y.</i>, I. 463. +</p> +</div> + + +<p> +The burden of these reflections was lightened when he approached Fort +Frontenac. "Never was reception more solemn. The Nipissings and +Algonkins, who were going on a war-party with Monsieur Belêtre, formed a +line of their own accord, and saluted us with three volleys of musketry, +and cries of joy without end. All our little bark vessels replied in the +same way. Monsieur de Verchères and Monsieur de Valtry ordered the +cannon of the fort to be fired; and my Indians, transported with joy at +the honor done them, shot off their guns incessantly, with cries and +acclamations that delighted everybody." A goodly band of recruits joined +him, and he pursued his voyage to La Présentation, while the canoes of +his proselytes followed in a swarm to their new home; "that +establishment"—thus in a burst of enthusiasm he closes his +Journal—"that establishment which I began two years ago, in the midst +of opposition; that establishment which may be regarded as a key of the +colony; that establishment which officers, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_075-V1" id="Page_075-V1">75<br />V1</a></span> +interpreters, and traders thought a chimæra,—that establishment, +I say, forms already a mission of Iroquois savages whom I assembled at first +to the number of only six, increased last year to eighty-seven, and this year +to three hundred and ninety-six, without counting more than a hundred and fifty +whom Monsieur Chabert de Joncaire is to bring me this autumn. And I certify +that thus far I have received from His Majesty—for all favor, grace, and +assistance—no more than a half pound of bacon and two pounds of bread +for daily rations; and that he has not yet given a pin to the chapel, +which I have maintained out of my own pocket, for the greater glory of +my masters, God and the King." <span class="superscript">[41]</span> </p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_041" name="footer_041"></a> + <span class="superscript">[41]</span> +<i>Journal qui peut +<ins title="original text has an acute accent over r in servir.">servir</ins> +de Mémoire et de Relation du +Voyage que j'ay fait sur le Lac Ontario pour attirer au nouvel +Établissement de La Présentation les Sauvages Iroquois +des Cinq Nations</i>, 1751. The last passage given above is condensed +in the rendering, as the original is extremely involved and ungrammatical. +</p> +</div> + +<p> +In his late journey he had made the entire circuit of Lake Ontario. +Beyond lay four other inland oceans, to which Fort Niagara was the key. +As that all-essential post controlled the passage from Ontario to Erie, +so did Fort Detroit control that from Erie to Huron, and Fort +Michillimackinac that from Huron to Michigan; while Fort Ste. Marie, at +the outlet of Lake Superior, had lately received a garrison, and changed +from a mission and trading-station to a post of war. +<span class="superscript">[42]</span> This immense +extent of inland navigation was safe in the hands of France so long as +she held Niagara. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_076-V1" id="Page_076-V1">76<br />V1</a></span> +Niagara lost, not only the lakes, but also the Valley of the Ohio was lost +with it. Next in importance was Detroit. This was not a military post alone, +but also a settlement; and, except the hamlets about Fort Chartres, the +only settlement that France owned in all the West. There were, it is true, +but a few families; yet the hope of growth seemed good; for to such as +liked a wilderness home, no spot in America had more attraction. Father +Bonnecamp stopped here for a day on his way back from the expedition of +Céloron. "The situation," he says, "is charming. A fine river flows +at the foot of the fortifications; vast meadows, asking only to be tilled, +extend beyond the sight. Nothing can be more agreeable than the climate. +Winter lasts hardly two months. European grains and fruits grow here far +better than in many parts of France. It is the Touraine and Beauce of Canada." +<span class="superscript">[43]</span> +The white flag of the Bourbons floated over the compact little +palisaded town, with its population of soldiers and fur-traders; and +from the block-houses which served as bastions, one saw on either hand +the small solid dwellings of the <i>habitants</i>, ranged at intervals along +the margin of the water; while at a little distance three Indian +villages—Ottawa, Pottawattamie, and Wyandot—curled their wigwam smoke +into the pure summer air. <span class="superscript">[44]</span> </p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_042" name="footer_042"></a> + <span class="superscript">[42]</span> +<i>La Jonquière au Ministre</i>, 24 <i>Août</i>, 1750. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_043" name="footer_043"></a> + <span class="superscript">[43]</span> +<i>Relation du Voiage de la Belle Rivière</i>, 1749. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_044" name="footer_044"></a> + <span class="superscript">[44]</span> +A plan of Detroit is before me, made about this time by +the engineer Lery. +</p> +</div> + +<p> +When Céloron de Bienville returned from the Ohio, he went, with a royal +commission, sent him +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_077-V1" id="Page_077-V1">77<br />V1</a></span> +a year before, to command at Detroit. +<span class="superscript">[45]</span> His late +chaplain, the very intelligent Father Bonnecamp, speaks of him as +fearless, energetic, and full of resource; but the Governor calls him +haughty and insubordinate. Great efforts were made, at the same time, to +build up Detroit as a centre of French power in the West. The methods +employed were of the debilitating, paternal character long familiar to +Canada. All emigrants with families were to be carried thither at the +King's expense; and every settler was to receive in free gift a gun, a +hoe, an axe, a ploughshare, a scythe, a sickle, two augers, large and +small, a sow, six hens, a cock, six pounds of powder, and twelve pounds +of lead; while to these favors were added many others. The result was +that twelve families were persuaded to go, or about a twentieth part of +the number wanted. <span class="superscript">[46]</span> +Detroit was expected to furnish supplies to the +other posts for five hundred miles around, control the neighboring +Indians, thwart English machinations, and drive off English interlopers.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_045" name="footer_045"></a> + <span class="superscript">[45]</span> +<i>Le Ministre à la Jonquière et Bigot</i>, 14 <i>Mai</i>, 1749. +<i>Le Ministre à Céloron</i>, 23 <i>Mai</i>, 1749. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_046" name="footer_046"></a> + <span class="superscript">[46]</span> +<i>Ordonnance du</i> 2 <i>Jan.</i> 1750. +<i>La Jonquière et Bigot au Ministre</i>, 1750. +Forty-six persons of all ages and both sexes had been induced by La +Galissonière to go the year before. <i>Lettres communes de +la Jonquière et Bigot</i>, 1749. The total fixed population of Detroit and +its neighborhood in 1750 is stated at four hundred and eighty-three +souls. In the following two years, a considerable number of young men +came of their own accord, and Céloron wrote to Montreal to ask for girls +to marry them. +</p> +</div> + + +<p> +La Galissonière no longer governed Canada. He had been honorably +recalled, and the Marquis de la Jonquière sent in his stead. +<span class="superscript">[47]</span> La +Jonquière, like his predecessor, was a naval officer of high repute; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_078-V1" id="Page_078-V1">78<br />V1</a></span> +he +was tall and imposing in person, and of undoubted capacity and courage; +but old and, according to his enemies, very avaricious. +<span class="superscript">[48]</span> The Colonial +Minister gave him special instructions regarding that thorn in the side +of Canada, Oswego. To attack it openly would be indiscreet, as the two +nations were at peace; but there was a way of dealing with it less +hazardous, if not more lawful. This was to attack it vicariously by +means of the Iroquois. "If Abbé Piquet succeeds in his mission," wrote +the Minister to the new Governor, "we can easily persuade these savages +to destroy Oswego. This is of the utmost importance; but act with great +caution." <span class="superscript">[49]</span> + In the next year the Minister wrote again: "The only means +that can be used for such an operation in time of peace are those of the +Iroquois. If by making these savages regard such an establishment +[<i>Oswego</i>] as opposed to their liberty, and, so to speak, a usurpation +by which the English mean to get possession of their lands, they could +be induced to undertake its destruction, an operation of the sort is not +to be neglected; but M. le Marquis de la Jonquière should feel with what +circumspection such an affair should be conducted, and he should labor +to accomplish it in a manner not to commit himself." +<span class="superscript">[50]</span> To this La +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_079-V1" id="Page_079-V1">79<br />V1</a></span> +Jonquière replies that it will need time; but that he will gradually +bring the Iroquois to attack and destroy the English post. He received +stringent orders to use every means to prevent the English from +encroaching, but to act towards them at the same time "with the greatest +politeness." <span class="superscript">[51]</span> +This last injunction was scarcely fulfilled in a +correspondence which he had with Clinton, governor of New York, who had +written to complain of the new post at the Niagara portage as an +invasion of English territory, and also of the arrest of four English +traders in the country of the Miamis. Niagara, like Oswego, was in the +country of the Five Nations, whom the treaty of Utrecht declared +"subject to the dominion of Great Britain." +<span class="superscript">[52]</span> This declaration, +preposterous in itself, was binding on France, whose plenipotentiaries +had signed the treaty. The treaty also provided that the subjects of the +two Crowns "shall enjoy full liberty of going and coming on account of +trade," and Clinton therefore demanded that La Jonquière should disavow +the arrest of the four traders and punish its authors. The French +Governor replied with great asperity, spurned the claim that the Five +Nations were British subjects, and justified the arrest. +<span class="superscript">[53]</span> He presently went further. Rewards +were offered by his officers for the scalps of Croghan and of another trader +named Lowry. <span class="superscript">[54]</span> When this +reached the ears +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_080-V1" id="Page_080-V1">80<br />V1</a></span> +of William Johnson, on the Mohawk, he wrote to Clinton +in evident anxiety for his own scalp: "If the French go on so, there is +no man can be safe in his own house; for I can at any time get an Indian +to kill any man for a small matter. Their going on in that manner is +worse than open war."</p> + + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_047" name="footer_047"></a> + <span class="superscript">[47]</span> + <i>Le Ministre à la Galissonière</i>, 14 <i>Mai</i>, 1749. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_048" name="footer_048"></a> + <span class="superscript">[48]</span> +<i>Mémoires sur le Canada</i>, 1749-1760. The charges made here +and elsewhere are denied, somewhat faintly, by a descendant of La +Jonquière in his elaborate <i>Notice biographique</i> of his ancestor. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_049" name="footer_049"></a> + <span class="superscript">[49]</span> +<i>Le Ministre à La Jonquière, Mai,</i> 1749. The instructions +given to La Jonquière before leaving France also urge the necessity of +destroying Oswego. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_050" name="footer_050"></a> + <span class="superscript">[50]</span> +<i>Ordres du Roy et Dépêches des Ministres; à MM. de la +Jonquière et Bigot</i>, 15 <i>Avril</i>, 1750. +See <a href="#appendixA">Appendix A</a>. for original. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_051" name="footer_051"></a> + <span class="superscript">[51]</span> +<i>Ordres du Roy et Dépêches des Ministres</i>, 1750. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_052" name="footer_052"></a> + <span class="superscript">[52]</span> +Chalmers, <i>Collection of Treaties</i>, I. 382. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_053" name="footer_053"></a> + <span class="superscript">[53]</span> +<i>La Jonquière à Clinton</i>, 10 <i>Août</i>, 1751. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_054" name="footer_054"></a> + <span class="superscript">[54]</span> +Deposition of Morris Turner and Ralph Kilgore, in <i>Colonial Records of +Pa.</i>, V. 482. The deponents had been prisoners at Detroit. +</p> +</div> + +<p> +The French on their side made counter-accusations. The captive traders +were examined on oath before La Jonquière, and one of them, John Patton, +is reported to have said that Croghan had instigated Indians to kill +Frenchmen. <span class="superscript">[55]</span> +French officials declared that other English traders were +guilty of the same practices; and there is very little doubt that the +charge was true.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_055" name="footer_055"></a> + <span class="superscript">[55]</span> +<i>Précis des Faits, avec leurs Pièces justificatives</i>, +100. +</p> +</div> + + +<p> +The dispute with the English was not the only source of trouble to the +Governor. His superiors at Versailles would not adopt his views, and +looked on him with distrust. He advised the building of forts near Lake +Erie, and his advice was rejected. "Niagara and Detroit," he was told, +"will secure forever our communications with Louisiana." +<span class="superscript">[56]</span> "His +Majesty," again wrote the Colonial Minister, "thought that expenses +would diminish after the peace; but, on the contrary, they have +increased. There must be great abuses. You and the Intendant must look +to it." <span class="superscript">[57]</span> +Great abuses there were; and of the money sent to Canada for +the service of the King the larger part found its way into the pockets +of peculators. The colony was eaten to the heart with official +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_081-V1" id="Page_081-V1">81<br />V1</a></span> +corruption; and the centre of it was François Bigot, the intendant. The +Minister directed La Jonquière's attention to certain malpractices +which had been reported to him; and the old man, deeply touched, +replied: "I have reached the age of sixty-six years, and there is not a +drop of blood in my veins that does not thrill for the service of my +King. I will not conceal from you that the slightest suspicion on your +part against me would cut the thread of my days." +<span class="superscript">[58]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_056" name="footer_056"></a> + <span class="superscript">[56]</span> +<i>Ordres du Roy et Dépêches des Ministres</i>, 1750. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_057" name="footer_057"></a> + <span class="superscript">[57]</span> + <i>Ibid.</i>, 6 <i>Juin</i>, 1751. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_058" name="footer_058"></a> + <span class="superscript">[58]</span> +<i>La Jonquière au Ministre</i>, 19 <i>Oct</i>. 1751. +</p> +</div> + + + +<p> +Perplexities increased; affairs in the West grew worse and worse. La +Jonquière ordered Céloron to attack the English at Pickawillany; and +Céloron could not or would not obey. "I cannot express," writes the +Governor, "how much this business troubles me; it robs me of sleep; it +makes me ill." Another letter of rebuke presently came from Versailles. +"Last year you wrote that you would soon drive the English from the +Ohio; but private letters say that you have done nothing. This is +deplorable. If not expelled, they will seem to acquire a right against +us. Send force enough at once to drive them off, and cure them of all +wish to return." <span class="superscript">[59]</span> +La Jonquière answered with bitter complaints +against Céloron, and then begged to be recalled. His health, already +shattered, was ruined by fatigue and vexation; and he took to his bed. +Before spring he was near his end. <span class="superscript">[60]</span> +It is said that, though very rich, his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_082-V1" id="Page_082-V1">82<br />V1</a></span> +habits of thrift so possessed his last hours that, seeing +wax-candles burning in his chamber, he ordered others of tallow to be +brought instead, as being good enough to die by. Thus frugally lighted +on its way, his spirit fled; and the Baron de Longueuil took his place +till a new governor should arrive.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_059" name="footer_059"></a> + <span class="superscript">[59]</span> +<i>Ordres du Roy et Dépêches des Ministres</i>, 1751. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_060" name="footer_060"></a> + <span class="superscript">[60]</span> +He died on the sixth of March, 1752 (<i>Bigot au Ministre</i>, 6 +<i>Mai</i>); not on the seventeenth of May, as stated in the +<i>Mémoires sur le Canada</i>, 1749-1760. +</p> +</div> + + +<p> +Sinister tidings came thick from the West. Raymond, commandant at the +French fort on the Maumee, close to the centre of intrigue, wrote: "My +people are leaving me for Detroit. Nobody wants to stay here and have +his throat cut. All the tribes who go to the English at Pickawillany +come back loaded with gifts. I am too weak to meet the danger. Instead +of twenty men, I need five hundred…. We have made peace with the +English, yet they try continually to make war on us by means of the +Indians; they intend to be masters of all this upper country. The tribes +here are leaguing together to kill all the French, that they may have +nobody on their lands but their English brothers. This I am told by +Coldfoot, a great Miami chief, whom I think an honest man, if there is +any such thing among Indians…. If the English stay in this country we +are lost. We must attack, and drive them out." And he tells of war-belts +sent from tribe to tribe, and rumors of plots and conspiracies far and +near.</p> + +<p> +Without doubt, the English traders spared no pains to gain over the +Indians by fair means or foul; sold them goods at low rates, made ample +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_083-V1" id="Page_083-V1">83<br />V1</a></span> +gifts, and gave gunpowder for the asking. Saint-Ange, who commanded at +Vincennes, wrote that a storm would soon burst on the heads of the +French. Joncaire reported that all the Ohio Indians sided with the +English. Longueuil informed the Minister that the Miamis had scalped two +soldiers; that the Piankishaws had killed seven Frenchmen; and that a +squaw who had lived with one of the slain declared that the tribes of +the Wabash and Illinois were leaguing with the Osages for a combined +insurrection. Every letter brought news of murder. Small-pox had broken +out at Detroit. "It is to be wished," says Longueuil, "that it would +spread among our rebels; it would be fully as good as an army…. We are +menaced with a general outbreak, and even Toronto is in danger…. +Before long the English on the Miami will gain over all the surrounding +tribes, get possession of Fort Chartres, and cut our communications with +Louisiana." <span class="superscript">[61]</span> </p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_061" name="footer_061"></a> + <span class="superscript">[61]</span> +<i>Dépêches de Longueuil; Lettres de Raymond; Benoit de +Saint-Clerc à la Jonquière, Oct.</i> 1751. +</p> +</div> + + +<p>The moving spirit of disaffection was the chief called Old Britain, or +the Demoiselle, and its focus was his town of Pickawillany, on the +Miami. At this place it is said that English traders sometimes mustered +to the number of fifty or more. "It is they," wrote Longueuil, "who are +the instigators of revolt and the source of all our woes." +<span class="superscript">[62]</span> Whereupon +the Colonial Minister reiterated his instructions to drive them off and +plunder them, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_084-V1" id="Page_084-V1">84<br />V1</a></span> +which he thought would "effectually disgust them," and +bring all trouble to an end. <span class="superscript">[63]</span> </p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_062" name="footer_062"></a> + <span class="superscript">[62]</span> +<i>Longueuil au Ministre</i>, 21 <i>Avril</i>, 1752. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_063" name="footer_063"></a> + <span class="superscript">[63]</span> +<i>Le Ministre à la Jonquière</i>, 1752. +<i>Le Ministre à Duquesne</i>, 9 <i>Juillet</i>, 1752. +</p> +</div> + +<p> +La Jonquière's remedy had been more heroic, for he had ordered Céloron +to attack the English and their red allies alike; and he charged that +officer with arrogance and disobedience because he had not done so. It +is not certain that obedience was easy; for though, besides the garrison +of regulars, a strong body of militia was sent up to Detroit to aid the +stroke, <span class="superscript">[64]</span> +the Indians of that post, whose co-operation was thought +necessary, proved half-hearted, intractable, and even touched with +disaffection. Thus the enterprise languished till, in June, aid came +from another quarter. Charles Langlade, a young French trader married to +a squaw at Green Bay, and strong in influence with the tribes of that +region, came down the lakes from Michillimackinac with a fleet of canoes +manned by two hundred and fifty Ottawa and Ojibwa warriors; stopped a +while at Detroit; then embarked again, paddled up the Maumee to +Raymond's fort at the portage, and led his greased and painted rabble +through the forest to attack the Demoiselle and his English friends. +They approached Pickawillany at about nine o'clock on the morning of the +twenty-first. The scared squaws fled from the cornfields into the town, +where the wigwams of the Indians clustered about the fortified warehouse +of the traders. Of these there were at the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_085-V1" id="Page_085-V1">85<br />V1</a></span> +time only eight in the place. +Most of the Indians also were gone on their summer hunt, though the +Demoiselle remained with a band of his tribesmen. Great was the +screeching of war-whoops and clatter of guns. Three of the traders were +caught outside the fort. The remaining five closed the gate, and stood +on their defence. The fight was soon over. Fourteen Miamis were shot +down, the Demoiselle among the rest. The five white men held out till +the afternoon, when three of them surrendered, and two, Thomas Burney +and Andrew McBryer, made their escape. One of the English prisoners +being wounded, the victors stabbed him to death. Seventy years of +missionaries had not weaned them from cannibalism, and they boiled and +<ins title="Verb tenses do not agree: weaned, boiled, eat?">eat</ins> +the Demoiselle. <span class="superscript">[65]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_064" name="footer_064"></a> + <span class="superscript">[64]</span> +<i>La Jonquière à Céloron</i>, 1 <i>Oct.</i> 1751. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_065" name="footer_065"></a> + <span class="superscript">[65]</span> +On the attack of Pickawillany, <i>Longueuil au Ministre</i>, 18 +<i>Août</i>, 1752; <i>Duquesne au Ministre</i>, 25 <i>Oct.</i> 1752; +<i>Colonial Records of Pa.</i>, V. 599; <i>Journal of William Trent</i>, 1752. +Trent was on the spot a few days after the affair. +</p> +</div> + + +<p> +The captive traders, plundered to the skin, were carried by Langlade to +Duquesne, the new governor, who highly praised the bold leader of the +enterprise, and recommended him to the Minister for such reward as +befitted one of his station. "As he is not in the King's service, and +has married a squaw, I will ask for him only a pension of two hundred +francs, which will flatter him infinitely."</p> + +<p> +The Marquis Duquesne, sprung from the race of the great naval commander +of that name, had arrived towards midsummer; and he began his rule by a +general review of troops and militia. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_086-V1" id="Page_086-V1">86<br />V1</a></span> +His lofty bearing offended the +Canadians; but he compelled their respect, and, according to a writer of +the time, showed from the first that he was born to command. He +presently took in hand an enterprise which his predecessor would +probably have accomplished, had the Home Government encouraged him. +Duquesne, profiting by the infatuated neglect of the British provincial +assemblies, prepared to occupy the upper waters of the Ohio, and secure +the passes with forts and garrisons. Thus the Virginian and +Pennsylvanian traders would be debarred all access to the West, and the +tribes of that region, bereft henceforth of English guns, knives, +hatchets, and blankets, English gifts and English cajoleries, would be +thrown back to complete dependence on the French. The moral influence, +too, of such a movement would be incalculable; for the Indian respects +nothing so much as a display of vigor and daring, backed by force. In +short, the intended enterprise was a master-stroke, and laid the axe to +the very root of disaffection. It is true that, under the treaty, +commissioners had been long in session at Paris to settle the question +of American boundaries; but there was no likelihood that they would come +to agreement; and if France would make good her Western claims, it +behooved her, while there was yet time, to prevent her rival from +fastening a firm grasp on the countries in dispute.</p> + +<p> +Yet the Colonial Minister regarded the plan with distrust. "Be on your +guard," he wrote to Duquesne, "against new undertakings; private +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_087-V1" id="Page_087-V1">87<br />V1</a></span> +interests are generally at the bottom of them. It is through these that +new posts are established. Keep only such as are indispensable, and +suppress the others. The expenses of the colony are enormous; and they +have doubled since the peace." Again, a little later: "Build on the Ohio +such forts as are absolutely necessary, but no more. Remember that His +Majesty suspects your advisers of interested views." +<span class="superscript">[66]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_066" name="footer_066"></a> + <span class="superscript">[66]</span> +<i>Ordres du Roy et Dépêches des Ministres</i>, 1753. +</p> +</div> + +<p> +No doubt there was justice in the suspicion. Every military movement, +and above all the establishment of every new post, was an opportunity to +the official thieves with whom the colony swarmed. Some band of favored +knaves grew rich; while a much greater number, excluded from sharing the +illicit profits, clamored against the undertaking, and wrote charges of +corruption to Versailles. Thus the Minister was kept tolerably well +informed; but was scarcely the less helpless, for with the Atlantic +between, the disorders of Canada defied his control. Duquesne was +exasperated by the opposition that met him on all hands, and wrote to +the Minister: "There are so many rascals in this country that one is +forever the butt of their attacks." <span class="superscript">[67]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_067" name="footer_067"></a> + <span class="superscript">[67]</span> +<i>Duquesne au Ministre</i>, 29 <i>Sept.</i> 1754. +</p> +</div> + +<p>It seems that unlawful gain was not the only secret spring of the +movement. An officer of repute says that the Intendant, Bigot, +enterprising in his pleasures as in his greed, was engaged in an +intrigue with the wife of Chevalier Péan; and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_088-V1" id="Page_088-V1">88<br />V1</a></span> +wishing at once to console +the husband and to get rid of him, sought for him a high command at a +distance from the colony. Therefore while Marin, an able officer, was +made first in rank, Péan was made second. The same writer hints that +Duquesne himself was influenced by similar motives in his appointment of +leaders. <span class="superscript">[68]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_068" name="footer_068"></a> + <span class="superscript">[68]</span> +Pouchot, <i>Mémoire sur la dernière Guerre de l'Amérique +septentrionale (ed.</i> 1781), I. 8. +</p> +</div> + + +<p> +He mustered the colony troops, and ordered out the Canadians. With the +former he was but half satisfied; with the latter he was delighted; and +he praises highly their obedience and alacrity. "I had not the least +trouble in getting them to march. They came on the minute, bringing +their own guns, though many people tried to excite them to revolt; for +the whole colony opposes my operations." The expedition set out early in +the spring of 1753. The whole force was not much above a thousand men, +increased by subsequent detachments to fifteen hundred; but to the +Indians it seemed a mighty host; and one of their orators declared that +the lakes and rivers were covered with boats and soldiers from Montreal +to Presquisle. <span class="superscript">[69]</span> +Some Mohawk hunters by the St. Lawrence saw them as +they passed, and hastened home to tell the news to Johnson, whom they +wakened at midnight, "whooping and hollowing in a frightful manner." +<span class="superscript">[70]</span> +Lieutenant Holland at Oswego saw a fleet of canoes upon the lake, and +was told by a roving Frenchman that they belonged to an army of six +thousand +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_089-V1" id="Page_089-V1">89<br />V1</a></span> +men going to the Ohio, "to cause all the English to quit those +parts." <span class="superscript">[71]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_069" name="footer_069"></a> + <span class="superscript">[69]</span> +<i>Duquesne au Ministre</i>, 27 <i>Oct.</i> 1753. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_070" name="footer_070"></a> + <span class="superscript">[70]</span> +<i>Johnson to Clinton</i>, 20 <i>April</i>, 1753, in <i>N. Y. Col. +Docs.</i>, VI. 778. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_071" name="footer_071"></a> + <span class="superscript">[71]</span> +<i>Holland to Clinton</i>, 15 <i>May</i>, 1753, in <i>N. Y. Col. Docs.</i>, +VI. 780. +</p> +</div> + +<p> +The main body of the expedition landed at Presquisle, on the +southeastern shore of Lake Erie, where the town of Erie now stands; and +here for a while we leave them.</p> + +<hr /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Chapter_04" id="Chapter_04"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_090-V1" id="Page_090-V1">90<br />V1</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents04">CHAPTER IV.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1710-1754.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader">CONFLICT FOR ACADIA.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + Acadia ceded to England • Acadians swear Fidelity • + Halifax founded • French Intrigue • Acadian Priests • + Mildness of English Rule • Covert Hostility of Acadians • + The New Oath • Treachery of Versailles • + Indians incited to War • Clerical Agents of Revolt • + Abbé Le Loutre • Acadians impelled to emigrate • + Misery of the Emigrants • Humanity of Cornwallis and Hopson • + Fanaticism and Violence of Le Loutre • + Capture of the "St. François" • The English at Beaubassin • + Le Loutre drives out the Inhabitants • Murder of Howe • + Beauséjour • Insolence of Le Loutre • + His Harshness to the Acadians • The Boundary Commission • + Its Failure • Approaching War + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> +</div> +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">While</span> in the West all the signs of the sky +foreboded storm, another tempest was gathering the East, less in extent, +but not less in peril. The conflict in Acadia has a melancholy interest, +since it ended in a catastrophe which prose and verse have joined to +commemorate, but of which the causes have not been understood.</p> + +<p> +Acadia—that it to say, the peninsula of Nova Scotia, with the addition, +as the English claimed, of the present New Brunswick and some adjacent +country—was conquered by General Nicholson in 1710, and formally +transferred by France to the British Crown, three years later, by the +treaty of Utrecht. By that treaty it was "expressly provided" that such +of the French inhabitants as +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_091-V1" id="Page_091-V1">91<br />V1</a></span> +"are willing to remain there and to be +subject to the Kingdom of Great Britain, are to enjoy the free exercise +of their religion according to the usage of the Church of Rome, as far +as the laws of Great Britain do allow the same;" but that any who choose +may remove, with their effects, if they do so within a year. Very few +availed themselves of this right; and after the end of the year those +who remained were required to take an oath of allegiance to King George. +There is no doubt that in a little time they would have complied, had +they been let alone; but the French authorities of Canada and Cape +Breton did their utmost to prevent them, and employed agents to keep +them hostile to England. Of these the most efficient were the French +priests, who, in spite of the treaty, persuaded their flocks that they +were still subjects of King Louis. Hence rose endless perplexity to the +English commanders at Annapolis, who more than suspected that the Indian +attacks with which they were harassed were due mainly to French +instigation. <span class="superscript">[72]</span> It was not till +seventeen years after the treaty that the Acadians could be brought to +take the oath without qualifications which made it almost useless. The +English authorities seem to have shown throughout an unusual patience and +forbearance. At length, about 1730, nearly all the inhabitants signed by +crosses, since few of them could write, an oath +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_092-V1" id="Page_092-V1">92<br />V1</a></span> +recognizing George II. as sovereign of Acadia, and promising fidelity and +obedience to him. <span class="superscript">[73]</span> This restored +comparative quiet till the war of 1745, when some of the Acadians remained +neutral, while some took arms against the English, and many others aided +the enemy with information and supplies.</p> + + + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_072" name="footer_072"></a> + <span class="superscript">[72]</span> +See the numerous papers in <i>Selections from the Public +Documents of the Province of Nova Scotia</i> (Halifax, 1869), pp. 1-165; a +Government publication of great value. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_073" name="footer_073"></a> + <span class="superscript">[73]</span> +The oath was <i>literatim</i> as follows: "Je Promets et Jure +Sincerement en Foi de Chrétien que Je serai entierement Fidele, et +Obeierai Vraiment Sa Majesté Le Roy George Second, qui (<i>sic</i>) +Je reconnoi pour Le Souvrain Seigneur de l'Accadie ou Nouvelle Ecosse. +Ainsi Dieu me Soit en Aide." +</p> +</div> + + +<p> +English power in Acadia, hitherto limited to a feeble garrison at +Annapolis and a feebler one at Canseau, received at this time a great +accession. The fortress of Louisbourg, taken by the English during the +war, had been restored by the treaty; and the French at once prepared to +make it a military and naval station more formidable than ever. Upon +this the British Ministry resolved to establish another station as a +counterpoise; and the harbor of Chebucto, on the south coast of Acadia, +was chosen as the site of it. Thither in June, 1749, came a fleet of +transports loaded with emigrants, tempted by offers of land and a home +in the New World. Some were mechanics, tradesmen, farmers, and laborers; +others were sailors, soldiers, and subaltern officers thrown out of +employment by the peace. Including women and children, they counted in +all about twenty-five hundred. Alone of all the British colonies on the +continent, this new settlement was the offspring, not of private +enterprise, but of royal authority. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_093-V1" id="Page_093-V1">93<br />V1</a></span> +Yet is was free like the rest, with +the same popular representation and local self-government. Edward +Cornwallis, uncle of Lord Cornwallis of the Revolutionary War, was made +governor and commander-in-chief. Wolfe calls him "a man of approved +courage and fidelity;" and even the caustic Horace Walpole speaks of him +as "a brave, sensible young man, of great temper and good nature."</p> + +<p> +Before summer was over, the streets were laid out, and the building-lot +of each settler was assigned to him; before winter closed, the whole +were under shelter, the village was fenced with palisades and defended +by redoubts of timber, and the battalions lately in garrison at +Louisbourg manned the wooden ramparts. Succeeding years brought more +emigrants, till in 1752 the population was above four thousand. Thus was +born into the world the city of Halifax. Along with the crumbling old +fort and miserably disciplined garrison at Annapolis, besides six or +seven small detached posts to watch the Indians and Acadians, it +comprised the whole British force on the peninsula; for Canseau had been +destroyed by the French.</p> + +<p> +The French had never reconciled themselves to the loss of Acadia, and +were resolved, by diplomacy or force, to win it back again; but the +building of Halifax showed that this was to be no easy task, and filled +them at the same time with alarm for the safety of Louisbourg. On one +point, at least, they saw their policy clear. The Acadians, though those +of them who were not above thirty-five +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_094-V1" id="Page_094-V1">94<br />V1</a></span> +had been born under the British +flag, must be kept French at heart, and taught that they were still +French subjects. In 1748 they numbered eighty-eight hundred and fifty +communicants, or from twelve to thirteen thousand souls; but an +emigration, of which the causes will soon appear, had reduced them in +1752 to but little more than nine thousand. +<span class="superscript">[74]</span> These were divided into +six principal parishes, one of the largest being that of Annapolis. +Other centres of population were Grand Pré, on the basin of Mines; +Beaubassin, at the head of Chignecto Bay; Pisiquid, now Windsor; and +Cobequid, now Truro. Their priests, who were missionaries controlled by +the diocese of Quebec, acted also as their magistrates, ruling them for +this world and the next. Bring subject to a French superior, and being, +moreover, wholly French at heart, they formed in this British province a +wheel within a wheel, the inner movement always opposing the outer.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_074" name="footer_074"></a> + <span class="superscript">[74]</span> +<i>Description de l'Acadie, avec le Nom des Paroisses et le Nombre des +Habitants</i>, 1748. <i>Mémoire à présenter à +la Cour sur la Necessité de fixer les Limites de l'Acadie,</i> par +l'Abbé de l'Isle-Dieu, 1753 (1754?). Compare the estimates in +<i>Censuses of Canada</i> (Ottawa, 1876.) +</p> +</div> + + +<p> +Although, by the twelfth article of the treaty of Utrecht, France had +solemnly declared the Acadians to be British subjects, the Government of +Louis XV. intrigued continually to turn them from subjects into enemies. +Before me is a mass of English documents on Acadian affairs from the +peace of Aix-la-Chapelle to the catastrophe of 1755, and above a +thousand pages of French official +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_095-V1" id="Page_095-V1">95<br />V1</a></span> +papers from the archives of Paris, +memorials, reports, and secret correspondence, relating to the same +matters. With the help of these and some collateral lights, it is not +difficult to make a correct diagnosis of the political disease that +ravaged this miserable country. Of a multitude of proofs, only a few can +be given here; but these will suffice.</p> + +<p> +It was not that the Acadians had been ill-used by the English; the +reverse was the case. They had been left in free exercise of their +worship, as stipulated by treaty. It is true that, from time to time, +there were loud complaints from French officials that religion was in +danger, because certain priests had been rebuked, arrested, brought +before the Council at Halifax, suspended from their functions, or +required, on pain of banishment, to swear that they would do nothing +against the interests of King George. Yet such action on the part of the +provincial authorities seems, without a single exception, to have been +the consequence of misconduct on the part of the priest, in opposing the +Government and stirring his flock to disaffection. La Jonquière, the +determined adversary of the English, reported to the bishop that they +did not oppose the ecclesiastics in the exercise of their functions, and +an order of Louis XV. admits that the Acadians have enjoyed liberty of +religion. <span class="superscript">[75]</span> +In a long document addressed in 1750 to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_096-V1" id="Page_096-V1">96<br />V1</a></span> +the Colonial Minister at Versailles, Roma, an officer at Louisbourg, testifies +thus to the mildness of British rule, though he ascribes it to interested +motives. "The fear that the Acadians have of the Indians is the +controlling motive which makes them side with the French. The English, +having in view the conquest of Canada, wished to give the French of that +colony, in their conduct towards the Acadians, a striking example of +the mildness of their government. Without raising the fortune of any of +the inhabitants, they have supplied them for more than thirty-five years +with the necessaries of life, often on credit and with an excess of +confidence, without troubling their debtors, without pressing them, +without wishing to force them to pay. They have left them an appearance +of liberty so excessive that they have not intervened in their disputes +or even punished their crimes. They have allowed them to refuse with +insolence certain moderate rents payable in grain and lawfully due. They +have passed over in silence the contemptuous refusal of the Acadians to +take titles from them for the new lands which they chose to occupy. +<span class="superscript">[76]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_075" name="footer_075"></a> + <span class="superscript">[75]</span> +<i>La Jonquière à l'Évêque de Québec</i>, +14 <i>Juin</i>, 1750. <i>Mémoire du Roy pour servir d'Instruction +au Comte de Raymond, commandant pour Sa +<ins title="In original text, Majeste is split between two lines without a hyphen; typo assumed.">Majesté</ins> +à l'Isle +Royale</i> [Cape Breton], 24 <i>Avril</i>, 1751. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_076" name="footer_076"></a> + <span class="superscript">[76]</span> +See <a href="#appendixB">Appendix B</a>. +</p> +</div> + + +<p> +"We know very well," pursues Roma, "the fruits of this conduct in the +last war; and the English know it also. Judge then what will be the +wrath and vengeance of this cruel nation." The fruits to which Roma +alludes were the hostilities, open or secret, committed by the Acadians +against the English. He now ventures the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_097-V1" id="Page_097-V1">97<br />V1</a></span> +prediction that the enraged +conquerors will take their revenge by drafting all the young Acadians on +board their ships of war, and there destroying them by slow starvation. +He proved, however, a false prophet. The English Governor merely +required the inhabitants to renew their oath of allegiance, without +qualification or evasion.</p> + +<p> +It was twenty years since the Acadians had taken such an oath; and +meanwhile a new generation had grown up. The old oath pledged them to +fidelity and obedience; but they averred that Phillips, then governor of +the province, had given them, at the same time, assurance that they +should not be required to bear arms against either French or Indians. In +fact, such service had not been demanded of them, and they would have +lived in virtual neutrality, had not many of them broken their oaths and +joined the French war-parties. For this reason Cornwallis thought it +necessary that, in renewing the pledge, they should bind themselves to +an allegiance as complete as that required of other British subjects. +This spread general consternation. Deputies from the Acadian +settlements appeared at Halifax, bringing a paper signed with the marks +of a thousand persons. The following passage contains the pith of it. +"The inhabitants in general, sir, over the whole extent of this country +are resolved not to take the oath which your Excellency requires of us; +but if your Excellency will grant us our old oath, with an exemption for +ourselves and our heirs from taking up arms, we +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_098-V1" id="Page_098-V1">98<br />V1</a></span> +will accept it." +<span class="superscript">[77]</span> The +answer of Cornwallis was by no means so stern as it has been +represented. <span class="superscript">[78]</span> +After the formal reception he talked in private with +the deputies; and "they went home in good humor, promising great +things." <span class="superscript">[79]</span> </p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_077" name="footer_077"></a> + <span class="superscript">[77]</span> +<i>Public Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, 173. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_078" name="footer_078"></a> + <span class="superscript">[78]</span> +See <i>Ibid.</i>, 174, where the answer is printed. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_079" name="footer_079"></a> + <span class="superscript">[79]</span> +<i>Cornwallis to the Board of Trade</i>, 11 <i>Sept</i>. 1749. +</p> +</div> + + + +<p> +The refusal of the Acadians to take the required oath was not wholly +spontaneous, but was mainly due to influence from without. The French +officials of Cape Breton and Isle St. Jean, now Prince Edward Island, +exerted themselves to the utmost, chiefly through the agency of the +priests, to excite the people to refuse any oath that should commit them +fully to British allegiance. At the same time means were used to induce +them to migrate to the neighboring islands under French rule, and +efforts were also made to set on the Indians to attack the English. But +the plans of the French will best appear in a despatch sent by La +Jonquière to the Colonial Minister in the autumn of 1749.</p> + +<p> +"Monsieur Cornwallis issued an order on the tenth of the said month +[<i>August</i>], to the effect that if the inhabitants will remain faithful +subjects of the King of Great Britain, he will allow them priests and +public exercise of their religion, with the understanding that no priest +shall officiate without his permission or before taking an oath of +fidelity to the King of Great Britain. Secondly, that the inhabitants +shall not be +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_099-V1" id="Page_099-V1">99<br />V1</a></span> +exempted from defending their houses, their lands, and the +Government. Thirdly, that they shall take an oath of fidelity to the +King of Great Britain, on the twenty-sixth of this month, before +officers sent them for that purpose."</p> + +<p> +La Jonquière proceeds to say that on hearing these conditions the +Acadians were filled with perplexity and alarm, and that he, the +governor, had directed Boishébert, his chief officer on the Acadian +frontier, to encourage them to leave their homes and seek asylum on +French soil. He thus recounts the steps he has taken to harass the +English of Halifax by means of their Indian neighbors. As peace had been +declared, the operation was delicate; and when three of these Indians +came to him from their missionary, Le Loutre, with letters on the +subject, La Jonquière was discreetly reticent. "I did not care to give +them any advice upon the matter, and confined myself to a promise that I +would on no account abandon them; and I have provided for supplying them +with everything, whether arms, ammunition, food, or other necessaries. +It is to be desired that these savages should succeed in thwarting the +designs of the English, and even their settlement at Halifax. They are +bent on doing so; and if they can carry out their plans, it is certain +that they will give the English great trouble, and so harass them that +they will be a great obstacle in their path. These savages are to act +alone; neither soldier nor French inhabitant is to join them; everything +will be done of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100-V1" id="Page_100-V1">100<br />V1</a></span> +their own motion, and without showing that I had any +knowledge of the matter. This is very essential; therefore I have +written to the Sieur de Boishébert to observe great prudence in his +measures, and to act very secretly, in order that the English may not +perceive that we are providing for the needs of the said savages.</p> + +<p> +"It will be the missionaries who will manage all the negotiation, and +direct the movements of the savages, who are in excellent hands, as the +Reverend Father Germain and Monsieur l'Abbé Le Loutre are very capable +of making the most of them, and using them to the greatest advantage for +our interests. They will manage their intrigue in such a way as not to +appear in it."</p> + +<p> +La Jonquière then recounts the good results which he expects from these +measures: first, the English will be prevented from making any new +settlements; secondly, we shall gradually get the Acadians out of their +hands; and lastly, they will be so discouraged by constant Indian +attacks that they will renounce their pretensions to the parts of the +country belonging to the King of France. "I feel, Monseigneur,"—thus +the Governor concludes his despatch,—"all the delicacy of this +negotiation; be assured that I will conduct it with such precaution that +the English will not be able to say that my orders had any part in +it." <span class="superscript">[80]</span></p> + + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_080" name="footer_080"></a> + <span class="superscript">[80]</span> +<i>La Jonquière au Ministre</i>, 9 <i>Oct.</i> 1749. +See <a href="#appendixB">Appendix B</a>. +</p> +</div> + + +<p> +He kept his word, and so did the missionaries. The Indians gave great +trouble on the outskirts of Halifax, and murdered many harmless +settlers; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101-V1" id="Page_101-V1">101<br />V1</a></span> +yet the English authorities did not at first suspect that they +were hounded on by their priests, under the direction of the Governor +of Canada, and with the privity of the Minister at Versailles. More than +this; for, looking across the sea, we find royalty itself lending its +august countenance to the machination. Among the letters read before the +King in his cabinet in May, 1750, was one from Desherbiers, then +commanding at Louisbourg, saying that he was advising the Acadians not +to take the oath of allegiance to the King of England; another from Le +Loutre, declaring that he and Father Germain were consulting together +how to disgust the English with their enterprise of Halifax; and a third +from the Intendant, Bigot, announcing that Le Loutre was using the +Indians to harass the new settlement, and that he himself was sending +them powder, lead, and merchandise, "to confirm them in their good +designs." <span class="superscript">[81]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_081" name="footer_081"></a> + <span class="superscript">[81]</span> +<i>Resumé des Lettres lues au Travail du Roy, Mai</i>, 1750. +</p> +</div> + + +<p>To this the Minister replies in a letter to Desherbiers: "His Majesty is +well satisfied with all you have done to thwart the English in their new +establishment. If the dispositions of the savages are such as they seem, +there is reason to hope that in the course of the winter they will +succeed in so harassing the settlers that some of them will become +disheartened." Desherbiers is then told that His Majesty desires him to +aid English deserters in escaping from Halifax. +<span class="superscript">[82]</span> Supplies for the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102-V1" id="Page_102-V1">102<br />V1</a></span> +Indians are also promised; and he is informed that twelve medals are +sent him by the frigate "La Mutine," to be given to the chiefs who shall +most distinguish themselves. In another letter Desherbiers is enjoined +to treat the English authorities with great politeness. +<span class="superscript">[83]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_082" name="footer_082"></a> + <span class="superscript">[82]</span> +In 1750 nine captured deserters from Phillips's regiment +declared on their trial that the French had aided them and supplied them +all with money. <i>Public Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, 193. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_083" name="footer_083"></a> + <span class="superscript">[83]</span> +<i>Le Ministre à Desherbiers</i>, 23 <i>Mai</i>, 1750; +<i>Ibid.</i>, 31 <i>Mai</i>, 1750. +</p> +</div> + + +<p> +When Count Raymond took command at Louisbourg, he was instructed, under +the royal hand, to give particular attention to the affairs of Acadia, +especially in two points,—the management of the Indians, and the +encouraging of Acadian emigration to countries under French rule. "His +Majesty," says the document, "has already remarked that the savages have +been most favorably disposed. It is of the utmost importance that no +means be neglected to keep them so. The missionaries among them are in a +better position than anybody to contribute to this end, and His Majesty +has reason to be satisfied with the pains they take therein. The Sieur +de Raymond will excite these missionaries not to slacken their efforts; +but he will warn them at the same time so to contain their zeal as not +to compromise themselves with the English, and give just occasion of +complaint." <span class="superscript">[84]</span> +That is, the King orders his representative to encourage +the missionaries in instigating their flocks to butcher English +settlers, but to see that they take care not to be found out. The +injunction was hardly needed. "Monsieur Desherbiers," says a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103-V1" id="Page_103-V1">103<br />V1</a></span> +letter of +earlier date, "has engaged Abbé Le Loutre to distribute the usual +presents among the savages, and Monsieur Bigot has placed in his hands +an additional gift of cloth, blankets, powder, and ball, to be given +them in case they harass the English at Halifax. This missionary is to +induce them to do so." <span class="superscript">[85]</span> +In spite of these efforts, the Indians began +to relent in their hostilities; and when Longueuil became provisional +governor of Canada, he complained to the Minister that it was very +difficult to prevent them from making peace with the English, though +Father Germain was doing his best to keep them on the war-path. +<span class="superscript">[86]</span> +La Jonquière, too, had done his best, even to the point of departing +from his original policy of allowing no soldier or Acadian to take part +with them. He had sent a body of troops under La Corne, an able partisan +officer, to watch the English frontier; and in the same vessel was sent +a supply of "merchandise, guns, and munitions for the savages and the +Acadians who may take up arms with them; and the whole is sent under +pretext of trading in furs with the savages." +<span class="superscript">[87]</span> On another occasion +La Jonquière wrote: "In order that the savages may do their part +courageously, a few Acadians, dressed and painted in their way, could +join them to strike the English. I cannot help consenting to what these +savages do, because we have our hands tied [<i>by the peace</i>], +and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104-V1" id="Page_104-V1">104<br />V1</a></span> +so can do nothing ourselves. Besides, I do not think that any +inconvenience will come of letting the Acadians mingle among them, +because if they [<i>the Acadians</i>] are captured, we shall say that they +acted of their own accord." +<span class="superscript">[88]</span> In other words, he will encourage them +to break the peace; and then, by means of a falsehood, have them +punished as felons. Many disguised Acadians did in fact join the Indian +war-parties; and their doing so was no secret to the English. "What we +call here an Indian war," wrote Hopson, successor of Cornwallis, "is no +other than a pretence for the French to commit hostilities on His +Majesty's subjects."</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_084" name="footer_084"></a> + <span class="superscript">[84]</span> +<i>Mémoire du Roy pour servir d'Instruction au Comte de +Raymond</i>, 24 <i>Avril</i>, 1751. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_085" name="footer_085"></a> + <span class="superscript">[85]</span> +<i>Lettre commune de Desherbiers et Bigot au Ministre</i>, +15 <i>Août</i>, 1749. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_086" name="footer_086"></a> + <span class="superscript">[86]</span> +<i>Longueuil au Ministre</i>, 26 <i>Avril</i>, 1752. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_087" name="footer_087"></a> + <span class="superscript">[87]</span> +<i>Bigot au Ministre</i>, 1749. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_088" name="footer_088"></a> + <span class="superscript">[88]</span> +<i>Dépêches de la Jonquière</i>, 1 <i>Mai</i>, 1751. +See <a href="#appendixB">Appendix B</a>. +</p> +</div> + + +<p> +At length the Indians made peace, or pretended to do so. The chief of Le +Loutre's mission, who called himself Major Jean-Baptiste Cope, came to +Halifax with a deputation of his tribe, and they all affixed their totems +to a solemn treaty. In the next summer they returned with ninety or a +hundred warriors, were well entertained, presented with gifts, and sent +homeward in a schooner. On the way they seized the vessel and murdered +the crew. This is told by Prévost, intendant at Louisbourg, who +does not say that French instigation had any part in the treachery. +<span class="superscript">[89]</span> It is nevertheless certain that the +Indians were paid for this or some contemporary murder; for Prévost, +writing just four weeks later, says: "Last month the savages +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105-V1" id="Page_105-V1">105<br />V1</a></span> +took eighteen English scalps, and Monsieur Le Loutre was obliged to pay them +eighteen hundred livres, Acadian money, which I have reimbursed him." +<span class="superscript">[90]</span></p> + + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_089" name="footer_089"></a> + <span class="superscript">[89]</span> +<i>Prévost au Ministre</i>, 12 <i>Mars</i>, 1753; <i>Ibid.</i>, 17 +<i>July</i>, 1753. Prévost was <i>ordonnateur</i>, or intendant, +at Louisbourg. The treaty will be found in full in <i>Public Documents of +Nova Scotia</i>, 683. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_090" name="footer_090"></a> + <span class="superscript">[90]</span> +<i>Prévost au Ministre</i>, 16 <i>Août</i>, 1753. +</p> +</div> + +<p>From the first, the services of this zealous missionary had been beyond +price. Prévost testifies that, though Cornwallis does his best to induce +the Acadians to swear fidelity to King George, Le Loutre keeps them in +allegiance to King Louis, and threatens to set his Indians upon them +unless they declare against the English. "I have already," adds Prévost, +"paid him 11,183 livres for his daily expenses; and I never cease +advising him to be as economical as possible, and always to take care +not to compromise himself with the English Government." +<span class="superscript">[91]</span> In +consequence of "good service to religion and the state," Le Loutre +received a pension of eight hundred livres, as did also Maillard, his +brother missionary on Cape Breton. "The fear is," writes the Colonial +Minister to the Governor of Louisbourg, "that their zeal may carry them +too far. Excite them to keep the Indians in our interests, but do not +let them compromise us. Act always so as to make the English appear as +aggressors." <span class="superscript">[92]</span></p> + + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_091" name="footer_091"></a> + <span class="superscript">[91]</span> +<i>Ibid.</i>, 22 <i>Juillet</i>, 1750. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_092" name="footer_092"></a> + <span class="superscript">[92]</span> +<i>Le Ministre au Comte de Raymond</i>, 21 <i>Juillet</i>, 1752. It is +curious to compare these secret instructions, given by the Minister to +the colonial officials, with a letter which the same Minister, Rouillé, +wrote ostensibly to La Jonquière, but which was really meant for the eye +of the British Minister at Versailles, Lord Albemarle, to whom it was shown in +proof of French good faith. It was afterwards printed, along with other papers, +in a small volume called <i>Précis des Faits, avec leurs Pièces +justificatives</i> which was sent by the French Government to all the courts of +Europe to show that the English alone were answerable for the war. The letter, +it is needless to say, breathes the highest sentiments of international honor. +</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106-V1" id="Page_106-V1">106<br />V1</a></span> +All the Acadian clergy, in one degree or another, seem to have used their +influence to prevent the inhabitants from taking the oath, and to persuade +them that they were still French subjects. Some were noisy, turbulent, and +defiant; others were too tranquil to please the officers of the Crown. A +missionary at Annapolis is mentioned as old, and therefore inefficient; while +the curé at Grand Pré, also an elderly man, was too much inclined +to confine himself to his spiritual functions. It is everywhere apparent that +those who chose these priests, and sent them as missionaries into a British +province, expected them to act as enemies of the British Crown. The maxim is +often repeated that duty to religion is inseparable from the duty to the King +of France. The Bishop of Quebec desired the Abbé de l'Isle-Dieu to +represent to the Court the need of more missionaries to keep the Acadians +Catholic and French; but, he adds, there is danger that they (the missionaries) +will be required to take an oath to do nothing contrary to the interests of the +King of Great Britain. <span class="superscript">[93]</span> +It is a wonder that such a pledge was not always demanded. It was exacted in a +few cases, notably in that of Girard, priest at Cobequid, who, on charges of +instigating his flock to disaffection, had been sent prisoner to Halifax, but +released on taking an oath in the above terms. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107-V1" id="Page_107-V1">107<br />V1</a></span> +Thereupon he wrote to Longueuil at Quebec that his parishioners wanted to +submit to the English, and that he, having sworn to be true to the British +King, could not prevent them. "Though I don't pretend to be a casuist," +writes Longueuil, "I could not help answering him that he is not obliged +to keep such an oath, and that he ought to labor in all zeal to preserve +and increase the number of the faithful." Girard, to his credit, preferred +to leave the colony, and retired to Isle St. Jean. +<span class="superscript">[94]</span></p> + + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_093" name="footer_093"></a> + <span class="superscript">[93]</span> +L'Isle-Dieu, <i>Mémoire sur l'État actuel des Missions</i>, +1753 (1754?). +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_094" name="footer_094"></a> + <span class="superscript">[94]</span> +<i>Longueuil au Ministre</i>, 27 <i>Avril</i>, 1752. +</p> +</div> + +<p> +Cornwallis soon discovered to what extent the clergy stirred their +flocks to revolt; and he wrote angrily to the Bishop of Quebec: "Was it +you who sent Le Loutre as a missionary to the Micmacs? and is it for +their good that he excites these wretches to practise their cruelties +against those who have shown them every kindness? The conduct of the +priests of Acadia has been such that by command of his Majesty I have +published an Order declaring that if any one of them presumes to +exercise his functions without my express permission he shall be dealt +with according to the laws of England." <span class="superscript">[95]</span> +</p> + + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_095" name="footer_095"></a> + <span class="superscript">[95]</span> +<i>Cornwallis to the Bishop of Quebec</i>, 1 <i>Dec.</i> 1749. +</p> +</div> + + +<p>The English, bound by treaty to allow the Acadians the exercise of their +religion, at length conceived the idea of replacing the French priests +by others to be named by the Pope at the request of the British +Government. This, becoming known to the French, greatly alarmed them, +and the Intendant at Louisbourg wrote to the Minister that the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108-V1" id="Page_108-V1">108<br />V1</a></span> +matter required serious attention. <span class="superscript">[96]</span> +It threatened, in fact, to rob them of their chief agents of intrigue; but +their alarm proved needless, as the plan was not carried into execution.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_096" name="footer_096"></a> + <span class="superscript">[96]</span> +<i>Daudin, prêtre, à Prévost</i>, 23 <i>Oct.</i> 1753. +<i>Prévost au Ministre</i>, 24 <i>Nov.</i> 1753. +</p> +</div> + +<p> +The French officials would have been better pleased had the conduct of +Cornwallis been such as to aid their efforts to alienate the Acadians; +and one writer, while confessing the "favorable treatment" of the +English towards the inhabitants, denounces it as a snare. +<span class="superscript">[97]</span> If so, it +was a snare intended simply to reconcile them to English rule. Nor was +it without effect. "We must give up altogether the idea of an +insurrection in Acadia," writes an officer of Cape Breton. "The Acadians +cannot be trusted; they are controlled by fear of the Indians, which +leads them to breathe French sentiments, even when their inclinations +are English. They will yield to their interests; and the English will +make it impossible that they should either hurt them or serve us, unless +we take measures different from those we have hitherto pursued." +<span class="superscript">[98]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_097" name="footer_097"></a> + <span class="superscript">[97]</span> +<i>Mémoire à présenter à la Cour</i>, 1753. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_098" name="footer_098"></a> + <span class="superscript">[98]</span> +<i>Roma au Ministre</i>, 11 <i>Mars</i>, 1750. +</p> +</div> + + +<p>During all this time, constant efforts were made to stimulate Acadian +emigration to French territory, and thus to strengthen the French +frontier. In this work the chief agent was Le Loutre. "This priest," +says a French writer of the time, "urged the people of Les Mines, Port +Royal [<i>Annapolis</i>], and other places, to come and join the French, and +promised to all, in the name of the Governor, to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109-V1" id="Page_109-V1">109<br />V1</a></span> +settle and support them for three years, and even indemnify them for any +losses they might incur; threatening if they did not do as he advised, to +abandon them, deprive them of their priests, have their wives and children +carried off, and their property laid waste by the Indians." +<span class="superscript">[99]</span> Some passed over the isthmus to the +shores of the gulf, and others made their way to the Strait of Canseau. +Vessels were provided to convey them, in the one case to Isle St. Jean, +now Prince Edward Island, and in the other to Isle Royale, called by the +English, Cape Breton. Some were eager to go; some went with reluctance; +some would scarcely be persuaded to go at all. "They leave their homes +with great regret," reports the Governor of Isle St. Jean, speaking of +the people of Cobequid, "and they began to move their luggage only when +the savages compelled them." <span class="superscript">[100]</span> These +savages were the flock of Abbé Le Loutre, who was on the spot to +direct the emigration. Two thousand Acadians are reported to have left the +peninsula before the end of 1751, and many more followed within the next +two years. Nothing could exceed the misery of a great part of these +emigrants, who had left perforce most of their effects behind. They +became disheartened and apathetic. The Intendant at Louisbourg says that +they will not take the trouble to clear the land, and that some of them +live, like Indians, under huts of spruce-branches. +<span class="superscript">[101]</span> The Governor of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110-V1" id="Page_110-V1">110<br />V1</a></span> +Isle St. Jean declares that they are dying of hunger. +<span class="superscript">[102]</span> Girard, the +priest who had withdrawn to this island rather than break his oath to +the English, writes: "Many of them cannot protect themselves day or +night from the severity of the cold. Most of the children are entirely +naked; and when I go into a house they are all crouched in the ashes, +close to the fire. They run off and hide themselves, without shoes, +stockings, or shirts. They are not all reduced to this extremity but +nearly all are in want." <span class="superscript">[103]</span> +Mortality among them was great, and would +have been greater but for rations supplied by the French Government.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_099" name="footer_099"></a> + <span class="superscript">[99]</span> +<i>Mémoires sur le Canada</i>, 1749-1760. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_100" name="footer_100"></a> + <span class="superscript">[100]</span> +<i>Bonaventure à Desherbiers</i>, 26 <i>Juin</i>, 1751. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_101" name="footer_101"></a> + <span class="superscript">[101]</span> +<i>Prévost au Ministre</i>, 25 <i>Nov.</i> 1750. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_102" name="footer_102"></a> + <span class="superscript">[102]</span> +<i>Bonaventure, ut supra</i>. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_103" name="footer_103"></a> + <span class="superscript">[103]</span> +<i>Girard à (Bonaventure?)</i>, 27 <i>Oct.</i> 1753. +</p> + +</div> + +<p> +During these proceedings, the English Governor, Cornwallis, seems to +have justified the character of good temper given him by Horace Walpole. +His attitude towards the Acadians remained on the whole patient and +conciliatory. "My friends," he replied to a deputation of them asking a +general permission to leave the province, "I am not ignorant of the fact +that every means has been used to alienate the hearts of the French +subjects of His Britannic Majesty. Great advantages have been promised +you elsewhere, and you have been made to imagine that your religion was +in danger. Threats even have been resorted to in order to induce you to +remove to French territory. The savages are made use of to molest you; +they are to cut the throats of all who remain in their native country, +attached to their own interests and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111-V1" id="Page_111-V1">111<br />V1</a></span> +faithful to the Government. You know that certain officers and missionaries, +who came from Canada last autumn, have been the cause of all our trouble +during the winter. Their conduct has been horrible, without honor, probity, +or conscience. Their aim is to embroil you with the Government. I will not +believe that they are authorized to do so by the Court of France, that being +contrary to good faith and the friendship established between the two Crowns." +</p> + +<p> +What foundation there was for this amiable confidence in the Court of +Versailles has been seen already. "When you declared your desire to +submit yourselves to another Government," pursues Cornwallis, "our +determination was to hinder nobody from following what he imagined to be +his interest. We know that a forced service is worth nothing, and that a +subject compelled to be so against his will is not far from being an +enemy. We confess, however, that your determination to go gives us pain. +We are aware of your industry and temperance, and that you are not +addicted to any vice or debauchery. This province is your country. You +and your fathers have cultivated it; naturally you ought yourselves to +enjoy the fruits of your labor. Such was the design of the King, our +master. You know that we have followed his orders. You know that we have +done everything to secure to you not only the occupation of your lands, +but the ownership of them forever. We have given you also every possible +assurance of the free and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112-V1" id="Page_112-V1">112<br />V1</a></span> +public exercise of the Roman Catholic +religion. But I declare to you frankly that, according to our laws, +nobody can possess lands or houses in the province who shall refuse to +take the oath of allegiance to his King when required to do so. You know +very well that there are ill-disposed and mischievous persons among you +who corrupt the others. Your inexperience, your ignorance of the affairs +of government, and your habit of following the counsels of those who +have not your real interests at heart, make it an easy matter to seduce +you. In your petitions you ask for a general leave to quit the province. +The only manner in which you can do so is to follow the regulations +already established, and provide yourselves with our passport. And we +declare that nothing shall prevent us from giving such passports to all +who ask for them, the moment peace and tranquillity are +re-established." <span class="superscript">[104]</span> +He declares as his reason for not giving them at +once, that on crossing the frontier "you will have to pass the French +detachments and savages assembled there, and that they compel all the +inhabitants who go there to take up arms" against the English. How well +this reason was founded will soon appear.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_104" name="footer_104"></a> + <span class="superscript">[104]</span> +The above passages are from two address of Cornwallis, +read to the Acadian deputies in April and May, 1750. The combined +extracts here given convey the spirit of the whole. See <i>Public +Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, 185-190. +</p> +</div> + +<p> +Hopson, the next governor, described by the French themselves as a "mild +and peaceable officer," was no less considerate in his treatment of the +Acadians; and at the end of 1752 he issued +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113-V1" id="Page_113-V1">113<br />V1</a></span> +the following order to his military subordinates: "You are to look on the +French inhabitants in the same light as the rest of His Majesty's subjects, +as to the protection of the laws and government; for which reason nothing +is to be taken from them by force, or any price set upon their goods but +what they themselves agree to. And if at any time the inhabitants should +obstinately refuse to comply with what His Majesty's service may require +of them, you are not to redress yourself by military force or in any +unlawful manner, but to lay the case before the Governor and wait his +orders thereon." <span class="superscript">[105]</span> Unfortunately, +the mild rule of Cornwallis and Hopson was not always maintained under +their successor, Lawrence.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_105" name="footer_105"></a> + <span class="superscript">[105]</span> +<i>Public Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, 197. +</p> +</div> + + +<p> +Louis Joseph Le Loutre, vicar-general of Acadia and missionary to the +Micmacs, was the most conspicuous person in the province, and more than +any other man was answerable for the miseries that overwhelmed it. The +sheep of which he was the shepherd dwelt, at a day's journey from +Halifax, by the banks of the River Shubenacadie, in small cabins of +logs, mixed with wigwams of birch-bark. They were not a docile flock; +and to manage them needed address, energy, and money,—with all of which +the missionary was provided. He fed their traditional dislike of the +English, and fanned their fanaticism, born of the villanous counterfeit +of Christianity which he and his predecessors had imposed on them. Thus +he contrived to use them on the one hand to murder the English, and on +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114-V1" id="Page_114-V1">114<br />V1</a></span> +the other to terrify the Acadians; yet not without cost to the French +Government; for they had learned the value of money, and, except when +their blood was up, were slow to take scalps without pay. Le Loutre was +a man of boundless egotism, a violent spirit of domination, an intense +hatred of the English, and a fanaticism that stopped at nothing. Towards +the Acadians he was a despot; and this simple and superstitious people, +extremely susceptible to the influence of their priests, trembled before +him. He was scarcely less masterful in his dealings with the Acadian +clergy; and, aided by his quality of the Bishop's vicar-general, he +dragooned even the unwilling into aiding his schemes. Three successive +governors of New France thought him invaluable, yet feared the +impetuosity of his zeal, and vainly tried to restrain it within safe +bounds. The Bishop, while approving his objects, thought his medicines +too violent, and asked in a tone of reproof: "Is it right for you to +refuse the Acadians the sacraments, to threaten that they shall be +deprived of the services of a priest, and that the savages shall treat +them as enemies?" <span class="superscript">[106]</span> +"Nobody," says a French Catholic contemporary, +"was more fit than he to carry discord and desolation into a +country." <span class="superscript">[107]</span> +Cornwallis called him "a good-for-nothing scoundrel," and +offered a hundred pounds for his head. +<span class="superscript">[108]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_106" name="footer_106"></a> + <span class="superscript">[106]</span> +<i>L'Évêque de Québec à Le Loutre</i>; translation +in <i>Public Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, 240. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_107" name="footer_107"></a> + <span class="superscript">[107]</span> +<i>Mémoires sur le Canada</i>, 1749-1760. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_108" name="footer_108"></a> + <span class="superscript">[108]</span> +On Le Loutre, compare <i>Public Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, 178-180, +<i>note</i>, with authorities there cited; <i>N. Y. Col. Docs.</i>, X. 11; +<i>Mémoires sur le Canada</i>, 1749-1760 (Quebec, 1838). +</p> +</div> + + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115-V1" id="Page_115-V1">115<br />V1</a></span> +The authorities at Halifax, while exasperated by the perfidy practised +on them, were themselves not always models of international virtue. They +seized a French vessel in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, on the +charge—probably true—that she was carrying arms and ammunition to the +Acadians and Indians. A less defensible act was the capture of the armed +brig "St. François," laden with supplies for a fort lately +re-established by the French, at the mouth of the River St. John, on +ground claimed by both nations. Captain Rous, a New England officer +commanding a frigate in the Royal Navy, opened fire on the "St. +François," took her after a short cannonade, and carried her into +Halifax, where she was condemned by the court. Several captures of small +craft, accused of illegal acts, were also made by the English. These +proceedings, being all of an overt nature, gave the officers of Louis +XV. precisely what they wanted,—an occasion for uttering loud +complaints, and denouncing the English as breakers of the peace.</p> + +<p> +But the movement most alarming to the French was the English occupation +of Beaubassin,—an act perfectly lawful in itself, since, without +reasonable doubt, the place was within the limits of Acadia, and +therefore on English ground.<span class="superscript">[109]</span> +Beaubassin was a considerable settlement on the isthmus that joins the +Acadian peninsula to the mainland. Northwest of the settlement lay a wide +marsh, through which ran a stream called +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116-V1" id="Page_116-V1">116<br />V1</a></span> +the Missaguash, some two miles +beyond which rose a hill called Beauséjour. On and near this hill +were stationed the troops and Canadians sent under Boishébert and +La Corne to watch the English frontier. This French force excited disaffection +among the Acadians through all the neighboring districts, and constantly +helped them to emigrate. Cornwallis therefore resolved to send an English +force to the spot; and accordingly, towards the end of April, 1750, Major +Lawrence landed at Beaubassin with four hundred men. News of their approach +had come before them, and Le Loutre was here with his Micmacs, mixed with +some Acadians whom he had persuaded or bullied to join him. Resolved +that the people of Beaubassin should not live under English influence, +he now with his own hand set fire to the parish church, while his white +and red adherents burned the houses of the inhabitants, and thus +compelled them to cross to the French side of the river. +<span class="superscript">[110]</span> This was +the first forcible removal of the Acadians. It was as premature as it +was violent; since Lawrence, being threatened by La Corne, whose force +was several times greater than his own, presently reimbarked. In the +following September he returned with seventeen small vessels and about +seven hundred men, and again attempted +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117-V1" id="Page_117-V1">117<br />V1</a></span> +to land on the strand of +Beaubassin. La Jonquière says that he could only be resisted indirectly, +because he was on the English side of the river. This indirect +resistance was undertaken by Le Loutre, who had thrown up a breastwork +along the shore and manned it with his Indians and his painted and +be-feathered Acadians. Nevertheless the English landed, and, with some +loss, drove out the defenders. Le Loutre himself seems not to have been +among them; but they kept up for a time a helter-skelter fight, +encouraged by two other missionaries, Germain and Lalerne, who were near +being caught by the English. <span class="superscript">[111]</span> +Lawrence quickly routed them, took +possession of the cemetery, and prepared to fortify himself. The village +of Beaubassin, consisting, it is said, of a hundred and forty houses, +had been burned in the spring; but there were still in the neighborhood, +on the English side, many hamlets and farms, with barns full of grain +and hay. Le Loutre's Indians now threatened to plunder and kill the +inhabitants if they did not take arms against the English. Few complied, +and the greater part fled to the woods. +<span class="superscript">[112]</span> On this the Indians and +their Acadian allies set the houses and barns on fire, and laid waste +the whole district, leaving the inhabitants no choice but to seek food +and shelter with the French. <span class="superscript">[113]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_109" name="footer_109"></a> + <span class="superscript">[109]</span> +La Jonquière himself admits that he thought so. "Cette partie là +étant, à ce que je crois, dépendante de l'Acadie." <i>La +Jonquière au Ministre, 3 Oct. 1750</i>. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_110" name="footer_110"></a> + <span class="superscript">[110]</span> +It has been erroneously stated that Beaubassin was burned by its own +inhabitants. "Laloutre, ayant vu que les Acadiens ne paroissoient pas fort +pressés d'abandonner leurs biens, avoit lui-même mis le feu +à l'Église, et l'avoit fait mettre aux maisons des habitants +par quelques-uns de ceux qu'il avoit gagnés," etc. <i>Mémoires +sur le Canada</i>, 1749-1760. "Les sauvages y mirent le feu." <i>Précis +des Faits</i>, 85. "Les sauvages mirent le feu aux maisons." <i>Prévost +au Ministre</i>, 22 <i>Juillet</i>, 1750. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_111" name="footer_111"></a> + <span class="superscript">[111]</span> +La Vallière, <i>Journal de ce qui s'est passé à +Chenitou</i> [Chignecto] <i>et autres parties des Frontières de +l'Acadie</i>, 1750-1751. La Vallière was an officer on the spot +to the footnote written. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_112" name="footer_112"></a> + <span class="superscript">[112]</span> +<i>Prévost au Ministre</i>, 27 <i>Sept</i>. 1750. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_113" name="footer_113"></a> + <span class="superscript">[113]</span> +"Les sauvages et Accadiens mirent le feu dans toutes les maisons et granges, +pleines de bled et de fourrages, ce qui a causé une grande disette." +La Vallière, <i>ut supra</i>. +</p> +</div> + + + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118-V1" id="Page_118-V1">118<br />V1</a></span> +The English fortified themselves on a low hill by the edge of the marsh, +planted palisades, built barracks, and named the new work Fort Lawrence. +Slight skirmishes between them and the French were frequent. Neither +party respected the dividing line of the Missaguash, and a petty warfare +of aggression and reprisal began, and became chronic. Before the end of +the autumn there was an atrocious act of treachery. Among the English +officers was Captain Edward Howe, an intelligent and agreeable person, +who spoke French fluently, and had been long stationed in the province. +Le Loutre detested him; dreading his influence over the Acadians, by +many of whom he was known and liked. One morning, at about eight +o'clock, the inmates of Fort Lawrence saw what seemed an officer from +Beauséjour, carrying a flag, and followed by several men in uniform, +wading through the sea of grass that stretched beyond the Missaguash. +When the tide was out, this river was but an ugly trench of reddish mud +gashed across the face of the marsh, with a thread of half-fluid slime +lazily crawling along the bottom; but at high tide it was filled to the +brim with an opaque torrent that would have overflowed, but for the +dikes thrown up to confine it. Behind the dike on the farther bank stood +the seeming officer, waving his flag in sign that he desired a parley. +He was in reality no officer, but one of Le Loutre's Indians in +disguise, Étienne Le Bâtard, or, as others say, the great chief, +Jean-Baptiste Cope. Howe, carrying a white flag, and accompanied by +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119-V1" id="Page_119-V1">119<br />V1</a></span> +a few officers and men, went towards the river to hear what he had to say. +As they drew near, his looks and language excited their suspicion. But +it was too late; for a number of Indians, who had hidden behind the dike +during the night, fired upon Howe across the stream, and mortally +wounded him. They continued their fire on his companions, but could not +prevent them from carrying the dying man to the fort. The French +officers, indignant at this villany, did not hesitate to charge it upon +Le Loutre; "for," says one of them, "what is not a wicked priest capable +of doing?" But Le Loutre's brother missionary, Maillard, declares that +it was purely an effect of religious zeal on the part of the Micmacs, +who, according to him, bore a deadly grudge against Howe because, +fourteen years before, he had spoken words disrespectful to the Holy +Virgin. <span class="superscript">[114]</span> +Maillard adds that the Indians were much pleased with what +they had done. Finding, however, that they could effect little against +the English troops, they changed their field of action, repaired to the +outskirts of Halifax, murdered about thirty settlers, and carried off +eight or ten prisoners.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_114" name="footer_114"></a> + <span class="superscript">[114]</span> +Maillard, <i>Les Missions Micmaques</i>. On the murder of Howe, <i>Public +Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, 194, 195, 210; <i>Mémoires sur le +Canada</i>, 1749-1760, where it is said that Le Loutre was present at the +deed; La Vallière, <i>Journal</i>, who says that some Acadians took +part in it; <i>Dépêches de la Jonquière</i>, who says +"les sauvages de l'Abbé le Loutre l'ont tué par trahison;" +and <i>Prévost au Ministre</i>, 27 <i>Oct</i>. 1750. +</p> +</div> + +<p> +Strong reinforcements came from Canada. The French began a fort on the +hill of Beauséjour, and the Acadians were required to work at it with no +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120-V1" id="Page_120-V1">120<br />V1</a></span> +compensation but rations. They were thinly clad, some had neither shoes +nor stockings, and winter was begun. They became so dejected that it was +found absolutely necessary to give them wages enough to supply their +most pressing needs. In the following season Fort Beauséjour was in a +state to receive a garrison. It stood on the crown of the hill, and a +vast panorama stretched below and around it. In front lay the Bay of +Chignecto, winding along the fertile shores of Chipody and Memeramcook. +Far on the right spread the great Tantemar marsh; on the left lay the +marsh of the Missaguash; and on a knoll beyond it, not three miles +distant, the red flag of England waved over the palisades of Fort +Lawrence, while hills wrapped in dark forests bounded the horizon.</p> + +<p> +How the homeless Acadians from Beaubassin lived through the winter is +not very clear. They probably found shelter at Chipody and its +neighborhood, where there were thriving settlements of their countrymen. +Le Loutre, fearing that they would return to their lands and submit to +the English, sent some of them to Isle St. Jean. "They refused to go," +says a French writer; "but he compelled them at last, by threatening to +make the Indians pillage them, carry off their wives and children, and +even kill them before their eyes. Nevertheless he kept about him such as +were most submissive to his will." +<span class="superscript">[115]</span> In the spring after the English +occupied Beaubassin, La Jonquière issued a strange proclamation. It +commanded +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121-V1" id="Page_121-V1">121<br />V1</a></span> +all Acadians to take forthwith an oath of fidelity to the King +of France, and to enroll themselves in the French militia, on pain of +being treated as rebels. <span class="superscript">[116]</span> + Three years after, Lawrence, who then +governed the province, proclaimed in his turn that all Acadians who had +at any time sworn fidelity to the King of England, and who should be +found in arms against him, would be treated as criminals. +<span class="superscript">[117]</span> Thus were +these unfortunates ground between the upper and nether millstones. Le +Loutre replied to this proclamation of Lawrence by a letter in which he +outdid himself. He declared that any of the inhabitants who had crossed +to the French side of the line, and who should presume to return to the +English, would be treated as enemies by his Micmacs; and in the name of +these, his Indian adherents, he demanded that the entire eastern half of +the Acadian peninsula, including the ground on which Fort Lawrence +stood, should be at once made over to their sole use and sovereign +ownership, <span class="superscript">[118]</span>—"which being read +and considered," says the record of +the Halifax Council, "the contents appeared too insolent and absurd to +be answered."</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_115" name="footer_115"></a> + <span class="superscript">[115]</span> +<i>Mémoires sur le Canada</i>, 1749-1760. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_116" name="footer_116"></a> + <span class="superscript">[116]</span> +<i>Ordonnance du</i> 12 <i>Avril</i>, 1751. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_117" name="footer_117"></a> + <span class="superscript">[117]</span> +<i>Écrit donné aux Habitants réfugiés à +Beauséjour</i>, 10 <i>Août</i>, 1754. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_118" name="footer_118"></a> + <span class="superscript">[118]</span> +<i>Copie de la Lettre de M. l'Abbé Le Loutre, Prêtre +Missionnaire des Sauvages de l'Accadie, à M. Lawrence à +Halifax</i>, 26 <i>Août</i>, 1754. +There is a translation in <i>Public Documents of Nova Scotia</i>. +</p> +</div> + + + +<p> +The number of Acadians who had crossed the line and were collected about +Beauséjour was now large. Their countrymen of Chipody began to find them +a burden, and they lived chiefly on +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122-V1" id="Page_122-V1">122<br />V1</a></span> +Government rations. Le Loutre had +obtained fifty thousand livres from the Court in order to dike in, for +their use, the fertile marshes of Memeramcook; but the relief was +distant, and the misery pressing. They complained that they had been +lured over the line by false assurances, and they applied secretly to +the English authorities to learn if they would be allowed to return to +their homes. The answer was that they might do so with full enjoyment of +religion and property, if they would take a simple oath of fidelity and +loyalty to the King of Great Britain, qualified by an oral intimation +that they would not be required for the present to bear arms. +<span class="superscript">[119]</span> When +Le Loutre heard this, he mounted the pulpit, broke into fierce +invectives, threatened the terrified people with excommunication, and +preached himself into a state of exhaustion. +<span class="superscript">[120]</span> The military +commandant at Beauséjour used gentler means of prevention; and the +Acadians, unused for generations to think or act for themselves, +remained restless, but indecisive, waiting till fate should settle for +them the question, under which king?</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_119" name="footer_119"></a> + <span class="superscript">[119]</span> +<i>Public Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, 205, 209. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_120" name="footer_120"></a> + <span class="superscript">[120]</span> +Compare <i>Mémoires</i>, 1749-1760, and <i>Public Documents of +Nova Scotia</i>, 229, 230. +</p> +</div> + + + +<p>Meanwhile, for the past three years, the commissioners appointed under +the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle to settle the question of boundaries +between France and England in America had been in session at Paris, +waging interminable war on paper; La Galissonière and Silhouette for +France, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123-V1" id="Page_123-V1">123<br />V1</a></span> +Shirley and Mildmay for England. By the treaty of Utrecht, +Acadia belonged to England; but what was Acadia? According to the +English commissioners, it comprised not only the peninsula now called +Nova Scotia, but all the immense tract of land between the River St. +Lawrence on the north, the Gulf of the same name on the east, the +Atlantic on the south, and New England on the west. +<span class="superscript">[121]</span> The French +commissioners, on their part, maintained that the name Acadia belonged +of right only to about a twentieth part of this territory, and that it +did not even cover the whole of the Acadian peninsula, but only its +southern coast, with an adjoining belt of barren wilderness. When the +French owned Acadia, they gave it boundaries as comprehensive as those +claimed for it by the English commissioners; now that it belonged to a +rival, they cut it down to a paring of its former self. The denial that +Acadia included the whole peninsula was dictated by the need of a winter +communication between Quebec and Cape Breton, which was possible only +with the eastern portions in French hands. So new was this denial that +even La Galissonière himself, the foremost in making it, had declared +without reservation two years before that Acadia was the entire +peninsula. <span class="superscript">[122]</span> +"If," says a writer on the question, "we +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124-V1" id="Page_124-V1">124<br />V1</a></span> +had to do with +a nation more tractable, less grasping, and more conciliatory, it would +be well to insist also that Halifax should be given up to us." He thinks +that, on the whole, it would be well to make the demand in any case, in +order to gain some other point by yielding this one. +<span class="superscript">[123]</span> It is curious +that while denying that the country was Acadia, the French invariably +called the inhabitants Acadians. Innumerable public documents, +commissions, grants, treaties, edicts, signed by French kings and +ministers, had recognized Acadia as extending over New Brunswick and a +part of Maine. Four censuses of Acadia while it belonged to the French +had recognized the mainland as included in it; and so do also the early +French maps. Its prodigious shrinkage was simply the consequence of its +possession by an alien.</p> + + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_121" name="footer_121"></a> + <span class="superscript">[121]</span> +The commission of De Monts, in 1603, defines Acadia as extending from the +fortieth to the forty-sixth degrees of latitude,—that is, from central +New Brunswick to southern Pennsylvania. Neither party cared to produce the +document. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_122" name="footer_122"></a> + <span class="superscript">[122]</span> +"L'Acadie suivant ses anciennes limites est la presquisle bornée par +son isthme." <i>La Galissonière au Ministre</i>, 25 <i>Juillet</i>, +1749. The English commissioners were, of course, ignorant of this admission. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_123" name="footer_123"></a> + <span class="superscript">[123]</span> +<i>Mémoire de l'Abbé de l'Isle-Dieu</i>, 1753 (1754?). +</p> +</div> + + +<p>Other questions of limits, more important and equally perilous, called +loudly for solution. What line should separate Canada and her western +dependencies from the British colonies? Various principles of +demarcation were suggested, of which the most prominent on the French +side was a geographical one. All countries watered by streams falling +into the St. Lawrence, the Great Lakes, and the Mississippi were to +belong to her. This would have planted her in the heart of New York and +along the crests of the Alleghanies, giving her all the interior of the +continent, and leaving nothing to England but a strip of sea-coast. Yet +in view of what France had achieved; of the patient gallantry +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125-V1" id="Page_125-V1">125<br />V1</a></span> +of her +explorers, the zeal of her missionaries, the adventurous hardihood of +her bushrangers, revealing to civilized mankind the existence of this +wilderness world, while her rivals plodded at their workshops, their +farms, or their fisheries,—in view of all this, her pretensions were +moderate and reasonable compared with those of England. The treaty of +Utrecht had declared the Iroquois, or Five Nations, to be British +subjects; therefore it was insisted that all countries conquered by them +belonged to the British Crown. But what was an Iroquois conquest? The +Iroquois rarely occupied the countries they overran. Their military +expeditions were mere raids, great or small. Sometimes, as in the case +of the Hurons, they made a solitude and called it peace; again, as in +the case of the Illinois, they drove off the occupants of the soil, who +returned after the invaders were gone. But the range of their +war-parties was prodigious; and the English laid claim to every +mountain, forest, or prairie where an Iroquois had taken a scalp. This +would give them not only the country between the Alleghanies and the +Mississippi, but also that between Lake Huron and the Ottawa, thus +reducing Canada to the patch on the American map now represented by the +province of Quebec,—or rather, by a part of it, since the extension of +Acadia to the St. Lawrence would cut off the present counties of Gaspé, +Rimouski, and Bonaventure. Indeed among the advocates of British claims +there were those who denied that France had any rights whatever on the +south side of the St. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126-V1" id="Page_126-V1">126<br />V1</a></span> +Lawrence. <span class="superscript">[124]</span> +Such being the attitude of the two +contestants, it was plain that there was no resort but the last argument +of kings. Peace must be won with the sword.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_124" name="footer_124"></a> + <span class="superscript">[124]</span> +The extent of British claims is best shown on two maps of +the time, Mitchell's <i>Map of the British and French Dominions in North +America</i> and Huske's <i>New and Accurate Map of North America</i>; both are +in the British Museum. Dr. John Mitchell, in his <i>Contest in America</i> +(London, 1757) pushes the English claim to its utmost extreme, and +denies that the French were rightful owners of anything in North +America except the town of Quebec and the trading-post of Tadoussac. +Besides the claim founded on the subjection of the Iroquois to the +British Crown, the English somewhat inconsistently advanced others +founded on titles obtained by treaty from these same tribes, and others +still, founded on the original grants of some of the colonies, which ran +indefinitely westward across the continent. +</p> +</div> + +<p>The commissioners at Paris broke up their sessions, leaving as the +monument of their toils four quarto volumes of allegations, arguments, +and documentary proofs. <span class="superscript">[125]</span> +Out of the discussion rose also a swarm of +fugitive publications in French, English, and Spanish; for the question +of American boundaries had become European. There was one among them +worth notice from its amusing absurdity. It is an elaborate +disquisition, under the title of <i>Roman politique</i>, by an author +faithful to the traditions of European diplomacy, and inspired at the +same time by the new philosophy of the school of Rousseau. He insists +that the balance of power must be preserved in America as well as in +Europe, because "Nature," "the aggrandizement of the human soul," and +the "felicity of man" are unanimous in demanding it. The English +colonies are more populous and wealthy than the French; therefore +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127-V1" id="Page_127-V1">127<br />V1</a></span> +the +French should have more land, to keep the balance. Nature, the human +soul, and the felicity of man require that France should own all the +country beyond the Alleghanies and all Acadia but a strip of the south +coast, according to the "sublime negotiations" of the French +commissioners, of which the writer declares himself a "religious +admirer." <span class="superscript">[126]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_125" name="footer_125"></a> + <span class="superscript">[125]</span> +<i>Mémoires des Commissaires de Sa Majesté +Très Chrétienne et de ceux de Sa Majesté +Brittanique</i>. Paris, 1755. Several editions appeared. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_126" name="footer_126"></a> + <span class="superscript">[126]</span> +<i>Roman politique sur l'État présent des Affaires de +l'Amérique</i> (Amsterdam, 1756). For extracts from French Documents, see +<a href="#appendixB">Appendix B</a>. +</p> +</div> + + +<p> +We know already that France had used means sharper than negotiation to +vindicate her claim to the interior of the continent; had marched to the +sources of the Ohio to entrench herself there, and hold the passes of +the West against all comers. It remains to see how she fared in her bold +enterprise.</p> + +<hr /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Chapter_05" id="Chapter_05"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128-V1" id="Page_128-V1">128<br />V1</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents05">CHAPTER V.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1753, 1754.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader">WASHINGTON.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + The French occupy the Sources of the Ohio • Their Sufferings • + Fort Le Bœuf • Legardeur de Saint-Pierre • + Mission of Washington • Robert Dinwiddie • + He opposes the French • His Dispute with the Burgesses • + His Energy • His Appeals for Help • Fort Duquesne • + Death of Jumonville • Washington at the Great Meadows • + Coulon de Villiers • Fort Necessity. + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> +</div> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">Towards</span> the end of spring the vanguard of the +expedition sent by Duquesne to occupy the Ohio landed at Presquisle, where +Erie now stands. This route to the Ohio, far better than that which +Céloron had followed, was a new discovery to the French; and Duquesne +calls the harbor "the finest in nature." Here they built a fort of squared +chestnut logs, and when it was finished they cut a road of several leagues +through the woods to Rivière aux Bœufs, now French Creek. At the +farther end of this road they began another wooden fort and called it Fort +Le Bœuf. Thence, when the water was high, they could descend French Creek +to the Allegheny, and follow that stream to the main current of the Ohio.</p> + +<p>It was heavy work to carry the cumbrous load of baggage across the +portages. Much of it is said +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129-V1" id="Page_129-V1">129<br />V1</a></span> +to have been superfluous, consisting of velvets, silks, and other useless and +costly articles, sold to the King at enormous prices as necessaries of the +expedition. <span class="superscript">[127]</span> The weight of +the task fell on the Canadians, who worked with cheerful hardihood, and +did their part to admiration. Marin, commander of the expedition, a +gruff, choleric old man of sixty-three, but full of force and capacity, +spared himself so little that he was struck down with dysentery, and, +refusing to be sent home to Montreal, was before long in a dying state. +His place was taken by Péan, of whose private character there is little +good to be said, but whose conduct as an officer was such that Duquesne +calls him a prodigy of talents, resources, and zeal. +<span class="superscript">[128]</span> The subalterns +deserve no such praise. They disliked the service, and made no secret of +their discontent. Rumors of it filled Montreal; and Duquesne wrote to +Marin: "I am surprised that you have not told me of this change. Take +note of the sullen and discouraged faces about you. This sort are worse +than useless. Rid yourself of them at once; send them to Montreal, that +I may make an example of them." <span class="superscript">[129]</span> +Péan wrote at the end of September +that Marin was in extremity; and the Governor, disturbed and alarmed, +for he knew the value of the sturdy old officer, looked anxiously for a +successor. He chose another +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130-V1" id="Page_130-V1">130</a></span> +veteran, Legardeur de Saint-Pierre, who had just returned from a journey of +exploration towards the Rocky Mountains, <span class="superscript">[130]</span> +and whom Duquesne now ordered to the Ohio.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_127" name="footer_127"></a> + <span class="superscript">[127]</span> +Pouchot, <i>Mémoires sur la dernière Guerre de l'Amérique +Septentrionale</i>, I. 8.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_128" name="footer_128"></a> + <span class="superscript">[128]</span> +<i>Duquesne au Ministre</i>, 2 <i>Nov</i>. 1753; compare <i>Mémoire +pour Michel-Jean Hugues Péan</i>.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_129" name="footer_129"></a> + <span class="superscript">[129]</span> +<i>Duquesne à Marin</i>, 27 <i>Août</i>, 1753.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_130" name="footer_130"></a> + <span class="superscript">[130]</span> +<i>Mémoire ou Journal sommaire du Voyage de Jacques Legardeur de +Saint-Pierre.</i></p> +</div> + + + +<p>Meanwhile the effects of the expedition had already justified it. At +first the Indians of the Ohio had shown a bold front. One of them, a +chief whom the English called the Half-King, came to Fort Le Bœuf and +ordered the French to leave the country; but was received by Marin with +such contemptuous haughtiness that he went home shedding tears of rage +and mortification. The Western tribes were daunted. The Miamis, but +yesterday fast friends of the English, made humble submission to the +French, and offered them two English scalps to signalize their +repentance; while the Sacs, Pottawattamies, and Ojibwas were loud in +professions of devotion. <span class="superscript">[131]</span> +Even the Iroquois, Delawares, and +Shawanoes on the Alleghany had come to the French camp and offered their +help in carrying the baggage. It needed but perseverance and success in +the enterprise to win over every tribe from the mountains to the +Mississippi. To accomplish this and to curb the English, Duquesne had +planned a third fort, at the junction of French Creek with the +Alleghany, or at some point lower down; then, leaving the three posts +well garrisoned, Péan was to descend +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131-V1" id="Page_131-V1">131<br />V1</a></span> +the Ohio with the whole remaining +force, impose terror on the wavering tribes, and complete their +conversion. Both plans were thwarted; the fort was not built, nor did +Péan descend the Ohio. Fevers, lung diseases, and scurvy made such +deadly havoc among troops and Canadians, that the dying Marin saw with +bitterness that his work must be left half done. Three hundred of the +best men were kept to garrison Forts Presquisle and Le Bœuf; and then, +as winter approached, the rest were sent back to Montreal. When they +arrived, the Governor was shocked at their altered looks. "I reviewed +them, and could not help being touched by the pitiable state to which +fatigues and exposures had reduced them. Past all doubt, if these +emaciated figures had gone down the Ohio as intended, the river would +have been strewn with corpses, and the evil-disposed savages would not +have failed to attack the survivors, seeing that they were but +spectres." <span class="superscript">[132]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_131" name="footer_131"></a> + <span class="superscript">[131]</span> +<i>Rapports de Conseils avec les Sauvages à Montreal, Juillet</i>, +1753. <i>Duquesne au Ministre</i>, 31 <i>Oct</i>. 1753. Letter of Dr. +Shuckburgh in <i>N. Y. Col. Docs.</i>, VI. 806.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_132" name="footer_132"></a> + <span class="superscript">[132]</span> +<i>Duquesne au Ministre</i>, 29 <i>Nov</i>. 1753. On this expedition, +compare the letter of Duquesne in <i>N. Y. Col. Docs.</i>, X. 255, and the +deposition of Stephen Coffen, <i>Ibid.</i>, VI. 835.</p> +</div> + +<p>Legardeur de Saint-Pierre arrived at the end of autumn, and made his +quarters at Fort Le Bœuf. The surrounding forests had dropped their +leaves, and in gray and patient desolation bided the coming winter. +Chill rains drizzled over the gloomy "clearing," and drenched the +palisades and log-built barracks, raw from the axe. Buried in the +wilderness, the military exiles resigned themselves as they might to +months of monotonous solitude; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132-V1" id="Page_132-V1">132<br />V1</a></span> +when, just after sunset on the eleventh +of December, a tall youth came out of the forest on horseback, attended +by a companion much older and rougher than himself, and followed by +several Indians and four or five white men with packhorses. Officers +from the fort went out to meet the strangers; and, wading through mud +and sodden snow, they entered at the gate. On the next day the young +leader of the party, with the help of an interpreter, for he spoke no +French, had an interview with the commandant, and gave him a letter from +Governor Dinwiddie. Saint-Pierre and the officer next in rank, who knew +a little English, took it to another room to study it at their ease; and +in it, all unconsciously, they read a name destined to stand one of the +noblest in the annals of mankind; for it introduced Major George +Washington, Adjutant-General of the Virginia militia. +<span class="superscript">[133]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_133" name="footer_133"></a> + <span class="superscript">[133]</span> +<i>Journal of Major Washington. Journal of Mr. Christopher Gist.</i></p> +</div> + +<p>Dinwiddie, jealously watchful of French aggression, had learned through +traders and Indians that a strong detachment from Canada had entered the +territories of the King of England, and built forts on Lake Erie and on +a branch of the Ohio. He wrote to challenge the invasion and summon the +invaders to withdraw; and he could find none so fit to bear his message +as a young man of twenty-one. It was this rough Scotchman who launched +Washington on his illustrious career.</p> + +<p>Washington set out for the trading station of the Ohio Company on Will's +Creek; and thence, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133-V1" id="Page_133-V1">133<br />V1</a></span> +at the middle of November, struck into the wilderness +with Christopher Gist as a guide, Vanbraam, a Dutchman, as French +interpreter, Davison, a trader, as Indian interpreter, and four woodsmen +as servants. They went to the forks of the Ohio, and then down the river +to Logstown, the Chiningué of Céloron de Bienville. There Washington had +various parleys with the Indians; and thence, after vexatious delays, he +continued his journey towards Fort Le Bœuf, accompanied by the friendly +chief called the Half-King and by three of his tribesmen. For several +days they followed the traders' path, pelted with unceasing rain and +snow, and came at last to the old Indian town of Venango, where French +Creek enters the Alleghany. Here there was an English trading-house; but +the French had seized it, raised their flag over it, and turned it into +a military outpost. <span class="superscript">[134]</span> +Joncaire was in command, with two subalterns; +and nothing could exceed their civility. They invited the strangers to +supper; and, says Washington, "the wine, as they dosed themselves pretty +plentifully with it, soon banished the restraint which at first appeared +in their conversation, and gave a license to their tongues to reveal +their sentiments more freely. They told me that it was their absolute +design to take possession of the Ohio, and, by G——, they would do it; +for that although they were sensible the English could raise two men for +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134-V1" id="Page_134-V1">134<br />V1</a></span> +their one, yet they knew their motions were too slow and dilatory to +prevent any undertaking of theirs." <span class="superscript">[135]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_134" name="footer_134"></a> + <span class="superscript">[134]</span> +Marin had sent sixty men in August to seize the house, which belonged to the +trader Fraser. <i>Dépêches de Duquesne</i>. They +carried off two men whom they found here. Letter of Fraser in <i>Colonial +Records of Pa.</i>, V. 659.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_135" name="footer_135"></a> + <span class="superscript">[135]</span> +<i>Journal of Washington</i>, as printed at Williamsburg, just +after his return.</p> +</div> + +<p>With all their civility, the French officers did their best to entice +away Washington's Indians; and it was with extreme difficulty that he +could persuade them to go with him. Through marshes and swamps, forests +choked with snow, and drenched with incessant rain, they toiled on for +four days more, till the wooden walls of Fort Le Bœuf appeared at last, +surrounded by fields studded thick with stumps, and half-encircled by +the chill current of French Creek, along the banks of which lay more +than two hundred canoes, ready to carry troops in the spring. Washington +describes Legardeur de Saint-Pierre as "an elderly gentleman with much +the air of a soldier." The letter sent him by Dinwiddie expressed +astonishment that his troops should build forts upon lands "so +notoriously known to be the property of the Crown of Great Britain." "I +must desire you," continued the letter, "to acquaint me by whose +authority and instructions you have lately marched from Canada with an +armed force, and invaded the King of Great Britain's territories. It +becomes my duty to require your peaceable departure; and that you would +forbear prosecuting a purpose so interruptive of the harmony and good +understanding which His Majesty is desirous to continue and cultivate +with the Most Christian King. I persuade myself +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135-V1" id="Page_135-V1">135<br />V1</a></span> +you will receive and +entertain Major Washington with the candor and politeness natural to +your nation; and it will give me the greatest satisfaction if you return +him with an answer suitable to my wishes for a very long and lasting +peace between us."</p> + +<p>Saint-Pierre took three days to frame the answer. In it he said that he +should send Dinwiddie's letter to the Marquis Duquesne and wait his +orders; and that meanwhile he should remain at his post, according to +the commands of his general. "I made it my particular care," so the +letter closed, "to receive Mr. Washington with a distinction suitable to +your dignity as well as his own quality and great merit." +<span class="superscript">[136]</span> No form +of courtesy had, in fact, been wanting. "He appeared to be extremely +complaisant," says Washington, "though he was exerting every artifice to +set our Indians at variance with us. I saw that every stratagem was +practised to win the Half-King to their interest." Neither gifts nor +brandy were spared; and it was only by the utmost pains that Washington +could prevent his red allies from staying at the fort, conquered by +French blandishments.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_136" name="footer_136"></a> + <span class="superscript">[136]</span> +"La Distinction qui convient à votre Dignitté à sa +Qualité et à son grand Mérite." Copy of original letter +sent by Dinwiddie to Governor Hamilton.</p> +</div> + +<p> +After leaving Venango on his return, he found the horses so weak that, +to arrive the sooner, he left them and their drivers in charge of +Vanbraam and pushed forward on foot, accompanied by Gist alone. Each was +wrapped to the throat in an Indian +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136-V1" id="Page_136-V1">136<br />V1</a></span> +"matchcoat," with a gun in his hand +and a pack at his back. Passing an old Indian hamlet called Murdering +Town, they had an adventure which threatened to make good the name. A +French Indian, whom they met in the forest, fired at them, pretending +that his gun had gone off by chance. They caught him, and Gist would +have killed him; but Washington interposed, and they let him go. +<span class="superscript">[137]</span> +Then, to escape pursuit from his tribesmen, they walked all night and +all the next day. This brought them to the banks of the Alleghany. They +hoped to have found it dead frozen; but it was all alive and turbulent, +filled with ice sweeping down the current. They made a raft, shoved out +into the stream, and were soon caught helplessly in the drifting ice. +Washington, pushing hard with his setting-pole, was jerked into the +freezing river; but caught a log of the raft, and dragged himself out. +By no efforts could they reach the farther bank, or regain that which +they had left; but they were driven against an island, where they +landed, and left the raft to its fate. The night was excessively cold, +and Gist's feet and hands were badly frost-bitten. In the morning, the +ice had set, and the river was a solid floor. They crossed it, and +succeeded in reaching the house of the trader Fraser, on the +Monongahela. It was the middle of January when Washington arrived at +Williamsburg and made his report to Dinwiddie.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_137" name="footer_137"></a> + <span class="superscript">[137]</span> +<i>Journal of Mr. Christopher Gist</i>, in <i>Mass. Hist. Coll., +3rd Series</i>, V.</p> +</div> + +<p>Robert Dinwiddie was lieutenant-governor of Virginia, in place of the +titular governor, Lord +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137-V1" id="Page_137-V1">137<br />V1</a></span> +Albemarle, whose post was a sinecure. He had been clerk in a government +office in the West Indies; then surveyor of customs in the "Old +Dominion,"—a position in which he made himself cordially disliked; +and when he rose to the governorship he carried his unpopularity with him. +Yet Virginia and all the British colonies owed him much; for, though past +sixty, he was the most watchful sentinel against French aggression and its +most strenuous opponent. Scarcely had Marin's vanguard appeared at +Presquisle, when Dinwiddie warned the Home Government of the danger, and +urged, what he had before urged in vain on the Virginian Assembly, the +immediate building of forts on the Ohio. There came in reply a letter, +signed by the King, authorizing him to build the forts at the cost of the +Colony, and to repel force by force in case he was molested or obstructed. +Moreover, the King wrote, "If you shall find that any number of persons +shall presume to erect any fort or forts within the limits of our province +of Virginia, you are first to require of them peaceably to depart; and if, +notwithstanding your admonitions, they do still endeavor to carry out any +such unlawful and unjustifiable designs, we do hereby strictly charge and +command you to drive them off by force of arms." +<span class="superscript">[138]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_138" name="footer_138"></a> + <span class="superscript">[138]</span> +<i>Instructions to Our Trusty and Well-beloved Robert Dinwiddie, Esq.</i>, +28 <i>Aug</i>. 1753.</p> +</div> + +<p>The order was easily given; but to obey it needed men and money, and for +these Dinwiddie was dependent on his Assembly, or House of Burgesses. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138-V1" id="Page_138-V1">138<br />V1</a></span> +He convoked them for the first of November, sending Washington at the same +time with the summons to Saint-Pierre. The burgesses met. Dinwiddie +exposed the danger, and asked for means to meet it. +<span class="superscript">[139]</span> They seemed +more than willing to comply; but debates presently arose concerning the +fee of a pistole, which the Governor had demanded on each patent of land +issued by him. The amount was trifling, but the principle was doubtful. +The aristocratic republic of Virginia was intensely jealous of the +slightest encroachment on its rights by the Crown or its representative. +The Governor defended the fee. The burgesses replied that "subjects +cannot be deprived of the least part of their property without their +consent," declared the fee unlawful, and called on Dinwiddie to confess +it to be so. He still defended it. They saw in his demand for supplies a +means of bringing him to terms, and refused to grant money unless he +would recede from his position. Dinwiddie rebuked them for "disregarding +the designs of the French, and disputing the rights of the Crown"; and +he "prorogued them in some anger." <span class="superscript">[140]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_139" name="footer_139"></a> + <span class="superscript">[139]</span> +<i>Address of Lieutenant-Governor Dinwiddie to the Council +and Burgesses</i>, 1 <i>Nov</i>. 1753.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_140" name="footer_140"></a> + <span class="superscript">[140]</span> +<i>Dinwiddie Papers.</i></p> +</div> + +<p>Thus he was unable to obey the instructions of the King. As a temporary +resource, he ventured to order a draft of two hundred men from the +militia. Washington was to have command, with the trader, William Trent, +as his lieutenant. His orders were to push with all speed to the forks +of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139-V1" id="Page_139-V1">139<br />V1</a></span> +the Ohio, and there build a fort; "but in case any attempts are made +to obstruct the works by any persons whatsoever, to restrain all such +offenders, and, in case of resistance, to make prisoners of, or kill and +destroy them." <span class="superscript">[141]</span> +The Governor next sent messengers to the Catawbas, +Cherokees, Chickasaws, and Iroquois of the Ohio, inviting them to take +up the hatchet against the French, "who, under pretence of embracing +you, mean to squeeze you to death." Then he wrote urgent letters to the +governors of Pennsylvania, the Carolinas, Maryland, and New Jersey, +begging for contingents of men, to be at Wills Creek in March at the +latest. But nothing could be done without money; and trusting for a +change of heart on the part of the burgesses, he summoned them to meet +again on the fourteenth of February. "If they come in good temper," he +wrote to Lord Fairfax, a nobleman settled in the colony, "I hope they +will lay a fund to qualify me to send four or five hundred men more to +the Ohio, which, with the assistance of our neighboring colonies, may +make some figure."</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_141" name="footer_141"></a> + <span class="superscript">[141]</span> +<i>Ibid. Instructions to Major George Washington, January</i>, +1754.</p> +</div> + +<p>The session began. Again, somewhat oddly, yet forcibly, the Governor set +before the Assembly the peril of the situation, and begged them to +postpone less pressing questions to the exigency of the hour. +<span class="superscript">[142]</span> This +time they listened; and voted ten thousand pounds in Virginia currency +to defend +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140-V1" id="Page_140-V1">140<br />V1</a></span> +the frontier. The grant was frugal, and they jealously placed +its expenditure in the hands of a committee of their own. +<span class="superscript">[143]</span> +Dinwiddie, writing to the Lords of Trade, pleads necessity as his excuse +for submitting to their terms. "I am sorry," he says, "to find them too +much in a republican way of thinking." What vexed him still more was +their sending an agent to England to complain against him on the +irrepressible question of the pistole fee; and he writes to his London +friend, the merchant Hanbury: "I have had a great deal of trouble from +the factious disputes and violent heats of a most impudent, troublesome +party here in regard to that silly fee of a pistole. Surely every +thinking man will make a distinction between a fee and a tax. Poor +people! I pity their ignorance and narrow, ill-natured spirits. But, my +friend, consider that I could by no means give up this fee without +affronting the Board of Trade and the Council here who established it." +His thoughts were not all of this harassing nature, and he ends his +letter with the following petition: "Now, sir, as His Majesty is pleased +to make me a military officer, please send for Scott, my tailor, to make +me a proper suit of regimentals, to be here by His Majesty's birthday. I +do not much like gayety in dress, but I conceive this necessary. I do +not much care for lace on the coat, but a neat embroidered button-hole; +though you do not deal that way, I know you have a good taste, that I +may show my friend's fancy in that suit of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141-V1" id="Page_141-V1">141<br />V1</a></span> +clothes; a good laced hat and +two pair stockings, one silk, the other fine thread." +<span class="superscript">[144]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_142" name="footer_142"></a> + <span class="superscript">[142]</span> +<i>Speech of Lieutenant-Governor Dinwiddie to the Council +and Burgesses</i> 14 <i>Feb</i>., 1754.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_143" name="footer_143"></a> + <span class="superscript">[143]</span> +See the bill in Hening, <i>Statutes of Virginia</i>, VI. 417.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_144" name="footer_144"></a> + <span class="superscript">[144]</span> +<i>Dinwiddie to Hanbury</i>, 12 <i>March</i>, 1754; +<i>Ibid</i>., 10 <i>May</i>, 1754.</p> +</div> + +<p> +If the Governor and his English sometimes provoke a smile, he deserves +admiration for the energy with which he opposed the public enemy, under +circumstances the most discouraging. He invited the Indians to meet him +in council at Winchester, and, as bait to attract them, coupled the +message with a promise of gifts. He sent circulars from the King to the +neighboring governors, calling for supplies, and wrote letter upon +letter to rouse them to effort. He wrote also to the more distant +governors, Delancey of New York, and Shirley of Massachusetts, begging +them to make what he called a "faint" against Canada, to prevent the +French from sending so large a force to the Ohio. It was to the nearer +colonies, from New Jersey to South Carolina, that he looked for direct +aid; and their several governors were all more or less active to procure +it; but as most of them had some standing dispute with their assemblies, +they could get nothing except on terms with which they would not, and +sometimes could not, comply. As the lands invaded by the French belonged +to one of the two rival claimants, Virginia and Pennsylvania, the other +colonies had no mind to vote money to defend them. Pennsylvania herself +refused to move. Hamilton, her governor, could do nothing against the +placid obstinacy of the Quaker non-combatants and the stolid obstinacy +of the German farmers +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142-V1" id="Page_142-V1">142<br />V1</a></span> +who chiefly made up his Assembly. North Carolina +alone answered the appeal, and gave money enough to raise three or four +hundred men. Two independent companies maintained by the King in New +York, and one in South Carolina, had received orders from England to +march to the scene of action; and in these, with the scanty levies of +his own and the adjacent province, lay Dinwiddie's only hope. With men +abundant and willing, there were no means to put them into the field, +and no commander whom they would all obey.</p> + +<p> +From the brick house at Williamsburg pompously called the Governor's +Palace, Dinwiddie despatched letters, orders, couriers, to hasten the +tardy reinforcements of North Carolina and New York, and push on the raw +soldiers of the Old Dominion, who now numbered three hundred men. They +were called the Virginia regiment; and Joshua Fry, an English gentleman, +bred at Oxford, was made their colonel, with Washington as next in +command. Fry was at Alexandria with half the so-called regiment, trying +to get it into marching order; Washington, with the other half, had +pushed forward to the Ohio Company's storehouse at Wills Creek, which +was to form a base of operations. His men were poor whites, brave, but +hard to discipline; without tents, ill armed, and ragged as Falstaff's +recruits. Besides these, a band of backwoodsmen under Captain Trent had +crossed the mountains in February to build a fort at the forks of the +Ohio, where Pittsburg now stands,—a spot which Washington had examined +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143-V1" id="Page_143-V1">143</a></span> +when on his way to Fort Le Bœuf, and which he had reported as the best +for the purpose. The hope was that Trent would fortify himself before +the arrival of the French, and that Washington and Fry would join him in +time to secure the position. Trent had begun the fort; but for some +unexplained reason had gone back to Wills Creek, leaving Ensign Ward with +forty men at work upon it. Their labors were suddenly interrupted. On +the seventeenth of April a swarm of bateaux and canoes came down the +Alleghany, bringing, according to Ward, more than a thousand Frenchmen, +though in reality not much above five hundred, who landed, planted +cannon against the incipient stockade, and summoned the ensign to +surrender, on pain of what might ensue. <span class="superscript">[145]</span> +He complied, and was +allowed to depart with his men. Retracing his steps over the mountains, +he reported his mishap to Washington; while the French demolished his +unfinished fort, began a much larger and better one, and named it Fort +Duquesne.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_145" name="footer_145"></a> + <span class="superscript">[145]</span> +See the summons in <i>Précis des Faits</i>, 101.</p> +</div> + +<p>They had acted with their usual promptness. Their Governor, a practised +soldier, knew the value of celerity, and had set his troops in motion +with the first opening of spring. He had no refractory assembly to +hamper him; no lack of money, for the King supplied it; and all Canada +must march at his bidding. Thus, while Dinwiddie was still toiling to +muster his raw recruits, Duquesne's lieutenant, Contrecœur, successor +of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144-V1" id="Page_144-V1">144<br />V1</a></span> +Saint-Pierre, had landed at Presquisle with a much greater force, in +part regulars, and in part Canadians.</p> + +<p> +Dinwiddie was deeply vexed when a message from Washington told him how +his plans were blighted; and he spoke his mind to his friend Hanbury: +"If our Assembly had voted the money in November which they did in +February, it's more than probable the fort would have been built and +garrisoned before the French had approached; but these things cannot be +done without money. As there was none in our treasury, I have advanced +my own to forward the expedition; and if the independent companies from +New York come soon, I am in hopes the eyes of the other colonies will be +opened; and if they grant a proper supply of men, I hope we shall be +able to dislodge the French or build a fort on that river. I +congratulate you on the increase of your family. My wife and two girls +join in our most sincere respects to good Mrs. Hanbury." +<span class="superscript">[146]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_146" name="footer_146"></a> + <span class="superscript">[146]</span> +<i>Dinwiddie to Hanbury</i>, 10 <i>May</i>, 1754.</p> +</div> + +<p>The seizure of a king's fort by planting cannon against it and +threatening it with destruction was in his eyes a beginning of +hostilities on the part of the French; and henceforth both he and +Washington acted much as if war had been declared. From their station at +Wills Creek, the distance by the traders' path to Fort Duquesne was +about a hundred and forty miles. Midway was a branch of the Monongahela +called Redstone Creek, at the mouth of which the Ohio Company had built +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145-V1" id="Page_145-V1">145<br />V1</a></span> +another storehouse. Dinwiddie ordered all the forces to cross the +mountains and assemble at this point, until they should be strong enough +to advance against the French. The movement was critical in presence of +an enemy as superior in discipline as he was in numbers, while the +natural obstacles were great. A road for cannon and wagons must be cut +through a dense forest and over two ranges of high mountains, besides +countless hills and streams. Washington set all his force to the work, +and they spent a fortnight in making twenty miles. Towards the end of +May, however, Dinwiddie learned that he had crossed the main ridge of +the Alleghanies, and was encamped with a hundred and fifty men near the +parallel ridge of Laurel Hill, at a place called the Great Meadows. +Trent's backwoodsmen had gone off in disgust; Fry, with the rest of the +regiment, was still far behind; and Washington was daily expecting an +attack. Close upon this, a piece of good news, or what seemed such, came +over the mountains and gladdened the heart of the Governor. He heard +that a French detachment had tried to surprise Washington, and that he +had killed or captured the whole. The facts were as follows.</p> + +<p>Washington was on the Youghiogany, a branch of the Monongahela, +exploring it in hopes that it might prove navigable, when a messenger +came to him from his old comrade, the Half-King, who was on the way to +join him. The message was to the effect that the French had marched from +their fort, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146-V1" id="Page_146-V1">146<br />V1</a></span> +and meant to attack the first English they should meet. A +report came soon after that they were already at the ford of the +Youghiogany, eighteen miles distant. Washington at once repaired to the +Great Meadows, a level tract of grass and bushes, bordered by wooded +hills, and traversed in one part by a gully, which with a little labor +the men turned into an entrenchment, at the same time cutting away the +bushes and clearing what the young commander called "a charming field +for an encounter." Parties were sent out to scour the woods, but they +found no enemy. Two days passed; when, on the morning of the +twenty-seventh, Christopher Gist, who had lately made a settlement on +the farther side of Laurel Hill, twelve or thirteen miles distant, came +to the camp with news that fifty Frenchmen had been at his house towards +noon of the day before, and would have destroyed everything but for the +intervention of two Indians whom he had left in charge during his +absence. Washington sent seventy-five men to look for the party; but the +search was vain, the French having hidden themselves so well as to +escape any eye but that of an Indian. In the evening a runner came from +the Half-King, who was encamped with a few warriors some miles distant. +He had sent to tell Washington that he had found the tracks of two men, +and traced them towards a dark glen in the forest, where in his belief +all the French were lurking.</p> + +<p>Washington seems not to have hesitated a moment. +Fearing a stratagem to surprise his camp, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147-V1" id="Page_147-V1">147<br />V1</a></span> +he left his main force to guard it, and at ten +o'clock set out for the Half-King's wigwams at the head of forty men. +The night was rainy, and the forest, to use his own words, "as black as +pitch." "The path," he continues, "was hardly wide enough for one man; +we often lost it, and could not find it again for fifteen or twenty +minutes, and we often tumbled over each other in the dark." +<span class="superscript">[147]</span> +Seven of his men were lost in the woods and left behind. The rest groped their +way all night, and reached the Indian camp at sunrise. A council was +held with the Half-King, and he and his warriors agreed to join in +striking the French. Two of them led the way. The tracks of the two +French scouts seen the day before were again found, and, marching in +single file, the party pushed through the forest into the rocky hollow +where the French were supposed to be concealed. They were there in fact; +and they snatched their guns the moment they saw the English. Washington +gave the word to fire. A short fight ensued. Coulon de Jumonville, an +ensign in command, was killed, with nine others; twenty-two were +captured, and none escaped but a Canadian who had fled at the beginning +of the fray. After it was over, the prisoners told Washington that the +party had been sent to bring him a summons from Contrecœur, the +commandant at Fort Duquesne.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_147" name="footer_147"></a> + <span class="superscript">[147]</span> +<i>Journal of Washington</i> in <i>Précis des Faits</i>, 109. This +Journal, which is entirely distinct from that before cited, was found by +the French among the baggage left on the field after the defeat of +Braddock in 1755, and a translation of it was printed by them as above. +The original has disappeared.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148-V1" id="Page_148-V1">148<br />V1</a></span> +Five days before, Contrecœur had sent Jumonville to scour the country +as far as the dividing ridge of the Alleghanies. Under him were another +officer, three cadets, a volunteer, an interpreter, and twenty-eight +men. He was provided with a written summons, to be delivered to any +English he might find. It required them to withdraw from the domain of +the King of France, and threatened compulsion by force of arms in case +of refusal. But before delivering the summons Jumonville was ordered to +send two couriers back with all speed to Fort Duquesne to inform the +commandant that he had found the English, and to acquaint him when he +intended to communicate with them. <span class="superscript">[148]</span> +It is difficult to imagine any +object for such an order except that of enabling Contrecœur to send to +the spot whatever force might be needed to attack the English on their +refusal to withdraw. Jumonville had sent the two couriers, and had +hidden himself, apparently to wait the result. He lurked nearly two days +within five miles of Washington's camp, sent out scouts to reconnoitre +it, but gave no notice of his presence; played to perfection the part of +a skulking enemy, and brought destruction on himself by conduct which +can only be ascribed to a sinister motive on the one hand, or to extreme +folly on the other. French deserters told Washington that the party came +as spies, and were to show the summons only if threatened by a superior +force. This last assertion is confirmed by +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149-V1" id="Page_149-V1">149<br />V1</a></span> +the French officer Pouchot, +who says that Jumonville, seeing himself the weaker party, tried to show +the letter he had brought. <span class="superscript">[149]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_148" name="footer_148"></a> + <span class="superscript">[148]</span> +The summons and the instructions to Jumonville are in +<i>Précis des Faits</i>.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_149" name="footer_149"></a> + <span class="superscript">[149]</span> +Pouchot, <i>Mémoire sur la dernière Guerre</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>French writers say that, on first seeing the English, Jumonville's +interpreter called out that he had something to say to them; but +Washington, who was at the head of his men, affirms this to be +absolutely false. The French say further that Jumonville was killed in +the act of reading the summons. This is also denied by Washington, and +rests only on the assertion of the Canadian who ran off at the outset, +and on the alleged assertion of Indians who, if present at all, which is +unlikely, escaped like the Canadian before the fray began. Druillon, an +officer with Jumonville, wrote two letters to Dinwiddie after his +capture, to claim the privileges of the bearer of a summons; but while +bringing forward every other circumstance in favor of the claim, he does +not pretend that the summons was read or shown either before or during +the action. The French account of the conduct of Washington's Indians is +no less erroneous. "This murder," says a chronicler of the time, +"produced on the minds of the savages an effect very different from that +which the cruel <ins title="Changed Vvasinghton to Washington.">Washington</ins> +had promised himself. They have a horror of crime; and they were so indignant +at that which had just been perpetrated before their eyes, that they abandoned +him, and offered themselves to us in order to take vengeance." +<span class="superscript">[150]</span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150-V1" id="Page_150-V1">150<br />V1</a></span> +Instead of doing +this, they boasted of their part in the fight, scalped all the dead +Frenchmen, sent one scalp to the Delawares as an invitation to take up +the hatchet for the English, and distributed the rest among the various +Ohio tribes to the same end.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_150" name="footer_150"></a> + <span class="superscript">[150]</span> +Poulin de Lumina, <i>Histoire de la Guerre contre les +Anglois</i>, 15.</p> +</div> + +<p>Coolness of judgment, a profound sense of public duty, and a strong +self-control, were even then the characteristics of Washington; but he +was scarcely twenty-two, was full of military ardor, and was vehement +and fiery by nature. Yet it is far from certain that, even when age and +experience had ripened him, he would have forborne to act as he did, for +there was every reason for believing that the designs of the French were +hostile; and though by passively waiting the event he would have thrown +upon them the responsibility of striking the first blow, he would have +exposed his small party to capture or destruction by giving them time to +gain reinforcements from Fort Duquesne. It was inevitable that the +killing of Jumonville should be greeted in France by an outcry of real +or assumed horror; but the Chevalier de Lévis, second in command to +Montcalm, probably expresses the true opinion of Frenchmen best fitted +to judge when he calls it "a pretended assassination." +<span class="superscript">[151]</span> Judge it as +we may, this obscure skirmish began the war that set the world on +fire. <span class="superscript">[152]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_151" name="footer_151"></a> + <span class="superscript">[151]</span> +Lévis, <i>Mémoire sur la Guerre du Canada</i>.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_152" name="footer_152"></a> + <span class="superscript">[152]</span> +On this affair, Sparks, <i>Writings of Washington</i>, II. 25-48, 447. +<i>Dinwiddie Papers. Letter of Contrecœur</i> in <i>Précis des +Faits. Journal of Washington, Ibid. Washington to Dinwiddie</i>, 3 +<i>June</i>, 1754. Dussieux, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151-V1" id="Page_151-V1">151<br />V1</a></span> +<i>Le Canada sous la Domination Française</i>, 118. Gaspé, +<i>Anciens Canadiens</i>, appendix, 396. The assertion of Abbé de +l'Isle-Dieu, that Jumonville showed a flag of truce, is unsupported. Adam +Stephen, who was in the fight, says that the guns of the English were so +wet that they had to trust mainly to the bayonet. The Half-King boasted +that he killed Jumonville with his tomahawk. Dinwiddie highly approved +Washington's conduct.</p> +<p> +In 1755 the widow of Jumonville received a pension of one hundred and +fifty francs. In 1775 his daughter, Charlotte Aimable, wishing to become +a nun, was given by the King six hundred francs for her "trousseau" on +entering the convent. <i>Dossier de Jumonville et de sa Veuve</i>, 22 +<i>Mars</i>, 1755. <i>Mémoire pour Mlle. de Jumonville</i>, +10 <i>Juillet</i>, 1775. <i>Réponse du Garde des Sceaux</i>, 25 +<i>Juillet</i>, 1775.</p> +</div> + +<p> +Washington returned to the camp at the Great Meadows; and, expecting +soon to be attacked, sent for reinforcements to Colonel Fry, who was +lying dangerously ill at Wills Creek. Then he set his men to work at an +entrenchment, which he named Fort Necessity, and which must have been of +the slightest, as they finished it within three days. +<span class="superscript">[153]</span> The Half-King +now joined him, along with the female potentate known as Queen +Alequippa, and some thirty Indian families. A few days after, Gist came +from Wills Creek with news that Fry was dead. Washington succeeded to +the command of the regiment, the remaining three companies of which +presently appeared and joined their comrades, raising the whole number +to three hundred. Next arrived the independent company from South +Carolina; and the Great Meadows became an animated scene, with the +wigwams of the Indians, the camp-sheds of the rough Virginians, the +cattle grazing on the tall grass or drinking at the lazy brook that +traversed it; the surrounding heights and forests; and over all, four +miles away, the lofty green ridge of Laurel Hill.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_153" name="footer_153"></a> + <span class="superscript">[153]</span> +<i>Journal of Washington</i> in <i>Précis des Faits</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152-V1" id="Page_152-V1">152<br />V1</a></span> +The presence of the company of regulars was a doubtful advantage. +Captain Mackay, its commander, holding his commission from the King, +thought himself above any officer commissioned by the Governor. There +was great courtesy between him and Washington; but Mackay would take no +orders, nor even the countersign, from the colonel of volunteers. Nor +would his men work, except for an additional shilling a day. To give +this was impossible, both from want of money, and from the discontent it +would have bred in the Virginians, who worked for nothing besides their +daily pay of eightpence. Washington, already a leader of men, possessed +himself in a patience extremely difficult to his passionate temper; but +the position was untenable, and the presence of the military drones +demoralized his soldiers. Therefore, leaving Mackay at the Meadows, he +advanced towards Gist's settlement, cutting a wagon road as he went.</p> + +<p>On reaching the settlement the camp was formed and an entrenchment +thrown up. Deserters had brought news that strong reinforcements were +expected at Fort Duquesne, and friendly Indians repeatedly warned +Washington that he would soon be attacked by overwhelming numbers. Forty +Indians from the Ohio came to the camp, and several days were spent in +councils with them; but they proved for the most part to be spies of the +French. The Half-King stood fast by the English, and sent out three of +his young warriors as scouts. Reports of attack thickened. +Mackay and his men were sent for, and they +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153-V1" id="Page_153-V1">153<br />V1</a></span> +arrived on the twenty-eighth of June. A +council of war was held at Gist's house; and as the camp was commanded +by neighboring heights, it was resolved to fall back. The horses were so +few that the Virginians had to carry much of the baggage on their backs, +and drag nine swivels over the broken and rocky road. The regulars, +though they also were raised in the provinces, refused to give the +slightest help. Toiling on for two days, they reached the Great Meadows +on the first of July. The position, though perhaps the best in the +neighborhood, was very unfavorable, and Washington would have retreated +farther, but for the condition of his men. They were spent with fatigue, +and there was no choice but to stay and fight.</p> + +<p> +Strong reinforcements had been sent to Fort Duquesne in the spring, and +the garrison now consisted of about fourteen hundred men. When news of +the death of Jumonville reached Montreal, Coulon de Villiers, brother of +the slain officer, was sent to the spot with a body of Indians from all +the tribes in the colony. He made such speed that at eight o'clock on +the morning of the twenty-sixth of June he reached the fort with his +motley following. Here he found that five hundred Frenchmen and a few +Ohio Indians were on the point of marching against the English, under +Chevalier Le Mercier; but in view of his seniority in rank and his +relationship to Jumonville, the command was now transferred to Villiers. +Hereupon, the march was postponed; the newly-arrived +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154-V1" id="Page_154-V1">154<br />V1</a></span> +warriors were +called to council, and Contrecœur thus harangued them: "The English +have murdered my children, my heart is sick; to-morrow I shall send my +French soldiers to take revenge. And now, men of the Saut St. Louis, men +of the Lake of Two Mountains, Hurons, Abenakis, Iroquois of La +Présentation, Nipissings, Algonquins, and Ottawas,—I invite you all by +this belt of wampum to join your French father and help him to crush the +assassins. Take this hatchet, and with it two barrels of wine for a +feast." Both hatchet and wine were cheerfully accepted. Then Contrecœur +turned to the Delawares, who were also present: "By these four strings +of wampum I invite you, if you are true children of Onontio, to follow +the example of your brethren;" and with some hesitation they also took +up the hatchet.</p> + +<p>The next day was spent by the Indians in making moccasons for the march, +and by the French in preparing for an expedition on a larger scale than +had been at first intended. Contrecœur, Villiers, Le Mercier, and +Longueuil, after deliberating together, drew up a paper to the effect +that "it was fitting (<i>convenable</i>) to march against the English with +the greatest possible number of French and savages, in order to avenge +ourselves and chastise them for having violated the most sacred laws of +civilized nations;" that, thought their conduct justified the French in +disregarding the existing treaty of peace, yet, after thoroughly +punishing them, and compelling them to withdraw from the domain of the +King, they should be told that, in pursuance +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155-V1" id="Page_155-V1">155<br />V1</a></span> +of his royal orders, the French looked on them as friends. But it was further +agreed that should the English have withdrawn to their own side of the +mountains, "they should be followed to their settlements to destroy them and +treat them as enemies, till that nation should give ample satisfaction and +completely change its conduct." <span class="superscript">[154]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_154" name="footer_154"></a> + <span class="superscript">[154]</span> +<i>Journal de Campagne de M. de Villiers depuis son Arrivée +au Fort Duquesne jusqu'à son Retour au dit Fort</i>. These and other +passages are omitted in the Journal as printed in <i>Précis des Faits</i>. +Before me is a copy from the original in the Archives de la Marine. +</p> +</div> + +<p>The party set out on the next morning, paddled their canoes up the +Monongahela, encamped, heard Mass; and on the thirtieth reached the +deserted storehouse of the Ohio Company at the mouth of Redstone Creek. +It was a building of solid logs, well loopholed for musketry. To please +the Indians by asking their advice, Villiers called all the chiefs to +council; which, being concluded to their satisfaction, he left a +sergeant's guard at the storehouse to watch the canoes, and began his +march through the forest. The path was so rough that at the first halt +the chaplain declared he could go no farther, and turned back for the +storehouse, though not till he had absolved the whole company in a body. +Thus lightened of their sins, they journeyed on, constantly sending out +scouts. On the second of July they reached the abandoned camp of +Washington at Gist's settlement; and here they bivouacked, tired, and +drenched all night by rain. At daybreak they marched again, and passed +through the gorge of Laurel Hill. It rained without ceasing; but +Villiers pushed his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156-V1" id="Page_156-V1">156<br />V1</a></span> +way through the dripping forest to see the place, +half a mile from the road, where his brother had been killed, and where +several bodies still lay unburied. They had learned from a deserter the +position of the enemy, and Villiers filled the woods in front with a +swarm of Indian scouts. The crisis was near. He formed his men in +column, and ordered every officer to his place.</p> + +<p> +Washington's men had had a full day at Fort Necessity; but they spent it +less in resting from their fatigue than in strengthening their rampart +with logs. The fort was a simple square enclosure, with a trench said by +a French writer to be only knee deep. On the south, and partly on the +west, there was an exterior embankment, which seems to have been made, +like a rifle-pit, with the ditch inside. The Virginians had but little +ammunition, and no bread whatever, living chiefly on fresh beef. They +knew the approach of the French, who were reported to Washington as nine +hundred strong, besides Indians. Towards eleven o'clock a wounded +sentinel came in with news that they were close at hand; and they +presently appeared at the edge of the woods, yelling, and firing from +such a distance that their shot fell harmless. Washington drew up his +men on the meadow before the fort, thinking, he says, that the enemy, +being greatly superior in force, would attack at once; and choosing for +some reason to meet them on the open plain. But Villiers had other +views. "We approached the English," he writes, "as near as possible, +without uselessly exposing the lives of the King's +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157-V1" id="Page_157-V1">157<br />V1</a></span> +subjects;" and he and +his followers made their way through the forest till they came opposite +the fort, where they stationed themselves on two densely wooded hills, +adjacent, though separated by a small brook. One of these was about a +hundred paces from the English, and the other about sixty. Their +position was such that the French and Indians, well sheltered by trees +and bushes, and with the advantage of higher ground, could cross their +fire upon the fort and enfilade a part of it. Washington had meanwhile +drawn his followers within the entrenchment; and the firing now began on +both sides. Rain fell all day. The raw earth of the embankment was +turned to soft mud, and the men in the ditch of the outwork stood to the +knee in water. The swivels brought back from the camp at Gist's farm +were mounted on the rampart; but the gunners were so ill protected that +the pieces were almost silenced by the French musketry. The fight lasted +nine hours. At times the fire on both sides was nearly quenched by the +showers, and the bedrenched combatants could do little but gaze at each +other through a gray veil of mist and rain. Towards night, however, the +fusillade revived, and became sharp again until dark. At eight o'clock +the French called out to propose a parley.</p> + +<p>Villiers thus gives his reason for these overtures. "As we had been wet +all day by the rain, as the soldiers were very tired, as the savages +said that they would leave us the next morning, and as there was a +report that drums and the firing of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158-V1" id="Page_158-V1">158<br />V1</a></span> +cannon had been heard in the distance, I proposed to M. Le Mercier to offer +the English a conference." He says further that ammunition was falling short, +and that he thought the enemy might sally in a body and attack him. +<span class="superscript">[155]</span> The +English, on their side, were in a worse plight. They were half starved, +their powder was nearly spent, their guns were foul, and among them all +they had but two screw-rods to clean them. In spite of his desperate +position, Washington declined the parley, thinking it a pretext to +introduce a spy; but when the French repeated their proposal and +requested that he would send an officer to them, he could hesitate no +longer. There were but two men with him who knew French, Ensign +Peyroney, who was disabled by a wound, and the Dutchman, Captain +Vanbraam. To him the unpalatable errand was assigned. After a long +absence he returned with articles of capitulation offered by Villiers; +and while the officers gathered about him in the rain, he read and +interpreted the paper by the glimmer of a sputtering candle kept alight +with difficulty. Objection was made to some of the terms, and they were +changed. Vanbraam, however, apparently anxious to get the capitulation +signed and the affair ended, mistranslated several passages, and +rendered the words <i>l'assassinat du Sieur de Jumonville</i> as <i>the death +of the Sieur de Jumonville</i>. <span class="superscript">[156]</span> As +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159-V1" id="Page_159-V1">159<br />V1</a></span> +thus understood, the articles were +signed about midnight. They provided that the English should march out +with drums beating and the honors of war, carrying with them one of +their swivels and all their other property; that they should be +protected against insult from French or Indians; that the prisoners +taken in the affair of Jumonville should be set free; and that two +officers should remain as hostages for their safe return to Fort +Duquesne. The hostages chosen were Vanbraam and a brave but eccentric +Scotchman, Robert Stobo, an acquaintance of the novelist Smollett, said +to be the original of his Lismahago.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_155" name="footer_155"></a> + <span class="superscript">[155]</span> +<i>Journal de Villiers</i>, original. Omitted in the Journal +as printed by the French Government. A short and very incorrect abstract +of this Journal will be found in <i>N. Y. Col. Docs.</i>, X.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_156" name="footer_156"></a> + <span class="superscript">[156]</span> +See <a href="#appendixC">Appendix C</a>. +On the fight at Great Meadows, compare Sparks, +<i>Writings of Washington</i>, II. 456-468; also a letter of Colonel +Innes to Governor Hamilton, written a week after the event, in <i>Colonial +Records of Pa.</i>, VI. 50, and a letter of Adam Stephen in <i>Pennsylvania +Gazette</i>, 1754.</p> +</div> + +<p>Washington reports that twelve of the Virginians were killed on the +spot, and forty-three wounded, while on the casualties in Mackay's +company no returns appear. Villiers reports his own loss at only twenty +in all. <span class="superscript">[157]</span> +The numbers engaged are uncertain. The six companies of the +Virginia regiment counted three hundred and five men and officers, and +Mackay's company one hundred; but many were on the sick list, and some +had deserted. About three hundred and fifty may have taken part in the +fight. On the side of the French, Villiers says that the detachment as +originally formed consisted of five hundred white men. These were +increased after his arrival at Fort Duquesne, and one of the party +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160-V1" id="Page_160-V1">160<br />V1</a></span> +reports that seven hundred marched on the expedition. +<span class="superscript">[158]</span> The number of +Indians joining them is not given; but as nine tribes and communities +contributed to it, and as two barrels of wine were required to give the +warriors a parting feast, it must have been considerable. White men and +red, it seems clear that the French force was more than twice that of +the English, while they were better posted and better sheltered, keeping +all day under cover, and never showing themselves on the open meadow. +There were no Indians with Washington. Even the Half-King held aloof; +though, being of a caustic turn, he did not spare his comments on the +fight, telling Conrad Weiser, the provincial interpreter, that the +French behaved like cowards, and the English like fools. +<span class="superscript">[159]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_157" name="footer_157"></a> + <span class="superscript">[157]</span> +Dinwiddie writes to the Lords of Trade that thirty in all +were killed, and seventy wounded, on the English side; and the +commissary Varin writes to Bigot that the French lost seventy-two +killed and wounded.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_158" name="footer_158"></a> + <span class="superscript">[158]</span> +<i>A Journal had from Thomas Forbes, lately a Private Soldier in the King of +France's Service</i>. (Public Record Office.) Forbes was one of Villiers' +soldiers. The commissary Varin puts the number of French at six hundred, +besides Indians.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_159" name="footer_159"></a> + <span class="superscript">[159]</span> +<i>Journal of Conrad Weiser</i>, in <i>Colonial Records of Pa.</i>, +VI. 150. The Half-King also remarked that Washington "was a good-natured +man, but had no experience, and would by no means take advice from the +Indians, but was always driving them on to fight by his directions; that +he lay at one place from one full moon to the other, and made no +fortifications at all, except that little thing upon the meadow, where +he thought the French would come up to him in open field."</p> +</div> + +<p>In the early morning the fort was abandoned and the retreat began. The +Indians had killed all the horses and cattle, and Washington's men were +so burdened with the sick and wounded, whom they were obliged to carry +on their backs, that most of the baggage was perforce left behind. Even +then they could march but a few miles, and then encamped to wait for +wagons. The Indians +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161-V1" id="Page_161-V1">161<br />V1</a></span> +increased the confusion by plundering, and +threatening an attack. They knocked to pieces the medicine-chest, thus +causing great distress to the wounded, two of whom they murdered and +scalped. For a time there was danger of panic; but order was restored, +and the wretched march began along the forest road that led over the +Alleghanies, fifty-two miles to the station at Wills Creek. Whatever may +have been the feelings of Washington, he has left no record of them. His +immense fortitude was doomed to severer trials in the future; yet +perhaps this miserable morning was the darkest of his life. He was +deeply moved by sights of suffering; and all around him were wounded men +borne along in torture, and weary men staggering under the living load. +His pride was humbled, and his young ambition seemed blasted in the bud. +It was the fourth of July. He could not foresee that he was to make that +day forever glorious to a new-born nation hailing him as its father.</p> + +<p>The defeat at Fort Necessity was doubly disastrous to the English, since +it was a new step and a long one towards the ruin of their interest with +the Indians; and when, in the next year, the smouldering war broke into +flame, nearly all the western tribes drew their scalping-knives for +France.</p> + +<p>Villiers went back exultant to Fort Duquesne, burning on his way the +buildings of Gist's settlement and the storehouse at Redstone Creek. Not +an English flag now waved beyond the Alleghanies. +<span class="superscript">[160]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_160" name="footer_160"></a> + <span class="superscript">[160]</span> +See <a href="#appendixC">Appendix C</a>. +</p> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Chapter_06" id="Chapter_06"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162-V1" id="Page_162-V1">162<br />V1</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents06">CHAPTER VI.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1754, 1755.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader">THE SIGNAL OF BATTLE.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + Troubles of Dinwiddie • Gathering of the Burgesses • + Virginian Society • Refractory Legislators • + The Quaker Assembly • It refuses to resist the French • + Apathy of New York • + Shirley and the General Court of Massachusetts • + Short-sighted Policy • Attitude of Royal Governors • + Indian Allies waver • Convention at Albany • + Scheme of Union • It fails • Dinwiddie and Glen • + Dinwiddie calls on England for Help • The Duke of Newcastle • + Weakness of the British Cabinet • Attitude of France • + Mutual Dissimulation • Both Powers send Troops to America • + Collision • Capture of the "Alcide" and the "Lis." + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> +</div> +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">The</span> + defeat of Washington was a heavy blow to the Governor, and he +angrily ascribed it to the delay of the expected reinforcements. The +King's companies from New York had reached Alexandria, and crawled +towards the scene of action with thin ranks, bad discipline, thirty +women and children, no tents, no blankets, no knapsacks, and for +munitions one barrel of spoiled gunpowder. +<span class="superscript">[161]</span> The case was still worse +with the regiment from North Carolina. It was commanded by Colonel +Innes, a countryman and friend of Dinwiddie, who wrote to him: "Dear +James, I now wish that we had none from your colony but yourself, for I +foresee nothing but confusion among them." The men +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163-V1" id="Page_163-V1">163<br />V1</a></span> +were, in fact, utterly unmanageable. They had been promised three shillings +a day, while the Virginians had only eightpence; and when they heard on the +march that their pay was to be reduced, they mutinied, disbanded, and +went home.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_161" name="footer_161"></a> + <span class="superscript">[161]</span> +<i>Dinwiddie to the Lords of Trade</i>, 24 <i>July</i>, 1754. +<i>Ibid. to Delancey</i>, 20 <i>June</i>, 1754.</p> +</div> + +<p> +"You may easily guess," says Dinwiddie to a London correspondent, "the +great fatigue and trouble I have had, which is more than I ever went +through in my life." He rested his hopes on the session of his Assembly, +which was to take place in August; for he thought that the late disaster +would move them to give him money for defending the colony. These +meetings of the burgesses were the great social as well as political +event of the Old Dominion, and gave a gathering signal to the Virginian +gentry scattered far and wide on their lonely plantations. The capital +of the province was Williamsburg, a village of about a thousand +inhabitants, traversed by a straight and very wide street, and adorned +with various public buildings, conspicuous among which was William and +Mary College, a respectable structure, unjustly likened by Jefferson to +a brick kiln with a roof. The capitol, at the other end of the town, had +been burned some years before, and had just risen from its ashes. Not +far distant was the so-called Governor's Palace, where Dinwiddie with +his wife and two daughters exercised such official hospitality as his +moderate salary and Scottish thrift would permit. +<span class="superscript">[162]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_162" name="footer_162"></a> + <span class="superscript">[162]</span> +For a contemporary account of Williamsburg, Burnaby, <i>Travels in North +America</i>, 6. +Smyth, <i>Tour in America</i>, I. 17, describes it some years later.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164-V1" id="Page_164-V1">164<br />V1</a></span> +In these seasons of festivity the dull and quiet village was +transfigured. The broad, sandy street, scorching under a southern sun, +was thronged with coaches and chariots brought over from London at heavy +cost in tobacco, though soon to be bedimmed by Virginia roads and negro +care; racing and hard-drinking planters; clergymen of the Establishment, +not much more ascetic than their boon companions of the laity; ladies, +with manners a little rusted by long seclusion; black coachmen and +footmen, proud of their masters and their liveries; young cavaliers, +booted and spurred, sitting their thoroughbreds with the careless grace +of men whose home was the saddle. It was a proud little provincial +society, which might seem absurd in its lofty self-appreciation, had it +not soon approved itself so prolific in ability and worth. +<span class="superscript">[163]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_163" name="footer_163"></a> + <span class="superscript">[163]</span> +The English traveller Smyth, in his <i>Tour</i>, gives a +curious and vivid picture of Virginian life. For the social condition of +this and other colonies before the Revolution, one cannot do better than +to consult Lodge's <i>Short History of the English Colonies</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>The burgesses met, and Dinwiddie made them an opening speech, inveighing +against the aggressions of the French, their "contempt of treaties," and +"ambitious views for universal monarchy;" and he concluded: "I could +expatiate very largely on these affairs, but my heart burns with +resentment at their insolence. I think there is no room for many +arguments to induce you to raise a considerable supply to enable me to +defeat the designs of these troublesome people and enemies of mankind." +The burgesses in their turn expressed +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165-V1" id="Page_165-V1">165<br />V1</a></span> +the "highest and most becoming +resentment," and promptly voted twenty thousand pounds; but on the third +reading of the bill they added to it a rider which touched the old +question of the pistole fee, and which, in the view of the Governor, was +both unconstitutional and offensive. He remonstrated in vain; the +stubborn republicans would not yield, nor would he; and again he +prorogued them. This unexpected defeat depressed him greatly. "A +governor," he wrote, "is really to be pitied in the discharge of his +duty to his king and country, in having to do with such obstinate, +self-conceited people…. I cannot satisfy the burgesses unless I +prostitute the rules of government. I have gone through monstrous +fatigues. Such wrong-headed people, I thank God, I never had to do with +before." <span class="superscript">[164]</span> +A few weeks later he was comforted; for, having again +called the burgesses, they gave him the money, without trying this time +to humiliate him. <span class="superscript">[165]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_164" name="footer_164"></a> + <span class="superscript">[164]</span> +<i>Dinwiddie to Hamilton</i>, 6 <i>Sept</i>., 1754. +<i>Ibid. to J. Abercrombie</i>, 1 <i>Sept</i>., 1754.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_165" name="footer_165"></a> + <span class="superscript">[165]</span> +Hening, VI. 435.</p> +</div> + +<p> +In straining at a gnat and swallowing a camel, aristocratic Virginia was +far outdone by democratic Pennsylvania. Hamilton, her governor, had laid +before the Assembly a circular letter from the Earl of Holdernesse +directing him, in common with other governors, to call on his province +for means to repel any invasion which might be made "within the +undoubted limits of His Majesty's dominion." +<span class="superscript">[166]</span> The Assembly of +Pennsylvania was curiously unlike +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166-V1" id="Page_166-V1">166<br />V1</a></span> +that of Virginia, as half and often +more than half of its members were Quaker tradesmen in sober raiment and +broad-brimmed hats; while of the rest, the greater part were Germans who +cared little whether they lived under English rule or French, provided +that they were left in peace upon their farms. The House replied to the +Governor's call: "It would be highly presumptuous in us to pretend to +judge of the undoubted limits of His Majesty's dominions;" and they +added: "the Assemblies of this province are generally composed of a +majority who are constitutionally principled against war, and represent +a well-meaning, peaceable people." +<span class="superscript">[167]</span> They then adjourned, telling the +Governor that, "As those our limits have not been clearly ascertained to +our satisfaction, we fear the precipitate call upon us as the province +invaded cannot answer any good purpose at this time."</p> + + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_166" name="footer_166"></a> + <span class="superscript">[166]</span> +<i>The Earl of Holdernesse to the Governors in America</i>, +28 <i>Aug</i>. 1753.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_167" name="footer_167"></a> + <span class="superscript">[167]</span> +<i>Colonial Records of Pa.</i>, V. 748.</p> +</div> + +<p>In the next month they met again, and again Hamilton asked for means to +defend the country. The question was put, Should the Assembly give money +for the King's use? and the vote was feebly affirmative. Should the sum +be twenty thousand pounds? The vote was overwhelming in the negative. +Fifteen thousand, ten thousand, and five thousand, were successively +proposed, and the answer was always, No. The House would give nothing +but five hundred pounds for a present to the Indians; after which they +adjourned "to the sixth of the month called May." +<span class="superscript">[168]</span> At their next +meeting +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167-V1" id="Page_167-V1">167<br />V1</a></span> +they voted to give the Governor ten thousand pounds; but under +conditions which made them for some time independent of his veto, and +which, in other respects, were contrary to his instructions from the +King, as well as from the proprietaries of the province, to whom he had +given bonds to secure his obedience. He therefore rejected the bill, and +they adjourned. In August they passed a similar vote, with the same +result. At their October meeting they evaded his call for supplies. In +December they voted twenty thousand pounds, hampered with conditions +which were sure to be refused, since Morris, the new governor, who had +lately succeeded Hamilton, was under the same restrictions as his +predecessor. They told him, however, that in the present case they felt +themselves bound by no Act of Parliament, and added: "We hope the +Governor, notwithstanding any penal bond he may have entered into, will +on reflection think himself at liberty and find it consistent with his +safety and honor to give his assent to this bill." Morris, who had taken +the highest legal advice on the subject in England, declined to +compromise himself, saying: "Consider, gentlemen, in what light you will +appear to His Majesty while, instead of contributing towards your own +defence, you are entering into an ill-timed controversy concerning the +validity of royal instructions which may be delayed to a more convenient +time without the least injury to the rights of the people." +<span class="superscript">[169]</span> They +would not yield, and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168-V1" id="Page_168-V1">168<br />V1</a></span> +told him "that they had rather the French should +conquer them than give up their privileges." +<span class="superscript">[170]</span> "Truly," remarks +Dinwiddie, "I think they have given their senses a long holiday."</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_168" name="footer_168"></a> + <span class="superscript">[168]</span> +<i>Pennsylvania Archives</i>, II. 235. <i>Colonial Records of Pa.</i>, +VI. 22-26. <i>Works of Franklin,</i> III. 265.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_169" name="footer_169"></a> + <span class="superscript">[169]</span> +<i>Colonial Records of Pa.</i>, VI. 215.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_170" name="footer_170"></a> + <span class="superscript">[170]</span> +<i>Morris to Penn</i>, 1 <i>Jan</i>. 1755.</p> +</div> + +<p> +New York was not much behind her sisters in contentious stubbornness. In +answer to the Governor's appeal, the Assembly replied: "It appears that +the French have built a fort at a place called French Creek, at a +considerable distance from the River Ohio, which may, but does not by +any evidence or information appear to us to be an invasion of any of His +Majesty's colonies." <span class="superscript">[171]</span> +So blind were they as yet to "manifest +destiny!" Afterwards, however, on learning the defeat of Washington, +they gave five thousand pounds to aid Virginia. +<span class="superscript">[172]</span> Maryland, after +long delay, gave six thousand. New Jersey felt herself safe behind the +other colonies, and would give nothing. New England, on the other hand, +and especially Massachusetts, had suffered so much from French +war-parties that they were always ready to fight. Shirley, the governor +of Massachusetts, had returned from his bootless errand to settle the +boundary question at Paris. His leanings were strongly monarchical; yet +he believed in the New Englanders, and was more or less in sympathy with +them. Both he and they were strenuous against the French, and they had +mutually helped each other to reap laurels in the last war. Shirley was +cautious of giving +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169-V1" id="Page_169-V1">169<br />V1</a></span> +umbrage to his Assembly, and rarely quarrelled with +it, except when the amount of his salary was in question. He was not +averse to a war with France; for though bred a lawyer, and now past +middle life, he flattered himself with hopes of a high military command. +On the present occasion, making use of a rumor that the French were +seizing the carrying-place between the Chaudière and the Kennebec, he +drew from the Assembly a large grant of money, and induced them to call +upon him to march in person to the scene of danger. He accordingly +repaired to Falmouth (now Portland); and, though the rumor proved false, +sent eight hundred men under Captain John Winslow to build two forts on +the Kennebec as a measure of precaution. +<span class="superscript">[173]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_171" name="footer_171"></a> + <span class="superscript">[171]</span> +<i>Address of the Assembly to Lieutenant-Governor Delancey</i>, +23 <i>April</i>, 1754. <i>Lords of Trade to Delancey</i>, 5 <i>July</i>, +1754.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_172" name="footer_172"></a> + <span class="superscript">[172]</span> + <i>Delancey to Lords of Trade</i>, 8 <i>Oct</i>. 1754.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_173" name="footer_173"></a> + <span class="superscript">[173]</span> +<i>Massachusetts Archives</i>, 1754. Hutchinson, III. 26. +<i>Conduct of Major-General Shirley briefly stated. Journals of the Board +of Trade</i>, 1754.</p> +</div> + +<p> +While to these northern provinces Canada was an old and pestilent enemy, +those towards the south scarcely knew her by name; and the idea of +French aggression on their borders was so novel and strange that they +admitted it with difficulty. Mind and heart were engrossed in strife +with their governors: the universal struggle for virtual self-rule. But +the war was often waged with a passionate stupidity. The colonist was +not then an American; he was simply a provincial, and a narrow one. The +time was yet distant when these dissevered and jealous communities +should weld themselves into one broad nationality, capable, at need, of +the mightiest efforts to purge +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170-V1" id="Page_170-V1">170<br />V1</a></span> +itself of disaffection and vindicate its +commanding unity.</p> + +<p>In the interest of that practical independence which they had so much at +heart, two conditions were essential to the colonists. The one was a +field for expansion, and the other was mutual help. Their first +necessity was to rid themselves of the French, who, by shutting them +between the Alleghanies and the sea, would cramp them into perpetual +littleness. With France on their backs, growing while they had no room +to grow, they must remain in helpless wardship, dependent on England, +whose aid they would always need; but with the West open before them, +their future was their own. King and Parliament would respect perforce +the will of a people spread from the ocean to the Mississippi, and +united in action as in aims. But in the middle of the last century the +vision of the ordinary colonist rarely reached so far. The immediate +victory over a governor, however slight the point at issue, was more +precious in his eyes than the remote though decisive advantage which he +saw but dimly.</p> + +<p>The governors, representing the central power, saw the situation from +the national point of view. Several of them, notably Dinwiddie and +Shirley, were filled with wrath at the proceedings of the French; and +the former was exasperated beyond measure at the supineness of the +provinces. He had spared no effort to rouse them, and had failed. His +instincts were on the side of authority; but, under the circumstances, +it is hardly to be imputed +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171-V1" id="Page_171-V1">171<br />V1</a></span> +to him as a very deep offence against human +liberty that he advised the compelling of the colonies to raise men and +money for their own defence, and proposed, in view of their "intolerable +obstinacy and disobedience to his Majesty's commands," that Parliament +should tax them half-a-crown a head. The approaching war offered to the +party of authority temptations from which the colonies might have saved +it by opening their purse-strings without waiting to be told.</p> + +<p>The Home Government, on its part, was but half-hearted in the wish that +they should unite in opposition to the common enemy. It was very willing +that the several provinces should give money and men, but not that they +should acquire military habits and a dangerous capacity of acting +together. There was one kind of union, however, so obviously necessary, +and at the same time so little to be dreaded, that the British Cabinet, +instructed by the governors, not only assented to it, but urged it. This +was joint action in making treaties with the Indians. The practice of +separate treaties, made by each province in its own interest, had bred +endless disorders. The adhesion of all the tribes had been so shaken, +and the efforts of the French to alienate them were so vigorous and +effective, that not a moment was to be lost. Joncaire had gained over +most of the Senecas, Piquet was drawing the Onondagas more and more to +his mission, and the Dutch of Albany were alienating their best friends, +the Mohawks, by encroaching on their lands. Their chief, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172-V1" id="Page_172-V1">172<br />V1</a></span> +Hendrick, came +to New York with a deputation of the tribe to complain of their wrongs; +and finding no redress, went off in anger, declaring that the covenant +chain was broken. <span class="superscript">[174]</span> +The authorities in alarm called William Johnson +to their aid. He succeeded in soothing the exasperated chief, and then +proceeded to the confederate council at Onondaga, where he found the +assembled sachems full of anxieties and doubts. "We don't know what you +Christians, English and French, intend," said one of their orators. "We +are so hemmed in by you both that we have hardly a hunting-place left. +In a little while, if we find a bear in a tree, there will immediately +appear an owner of the land to claim the property and hinder us from +killing it, by which we live. We are so perplexed between you that we +hardly know what to say or think." <span class="superscript">[175]</span> +No man had such power over the +Five Nations as Johnson. His dealings with them were at once honest, +downright, and sympathetic. They loved and trusted him as much as they +detested the Indian commissioners at Albany, whom the province of New +York had charged with their affairs, and who, being traders, grossly +abused their office.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_174" name="footer_174"></a> + <span class="superscript">[174]</span> +<i>N. Y. Col. Docs.</i>, VI. 788. <i>Colonial Records of Pa.</i>, V. +625.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_175" name="footer_175"></a> + <span class="superscript">[175]</span> +<i>N. Y. Col. Docs.</i>, VI. 813.</p> +</div> + +<p>It was to remedy this perilous state of things that the Lords of Trade +and Plantations directed the several governors to urge on their +assemblies the sending of commissioners to make a joint treaty with the +wavering tribes. <span class="superscript">[176]</span> +Seven of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173-V1" id="Page_173-V1">173<br />V1</a></span> +provinces, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and the four New England +colonies, acceded to the plan, and sent to Albany, the appointed place +of meeting, a body of men who for character and ability had never had +an equal on the continent, but whose powers from their respective +assemblies were so cautiously limited as to preclude decisive action. +They met in the court-house of the little frontier city. A large +"chain-belt" of wampum was provided, on which the King was symbolically +represented, holding in his embrace the colonies, the Five Nations, and +all their allied tribes. This was presented to the assembled warriors, +with a speech in which the misdeeds of the French were not forgotten. +The chief, Hendrick, made a much better speech in reply. "We do now +solemnly renew and brighten the covenant chain. We shall take the +chain-belt to Onondaga, where our council-fire always burns, and keep +it so safe that neither thunder nor lightning shall break it." The +commissioners had blamed them for allowing so many of their people to +be drawn away to Piquet's mission. "It is true," said the orator, +"that we live disunited. We have tried to bring back our brethren, but +in vain; for the Governor of Canada is like a wicked, deluding spirit. +You ask why we are so dispersed. The reason is that you have neglected +us for these three years past." Here he took a stick and threw it +behind him. "You have thus thrown us behind your back; whereas the +French are a subtle and vigilant people, always using their utmost endeavors +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174-V1" id="Page_174-V1">174<br />V1</a></span> +to seduce and bring us over to them." He then told them that +it was not the French alone who invaded the country of the Indians. "The +Governor of Virginia and the Governor of Canada are quarrelling about +lands which belong to us, and their quarrel may end in our destruction." +And he closed with a burst of sarcasm. "We would have taken Crown Point +[<i>in the last war</i>], but you prevented us. Instead, you burned your own +fort at Saratoga and ran away from it,—which was a shame and a scandal +to you. Look about your country and see: you have no fortifications; no, +not even in this city. It is but a step from Canada hither, and the +French may come and turn you out of doors. You desire us to speak from +the bottom of our hearts, and we shall do it. Look at the French: they +are men; they are fortifying everywhere. But you are all like women, +bare and open, without fortifications." <span class="superscript">[177]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_176" name="footer_176"></a> + <span class="superscript">[176]</span> +<i>Circular Letter of Lords of Trade to Governors in America</i>, +18 <i>Sept</i>. 1753. <i>Lords of Trade to Sir Danvers Osborne, in N. Y. +Col. Docs.</i>, VI. 800.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_177" name="footer_177"></a> + <span class="superscript">[177]</span> +<i>Proceedings of the Congress at Albany, N. Y. Col. Docs.</i>, +VI. 853. A few verbal changes, for the sake of brevity, are made in the +above extracts.</p> +</div> + +<p>Hendrick's brother Abraham now took up the word, and begged that Johnson +might be restored to the management of Indian affairs, which he had +formerly held; "for," said the chief, "we love him and he us, and he has +always been our good and trusty friend." The commissioners had not power +to grant the request, but the Indians were assured that it should not be +forgotten; and they returned to their villages soothed, but far from +satisfied. Nor were the commissioners empowered +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175-V1" id="Page_175-V1">175<br />V1</a></span> +to take any effective steps for fortifying the frontier.</p> + +<p>The congress now occupied itself with another matter. Its members were +agreed that great danger was impending; that without wise and just +treatment of the tribes, the French would gain them all, build forts +along the back of the British colonies, and, by means of ships and +troops from France, master them one by one, unless they would combine +for mutual defence. The necessity of some form of union had at length +begun to force itself upon the colonial mind. A rough woodcut had lately +appeared in the <i>Pennsylvania Gazette</i>, figuring the provinces under the +not very flattering image of a snake cut to pieces, with the motto, +"Join, or die." A writer of the day held up the Five Nations for +emulation, observing that if ignorant savages could confederate, British +colonists might do as much. <span class="superscript">[178]</span> +Franklin, the leading spirit of the +congress, now laid before it his famous project of union, which has been +too often described to need much notice here. Its fate is well known. +The Crown rejected it because it gave too much power to the colonies; +the colonies, because it gave too much power to the Crown, and because +it required each of them to transfer some of its functions of +self-government to a central council. Another plan was afterwards +devised by the friends of prerogative, perfectly agreeable to the King, +since it placed all power in the hands +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176-V1" id="Page_176-V1">176<br />V1</a></span> +of a council of governors, and since it involved compulsory taxation of the +colonists, who, for the same reasons, would have doggedly resisted it, had +an attempt been made to carry it into effect. +<span class="superscript">[179]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_178" name="footer_178"></a> + <span class="superscript">[178]</span> +Kennedy, <i>Importance of gaining and preserving the +Friendship of the Indians</i>.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_179" name="footer_179"></a> + <span class="superscript">[179]</span> +On the Albany plan of union, <i>Franklin's Works</i>, I. 177. +Shirley thought it "a great strain upon the prerogative of the Crown," +and was for requiring the colonies to raise money and men "without +farther consulting them upon any points whatever." <i>Shirley to Robinson</i>, +24 <i>Dec</i>. 1754.</p> +</div> + +<p>Even if some plan of union had been agreed upon, long delay must have +followed before its machinery could be set in motion; and meantime there +was need of immediate action. War-parties of Indians from Canada, set +on, it was thought, by the Governor, were already burning and murdering +among the border settlements of New York and New Hampshire. In the south +Dinwiddie grew more and more alarmed, "for the French are like so many +locusts; they are collected in bodies in a most surprising manner; their +number now on the Ohio is from twelve hundred to fifteen hundred." He +writes to Lord Granville that, in his opinion, they aim to conquer the +continent, and that "the obstinacy of this stubborn generation" exposes +the country "to the merciless rage of a rapacious enemy." What vexed him +even more than the apathy of the assemblies was the conduct of his +brother-governor, Glen of South Carolina, who, apparently piqued at the +conspicuous part Dinwiddie was acting, wrote to him in a "very +dictatorial style," found fault with his measures, jested at his +activity in writing letters, and even questioned the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177-V1" id="Page_177-V1">177<br />V1</a></span> +right of England to lands on the Ohio; till he was moved at last to retort: +"I cannot help observing that your letters and arguments would have been more +proper from a French officer than from one of His Majesty's governors. My +conduct has met with His Majesty's gracious approbation; and I am sorry +it has not received yours." Thus discouraged, even in quarters where he +had least reason to expect it, he turned all his hopes to the Home +Government; again recommended a tax by Act of Parliament, and begged, in +repeated letters, for arms, munitions, and two regiments of +infantry. <span class="superscript">[180]</span> +His petition was not made in vain.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_180" name="footer_180"></a> + <span class="superscript">[180]</span> +<i>Dinwiddie Papers</i>; letters to Granville, Albemarle, +Halifax, Fox, Holdernesse, Horace Walpole, and Lords of Trade.</p> +</div> + +<p> +England at this time presented the phenomenon of a prime minister who +could not command the respect of his own servants. A more preposterous +figure than the Duke of Newcastle never stood at the head of a great +nation. He had a feverish craving for place and power, joined to a total +unfitness for both. He was an adept in personal politics, and was so +busied with the arts of winning and keeping office that he had no +leisure, even if he had had ability, for the higher work of government. +He was restless, quick in movement, rapid and confused in speech, lavish +of worthless promises, always in a hurry, and at once headlong, timid, +and rash. "A borrowed importance and real insignificance," says Walpole, +who knew him well, "gave him the perpetual air of a solicitor…. He had +no pride, though infinite self-love. He +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178-V1" id="Page_178-V1">178<br />V1</a></span> +loved business immoderately; yet +was only always doing it, never did it. When left to himself, he always +plunged into difficulties, and then shuddered for the consequences." +Walpole gives an anecdote showing the state of his ideas on colonial +matters. General Ligonier suggested to him that Annapolis ought to be +defended. "To which he replied with his lisping, evasive hurry: +'Annapolis, Annapolis! Oh, yes, Annapolis must be defended,—where is +Annapolis?'" <span class="superscript">[181]</span> +Another contemporary, Smollett, ridicules him in his +novel of <i>Humphrey Clinker</i>, and tells a similar story, which, founded +in fact or not, shows in what estimation the minister was held: "Captain +C. treated the Duke's character without any ceremony. 'This wiseacre,' +said he, 'is still abed; and I think the best thing he can do is to +sleep on till Christmas; for when he gets up he does nothing but expose +his own folly. In the beginning of the war he told me in a great fright +that thirty thousand French had marched from Acadia to Cape Breton. +Where did they find transports? said I.—Transports! cried he, I tell +you they marched by land.—By land to the island of Cape Breton!—What, +is Cape Breton an island?—Certainly.—Ha! are you sure of that?—When I +pointed it out on the map, he examined it earnestly with his spectacles; +then, taking me in his arms,—My dear C., cried he, you always bring us +good news. Egad! I'll go directly and tell the King that Cape Breton is +an island.'"</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_181" name="footer_181"></a> + <span class="superscript">[181]</span> +Walpole, <i>George II.</i>, I. 344.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179-V1" id="Page_179-V1">179<br />V1</a></span> +His wealth, county influence, flagitious use of patronage, and +long-practised skill in keeping majorities in the House of Commons by +means that would not bear the light, made his support necessary to Pitt +himself, and placed a fantastic political jobber at the helm of England +in a time when she needed a patriot and a statesman. Newcastle was the +growth of the decrepitude and decay of a great party, which had +fulfilled its mission and done its work. But if the Whig soil had become +poor for a wholesome crop, it was never so rich for toadstools.</p> + +<p>Sir Thomas Robinson held the Southern Department, charged with the +colonies; and Lord Mahon remarks of him that the Duke had achieved the +feat of finding a secretary of state more incapable than himself. He had +the lead of the House of Commons. "Sir Thomas Robinson lead us!" said +Pitt to Henry Fox; "the Duke might as well send his jackboot to lead +us." The active and aspiring Halifax was at the head of the Board of +Trade and Plantations. The Duke of Cumberland commanded the army,—an +indifferent soldier, though a brave one; harsh, violent, and headlong. +Anson, the celebrated navigator, was First Lord of the Admiralty,—a +position in which he disappointed everybody.</p> + +<p>In France the true ruler was Madame de Pompadour, once the King's +mistress, now his procuress, and a sort of feminine prime minister. +Machault d'Arnouville was at the head of the Marine and Colonial +Department. The diplomatic representatives of the two Crowns were more +conspicuous +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180-V1" id="Page_180-V1">180<br />V1</a></span> +for social than for political talents. Of Mirepoix, French +ambassador at London, Marshal Saxe had once observed: "It is a good +appointment; he can teach the English to dance." Walpole says concerning +him: "He could not even learn to pronounce the names of our games of +cards,—which, however, engaged most of the hours of his negotiation. We +were to be bullied out of our colonies by an apprentice at whist!" Lord +Albemarle, English ambassador at Versailles, is held up by Chesterfield +as an example to encourage his son in the pursuit of the graces: "What +do you think made our friend Lord Albemarle colonel of a regiment of +Guards, Governor of Virginia, Groom of the Stole, and ambassador to +Paris,—amounting in all to sixteen or seventeen thousand pounds a year? +Was it his birth? No; a Dutch gentleman only. Was it his estate? No; he +had none. Was it his learning, his parts, his political abilities and +application? You can answer these questions as easily and as soon as I +can ask them. What was it then? Many people wondered; but I do not, for +I know, and will tell you,—it was his air, his address, his manners, +and his graces."</p> + +<p>The rival nations differed widely in military and naval strength. +England had afloat more than two hundred ships of war, some of them of +great force; while the navy of France counted little more than half the +number. On the other hand, England had reduced her army to eighteen +thousand men, and France had nearly ten times as many under arms. Both +alike were weak in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181-V1" id="Page_181-V1">181<br />V1</a></span> +leadership. That rare son of the tempest, a great commander, was to be found +in neither of them since the death of Saxe.</p> + +<p>In respect to the approaching crisis, the interests of the two Powers +pointed to opposite courses of action. What France needed was time. It +was her policy to put off a rupture, wreathe her face in diplomatic +smiles, and pose in an attitude of peace and good faith, while +increasing her navy, reinforcing her garrisons in America, and +strengthening her positions there. It was the policy of England to +attack at once, and tear up the young encroachments while they were yet +in the sap, before they could strike root and harden into stiff +resistance.</p> + +<p>When, on the fourteenth of November, the King made his opening speech to +the Houses of Parliament, he congratulated them on the prevailing peace, +and assured them that he should improve it to promote the trade of his +subjects, "and protect those possessions which constitute one great +source of their wealth." America was not mentioned; but his hearers +understood him, and made a liberal grant for the service of the +year. <span class="superscript">[182]</span> +Two regiments, each of five hundred men, had already been +ordered to sail for Virginia, where their numbers were to be raised by +enlistment to seven hundred. <span class="superscript">[183]</span> +Major-General Braddock, a man after the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182-V1" id="Page_182-V1">182<br />V1</a></span> +Duke of Cumberland's own heart, was appointed to the chief command. +The two regiments—the forty-fourth and the forty-eighth—embarked at +Cork in the middle of January. The soldiers detested the service, and +many had deserted. More would have done so had they foreseen what +awaited them.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_182" name="footer_182"></a> + <span class="superscript">[182]</span> +Entick, <i>Late War</i>, I. 118.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_183" name="footer_183"></a> + <span class="superscript">[183]</span> +<i>Robinson to Lords of the Admiralty</i>, 30 <i>Sept</i>. 1754. +<i>Ibid., to Board of Ordnance</i>, 10 <i>Oct</i>. 1754. +<i>Ibid., Circular Letter to American Governors</i>, 26 <i>Oct</i>. 1754. +<i>Instructions to our Trusty and Well-beloved Edward Braddock</i>, +25 <i>Nov</i>. 1754.</p> +</div> + +<p>This movement was no sooner known at Versailles than a counter +expedition was prepared on a larger scale. Eighteen ships of war were +fitted for sea at Brest and Rochefort, and the six battalions of La +Reine, Bourgogne, Languedoc, Guienne, Artois, and Béarn, three thousand +men in all, were ordered on board for Canada. Baron Dieskau, a German +veteran who had served under Saxe, was made their general; and with him +went the new governor of French America, the Marquis de Vaudreuil, +destined to succeed Duquesne, whose health was failing under the +fatigues of his office. Admiral Dubois de la Motte commanded the fleet; +and lest the English should try to intercept it, another squadron of +nine ships, under Admiral Macnamara, was ordered to accompany it to a +certain distance from the coast. There was long and tedious delay. +Doreil, commissary of war, who had embarked with Vaudreuil and Dieskau +in the same ship, wrote from the harbor of Brest on the twenty-ninth of +April: "At last I think we are off. We should have been outside by four +o'clock this morning, if M. de Macnamara had not been obliged to ask +Count Dubois de la Motte to wait till noon to mend some important part +of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183-V1" id="Page_183-V1">183<br />V1</a></span> +rigging (I don't know the name of it) which was broken. It is +precious time lost, and gives the English the advantage over us of two +tides. I talk of these things as a blind man does of colors. What is +certain is that Count Dubois de la Motte is very impatient to get away, +and that the King's fleet destined for Canada is in very able and +zealous hands. It is now half-past two. In half an hour all may be +ready, and we may get out of the harbor before night." He was again +disappointed; it was the third of May before the fleet put to sea. +<span class="superscript">[184]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_184" name="footer_184"></a> + <span class="superscript">[184]</span> +<i>Lettres de Cremille, de Rostaing, et de Doreil au Ministre</i>, +<i>Avril</i> 18, 24, 28, 29, 1755. <i>Liste des Vaisseaux de Guerre qui +composent l'Escadre armée à Brest</i>, 1755. +<i>Journal of M. de Vaudreuil's Voyage to Canada</i>, in <i>N. Y. +Col. Docs.</i>, X. 297. Pouchot, I. 25.</p> +</div> + +<p>During these preparations there was active diplomatic correspondence +between the two Courts. Mirepoix demanded why British troops were sent +to America. Sir Thomas Robinson answered that there was no intention to +disturb the peace or offend any Power whatever; yet the secret orders to +Braddock were the reverse of pacific. Robinson asked on his part the +purpose of the French armament at Brest and Rochefort; and the answer, +like his own, was a protestation that no hostility was meant. At the +same time Mirepoix in the name of the King proposed that orders should +be given to the American governors on both sides to refrain from all +acts of aggression. But while making this proposal the French Court +secretly sent orders to Duquesne to attack and destroy Fort Halifax, one +of the two forts lately built by Shirley +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184-V1" id="Page_184-V1">184<br />V1</a></span> +on the Kennebec,—a river which, by the admission of the French themselves, +belonged to the English. But, in making this attack, the French Governor was +expressly enjoined to pretend that he acted without orders. +<span class="superscript">[185]</span> He was also told that, if necessary, +he might make use of the Indians to harass the English. +<span class="superscript">[186]</span> +Thus there was good faith on neither part; but it is clear +through all the correspondence that the English expected to gain by +precipitating an open rupture, and the French by postponing it. Projects +of convention were proposed on both sides, but there was no agreement. +The English insisted as a preliminary condition that the French should +evacuate all the western country as far as the Wabash. Then ensued a +long discussion of their respective claims, as futile as the former +discussion at Paris on Acadian boundaries. +<span class="superscript">[187]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_185" name="footer_185"></a> + <span class="superscript">[185]</span> +<i>Machault à Duquesne</i>, 17 <i>Fév</i>. 1755. +The letter of Mirepoix proposing mutual abstinence from aggression, is +dated on the 6th of the same month. The French dreaded Fort Halifax, +because they thought it prepared the way for an advance on Quebec by way +of the Chaudière.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_186" name="footer_186"></a> + <span class="superscript">[186]</span> +<i>Ibid.</i></p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_187" name="footer_187"></a> + <span class="superscript">[187]</span> +This correspondence is printed among the <i>Pièces +justificatives</i> of the <i>Précis des Faits</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>The British Court knew perfectly the naval and military preparations of +the French. Lord Albemarle had died at Paris in December; but the +secretary of the embassy, De Cosne, sent to London full information +concerning the fleet at Brest and Rochefort. +<span class="superscript">[188]</span> On this, Admiral +Boscawen, with eleven ships of the line and one frigate, was ordered to +intercept it; and as his force was plainly too small, Admiral Holbourne, +with seven more ships, was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185-V1" id="Page_185-V1">185<br />V1</a></span> +sent, nearly three weeks after, to join him +if he could. Their orders were similar,—to capture or destroy any +French vessels bound to North America. +<span class="superscript">[189]</span> Boscawen, who got to sea +before La Motte, stationed himself near the southern coast of +Newfoundland to cut him off; but most of the French squadron eluded him, +and safely made their way, some to Louisbourg, and the others to Quebec. +Thus the English expedition was, in the main, a failure. Three of the +French ships, however, lost in fog and rain, had become separated from +the rest, and lay rolling and tossing on an angry sea not far from Cape +Race. One of them was the "Alcide," commanded by Captain Hocquart; the +others were the "Lis" and the "Dauphin." The wind fell; but the fogs +continued at intervals; till, on the afternoon of the seventh of June, +the weather having cleared, the watchman on the maintop saw the distant +ocean studded with ships. It was the fleet of Boscawen. Hocquart, who +gives the account, says that in the morning they were within three +leagues of him, crowding all sail in pursuit. Towards eleven o'clock one +of them, the "Dunkirk," was abreast of him to windward, within short +speaking distance; and the ship of the Admiral, displaying a red flag as +a signal to engage, was not far off. Hocquart called out: "Are we at +peace, or war?" He declares that Howe, captain of the "Dunkirk," replied +in French: "La paix, la paix." +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186-V1" id="Page_186-V1">186<br />V1</a></span> +Hocquart then asked the name of the British admiral; and on hearing it said: +"I know him; he is a friend of mine." Being asked his own name in return, he +had scarcely uttered it when the batteries of the "Dunkirk" belched flame and +smoke, and volleyed a tempest of iron upon the crowded decks of the "Alcide." +She returned the fire, but was forced at length to strike her colors. +Rostaing, second in command of the troops, was killed; and six other +officers, with about eighty men, were killed or wounded. +<span class="superscript">[190]</span> At the same time the "Lis" was attacked +and overpowered. She had on board eight companies of the battalions of La Reine +and Languedoc. The third French ship, the "Dauphin," escaped under cover of a +rising fog. <span class="superscript">[191]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_188" name="footer_188"></a> + <span class="superscript">[188]</span> +Particulars in Entick, I. 121.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_189" name="footer_189"></a> + <span class="superscript">[189]</span> +<i>Secret Instructions for our Trusty and Well-beloved +Edward Boscawen, Esq., Vice-Admiral of the Blue</i>, 16 <i>April</i>, 1755. +<i>Most secret Instructions for Francis Holbourne, Esq., Rear-Admiral of the +Blue</i>, 9 <i>May</i>, 1755. <i>Robinson to Lords of the Admiralty</i>, +8 <i>May</i>, 1755.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_190" name="footer_190"></a> + <span class="superscript">[190]</span> +<i>Liste des Officiers tués et blessés dans le Combat de +l'Alcide et du Lis</i>.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_191" name="footer_191"></a> + <span class="superscript">[191]</span> +Hocquart's account is given in full by Pichon, <i>Lettres et Mémoires +pour servir à l'Histoire du Cap-Breton</i>. The short account in +<i>Précis des Faits</i>, 272, seems, too, to be drawn from Hocquart. +Also <i>Boscawen to Robinson</i>, 22 <i>June</i>, 1755. <i>Vaudreuil au +Ministre</i>, 24 <i>Juillet</i>, 1755. Entick, I. 137.</p> +<p>Some English accounts say that Captain Howe, in answer to the question, +"Are we at peace, or war?" returned, "I don't know; but you had better +prepare for war." Boscawen places the action on the 10th, instead of the +8th, and puts the English loss at seven killed and twenty-seven +wounded.</p> +</div> + +<p>Here at last was an end to negotiation. The sword was drawn and +brandished in the eyes of Europe.</p> + +<hr /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Chapter_07" id="Chapter_07"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187-V1" id="Page_187-V1">187<br />V1</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents07">CHAPTER VII.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1755.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader">BRADDOCK.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + Arrival of Braddock • His Character • + Council at Alexandria • Plan of the Campaign • + Apathy of the Colonists • Rage of Braddock • Franklin • + Fort Cumberland • Composition of the Army • + Offended Friends • The March • The French Fort • + Savage Allies • The Captive • Beaujeu • + He goes to meet the English • Passage of the Monongahela • + The Surprise • The Battle • Rout of Braddock • + His Death • Indian Ferocity • Reception of the Ill News • + Weakness of Dunbar • The Frontier abandoned. + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> +</div> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +"<span class="smcap">I have</span> the pleasure to acquaint you that +General Braddock came to my house last Sunday night," writes Dinwiddie, +at the end of February, to +Governor Dobbs of North Carolina. Braddock had landed at Hampton from +the ship "Centurion," along with young Commodore Keppel, who commanded +the American squadron. "I am mighty glad," again writes Dinwiddie, "that +the General is arrived, which I hope will give me some ease; for these +twelve months past I have been a perfect slave." He conceived golden +opinions of his guest. "He is, I think, a very fine officer, and a +sensible, considerate gentleman. He and I live in great harmony."</p> + +<p>Had he known him better, he might have praised him less. William +Shirley, son of the Governor of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188-V1" id="Page_188-V1">188<br />V1</a></span> +Massachusetts, was Braddock's secretary; +and after an acquaintance of some months wrote to his friend Governor +Morris: "We have a general most judiciously chosen for being +disqualified for the service he is employed in in almost every respect. +He may be brave for aught I know, and he is honest in pecuniary +matters." <span class="superscript">[192]</span> The astute Franklin, +who also had good opportunity of +knowing him, says: "This general was, I think, a brave man, and might +probably have made a good figure in some European war. But he had too +much self-confidence; too high an opinion of the validity of regular +troops; too mean a one of both Americans and Indians." +<span class="superscript">[193]</span> Horace +Walpole, in his function of gathering and immortalizing the gossip of +his time, has left a sharply drawn sketch of Braddock in two letters to +Sir Horace Mann, written in the summer of this year: "I love to give you +an idea of our characters as they rise upon the stage of history. +Braddock is a very Iroquois in disposition. He had a sister who, having +gamed away all her little fortune at Bath, hanged herself with a truly +English deliberation, leaving only a note upon the table with those +lines: 'To die is landing on some silent shore,' etc. When Braddock was +told of it, he only said: 'Poor Fanny! I always thought she would play +till she would be forced to <i>tuck herself up</i>.'" Under the name of Miss +Sylvia S———, Goldsmith, in his life of Nash, tells the story +of this unhappy woman. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189-V1" id="Page_189-V1">189<br />V1</a></span> +She was a rash but warm-hearted creature, reduced to +penury and dependence, not so much by a passion for cards as by her +lavish generosity to a lover ruined by his own follies, and with whom +her relations are said to have been entirely innocent. Walpole +continues: "But a more ridiculous story of Braddock, and which is +recorded in heroics by Fielding in his <i>Covent Garden Tragedy,</i> was an +amorous discussion he had formerly with a Mrs. Upton, who kept him. He +had gone the greatest lengths with her pin-money, and was still craving. +One day, that he was very pressing, she pulled out her purse and showed +him that she had but twelve or fourteen shillings left. He twitched it +from her: 'Let me see that.' Tied up at the other end he found five +guineas. He took them, tossed the empty purse in her face, saying: 'Did +you mean to cheat me?' and never went near her more. Now you are +acquainted with General Braddock."</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_192" name="footer_192"></a> + <span class="superscript">[192]</span> +<i>Shirley the younger to Morris</i>, 23 <i>May</i>, 1755.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_193" name="footer_193"></a> + <span class="superscript">[193]</span> +Franklin, <i>Autobiography</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>"He once had a duel with Colonel Gumley, Lady Bath's brother, who had +been his great friend. As they were going to engage, Gumley, who had +good-humor and wit (Braddock had the latter), said: 'Braddock, you are a +poor dog! Here, take my purse; if you kill me, you will be forced to run +away, and then you will not have a shilling to support you.' Braddock +refused the purse, insisted on the duel, was disarmed, and would not +even ask his life. However, with all his brutality, he has lately been +governor of Gibraltar, where he made himself adored, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190-V1" id="Page_190-V1">190<br />V1</a></span> +and where scarce +any governor was endured before." <span class="superscript">[194]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_194" name="footer_194"></a> + <span class="superscript">[194]</span> +<i>Letters of Horace Walpole</i> (1866), II. 459, 461. It is +doubtful if Braddock was ever governor of Gibraltar; though, as Mr. +Sargent shows, he once commanded a regiment there.</p> +</div> + +<p>Another story is told of him by an accomplished actress of the time, +George Anne Bellamy, whom Braddock had known from girlhood, and with +whom his present relations seem to have been those of an elderly adviser +and friend. "As we were walking in the Park one day, we heard a poor +fellow was to be chastised; when I requested the General to beg off the +offender. Upon his application to the general officer, whose name was +Dury, he asked Braddock how long since he had divested himself of the +brutality and insolence of his manners? To which the other replied: 'You +never knew me insolent to my inferiors. It is only to such rude men as +yourself that I behave with the spirit which I think they deserve.'"</p> + +<p>Braddock made a visit to the actress on the evening before he left +London for America. "Before we parted," she says, "the General told me +that he should never see me more; for he was going with a handful of men +to conquer whole nations; and to do this they must cut their way through +unknown woods. He produced a map of the country, saying at the same +time: 'Dear Pop, we are sent like sacrifices to the altar,'" +<span class="superscript">[195]</span>—a +strange presentiment for a man of his sturdy temper.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_195" name="footer_195"></a> + <span class="superscript">[195]</span> +<i>Apology for the Life of George Anne Bellamy, written by +herself</i>, II. 204 (London, 1786).</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191-V1" id="Page_191-V1">191<br />V1</a></span> +Whatever were his failings, he feared nothing, and his fidelity and +honor in the discharge of public trusts were never questioned. +"Desperate in his fortune, brutal in his behavior, obstinate in his +sentiments," again writes Walpole, "he was still intrepid and +capable." <span class="superscript">[196]</span> +He was a veteran in years and in service, having entered +the Coldstream Guards as ensign in 1710.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_196" name="footer_196"></a> + <span class="superscript">[196]</span> +Walpole, <i>George II.</i>, I. 390.</p> +</div> + +<p>The transports bringing the two regiments from Ireland all arrived +safely at Hampton, and were ordered to proceed up the Potomac to +Alexandria, where a camp was to be formed. Thither, towards the end of +March, went Braddock himself, along with Keppel and Dinwiddie, in the +Governor's coach; while his aide-de-camp, Orme, his secretary, Shirley, +and the servants of the party followed on horseback. Braddock had sent +for the elder Shirley and other provincial governors to meet him in +council; and on the fourteenth of April they assembled in a tent of the +newly formed encampment. Here was Dinwiddie, who thought his troubles at +an end, and saw in the red-coated soldiery the near fruition of his +hopes. Here, too, was his friend and ally, Dobbs of North Carolina; with +Morris of Pennsylvania, fresh from Assembly quarrels; Sharpe of +Maryland, who, having once been a soldier, had been made a sort of +provisional commander-in-chief before the arrival of Braddock; and the +ambitious Delancey of New York, who had lately led the opposition +against the Governor of that province, and now +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192-V1" id="Page_192-V1">192<br />V1</a></span> +filled the office +himself,—a position that needed all his manifold adroitness. But, next +to Braddock, the most noteworthy man present was Shirley, governor of +Massachusetts. There was a fountain of youth in this old lawyer. A few +years before, when he was boundary commissioner in Paris, he had had the +indiscretion to marry a young Catholic French girl, the daughter of his +landlord; and now, when more than sixty years old, he thirsted for +military honors, and delighted in contriving operations of war. He was +one of a very few in the colonies who at this time entertained the idea +of expelling the French from the continent. He held that Carthage must +be destroyed; and, in spite of his Parisian marriage, was the foremost +advocate of the root-and-branch policy. He and Lawrence, governor of +Nova Scotia, had concerted an attack on the French fort of Beauséjour; +and, jointly with others in New England, he had planned the capture of +Crown Point, the key of Lake Champlain. By these two strokes and by +fortifying the portage between the Kennebec and the Chaudière, he +thought that the northern colonies would be saved from invasion, and +placed in a position to become themselves invaders. Then, by driving the +enemy from Niagara, securing that important pass, and thus cutting off +the communication between Canada and her interior dependencies, all the +French posts in the West would die of inanition. +<span class="superscript">[197]</span> In order to +commend these schemes to the Home Government, he had painted +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193-V1" id="Page_193-V1">193<br />V1</a></span> +in gloomy colors the dangers that beset the British colonies. Our Indians, he +said, will all desert us if we submit to French encroachment. Some of +the provinces are full of negro slaves, ready to rise against their +masters, and of Roman Catholics, Jacobites, indented servants, and other +dangerous persons, who would aid the French in raising a servile +insurrection. Pennsylvania is in the hands of Quakers, who will not +fight, and of Germans, who are likely enough to join the enemy. The +Dutch of Albany would do anything to save their trade. A strong force of +French regulars might occupy that place without resistance, then descend +the Hudson, and, with the help of a naval force, capture New York and +cut the British colonies asunder. <span class="superscript">[198]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_197" name="footer_197"></a> + <span class="superscript">[197]</span> +<i>Correspondence of Shirley</i>, 1754, 1755.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_198" name="footer_198"></a> + <span class="superscript">[198]</span> +<i>Shirley to Robinson</i>, 24 <i>Jan</i>. 1755.</p> +</div> + +<p>The plans against Crown Point and Beauséjour had already found the +approval of the Home Government and the energetic support of all the New +England colonies. Preparation for them was in full activity; and it was +with great difficulty that Shirley had disengaged himself from these +cares to attend the council at Alexandria. He and Dinwiddie stood in the +front of opposition to French designs. As they both defended the royal +prerogative and were strong advocates of taxation by Parliament, they +have found scant justice from American writers. Yet the British colonies +owed them a debt of gratitude, and the American States owe it still.</p> + +<p>Braddock, laid his instructions before the Council, and Shirley found +them entirely to his mind; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194-V1" id="Page_194-V1">194<br />V1</a></span> +while the General, on his part, fully +approved the schemes of the Governor. The plan of the campaign was +settled. The French were to be attacked at four points at once. The two +British regiments lately arrived were to advance on Fort Duquesne; two +new regiments, known as Shirley's and Pepperell's, just raised in the +provinces, and taken into the King's pay, were to reduce Niagara; a body +of provincials from New England, New York, and New Jersey was to seize +Crown Point; and another body of New England men to capture Beauséjour +and bring Acadia to complete subjection. Braddock himself was to lead +the expedition against Fort Duquesne. He asked Shirley, who, though a +soldier only in theory, had held the rank of colonel since the last war, +to charge himself with that against Niagara; and Shirley eagerly +assented. The movement on Crown Point was intrusted to Colonel William +Johnson, by reason of his influence over the Indians and his reputation +for energy, capacity, and faithfulness. Lastly, the Acadian enterprise +was assigned to Lieutenant-Colonel Monckton, a regular officer of merit.</p> + +<p>To strike this fourfold blow in time of peace was a scheme worthy of +Newcastle and of Cumberland. The pretext was that the positions to be +attacked were all on British soil; that in occupying them the French had +been guilty of invasion; and that to expel the invaders would be an act +of self-defence. Yet in regard to two of these positions, the French, if +they had no other right, might at least claim one of prescription. Crown +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195-V1" id="Page_195-V1">195<br />V1</a></span> +Point had been twenty-four years in their undisturbed possession, while +it was three quarters of a century since they first occupied Niagara; +and, though New York claimed the ground, no serious attempt had been +made to dislodge them.</p> + +<p>Other matters now engaged the Council. Braddock, in accordance with his +instructions, asked the governors to urge upon their several assemblies +the establishment of a general fund for the service of the campaign; but +the governors were all of opinion that the assemblies would +refuse,—each being resolved to keep the control of its money in its own +hands; and all present, with one voice, advised that the colonies should +be compelled by Act of Parliament to contribute in due proportion to the +support of the war. Braddock next asked if, in the judgment of the +Council, it would not be well to send Colonel Johnson with full powers +to treat with the Five Nations, who had been driven to the verge of an +outbreak by the misconduct of the Dutch Indian commissioners at Albany. +The measure was cordially approved, as was also another suggestion of +the General, that vessels should be built at Oswego to command Lake +Ontario. The Council then dissolved.</p> + +<p>Shirley hastened back to New England, burdened with the preparation for +three expeditions and the command of one of them. Johnson, who had been +in the camp, though not in the Council, went back to Albany, provided +with a commission as sole superintendent of Indian affairs, and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196-V1" id="Page_196-V1">196<br />V1</a></span> +charged, +besides, with the enterprise against Crown Point; while an express was +despatched to Monckton at Halifax, with orders to set at once to his +work of capturing Beauséjour. <span class="superscript">[199]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_199" name="footer_199"></a> + <span class="superscript">[199]</span> +<i>Minutes of a Council held at the Camp at Alexandria, in +Virginia, April</i> 14, 1755. <i>Instructions to Major-General Braddock</i>, +25 <i>Nov</i>. 1754. <i>Secret Instructions to Major-General Braddock, same date. +Napier to Braddock, written by Order of the Duke of Cumberland</i>, 25 +<i>Nov.</i> 1754, in <i>Précis des Faits, Pièces +justificatives,</i> 168. Orme, <i>Journal of Braddock's Expedition. +Instructions to Governor Shirley. Correspondence of Shirley. Correspondence of +Braddock</i> (Public Record Office). <i>Johnson Papers. Dinwiddie Papers. +Pennsylvania Archives</i>, II.</p> +</div> + +<p>In regard to Braddock's part of the campaign, there had been a serious +error. If, instead of landing in Virginia and moving on Fort Duquesne +by the long and circuitous route of Wills Creek, the two regiments had +disembarked at Philadelphia and marched westward, the way would have +been shortened, and would have lain through one of the richest and most +populous districts on the continent, filled with supplies of every kind. +In Virginia, on the other hand, and in the adjoining province of +Maryland, wagons, horses, and forage were scarce. The enemies of the +Administration ascribed this blunder to the influence of the Quaker +merchant, John Hanbury, whom the Duke of Newcastle had consulted as a +person familiar with American affairs. Hanbury, who was a prominent +stockholder in the Ohio Company, and who traded largely in Virginia, saw +it for his interest that the troops should pass that way; and is said to +have brought the Duke to this opinion. +<span class="superscript">[200]</span> A +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197-V1" id="Page_197-V1">197<br />V1</a></span> +writer of the time thinks that if they had landed in Pennsylvania, forty +thousand pounds would have been saved in money, and six weeks in time. +<span class="superscript">[201]</span></p> + + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_200" name="footer_200"></a> + <span class="superscript">[200]</span> +<i>Shebbeare's Tracts</i>, Letter I. Dr. Shebbeare was a +political pamphleteer, pilloried by one ministry, and rewarded by the +next. He certainly speaks of Hanbury, though he does not give his name. +Compare Sargent, 107, 162.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_201" name="footer_201"></a> + <span class="superscript">[201]</span> +<i>Gentleman's Magazine, Aug</i>. 1755.</p> +</div> + +<p>Not only were supplies scarce, but the people showed such unwillingness +to furnish them, and such apathy in aiding the expedition, that even +Washington was provoked to declare that "they ought to be +chastised." <span class="superscript">[202]</span> +Many of them thought that the alarm about French +encroachment was a device of designing politicians; and they did not +awake to a full consciousness of the peril till it was forced upon them +by a deluge of calamities, produced by the purblind folly of their own +representatives, who, instead of frankly promoting the expedition, +displayed a perverse and exasperating narrowness which chafed Braddock +to fury. He praises the New England colonies, and echoes Dinwiddie's +declaration that they have shown a "fine martial spirit," and he +commends Virginia as having done far better than her neighbors; but for +Pennsylvania he finds no words to express his wrath. +<span class="superscript">[203]</span> He knew +nothing of the intestine war between proprietaries and people, and hence +could see no palliation for a conduct which threatened to ruin both the +expedition and the colony. Everything depended on speed, and speed was +impossible; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198-V1" id="Page_198-V1">198<br />V1</a></span> +for stores and provisions were not ready, though notice to +furnish them had been given months before. The quartermaster-general, +Sir John Sinclair, "stormed like a lion rampant," but with small +effect. <span class="superscript">[204]</span> +Contracts broken or disavowed, want of horses, want of +wagons, want of forage, want of wholesome food, or sufficient food of +any kind, caused such delay that the report of it reached England, and +drew from Walpole the comment that Braddock was in no hurry to be +scalped. In reality he was maddened with impatience and vexation.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_202" name="footer_202"></a> + <span class="superscript">[202]</span> +<i>Writings of Washington</i>, II. 78. He speaks of the people +of Pennsylvania.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_203" name="footer_203"></a> + <span class="superscript">[203]</span> +<i>Braddock to Robinson</i>, 18 <i>March</i>, 19 <i>April</i>, 5 <i>June</i>, +1755, etc. On the attitude of Pennsylvania, <i>Colonial Records of Pa</i>., +VI., <i>passim</i>.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_204" name="footer_204"></a> + <span class="superscript">[204]</span> +<i>Colonial Records of Pa</i>., VI. 368.</p> +</div> + +<p>A powerful ally presently came to his aid in the shape of Benjamin +Franklin, then postmaster-general of Pennsylvania. That sagacious +personage,—the sublime of common-sense, about equal in his instincts +and motives of character to the respectable average of the New England +that produced him, but gifted with a versatile power of brain rarely +matched on earth,—was then divided between his strong desire to repel a +danger of which he saw the imminence, and his equally strong antagonism +to the selfish claims of the Penns, proprietaries of Pennsylvania. This +last motive had determined his attitude towards their representative, +the Governor, and led him into an opposition as injurious to the +military good name of the province as it was favorable to its political +longings. In the present case there was no such conflict of +inclinations; he could help Braddock without hurting Pennsylvania. He +and his son had visited +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199-V1" id="Page_199-V1">199<br />V1</a></span> +the camp, and found the General waiting +restlessly for the report of the agents whom he had sent to collect +wagons. "I stayed with him," says Franklin, "several days, and dined +with him daily. When I was about to depart, the returns of wagons to be +obtained were brought in, by which it appeared that they amounted only +to twenty-five, and not all of these were in serviceable condition." On +this the General and his officers declared that the expedition was at an +end, and denounced the Ministry for sending them into a country void of +the means of transportation. Franklin remarked that it was a pity they +had not landed in Pennsylvania, where almost every farmer had his wagon. +Braddock caught eagerly at his words, and begged that he would use his +influence to enable the troops to move. Franklin went back to +Pennsylvania, issued an address to the farmers appealing to their +interest and their fears, and in a fortnight procured a hundred and +fifty wagons, with a large number of horses. +<span class="superscript">[205]</span> Braddock, grateful to +his benefactor, and enraged at everybody else, pronounced him "Almost +the only instance of ability and honesty I have known in these +provinces." <span class="superscript">[206]</span> +More wagons and more horses gradually arrived, and at +the eleventh hour the march began.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_205" name="footer_205"></a> + <span class="superscript">[205]</span> +Franklin, <i>Autobiography</i>. <i>Advertisement of B. Franklin +for Wagons; Address to the Inhabitants of the Counties of York, +Lancaster, and Cumberland</i>, in <i>Pennsylvania Archives,</i> II. 294.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_206" name="footer_206"></a> + <span class="superscript">[206]</span> +<i>Braddock to Robinson</i>, 5 <i>June</i>, 1755. The letters of +Braddock here cited are the originals in the Public Record Office.</p> +</div> + +<p> +On the tenth of May Braddock reached Wills Creek, where the whole force +was now gathered, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200-V1" id="Page_200-V1">200<br />V1</a></span> +having marched thither by detachments along the banks +of the Potomac. This old trading-station of the Ohio Company had been +transformed into a military post and named Fort Cumberland. During the +past winter the independent companies which had failed Washington in his +need had been at work here to prepare a base of operations for Braddock. +Their axes had been of more avail than their muskets. A broad wound had +been cut in the bosom of the forest, and the murdered oaks and chestnuts +turned into ramparts, barracks, and magazines. Fort Cumberland was an +enclosure of logs set upright in the ground, pierced with loopholes, and +armed with ten small cannon. It stood on a rising ground near the point +where Wills Creek joined the Potomac, and the forest girded it like a +mighty hedge, or rather like a paling of gaunt brown stems upholding a +canopy of green. All around spread illimitable woods, wrapping hill, +valley, and mountain. The spot was an oasis in a desert of leaves,—if +the name oasis can be given to anything so rude and harsh. In this +rugged area, or "clearing," all Braddock's force was now assembled, +amounting, regulars, provincials, and sailors, to about twenty-two +hundred men. The two regiments, Halket's and Dunbar's, had been +completed by enlistment in Virginia to seven hundred men each. Of +Virginians there were nine companies of fifty men, who found no favor in +the eyes of Braddock or his officers. To Ensign Allen of Halket's +regiment was assigned the duty of "making them as +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201-V1" id="Page_201-V1">201<br />V1</a></span> +much like soldiers as +possible." <span class="superscript">[207]</span>—that is, +of drilling them like regulars. The General +had little hope of them, and informed Sir Thomas Robinson that "their +slothful and languid disposition renders them very unfit for military +service,"—a point on which he lived to change his mind. Thirty sailors, +whom Commodore Keppel had lent him, were more to his liking, and were in +fact of value in many ways. He had now about six hundred baggage-horses, +besides those of the artillery, all weakening daily on their diet of +leaves; for no grass was to be found. There was great show of +discipline, and little real order. Braddock's executive capacity seems +to have been moderate, and his dogged, imperious temper, rasped by +disappointments, was in constant irritation. "He looks upon the country, +I believe," writes Washington, "as void of honor or honesty. We have +frequent disputes on this head, which are maintained with warmth on both +sides, especially on his, as he is incapable of arguing without it, or +giving up any point he asserts, be it ever so incompatible with reason +or common sense." <span class="superscript">[208]</span> +Braddock's secretary, the younger Shirley, +writing to his friend Governor Morris, spoke thus irreverently of his +chief: "As the King said of a neighboring governor of yours [<i>Sharpe</i>], +when proposed for the command of the American forces about a twelvemonth +ago, and recommended as a very honest man, though not remarkably able, +'a little +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202-V1" id="Page_202-V1">202<br />V1</a></span> +more ability and a little less honesty upon the present +occasion might serve our turn better.' It is a joke to suppose that +secondary officers can make amends for the defects of the first; the +mainspring must be the mover. As to the others, I don't think we have +much to boast; some are insolent and ignorant, others capable, but +rather aiming at showing their own abilities than making a proper use of +them. I have a very great love for my friend Orme, and think it +uncommonly fortunate for our leader that he is under the influence of so +honest and capable a man; but I wish for the sake of the public he had +some more experience of business, particularly in America. I am greatly +disgusted at seeing an expedition (as it is called), so ill-concerted +originally in England, so improperly conducted since in America." +<span class="superscript">[209]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_207" name="footer_207"></a> + <span class="superscript">[207]</span> +Orme, <i>Journal</i>.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_208" name="footer_208"></a> + <span class="superscript">[208]</span> +<i>Writings of Washington</i>, II. 77.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_209" name="footer_209"></a> + <span class="superscript">[209]</span> +<i>Shirley the younger to Morris</i>, 23 <i>May</i>, 1755, in +<i>Colonial Records of Pa.</i>, VI. 404.</p> +</div> + +<p>Captain Robert Orme, of whom Shirley speaks, was aide-de-camp to +Braddock, and author of a copious and excellent Journal of the +expedition, now in the British Museum.<span class="superscript">[210]</span> +His portrait, painted at +full length by Sir Joshua Reynolds, hangs in the National Gallery at +London. He stands by his horse, a gallant young figure, with a face +pale, yet rather handsome, booted to the knee, his scarlet coat, ample +waistcoat, and small three-cornered hat all heavy with gold lace. The +General had two other aides-de-camp, Captain Roger Morris +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203-V1" id="Page_203-V1">203<br />V1</a></span> +and Colonel +George Washington, whom he had invited, in terms that do him honor, to +become one of his military family.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_210" name="footer_210"></a> + <span class="superscript">[210]</span> +Printed by Sargent, in his excellent monograph of Braddock's +Expedition.</p> +</div> + +<p>It has been said that Braddock despised not only provincials, but +Indians. Nevertheless he took some pains to secure their aid, and +complained that Indian affairs had been so ill conducted by the +provinces that it was hard to gain their confidence. This was true; the +tribes had been alienated by gross neglect. Had they been protected from +injustice and soothed by attentions and presents, the Five Nations, +Delawares, and Shawanoes would have been retained as friends. But their +complaints had been slighted, and every gift begrudged. The trader +Croghan brought, however, about fifty warriors, with as many women and +children, to the camp at Fort Cumberland. They were objects of great +curiosity to the soldiers, who gazed with astonishment on their faces, +painted red, yellow, and black, their ears slit and hung with pendants, +and their heads close shaved, except the feathered scalp-lock at the +crown. "In the day," says an officer, "they are in our camp, and in the +night they go into their own, where they dance and make a most horrible +noise." Braddock received them several times in his tent, ordered the +guard to salute them, made them speeches, caused cannon to be fired and +drums and fifes to play in their honor, regaled them with rum, and gave +them a bullock for a feast; whereupon, being much pleased, they danced a +war-dance, described by one spectator as "droll and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204-V1" id="Page_204-V1">204<br />V1</a></span> +odd, showing how +they scalp and fight;" after which, says another, "they set up the most +horrid song or cry that ever I heard." <span class="superscript">[211]</span> +These warriors, with a few others, promised the General to join him on +the march; but he apparently grew tired of them, for a famous chief, +called Scarroyaddy, afterwards complained: "He looked upon us as dogs, +and would never hear anything that we said to him." Only eight of them +remained with him to the end. <span class="superscript">[212]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_211" name="footer_211"></a> + <span class="superscript">[211]</span> +<i>Journal of a Naval Officer</i>, in Sargent. <i>The Expedition +of Major-General Braddock, being Extracts of Letters from an Officer</i> +(London, 1755).</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_212" name="footer_212"></a> + <span class="superscript">[212]</span> +<i>Statement of George Croghan</i>, in Sargent, appendix iii.</p> +</div> + +<p>Another ally appeared at the camp. This was a personage long known in +Western fireside story as Captain Jack, the Black Hunter, or the Black +Rifle. It was said of him that, having been a settler on the farthest +frontier, in the Valley of the Juniata, he returned one evening to his +cabin and found it burned to the ground by Indians, and the bodies of +his wife and children lying among the ruins. He vowed undying vengeance, +raised a band of kindred spirits, dressed and painted like Indians, and +became the scourge of the red man and the champion of the white. But he +and his wild crew, useful as they might have been, shocked Braddock's +sense of military fitness; and he received them so coldly that they left +him. <span class="superscript">[213]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_213" name="footer_213"></a> + <span class="superscript">[213]</span> +See several traditional accounts and contemporary letters +in <i>Hazard's Pennsylvania Register</i>, IV. 389, 390, 416; V. 191.</p> +</div> + +<p> +It was the tenth of June before the army was well on its march. Three +hundred axemen led the way, to cut and clear the road; and the long +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205-V1" id="Page_205-V1">205<br />V1</a></span> +train of packhorses, wagons, and cannon toiled on behind, over the +stumps, roots, and stones of the narrow track, the regulars and +provincials marching in the forest close on either side. Squads of men +were thrown out on the flanks, and scouts ranged the woods to guard +against surprise; for, with all his scorn of Indians and Canadians, +Braddock did not neglect reasonable precautions. Thus, foot by foot, +they advanced into the waste of lonely mountains that divided the +streams flowing to the Atlantic from those flowing to the Gulf of +Mexico,—a realm of forests ancient as the world. The road was but +twelve feet wide, and the line of march often extended four miles. It +was like a thin, long party-colored snake, red, blue, and brown, +trailing slowly through the depth of leaves, creeping round inaccessible +heights, crawling over ridges, moving always in dampness and shadow, by +rivulets and waterfalls, crags and chasms, gorges and shaggy steps. In +glimpses only, through jagged boughs and flickering leaves, did this +wild primeval world reveal itself, with its dark green mountains, +flecked with the morning mist, and its distant summits pencilled in +dreamy blue. The army passed the main Alleghany, Meadow Mountain, and +Great Savage Mountain, and traversed the funereal pine-forest afterwards +called the Shades of Death. No attempt was made to interrupt their +march, though the commandant of Fort Duquesne had sent out parties for +that purpose. A few French and Indians hovered about them, now and then +scalping +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206-V1" id="Page_206-V1">206<br />V1</a></span> +a straggler or inscribing filthy insults on trees; while others +fell upon the border settlements which the advance of the troops had +left defenceless. Here they were more successful, butchering about +thirty persons, chiefly women and children.</p> + +<p>It was the eighteenth of June before the army reached a place called the +Little Meadows, less than thirty miles from Fort Cumberland. Fever and +dysentery among the men, and the weakness and worthlessness of many of +the horses, joined to the extreme difficulty of the road, so retarded +them that they could move scarcely more than three miles a day. Braddock +consulted with Washington, who advised him to leave the heavy baggage +to follow as it could, and push forward with a body of chosen troops. +This counsel was given in view of a report that five hundred regulars +were on the way to reinforce Fort Duquesne. It was adopted. Colonel +Dunbar was left to command the rear division, whose powers of movement +were now reduced to the lowest point. The advance corps, consisting of +about twelve hundred soldiers, besides officers and drivers, began its +march on the nineteenth with such artillery as was thought +indispensable, thirty wagons, and a large number of packhorses. "The +prospect," writes Washington to his brother, "conveyed infinite delight +to my mind, though I was excessively ill at the time. But this prospect +was soon clouded, and my hopes brought very low indeed when I found +that, instead of pushing on with vigor without regarding a little rough +road, they +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207-V1" id="Page_207-V1">207<br />V1</a></span> +were halting to level every mole-hill, and to erect bridges +over every brook, by which means we were four days in getting twelve +miles." It was not till the seventh of July that they neared the mouth +of Turtle Creek, a stream entering the Monongahela about eight miles +from the French fort. The way was direct and short, but would lead them +through a difficult country and a defile so perilous that Braddock +resolved to ford the Monongahela to avoid this danger, and then ford it +again to reach his destination.</p> + +<p>Fort Duquesne stood on the point of land where the Alleghany and the +Monongahela join to form the Ohio, and where now stands Pittsburg, with +its swarming population, its restless industries, the clang of its +forges, and its chimneys vomiting foul smoke into the face of heaven. At +that early day a white flag fluttering over a cluster of palisades and +embankments betokened the first intrusion of civilized men upon a scene +which, a few months before, breathed the repose of a virgin wilderness, +voiceless but for the lapping of waves upon the pebbles, or the note of +some lonely bird. But now the sleep of ages was broken, and bugle and +drum told the astonished forest that its doom was pronounced and its +days numbered. The fort was a compact little work, solidly built and +strong, compared with others on the continent. It was a square of four +bastions, with the water close on two sides, and the other two protected +by ravelins, ditch, glacis, and covered way. The ramparts on these sides +were of squared logs, filled +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208-V1" id="Page_208-V1">208<br />V1</a></span> +in with earth, and ten feet or more thick. +The two water sides were enclosed by a massive stockade of upright logs, +twelve feet high, mortised together and loopholed. The armament +consisted of a number of small cannon mounted on the bastions. A gate +and drawbridge on the east side gave access to the area within, which +was surrounded by barracks for the soldiers, officers' quarters, the +lodgings of the commandant, a guard-house, and a storehouse, all built +partly of logs and partly of boards. There were no casemates, and the +place was commanded by a high woody hill beyond the Monongahela. The +forest had been cleared away to the distance of more than a musket shot +from the ramparts, and the stumps were hacked level with the ground. +Here, just outside the ditch, bark cabins had been built for such of the +troops and Canadians as could not find room within; and the rest of the +open space was covered with Indian corn and other crops. +<span class="superscript">[214]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_214" name="footer_214"></a> + <span class="superscript">[214]</span> +<i>M'Kinney's Description of Fort Duquesne</i>, 1756, in <i>Hazard's +Pennsylvania Register</i>, VIII. 318. <i>Letters of Robert Stobo, Hostage at +Fort Duquesne</i>, 1754, in <i>Colonial Records of Pa.</i>, VI. 141, 161. +Stobo's <i>Plan of Fort Duquesne</i>, 1754. <i>Journal of Thomas Forbes</i>, +1755. <i>Letter of Captain Haslet</i>, 1758, in <i>Olden Time</i>, I. 184. +<i>Plan of Fort Duquesne</i> in Public Record Office.</p> +</div> + +<p>The garrison consisted of a few companies of the regular troops +stationed permanently in the colony, and to these were added a +considerable number of Canadians. Contrecœur still held the +command. <span class="superscript">[215]</span> Under him were three +other captains, Beaujeu, Dumas, and Ligneris. Besides the troops and +Canadians, eight hundred Indian warriors, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209-V1" id="Page_209-V1">209<br />V1</a></span> +mustered from far and near, had built their wigwams and +camp-sheds on the open ground, or under the edge of the neighboring +woods,—very little to the advantage of the young corn. Some were +baptized savages settled in Canada,—Caughnawagas from Saut St. Louis, +Abenakis from St. Francis, and Hurons from Lorette, whose chief bore the +name of Anastase, in honor of that Father of the Church. The rest were +unmitigated heathen,—Pottawattamies and Ojibwas from the northern lakes +under Charles Langlade, the same bold partisan who had led them, three +years before, to attack the Miamis at Pickawillany; Shawanoes and +Mingoes from the Ohio; and Ottawas from Detroit, commanded, it is said, +by that most redoubtable of savages, Pontiac. The law of the survival of +the fittest had wrought on this heterogeneous crew through countless +generations; and with the primitive Indian, the fittest was the +hardiest, fiercest, most adroit, and most wily. Baptized and heathen +alike, they had just enjoyed a diversion greatly to their taste. A young +Pennsylvanian named James Smith, a spirited and intelligent boy of +eighteen, had been waylaid by three Indians on the western borders of +the province and led captive to the fort. When the party came to the +edge of the clearing, his captors, who had shot and scalped his +companion, raised the scalp-yell; whereupon a din of responsive whoops +and firing of guns rose from all the Indian camps, and their inmates +swarmed out like bees, while the French in the fort shot off muskets and +cannon to honor the occasion. The +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210-V1" id="Page_210-V1">210<br />V1</a></span> +unfortunate boy, the object of this +obstreperous rejoicing, presently saw a multitude of savages, naked, +hideously bedaubed with red, blue, black, and brown, and armed with +sticks or clubs, ranging themselves in two long parallel lines, between +which he was told that he must run, the faster the better, as they would +beat him all the way. He ran with his best speed, under a shower of +blows, and had nearly reached the end of the course, when he was knocked +down. He tried to rise, but was blinded by a handful of sand thrown into +his face; and then they beat him till he swooned. On coming to his +senses he found himself in the fort, with the surgeon opening a vein in +his arm and a crowd of French and Indians looking on. In a few days he +was able to walk with the help of a stick; and, coming out from his +quarters one morning, he saw a memorable scene. +<span class="superscript">[216]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_215" name="footer_215"></a> + <span class="superscript">[215]</span> +See <a href="#appendixD">Appendix D</a>.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_216" name="footer_216"></a> + <span class="superscript">[216]</span> +<i>Account of Remarkable Occurrences in the Life of Colonel +James Smith, written by himself</i>. Perhaps the best of all the numerous +narratives of captives among the Indians.</p> +</div> + +<p>Three days before, an Indian had brought the report that the English +were approaching; and the Chevalier de la Perade was sent out to +reconnoitre. <span class="superscript">[217]</span> +He returned on the next day, the seventh, with news +that they were not far distant. On the eighth the brothers Normanville +went out, and found that they were within six leagues of the fort. The +French were in great excitement and alarm; but Contrecœur at length +took a resolution, which seems to have been inspired by Beaujeu. +<span class="superscript">[218]</span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211-V1" id="Page_211-V1">211<br />V1</a></span> +It was determined to meet the enemy on the march, and ambuscade them if +possible at the crossing of the Monongahela, or some other favorable +spot. Beaujeu proposed the plan to the Indians, and offered them the +war-hatchet; but they would not take it. "Do you want to die, my father, +and sacrifice us besides?" That night they held a council, and in the +morning again refused to go. Beaujeu did not despair. "I am determined," +he exclaimed, "to meet the English. What! will you let your father go +alone?" <span class="superscript">[219]</span> The greater part caught +fire at his words, promised to follow him, and put on their war-paint. +Beaujeu received the communion, then dressed himself like a savage, and +joined the clamorous throng. Open barrels of gunpowder and bullets were +set before the gate of the fort, and James Smith, painfully climbing the +rampart with the help of his stick, looked down on the warrior rabble as, +huddling together, wild with excitement, they scooped up the contents to +fill their powder-horns and pouches. Then, band after band, they filed +off along the forest track that led to the ford of the Monongahela. +They numbered six hundred and thirty-seven; and with them went thirty-six +French officers and cadets, seventy-two regular soldiers, and a hundred +and forty-six Canadians, or about nine hundred in all. +<span class="superscript">[220]</span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212-V1" id="Page_212-V1">212<br />V1</a></span> +At eight o'clock the tumult was over. The broad clearing lay lonely and +still, and Contrecœur, with what was left of his garrison, waited +in suspense for the issue.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_217" name="footer_217"></a> + <span class="superscript">[217]</span> +<i>Relation de Godefroy</i>, in Shea, <i>Bataille du Malangueulé</i> +(Monongahela).</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_218" name="footer_218"></a> + <span class="superscript">[218]</span> +Dumas, however, declares that Beaujeu adopted the plan at +his suggestion. <i>Dumas au Ministre</i>, 24 <i>Juillet</i>, 1756.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_219" name="footer_219"></a> + <span class="superscript">[219]</span> +<i>Relation depuis le Départ des Trouppes de Québec +jusqu'au</i> 30 <i>du Mois de Septembre</i>, 1755.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_220" name="footer_220"></a> + <span class="superscript">[220]</span> +<i>Liste des Officiers, Cadets, Soldats, Miliciens, et Sauvages qui +composaient le Détachement qui a été au devant d'un Corps +de 2,000 Anglois à 3 Lieues du Fort Duquesne, le</i> 9 <i>Juillet</i>, +1755; <i>joint à la Lettre de M. Bigot du</i> 6 <i>Août</i>, 1755. +</p> +</div> + +<p>It was near one o'clock when Braddock crossed the Monongahela for the +second time. If the French made a stand anywhere, it would be, he +thought, at the fording-place; but Lieutenant-Colonel Gage, whom he sent +across with a strong advance-party, found no enemy, and quietly took +possession of the farther shore. Then the main body followed. To impose +on the imagination of the French scouts, who were doubtless on the +watch, the movement was made with studied regularity and order. The sun +was cloudless, and the men were inspirited by the prospect of near +triumph. Washington afterwards spoke with admiration of the +spectacle. <span class="superscript">[221]</span> +The music, the banners, the mounted officers, the troop +of light cavalry, the naval detachment, the red-coated regulars, the +blue-coated Virginians, the wagons and tumbrils, cannon, howitzers, and +coehorns, the train of packhorses, and the droves of cattle, passed in +long procession through the rippling shallows, and slowly entered the +bordering forest. Here, when all were over, a short halt was ordered for +rest and refreshment.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_221" name="footer_221"></a> + <span class="superscript">[221]</span> +Compare the account of another eye-witness, Dr. Walker, +in <i>Hazard's Pennsylvania Register</i>, VI. 104.</p> +</div> + +<p>Why had not Beaujeu defended the ford? This was his intention in the +morning; but he had been +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213-V1" id="Page_213-V1">213<br />V1</a></span> +met by obstacles, the nature of which is not +wholly clear. His Indians, it seems, had proved refractory. Three +hundred of them left him, went off in another direction, and did not +rejoin him till the English had crossed the river. +<span class="superscript">[222]</span> Hence perhaps it +was that, having left Fort Duquesne at eight o'clock, he spent half the +day in marching seven miles, and was more than a mile from the +fording-place when the British reached the eastern shore. The delay, +from whatever cause arising, cost him the opportunity of laying an +ambush either at the ford or in the gullies and ravines that channelled +the forest through which Braddock was now on the point of marching.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_222" name="footer_222"></a> + <span class="superscript">[222]</span> +<i>Relation de Godefroy</i>, in Shea, <i>Bataille du +Malangueulé</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>Not far from the bank of the river, and close by the British line of +march, there was a clearing and a deserted house that had once belonged +to the trader Fraser. Washington remembered it well. It was here that he +found rest and shelter on the winter journey homeward from his mission +to Fort Le Bœuf. He was in no less need of rest at this moment; for +recent fever had so weakened him that he could hardly sit his horse. +From Fraser's house to Fort Duquesne the distance was eight miles by a +rough path, along which the troops were now beginning to move after +their halt. It ran inland for a little; then curved to the left, and +followed a course parallel to the river along the base of a line of +steep hills that here bordered the valley. These and all the country +were buried in dense and heavy forest, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214-V1" id="Page_214-V1">214<br />V1</a></span> +choked with bushes and the +carcases of fallen trees. Braddock has been charged with marching +blindly into an ambuscade; but it was not so. There was no ambuscade; +and had there been one, he would have found it. It is true that he did +not reconnoitre the woods very far in advance of the head of the column; +yet, with this exception, he made elaborate dispositions to prevent +surprise. Several guides, with six Virginian light horsemen, led the +way. Then, a musket-shot behind, came the vanguard; then three hundred +soldiers under Gage; then a large body of axemen, under Sir John +Sinclair, to open the road; then two cannon with tumbrils and +tool-wagons; and lastly the rear-guard, closing the line, while +flanking-parties ranged the woods on both sides. This was the +advance-column. The main body followed with little or no interval. The +artillery and wagons moved along the road, and the troops filed through +the woods close on either hand. Numerous flanking-parties were thrown +out a hundred yards and more to right and left; while, in the space +between them and the marching column, the pack horses and cattle, with +their drivers, made their way painfully among the trees and thickets; +since, had they been allowed to follow the road, the line of march would +have been too long for mutual support. A body of regulars and +provincials brought up the rear.</p> + +<p>Gage, with his advance-column, had just passed a wide and bushy ravine +that crossed their path, and the van of the main column was on the point +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215-V1" id="Page_215-V1">215<br />V1</a></span> +of entering it, when the guides and light horsemen in the front suddenly +fell back; and the engineer, Gordon, then engaged in marking out the +road, saw a man, dressed like an Indian, but wearing the gorget of an +officer, bounding forward along the path. +<span class="superscript">[223]</span> He stopped when he +discovered the head of the column, turned, and waved his hat. The forest +behind was swarming with French and savages. At the signal of the +officer, who was probably Beaujeu, they yelled the war-whoop, spread +themselves to right and left, and opened a sharp fire under cover of the +trees. Gage's column wheeled deliberately into line, and fired several +volleys with great steadiness against the now invisible assailants. Few +of them were hurt; the trees caught the shot, but the noise was +deafening under the dense arches of the forest. The greater part of the +Canadians, to borrow the words of Dumas, "fled shamefully, crying 'Sauve +qui peut!'" <span class="superscript">[224]</span> +Volley followed volley, and at the third Beaujeu +dropped dead. Gage's two cannon were now brought to bear, on which the +Indians, like the Canadians, gave way in confusion, but did not, like +them, abandon the field. The close scarlet ranks of the English were +plainly to be seen through the trees and the smoke; they were moving +forward, cheering lustily, and shouting "God save the King!" Dumas, now +chief in command, thought that all was lost. "I advanced," he says, +"with the assurance that comes +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216-V1" id="Page_216-V1">216<br />V1</a></span> +from despair, exciting by voice and +gesture the few soldiers that remained. The fire of my platoon was so +sharp that the enemy seemed astonished." The Indians, encouraged, began +to rally. The French officers who commanded them showed admirable +courage and address; and while Dumas and Ligneris, with the regulars and +what was left of the Canadians, held the ground in front, the savage +warriors, screeching their war-cries, swarmed through the forest along +both flanks of the English, hid behind trees, bushes, and fallen trunks, +or crouched in gullies and ravines, and opened a deadly fire on the +helpless soldiery, who, themselves completely visible, could see no +enemy, and wasted volley after volley on the impassive trees. The most +destructive fire came from a hill on the English right, where the +Indians lay in multitudes, firing from their lurking-places on the +living target below. But the invisible death was everywhere, in front, +flank, and rear. The British cheer was heard no more. The troops broke +their ranks and huddled together in a bewildered mass, shrinking from +the bullets that cut them down by scores.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_223" name="footer_223"></a> + <span class="superscript">[223]</span> +<i>Journal of the Proceeding of the Detachment of Seamen</i>, +in Sargent.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_224" name="footer_224"></a> + <span class="superscript">[224]</span> +<i>Dumas au Ministre</i>, 24 <i>Juillet</i>, 1756. <i>Contrecœur à +Vaudreuil</i>, 14 <i>Juillet</i>, 1755. +See <a href="#appendixD">Appendix D</a>, where extracts are given.</p> +</div> + +<p>When Braddock heard the firing in the front, he pushed forward with the +main body to the support of Gage, leaving four hundred men in the rear, +under Sir Peter Halket, to guard the baggage. At the moment of his +arrival Gage's soldiers had abandoned their two cannon, and were falling +back to escape the concentrated fire of the Indians. Meeting the +advancing troops, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217-V1" id="Page_217-V1">217<br />V1</a></span> +they tried to find cover behind them. This threw the +whole into confusion. The men of the two regiments became mixed +together; and in a short time the entire force, except the Virginians +and the troops left with Halket, were massed in several dense bodies +within a small space of ground, facing some one way and some another, +and all alike exposed without shelter to the bullets that pelted them +like hail. Both men and officers were new to this blind and frightful +warfare of the savage in his native woods. To charge the Indians in +their hiding-places would have been useless. They would have eluded +pursuit with the agility of wildcats, and swarmed back, like angry +hornets, the moment that it ceased. The Virginians alone were equal to +the emergency. Fighting behind trees like the Indians themselves, they +might have held the enemy in check till order could be restored, had not +Braddock, furious at a proceeding that shocked all his ideas of courage +and discipline, ordered them, with oaths, to form into line. A body of +them under Captain Waggoner made a dash for a fallen tree lying in the +woods, far out towards the lurking-places of the Indians, and, crouching +behind the huge trunk, opened fire; but the regulars, seeing the smoke +among the bushes, mistook their best friends for the enemy, shot at them +from behind, killed many, and forced the rest to return. A few of the +regulars also tried in their clumsy way to fight behind trees; but +Braddock beat them with his sword, and compelled them to stand with the +rest, an +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218-V1" id="Page_218-V1">218<br />V1</a></span> +open mark for the Indians. The panic increased; the soldiers +crowded together, and the bullets spent themselves in a mass of human +bodies. Commands, entreaties, and threats were lost upon them. "We would +fight," some of them answered, "if we could see anybody to fight with." +Nothing was visible but puffs of smoke. Officers and men who had stood +all the afternoon under fire afterwards declared that they could not be +sure they had seen a single Indian. Braddock ordered Lieutenant-Colonel +Burton to attack the hill where the puffs of smoke were thickest, and +the bullets most deadly. With infinite difficulty that brave officer +induced a hundred men to follow him; but he was soon disabled by a +wound, and they all faced about. The artillerymen stood for some time by +their guns, which did great damage to the trees and little to the enemy. +The mob of soldiers, stupefied with terror, stood panting, their +foreheads beaded with sweat, loading and firing mechanically, sometimes +into the air, sometimes among their own comrades, many of whom they +killed. The ground, strewn with dead and wounded men, the bounding of +maddened horses, the clatter and roar of musketry and cannon, mixed with +the spiteful report of rifles and the yells that rose from the +indefatigable throats of six hundred unseen savages, formed a chaos of +anguish and terror scarcely paralleled even in Indian war. "I cannot +describe the horrors of that scene," one of Braddock's officers wrote +three weeks after; "no pen could do it. The yell of the Indians is fresh +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219-V1" id="Page_219-V1">219<br />V1</a></span> +on my ear, and the terrific sound will haunt me till the hour of my +dissolution." <span class="superscript">[225]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_225" name="footer_225"></a> + <span class="superscript">[225]</span> +<i>Leslie to a Merchant of Philadelphia</i>, 30 <i>July</i>, 1755, in +<i>Hazard's Pennsylvania Register</i>, V. 191. Leslie was a lieutenant of the +Forty-fourth.</p> +</div> + +<p>Braddock showed a furious intrepidity. Mounted on horseback, he dashed +to and fro, storming like a madman. Four horses were shot under him, and +he mounted a fifth. Washington seconded his chief with equal courage; he +too no doubt using strong language, for he did not measure words when +the fit was on him. He escaped as by miracle. Two horses were killed +under him, and four bullets tore his clothes. The conduct of the British +officers was above praise. Nothing could surpass their undaunted +self-devotion; and in their vain attempts to lead on the men, the havoc +among them was frightful. Sir Peter Halket was shot dead. His son, a +lieutenant in his regiment, stooping to raise the body of his father, +was shot dead in turn. Young Shirley, Braddock's secretary, was pierced +through the brain. Orme and Morris, his aides-de-camp, Sinclair, the +quartermaster-general, Gates and Gage, both afterwards conspicuous on +opposite sides in the War of the Revolution, and Gladwin, who, eight +years later, defended Detroit against Pontiac, were all wounded. Of +eighty-six officers, sixty-three were killed or disabled; +<span class="superscript">[226]</span> while out +of thirteen hundred and seventy-three non-commissioned officers +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220-V1" id="Page_220-V1">220<br />V1</a></span> +and +privates, only four hundred and fifty-nine came off unharmed. +<span class="superscript">[227]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_226" name="footer_226"></a> + <span class="superscript">[226]</span> +<i>A List of the Officers who were present, and of those +killed and wounded, in the Action on the Banks of the Monongahela</i>, +9 <i>July</i>, 1755 (Public Record Office, <i>America and West Indies</i>, +LXXXII.).</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_227" name="footer_227"></a> + <span class="superscript">[227]</span> +Statement of the engineer, Mackellar. By another account, +out of a total, officers and men, of 1,460, the number of all ranks who +escaped was 583. Braddock's force, originally 1,200, was increased, a +few days before the battle, by detachments from Dunbar.</p> +</div> + +<p>Braddock saw that all was lost. To save the wreck of his force from +annihilation, he at last commanded a retreat; and as he and such of his +officers as were left strove to withdraw the half-frenzied crew in some +semblance of order, a bullet struck him down. The gallant bulldog fell +from his horse, shot through the arm into the lungs. It is said, though +on evidence of no weight, that the bullet came from one of his own men. +Be this as it may, there he lay among the bushes, bleeding, gasping, +unable even to curse. He demanded to be left where he was. Captain +Stewart and another provincial bore him between them to the rear.</p> + +<p>It was about this time that the mob of soldiers, having been three hours +under fire, and having spent their ammunition, broke away in a blind +frenzy, rushed back towards the ford, "and when," says Washington, "we +endeavored to rally them, it was with as much success as if we had +attempted to stop the wild bears of the mountains." They dashed across, +helter-skelter, plunging through the water to the farther bank, leaving +wounded comrades, cannon, baggage, the military chest, and the General's +papers, a prey to the Indians. About fifty of these followed to the edge +of the river. Dumas and Ligneris, who had +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221-V1" id="Page_221-V1">221<br />V1</a></span> +now only about twenty +Frenchmen with them, made no attempt to pursue, and went back to the +fort, because, says Contrecœur, so many of the Canadians had "retired +at the first fire." The field, abandoned to the savages, was a +pandemonium of pillage and murder. <span class="superscript">[228]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_228" name="footer_228"></a> + <span class="superscript">[228]</span> +"Nous prîmes le parti de nous retirer en vue de rallier +notre petite armée." <i>Dumas au Ministre</i>, 24 <i>Juillet</i>, 1756. +</p> +<p>On the defeat of Braddock, besides authorities already +cited,—<i>Shirley to Robinson</i>, 5 <i>Nov</i>. 1755, accompanying the +plans of the battle reproduced in this volume (Public Record Office, +<i>America and West Indies</i>, LXXXII.). The plans were drawn at Shirley's +request by Patrick Mackellar, chief engineer of the expedition, who was with +Gage in the advance column when the fight began. They were examined and fully +approved by the chief surviving officers, and they closely correspond with +another plan made by the aide-de-camp Orme,—which, however, shows +only the beginning of the affair.</p> +<p><i>Report of the Court of Inquiry into the Behavior of the Troops at the +Monongahela. Letters of Dinwiddie. Letters of Gage. Burd to Morris</i>, 25 +<i>July</i>, 1755. <i>Sinclair to Robinson</i>, 3 <i>Sept</i>. <i>Rutherford +to———</i>, 12 <i>July</i>. <i>Writings of Washington</i>, +II. 68-93. <i>Review of Military Operations in North America</i>. +Entick, I. 145. <i>Gentleman's Magazine</i> (1755), 378, 426. +<i>Letter to a Friend on the Ohio Defeat</i> (Boston, 1755).</p> +<p><i>Contrecœur à Vaudreuil</i>, 14 <i>Juillet</i>, 1755. +<i>Estat de l'Artillerie, etc., qui se sont trouvés sur le Champ de +Bataille. Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 5 <i>Août</i>, 1755. <i>Bigot au +Ministre</i>, 27 <i>Août</i>. <i>Relation du Combat du 9 Juillet. +Relation depuis le Départ des Trouppes de Québec jusqu'au 30 +du Mois de Septembre. Lotbinière à d'Argenson</i>, 24 <i>Oct</i>. +<i>Relation officielle imprimée au Louvre. Relation de Godefroy</i> +(Shea). <i>Extraits du Registre du Fort Duquesne</i> (<i>Ibid.</i>). +<i>Relation de diverses Mouvements</i> (<i>Ibid.</i>). Pouchot, I. 37.</p> +</div> + +<p>James Smith, the young prisoner at Fort Duquesne, had passed a day of +suspense, waiting the result. "In the afternoon I again observed a great +noise and commotion in the fort, and, though at that time I could not +understand French, I found it was the voice of joy and triumph, and +feared that they had received what I called bad news. I had observed +some of the old-country soldiers speak Dutch; as I spoke Dutch, I went +to one of them and asked him what was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222-V1" id="Page_222-V1">222<br />V1</a></span> +the news. He told me that a runner +had just arrived who said that Braddock would certainly be defeated; +that the Indians and French had surrounded him, and were concealed +behind trees and in gullies, and kept a constant fire upon the English; +and that they saw the English falling in heaps; and if they did not take +the river, which was the only gap, and make their escape, there would +not be one man left alive before sundown. Some time after this, I heard +a number of scalp-halloos, and saw a company of Indians and French +coming in. I observed they had a great number of bloody scalps, +grenadiers' caps, British canteens, bayonets, etc., with them. They +brought the news that Braddock was defeated. After that another company +came in, which appeared to be about one hundred, and chiefly Indians; +and it seemed to me that almost every one of this company was carrying +scalps. After this came another company with a number of wagon-horses, +and also a great many scalps. Those that were coming in and those that +had arrived kept a constant firing of small arms, and also the great +guns in the fort, which were accompanied with the most hideous shouts +and yells from all quarters, so that it appeared to me as though the +infernal regions had broke loose.</p> + +<p>"About sundown I beheld a small party coming in with about a dozen +prisoners, stripped naked, with their hands tied behind their backs and +their faces and part of their bodies blacked; these prisoners they +burned to death on the bank of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223-V1" id="Page_223-V1">223<br />V1</a></span> +Alleghany River, opposite the fort. I stood on the fort wall until I beheld +them begin to burn one of these men; they had him tied to a stake, and kept +touching him with firebrands, red-hot irons, etc., and he screaming in a +most doleful manner, the Indians in the meantime yelling like infernal +spirits. As this scene appeared too shocking for me to behold, I retired to +my lodging, both sore and sorry. When I came into my lodgings I saw +Russel's <i>Seven Sermons</i>, which they had brought from the field of +battle, which a Frenchman made a present of to me."</p> + +<p>The loss of the French was slight, but fell chiefly on the officers, +three of whom were killed, and four wounded. Of the regular soldiers, +all but four escaped untouched. The Canadians suffered still less, in +proportion to their numbers, only five of them being hurt. The Indians, +who won the victory, bore the principal loss. Of those from Canada, +twenty-seven were killed and wounded; while the casualties among the +Western tribes are not reported. +<span class="superscript">[229]</span> All of these last went off the +next morning with their plunder and scalps, leaving Contrecœur in great +anxiety lest the remnant of Braddock's troops, reinforced by the +division under Dunbar, should attack him again. His doubts would have +vanished had he known the condition of his defeated enemy.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_229" name="footer_229"></a> + <span class="superscript">[229]</span> +<i>Liste des Officiers, Soldats, Miliciens, et Sauvages de Canada qui ont +été tués et blessés le</i> 9 <i>Juillet</i>, +1755.</p> +</div> + +<p>In the pain and languor of a mortal wound, Braddock showed unflinching +resolution. His bearers +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224-V1" id="Page_224-V1">224<br />V1</a></span> +stopped with him at a favorable spot beyond the Monongahela; and here he +hoped to maintain his position till the arrival of Dunbar. By the efforts +of the officers about a hundred men were collected around him; but to keep +them there was impossible. Within an hour they abandoned him, and fled like +the rest. Gage, however, succeeded in rallying about eighty beyond the +other fording-place; and Washington, on an order from Braddock, spurred his +jaded horse towards the camp of Dunbar to demand wagons, provisions, and +hospital stores.</p> + +<p>Fright overcame fatigue. The fugitives toiled on all night, pursued by +spectres of horror and despair; hearing still the war-whoops and the +shrieks; possessed with the one thought of escape from the wilderness of +death. In the morning some order was restored. Braddock was placed on a +horse; then, the pain being insufferable, he was carried on a litter, +Captain Orme having bribed the carriers by the promise of a guinea and a +bottle of rum apiece. Early in the succeeding night, such as had not +fainted on the way reached the deserted farm of Gist. Here they met +wagons and provisions, with a detachment of soldiers sent by Dunbar, +whose camp was six miles farther on; and Braddock ordered them to go to +the relief of the stragglers left behind.</p> + +<p>At noon of that day a number of wagoners and packhorse-drivers had come +to Dunbar's camp with wild tidings of rout and ruin. More fugitives +followed; and soon after a wounded officer was brought in upon a sheet. +The drums beat to arms. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225-V1" id="Page_225-V1">225<br />V1</a></span> +The camp was in commotion; and many soldiers and teamsters took to flight, +in spite of the sentinels, who tried in vain to stop them. +<span class="superscript">[230]</span> There was a still more disgraceful +scene on the next day, after Braddock, with the wreck of his force, had +arrived. Orders were given to destroy such of the wagons, stores, and +ammunition as could not be carried back at once to Fort Cumberland. Whether +Dunbar or the dying General gave these orders is not clear; but it is certain +that they were executed with shameful alacrity. More than a hundred wagons +were burned; cannon, coehorns, and shells were burst or buried; barrels +of gunpowder were staved, and the contents thrown into a brook; +provisions were scattered through the woods and swamps. Then the whole +command began its retreat over the mountains to Fort Cumberland, sixty +miles distant. This proceeding, for which, in view of the condition of +Braddock, Dunbar must be held answerable, excited the utmost +indignation among the colonists. If he could not advance, they thought, +he might at least have fortified himself and held his ground till the +provinces could send him help; thus covering the frontier, and holding +French war-parties in check.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_230" name="footer_230"></a> + <span class="superscript">[230]</span> +<i>Depositions of Matthew Laird, Michael Hoover, and Jacob +Hoover, Wagoners</i>, in <i>Colonial Records of Pa.</i>, VI. 482.</p> +</div> + +<p>Braddock's last moment was near. Orme, who, though himself severely +wounded, was with him till his death, told Franklin that he was totally +silent all the first day, and at night said only, "Who would have +thought it?" that all the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226-V1" id="Page_226-V1">226<br />V1</a></span> +next day he was again silent, till at last he muttered, "We shall better +know how to deal with them another time," and died a few minutes after. +He had nevertheless found breath to give orders at Gist's for the succor +of the men who had dropped on the road. It is said, too, that in his last +hours "he could not bear the sight of a red coat," but murmured praises of +"the blues," or Virginians, and said that he hoped he should live to reward +them. <span class="superscript">[231]</span> He died at about +eight o'clock in the evening of Sunday, the thirteenth. Dunbar had begun +his retreat that morning, and was then encamped near the Great Meadows. +On Monday the dead commander was buried in the road; and men, horses, +and wagons passed over his grave, effacing every sign of it, lest the +Indians should find and mutilate the body.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_231" name="footer_231"></a> + <span class="superscript">[231]</span> +<i>Bolling to his Son</i>, 13 <i>Aug</i>. 1755. Bolling was a +Virginian gentleman whose son was at school in England.</p> +</div> + +<p>Colonel James Innes, commanding at Fort Cumberland, where a crowd of +invalids with soldiers' wives and other women had been left when the +expedition marched, heard of the defeat, only two days after it +happened, from a wagoner who had fled from the field on horseback. He at +once sent a note of six lines to Lord Fairfax: "I have this moment +received the most melancholy news of the defeat of our troops, the +General killed, and numbers of our officers; our whole artillery taken. +In short, the account I have received is so very bad, that as, please +God, I intend to make a stand here, 'tis highly necessary to raise +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227-V1" id="Page_227-V1">227<br />V1</a></span> +the militia everywhere to defend the frontiers." A boy whom he sent out +on horseback met more fugitives, and came back on the fourteenth with +reports as vague and disheartening as the first. Innes sent them to +Dinwiddie. <span class="superscript">[232]</span> Some days after, Dunbar +and his train arrived in miserable disorder, and Fort Cumberland was +turned into a hospital for the shattered fragments of a routed and ruined +army.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_232" name="footer_232"></a> + <span class="superscript">[232]</span> +<i>Innes to Dinwiddie</i>, 14 <i>July</i>, 1755.</p> +</div> + +<p>On the sixteenth a letter was brought in haste to one +Buchanan at Carlisle, on the Pennsylvanian frontier:—</p> + +<blockquote> +<p> <span class="smcap">Sir</span>,—I thought it proper to let + you know that I was in the battle + where we were defeated. And we had about eleven hundred and fifty + private men, besides officers and others. And we were attacked the + ninth day about twelve o'clock, and held till about three in the + afternoon, and then we were forced to retreat, when I suppose we + might bring off about three hundred whole men, besides a vast many + wounded. Most of our officers were either wounded or killed; + General Braddock is wounded, but I hope not mortal; and Sir John + Sinclair and many others, but I hope not mortal. All the train is + cut off in a manner. Sir Peter Halket and his son, Captain Polson, + Captain Gethan, Captain Rose, Captain Tatten killed, and many + others. Captain Ord of the train is wounded, but I hope not mortal. + We lost all our artillery entirely, and everything else.</p> + +<p> To Mr. John Smith and Buchannon, and give it to the next post, and + let him show this to Mr. George Gibson in Lancaster, and Mr. + Bingham, at the sign of the Ship, and you'll oblige,</p> + +<p class="right right-indent"> Yours to command,</p> + +<p class="right"> <span class="smcap">John Campbell,</span> + <i>Messenger</i>.<span class="superscript">[233]</span></p> +</blockquote> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_233" name="footer_233"></a> + <span class="superscript">[233]</span> +<i>Colonial Records of Pa.</i>, VI. 481.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228-V1" id="Page_228-V1">228<br />V1</a></span> +The evil tidings quickly reached Philadelphia, where such confidence had +prevailed that certain over-zealous persons had begun to collect money +for fireworks to celebrate the victory. Two of these, brother physicians +named Bond, came to Franklin and asked him to subscribe; but the sage +looked doubtful. "Why, the devil!" said one of them, "you surely don't +suppose the fort will not be taken?" He reminded them that war is always +uncertain; and the subscription was deferred. +<span class="superscript">[234]</span> The Governor laid the news of the +disaster before his Council, telling them at the same time that his +opponents in the Assembly would not believe it, and had insulted him in +the street for giving it currency. <span class="superscript">[235]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_234" name="footer_234"></a> + <span class="superscript">[234]</span> +<i>Autobiography of Franklin</i>.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_235" name="footer_235"></a> + <span class="superscript">[235]</span> +<i>Colonial Records of Pa.</i>, VI. 480.</p> +</div> + +<p>Dinwiddie remained tranquil at Williamsburg, sure that all would go +well. The brief note of Innes, forwarded by Lord Fairfax, first +disturbed his dream of triumph; but on second thought he took comfort. +"I am willing to think that account was from a deserter who, in a great +panic, represented what his fears suggested. I wait with impatience for +another express from Fort Cumberland, which I expect will greatly +contradict the former." The news got abroad, and the slaves showed signs +of excitement. "The villany of the negroes on any emergency is what I +always feared," continues the Governor. "An example of one or two at +first may prevent these creatures entering into combinations and wicked +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229-V1" id="Page_229-V1">229<br />V1</a></span> +designs." <span class="superscript">[236]</span> +And he wrote to Lord Halifax: "The negro slaves have been +very audacious on the news of defeat on the Ohio. These poor creatures +imagine the French will give them their freedom. We have too many here; +but I hope we shall be able to keep them in proper subjection." Suspense +grew intolerable. "It's monstrous they should be so tardy and dilatory +in sending down any farther account." He sent Major Colin Campbell for +news; when, a day or two later, a courier brought him two letters, one +from Orme, and the other from Washington, both written at Fort +Cumberland on the eighteenth. The letter of Orme began thus: "My dear +Governor, I am so extremely ill in bed with the wound I have received +that I am under the necessity of employing my friend Captain Dobson as +my scribe." Then he told the wretched story of defeat and humiliation. +"The officers were absolutely sacrificed by their unparalleled good +behavior; advancing before their men sometimes in bodies, and sometimes +separately, hoping by such an example to engage the soldiers to follow +them; but to no purpose. Poor Shirley was shot through the head, Captain +Morris very much wounded. Mr. Washington had two horses shot under him, +and his clothes shot through in several places; behaving the whole time +with the greatest courage and resolution."</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_236" name="footer_236"></a> + <span class="superscript">[236]</span> +<i>Dinwiddie to Colonel Charles Carter</i>, 18 <i>July</i>, 1755.</p> +</div> + +<p>Washington wrote more briefly, saying that, as Orme was giving a full +account of the affair, it +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230-V1" id="Page_230-V1">230<br />V1</a></span> +was needless for him to repeat it. Like many +others in the fight, he greatly underrated the force of the enemy, which +he placed at three hundred, or about a third of the actual number,—a +natural error, as most of the assailants were invisible. "Our poor +Virginians behaved like men, and died like soldiers; for I believe that +out of three companies that were there that day, scarce thirty were left +alive. Captain Peronney and all his officers down to a corporal were +killed. Captain Polson shared almost as hard a fate, for only one of his +escaped. In short, the dastardly behavior of the English soldiers +exposed all those who were inclined to do their duty to almost certain +death. It is imagined (I believe with great justice, too) that two +thirds of both killed and wounded received their shots from our own +cowardly dogs of soldiers, who gathered themselves into a body, contrary +to orders, ten and twelve deep, would then level, fire, and shoot down +the men before them." <span class="superscript">[237]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_237" name="footer_237"></a> + <span class="superscript">[237]</span> +These extracts are taken from the two letters preserved +in the Public Record Office, <i>America and West Indies</i>, +LXXIV. LXXXII.</p> +</div> + +<p>To Orme, Dinwiddie replied: "I read your letter with tears in my eyes; +but it gave me much pleasure to see your name at the bottom, and more so +when I observed by the postscript that your wound is not dangerous. But +pray, dear sir, is it not possible by a second attempt to retrieve the +great loss we have sustained? I presume the General's chariot is at the +fort. In it you may come here, and my house is heartily at your command. +Pray +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231-V1" id="Page_231-V1">231<br />V1</a></span> +take care of your valuable health; keep your spirits up, and I +doubt not of your recovery. My wife and girls join me in most sincere +respects and joy at your being so well, and I always am, with great +truth, dear friend, your affectionate humble servant."</p> + +<p>To Washington he is less effusive, though he had known him much longer. +He begins, it is true, "Dear Washington," and congratulates him on his +escape; but soon grows formal, and asks: "Pray, sir, with the number of +them remaining, is there no possibility of doing something on the other +side of the mountains before the winter months? Surely you must mistake. +Colonel Dunbar will not march to winter-quarters in the middle of +summer, and leave the frontiers exposed to the invasions of the enemy! +No; he is a better officer, and I have a different opinion of him. I +sincerely wish you health and happiness, and am, with great respect, +sir, your obedient, humble servant."</p> + +<p>Washington's letter had contained the astonishing announcement that +Dunbar meant to abandon the frontier and march to Philadelphia. +Dinwiddie, much disturbed, at once wrote to that officer, though without +betraying any knowledge of his intention. "Sir, the melancholy account +of the defeat of our forces gave me a sensible and real concern"—on +which he enlarges for a while; then suddenly changes style: "Dear +Colonel, is there no method left to retrieve the dishonor done to the +British arms? As you now command all +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232-V1" id="Page_232-V1">232<br />V1</a></span> +the forces that remain, are you not able, after a proper refreshment of your +men, to make a second attempt? You have four months now to come of the best +weather of the year for such an expedition. What a fine field for honor will +Colonel Dunbar have to confirm and establish his character as a brave +officer." Then, after suggesting plans of operation, and entering into much +detail, the fervid Governor concludes: "It gives me great pleasure that under +our great loss and misfortunes the command devolves on an officer of so great +military judgment and established character. With my sincere respect and +hearty wishes for success to all your proceedings, I am, worthy sir, +your most obedient, humble servant."</p> + +<p>Exhortation and flattery were lost on Dunbar. Dinwiddie received from +him in reply a short, dry note, dated on the first of August, and +acquainting him that he should march for Philadelphia on the second. +This, in fact, he did, leaving the fort to be defended by invalids and a +few Virginians. "I acknowledge," says Dinwiddie, "I was not brought up +to arms; but I think common sense would have prevailed not to leave the +frontiers exposed after having opened a road over the mountains to the +Ohio, by which the enemy can the more easily invade us…. Your great +colonel," he writes to Orme, "is gone to a peaceful colony, and left our +frontiers open…. The whole conduct of Colonel Dunbar appears to me +monstrous…. To march off all the regulars, and leave the fort and +frontiers to be defended by four hundred sick and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233-V1" id="Page_233-V1">233<br />V1</a></span> +wounded, and the poor remains of our provincial forces, appears to me absurd." +<span class="superscript">[238]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_238" name="footer_238"></a> + <span class="superscript">[238]</span> +Dinwiddie's view of Dunbar's conduct is fully justified +by the letters of Shirley, Governor Morris, and Dunbar himself.</p> +</div> + +<p>He found some comfort from the burgesses, who gave him forty thousand +pounds, and would, he thinks, have given a hundred thousand if another +attempt against Fort Duquesne had been set afoot. Shirley, too, whom the +death of Braddock had made commander-in-chief, approved the Governor's +plan of renewing offensive operations, and instructed Dunbar to that +effect; ordering him, however, should they prove impracticable, to march +for Albany in aid of the Niagara expedition. +<span class="superscript">[239]</span> The order found him +safe in Philadelphia. Here he lingered for a while; then marched to join +the northern army, moving at a pace which made it certain that he could +not arrive in time to be of the least use.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_239" name="footer_239"></a> + <span class="superscript">[239]</span> +<i>Orders for Colonel Thomas Dunbar</i>, 12 <i>Aug</i>. 1755. These +supersede a previous order of August 6, by which Shirley had directed +Dunbar to march northward at once.</p> +</div> + +<p>Thus the frontier was left unguarded; and soon, as Dinwiddie had +foreseen, there burst upon it a storm of blood and fire.</p> + + +<hr /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Chapter_08" id="Chapter_08"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234-V1" id="Page_234-V1">234<br />V1</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents08">CHAPTER VIII.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1755-1763.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader">REMOVAL OF THE ACADIANS.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + State of Acadia • Threatened Invasion • + Peril of the English • Their Plans • + French Forts to be attacked • + Beauséjour and its Occupants • + French Treatment of the Acadians • John Winslow • + Siege and Capture of Beauséjour • Attitude of Acadians • + Influence of their Priests • + They Refuse the Oath of Allegiance • + Their Condition and Character • Pretended Neutrals • + Moderation of English Authorities • + The Acadians persist in their Refusal • Enemies or Subjects? • + Choice of the Acadians • The Consequence • + Their Removal determined • Winslow at Grand Pré • + Conference with Murray • Summons to the Inhabitants • + Their Seizure • Their Embarkation • Their Fate • + Their Treatment in Canada • Misapprehension concerning them. + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> +</div> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">By</span> the plan which the Duke of Cumberland +had ordained and Braddock had announced in the Council at Alexandria, +four blows were to be struck at once to force back the French +boundaries, lop off the dependencies of Canada, and reduce her from a +vast territory to a petty province. The first stroke had failed, and +had shattered the hand of the striker; it remains to see what fortune +awaited the others.</p> + +<p> +It was long since a project of purging Acadia of French influence had +germinated in the fertile mind of Shirley. We have seen in a former +chapter the condition of that afflicted province. Several thousands of +its inhabitants, wrought upon +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235-V1" id="Page_235-V1">235<br />V1</a></span> +by intriguing agents of the French Government; taught by their priests +that fidelity to King Louis was inseparable from fidelity to God, and +that to swear allegiance to the British Crown was eternal perdition; +threatened with plunder and death at the hands of the savages whom the +ferocious missionary, Le Loutre, held over them in terror,—had +abandoned, sometimes willingly, but oftener under constraint, the fields +which they and their fathers had tilled, and crossing the boundary line +of the Missaguash, had placed themselves under the French flag planted +on the hill of Beauséjour. <span class="superscript">[240]</span> +Here, or in the neighborhood, many of them had remained, wretched and +half starved; while others had been transported to Cape Breton, Isle St. +Jean, or the coasts of the Gulf,—not so far, however, that they could +not on occasion be used to aid in an invasion of British Acadia. +<span class="superscript">[241]</span> +Those of their countrymen who still lived under the British flag were +chiefly the inhabitants of the district of Mines and of the valley of +the River Annapolis, who, with other less important settlements, +numbered a little more than nine thousand souls. We have shown already, +by the evidence of the French themselves, that neither they nor their +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236-V1" id="Page_236-V1">236<br />V1</a></span> +emigrant countrymen had been oppressed or molested in matters temporal +or spiritual, but that the English authorities, recognizing their value +as an industrious population, had labored to reconcile them to a change +of rulers which on the whole was to their advantage. It has been shown +also how, with a heartless perfidy and a reckless disregard of their +welfare and safety, the French Government and its agents labored to keep +them hostile to the Crown of which it had acknowledged them to be +subjects. The result was, that though they did not, like their emigrant +countrymen, abandon their homes, they remained in a state of restless +disaffection, refused to supply English garrisons with provisions, +except at most exorbitant rates, smuggled their produce to the French +across the line, gave them aid and intelligence, and sometimes, disguised +as Indians, robbed and murdered English settlers. By the new-fangled +construction of the treaty of Utrecht which the French boundary +commissioners had devised, <span class="superscript">[242]</span> more +than half the Acadian peninsula, including nearly all the cultivated land +and nearly all the population of French descent, was claimed as belonging +to France, though England had held possession of it more than forty years. +Hence, according to the political ethics adopted at the time by both +nations, it would be lawful for France to reclaim it by force. England, on +her part, it will be remembered, claimed vast tracts beyond the isthmus; +and, on the same pretext, held that +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237-V1" id="Page_237-V1">237<br />V1</a></span> +she might rightfully seize them and capture Beauséjour, with the other +French garrisons that guarded them.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_240" name="footer_240"></a> + <span class="superscript">[240]</span> +See <i>ante</i>, <a href="#Chapter_04">Chapter IV.</a></p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_241" name="footer_241"></a> + <span class="superscript">[241]</span> +Rameau (<i>La France aux Colonies</i>, I. 63), estimates the total emigration +from 1748 to 1755 at 8,600 souls,—which number seems much too large. +This writer, though vehemently anti-English, gives the following passage +from a letter of a high French official: "que les Acadiens +émigrés et en grande misère comptaient se retirer +à Québec et demander des terres, mais il conviendrait mieux +qu'ils restent où ils sont, afin d'avoir le voisinage de l'Acadie bien +peuplé et défriché, pour approvisionner l'Isle Royale +[<i>Cape Breton</i>] et tomber en cas de guerre sur l'Acadie." Rameau, I. +133.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_242" name="footer_242"></a> + <span class="superscript">[242]</span> +<i>Supra</i>, <a href="#Page_123-V1">p. 123.</a></p> +</div> + +<p> +On the part of France, an invasion of the Acadian peninsula seemed more +than likely. Honor demanded of her that, having incited the Acadians to +disaffection, and so brought on them the indignation of the English +authorities, she should intervene to save them from the consequences. +Moreover the loss of the Acadian peninsula had been gall and wormwood to +her; and in losing it she had lost great material advantages. Its +possession was necessary to connect Canada with the Island of Cape +Breton and the fortress of Louisbourg. Its fertile fields and +agricultural people would furnish subsistence to the troops and +garrisons in the French maritime provinces, now dependent on supplies +illicitly brought by New England traders, and liable to be cut off in +time of war when they were needed most. The harbors of Acadia, too, +would be invaluable as naval stations from which to curb and threaten +the northern English colonies. Hence the intrigues so assiduously +practised to keep the Acadians French at heart, and ready to throw off +British rule at any favorable moment. British officers believed that +should a French squadron with a sufficient force of troops on board +appear in the Bay of Fundy, the whole population on the Basin of Mines +and along the Annapolis would rise in arms, and that the emigrants +beyond the isthmus, armed and trained by French officers, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238-V1" id="Page_238-V1">238<br />V1</a></span> +would come to their aid. This emigrant population, famishing in exile, looked +back with regret to the farms they had abandoned; and, prevented as they were +by Le Loutre and his colleagues from making their peace with the English, +they would, if confident of success, have gladly joined an invading force to +regain their homes by reconquering Acadia for Louis XV. In other parts of the +continent it was the interest of France to put off hostilities; if Acadia +alone had been in question, it would have been her interest to precipitate +them.</p> + +<p>Her chances of success were good. The French could at any time send +troops from Louisbourg or Quebec to join those maintained upon the +isthmus; and they had on their side of the lines a force of militia and +Indians amounting to about two thousand, while the Acadians within the +peninsula had about an equal number of fighting men who, while calling +themselves neutrals, might be counted on to join the invaders. The +English were in no condition to withstand such an attack. Their regular +troops were scattered far and wide through the province, and were +nowhere more than equal to the local requirement; while of militia, +except those of Halifax, they had few or none whom they dared to trust. +Their fort at Annapolis was weak and dilapidated, and their other posts +were mere stockades. The strongest place in Acadia was the French fort +of Beauséjour, in which the English saw a continual menace. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239-V1" id="Page_239-V1">239<br />V1</a></span> +Their apprehensions were well grounded. Duquesne, governor of Canada, wrote to +Le Loutre, who virtually shared the control of Beauséjour with Vergor, +its commandant: "I invite both yourself and M. Vergor to devise a +plausible pretext for attacking them [<i>the English</i>] vigorously." +<span class="superscript">[243]</span> Three weeks after this letter was +written, Lawrence, governor of Nova Scotia, wrote to Shirley from Halifax: +"Being well informed that the French have designs of encroaching still +farther upon His Majesty's rights in this province, and that they propose, +the moment they have repaired the fortifications of Louisbourg, to attack +our fort at Chignecto [<i>Fort Lawrence</i>], I think it high time to make +some effort to drive them from the north side of the Bay of Fundy." +<span class="superscript">[244]</span> This letter was brought to Boston by +Lieutenant-Colonel Monckton, who was charged by Lawrence to propose to +Shirley the raising of two thousand men in New England for the attack of +Beauséjour and its dependent forts. Almost at the moment when +Lawrence was writing these proposals to Shirley, Shirley was writing with +the same object to Lawrence, enclosing a letter from Sir Thomas Robinson, +concerning which he said: "I construe the contents to be orders to us to +act in concert for taking <i>any</i> advantages to drive the French of +Canada out of Nova Scotia. If that is your sense of them, and your honor +will be pleased to let +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240-V1" id="Page_240-V1">240<br />V1</a></span> +me know whether you want any and what assistance to enable you to execute the +orders, I will endeavor to send you such assistance from this province as you +shall want." <span class="superscript">[245]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_243" name="footer_243"></a> + <span class="superscript">[243]</span> +<i>Duquesne à Le Loutre</i>, 15 <i>Oct</i>. 1754; extract in <i>Public +Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, 239.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_244" name="footer_244"></a> + <span class="superscript">[244]</span> +<i>Lawrence to Shirley</i>, 5 <i>Nov</i>. 1754. <i>Instructions of +Lawrence to Monckton</i>, 7 <i>Nov</i>. 1754.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_245" name="footer_245"></a> + <span class="superscript">[245]</span> +<i>Shirley to Lawrence</i>, 7 <i>Nov</i>. 1754.</p> +</div> + +<p>The letter of Sir Thomas Robinson, of which a duplicate had already been +sent to Lawrence, was written in answer to one of Shirley informing the +Minister that the Indians of Nova Scotia, prompted by the French, were +about to make an attack on all the English settlements east of the +Kennebec; whereupon Robinson wrote: "You will without doubt have given +immediate intelligence thereof to Colonel Lawrence, and will have +concerted the properest measures with him for taking all possible +advantage in Nova Scotia itself from the absence of those Indians, in +case Mr. Lawrence shall have force enough to attack the forts erected by +the French in those parts, without exposing the English settlements; and +I am particularly to acquaint you that if you have not already entered +into such a concert with Colonel Lawrence, it is His Majesty's pleasure +that you should immediately proceed thereupon." +<span class="superscript">[246]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_246" name="footer_246"></a> + <span class="superscript">[246]</span> +<i>Robinson to Shirley</i>, 5 <i>July</i>, 1754.</p> +</div> + +<p>The Indian raid did not take place; but not the less did Shirley and +Lawrence find in the Minister's letter their authorization for the +attack of Beauséjour. Shirley wrote to Robinson that the expulsion of +the French from the forts on the isthmus was a necessary measure of +self-defence; that they meant to seize the whole country as far as Mines +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241-V1" id="Page_241-V1">241<br />V1</a></span> +Basin, and probably as far as Annapolis, to supply their Acadian rebels +with land; that of these they had, without reckoning Indians, fourteen +hundred fighting men on or near the isthmus, and two hundred and fifty +more on the St. John, with whom, aided by the garrison of Beauséjour, +they could easily take Fort Lawrence; that should they succeed in this, +the whole Acadian population would rise in arms, and the King would lose +Nova Scotia. We should anticipate them, concludes Shirley, and strike +the first blow. <span class="superscript">[247]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_247" name="footer_247"></a> + <span class="superscript">[247]</span> +<i>Shirley to Robinson</i>, 8 <i>Dec</i>. 1754. <i>Ibid</i>., 24 <i>Jan</i>. +1755. The Record Office contains numerous other letters of Shirley on the +subject. "I am obliged to your Honor for communicating to me the French +Mémoire, which, with other reasons, puts it out of doubt that the French +are determined to begin an offensive war on the peninsula as soon as +ever they shall think themselves strengthened enough to venture up it, +and that they have thoughts of attempting it in the ensuing spring. I +enclose your Honor extracts from two letters from Annapolis Royal, which +show that the French inhabitants are in expectation of its being begun +in the spring." <i>Shirley to Lawrence</i>, 6 <i>Jan</i>. 1755.</p> +</div> + +<p> +He opened his plans to his Assembly in secret session, and found them of +one mind with himself. Preparation was nearly complete, and the men +raised for the expedition, before the Council at Alexandria, recognized +it as a part of a plan of the summer campaign.</p> + +<p> +The French fort of Beauséjour, mounted on its hill between the marshes +of Missaguash and Tantemar, was a regular work, pentagonal in form, with +solid earthern ramparts, bomb-proofs, and an armament of twenty-four +cannon and one mortar. The commandant, Duchambon de Vergor, a captain in +the colony regulars, was a dull man of no education, of stuttering +speech, unpleasing countenance, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242-V1" id="Page_242-V1">242<br />V1</a></span> +and doubtful character. He owed his place to the notorious Intendant, Bigot, +who, it is said, was in his debt for disreputable service in an affair of +gallantry, and who had ample means of enabling his friends to enrich +themselves by defrauding the King. Beauséjour was one of those +plague-spots of official corruption which dotted the whole surface of New +France. Bigot, sailing for Europe in the summer of 1754, wrote thus to his +confederate: "Profit by your place, my dear Vergor; clip and cut—you +are free to do what you please—so that you can come soon to join me in +France and buy an estate near me." <span class="superscript">[248]</span> +Vergor did not neglect his opportunities. Supplies in great quantities were +sent from Quebec for the garrison and the emigrant Acadians. These last got +but a small part of them. Vergor and his confederates sent the rest back to +Quebec, or else to Louisbourg, and sold them for their own profit to the +King's agents there, who were also in collusion with him.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_248" name="footer_248"></a> + <span class="superscript">[248]</span> +<i>Mémoires sur le Canada</i>, 1749-1760. This letter is also +mentioned in another contemporary document, <i>Mémoire sur les Fraudes +commises dans la Colonie</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>Vergor, however, did not reign alone. Le Loutre, by force of energy, +capacity, and passionate vehemence, held him in some awe, and divided +his authority. The priest could count on the support of Duquesne, who +had found, says a contemporary, that "he promised more than he could +perform, and that he was a knave," but who nevertheless felt compelled +to rely upon him for keeping the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243-V1" id="Page_243-V1">243<br />V1</a></span> +Acadians on the side of France. There was another person in the fort worthy +of notice. This was Thomas Pichon, commissary of stores, a man of education +and intelligence, born in France of an English mother. He was now acting the +part of a traitor, carrying on a secret correspondence with the commandant +of Fort Lawrence, and acquainting him with all that passed at +Beauséjour. It was partly from this source that the hostile designs +of the French became known to the authorities of Halifax, and more especially +the proceedings of "Moses," by which name Pichon always designated Le Loutre, +because he pretended to have led the Acadians from the land of bondage. +<span class="superscript">[249]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_249" name="footer_249"></a> + <span class="superscript">[249]</span> +Pichon, called also Tyrrell from the name of his mother, was author of +<i>Genuine Letters and Memoirs relating to Cape Breton</i>,—a +book of some value. His papers are preserved at Halifax, and some of +them are printed in the <i>Public Documents of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>These exiles, who cannot be called self-exiled, in view of the +outrageous means used to force most of them from their homes, were in a +deplorable condition. They lived in constant dread of Le Loutre, backed +by Vergor and his soldiers. The savage missionary, bad as he was, had in +him an ingredient of honest fanaticism, both national and religious; +though hatred of the English held a large share in it. He would gladly, +if he could, have forced the Acadians into a permanent settlement on the +French side of the line, not out of love for them, but in the interest +of the cause with which he had identified his own ambition. His efforts +had failed. There was not land enough for their subsistence and that of +the older settlers; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244-V1" id="Page_244-V1">244<br />V1</a></span> +and the suffering emigrants pined more and more for their deserted farms. +Thither he was resolved that they should not return. "If you go," he told +them, "you will have neither priests nor sacraments, but will die like +miserable wretches." <span class="superscript">[250]</span> The assertion +was false. Priests and sacraments had never been denied them. It is +true that Daudin, priest of Pisiquid, had lately been sent to Halifax +for using insolent language to the commandant, threatening him with an +insurrection of the inhabitants, and exciting them to sedition; but on +his promise to change conduct, he was sent back to his parishioners. +<span class="superscript">[251]</span> Vergor sustained Le Loutre, and +threatened to put in irons any of the exiles who talked of going back to +the English. Some of them bethought themselves of an appeal to Duquesne, +and drew up a petition asking leave to return home. Le Loutre told the +signers that if they did not efface their marks from the paper they should +have neither sacraments in this life nor heaven in the next. He nevertheless +allowed two of them to go to Quebec as deputies, writing at the same time +to the Governor, that his mind might be duly prepared. Duquesne replied: +"I think that the two rascals of deputies whom you sent me will not soon +recover from the fright I gave them, notwithstanding the emollient I +administered after my reprimand; and since I told them that they +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245-V1" id="Page_245-V1">245<br />V1</a></span> +were indebted to you for not being allowed to rot in a dungeon, they have +promised me to comply with your wishes." +<span class="superscript">[252]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_250" name="footer_250"></a> + <span class="superscript">[250]</span> +<i>Pichon to Captain Scott</i>, 14 <i>Oct</i>. 1754, in <i>Public +Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, 229.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_251" name="footer_251"></a> + <span class="superscript">[251]</span> +<i>Public Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, 223, 224, 226, 227, 238.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_252" name="footer_252"></a> + <span class="superscript">[252]</span> +<i>Public Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, 239.</p> +</div> + +<p> +An entire heartlessness marked the dealings of the French authorities +with the Acadians. They were treated as mere tools of policy, to be +used, broken, and flung away. Yet, in using them, the sole condition of +their efficiency was neglected. The French Government, cheated of +enormous sums by its own ravenous agents, grudged the cost of sending a +single regiment to the Acadian border. Thus unsupported, the Acadians +remained in fear and vacillation, aiding the French but feebly, though a +ceaseless annoyance and menace to the English.</p> + +<p>This was the state of affairs at Beauséjour while Shirley and Lawrence +were planning its destruction. Lawrence had empowered his agent, +Monckton, to draw without limit on two Boston merchants, Apthorp and +Hancock. Shirley, as commander-in-chief of the province of +Massachusetts, commissioned John Winslow to raise two thousand +volunteers. Winslow was sprung from the early governors of Plymouth +colony; but, though well-born, he was ill-educated, which did not +prevent him from being both popular and influential. He had strong +military inclinations, had led a company of his own raising in the +luckless attack on Carthagena, had commanded the force sent in the +preceding summer to occupy the Kennebec, and on various other occasions +had left his Marshfield +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246-V1" id="Page_246-V1">246<br />V1</a></span> +farm to serve his country. The men enlisted +readily at his call, and were formed into a regiment, of which Shirley +made himself the nominal colonel. It had two battalions, of which +Winslow, as lieutenant-colonel, commanded the first, and George Scott +the second, both under the orders of Monckton. Country villages far and +near, from the western borders of the Connecticut to uttermost Cape Cod, +lent soldiers to the new regiment. The muster-rolls preserve their +names, vocations, birthplaces, and abode. Obadiah, Nehemiah, Jedediah, +Jonathan, Ebenezer, Joshua, and the like Old Testament names abound upon +the list. Some are set down as "farmers," "yeomen," or "husbandmen;" +others as "shopkeepers," others as "fishermen," and many as "laborers;" +while a great number were handicraftsmen of various trades, from +blacksmiths to wig-makers. They mustered at Boston early in April, where +clothing, haversacks, and blankets were served out to them at the charge +of the King; and the crooked streets of the New England capital were +filled with staring young rustics. On the next Saturday the following +mandate went forth: "The men will behave very orderly on the Sabbath +Day, and either stay on board their transports, or else go to church, +and not stroll up and down the streets." The transports, consisting of +about forty sloops and schooners, lay at Long Wharf; and here on Monday +a grand review took place,—to the gratification, no doubt, of a +populace whose amusements were few. All was ready except the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247-V1" id="Page_247-V1">247<br />V1</a></span> +muskets, which were expected from England, but did not come. Hence the +delay of a month, threatening to ruin the enterprise. When Shirley returned +from Alexandria he found, to his disgust, that the transports still lay at +the wharf where he had left them on his departure. +<span class="superscript">[253]</span> The muskets arrived at length, and +the fleet sailed on the twenty-second of May. Three small frigates, the +"Success," the "Mermaid," and the "Siren," commanded by the ex-privateersman, +Captain Rous, acted as convoy; and on the twenty-sixth the whole force safely +reached Annapolis. Thence after some delay they sailed up the Bay of Fundy, +and at sunset on the first of June anchored within five miles of the hill of +Beauséjour.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_253" name="footer_253"></a> + <span class="superscript">[253]</span> +<i>Shirley to Robinson</i>, 20 <i>June</i>, 1755.</p> +</div> + +<p>At two o'clock on the next morning a party of Acadians from Chipody +roused Vergor with the news. In great alarm, he sent a messenger to +Louisbourg to beg for help, and ordered all the fighting men of the +neighborhood to repair to the fort. They counted in all between twelve +and fifteen hundred; <span class="superscript">[254]</span> +but they had no appetite for war. The force +of the invaders daunted them; and the hundred and sixty regulars who +formed the garrison of Beauséjour were too few to revive their +confidence. Those of them who had crossed from the English side dreaded +what might ensue should they be caught in arms; and, to prepare an +excuse beforehand, they begged Vergor to threaten them +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248-V1" id="Page_248-V1">248<br />V1</a></span> +with punishment if they disobeyed his order. He willingly complied, promised +to have them killed if they did not fight, and assured them at the same time +that the English could never take the fort. +<span class="superscript">[255]</span> Three hundred of them +thereupon joined the garrison, and the rest, hiding their families in +the woods, prepared to wage guerilla war against the invaders.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_254" name="footer_254"></a> + <span class="superscript">[254]</span> +<i>Mémoires sur le Canada</i>, 1749-1760. An English document, +<i>State of the English and French Forts in Nova Scotia</i>, says 1,200 to +1,400.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_255" name="footer_255"></a> + <span class="superscript">[255]</span> +<i>Mémoires sur le Canada</i>, 1749-1760.</p> +</div> + + +<p> +Monckton, with all his force, landed unopposed, and encamped at night on +the fields around Fort Lawrence, whence he could contemplate Fort +Beauséjour at his ease. The regulars of the English garrison joined the +New England men; and then, on the morning of the fourth, they marched to +the attack. Their course lay along the south bank of the Missaguash to +where it was crossed by a bridge called Pont-à-Buot. This bridge had +been destroyed; and on the farther bank there was a large blockhouse and +a breastwork of timber defended by four hundred regulars, Acadians, and +Indians. They lay silent and unseen till the head of the column reached +the opposite bank; then raised a yell and opened fire, causing some +loss. Three field-pieces were brought up, the defenders were driven out, +and a bridge was laid under a spattering fusillade from behind bushes, +which continued till the English had crossed the stream. Without further +opposition, they marched along the road to Beauséjour, and, turning to +the right, encamped among the woody hills half a league from the fort. +That night there was a grand illumination, for +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249-V1" id="Page_249-V1">249<br />V1</a></span> +Vergor set fire to the church and all the houses outside the ramparts. +<span class="superscript">[256]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_256" name="footer_256"></a> + <span class="superscript">[256]</span> +Winslow, <i>Journal and Letter Book. Mémoires sur le +Canada</i>, 1749-1760. Letters from officers on the spot in <i>Boston +Evening Post</i> and <i>Boston News Letter. Journal of Surgeon +John Thomas</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>The English spent some days in preparing their camp and reconnoitring +the ground. Then Scott, with five hundred provincials, seized upon a +ridge within easy range of the works. An officer named Vannes came out +to oppose him with a hundred and eighty men, boasting that he would do +great things; but on seeing the enemy, quietly returned, to become the +laughing-stock of the garrison. The fort fired furiously, but with +little effect. In the night of the thirteenth, Winslow, with a part of +his own battalion, relieved Scott, and planted in the trenches two small +mortars, brought to the camp on carts. On the next day they opened fire. +One of them was disabled by the French cannon, but Captain Hazen brought +up two more, of larger size, on ox-wagons; and, in spite of heavy rain, +the fire was brisk on both sides.</p> + +<p>Captain Rous, on board his ship in the harbor, watched the bombardment +with great interest. Having occasion to write to Winslow, he closed his +letter in a facetious strain. "I often hear of your success in plunder, +particularly a coach. <span class="superscript">[257]</span> +I hope you have some fine horses for it, at least four, to draw it, that it +may be said a New England colonel [<i>rode in</i>] his coach and four in Nova +Scotia. If +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250-V1" id="Page_250-V1">250<br />V1</a></span> +you have any good saddle-horses in your stable, I should be obliged to you +for one to ride round the ship's deck on for exercise, for I am not likely +to have any other."</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_257" name="footer_257"></a> + <span class="superscript">[257]</span> +"11 June. Capt. Adams went with a Company of Raingers, +and Returned at 11 Clock with a Coach and Sum other Plunder." <i>Journal +of John Thomas</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>Within the fort there was little promise of a strong defence. Le Loutre, +it is true, was to be seen in his shirt-sleeves, with a pipe in his +mouth, directing the Acadians in their work of strengthening the +fortifications. <span class="superscript">[258]</span> They, on their part, +thought more of escape than of fighting. Some of them vainly begged to be +allowed to go home; others went off without leave,—which was not +difficult, as only one side of the place was attacked. Even among the officers +there were some in whom interest was stronger than honor, and who would rather +rob the King than die for him. The general discouragement was redoubled when, +on the fourteenth, a letter came from the commandant of Louisbourg to say that +he could send no help, as British ships blocked the way. On the morning +of the sixteenth, a mischance befell, recorded in these words in the +diary of Surgeon John Thomas: "One of our large shells fell through what +they called their bomb-proof, where a number of their officers were +sitting, killed six of them dead, and one Ensign Hay, which the Indians +had took prisoner a few days agone and carried to the fort." The party +was at breakfast when the unwelcome visitor burst in. Just opposite was +a second bomb-proof, where was Vergor himself, with Le Loutre, another +priest, and several +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251-V1" id="Page_251-V1">251<br />V1</a></span> +officers, who felt that they might at any time share the same fate. The effect +was immediate. The English, who had not yet got a single cannon into position, +saw to their surprise a white flag raised on the rampart. Some officers of the +garrison protested against surrender; and Le Loutre, who thought that he had +everything to fear at the hands of the victors, exclaimed that it was better to +be buried under the ruins of the fort than to give it up; but all was in vain, +and the valiant Vannes was sent out to propose terms of capitulation. They +were rejected, and others offered, to the following effect: the garrison +to march out with the honors of war and to be sent to Louisbourg at the +charge of the King of England, but not to bear arms in America for the +space of six months. The Acadians to be pardoned the part they had just +borne in the defence, "seeing that they had been compelled to take arms +on pain of death." Confusion reigned all day at Beauséjour. The Acadians +went home loaded with plunder. The French officers were so busy in +drinking and pillaging that they could hardly be got away to sign the +capitulation. At the appointed hour, seven in the evening, Scott marched +in with a body of provincials, raised the British flag on the ramparts, +and saluted it by a general discharge of the French cannon, while Vergor +as a last act of hospitality gave a supper to the officers. +<span class="superscript">[259]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_258" name="footer_258"></a> + <span class="superscript">[258]</span> +<i>Journal of Pichon</i>, cited by Beamish Murdoch.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_259" name="footer_259"></a> + <span class="superscript">[259]</span> +On the capture of Beauséjour, <i>Mémoires sur le Canada</i>, +1749-1760; Pichon, <i>Cape Breton</i>, 318; <i>Journal of Pichon</i>, +cited by Murdoch; and the English accounts already mentioned.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252-V1" id="Page_252-V1">252<br />V1</a></span> +Le Loutre was not to be found; he had escaped in disguise with his box +of papers, and fled to Baye Verte to join his brother missionary, +Manach. Thence he made his way to Quebec, where the Bishop received him +with reproaches. He soon embarked for France; but the English captured +him on the way, and kept him eight years in Elizabeth Castle, on the +Island of Jersey. Here on one occasion a soldier on guard made a dash at +the father, tried to stab him with his bayonet, and was prevented with +great difficulty. He declared that, when he was with his regiment in +Acadia, he had fallen into the hands of Le Loutre, and narrowly escaped +being scalped alive, the missionary having doomed him to this fate, and +with his own hand drawn a knife round his head as a beginning of the +operation. The man swore so fiercely that he would have his revenge, +that the officer in command transferred him to another post. +<span class="superscript">[260]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_260" name="footer_260"></a> + <span class="superscript">[260]</span> +Knox, <i>Campaigns in North America</i>, I. 114, <i>note</i>. Knox, +who was stationed in Nova Scotia, says that Le Loutre left behind him "a +most remarkable character for inhumanity."</p> +</div> + +<p>Throughout the siege, the Acadians outside the fort, aided by Indians, +had constantly attacked the English, but were always beaten off with +loss. There was an affair of this kind on the morning of the surrender, +during which a noted Micmac chief was shot, and being brought into the +camp, recounted the losses of his tribe; "after which, and taking a dram +or two, he quickly died," writes Winslow in his Journal.</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253-V1" id="Page_253-V1">253<br />V1</a></span> +Fort Gaspereau, at Baye Verte, twelve miles distant, was summoned by +letter to surrender. Villeray, its commandant, at once complied; and +Winslow went with a detachment to take possession. +<span class="superscript">[261]</span> Nothing remained +but to occupy the French post at the mouth of the St. John. Captain +Rous, relieved at last from inactivity, was charged with the task; and +on the thirtieth he appeared off the harbor, manned his boats, and rowed +for shore. The French burned their fort, and withdrew beyond his +reach. <span class="superscript">[262]</span> +A hundred and fifty Indians, suddenly converted from enemies +to pretended friends, stood on the strand, firing their guns into the +air as a salute, and declaring themselves brothers of the English. All +Acadia was now in British hands. Fort Beauséjour became Fort +Cumberland,—the second fort in America that bore the name of the royal +Duke.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_261" name="footer_261"></a> + <span class="superscript">[261]</span> +Winslow, <i>Journal. Villeray au Ministre</i>, 20 <i>Sept</i>. 1755.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_262" name="footer_262"></a> + <span class="superscript">[262]</span> +<i>Drucour au Ministre</i>, 1 <i>Déc</i>. 1755.</p> +</div> + +<p>The defence had been of the feeblest. Two years later, on pressing +demands from Versailles, Vergor was brought to trial, as was also +Villeray. The Governor, Vaudreuil, and the Intendant, Bigot, who had +returned to Canada, were in the interest of the chief defendant. The +court-martial was packed; adverse evidence was shuffled out of sight; +and Vergor, acquitted and restored to his rank, lived to inflict on New +France another and a greater injury. +<span class="superscript">[263]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_263" name="footer_263"></a> + <span class="superscript">[263]</span> +<i>Mémoire sur les Fraudes commises dans la Colonie</i>, 1759. +<i>Mémoires sur le Canada</i>, 1749-1760.</p> +</div> + +<p>Now began the first act of a deplorable drama. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254-V1" id="Page_254-V1">254<br />V1</a></span> +Monckton, with his small +body of regulars, had pitched their tents under the walls of +Beauséjour. Winslow and Scott, with the New England troops, lay not far +off. There was little intercourse between the two camps. The British +officers bore themselves towards those of the provincials with a +supercilious coldness common enough on their part throughout the war. +July had passed in what Winslow calls "an indolent manner," with prayers +every day in the Puritan camp, when, early in August, Monckton sent for +him, and made an ominous declaration. "The said Monckton was so free as +to acquaint me that it was determined to remove all the French +inhabitants out of the province, and that he should send for all the +adult males from Tantemar, Chipody, Aulac, Beauséjour, and Baye Verte to +read the Governor's orders; and when that was done, was determined to +retain them all prisoners in the fort. And this is the first conference +of a public nature I have had with the colonel since the reduction of +Beauséjour; and I apprehend that no officer of either corps has been +made more free with."</p> + +<p>Monckton sent accordingly to all the neighboring settlements, commanding +the male inhabitants to meet him at Beauséjour. Scarcely a third part of +their number obeyed. These arrived on the tenth, and were told to stay +all night under the guns of the fort. What then befell them will appear +from an entry in the diary of Winslow under date of August eleventh: +"This day was one extraordinary to the inhabitants of Tantemar, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255-V1" id="Page_255-V1">255<br />V1</a></span> +Oueskak, Aulac, Baye Verte, Beauséjour, and places adjacent; the male +inhabitants, or the principal of them, being collected together in Fort +Cumberland to hear the sentence, which determined their property, from +the Governor and Council of Halifax; which was that they were declared +rebels, their lands, goods, and chattels forfeited to the Crown, and +their bodies to be imprisoned. Upon which the gates of the fort were +shut, and they all confined, to the amount of four hundred men and +upwards." Parties were sent to gather more, but caught very few, the +rest escaping to the woods.</p> + +<p>Some of the prisoners were no doubt among those who had joined the +garrison at Beauséjour, and had been pardoned for doing so by the terms +of the capitulation. It was held, however, that, though forgiven this +special offence, they were not exempted from the doom that had gone +forth against the great body of their countrymen. We must look closely +at the motives and execution of this stern sentence.</p> + +<p>At any time up to the spring of 1755 the emigrant Acadians were free to +return to their homes on taking the ordinary oath of allegiance required +of British subjects. The English authorities of Halifax used every means +to persuade them to do so; yet the greater part refused. This was due +not only to Le Loutre and his brother priests, backed by the military +power, but also to the Bishop of Quebec, who enjoined the Acadians to +demand of the English certain concessions, the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256-V1" id="Page_256-V1">256<br />V1</a></span> +chief of which were that the priests should exercise their functions without +being required to ask leave of the Governor, and that the inhabitants should +not be called upon for military service of any kind. The Bishop added that the +provisions of the treaty of Utrecht were insufficient, and that others +ought to be exacted. <span class="superscript">[264]</span> The oral +declaration of the English authorities, that for the present the Acadians +should not be required to bear arms, was not thought enough. They, or rather +their prompters, demanded a written pledge.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_264" name="footer_264"></a> + <span class="superscript">[264]</span> +<i>L'Évêque de Québec à Le Loutre, Nov</i>. 1754, +in <i>Public Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, 240.</p> +</div> + +<p> +The refusal to take the oath without reservation was not confined to the +emigrants. Those who remained in the peninsula equally refused it, +though most of them were born and had always lived under the British +flag. Far from pledging themselves to complete allegiance, they showed +continual signs of hostility. In May three pretended French deserters +were detected among them inciting them to take arms against the +English. <span class="superscript">[265]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_265" name="footer_265"></a> + <span class="superscript">[265]</span> +<i>Ibid</i>., 242.</p> +</div> + +<p>On the capture of Beauséjour the British authorities found themselves in +a position of great difficulty. The New England troops were enlisted for +the year only, and could not be kept in Acadia. It was likely that the +French would make a strong effort to recover the province, sure as they +were of support from the great body of its people. The presence of this +disaffected population was for the French commanders a continual +inducement to invasion; and Lawrence was not strong enough +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257-V1" id="Page_257-V1">257<br />V1</a></span> +to cope at once with attack from without and insurrection from within.</p> + +<p>Shirley had held for some time that there was no safety for Acadia but +in ridding it of the Acadians. He had lately proposed that the lands of +the district of Chignecto, abandoned by their emigrant owners, should be +given to English settlers, who would act as a check and a counterpoise +to the neighboring French population. This advice had not been acted +upon. Nevertheless Shirley and his brother Governor of Nova Scotia were +kindred spirits, and inclined to similar measures. Colonel Charles +Lawrence had not the good-nature and conciliatory temper which marked +his predecessors, Cornwallis and Hopson. His energetic will was not apt +to relent under the softer sentiments, and the behavior of the Acadians +was fast exhausting his patience. More than a year before, the Lords of +Trade had instructed him that they had no right to their lands if they +persisted in refusing the oath. <span class="superscript">[266]</span> +Lawrence replied, enlarging on their obstinacy, treachery, and "ingratitude +for the favor, indulgence, and protection they have at all times so +undeservedly received from His Majesty's Government;" declaring at the +same time that, "while they remain without taking the oaths, and have +incendiary French priests among them, there are no hopes of their amendment;" +and that "it would be much better, if they refuse the oaths, that they +were away." <span class="superscript">[267]</span> "We were in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258-V1" id="Page_258-V1">258<br />V1</a></span> +hopes," again wrote the Lords of Trade, "that the lenity which +had been shown to those people by indulging them in the free exercise of +their religion and the quiet possession of their lands, would by degrees +have gained their friendship and assistance, and weaned their affections +from the French; but we are sorry to find that this lenity has had so +little effect, and that they still hold the same conduct, furnishing +them with labor, provisions, and intelligence, and concealing their +designs from us." In fact, the Acadians, while calling themselves +neutrals, were an enemy encamped in the heart of the province. These are +the reasons which explain and palliate a measure too harsh and +indiscriminate to be wholly justified.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_266" name="footer_266"></a> + <span class="superscript">[266]</span> +<i>Lords of Trade to Lawrence</i>, 4 <i>March</i>, 1754.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_267" name="footer_267"></a> + <span class="superscript">[267]</span> +<i>Lawrence to Lords of Trade</i>, 1 <i>Aug</i>. 1754.</p> +</div> + +<p> +Abbé Raynal, who never saw the Acadians, has made an ideal picture of +them, <span class="superscript">[268]</span> since copied and improved in +prose and verse, till Acadia has become Arcadia. The plain realities of their +condition and fate are touching enough to need no exaggeration. They were a +simple and very ignorant peasantry, industrious and frugal till evil days +came to discourage them; living aloof from the world, with little of that +spirit of adventure which an easy access to the vast fur-bearing interior +had developed in their Canadian kindred; having few wants, and those of the +rudest; fishing a little and hunting in the winter, but chiefly employed +in cultivating the meadows along the River Annapolis, or rich marshes +reclaimed by dikes from the tides of the Bay of Fundy. The British +Government left +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259-V1" id="Page_259-V1">259<br />V1</a></span> +them entirely free of taxation. They made clothing of +flax and wool of their own raising, hats of similar materials, and shoes +or moccasons of moose and seal skin. They bred cattle, sheep, hogs, and +horses in abundance; and the valley of the Annapolis, then as now, was +known for the profusion and excellence of its apples. For drink, they +made cider or brewed spruce-beer. French officials describe their +dwellings as wretched wooden boxes, without ornaments or conveniences, +and scarcely supplied with the most necessary furniture. +<span class="superscript">[269]</span> Two or +more families often occupied the same house; and their way of life, +though simple and virtuous, was by no means remarkable for cleanliness. +Such as it was, contentment reigned among them, undisturbed by what +modern America calls progress. Marriages were early, and population grew +apace. This humble society had its disturbing elements; for the +Acadians, like the Canadians, were a litigious race, and neighbors often +quarrelled about their boundaries. Nor were they without a bountiful +share of jealousy, gossip, and backbiting, to relieve the monotony of +their lives; and every village had its turbulent spirits, sometimes by +fits, though rarely long, contumacious even toward the curé, the guide, +counsellor, and ruler of his flock. Enfeebled by hereditary mental +subjection, and too long kept in leading-strings to walk alone, they +needed him, not for the next world only, but for this; and their +submission, compounded of love and fear, was commonly without bounds. He +was their +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260-V1" id="Page_260-V1">260<br />V1</a></span> +true government; to him they gave a frank and full allegiance, +and dared not disobey him if they would. Of knowledge he gave them +nothing; but he taught them to be true to their wives and constant at +confession and Mass, to stand fast for the Church and King Louis, and to +resist heresy and King George; for, in one degree or another, the +Acadian priest was always the agent of a double-headed foreign +power,—the Bishop of Quebec allied with the Governor of Canada. +<span class="superscript">[270]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_268" name="footer_268"></a> + <span class="superscript">[268]</span> +<i>Histoire philosophique et politique</i>, VI. 242 (ed. 1772).</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_269" name="footer_269"></a> + <span class="superscript">[269]</span> +<i>Beauharnois et Hocquart au Comte de Maurepas</i>, 12 <i>Sept</i>. 1745. </p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_270" name="footer_270"></a> + <span class="superscript">[270]</span> +Franquet, <i>Journal</i>, 1751, says of the Acadians: "Ils aiment l'argent, +n'ont dans toute leur conduite que leur intérêt pour objet, +sont, indifféremment des deux sexes, d'une inconsidération dans +leurs discours qui dénote de la méchanceté." Another +observer, Dieréville, gives a more favorable picture.</p> +</div> + +<p>When Monckton and the Massachusetts men laid siege to Beauséjour, +Governor Lawrence thought the moment favorable for exacting an +unqualified oath of allegiance from the Acadians. The presence of a +superior and victorious force would help, he thought, to bring them to +reason; and there were some indications that this would be the result. A +number of Acadian families, who at the promptings of Le Loutre had +emigrated to Cape Breton, had lately returned to Halifax, promising to +be true subjects of King George if they could be allowed to repossess +their lands. They cheerfully took the oath; on which they were +reinstated in their old homes, and supplied with food for the +winter. <span class="superscript">[271]</span> +Their example unfortunately found few imitators.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_271" name="footer_271"></a> + <span class="superscript">[271]</span> +<i>Public Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, 228.</p> +</div> + +<p> +Early in June the principal inhabitants of Grand Pré and other +settlements about the Basin +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261-V1" id="Page_261-V1">261<br />V1</a></span> +of Mines brought a memorial, signed with +their crosses, to Captain Murray, the military commandant in their +district, and desired him to send it to Governor Lawrence, to whom it +was addressed. Murray reported that when they brought it to him they +behaved with the greatest insolence, though just before they had been +unusually submissive. He thought that this change of demeanor was caused +by a report which had lately got among them of a French fleet in the Bay +of Fundy; for it had been observed that any rumor of an approaching +French force always had a similar effect. The deputies who brought the +memorial were sent with it to Halifax, where they laid it before the +Governor and Council. It declared that the signers had kept the +qualified oath they had taken, "in spite of the solicitations and +dreadful threats of another power," and that they would continue to +prove "an unshaken fidelity to His Majesty, provided that His Majesty +shall allow us the same liberty that he has [<i>hitherto</i>] granted us." +Their memorial then demanded, in terms highly offensive to the Council, +that the guns, pistols, and other weapons, which they had lately been +required to give up, should be returned to them. They were told in reply +that they had been protected for many years in the enjoyment of their +lands, though they had not complied with the terms on which the lands +were granted; "that they had always been treated by the Government with +the greatest lenity and tenderness, had enjoyed more privileges than +other English +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262-V1" id="Page_262-V1">262<br />V1</a></span> +subjects, and had been indulged in the free exercise of +their religion;" all which they acknowledged to be true. The Governor +then told them that their conduct had been undutiful and ungrateful; +"that they had discovered a constant disposition to assist His Majesty's +enemies and to distress his subjects; that they had not only furnished +the enemy with provisions and ammunition, but had refused to supply the +[<i>English</i>] inhabitants or Government, and when they did supply them, +had exacted three times the price for which they were sold at other +markets." The hope was then expressed that they would no longer obstruct +the settlement of the province by aiding the Indians to molest and kill +English settlers; and they were rebuked for saying in their memorial +that they would be faithful to the King only on certain conditions. The +Governor added that they had some secret reason for demanding their +weapons, and flattered themselves that French troops were at hand to +support their insolence. In conclusion, they were told that now was a +good opportunity to prove their sincerity by taking the oath of +allegiance, in the usual form, before the Council. They replied that +they had not made up their minds on that point, and could do nothing +till they had consulted their constituents. Being reminded that the oath +was personal to themselves, and that six years had already been given +them to think about it, they asked leave to retire and confer together. +This was granted, and at the end of an hour they came back with the same +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263-V1" id="Page_263-V1">263<br />V1</a></span> +answer as before; whereupon they were allowed till ten o'clock on the +next morning for a final decision. <span class="superscript">[272]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_272" name="footer_272"></a> + <span class="superscript">[272]</span> +<i>Minutes of Council at Halifax</i>, 3 <i>July</i>, 1755, in <i>Public +Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, 247-255.</p> +</div> + +<p>At the appointed time the Council again met, and the deputies were +brought in. They persisted stubbornly in the same refusal. "They were +then informed," says the record, "that the Council could no longer look +on them as subjects to His Britannic Majesty, but as subjects to the +King of France, and as such they must hereafter be treated; and they +were ordered to withdraw." A discussion followed in the Council. It was +determined that the Acadians should be ordered to send new deputies to +Halifax, who should answer for them, once for all, whether they would +accept the oath or not; that such as refused it should not thereafter be +permitted to take it; and "that effectual measures ought to be taken to +remove all such recusants out of the province."</p> + +<p>The deputies, being then called in and told this decision, became +alarmed, and offered to swear allegiance in the terms required. The +answer was that it was too late; that as they had refused the oath under +persuasion, they could not be trusted when they took it under +compulsion. It remained to see whether the people at large would profit +by their example.</p> + +<p> +"I am determined," wrote Lawrence to the Lords of Trade, "to bring the +inhabitants to a compliance, or rid the province of such perfidious +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264-V1" id="Page_264-V1">264<br />V1</a></span> +subjects." <span class="superscript">[273]</span> +First, in answer to the summons of the Council, the +deputies from Annapolis appeared, declaring that they had always been +faithful to the British Crown, but flatly refusing the oath. They were +told that, far from having been faithful subjects, they had always +secretly aided the Indians, and that many of them had been in arms +against the English; that the French were threatening the province; and +that its affairs had reached a crisis when its inhabitants must either +pledge themselves without equivocation to be true to the British Crown, +or else must leave the country. They all declared that they would lose +their lands rather than take the oath. The Council urged them to +consider the matter seriously, warning them that, if they now persisted +in refusal, no farther choice would be allowed them; and they were given +till ten o'clock on the following Monday to make their final answer.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_273" name="footer_273"></a> + <span class="superscript">[273]</span> +<i>Lawrence to Lords of Trade</i>, 18 <i>July</i>, 1755.</p> +</div> + +<p>When that day came, another body of deputies had arrived from Grand Pré +and the other settlements of the Basin of Mines; and being called before +the Council, both they and the former deputation absolutely refused to +take the oath of allegiance. These two bodies represented nine tenths of +the Acadian population within the peninsula. "Nothing," pursues the +record of the Council, "now remained to be considered but what measures +should be taken to send the inhabitants away, and where they should be +sent to." If they were sent to Canada, Cape Breton, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265-V1" id="Page_265-V1">265<br />V1</a></span> +or the neighboring +islands, they would strengthen the enemy, and still threaten the +province. It was therefore resolved to distribute them among the various +English colonies, and to hire vessels for the purpose with all +despatch. <span class="superscript">[274]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_274" name="footer_274"></a> + <span class="superscript">[274]</span> +<i>Minutes of Council</i>, 4 <i>July</i>—28 <i>July</i>, in <i>Public +Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, 255-267. Copies of these and other parts of +the record were sent at the time to England, and are now in the Public +Record Office, along with the letters of Lawrence.</p> +</div> + +<p> +The oath, the refusal of which had brought such consequences, was a +simple pledge of fidelity and allegiance to King George II. and his +successors. Many of the Acadians had already taken an oath of fidelity, +though with the omission of the word "allegiance," and, as they +insisted, with a saving clause exempting them from bearing arms. The +effect of this was that they did not regard themselves as British +subjects, and claimed, falsely as regards most of them, the character +of neutrals. It was to put an end to this anomalous state of things that +the oath without reserve had been demanded of them. Their rejection of +it, reiterated in full view of the consequences, is to be ascribed +partly to a fixed belief that the English would not execute their +threats, partly to ties of race and kin, but mainly to superstition. +They feared to take part with heretics against the King of France, whose +cause, as already stated, they had been taught to regard as one with the +cause of God; they were constrained by the dread of perdition. "If the +Acadians are miserable, remember that the priests are the cause of it," +writes +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266-V1" id="Page_266-V1">266<br />V1</a></span> +the French officer Boishébert to the missionary Manach. +<span class="superscript">[275]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_275" name="footer_275"></a> + <span class="superscript">[275]</span> +On the oath and its history, compare a long note by Mr. +Akin in <i>Public Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, 263-267. Winslow in his +Journal gives an abstract of a memorial sent him by the Acadians, in +which they say that they had refused the oath, and so forfeited their +lands, from motives of religion. I have shown in a former chapter that +the priests had been the chief instruments in preventing them from +accepting the English government. Add the following:—</p> +<p>"Les malheurs des Accadiens sont beaucoup moins leur ouvrage que le +fruit des sollicitations et des démarches des missionnaires." +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 6 <i>Mai</i>, 1760.</p> +<p> +"Si nous avons la guerre, et si les Accadiens sont misérables, +souvenez-vous que ce sont les prêtres qui en sont la cause." +<i>Boishébert à Manach, 21 Fév. 1760</i>. +Both these writers had encouraged the priests in their intrigues so long +as there were likely to profit the French Government, and only blamed them +after they failed to accomplished what was expected of them.</p> +<p>"Nous avons six missionnaires dont l'occupation perpetuelle est de +porter les esprits au fanatisme et à la vengeance…. Je ne puis +supporter dans nos prêtres ces odieuses déclamations qu'ils font +tous les jours aux sauvages: 'Les Anglois sont les ennemis de Dieu, les +compagnons du Diable.'" Pichon, <i>Lettres et Mémoires pour servir +à l'Histoire du Cap-Breton</i>, 160, 161. (La Haye, 1760.)</p> +</div> +<p>The Council having come to a decision, Lawrence acquainted Monckton with +the result, and ordered him to seize all the adult males in the +neighborhood of Beauséjour; and this, as we have seen, he promptly did. +It remains to observe how the rest of the sentence was carried into +effect.</p> + +<p>Instructions were sent to Winslow to secure the inhabitants on or near +the Basin of Mines and place them on board transports, which, he was +told, would soon arrive from Boston. His orders were stringent: "If you +find that fair means will not do with them, you must proceed by the most +vigorous measures possible, not only in compelling them to embark, but +in depriving those who shall +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267-V1" id="Page_267-V1">267<br />V1</a></span> +escape of all means of shelter or support, +by burning their houses and by destroying everything that may afford +them the means of subsistence in the country." Similar orders were given +to Major Handfield, the regular officer in command at Annapolis.</p> + +<p>On the fourteenth of August Winslow set out from his camp at Fort +Beauséjour, or Cumberland, on his unenviable errand. He had with him but +two hundred and ninety-seven men. His mood of mind was not serene. He +was chafed because the regulars had charged his men with stealing sheep; +and he was doubly vexed by an untoward incident that happened on the +morning of his departure. He had sent forward his detachment under +Adams, the senior captain, and they were marching by the fort with drums +beating and colors flying, when Monckton sent out his aide-de-camp with +a curt demand that the colors should be given up, on the ground that +they ought to remain with the regiment. Whatever the soundness of the +reason, there was no courtesy in the manner of enforcing it. "This +transaction raised my temper some," writes Winslow in his Diary; and he +proceeds to record his opinion that "it is the most ungenteel, +ill-natured thing that ever I saw." He sent Monckton a quaintly +indignant note, in which he observed that the affair "looks odd, and +will appear so in future history;" but his commander, reckless of the +judgments of posterity, gave him little satisfaction.</p> + +<p>Thus ruffled in spirit, he embarked with his men and sailed down +Chignecto Channel to the Bay of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268-V1" id="Page_268-V1">268<br />V1</a></span> +Fundy. Here, while they waited the turn +of the tide to enter the Basin of Mines, the shores of Cumberland lay +before them dim in the hot and hazy air, and the promontory of Cape +Split, like some misshapen monster of primeval chaos, stretched its +portentous length along the glimmering sea, with head of yawning rock, +and ridgy back bristled with forests. Borne on the rushing flood, they +soon drifted through the inlet, glided under the rival promontory of +Cape Blomedon, passed the red sandstone cliffs of Lyon's Cove, and +descried the mouths of the rivers Canard and Des Habitants, where +fertile marshes, diked against the tide, sustained a numerous and +thriving population. Before them spread the boundless meadows of Grand +Pré, waving with harvests or alive with grazing cattle; the green slopes +behind were dotted with the simple dwellings of the Acadian farmers, and +the spire of the village church rose against a background of woody +hills. It was a peaceful, rural scene, soon to become one of the most +wretched spots on earth. Winslow did not land for the present, but held +his course to the estuary of the River Pisiquid, since called the Avon. +Here, where the town of Windsor now stands, there was a stockade called +Fort Edward, where a garrison of regulars under Captain Alexander Murray +kept watch over the surrounding settlements. The New England men pitched +their tents on shore, while the sloops that had brought them slept on +the soft bed of tawny mud left by the fallen tide.</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269-V1" id="Page_269-V1">269<br />V1</a></span> +Winslow found a warm reception, for Murray and his officers had been +reduced too long to their own society not to welcome the coming of +strangers. The two commanders conferred together. Both had been ordered +by Lawrence to "clear the whole country of such bad subjects;" and the +methods of doing so had been outlined for their guidance. Having come to +some understanding with his brother officer concerning the duties +imposed on both, and begun an acquaintance which soon grew cordial on +both sides, Winslow embarked again and retraced his course to Grand Pré, +the station which the Governor had assigned him. "Am pleased," he wrote +to Lawrence, "with the place proposed by your Excellency for our +reception [<i>the village church</i>]. I have sent for the elders to remove +all sacred things, to prevent their being defiled by heretics." The +church was used as a storehouse and place of arms; the men pitched their +tents between it and the graveyard; while Winslow took up his quarters +in the house of the priest, where he could look from his window on a +tranquil scene. Beyond the vast tract of grassland to which Grand Pré +owed its name, spread the blue glistening breast of the Basin of Mines; +beyond this again, the distant mountains of Cobequid basked in the +summer sun; and nearer, on the left, Cape Blomedon reared its bluff head +of rock and forest above the sleeping waves.</p> + +<p>As the men of the settlement greatly outnumbered his own, Winslow set +his followers to surrounding the camp with a stockade. Card-playing +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270-V1" id="Page_270-V1">270<br />V1</a></span> +was +forbidden, because it encouraged idleness, and pitching quoits in camp, +because it spoiled the grass. Presently there came a letter from +Lawrence expressing a fear that the fortifying of the camp might alarm +the inhabitants. To which Winslow replied that the making of the +stockade had not alarmed them in the least, since they took it as a +proof that the detachment was to spend the winter with them; and he +added, that as the harvest was not yet got in, he and Murray had agreed +not to publish the Governor's commands till the next Friday. He +concludes: "Although it is a disagreeable part of duty we are put upon, +I am sensible it is a necessary one, and shall endeavor strictly to obey +your Excellency's orders."</p> + +<p>On the thirtieth, Murray, whose post was not many miles distant, made +him a visit. They agreed that Winslow should summon all the male +inhabitants about Grand Pré to meet him at the church and hear the +King's orders, and that Murray should do the same for those around Fort +Edward. Winslow then called in his three captains,—Adams, Hobbs, and +Osgood,—made them swear secrecy, and laid before them his instructions +and plans; which latter they approved. Murray then returned to his post, +and on the next day sent Winslow a note containing the following: "I +think the sooner we strike the stroke the better, therefore will be glad +to see you here as soon as conveniently you can. I shall have the orders +for assembling ready written for your approbation, only the day blank, +and am hopeful everything will +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271-V1" id="Page_271-V1">271<br />V1</a></span> +succeed according to our wishes. The +gentlemen join me in our best compliments to you and the Doctor."</p> + +<p>On the next day, Sunday, Winslow and the Doctor, whose name was +Whitworth, made the tour of the neighborhood, with an escort of fifty +men, and found a great quantity of wheat still on the fields. On Tuesday +Winslow "set out in a whale-boat with Dr. Whitworth and Adjutant +Kennedy, to consult with Captain Murray in this critical conjuncture." +They agreed that three in the afternoon of Friday should be the time of +assembling; then between them they drew up a summons to the inhabitants, +and got one Beauchamp, a merchant, to "put it into French." It ran as +follows:—</p> + +<blockquote> +<p><span class="smcap">By</span> John Winslow, Esquire, Lieutenant-Colonel and +Commander of His Majesty's troops at Grand Pré, Mines, River Canard, +and places adjacent.</p> +<p>To the inhabitants of the districts above named, as well ancients +as young men and lads.</p> +<p>Whereas His Excellency the Governor has instructed us of his last +resolution respecting the matters proposed lately to the +inhabitants, and has ordered us to communicate the same to the +inhabitants in general in person, His Excellency being desirous +that each of them should be fully satisfied of His Majesty's +intentions, which he has also ordered us to communicate to you, +such as they have been given him.</p> +<p>We therefore order and strictly enjoin by these presents to all the +inhabitants, as well of the above-named districts as of all the +other districts, both old men and young men, as well as all the +lads of ten years of age, to attend at the church in Grand Pré on +Friday, the fifth instant, at three of the clock in the afternoon, +that we may impart what we are ordered to communicate to them; +declaring that no +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272-V1" id="Page_272-V1">272<br />V1</a></span> +excuse will be admitted on any pretence +whatsoever, on pain of forfeiting goods and chattels in default. +</p> +<p>Given at Grand Pré, the second of September, in the +twenty-ninth year of His Majesty's reign, <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> +1755.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p> +A similar summons was drawn up in the name of Murray for the inhabitants +of the district of Fort Edward.</p> + +<p> +Captain Adams made a reconnoissance of the rivers Canard and Des +Habitants, and reported "a fine country and full of inhabitants, a +beautiful church, and abundance of the goods of the world." Another +reconnoissance by Captains Hobbs and Osgood among the settlements behind +Grand Pré brought reports equally favorable. On the fourth, another +letter came from Murray: "All the people quiet, and very busy at their +harvest; if this day keeps fair, all will be in here in their barns. I +hope to-morrow will crown all our wishes." The Acadians, like the bees, +were to gather a harvest for others to enjoy. The summons was sent out +that afternoon. Powder and ball were served to the men, and all were +ordered to keep within the lines.</p> + +<p>On the next day the inhabitants appeared at the hour appointed, to the +number of four hundred and eighteen men. Winslow ordered a table to be +set in the middle of the church, and placed on it his instructions and +the address he had prepared. Here he took his stand in his laced +uniform, with one or two subalterns from the regulars at Fort Edward, +and such of the Massachusetts officers as were not on guard duty; +strong, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273-V1" id="Page_273-V1">273<br />V1</a></span> +sinewy figures, bearing, no doubt, more or less distinctly, the +peculiar stamp with which toil, trade, and Puritanism had imprinted the +features of New England. Their commander was not of the prevailing type. +He was fifty-three years of age, with double chin, smooth forehead, +arched eyebrows, close powdered wig, and round, rubicund face, from +which the weight of an odious duty had probably banished the smirk of +self-satisfaction that dwelt there at other times. +<span class="superscript">[276]</span> Nevertheless, he +had manly and estimable qualities. The congregation of peasants, clad in +rough homespun, turned their sunburned faces upon him, anxious and +intent; and Winslow "delivered them by interpreters the King's orders in +the following words," which, retouched in orthography and syntax, ran +thus:—</p> + +<blockquote> +<p><span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>,—I have received from His +Excellency, Governor Lawrence, the King's instructions, which I have in +my hand. By his orders you are called together to hear His Majesty's +final resolution concerning the French inhabitants of this his province +of Nova Scotia, who for almost half a century have had more indulgence +granted them than any of his subjects in any part of his dominions. +What use you have made of it you yourselves best know.</p> +<p>The duty I am now upon, though necessary, is very disagreeable to +my natural make and temper, as I know it must be grievous to you, +who are of the same species. But it is not my business to +animadvert on the orders I have received, but to obey them; and +therefore without hesitation I shall deliver to you His Majesty's +instructions and commands, which are that your lands and tenements +and cattle and live-stock of all kinds are forfeited to the Crown, +with all your other effects, except money and household goods, and +that you yourselves are to be removed from this his province.</p> +<p>The peremptory orders of His Majesty are that all the French +inhabitants of these districts be removed; and through His +Majesty's goodness I am directed to allow you the liberty of +carrying with you your money and as many of your household +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274-V1" id="Page_274-V1">274<br />V1</a></span> +goods as +you can take without overloading the vessels you go in. I shall do +everything in my power that all these goods be secured to you, and +that you be not molested in carrying them away, and also that whole +families shall go in the same vessel; so that this removal, which I +am sensible must give you a great deal of trouble, may be made as +easy as His Majesty's service will admit; and I hope that in +whatever part of the world your lot may fall, you may be faithful +subjects, and a peaceable and happy people.</p> +<p>I must also inform you that it is His Majesty's pleasure that you +remain in security under the inspection and direction of the troops +that I have the honor to command.</p> +</blockquote> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_276" name="footer_276"></a> + <span class="superscript">[276]</span> +See his portrait, at the rooms of the Massachusetts Historical +Society.</p> +</div> + +<p> +He then declared them prisoners of the King. "They were greatly struck," +he says, "at this determination, though I believe they did not imagine +that they were actually to be removed." After delivering the address, he +returned to his quarters at the priest's house, whither he was followed +by some of the elder prisoners, who begged leave to tell their families +what had happened, "since they were fearful that the surprise of their +detention would quite overcome them." Winslow consulted with his +officers, and it was arranged that the Acadians should choose twenty of +their number each day to revisit their homes, the rest being held +answerable for their return.</p> + +<p> +A letter, dated some days before, now came from Major Handfield at +Annapolis, saying that +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275-V1" id="Page_275-V1">275<br />V1</a></span> +he had tried to secure the men of that +neighborhood, but that many of them had escaped to the woods. Murray's +report from Fort Edward came soon after, and was more favorable: "I have +succeeded finely, and have got a hundred and eighty-three men into my +possession." To which Winslow replies: "I have the favor of yours of +this day, and rejoice at your success, and also for the smiles that have +attended the party here." But he adds mournfully: "Things are now very +heavy on my heart and hands." The prisoners were lodged in the church, +and notice was sent to their families to bring them food. "Thus," says +the Diary of the commander, "ended the memorable fifth of September, a +day of great fatigue and trouble."</p> + +<p>There was one quarter where fortune did not always smile. Major Jedediah +Preble, of Winslow's battalion, wrote to him that Major Frye had just +returned from Chipody, whither he had gone with a party of men to +destroy the settlements and bring off the women and children. After +burning two hundred and fifty-three buildings he had reimbarked, leaving +fifty men on shore at a place called Peticodiac to give a finishing +stroke to the work by burning the "Mass House," or church. While thus +engaged, they were set upon by three hundred Indians and Acadians, led +by the partisan officer Boishébert. More than half their number were +killed, wounded, or taken. The rest ensconced themselves behind the +neighboring dikes, and Frye, hastily landing +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276-V1" id="Page_276-V1">276<br />V1</a></span> +with the rest of his men, +engaged the assailants for three hours, but was forced at last to +reimbark. <span class="superscript">[277]</span> +Captain Speakman, who took part in the affair, also sent +Winslow an account of it, and added: "The people here are much concerned +for fear your party should meet with the same fate (being in the heart +of a numerous devilish crew), which I pray God avert."</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_277" name="footer_277"></a> + <span class="superscript">[277]</span> +Also <i>Boishébert à Drucourt</i>, 10 <i>Oct</i>. 1755, an +exaggerated account. <i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 18 <i>Oct</i>. 1755, +sets Boishébert's force at one hundred and twenty-five men.</p> +</div> + +<p>Winslow had indeed some cause for anxiety. He had captured more Acadians +since the fifth; and had now in charge nearly five hundred able-bodied +men, with scarcely three hundred to guard them. As they were allowed +daily exercise in the open air, they might by a sudden rush get +possession of arms and make serious trouble. On the Wednesday after the +scene in the church some unusual movements were observed among them, and +Winslow and his officers became convinced that they could not safely be +kept in one body. Five vessels, lately arrived from Boston, were lying +within the mouth of the neighboring river. It was resolved to place +fifty of the prisoners on board each of these, and keep them anchored in +the Basin. The soldiers were all ordered under arms, and posted on an +open space beside the church and behind the priest's house. The +prisoners were then drawn up before them, ranked six deep,—the young +unmarried men, as the most dangerous, being told off and placed on the +left, to the number of a hundred and forty-one. Captain Adams, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277-V1" id="Page_277-V1">277<br />V1</a></span> +with eighty men, was then ordered to guard them to the vessels. Though the +object of the movement had been explained to them, they were possessed +with the idea that they were to be torn from their families and sent +away at once; and they all, in great excitement, refused to go. Winslow +told them that there must be no parley or delay; and as they still +refused, a squad of soldiers advanced towards them with fixed bayonets; +while he himself, laying hold of the foremost young man, commanded him +to move forward. "He obeyed; and the rest followed, though slowly, and +went off praying, singing, and crying, being met by the women and +children all the way (which is a mile and a half) with great +lamentation, upon their knees, praying." When the escort returned, about +a hundred of the married men were ordered to follow the first party; +and, "the ice being broken," they readily complied. The vessels were +anchored at a little distance from shore, and six soldiers were placed +on board each of them as a guard. The prisoners were offered the King's +rations, but preferred to be supplied by their families, who, it was +arranged, should go in boats to visit them every day; "and thus," says +Winslow, "ended this troublesome job." He was not given to effusions of +feeling, but he wrote to Major Handfield: "This affair is more grievous +to me than any service I was ever employed in." +<span class="superscript">[278]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_278" name="footer_278"></a> + <span class="superscript">[278]</span> +Haliburton, who knew Winslow's Journal only by imperfect +extracts, erroneously states that the men put on board the vessels were +sent away immediately. They remained at Grand Pré several weeks, and +were then sent off at intervals with their families.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278-V1" id="Page_278-V1">278<br />V1</a></span> +Murray sent him a note of congratulation: "I am extremely pleased that +things are so clever at Grand Pré, and that the poor devils are so +resigned. Here they are more patient than I could have expected for +people in their circumstances; and what surprises me still more is the +indifference of the women, who really are, or seem, quite unconcerned. I +long much to see the poor wretches embarked and our affair a little +settled; and then I will do myself the pleasure of meeting you and +drinking their good voyage."</p> + +<p>This agreeable consummation was still distant. There was a long and +painful delay. The provisions for the vessels which were to carry the +prisoners did not come; nor did the vessels themselves, excepting the +five already at Grand Pré. In vain Winslow wrote urgent letters to +George Saul, the commissary, to bring the supplies at once. Murray, at +Fort Edward, though with less feeling than his brother officer, was quite +as impatient of the burden of suffering humanity on his hands. "I am +amazed what can keep the transports and Saul. Surely our friend at +Chignecto is willing to give us as much of our neighbors' company as he +well can." <span class="superscript">[279]</span> Saul came at last with a +shipload of provisions; but the lagging transports did not appear. Winslow +grew heartsick at the daily sight of miseries which he himself had +occasioned, and wrote to a friend at Halifax: "I know they deserve all and +more than they feel; yet it hurts me to hear their weeping and wailing +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279-V1" id="Page_279-V1">279<br />V1</a></span> +and gnashing of teeth. I am in hopes our affairs will soon put on another +face, and we get transports, and I rid of the worst piece of service that +ever I was in."</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_279" name="footer_279"></a> + <span class="superscript">[279]</span> +<i>Murray to Winslow</i>, 26 <i>Sept</i>. 1755.</p> +</div> + +<p> +After weeks of delay, seven transports came from Annapolis; and Winslow +sent three of them to Murray, who joyfully responded: "Thank God, the +transports are come at last. So soon as I have shipped off my rascals, +I will come down and settle matters with you, and enjoy ourselves a +little."</p> + +<p> +Winslow prepared for the embarkation. The Acadian prisoners and their +families were divided into groups answering to their several villages, +in order that those of the same village might, as far as possible, go in +the same vessel. It was also provided that the members of each family +should remain together; and notice was given them to hold themselves in +readiness. "But even now," he writes, "I could not persuade the people I +was in earnest." Their doubts were soon ended. The first embarkation +took place on the eighth of October, under which date the Diary contains +this entry: "Began to embark the inhabitants who went off very +solentarily [<i>sic</i>] and unwillingly, the women in great distress, +carrying off their children in their arms; others carrying their +decrepit parents in their carts, with all their goods; moving in great +confusion, and appeared a scene of woe and distress." +<span class="superscript">[280]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_280" name="footer_280"></a> + <span class="superscript">[280]</span> +In spite of Winslow's care, some cases of separation of +families occurred; but they were not numerous.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280-V1" id="Page_280-V1">280<br />V1</a></span> +Though a large number were embarked on this occasion, still more +remained; and as the transports slowly arrived, the dismal scene was +repeated at intervals, with more order than at first, as the Acadians +had learned to accept their fate as a certainty. So far as Winslow was +concerned, their treatment seems to have been as humane as was possible +under the circumstances; but they complained of the men, who disliked +and despised them. One soldier received thirty lashes for stealing fowls +from them; and an order was issued forbidding soldiers or sailors, on +pain of summary punishment, to leave their quarters without permission, +"that an end may be put to distressing this distressed people." Two of +the prisoners, however, while trying to escape, were shot by a +reconnoitring party.</p> + +<p>At the beginning of November Winslow reported that he had sent +off fifteen hundred and ten persons, in nine vessels, and that more than six +hundred still remained in his district. <span class="superscript">[281]</span> +The last of these were not embarked till late in December. Murray finished +his part of the work at the end of October, having sent from the district of +Fort Edward eleven hundred persons in four frightfully crowded transports. +<span class="superscript">[282]</span> At the close of that month sixteen +hundred and sixty-four had been sent from the district of Annapolis, where +many others escaped to the woods. <span class="superscript">[283]</span> +A detachment +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281-V1" id="Page_281-V1">281<br />V1</a></span> +which was ordered to seize the inhabitants of the district +of Cobequid failed entirely, finding the settlements abandoned. In the +country about Fort Cumberland, Monckton, who directed the operation in +person, had very indifferent success, catching in all but little more +than a thousand. <span class="superscript">[284]</span> +Le Guerne, missionary priest in this neighborhood, +gives a characteristic and affecting incident of the embarkation. "Many +unhappy women, carried away by excessive attachment to their husbands, +whom they had been allowed to see too often, and closing their ears to +the voice of religion and their missionary, threw themselves blindly and +despairingly into the English vessels. And now was seen the saddest of +spectacles; for some of these women, solely from a religious motive, +refused to take with them their grown-up sons and daughters." +<span class="superscript">[285]</span> They +would expose their own souls to perdition among heretics, but not those +of their children.</p> + + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_281" name="footer_281"></a> + <span class="superscript">[281]</span> +<i>Winslow to Monckton</i>, 3 <i>Nov</i>. 1755.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_282" name="footer_282"></a> + <span class="superscript">[282]</span> +<i>Ibid.</i></p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_283" name="footer_283"></a> + <span class="superscript">[283]</span> +<i>Captain Adams to Winslow</i>, 29 <i>Nov</i>. 1755; see also Knox, +I. 85, who exactly confirms Adams's figures.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_284" name="footer_284"></a> + <span class="superscript">[284]</span> +<i>Monckton to Winslow</i>, 7 <i>Oct</i>. 1755.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_285" name="footer_285"></a> + <span class="superscript">[285]</span> +<i>Le Guerne à Prévost</i>, 10 <i>Mars</i>, 1756.</p> +</div> + +<p> +When all, or nearly all, had been sent off from the various points of +departure, such of the houses and barns as remained standing were +burned, in obedience to the orders of Lawrence, that those who had +escaped might be forced to come in and surrender themselves. The whole +number removed from the province, men, women, and children, was a little +above six thousand. Many remained behind; and while some of these +withdrew to Canada, Isle St. Jean, and other distant retreats, the rest +lurked in the woods or returned to their old +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282-V1" id="Page_282-V1">282<br />V1</a></span> +haunts, whence they waged, for several years a guerilla warfare against +the English. Yet their strength was broken, and they were no longer a +danger to the province.</p> + +<p> +Of their exiled countrymen, one party overpowered the crew of the vessel +that carried them, ran her ashore at the mouth of the St. John, and +escaped. <span class="superscript">[286]</span> The rest were distributed +among the colonies from Massachusetts to Georgia, the master of each +transport having been provided with a letter from Lawrence addressed to +the Governor of the province to which he was bound, and desiring him to +receive the unwelcome strangers. The provincials were vexed at the burden +imposed upon them; and though the Acadians were not in general ill-treated, +their lot was a hard one. Still more so was that of those among them who +escaped to Canada. The chronicle of the Ursulines of Quebec, speaking of +these last, says that their misery was indescribable, and attributes it +to the poverty of the colony. But there were other causes. The exiles +found less pity from kindred and fellow Catholics than from the heretics +of the English colonies. Some of them who had made their way to Canada +from Boston, whither they had been transported, sent word to a gentleman +of that place who had befriended them, that they wished to return. +<span class="superscript">[287]</span> +Bougainville, the celebrated navigator, then aide-de-camp to Montcalm, +says concerning them: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283-V1" id="Page_283-V1">283<br />V1</a></span> +"They are dying by wholesale. Their past and present misery, joined to +the rapacity of the Canadians, who seek only to squeeze out of them all +the money they can, and then refuse them the help so dearly bought, are +the cause of this mortality." "A citizen of Quebec," he says farther on, +"was in debt to one of the partners of the Great Company [<i>Government +officials leagued for plunder</i>]. He had no means of paying. They gave +him a great number of Acadians to board and lodge. He starved them with +hunger and cold, got out of them what money they had, and paid the +extortioner. <i>Quel pays! Quels mœurs</i>!" +<span class="superscript">[288]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_286" name="footer_286"></a> + <span class="superscript">[286]</span> +<i>Lettre commune de Drucour et Prévost au Ministre</i>, +6 <i>Avril</i>, 1756. <i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 1 <i>Juin</i>, 1756.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_287" name="footer_287"></a> + <span class="superscript">[287]</span> +Hutchinson, <i>Hist. Mass.</i>, III. 42, <i>note</i>.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_288" name="footer_288"></a> + <span class="superscript">[288]</span> +Bougainville, <i>Journal</i>, 1756-1758. His statements are +sustained by <i>Mémoires sur le Canada</i>, 1749-1760.</p> +</div> + +<p>Many of the exiles eventually reached Louisiana, where their descendants +now form a numerous and distinct population. Some, after incredible +hardship, made their way back to Acadia, where, after the peace, they +remained unmolested, and, with those who had escaped seizure, became the +progenitors of the present Acadians, now settled in various parts of the +British maritime provinces, notably at Madawaska, on the upper St. John, +and at Clare, in Nova Scotia. Others were sent from Virginia to England; +and others again, after the complete conquest of the country, found +refuge in France.</p> + +<p>In one particular the authors of the deportation were disappointed in +its results. They had hoped to substitute a loyal population for a +disaffected one; but they failed for some time to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284-V1" id="Page_284-V1">284<br />V1</a></span> +find settlers for the vacated lands. The Massachusetts soldiers, to whom +they were offered, would not stay in the province; and it was not till +five years later that families of British stock began to occupy the waste +fields of the Acadians. This goes far to show that a longing to become +their heirs had not, as has been alleged, any considerable part in the +motives for their removal.</p> + +<p> +New England humanitarianism, melting into sentimentality at a tale of +woe, has been unjust to its own. Whatever judgment may be passed on the +cruel measure of wholesale expatriation, it was not put in execution +till every resource of patience and persuasion had been tried in vain. +The agents of the French Court, civil, military, and ecclesiastical, had +made some act of force a necessity. We have seen by what vile practices +they produced in Acadia a state of things intolerable, and impossible of +continuance. They conjured up the tempest; and when it burst on the +heads of the unhappy people, they gave no help. The Government of Louis +XV. began with making the Acadians its tools, and ended with making them +its victims. <span class="superscript">[289]</span> </p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_289" name="footer_289"></a> + <span class="superscript">[289]</span> +It may not be remembered that the predecessor of Louis +XV., without the slightest provocation or the pretence of any, gave +orders that the whole Protestant population of the colony of New York, +amounting to about eighteen thousand, should be seized, despoiled of +their property, placed on board his ships, and dispersed among the other +British colonies in such a way that they could not reunite. Want of +power alone prevented the execution of the order. See <i>Frontenac and +New France under Louis XIV</i>., 189, 190.</p> +</div> + + + +<hr /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Chapter_09" id="Chapter_09"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285-V1" id="Page_285-V1">285<br />V1</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents09">CHAPTER IX.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1755.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader">DIESKAU.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + Expedition against Crown Point • William Johnson • + Vaudreuil • Dieskau • Johnson and the Indians • + The Provincial Army • Doubts and Delays • + March to Lake George • Sunday in Camp • + Advance of Dieskau • He changes Plan • + Marches against Johnson • Ambush • Rout of Provincials • + Battle of Lake George • Rout of the French • + Rage of the Mohawks • Peril of Dieskau • + Inaction of Johnson • The Homeward March • + Laurels of Victory. + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> +</div> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">The</span> +next stroke of the campaign was to be the capture of Crown Point, +that dangerous neighbor which, for a quarter of a century, had +threatened the northern colonies. Shirley, in January, had proposed an +attack on it to the Ministry; and in February, without waiting their +reply, he laid the plan before his Assembly. They accepted it, and +voted money for the pay and maintenance of twelve hundred men, provided +the adjacent colonies would contribute in due proportion. +<span class="superscript">[290]</span> Massachusetts showed a military +activity worthy of the reputation she had won. Forty-five hundred of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286-V1" id="Page_286-V1">286<br />V1</a></span> +her +men, or one in eight of her adult males, volunteered to fight the French, +and enlisted for the various expeditions, some in the pay of the province, +and some in that of the King. <span class="superscript">[291]</span> +It remained to name a commander for the Crown Point +enterprise. Nobody had power to do so, for Braddock was not yet come; +but that time might not be lost, Shirley, at the request of his +Assembly, took the responsibility on himself. If he had named a +Massachusetts officer, it would have roused the jealousy of the other +New England colonies; and he therefore appointed William Johnson of New +York, thus gratifying that important province and pleasing the Five +Nations, who at this time looked on Johnson with even more than usual +favor. Hereupon, in reply to his request, Connecticut voted twelve +hundred men, New Hampshire five hundred, and Rhode Island four hundred, +all at their own charge; while New York, a little later, promised eight +hundred more. When, in April, Braddock and the Council at Alexandria +approved the plan and the commander, Shirley gave Johnson the commission +of major-general of the levies of Massachusetts; and the governors of +the other provinces contributing to the expedition gave him similar +commissions for their respective contingents. Never did general take the +field with authority so heterogeneous.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_290" name="footer_290"></a> + <span class="superscript">[290]</span> +<i>Governor Shirley's Message to his Assembly</i>, 13 <i>Feb</i>. +1755. <i>Resolutions of the Assembly of Massachusetts</i>, 18 <i>Feb</i>. 1755. +Shirley's original idea was to build a fort on a rising ground near +Crown Point, in order to command it. This was soon abandoned for the +more honest and more practical plan of direct attack.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_291" name="footer_291"></a> + <span class="superscript">[291]</span> +<i>Correspondence of Shirley, Feb</i>. 1755. The number was +much increased later in the season.</p> +</div> + +<p>He had never seen service, and knew nothing of war. By birth he was +Irish, of good family, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287-V1" id="Page_287-V1">287<br />V1</a></span> +being nephew of Admiral Sir Peter Warren, who, +owning extensive wild lands on the Mohawk, had placed the young man in +charge of them nearly twenty years before. Johnson was born to prosper. +He had ambition, energy, an active mind, a tall, strong person, a rough, +jovial temper, and a quick adaptation to his surroundings. He could +drink flip with Dutch boors, or Madeira with royal governors. He liked +the society of the great, would intrigue and flatter when he had an end +to gain, and foil a rival without looking too closely at the means; but +compared with the Indian traders who infested the border, he was a model +of uprightness. He lived by the Mohawk in a fortified house which was a +stronghold against foes and a scene of hospitality to friends, both +white and red. Here—for his tastes were not fastidious—presided for +many years a Dutch or German wench whom he finally married; and after +her death a young Mohawk squaw took her place. Over his neighbors, the +Indians of the Five Nations, and all others of their race with whom he +had to deal, he acquired a remarkable influence. He liked them, adopted +their ways, and treated them kindly or sternly as the case required, but +always with a justice and honesty in strong contrast with the +rascalities of the commission of Albany traders who had lately managed +their affairs, and whom they so detested that one of their chiefs called +them "not men, but devils." Hence, when Johnson was made Indian +superintendent there was joy through all the Iroquois +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288-V1" id="Page_288-V1">288<br />V1</a></span> +confederacy. When, +in addition, he was made a general, he assembled the warriors in council +to engage them to aid the expedition.</p> + +<p>This meeting took place at his own house, known as Fort Johnson; and as +more than eleven hundred Indians appeared at his call, his larder was +sorely taxed to entertain them. The speeches were interminable. Johnson, +as master of Indian rhetoric, knew his audience too well not to contest +with them the palm of insufferable prolixity. The climax was reached on +the fourth day, and he threw down the war-belt. An Oneida chief took it +up; Stevens, the interpreter, began the war-dance, and the assembled +warriors howled in chorus. Then a tub of punch was brought in, and they +all drank the King's health. <span class="superscript">[292]</span> + They showed less alacrity, however, to +fight his battles, and scarcely three hundred of them would take the +war-path. Too many of their friends and relatives were enlisted for the +French.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_292" name="footer_292"></a> + <span class="superscript">[292]</span> +<i>Report of Conference between Major-General Johnson and +the Indians, June</i>, 1755.</p> +</div> + +<p>While the British colonists were preparing to attack Crown Point, the +French of Canada were preparing to defend it. Duquesne, recalled from +his post, had resigned the government to the Marquis de Vaudreuil, who +had at his disposal the battalions of regulars that had sailed in the +spring from Brest under Baron Dieskau. His first thought was to use them +for the capture of Oswego; but the letters of Braddock, found on the +battle-field, warned him of the design against +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289-V1" id="Page_289-V1">289<br />V1</a></span> +Crown Point; while a +reconnoitring party which had gone as far as the Hudson brought back +news that Johnson's forces were already in the field. Therefore the plan +was changed, and Dieskau was ordered to lead the main body of his +troops, not to Lake Ontario, but to Lake Champlain. He passed up the +Richelieu, and embarked in boats and canoes for Crown Point. The veteran +knew that the foes with whom he had to deal were but a mob of +countrymen. He doubted not of putting them to rout, and meant never to +hold his hand till he had chased them back to Albany. +<span class="superscript">[293]</span> "Make all +haste," Vaudreuil wrote to him; "for when you return we shall send you +to Oswego to execute our first design." <span class="superscript">[294]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_293" name="footer_293"></a> + <span class="superscript">[293]</span> +<i>Bigot au Ministre</i>, 27 <i>Août</i>, 1755. <i>Ibid</i>., 5 +<i>Sept</i>. 1755.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_294" name="footer_294"></a> + <span class="superscript">[294]</span> +<i>Mémoire pour servir d'Instruction à M. le Baron de +Dieskau, Maréchal des Camps et Armées du Roy</i>, 15 +<i>Août</i>, 1755.</p> +</div> +<p>Johnson on his part was preparing to advance. In July about three +thousand provincials were encamped near Albany, some on the "Flats" +above the town, and some on the meadows below. Hither, too, came a swarm +of Johnson's Mohawks,—warriors, squaws, and children. They adorned the +General's face with war-paint, and he danced the war-dance; then with +his sword he cut the first slice from the ox that had been roasted +whole for their entertainment. "I shall be glad," wrote the surgeon of a +New England regiment, "if they fight as eagerly as they ate their ox and +drank their wine."</p> + +<p>Above all things the expedition needed promptness; yet everything moved +slowly. Five popular +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290-V1" id="Page_290-V1">290<br />V1</a></span> +legislatures controlled the troops and the +supplies. Connecticut had refused to send her men till Shirley promised +that her commanding officer should rank next to Johnson. The whole +movement was for some time at a deadlock because the five governments +could not agree about their contributions of artillery and stores. +<span class="superscript">[295]</span> +The New Hampshire regiment had taken a short cut for Crown Point across +the wilderness of Vermont; but had been recalled in time to save them +from probable destruction. They were now with the rest in the camp at +Albany, in such distress for provisions that a private subscription was +proposed for their relief. <span class="superscript">[296]</span> </p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_295" name="footer_295"></a> + <span class="superscript">[295]</span> +<i>The Conduct of Major-General Shirley briefly stated</i> +(London, 1758).</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_296" name="footer_296"></a> + <span class="superscript">[296]</span> +<i>Blanchard to Wentworth</i>, 28 <i>Aug</i>. 1755, in <i>Provincial +Papers of New Hampshire</i>, VI. 429.</p> +</div> + +<p>Johnson's army, crude as it was, had in it good material. Here was +Phineas Lyman, of Connecticut, second in command, once a tutor at Yale +College, and more recently a lawyer,—a raw soldier, but a vigorous and +brave one; Colonel Moses Titcomb, of Massachusetts, who had fought with +credit at Louisbourg; and Ephraim Williams, also colonel of a +Massachusetts regiment, a tall and portly man, who had been a captain in +the last war, member of the General Court, and deputy-sheriff. He made +his will in the camp at Albany, and left a legacy to found the school +which has since become Williams College. His relative, Stephen Williams, +was chaplain of his regiment, and his brother Thomas was its surgeon. +Seth Pomeroy, gunsmith at Northampton, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291-V1" id="Page_291-V1">291<br />V1</a></span> +who, like Titcomb, had seen +service at Louisbourg, was its lieutenant-colonel. He had left a wife at +home, an excellent matron, to whom he was continually writing +affectionate letters, mingling household cares with news of the camp, +and charging her to see that their eldest boy, Seth, then in college at +New Haven, did not run off to the army. Pomeroy had with him his brother +Daniel; and this he thought was enough. Here, too, was a man whose name +is still a household word in New England,—the sturdy Israel Putnam, +private in a Connecticut regiment; and another as bold as he, John +Stark, lieutenant in the New Hampshire levies, and the future victor of +Bennington.</p> + +<p>The soldiers were no soldiers, but farmers and farmers' sons who had +volunteered for the summer campaign. One of the corps had a blue uniform +faced with red. The rest wore their daily clothing. Blankets had been +served out to them by the several provinces, but the greater part +brought their own guns; some under the penalty of a fine if they came +without them, and some under the inducement of a reward. +<span class="superscript">[297]</span> They had +no bayonets, but carried hatchets in their belts as a sort of +substitute. <span class="superscript">[298]</span> +At their sides were slung powder-horns, on which, in +the leisure of the camp, they carved quaint devices with the points of +their jack-knives. They came chiefly from plain New England +homesteads,—rustic abodes, unpainted and dingy, with +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292-V1" id="Page_292-V1">292<br />V1</a></span> +long well-sweeps, +capacious barns, rough fields of pumpkins and corn, and vast kitchen +chimneys, above which in winter hung squashes to keep them from frost, +and guns to keep them from rust.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_297" name="footer_297"></a> + <span class="superscript">[297]</span> +<i>Proclamation of Governor Shirley</i>, 1755.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_298" name="footer_298"></a> + <span class="superscript">[298]</span> +<i>Second Letter to a Friend on the Battle of Lake +George</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>As to the manners and morals of the army there is conflict of evidence. +In some respects nothing could be more exemplary. "Not a chicken has +been stolen," says William Smith, of New York; while, on the other hand, +Colonel Ephraim Williams writes to Colonel Israel Williams, then +commanding on the Massachusetts frontier: "We are a wicked, profane +army, especially the New York and Rhode Island troops. Nothing to be +heard among a great part of them but the language of Hell. If Crown +Point is taken, it will not be for our sakes, but for those good people +left behind." <span class="superscript">[299]</span> There was edifying +regularity in respect to form. Sermons twice a week, daily prayers, and +frequent psalm-singing alternated with the much-needed military drill. +<span class="superscript">[300]</span> "Prayers among us +night and morning," writes Private Jonathan Caswell, of Massachusetts, +to his father. "Here we lie, knowing not when we shall march for Crown +Point; but I hope not long to tarry. Desiring your prayers to God for me +as I am going to war, I am Your Ever Dutiful son." +<span class="superscript">[301]</span> </p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_299" name="footer_299"></a> + <span class="superscript">[299]</span> +<i>Papers of Colonel Israel Williams</i>.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_300" name="footer_300"></a> + <span class="superscript">[300]</span> +<i>Massachusetts Archives</i>.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_301" name="footer_301"></a> + <span class="superscript">[301]</span> +<i>Jonathan Caswell to John Caswell</i>, 6 <i>July</i>, 1755.</p> +</div> + +<p>To Pomeroy and some of his brothers in arms it seemed that they were +engaged in a kind of crusade against the myrmidons of Rome. "As you have +at heart the Protestant cause," he wrote +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293-V1" id="Page_293-V1">293<br />V1</a></span> +to his friend Israel Williams, +"so I ask an interest in your prayers that the Lord of Hosts would go +forth with us and give us victory over our unreasonable, encroaching, +barbarous, murdering enemies."</p> + +<p>Both Williams the surgeon and Williams the colonel chafed at the +incessant delays. "The expedition goes on very much as a snail runs," +writes the former to his wife; "it seems we may possibly see Crown Point +this time twelve months." The Colonel was vexed because everything was +out of joint in the department of transportation: wagoners mutinous for +want of pay; ordnance stores, camp-kettles, and provisions left behind. +"As to rum," he complains, "it won't hold out nine weeks. Things appear +most melancholy to me." Even as he was writing, a report came of the +defeat of Braddock; and, shocked at the blow, his pen traced the words: +"The Lord have mercy on poor New England!"</p> + +<p>Johnson had sent four Mohawk scouts to Canada. They returned on the +twenty-first of August with the report that the French were all astir +with preparation, and that eight thousand men were coming to defend +Crown Point. On this a council of war was called; and it was resolved to +send to the several colonies for reinforcements. +<span class="superscript">[302]</span> Meanwhile the main +body had moved up the river to the spot called the Great Carrying Place, +where Lyman had begun a fortified +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294-V1" id="Page_294-V1">294<br />V1</a></span> +storehouse, which his men called Fort +Lyman, but which was afterwards named Fort Edward. Two Indian trails led +from this point to the waters of Lake Champlain, one by way of Lake +George, and the other by way of Wood Creek. There was doubt which course +the army should take. A road was begun to Wood Creek; then it was +countermanded, and a party was sent to explore the path to Lake George. +"With submission to the general officers," Surgeon Williams again +writes, "I think it a very grand mistake that the business of +reconnoitring was not done months agone." It was resolved at last to +march for Lake George; gangs of axemen were sent to hew out the way; and +on the twenty-sixth two thousand men were ordered to the lake, while +Colonel Blanchard, of New Hampshire, remained with five hundred to +finish and defend Fort Lyman.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_302" name="footer_302"></a> + <span class="superscript">[302]</span> +<i>Minutes of Council of War</i>, 22 <i>Aug</i>. 1755. <i>Ephraim +Williams to Benjamin Dwight</i>, 22 <i>Aug</i>. 1755.</p> +</div> + +<p>The train of Dutch wagons, guarded by the homely soldiery, jolted slowly +over the stumps and roots of the newly made road, and the regiments +followed at their leisure. The hardships of the way were not without +their consolations. The jovial Irishman who held the chief command made +himself very agreeable to the New England officers. "We went on about +four or five miles," says Pomeroy in his Journal, "then stopped, ate +pieces of broken bread and cheese, and drank some fresh lemon-punch and +the best of wine with General Johnson and some of the field-officers." +It was the same on the next day. "Stopped about noon and dined with +General Johnson by +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295-V1" id="Page_295-V1">295<br />V1</a></span> +a small brook under a tree; ate a good dinner of cold +boiled and roast venison; drank good fresh lemon-punch and wine."</p> + +<p>That afternoon they reached their destination, fourteen miles from Fort +Lyman. The most beautiful lake in America lay before them; then more +beautiful than now, in the wild charm of untrodden mountains and virgin +forests. "I have given it the name of Lake George," wrote Johnson to the +Lords of Trade, "not only in honor of His Majesty, but to ascertain his +undoubted dominion here." His men made their camp on a piece of rough +ground by the edge of the water, pitching their tents among the stumps +of the newly felled trees. In their front was a forest of pitch-pine; on +their right, a marsh, choked with alders and swamp-maples; on their +left, the low hill where Fort George was afterwards built; and at their +rear, the lake. Little was done to clear the forest in front, though it +would give excellent cover to an enemy. Nor did Johnson take much pains +to learn the movements of the French in the direction of Crown Point, +though he sent scouts towards South Bay and Wood Creek. Every day stores +and bateaux, or flat boats, came on wagons from Fort Lyman; and +preparation moved on with the leisure that had marked it from the first. +About three hundred Mohawks came to the camp, and were regarded by the +New England men as nuisances. On Sunday the gray-haired Stephen Williams +preached to these savage allies a long Calvinistic sermon, which must +have +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296-V1" id="Page_296-V1">296<br />V1</a></span> +sorely perplexed the interpreter whose business it was to turn it +into Mohawk; and in the afternoon young Chaplain Newell, of Rhode +Island, expounded to the New England men the somewhat untimely text, +"Love your enemies." On the next Sunday, September seventh, Williams +preached again, this time to the whites from a text in Isaiah. It was a +peaceful day, fair and warm, with a few light showers; yet not wholly a +day of rest, for two hundred wagons came up from Fort Lyman, loaded with +bateaux. After the sermon there was an alarm. An Indian scout came in +about sunset, and reported that he had found the trail of a body of men +moving from South Bay towards Fort Lyman. Johnson called for a volunteer +to carry a letter of warning to Colonel Blanchard, the commander. A +wagoner named Adams offered himself for the perilous service, mounted, +and galloped along the road with the letter. Sentries were posted, and +the camp fell asleep.</p> + +<p>While Johnson lay at Lake George, Dieskau prepared a surprise for him. +The German Baron had reached Crown Point at the head of three thousand +five hundred and seventy-three men, regulars, Canadians, and +Indians. <span class="superscript">[303]</span> +He had no thought of waiting there to be attacked. The +troops were told to hold themselves ready to move at a moment's notice. +Officers—so ran the order—will take nothing with them but one spare +shirt, one spare pair of shoes, a blanket, a bearskin, and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297-V1" id="Page_297-V1">297<br />V1</a></span> +provisions +for twelve days; Indians are not to amuse themselves by taking scalps +till the enemy is entirely defeated, since they can kill ten men in the +time required to scalp one. <span class="superscript">[304]</span> +Then Dieskau moved on, with nearly all +his force, to Carillon, or Ticonderoga, a promontory commanding both the +routes by which alone Johnson could advance, that of Wood Creek and that +of Lake George.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_303" name="footer_303"></a> + <span class="superscript">[303]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 25 <i>Sept</i>. 1755.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_304" name="footer_304"></a> + <span class="superscript">[304]</span> +<i>Livre d'Ordres, Août, Sept</i>. 1755.</p> +</div> + +<p>The Indians allies were commanded by Legardeur de Saint-Pierre, the +officer who had received Washington on his embassy to Fort Le Bœuf. +These unmanageable warriors were a constant annoyance to Dieskau, being +a species of humanity quite new to him. "They drive us crazy," he says, +"from morning till night. There is no end to their demands. They have +already eaten five oxen and as many hogs, without counting the kegs of +brandy they have drunk. In short, one needs the patience of an angel to +get on with these devils; and yet one must always force himself to seem +pleased with them." <span class="superscript">[305]</span> </p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_305" name="footer_305"></a> + <span class="superscript">[305]</span> +<i>Dieskau à Vaudreuil</i>, 1 <i>Sept</i>. 1755.</p> +</div> + +<p>They would scarcely even go out as scouts. At last, however, on the +fourth of September, a reconnoitring party came in with a scalp and an +English prisoner caught near Fort Lyman. He was questioned under the +threat of being given to the Indians for torture if he did not tell the +truth; but, nothing daunted, he invented a patriotic falsehood; and +thinking to lure his captors into a trap, told them that the English +army had fallen back to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298-V1" id="Page_298-V1">298<br />V1</a></span> +Albany, leaving five hundred men at Fort Lyman, +which he represented as indefensible. Dieskau resolved on a rapid +movement to seize the place. At noon of the same day, leaving a part of +his force at Ticonderoga, he embarked the rest in canoes and advanced +along the narrow prolongation of Lake Champlain that stretched southward +through the wilderness to where the town of Whitehall now stands. He +soon came to a point where the lake dwindled to a mere canal, while two +mighty rocks, capped with stunted forests, faced each other from the +opposing banks. Here he left an officer named Roquemaure with a +detachment of troops, and again advanced along a belt of quiet water +traced through the midst of a deep marsh, green at that season with +sedge and water-weeds, and known to the English as the Drowned Lands. +Beyond, on either hand, crags feathered with birch and fir, or hills +mantled with woods, looked down on the long procession of canoes. +<span class="superscript">[306]</span> +As they neared the site of Whitehall, a passage opened on the right, the +entrance to a sheet of lonely water slumbering in the shadow of woody +mountains, and forming the lake then, as now, called South Bay. They +advanced to its head, landed where a small stream enters it, left the +canoes under a guard, and began their march through the forest. They +counted in all two hundred and sixteen regulars of the battalions of +Languedoc and La Reine, six hundred +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299-V1" id="Page_299-V1">299<br />V1</a></span> +and eighty-four Canadians, and above +six hundred Indians. <span class="superscript">[307]</span> +Every officer and man carried provisions for +eight days in his knapsack. They encamped at night by a brook, and in +the morning, after hearing Mass, marched again. The evening of the next +day brought them near the road that led to Lake George. Fort Lyman was +but three miles distant. A man on horseback galloped by; it was Adams, +Johnson's unfortunate messenger. The Indians shot him, and found the +letter in his pocket. Soon after, ten or twelve wagons appeared in +charge of mutinous drivers, who had left the English camp without +orders. Several of them were shot, two were taken, and the rest ran off. +The two captives declared that, contrary to the assertion of the +prisoner at Ticonderoga, a large force lay encamped at the lake. The +Indians now held a council, and presently gave out that they would not +attack the fort, which they thought well supplied with cannon, but that +they were willing to attack the camp at Lake George. Remonstrance was +lost upon them. Dieskau was not young, but he was daring to rashness, +and inflamed to emulation by the victory over Braddock. The enemy were +reported greatly to outnumber him; but his Canadian advisers had assured +him that the English colony militia were the worst troops on the face of +the earth. "The more there are," he said to the Canadians and Indians, +"the more we shall kill;" and in the morning the order was given to +march for the lake.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_306" name="footer_306"></a> + <span class="superscript">[306]</span> +I passed this way three weeks ago. There are some points +where the scene is not much changed since Dieskau saw it.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_307" name="footer_307"></a> + <span class="superscript">[307]</span> +<i>Mémoire sur l'Affaire du</i> 8 <i>Septembre</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300-V1" id="Page_300-V1">300<br />V1</a></span> +They moved rapidly on through the waste of pines, and soon entered the +rugged valley that led to Johnson's camp. On their right was a gorge +where, shadowed in bushes, gurgled a gloomy brook; and beyond rose the +cliffs that buttressed the rocky heights of French Mountain, seen by +glimpses between the boughs. On their left rose gradually the lower +slopes of West Mountain. All was rock, thicket, and forest; there was no +open space but the road along which the regulars marched, while the +Canadians and Indians pushed their way through the woods in such order +as the broken ground would permit.</p> + +<p>They were three miles from the lake, when their scouts brought in a +prisoner who told them that a column of English troops was approaching. +Dieskau's preparations were quickly made. While the regulars halted on +the road, the Canadians and Indians moved to the front, where most of +them hid in the forest along the slopes of West Mountain, and the rest +lay close among the thickets on the other side. Thus, when the English +advanced to attack the regulars in front, they would find themselves +caught in a double ambush. No sight or sound betrayed the snare; but +behind every bush crouched a Canadian or a savage, with gun cocked and +ears intent, listening for the tramp of the approaching column.</p> + +<p>The wagoners who escaped the evening before had reached the camp about +midnight, and reported that there was a war-party on the road near Fort +Lyman. Johnson had at this time +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301-V1" id="Page_301-V1">301<br />V1</a></span> +twenty-two hundred effective men, besides his three hundred Indians. +<span class="superscript">[308]</span> He called a council of war in +the morning, and a resolution was taken which can only be explained by a +complete misconception as to the force of the French. It was determined +to send out two detachments of five hundred men each, one towards Fort +Lyman, and the other towards South Bay, the object being, according to +Johnson, "to catch the enemy in their retreat." +<span class="superscript">[309]</span> Hendrick, chief of +the Mohawks, a brave and sagacious warrior, expressed his dissent after +a fashion of his own. He picked up a stick and broke it; then he picked +up several sticks, and showed that together they could not be broken. +The hint was taken, and the two detachments were joined in one. Still +the old savage shook his head. "If they are to be killed," he said, +"they are too many; if they are to fight, they are too few." +Nevertheless, he resolved to share their fortunes; and mounting on a +gun-carriage, he harangued his warriors with a voice so animated and +gestures so expressive, that the New England officers listened in +admiration, though they understood not a word. One difficulty remained. +He was too old and fat to go afoot; but Johnson lent him a horse, which +he bestrode, and trotted to the head of the column, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302-V1" id="Page_302-V1">302<br />V1</a></span> +followed by two +hundred of his warriors as fast as they could grease, paint, and +befeather themselves.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_308" name="footer_308"></a> + <span class="superscript">[308]</span> +<i>Wraxall to Lieutenant-Governor Delancey</i>, 10 <i>Sept</i>. 1755. +Wraxall was Johnson's aide-de-camp and secretary. The <i>Second Letter to +a Friend</i> says twenty-one hundred whites and two hundred or three +hundred Indians. Blodget, who was also on the spot, sets the whites at +two thousand.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_309" name="footer_309"></a> + <span class="superscript">[309]</span> +<i>Letter to the Governors of the several Colonies</i>, 9 <i>Sept</i>. 1755.</p> +</div> + +<p> +Captain Elisha Hawley was in his tent, finishing a letter which he had +just written to his brother Joseph; and these were the last words: "I am +this minute agoing out in company with five hundred men to see if we can +intercept 'em in their retreat, or find their canoes in the Drowned +Lands; and therefore must conclude this letter." He closed and directed +it; and in an hour received his death-wound.</p> + +<p>It was soon after eight o'clock when Ephraim Williams left the camp with +his regiment, marched a little distance, and then waited for the rest of +the detachment under Lieutenant-Colonel Whiting. Thus Dieskau had full +time to lay his ambush. When Whiting came up, the whole moved on +together, so little conscious of danger that no scouts were thrown out +in front or flank; and, in full security, they entered the fatal snare. +Before they were completely involved in it, the sharp eye of old +Hendrick detected some sign of an enemy. At that instant, whether by +accident or design, a gun was fired from the bushes. It is said that +Dieskau's Iroquois, seeing Mohawks, their relatives, in the van, wished +to warn them of danger. If so, the warning came too late. The thickets +on the left blazed out a deadly fire, and the men fell by scores. In the +words of Dieskau, the head of the column "was doubled up like a pack of +cards." Hendrick's horse was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303-V1" id="Page_303-V1">303<br />V1</a></span> +shot down, and the chief was killed with a +bayonet as he tried to rise. Williams, seeing a rising ground on his +right, made for it, calling on his men to follow; but as he climbed the +slope, guns flashed from the bushes, and a shot through the brain laid +him dead. The men in the rear pressed forward to support their comrades, +when a hot fire was suddenly opened on them from the forest along their +right flank. Then there was a panic; some fled outright, and the whole +column recoiled. The van now became the rear, and all the force of the +enemy rushed upon it, shouting and screeching. There was a moment of +total confusion; but a part of Williams's regiment rallied under command +of Whiting, and covered the retreat, fighting behind trees like Indians, +and firing and falling back by turns, bravely aided by some of the +Mohawks and by a detachment which Johnson sent to their aid. "And a very +handsome retreat they made," writes Pomeroy; "and so continued till they +came within about three quarters of a mile of our camp. This was the +last fire our men gave our enemies, which killed great numbers of them; +they were seen to drop as pigeons." So ended the fray long known in New +England fireside story as the "bloody morning scout." Dieskau now +ordered a halt, and sounded his trumpets to collect his scattered men. +His Indians, however, were sullen and unmanageable, and the Canadians +also showed signs of wavering. The veteran who commanded them all, +Legardeur de Saint-Pierre, had been killed. At length they +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304-V1" id="Page_304-V1">304<br />V1</a></span> +were persuaded to move again, the regulars leading the way.</p> + +<p>About an hour after Williams and his men had begun their march, a +distant rattle of musketry was heard at the camp; and as it grew nearer +and louder, the listeners knew that their comrades were on the retreat. +Then, at the eleventh hour, preparations were begun for defence. A sort +of barricade was made along the front of the camp, partly of wagons, and +partly of inverted bateaux, but chiefly of the trunks of trees hastily +hewn down in the neighboring forest and laid end to end in a single row. +The line extended from the southern slopes of the hill on the left +across a tract of rough ground to the marshes on the right. The forest, +choked with bushes and clumps of rank ferns, was within a few yards of +the barricade, and there was scarcely time to hack away the intervening +thickets. Three cannon were planted to sweep the road that descended +through the pines, and another was dragged up to the ridge of the hill. +The defeated party began to come in; first, scared fugitives both white +and red; then, gangs of men bringing the wounded; and at last, an hour +and a half after the first fire was heard, the main detachment was seen +marching in compact bodies down the road.</p> + +<p>Five hundred men were detailed to guard the flanks of the camp. The rest +stood behind the wagons or lay flat behind the logs and inverted +bateaux, the Massachusetts men on the right, and the Connecticut men on +the left. Besides +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305-V1" id="Page_305-V1">305<br />V1</a></span> +Indians, this actual fighting force was between +sixteen and seventeen hundred rustics, very few of whom had been under +fire before that morning. They were hardly at their posts when they saw +ranks of white-coated soldiers moving down the road, and bayonets that +to them seemed innumerable glittering between the boughs. At the same +time a terrific burst of war-whoops rose along the front; and, in the +words of Pomeroy, "the Canadians and Indians, helter-skelter, the woods +full of them, came running with undaunted courage right down the hill +upon us, expecting to make us flee." <span class="superscript">[310]</span> +Some of the men grew uneasy; while the chief officers, sword in hand, +threatened instant death to any who should stir from their posts. +<span class="superscript">[311]</span> If Dieskau had made an assault at +that instant, there could be little doubt of the result.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_310" name="footer_310"></a> + <span class="superscript">[310]</span> +<i>Seth Pomeroy to his Wife</i>, 10 <i>Sept</i>. 1755.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_311" name="footer_311"></a> + <span class="superscript">[311]</span> +<i>Dr. Perez Marsh to William Williams</i>, 25 <i>Sept</i>. 1755.</p> +</div> + +<p>This he well knew; but he was powerless. He had his small force of +regulars well in hand; but the rest, red and white, were beyond control, +scattering through the woods and swamps, shouting, yelling, and firing +from behind trees. The regulars advanced with intrepidity towards the +camp where the trees were thin, deployed, and fired by platoons, till +Captain Eyre, who commanded the artillery, opened on them with grape, +broke their ranks, and compelled them to take to cover. The fusillade +was now general on both sides, and soon grew furious. "Perhaps," Seth +Pomeroy wrote to his wife, two days after, "the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306-V1" id="Page_306-V1">306<br />V1</a></span> +hailstones from heaven +were never much thicker than their bullets came; but, blessed be God! +that did not in the least daunt or disturb us." Johnson received a +flesh-wound in the thigh, and spent the rest of the day in his tent. +Lyman took command; and it is a marvel that he escaped alive, for he was +four hours in the heat of the fire, directing and animating the men. "It +was the most awful day my eyes ever beheld," wrote Surgeon Williams to +his wife; "there seemed to be nothing but thunder and lightning and +perpetual pillars of smoke." To him, his colleague Doctor Pynchon, one +assistant, and a young student called "Billy," fell the charge of the +wounded of his regiment. "The bullets flew about our ears all the time +of dressing them; so we thought best to leave our tent and retire a few +rods behind the shelter of a log-house." On the adjacent hill stood one +Blodget, who seems to have been a sutler, watching, as well as bushes, +trees, and smoke would let him, the progress of the fight, of which he +soon after made and published a curious bird's-eye view. As the wounded +men were carried to the rear, the wagoners about the camp took their +guns and powder-horns, and joined in the fray. A Mohawk, seeing one of +these men still unarmed, leaped over the barricade, tomahawked the +nearest Canadian, snatched his gun, and darted back unhurt. The brave +savage found no imitators among his tribesmen, most of whom did nothing +but utter a few war-whoops, saying that they had come to see their +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307-V1" id="Page_307-V1">307<br />V1</a></span> +English brothers fight. Some of the French Indians opened a distant +flank fire from the high ground beyond the swamp on the right, but were +driven off by a few shells dropped among them.</p> + +<p>Dieskau had directed his first attack against the left and centre of +Johnson's position. Making no impression here, he tried to force the +right, where lay the regiments of Titcomb, Ruggles, and Williams. The +fire was hot for about an hour. Titcomb was shot dead, a rod in front of +the barricade, firing from behind a tree like a common soldier. At +length Dieskau, exposing himself within short range of the English line, +was hit in the leg. His adjutant, Montreuil, himself wounded, came to +his aid, and was washing the injured limb with brandy, when the +unfortunate commander was again hit in the knee and thigh. He seated +himself behind a tree, while the Adjutant called two Canadians to carry +him to the rear. One of them was instantly shot down. Montreuil took his +place; but Dieskau refused to be moved, bitterly denounced the Canadians +and Indians, and ordered the Adjutant to leave him and lead the regulars +in a last effort against the camp.</p> + +<p>It was too late. Johnson's men, singly or in small squads, already +crossing their row of logs; and in a few moments the whole dashed +forward with a shout, falling upon the enemy with hatchets and the butts +of their guns. The French and their allies fled. The wounded General +still sat helpless by the tree, when he saw a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308-V1" id="Page_308-V1">308<br />V1</a></span> +soldier aiming at him. He +signed to the man not to fire; but he pulled trigger, shot him across +the hips, leaped upon him, and ordered him in French to surrender. "I +said," writes Dieskau, "'You rascal, why did you fire? You see a man +lying in his blood on the ground, and you shoot him!' He answered: 'How +did I know that you had not got a pistol? I had rather kill the devil +than have the devil kill me.' 'You are a Frenchman?' I asked. 'Yes,' he +replied; 'it is more than ten years since I left Canada;' whereupon +several others fell on me and stripped me. I told them to carry me to +their general, which they did. On learning who I was, he sent for +surgeons, and, though wounded himself, refused all assistance till my +wounds were dressed." <span class="superscript">[312]</span> </p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_312" name="footer_312"></a> + <span class="superscript">[312]</span> +<i>Dialogue entre le Maréchal de Saxe et le Baron de Dieskau aux Champs +Élysées</i>. This paper is in the Archives de la Guerre, +and was evidently written or inspired by Dieskau himself. In spite of +its fanciful form, it is a sober statement of the events of the +campaign. There is a translation of it in <i>N. Y. Col. Docs.</i>, +X. 340.</p> +</div> + +<p>It was near five o'clock when the final rout took place. Some time +before, several hundred of the Canadians and Indians had left the field +and returned to the scene of the morning fight, to plunder and scalp the +dead. They were resting themselves near a pool in the forest, close +beside the road, when their repose was interrupted by a volley of +bullets. It was fired by a scouting party from Fort Lyman, chiefly +backwoodsmen, under Captains Folsom and McGinnis. The assailants were +greatly outnumbered; but after a hard fight the Canadians and Indians +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309-V1" id="Page_309-V1">309<br />V1</a></span> +broke and fled. McGinnis was mortally wounded. He continued to give +orders till the firing was over; then fainted, and was carried, dying, +to the camp. The bodies of the slain, according to tradition, were +thrown into the pool, which bears to this day the name of Bloody Pond.</p> + +<p>The various bands of fugitives rejoined each other towards night, and +encamped in the forest; then made their way round the southern shoulder +of French Mountain, till, in the next evening, they reached their +canoes. Their plight was deplorable; for they had left their knapsacks +behind, and were spent with fatigue and famine.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile their captive general was not yet out of danger. The Mohawks +were furious at their losses in the ambush of the morning, and above all +at the death of Hendrick. Scarcely were Dieskau's wounds dressed, when +several of them came into the tent. There was a long and angry dispute +in their own language between them and Johnson, after which they went +out very sullenly. Dieskau asked what they wanted. "What do they want?" +returned Johnson. "To burn you, by God, eat you, and smoke you in their +pipes, in revenge for three or four of their chiefs that were killed. +But never fear; you shall be safe with me, or else they shall kill us +both." <span class="superscript">[313]</span> +The Mohawks soon came back, and another talk ensued, excited +at first, and then more calm; till at length +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310-V1" id="Page_310-V1">310<br />V1</a></span> +the visitors, seemingly +appeased, smiled, gave Dieskau their hands in sign of friendship, and +quietly went out again. Johnson warned him that he was not yet safe; and +when the prisoner, fearing that his presence might incommode his host, +asked to be removed to another tent, a captain and fifty men were +ordered to guard him. In the morning an Indian, alone and apparently +unarmed, loitered about the entrance, and the stupid sentinel let him +pass in. He immediately drew a sword from under a sort of cloak which he +wore, and tried to stab Dieskau; but was prevented by the Colonel to +whom the tent belonged, who seized upon him, took away his sword, and +pushed him out. As soon as his wounds would permit, Dieskau was carried +on a litter, strongly escorted, to Fort Lyman, whence he was sent to +Albany, and afterwards to New York. He is profuse in expressions of +gratitude for the kindness shown him by the colonial officers, and +especially by Johnson. Of the provincial soldiers he remarked soon after +the battle that in the morning they fought like good boys, about noon +like men, and in the afternoon like devils. +<span class="superscript">[314]</span> In the spring of 1757 +he sailed for England, and was for a time at Falmouth; whence Colonel +Matthew Sewell, fearing that he might see and learn too much, wrote to +the Earl of Holdernesse: "The Baron has great penetration and quickness +of apprehension. His long service under Marshal Saxe renders him a man +of real consequence, to be +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311-V1" id="Page_311-V1">311<br />V1</a></span> +cautiously observed. His circumstances +deserve compassion, for indeed they are very melancholy, and I much +doubt of his being ever perfectly cured." He was afterwards a long time +at Bath, for the benefit of the waters. In 1760 the famous Diderot met +him at Paris, cheerful and full of anecdote, though wretchedly shattered +by his wounds. He died a few years later.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_313" name="footer_313"></a> + <span class="superscript">[313]</span> +See the story as told by Dieskau to the celebrated Diderot, at Paris, +in 1760. <i>Mémoires de Diderot</i>, I. 402 (1830). +Compare <i>N. Y. Col. Docs.</i>, X. 343.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_314" name="footer_314"></a> + <span class="superscript">[314]</span> +<i>Dr. Perez Marsh to William Williams</i>, 25 <i>Sept</i>. 1755.</p> +</div> + +<p>On the night after the battle the yeomen warriors felt the truth of the +saying that, next to defeat, the saddest thing is victory. Comrades and +friends by scores lay scattered through the forest. As soon as he could +snatch a moment's leisure, the overworked surgeon sent the dismal +tidings to his wife: "My dear brother Ephraim was killed by a ball +through his head; poor brother Josiah's wound I fear will prove mortal; +poor Captain Hawley is yet alive, though I did not think he would live +two hours after bringing him in." Daniel Pomeroy was shot dead; and his +brother Seth wrote the news to his wife Rachel, who was just delivered +of a child: "Dear Sister, this brings heavy tidings; but let not your +heart sink at the news, though it be your loss of a dear husband. Monday +the eighth instant was a memorable day; and truly you may say, had not +the Lord been on our side, we must all have been swallowed up. My +brother, being one that went out in the first engagement, received a +fatal shot through the middle of the head." Seth Pomeroy found a moment +to write also to his own wife, whom he tells that another attack is +expected; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312-V1" id="Page_312-V1">312<br />V1</a></span> +adding, in quaintly pious phrase: "But as God hath begun to +show mercy, I hope he will go on to be gracious." Pomeroy was employed +during the next few days with four hundred men in what he calls "the +melancholy piece of business" of burying the dead. A letter-writer of +the time does not approve what was done on this occasion. "Our people," +he says, "not only buried the French dead, but buried as many of them as +might be without the knowledge of our Indians, to prevent their being +scalped. This I call an excess of civility;" his reason being that +Braddock's dead soldiers had been left to the wolves.</p> + +<p>The English loss in killed, wounded, and missing was two hundred and +sixty-two; <span class="superscript">[315]</span> and that of the French +by their own account, two hundred and twenty-eight, +<span class="superscript">[316]</span>—a somewhat modest result of +five hours' fighting. The English loss was chiefly in the ambush of the morning, +where the killed greatly outnumbered the wounded, because those who fell +and could not be carried away were tomahawked by Dieskau's Indians. In +the fight at the camp, both Indians and Canadians kept themselves so +well under cover that it was very difficult for the New England men to +pick them off, while they on their part lay close behind their row of +logs. On the French side, the regular officers and troops bore the brunt +of the battle +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313-V1" id="Page_313-V1">313<br />V1</a></span> +and suffered the chief loss, nearly all of the former and +nearly half of the latter being killed or wounded.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_315" name="footer_315"></a> + <span class="superscript">[315]</span> +<i>Return of Killed, Wounded, and Missing at the Battle of +Lake George</i>.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_316" name="footer_316"></a> + <span class="superscript">[316]</span> +<i>Doreil au Ministre</i>, 20 <i>Oct</i>. 1755. Surgeon Williams +gives the English loss as two hundred and sixteen killed, and ninety-six +wounded. Pomeroy thinks that the French lost four or five hundred. +Johnson places their loss at four hundred.</p> +</div> + +<p>Johnson did not follow up his success. He says that his men were tired. +Yet five hundred of them had stood still all day, and boats enough for +their transportation were lying on the beach. Ten miles down the lake, a +path led over a gorge of the mountains to South Bay, where Dieskau had +left his canoes and provisions. It needed but a few hours to reach and +destroy them; but no such attempt was made. Nor, till a week after, did +Johnson send out scouts to learn the strength of the enemy at +Ticonderoga. Lyman strongly urged him to make an effort to seize that +important pass; but Johnson thought only of holding his own position. "I +think," he wrote, "we may expect very shortly a more formidable attack." +He made a solid breastwork to defend his camp; and as reinforcements +arrived, set them at building a fort on a rising ground by the lake. It +is true that just after the battle he was deficient in stores, and had +not bateaux enough to move his whole force. It is true, also, that he +was wounded, and that he was too jealous of Lyman to delegate the +command to him; and so the days passed till, within a fortnight, his +nimble enemy were entrenched at Ticonderoga in force enough to defy him.</p> + +<p>The Crown Point expedition was a failure disguised under an incidental +success. The northern provinces, especially Massachusetts and +Connecticut, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314-V1" id="Page_314-V1">314<br />V1</a></span> +did what they could to forward it, and after the battle +sent a herd of raw recruits to the scene of action. Shirley wrote to +Johnson from Oswego; declared that his reasons for not advancing were +insufficient, and urged him to push for Ticonderoga at once. Johnson +replied that he had not wagons enough, and that his troops were +ill-clothed, ill-fed, discontented, insubordinate, and sickly. He +complained that discipline was out of the question, because the officers +were chosen by popular election; that many of them were no better than +the men, unfit for command, and like so many "heads of a mob." +<span class="superscript">[317]</span> The +reinforcements began to come in, till, in October, there were thirty-six +hundred men in the camp; and as most of them wore summer clothing and +had but one thin domestic blanket, they were half frozen in the chill +autumn nights.</p> + + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_317" name="footer_317"></a> + <span class="superscript">[317]</span> +<i>Shirley to Johnson</i>, 19 <i>Sept</i>. 1755. <i>Ibid</i>., +24 <i>Sept</i>. 1755. <i>Johnson to Shirley</i>, 22 <i>Sept</i>. 1755. +<i>Johnson to Phipps</i>, 10 <i>Oct</i>. 1755 (Massachusetts Archives).</p> +</div> + + +<p>Johnson called a council of war; and as he was suffering from inflamed +eyes, and was still kept in his tent by his wound, he asked Lyman to +preside,—not unwilling, perhaps, to shift the responsibility upon him. +After several sessions and much debate, the assembled officers decided +that it was inexpedient to proceed. <span class="superscript">[318]</span> +Yet the army lay more than a +month longer at the lake, while the disgust of the men increased daily +under the rains, frosts, and snows of a dreary November. On the +twenty-second, Chandler, chaplain of one of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315-V1" id="Page_315-V1">315<br />V1</a></span> +Massachusetts regiments, +wrote in the interleaved almanac that served him as a diary: "The men +just ready to mutiny. Some clubbed their firelocks and marched, but +returned back. Very rainy night. Miry water standing the tents. Very +distressing time among the sick." The men grew more and more unruly, and +went off in squads without asking leave. A difficult question arose: Who +should stay for the winter to garrison the new forts, and who should +command them? It was settled at last that a certain number of soldiers +from each province should be assigned to this ungrateful service, and +that Massachusetts should have the first officer, Connecticut the +second, and New York the third. Then the camp broke up. "Thursday the +27th," wrote the chaplain in his almanac, "we set out about ten of the +clock, marched in a body, about three thousand, the wagons and baggage +in the centre, our colonel much insulted by the way." The soldiers +dispersed to their villages and farms, where in blustering winter +nights, by the blazing logs of New England hearthstones, they told +their friends and neighbors the story of the campaign.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_318" name="footer_318"></a> + <span class="superscript">[318]</span> +<i>Reports of Council of War</i>, 11-21 <i>Oct</i>. 1755.</p> +</div> + +<p>The profit of it fell to Johnson. If he did not gather the fruits of +victory, at least he reaped its laurels. He was a courtier in his rough +way. He had changed the name of Lac St. Sacrement to Lake George, in +compliment to the King. He now changed that of Fort Lyman to Fort Edward, +in compliment to one of the King's grandsons; and, in compliment to +another, called his new fort at the lake, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316-V1" id="Page_316-V1">316<br />V1</a></span> +William Henry. Of General Lyman he made no mention in +his report of the battle, and his partisans wrote letters traducing +that brave officer; though Johnson is said to have confessed in private +that he owed him the victory. He himself found no lack of eulogists; +and, to quote the words of an able but somewhat caustic and prejudiced +opponent, "to the panegyrical pen of his secretary, Mr. Wraxall, and the +<i>sic volo sic jubeo</i> of Lieutenant-Governor Delancey, is to be ascribed +that mighty renown which echoed through the colonies, reverberated to +Europe, and elevated a raw, inexperienced youth into a kind of second +Marlborough." <span class="superscript">[319]</span> +Parliament gave him five thousand pounds, and the King +made him a baronet.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_319" name="footer_319"></a> + <span class="superscript">[319]</span> +<i>Review of Military Operations in North America, in a +Letter to a Nobleman</i> (ascribed to William Livingston).</p> +<p> +On the Battle of Lake George a mass of papers will be found in the <i>N. Y. +Col. Docs.</i>, Vols. VI. and X. Those in Vol. VI., taken chiefly from the +archives of New York, consist of official and private letters, reports, +etc., on the English side. Those in Vol. X. are drawn chiefly from the +archives of the French War Department, and include the correspondence of +Dieskau and his adjutant Montreuil. I have examined most of them in the +original. Besides these I have obtained from the Archives de la Marine +and other sources a number of important additional papers, which have +never been printed, including Vaudreuil's reports to the Minister of +War, and his strictures on Dieskau, whom he accuses of disobeying orders +by dividing his force; also the translation of an English journal of the +campaign found in the pocket of a captured officer, and a long account +of the battle sent by Bigot to the Minister of Marine, 4 Oct. 1755.</p> + +<p>I owe to the kindness of Theodore Pomeroy, Esq., a copy of the Journal +of Lieutenant-Colonel Seth Pomeroy, whose letters are full of interest; +as are those of Surgeon Williams, from the collection of William L. +Stone, Esq. The papers of Colonel Israel Williams, in the Library of the +Massachusetts Historical Society, contain many other curious letters +relating to the campaign, extracts from some of which are given in the +text. One of the most curious records of the battle is <i>A +Prospective-Plan of the Battle near Lake George, with an Explanation +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317-V1" id="Page_317-V1">317<br />V1</a></span> +thereof, containing a full, though short, History of that important +Affair, by Samuel Blodget, occasionally at the Camp when the Battle was +fought</i>. It is an engraving, printed at Boston soon after the fight, of +which it gives a clear idea. Four years after, Blodget opened a shop in +Boston, where, as appears by his advertisements in the newspapers, he +sold "English Goods, also English Hatts, etc." The engraving is +reproduced in the <i>Documentary History of New York</i>, IV., and +elsewhere. The <i>Explanation thereof</i> is only to be found complete in the +original. This, as well as the anonymous <i>Second Letter to a Friend</i>, +also printed at Boston in 1755, is excellent for the information it +gives as to the condition of the ground where the conflict took place, +and the position of the combatants. The unpublished Archives of +Massachusetts; the correspondence of Sir William Johnson; the <i>Review of +Military Operations in North America</i>; Dwight, <i>Travels in New England +and New York</i>, III.; and Hoyt, <i>Antiquarian Researches on Indian +Wars,</i>—should also be mentioned. Dwight and Hoyt drew their information +from aged survivors of the battle. I have repeatedly examined the +localities.</p> + +<p class="space-bottom"> +In the odd effusion of the colonial muse called <i>Tilden's Poems, chiefly +to Animate and Rouse the Soldiers, printed 1756</i>, is a piece styled <i>The +Christian Hero, or New England's Triumphs</i>, beginning with the +invocation,—</p> + +<div class="poem1"> +<p class="poem1 indent30 left-indent10">"O Heaven, indulge my feeble Muse,</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25 left-indent10">Teach her what numbers for to choose!"</p> +</div> + +<p class="noindent space-top space-bottom">and containing the following stanza:—</p> + +<div class="poem1"> +<p class="poem1 indent30 left-indent10">"Their Dieskau we from them detain,</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25 left-indent10">While Canada aloud complains</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25 left-indent10">And counts the numbers of their slain</p> +<p class="poem1 indent15 left-indent10">And makes a dire complaint;</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25 left-indent10">The Indians to their demon gods;</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25 left-indent10">And with the French there's little odds,</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25 left-indent10">While images receive their nods,</p> +<p class="poem1 indent15 left-indent10">Invoking rotten saints."</p> +</div> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Chapter_10" id="Chapter_10"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318-V1" id="Page_318-V1">318<br />V1</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents10">CHAPTER X.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1755, 1756.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader">SHIRLEY. BORDER WAR.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + The Niagara Campaign • Albany • March to Oswego • + Difficulties • The Expedition abandoned • + Shirley and Johnson • Results of the Campaign • + The Scourge of the Border • Trials of Washington • + Misery of the Settlers • Horror of their Situation • + Philadelphia and the Quakers • Disputes with the Penns • + Democracy and Feudalism • Pennsylvanian Population • + Appeals from the Frontier • Quarrel of Governor and Assembly • + Help refused • Desperation of the Borderers • + Fire and Slaughter • The Assembly alarmed • + They pass a mock Militia Law • They are forced to yield. + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> +</div> + + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">The</span> +capture of Niagara was to finish the work of the summer. This alone +would have gained for England the control of the valley of the Ohio, and +made Braddock's expedition superfluous. One marvels at the +short-sightedness, the dissensions, the apathy which had left this key +of the interior so long in the hands of France without an effort to +wrest it from her. To master Niagara would be to cut the communications +of Canada with the whole system of French forts and settlements in the +West, and leave them to perish like limbs of a girdled tree.</p> + +<p>Major-General Shirley, in the flush of his new martial honors, was to +try his prentice hand at the work. The lawyer-soldier could plan a +campaign boldly and well. It remained to see how +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319-V1" id="Page_319-V1">319<br />V1</a></span> +he would do his part towards executing it. In July he arrived at Albany, +the starting-point of his own expedition as well as that of Johnson. This +little Dutch city was an outpost of civilization. The Hudson, descending +from the northern wilderness, connected it with the lakes and streams that +formed the thoroughfare to Canada; while the Mohawk, flowing from the west, +was a liquid pathway to the forest homes of the Five Nations. Before the war +was over, a little girl, Anne MacVicar, daughter of a Highland officer, +was left at Albany by her father, and spent several years there in the +house of Mrs. Schuyler, aunt of General Schuyler of the Revolution. Long +after, married and middle-aged, she wrote down her recollections of the +place,—the fort on the hill behind; the great street, grassy and broad, +that descended thence to the river, with market, guard-house, town-hall, +and two churches in the middle, and rows of quaint Dutch-built houses on +both sides, each detached from its neighbors, each with its well, +garden, and green, and its great overshadowing tree. Before every house +was a capacious porch, with seats where the people gathered in the +summer twilight; old men at one door, matrons at another, young men and +girls mingling at a third; while the cows with their tinkling bells came +from the common at the end of the town, each stopping to be milked at +the door of its owner; and children, porringer in hand, sat on the +steps, watching the process and waiting their evening meal.</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320-V1" id="Page_320-V1">320<br />V1</a></span> +Such was the quiet picture painted on the memory of Anne MacVicar, and +reproduced by the pen of Mrs. Anne Grant. +<span class="superscript">[320]</span> The patriarchal, +semi-rural town had other aspects, not so pleasing. The men were mainly +engaged in the fur-trade, sometimes legally with the Five Nations, and +sometimes illegally with the Indians of Canada,—an occupation which by +no means tends to soften the character. The Albany Dutch traders were a +rude, hard race, loving money, and not always scrupulous as to the means +of getting it. Coming events, too, were soon to have their effect on +this secluded community. Regiments, red and blue, trumpets, drums, +banners, artillery trains, and all the din of war transformed its +peaceful streets, and brought some attaint to domestic morals hitherto +commendable; for during the next five years Albany was to be the +principal base of military operations on the continent.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_320" name="footer_320"></a> + <span class="superscript">[320]</span> +<i>Memoirs of an American Lady</i> (Mrs. Schuyler), Chap. VI. +A genuine picture of colonial life, and a charming book, though far from +being historically trustworthy. Compare the account of Albany in Kalm, +II. 102.</p> +</div> + +<p>Shirley had left the place, and was now on his way up the Mohawk. His +force, much smaller than at first intended, consisted of the New Jersey +regiment, which mustered five hundred men, known as the Jersey Blues, +and of the fiftieth and fifty-first regiments, called respectively +Shirley's and Pepperell's. These, though paid by the King and counted as +regulars, were in fact raw provincials, just raised in the colonies, and +wearing their gay uniforms with an awkward, unaccustomed air. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321-V1" id="Page_321-V1">321<br />V1</a></span> +How they gloried in them may be gathered from a letter of Sergeant James +Gray, of Pepperell's, to his brother John: "I have two Holland shirts, +found me by the King, and two pair of shoes and two pair of worsted +stockings; a good silver-laced hat (the lace I could sell for four +dollars); and my clothes is as fine scarlet broadcloth as ever you did +see. A sergeant here in the King's regiment is counted as good as an +ensign with you; and one day in every week we must have our hair or wigs +powdered." <span class="superscript">[321]</span> Most of these gorgeous +warriors were already on their way to Oswego, their first destination.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_321" name="footer_321"></a> + <span class="superscript">[321]</span> +<i>James Gray to John Gray</i>, 11 <i>July</i>, 1755.</p> +</div> + + +<p>Shirley followed, embarking at the Dutch village of Schenectady, and +ascending the Mohawk with about two hundred of the so-called regulars in +bateaux. They passed Fort Johnson, the two villages of the Mohawks, and +the Palatine settlement of German Flats; left behind the last trace of +civilized man, rowed sixty miles through a wilderness, and reached the +Great Carrying Place, which divided the waters that flow to the Hudson +from those that flow to Lake Ontario. Here now stands the city which the +classic zeal of its founders has adorned with the name of Rome. Then all +was swamp and forest, traversed by a track that led to Wood +Creek,—which is not to be confounded with the Wood Creek of Lake +Champlain. Thither the bateaux were dragged on sledges and launched on +the dark and tortuous stream, which, fed by a decoction of forest leaves +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322-V1" id="Page_322-V1">322<br />V1</a></span> +that oozed from the marshy shores, crept in shadow through depths of +foliage, with only a belt of illumined sky gleaming between the jagged +tree-tops. Tall and lean with straining towards the light, their rough, +gaunt stems trickling with perpetual damps, stood on either hand the +silent hosts of the forest. The skeletons of their dead, barkless, +blanched, and shattered, strewed the mudbanks and shallows; others lay +submerged, like bones of drowned mammoths, thrusting lank, white limbs +above the sullen water; and great trees, entire as yet, were flung by +age or storms athwart the current,—a bristling barricade of matted +boughs. There was work for the axe as well as for the oar; till at +length Lake Oneida opened before them, and they rowed all day over its +sunny breast, reached the outlet, and drifted down the shallow eddies of +the Onondaga, between walls of verdure, silent as death, yet haunted +everywhere with ambushed danger. It was twenty days after leaving +Schenectady when they neared the mouth of the river; and Lake Ontario +greeted them, stretched like a sea to the pale brink of the northern +sky, while on the bare hill at their left stood the miserable little +fort of Oswego.</p> + +<p>Shirley's whole force soon arrived; but not the needful provisions and +stores. The machinery of transportation and the commissariat was in the +bewildered state inevitable among a peaceful people at the beginning of +a war; while the news of Braddock's defeat produced such an effect on +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323-V1" id="Page_323-V1">323<br />V1</a></span> +the boatmen and the draymen at the carrying-places, that the greater +part deserted. Along with these disheartening tidings, Shirley learned +the death of his eldest son, killed at the side of Braddock. He had with +him a second son, Captain John Shirley, a vivacious young man, whom his +father and his father's friends in their familiar correspondence always +called "Jack." John Shirley's letters give a lively view of the +situation.</p> + +<p>"I have sat down to write to you,"—thus he addresses Governor Morris, +of Pennsylvania, who seems to have had a great liking for him,—"because +there is an opportunity of sending you a few lines; and if you will +promise to excuse blots, interlineations, and grease (for this is +written in the open air, upon the head of a pork-barrel, and twenty +people about me), I will begin another half-sheet. We are not more than +about fifteen hundred men fit for duty; but that, I am pretty sure, if we +can go in time in our sloop, schooner, row-galleys, and whale-boats, will +be sufficient to take Frontenac; after which we may venture to go upon +the attack of Niagara, but not before. I have not the least doubt with +myself of knocking down both these places yet this fall, if we can get +away in a week. If we take or destroy their two vessels at Frontenac, +and ruin their harbor there, and destroy the two forts of that and +Niagara, I shall think we have done great things. Nobody holds it out +better than my father and myself. We shall all of us relish a good house +over our heads, being all encamped, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324-V1" id="Page_324-V1">324<br />V1</a></span> +except the General and some few +field-officers, who have what are called at Oswego houses; but they +would in other countries be called only sheds, except the fort, where my +father is. Adieu, dear sir; I hope my next will be directed from +Frontenac. Yours most affectionately, John Shirley." +<span class="superscript">[322]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_322" name="footer_322"></a> + <span class="superscript">[322]</span> +The young author of this letter was, like his brother, a +victim of the war.</p> +<p> +"Permit me, good sir, to offer you my hearty condolence upon the death +of my friend Jack, whose worth I admired, and feel for him more than I +can express…. Few men of his age had so many friends." <i>Governor +Morris to Shirley</i>, 27 <i>Nov</i>. 1755.</p> +<p> +"My heart bleeds for Mr. Shirley. He must be overwhelmed with Grief when +he hears of Capt. John Shirley's Death, of which I have an Account by +the last Post from New York, where he died of a Flux and Fever that he +had contracted at Oswego. The loss of Two Sons in one Campaign scarcely +admits of Consolation. I feel the Anguish of the unhappy Father, and mix +my Tears very heartily with his. I have had an intimate Acquaintance +with Both of Them for many Years, and know well their inestimable +Value." <i>Morris to Dinwiddie</i>, 29 <i>Nov</i>. 1755.</p> +</div> + +<p>Fort Frontenac lay to the northward, fifty miles or more across the +lake. Niagara lay to the westward, at the distance of four or five days +by boat or canoe along the south shore. At Frontenac there was a French +force of fourteen hundred regulars and Canadians. +<span class="superscript">[323]</span> They had vessels +and canoes to cross the lake and fall upon Oswego as soon as Shirley +should leave it to attack Niagara; for Braddock's captured papers had +revealed to them the English plan. If they should take it, Shirley would +be cut off from his supplies and placed in desperate jeopardy, with the +enemy in his rear. Hence it is that John Shirley insists on taking +Frontenac before attempting Niagara. But the task was not easy; for the +French force +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325-V1" id="Page_325-V1">325<br />V1</a></span> +at the former place was about equal in effective strength +to that of the English at Oswego. At Niagara, too, the French had, at +the end of August, nearly twelve hundred Canadians and Indians from Fort +Duquesne and the upper lakes. <span class="superscript">[324]</span> +Shirley was but imperfectly informed +by his scouts of the unexpected strength of the opposition that awaited +him; but he knew enough to see that his position was a difficult one. +His movement on Niagara was stopped, first by want of provisions, and +secondly because he was checkmated by the troops at Frontenac. He did +not despair. Want of courage was not among his failings, and he was but +too ready to take risks. He called a council of officers, told them that +the total number of men fit for duty was thirteen hundred and +seventy-six, and that as soon as provisions enough should arrive he +would embark for Niagara with six hundred soldiers and as many Indians +as possible, leaving the rest to defend Oswego against the expected +attack from Fort Frontenac. <span class="superscript">[325]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_323" name="footer_323"></a> + <span class="superscript">[323]</span> +<i>Bigot au Ministre</i>, 27 <i>Août</i>, 1755.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_324" name="footer_324"></a> + <span class="superscript">[324]</span> +<i>Bigot au Ministre</i>, 5 <i>Sept</i>. 1755.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_325" name="footer_325"></a> + <span class="superscript">[325]</span> +<i>Minutes of a Council of War at Oswego</i>, 18 <i>Sept</i>. 1755.</p> +</div> + +<p>"All I am uneasy about is our provisions," writes John Shirley to his +friend Morris; "our men have been upon half allowance of bread these +three weeks past, and no rum given to 'em. My father yesterday called +all the Indians together and made 'em a speech on the subject of General +Johnson's engagement, which he calculated to inspire them with a spirit +of revenge." After the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326-V1" id="Page_326-V1">326<br />V1</a></span> +speech he gave them a bullock for a feast, which +they roasted and ate, pretending that they were eating the Governor of +Canada! Some provisions arriving, orders were given to embark on the +next day; but the officers murmured their dissent. The weather was +persistently bad, their vessels would not hold half the party, and the +bateaux, made only for river navigation, would infallibly founder on the +treacherous and stormy lake. "All the field-officers," says John +Shirley, "think it too rash an attempt; and I have heard so much of it +that I think it my duty to let my father know what I hear." Another +council was called; and the General, reluctantly convinced of the +danger, put the question whether to go or not. The situation admitted +but one reply. The council was of opinion that for the present the +enterprise was impracticable; that Oswego should be strengthened, more +vessels built, and preparation made to renew the attempt as soon as +spring opened. <span class="superscript">[326]</span> +All thoughts of active operations were now +suspended, and during what was left of the season the troops exchanged +the musket for the spade, saw, and axe. At the end of October, leaving +seven hundred men at Oswego, Shirley returned to Albany, and narrowly +escaped drowning on the way, while passing a rapid in a whale-boat, to +try the fitness of that species of craft for river navigation. +<span class="superscript">[327]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_326" name="footer_326"></a> + <span class="superscript">[326]</span> +<i>Minutes of a Council of War at Oswego</i>, 27 <i>Sept.</i> 1755.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_327" name="footer_327"></a> + <span class="superscript">[327]</span> +On the Niagara expedition, <i>Braddock's Instructions to +Major-General Shirley. Correspondence of Shirley</i>, 1755. +<i>Conduct of Major-General Shirley</i> (London, 1758). +Letters of John Shirley in <i>Pennsylvania Archives</i>, II. +<i>Bradstreet to Shirley</i>, 17 <i>Aug.</i> 1755. +MSS. in Massachusetts Archives. +<i>Review of Military Operations in North America. +Gentleman's Magazine</i>, 1757, p. 73. +<i>London Magazine,</i> 1759, p. 594. +Trumbull, <i>Hist. Connecticut</i>, II. 370.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327-V1" id="Page_327-V1">327<br />V1</a></span> +Unfortunately for him, he had fallen out with Johnson, whom he had made +what he was, but who now turned against him,—a seeming ingratitude not +wholly unprovoked. Shirley had diverted the New Jersey regiment, +destined originally for Crown Point, to his own expedition against +Niagara. Naturally inclined to keep all the reins in his own hands, he +had encroached on Johnson's new office of Indian superintendent, held +conferences with the Five Nations, and employed agents of his own to +deal with them. These agents were persons obnoxious to Johnson, being +allied with the clique of Dutch traders at Albany, who hated him because +he had supplanted them in the direction of Indian affairs; and in a +violent letter to the Lords of Trade, he inveighs against their +"licentious and abandoned proceedings," "villanous conduct," "scurrilous +falsehoods," and "base and insolent behavior." +<span class="superscript">[328]</span> "I am considerable +enough," he says, "to have enemies and to be envied;" +<span class="superscript">[329]</span> and he +declares he has proof that Shirley told the Mohawks that he, Johnson, +was an upstart of his creating, whom he had set up and could pull down. +Again, he charges Shirley's agents with trying to "debauch the Indians +from joining him;" while Shirley, on his side, retorts the same +complaint against his accuser. <span class="superscript">[330]</span> When, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328-V1" id="Page_328-V1">328<br />V1</a></span> +by the death of Braddock, +Shirley became commander-in-chief, Johnson grew so restive at being +subject to his instructions that he declined to hold the management of +Indian affairs unless it was made independent of his rival. The dispute +became mingled with the teapot-tempest of New York provincial politics. +The Lieutenant-Governor, Delancey, a politician of restless ambition and +consummate dexterity, had taken umbrage at Shirley, of whose rising +honors, not borne with remarkable humility, he appears to have been +jealous. Delancey had hitherto favored the Dutch faction in the +Assembly, hostile to Johnson; but he now changed attitude, and joined +hands with him against the object of their common dislike. The one was +strong in the prestige of a loudly-trumpeted victory, and the other had +means of influence over the Ministry. Their coalition boded ill to +Shirley, and he soon felt its effects. +<span class="superscript">[331]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_328" name="footer_328"></a> + <span class="superscript">[328]</span> +<i>Johnson to the Lords of Trade,</i> 3 <i>Sept</i>. 1755.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_329" name="footer_329"></a> + <span class="superscript">[329]</span> +<i>Johnson to the Lords of Trade</i>, 17 <i>Jan</i>. 1756.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_330" name="footer_330"></a> + <span class="superscript">[330]</span> +<i>John Shirley to Governor Morris</i>, 12 <i>Aug</i>. 1755.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_331" name="footer_331"></a> + <span class="superscript">[331]</span> +On this affair, see various papers in <i>N. Y. Col. Docs</i>., +VI., VII. Smith, <i>Hist. New York</i>, Part II., Chaps. IV. V. <i>Review of +Military Operations in North America</i>. Both Smith and Livingston, the +author of the <i>Review</i>, were personally cognizant of the course of the +dispute.</p> +</div> + +<p>The campaign was now closed,—a sufficiently active one, seeing that the +two nations were nominally at peace. A disastrous rout on the +Monongahela, failure at Niagara, a barren victory at Lake George, and +three forts captured in Acadia, were the disappointing results on the +part of England. Nor had her enemies cause to boast. The Indians, it is +true, had won a battle for them: but they had suffered mortifying defeat +from a raw +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329-V1" id="Page_329-V1">329<br />V1</a></span> +militia; their general was a prisoner; and they had lost +Acadia past hope.</p> + +<p>The campaign was over; but not its effects. It remains to see what +befell from the rout of Braddock and the unpardonable retreat of Dunbar +from the frontier which it was his duty to defend. Dumas had replaced +Contrecœur in the command of Fort Duquesne; and his first care was to +set on the Western tribes to attack the border settlements. His success +was triumphant. The Delawares and Shawanoes, old friends of the English, +but for years past tending to alienation through neglect and ill-usage, +now took the lead against them. Many of the Mingoes, or Five Nation +Indians on the Ohio, also took up the hatchet, as did various remoter +tribes. The West rose like a nest of hornets, and swarmed in fury +against the English frontier. Such was the consequence of the defeat of +Braddock aided by the skilful devices of the French commander. "It is by +means such as I have mentioned," says Dumas, "varied in every form to +suit the occasion, that I have succeeded in ruining the three adjacent +provinces, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, driving off the +inhabitants, and totally destroying the settlements over a tract of +country thirty leagues wide, reckoning from the line of Fort Cumberland. +M. de Contrecœur had not been gone a week before I had six or seven +different war-parties in the field at once, always accompanied by +Frenchmen. Thus far, we have lost only two officers and a few +soldiers; but the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330-V1" id="Page_330-V1">330<br />V1</a></span> +Indian villages are full of prisoners of every age and sex. The +enemy has lost far more since the battle than on the day of his +defeat." <span class="superscript">[332]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_332" name="footer_332"></a> + <span class="superscript">[332]</span> +<i>Dumas au Ministre</i>, 24 <i>Juillet</i>, 1756.</p> +</div> + +<p>Dumas, required by the orders of his superiors to wage a detestable +warfare against helpless settlers and their families, did what he could +to temper its horrors, and enjoined the officers who went with the +Indians to spare no effort to prevent them from torturing +prisoners. <span class="superscript">[333]</span> +The attempt should be set down to his honor; but it did +not avail much. In the record of cruelties committed this year on the +borders, we find repeated instances of children scalped alive. "They +kill all they meet," writes a French priest; "and after having abused +the women and maidens, they slaughter or burn them." +<span class="superscript">[334]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_333" name="footer_333"></a> + <span class="superscript">[333]</span> +<i>Mémoires de Famille de l'Abbé Casgrain</i>, cited in <i>Le +Foyer Canadien,</i> III. 26, where an extract is given from an order of +Dumas to Baby, a Canadian officer. Orders of Contrecœur and Ligneris to +the same effect are also given. A similar order, signed by Dumas, was +found in the pocket of Douville, an officer killed by the English on the +Frontier. <i>Writings of Washington</i>, II. 137, <i>note</i>.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_334" name="footer_334"></a> + <span class="superscript">[334]</span> +<i>Rec. Claude Godefroy Cocquard, S. J., à son Frère, Mars +(?)</i>, 1757.</p> +</div> + +<p>Washington was now in command of the Virginia regiment, consisting of a +thousand men, raised afterwards to fifteen hundred. With these he was to +protect a frontier of three hundred and fifty miles against more +numerous enemies, who could choose their time and place of attack. His +headquarters were at Winchester. His men were an ungovernable crew, +enlisted chiefly on the turbulent border, and resenting every kind of +discipline as levelling them with negroes; while the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331-V1" id="Page_331-V1">331<br />V1</a></span> +sympathizing House +of Burgesses hesitated for months to pass any law for enforcing +obedience, lest it should trench on the liberties of free white men. The +service was to the last degree unpopular. "If we talk of obliging men to +serve their country," wrote London Carter, "we are sure to hear a fellow +mumble over the words 'liberty' and 'property' a thousand times." +<span class="superscript">[335]</span> The people, too, were in mortal +fear of a slave insurrection, and therefore dared not go far from home. +<span class="superscript">[336]</span> Meanwhile a panic reigned +along the border. Captain Waggoner, passing a gap in the Blue Ridge, +could hardly make his way for the crowd of fugitives. "Every day," +writes Washington, "we have accounts of such cruelties and barbarities +as are shocking to human nature. It is not possible to conceive the +situation and danger of this miserable country. Such numbers of French +and Indians are all around that no road is safe."</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_335" name="footer_335"></a> + <span class="superscript">[335]</span> +Extract in <i>Writings of Washington</i>, II. 145, <i>note.</i></p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_336" name="footer_336"></a> + <span class="superscript">[336]</span> +<i>Letters of Dinwiddie</i>, 1755.</p> +</div> + +<p>These frontiers had always been at peace. No forts of refuge had thus +far been built, and the scattered settlers had no choice but flight. +Their first impulse was to put wife and children beyond reach of the +tomahawk. As autumn advanced, the invading bands grew more and more +audacious. Braddock had opened a road for them by which they could cross +the mountains at their ease; and scouts from Fort Cumberland reported +that this road was beaten by as many feet as when the English army +passed last summer. Washington +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332-V1" id="Page_332-V1">332<br />V1</a></span> +was beset with difficulties. Men and +officers alike were unruly and mutinous. He was at once blamed for their +disorders and refused the means of repressing them. Envious detractors +published slanders against him. A petty Maryland captain, who had once +had a commission from the King, refused to obey his orders, and stirred +up factions among his officers. Dinwiddie gave him cold support. The +temper of the old Scotchman, crabbed at the best, had been soured by +disappointment, vexation, weariness, and ill-health. He had, besides, a +friend and countryman, Colonel Innes, whom, had he dared, he would +gladly have put in Washington's place. He was full of zeal in the common +cause, and wanted to direct the defence of the borders from his house at +Williamsburg, two hundred miles distant. Washington never hesitated to +obey; but he accompanied his obedience by a statement of his own +convictions and his reasons for them, which, though couched in terms the +most respectful, galled his irascible chief. The Governor acknowledged +his merit; but bore him no love, and sometimes wrote to him in terms +which must have tried his high temper to the utmost. Sometimes, though +rarely, he gave words to his emotion.</p> + +<p>"Your Honor," he wrote in April, "may see to what unhappy straits the +distressed inhabitants and myself are reduced. I see inevitable +destruction in so clear a light, that unless vigorous measures are taken +by the Assembly, and speedy assistance sent from below, the poor +inhabitants +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333-V1" id="Page_333-V1">333<br />V1</a></span> +that are now in forts must unavoidably fall, while the +remainder are flying before the barbarous foe. In fine, the melancholy +situation of the people; the little prospect of assistance; the gross +and scandalous abuse cast upon the officers in general, which is +reflecting upon me in particular for suffering misconduct of such +extraordinary kinds; and the distant prospect, if any, of gaining honor +and reputation in the service,—cause me to lament the hour that gave me +a commission, and would induce me at any other time than this of +imminent danger to resign, without one hesitating moment, a command from +which I never expect to reap either honor or benefit, but, on the +contrary, have almost an absolute certainty of incurring displeasure +below, while the murder of helpless families may be laid to my account +here.</p> + +<p>"The supplicating tears of the women and moving petitions of the men +melt me into such deadly sorrow, that I solemnly declare, if I know my +own mind, I could offer myself a willing sacrifice to the butchering +enemy, provided that would contribute to the people's ease." +<span class="superscript">[337]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_337" name="footer_337"></a> + <span class="superscript">[337]</span> +<i>Writings of Washington</i>, II. 143.</p> +</div> + +<p>In the turmoil around him, patriotism and public duty seemed all to be +centred in the breast of one heroic youth. He was respected and +generally beloved, but he did not kindle enthusiasm. His were the +qualities of an unflagging courage, an all-enduring fortitude, and a +deep trust. He showed an astonishing maturing of character, and the kind +of mastery over others which begins +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334-V1" id="Page_334-V1">334<br />V1</a></span> +with mastery over self. At twenty-four he was the foremost man, and +acknowledged as such, along the whole long line of the western border. +</p> + +<p>To feel the situation, the nature of these frontiers must be kept in +mind. Along the skirts of the southern and middle colonies ran for six +or seven hundred miles a loose, thin, dishevelled fringe of population, +the half-barbarous pioneers of advancing civilization. Their rude +dwellings were often miles apart. Buried in woods, the settler lived in +an appalling loneliness. A low-browed cabin of logs, with moss stuffed +in the chinks to keep out the wind, roof covered with sheets of bark, +chimney of sticks and clay, and square holes closed by a shutter in +place of windows; an unkempt matron, lean with hard work, and a brood of +children with bare heads and tattered garments eked out by +deerskin,—such was the home of the pioneer in the remoter and wilder +districts. The scene around bore witness to his labors. It was the +repulsive transition from savagery to civilization, from the forest to +the farm. The victims of his axe lay strewn about the dismal "clearing" +in a chaos of prostrate trunks, tangled boughs, and withered leaves, +waiting for the fire that was to be the next agent in the process of +improvement; while around, voiceless and grim, stood the living forest, +gazing on the desolation, and biding its own day of doom. The owner of +the cabin was miles away, hunting in the woods for the wild turkey and +venison which were the chief food of himself and his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335-V1" id="Page_335-V1">335<br />V1</a></span> +family till the +soil could be tamed into the bearing of crops.</p> + +<p>Towards night he returned; and as he issued from the forest shadows he +saw a column of blue smoke rising quietly in the still evening air. He +ran to the spot; and there, among the smouldering logs of his dwelling, +lay, scalped and mangled, the dead bodies of wife and children. A +war-party had passed that way. Breathless, palpitating, his brain on +fire, he rushed through the thickening night to carry the alarm to his +nearest neighbor, three miles distant.</p> + +<p>Such was the character and the fate of many incipient settlements of the +utmost border. Farther east, they had a different aspect. Here, small +farms with well-built log-houses, cattle, crops of wheat and Indian +corn, were strung at intervals along some woody valley of the lower +Alleghanies: yesterday a scene of hardy toil; to-day swept with +destruction from end to end. There was no warning; no time for concert, +perhaps none for flight. Sudden as the leaping panther, a pack of human +wolves burst out of the forest, did their work, and vanished.</p> + +<p>If the country had been an open one, like the plains beyond the +Mississippi, the situation would have been less frightful; but the +forest was everywhere, rolled over hill and valley in billows of +interminable green,—a leafy maze, a mystery of shade, a universal +hiding-place, where murder might lurk unseen at its victim's side, and +Nature seemed formed to nurse the mind with wild and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336-V1" id="Page_336-V1">336<br />V1</a></span> +dark imaginings. +The detail of blood is set down in the untutored words of those who saw +and felt it. But there was a suffering that had no record,—the mortal +fear of women and children in the solitude of their wilderness homes, +haunted, waking and sleeping, with nightmares of horror that were but +the forecast of an imminent reality. The country had in past years been +so peaceful, and the Indians so friendly, that many of the settlers, +especially on the Pennsylvanian border, had no arms, and were doubly in +need of help from the Government. In Virginia they had it, such as it +was. In Pennsylvania they had for months none whatever; and the Assembly +turned a deaf ear to their cries.</p> + +<p>Far to the east, sheltered from danger, lay staid and prosperous +Philadelphia, the home of order and thrift. It took its stamp from the +Quakers, its original and dominant population, set apart from the other +colonists not only in character and creed, but in the outward symbols of +a peculiar dress and a daily sacrifice of grammar on the altar of +religion. The even tenor of their lives counteracted the effects of +climate, and they are said to have been perceptibly more rotund in +feature and person than their neighbors. Yet, broad and humanizing as +was their faith, they were capable of extreme bitterness towards +opponents, clung tenaciously to power, and were jealous for the +ascendency of their sect, which had begun to show signs of wavering. On +other sects they looked askance; and regarded the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337-V1" id="Page_337-V1">337<br />V1</a></span> +Presbyterians in particular with a dislike which in moments of crisis rose +to detestation. <span class="superscript">[338]</span> They held it sin to +fight, and above all to fight against Indians.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_338" name="footer_338"></a> + <span class="superscript">[338]</span> +See a crowd of party pamphlets, Quaker against Presbyterian, which appeared +at Philadelphia in 1764, abusively acrimonious on both sides.</p> +</div> + +<p>Here was one cause of military paralysis. It was reinforced by another. +The old standing quarrel between governor and assembly had grown more +violent than ever; and this as a direct consequence of the public +distress, which above all things demanded harmony. The dispute turned +this time on a single issue,—that of the taxation of the proprietary +estates. The estates in question consisted of vast tracts of wild land, +yielding no income, and at present to a great extent worthless, being +overrun by the enemy. <span class="superscript">[339]</span> The Quaker +Assembly had refused to protect them; and on one occasion had rejected an +offer of the proprietaries to join them in paying the cost of their defence. +<span class="superscript">[340]</span> But though they would not defend the +land, they insisted on taxing it; and farther insisted that the taxes upon +it should be laid by the provincial assessors. By a law of the province, +these assessors were chosen by popular vote; and in consenting to this law, +the proprietaries had expressly provided that their estates +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338-V1" id="Page_338-V1">338<br />V1</a></span> +should be exempted from all taxes to be laid by officials in whose +appointment they had no voice.<span class="superscript">[341]</span> +Thomas and Richard Penn, the present proprietaries, had debarred their +deputy, the Governor, both by the terms of his commission and by special +instruction, from consenting to such taxation, and had laid him under +heavy bonds to secure his obedience. Thus there was another side to the +question than that of the Assembly; though our American writers have +been slow to acknowledge it.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_339" name="footer_339"></a> + <span class="superscript">[339]</span> +The productive estates of the proprietaries were taxed through the tenants.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_340" name="footer_340"></a> + <span class="superscript">[340]</span> +The proprietaries offered to contribute to the cost of building and maintaining +a fort on the spot where the French soon after built Fort Duquesne. This plan, +vigorously executed, would have saved the province from a deluge of miseries. +One of the reasons assigned by the Assembly for rejecting it was that it would +irritate the enemy. See <i>supra</i>, <a href="#Page_060-V1">p. 60.</a></p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_341" name="footer_341"></a> + <span class="superscript">[341]</span> +<i>A Brief View of the Conduct of Pennsylvania for the year 1755</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>Benjamin Franklin was leader in the Assembly and shared its views. The +feudal proprietorship of the Penn family was odious to his democratic +nature. It was, in truth, a pestilent anomaly, repugnant to the genius +of the people; and the disposition and character of the present +proprietaries did not tend to render it less vexatious. Yet there were +considerations which might have tempered the impatient hatred with which +the colonists regarded it. The first proprietary, William Penn, had used +his feudal rights in the interest of a broad liberalism; and through +them had established the popular institutions and universal tolerance +which made Pennsylvania the most democratic province in America, and +nursed the spirit of liberty which now revolted against his heirs. The +one absorbing passion of Pennsylvania was resistance to their deputy, +the Governor. The badge of feudalism, though light, was insufferably +irritating; and the sons of William Penn were moreover detested +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339-V1" id="Page_339-V1">339<br />V1</a></span> +by the Quakers as renegades from the faith of their father. Thus the immediate +political conflict engrossed mind and heart; and in the rancor of their +quarrel with the proprietaries, the Assembly forgot the French and +Indians.</p> + +<p>In Philadelphia and the eastern districts the Quakers could ply their +trades, tend their shops, till their farms, and discourse at their ease +on the wickedness of war. The midland counties, too, were for the most +part tolerably safe. They were occupied mainly by crude German peasants, +who nearly equalled in number all the rest of the population, and who, +gathered at the centre of the province, formed a mass politically +indigestible. Translated from servitude to the most ample liberty, they +hated the thought of military service, which reminded them of former +oppression, cared little whether they lived under France or England, +and, thinking themselves out of danger, had no mind to be taxed for the +defence of others. But while the great body of the Germans were +sheltered from harm, those of them who lived farther westward were not +so fortunate. Here, mixed with Scotch Irish Presbyterians and Celtic +Irish Catholics, they formed a rough border population, the discordant +elements of which could rarely unite for common action; yet, though +confused and disjointed, they were a living rampart to the rest of the +colony. Against them raged the furies of Indian war; and, maddened with +distress and terror, they cried aloud for help.</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340-V1" id="Page_340-V1">340<br />V1</a></span> +Petition after petition came from the borders for arms and ammunition, +and for a militia law to enable the people to organize and defend +themselves. The Quakers resisted. "They have taken uncommon pains," +writes Governor Morris to Shirley, "to prevent the people from taking up +arms." <span class="superscript">[342]</span> Braddock's defeat, they +declared, was a just judgment on him and his soldiers for molesting the +French in their settlements on the Ohio. +<span class="superscript">[343]</span> A bill was passed by the Assembly +for raising fifty thousand pounds for the King's use by a tax which included +the proprietary lands. The Governor, constrained by his instructions and his +bonds, rejected it. "I can only say," he told them, "that I will readily pass +a bill for striking any sum in paper money the present exigency may require, +provided funds are established for sinking the same in five years." +Messages long and acrimonious were exchanged between the parties. The +Assembly, had they chosen, could easily have raised money enough by +methods not involving the point in dispute; but they thought they saw in +the crisis a means of forcing the Governor to yield. The Quakers had an +alternative motive: if the Governor gave way, it was a political +victory; if he stood fast, their non-resistance principles would +triumph, and in this triumph their ascendency as a sect would be +confirmed. The debate grew every day more bitter and unmannerly. The +Governor could not yield; the Assembly would not. There +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341-V1" id="Page_341-V1">341<br />V1</a></span> +was a complete deadlock. The Assembly requested the Governor "not to +make himself the hateful instrument of reducing a free people to the +abject state of vassalage." <span class="superscript">[344]</span> +As the raising of money and the control of its expenditure was in their +hands; as he could not prorogue or dissolve them, and as they could +adjourn on their own motion to such time as pleased them; as they paid +his support, and could withhold it if he offended them,—which they +did in the present case,—it seemed no easy task for him to reduce +them to vassalage. "What must we do," pursued the Assembly, "to please +this kind governor, who takes so much pains to render us obnoxious to our +sovereign and odious to our fellow-subjects? If we only tell him that the +difficulties he meets with are not owing to the causes he names,—which +indeed have no existence,—but to his own want of skill and abilities +for his station, he takes it extremely amiss, and says 'we forget all +decency to those in authority.' We are apt to think there is likewise some +decency due to the Assembly as a part of the government; and though we have +not, like the Governor, had a courtly education, but are plain men, and must +be very imperfect in our politeness, yet we think we have no chance of +improving by his example." <span class="superscript">[345]</span> +Again, in another Message, the Assembly, with a thrust at Morris himself, +tell him that colonial governors have often been "transient persons, of +broken fortunes, greedy of money, destitute of all +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342-V1" id="Page_342-V1">342<br />V1</a></span> +concern for those they govern, often their enemies, and endeavoring not only +to oppress, but to defame them." <span class="superscript">[346]</span> +In such unseemly fashion was the battle waged. Morris, who was himself a +provincial, showed more temper and dignity; though there was not too much on +either side. "The Assembly," he wrote to Shirley, "seem determined to take +advantage of the country's distress to get the whole power of government +into their own hands." And the Assembly proclaimed on their part that the +Governor was taking advantage of the country's distress to reduce the +province to "Egyptian bondage."</p> + + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_342" name="footer_342"></a> + <span class="superscript">[342]</span> +<i>Morris to Shirley</i>, 16 <i>Aug</i>. 1755.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_343" name="footer_343"></a> + <span class="superscript">[343]</span> +<i>Morris to Sir Thomas Robinson</i>, 28 <i>Aug</i>. 1755.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_344" name="footer_344"></a> + <span class="superscript">[344]</span> +<i>Colonial Records of Pa</i>., VI. 584.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_345" name="footer_345"></a> + <span class="superscript">[345]</span> +<i>Message of the Assembly to the Governor</i>, 29 <i>Sept</i>. 1755 +(written by Franklin), in <i>Colonial Records of Pa.</i>, VI. 631, 632.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_346" name="footer_346"></a> + <span class="superscript">[346]</span> +<i>Writings of Franklin</i>, III. 447. The Assembly at first +suppressed this paper, but afterwards printed it.</p> +</div> + +<p>Petitions poured in from the miserable frontiersmen. "How long will +those in power, by their quarrels, suffer us to be massacred?" demanded +William Trent, the Indian trader. "Two and forty bodies have been buried +on Patterson's Creek; and since they have killed more, and keep on +killing." <span class="superscript">[347]</span> Early in October news came +that a hundred persons had been murdered near Fort Cumberland. Repeated +tidings followed of murders on the Susquehanna; then it was announced that +the war-parties had crossed that stream, and were at their work on the +eastern side. Letter after letter came from the sufferers, bringing such +complaints as this: "We are in as bad circumstances as ever any poor +Christians were ever in; for the cries of widowers, widows, fatherless and +motherless children, are enough to pierce the most hardest of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343-V1" id="Page_343-V1">343<br />V1</a></span> +hearts. Likewise it's a very sorrowful spectacle to see those that escaped +with their lives with not a mouthful to eat, or bed to lie on, or clothes +to cover their nakedness, or keep them warm, but all they had consumed into +ashes. These deplorable circumstances cry aloud for your Honor's most wise +consideration; for it is really very shocking for the husband to see the +wife of his bosom her head cut off, and the children's blood drunk like +water, by these bloody and cruel savages." +<span class="superscript">[348]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_347" name="footer_347"></a> + <span class="superscript">[347]</span> +<i>Trent to James Burd</i>, 4 <i>Oct</i>. 1755.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_348" name="footer_348"></a> + <span class="superscript">[348]</span> +<i>Adam Hoops to Governor Morris</i>, 3 <i>Nov.</i> 1755.</p> +</div> + +<p>Morris was greatly troubled. "The conduct of the Assembly," he wrote to +Shirley, "is to me shocking beyond parallel." "The inhabitants are +abandoning their plantations, and we are in a dreadful situation," wrote +John Harris from the east bank of the Susquehanna. On the next day he +wrote again: "The Indians are cutting us off every day, and I had a +certain account of about fifteen hundred Indians, besides French, being +on their march against us and Virginia, and now close on our borders, +their scouts scalping our families on our frontiers daily." The report +was soon confirmed; and accounts came that the settlements in the valley +called the Great Cove had been completely destroyed. All this was laid +before the Assembly. They declared the accounts exaggerated, but +confessed that outrages had been committed; hinted that the fault was +with the proprietaries; and asked the Governor to explain why the +Delawares and Shawanoes had become unfriendly. "If they have suffered +wrongs," +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344-V1" id="Page_344-V1">344<br />V1</a></span> +said the Quakers, "we are resolved to do all in our power to +redress them, rather than entail upon ourselves and our posterity the +calamities of a cruel Indian war." The Indian records were searched, and +several days spent in unsuccessful efforts to prove fraud in a late +land-purchase.</p> + +<p>Post after post still brought news of slaughter. The upper part of +Cumberland County was laid waste. Edward Biddle wrote from Reading: "The +drum is beating and bells ringing, and all the people under arms. This +night we expect an attack. The people exclaim against the Quakers." "We +seem to be given up into the hands of a merciless enemy," wrote John +Elder from Paxton. And he declares that more than forty persons have +been killed in that neighborhood, besides numbers carried off. Meanwhile +the Governor and Assembly went on fencing with words and exchanging +legal subtleties; while, with every cry of distress that rose from the +west, each hoped that the other would yield.</p> + +<p>On the eighth of November the Assembly laid before Morris for his +concurrence a bill for emitting bills of credit to the amount of sixty +thousand pounds, to be sunk in four years by a tax including the +proprietary estates. <span class="superscript">[349]</span> "I shall not," +he replied, "enter into a dispute whether the proprietaries ought to be +taxed or not. It is sufficient for me that they have given me no power in +that case; and I cannot think it consistent either with my duty or safety +to exceed the powers of my +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345-V1" id="Page_345-V1">345<br />V1</a></span> +commission, much less to do what that commission expressly prohibits." +<span class="superscript">[350]</span> He stretched his authority, however, +so far as to propose a sort of compromise by which the question should be +referred to the King; but they refused it; and the quarrel and the murders +went on as before. "We have taken," said the Assembly, "every step in our +power, consistent with the just rights of the freemen of Pennsylvania, for +the relief of the poor distressed inhabitants; and we have reason to believe +that they themselves would not wish us to go farther. Those who would +give up essential liberty to purchase a little temporary safety deserve +neither liberty nor safety." <span class="superscript">[351]</span> +Then the borderers deserved neither; for, rather than be butchered, they +would have let the proprietary lands lie untaxed for another year. "You +have in all," said the Governor, "proposed to me five money bills, three +of them rejected because contrary to royal instructions; the other two on +account of the unjust method proposed for taxing the proprietary estate. +If you are disposed to relieve your country, you have many other ways of +granting money to which I shall have no objection. I shall put one proof +more both of your sincerity and mine in our professions of regard for the +public, by offering to agree to any bill in the present exigency which it +is consistent with my duty to pass; lest, before our present disputes can +be brought to an issue, we +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346-V1" id="Page_346-V1">346<br />V1</a></span> +should neither have a privilege to dispute about, nor a country to dispute +in." <span class="superscript">[352]</span> They stood fast; and with an +obstinacy for which the Quakers were chiefly answerable, insisted that +they would give nothing, except by a bill taxing real estate, and +including that of the proprietaries.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_349" name="footer_349"></a> + <span class="superscript">[349]</span> +<i>Colonial Records of Pa</i>., VI. 682.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_350" name="footer_350"></a> + <span class="superscript">[350]</span> +<i>Message of the Governor to the Assembly</i>, 8 <i>Nov</i>. 1755, +in <i>Colonial Records of Pa.</i>, VI. 684.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_351" name="footer_351"></a> + <span class="superscript">[351]</span> +<i>Message of the Assembly to the Governor</i>, 11 <i>Nov. +Ibid</i>., VI. 692. The words are Franklin's.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_352" name="footer_352"></a> + <span class="superscript">[352]</span> +<i>Message of the Governor to the Assembly</i>, 22 <i>Nov</i>. 1755, +in <i>Colonial Records of Pa.</i>, VI. 714.</p> +</div> + +<p>But now the Assembly began to feel the ground shaking under their feet. +A paper, called a "Representation," signed by some of the chief +citizens, was sent to the House, calling for measures of defence. "You +will forgive us, gentlemen," such was its language, "if we assume +characters somewhat higher than that of humble suitors praying for the +defence of our lives and properties as a matter of grace or favor on +your side. You will permit us to make a positive and immediate demand of +it." <span class="superscript">[353]</span> This drove the Quakers mad. +Preachers, male and female, harangued in the streets, denouncing the +iniquity of war. Three of the sect from England, two women and a man, +invited their brethren of the Assembly to a private house, and fervently +exhorted them to stand firm. Some of the principal Quakers joined in an +address to the House, in which they declared that any action on its part +"inconsistent with the peaceable testimony we profess and have borne to +the world appears to us in its consequences to be destructive of our +religious liberties." <span class="superscript">[354]</span> +And they protested that they would rather "suffer" +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347-V1" id="Page_347-V1">347<br />V1</a></span> +than pay taxes for such ends. Consistency, even in folly, has in it something +respectable; but the Quakers were not consistent. A few years after, when +heated with party-passion and excited by reports of an irruption of incensed +Presbyterian borderers, some of the pacific sectaries armed for battle; +and the streets of Philadelphia beheld the curious conjunction of musket +and broad-brimmed hat. <span class="superscript">[355]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_353" name="footer_353"></a> + <span class="superscript">[353]</span> +<i>Pennsylvania Archives</i>, II. 485.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_354" name="footer_354"></a> + <span class="superscript">[354]</span> +<i>Ibid</i>., II. 487.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_355" name="footer_355"></a> + <span class="superscript">[355]</span> +See <i>Conspiracy of Pontiac</i>, II. 143, 152.</p> +</div> + +<p>The mayor, aldermen, and common council next addressed the Assembly, +adjuring them, "in the most solemn manner, before God and in the name of +all our fellow-citizens," to provide for defending the lives and +property of the people. <span class="superscript">[356]</span> +A deputation from a band of Indians on the Susquehanna, still friendly to +the province, came to ask whether the English meant to fight or not; for, +said their speaker, "if they will not stand by us, we will join the French." +News came that the settlement of Tulpehocken, only sixty miles distant, had +been destroyed; and then that the Moravian settlement of Gnadenhütten +was burned, and nearly all its inmates massacred. Colonel William Moore wrote +to the Governor that two thousand men were coming from Chester County to +compel him and the Assembly to defend the province; and Conrad Weiser wrote +that more were coming from Berks on the same errand. Old friends of the +Assembly began to cry out against them. Even the Germans, hitherto their +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348-V1" id="Page_348-V1">348<br />V1</a></span> +fast allies, were roused from their attitude of passivity, and four hundred +of them came in procession to demand measures of war. A band of frontiersmen +presently arrived, bringing in a wagon the bodies of friends and relatives +lately murdered, displaying them at the doors of the Assembly, cursing the +Quakers, and threatening vengeance. <span class="superscript">[357]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_356" name="footer_356"></a> + <span class="superscript">[356]</span> +<i>A Remonstrance</i>, etc., in <i>Colonial Records of Pa.</i>, VI. +734.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_357" name="footer_357"></a> + <span class="superscript">[357]</span> +Mante, 47; Entick, I. 377.</p> +</div> + +<p>Finding some concession necessary, the House at length passed a militia +law,—probably the most futile ever enacted. It specially exempted the +Quakers, and constrained nobody; but declared it lawful, for such as +chose, to form themselves into companies and elect officers by ballot. +The company officers thus elected might, if they saw fit, elect, also +by ballot, colonels, lieutenant-colonels, and majors. These last might +then, in conjunction with the Governor, frame articles of war; to which, +however, no officer or man was to be subjected unless, after three days' +consideration, he subscribed them in presence of a justice of the peace, +and declared his willingness to be bound by them. +<span class="superscript">[358]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_358" name="footer_358"></a> + <span class="superscript">[358]</span> +This remarkable bill, drawn by Franklin, was meant for +political rather than military effect. It was thought that Morris would +refuse to pass it, and could therefore be accused of preventing the +province from defending itself; but he avoided the snare by signing it.</p> +</div> + +<p>This mockery could not appease the people; the Assembly must raise money +for men, arms, forts, and all the detested appliances of war. Defeat +absolute and ignominious seemed hanging over the House, when an incident +occurred which +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349-V1" id="Page_349-V1">349<br />V1</a></span> +gave them a decent pretext for retreat. The Governor +informed them that he had just received a letter from the proprietaries, +giving to the province five thousand pounds sterling to aid in its +defence, on condition that the money should be accepted as a free gift, +and not as their proportion of any tax that was or might be laid by the +Assembly. They had not learned the deplorable state of the country, and +had sent the money in view of the defeat of Braddock and its probable +consequences. The Assembly hereupon yielded, struck out from the bill +before them the clause taxing the proprietary estates, and, thus +amended, presented it to the Governor, who by his signature made it a +law. <span class="superscript">[359]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_359" name="footer_359"></a> + <span class="superscript">[359]</span> +<i>Minutes of Council</i>, 27 <i>Nov</i>. 1755.</p> +</div> + +<p>The House had failed to carry its point. The result disappointed +Franklin, and doubly disappointed the Quakers. His maxim was: Beat the +Governor first, and then beat the enemy; theirs: Beat the Governor, and +let the enemy alone. The measures that followed, directed in part by +Franklin himself, held the Indians in check, and mitigated the distress +of the western counties; yet there was no safety for them throughout the +two or three years when France was cheering on her hell-hounds against +this tormented frontier.</p> + +<p>As in Pennsylvania, so in most of the other colonies there was conflict +between assemblies and governors, to the unspeakable detriment of the +public service. In New York, though here no obnoxious proprietary stood +between the people +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350-V1" id="Page_350-V1">350<br />V1</a></span> +and the Crown, the strife was long and severe. The point at issue was an +important one,—whether the Assembly should continue their practice of +granting yearly supplies to the Governor, or should establish a permanent +fund for the ordinary expenses of government,—thus placing him beyond +their control. The result was a victory for the Assembly.</p> + +<p>Month after month the great continent lay wrapped in snow. Far along the +edge of the western wilderness men kept watch and ward in lonely +blockhouses, or scoured the forest on the track of prowling war-parties. +The provincials in garrison at forts Edward, William Henry, and Oswego +dragged out the dreary winter; while bands of New England rangers, +muffled against the piercing cold, caps of fur on their heads, hatchets +in their belts, and guns in the mittened hands, glided on skates along +the gleaming ice-floor of Lake George, to spy out the secrets of +Ticonderoga, or seize some careless sentry to tell them tidings of the +foe. Thus the petty war went on; but the big war was frozen into torpor, +ready, like a hibernating bear, to wake again with the birds, the bees, +and the flowers. <span class="superscript">[360]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_360" name="footer_360"></a> + <span class="superscript">[360]</span> +On Pennsylvanian disputes,—<i>A Brief State of the +Province of Pennsylvania</i> (London, 1755). <i>A Brief View of the Conduct +of Pennsylvania</i> (London, 1756). These are pamphlets on the Governor's +side, by William Smith, D.D., Provost of the College of Pennsylvania. +<i>An Answer to an invidious Pamphlet, intituled a Brief State</i>, etc. +(London, 1755). Anonymous. <i>A True and Impartial State of the Province +of Pennsylvania</i> (Philadelphia, 1759). Anonymous. The last two works +attack the first two with great vehemence. <i>The True and Impartial +State</i> is an able presentation of the case of the Assembly, omitting, +however, essential facts. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351-V1" id="Page_351-V1">351<br />V1</a></span> +But the most elaborate work on the subject is the <i>Historical Review of the +Constitution and Government of Pennsylvania</i>, inspired and partly written +by Franklin. It is hotly partisan, and sometimes sophistical and unfair. +Articles on the quarrel will also be found in the provincial newspapers, +especially the <i>New York Mercury,</i> and in the <i>Gentleman's Magazine</i> +for 1755 and 1756. But it is impossible to get any clear and just view of it +without wading through the interminable documents concerning it in the +<i>Colonial Records of Pennsylvania</i> and the <i>Pennsylvania +Archives</i>.</p> +</div> + + + +<hr /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Chapter_11" id="Chapter_11"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352-V1" id="Page_352-V1">352<br />V1</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents11">CHAPTER XI.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1712-1756.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader">MONTCALM.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + War declared • State of Europe • + Pompadour and Maria Theresa • Infatuation of the French Court • + The European War • Montcalm to command in America • + His early Life • + An intractable Pupil • His Marriage • + His Family • His Campaigns • Preparation for America • + His Associates • Lévis, Bourlamaque, Bougainville • + Embarkation • The Voyage • Arrival • Vaudreuil • + Forces of Canada • + Troops of the Line, Colony Troops, Militia, Indians • + The Military Situation • Capture of Fort Bull • + Montcalm at Ticonderoga. + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> +</div> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">On</span> +the eighteenth of May, 1756, England, after a year of open hostility, +at length declared war. She had attacked France by land and sea, turned +loose her ships to prey on French commerce, and brought some three +hundred prizes into her ports. It was the act of a weak Government, +supplying by spasms of violence what it lacked in considerate +resolution. France, no match for her amphibious enemy in the game of +marine depredation, cried out in horror; and to emphasize her complaints +and signalize a pretended good faith which her acts had belied, +ostentatiously released a British frigate captured by her cruisers. She +in her turn declared war on the ninth of June: and now began the most +terrible conflict of the eighteenth century; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353-V1" id="Page_353-V1">353<br />V1</a></span> +one that convulsed Europe and shook America, India, the coasts of Africa, and +the islands of the sea.</p> + +<p>In Europe the ground was trembling already with the coming earthquake. +Such smothered discords, such animosities, ambitions, jealousies, +possessed the rival governments; such entanglements of treaties and +alliances, offensive or defensive, open or secret,—that a blow at one +point shook the whole fabric. Hanover, like the heel of Achilles, was +the vulnerable part for which England was always trembling. Therefore +she made a defensive treaty with Prussia, by which each party bound +itself to aid the other, should its territory be invaded. England thus +sought a guaranty against France, and Prussia against Russia. She had +need. Her King, Frederic the Great, had drawn upon himself an avalanche. +Three women—two empresses and a concubine—controlled the forces of +the three great nations, Austria, Russia, and France; and they all hated +him: Elizabeth of Russia, by reason of a distrust fomented by secret +intrigue and turned into gall by the biting tongue of Frederic himself, +who had jibed at her amours, compared her to Messalina, and called her +"<i>infâme catin du Nord</i>;" Maria Theresa of Austria, because she +saw in him a rebellious vassal of the Holy Roman Empire, and, above all, +because he had robbed her of Silesia; Madame de Pompadour, because when +she sent him a message of compliment, he answered, "<i>Je ne la connais +pas</i>," forbade his ambassador to visit her, and in his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354-V1" id="Page_354-V1">354<br />V1</a></span> +mocking wit spared neither her nor her royal lover. Feminine pique, revenge, +or vanity had then at their service the mightiest armaments of Europe.</p> + +<p>The recovery of Silesia and the punishment of Frederic for his audacity +in seizing it, possessed the mind of Maria Theresa with the force of a +ruling passion. To these ends she had joined herself in secret league +with Russia; and now at the prompting of her minister Kaunitz she courted +the alliance of France. It was a reversal of the hereditary policy of +Austria; joining hands with an old and deadly foe, and spurning England, +of late her most trusty ally. But France could give powerful aid against +Frederic; and hence Maria Theresa, virtuous as she was high-born and +proud, stooped to make advances to the all-powerful mistress of Louis XV., +wrote her flattering letters, and addressed her, it is said, as "<i>Ma +chère cousine</i>." Pompadour was delighted, and could hardly do +enough for her imperial friend. She ruled the King, and could make and +unmake ministers at will. They hastened to do her pleasure, disguising +their subserviency by dressing it out in specious reasons of state. A +conference at her summer-house, called Babiole, "Bawble," prepared the +way for a treaty which involved the nation in the anti-Prussian war, and +made it the instrument of Austria in the attempt to humble +Frederic,—an attempt which if successful would give the +hereditary enemy of France a predominance over Germany. France engaged +to aid the cause with twenty-four thousand men; but in the zeal of her +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355-V1" id="Page_355-V1">355<br />V1</a></span> +rulers began with a hundred thousand. Thus the three great Powers stood +leagued against Prussia. Sweden and Saxony joined them; and the Empire +itself, of which Prussia was a part, took arms against its obnoxious +member.</p> + +<p>Never in Europe had power been more centralized, and never in France had +the reins been held by persons so pitiful, impelled by motives so +contemptible. The levity, vanity, and spite of a concubine became a +mighty engine to influence the destinies of nations. Louis XV., +enervated by pleasures and devoured by <i>ennui</i>, still had his emotions; +he shared Pompadour's detestation of Frederic, and he was tormented at +times by a lively fear of damnation. But how damn a king who had entered +the lists as champion of the Church? England was Protestant, and so was +Prussia; Austria was supremely Catholic. Was it not a merit in the eyes +of God to join her in holy war against the powers of heresy? The King of +the Parc-aux-Cerfs would propitiate Heaven by a new crusade.</p> + +<p>Henceforth France was to turn her strength against her European foes; +and the American war, the occasion of the universal outbreak, was to +hold in her eyes a second place. The reasons were several: the vanity of +Pompadour, infatuated by the advances of the Empress-Queen, and eager to +secure her good graces; the superstition of the King; the anger of both +against Frederic; the desire of D'Argenson, minister of war, that the +army, and not the navy, should play the foremost +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356-V1" id="Page_356-V1">356<br />V1</a></span> +part; and the passion of courtiers and nobles, ignorant of the naval +service, to win laurels in a continental war,—all conspired to +one end. It was the interest of France to turn her strength against her +only dangerous rival; to continue as she had begun, in building up a +naval power that could face England on the seas and sustain her own +rising colonies in America, India, and the West Indies: for she too +might have multiplied herself, planted her language and her race over +all the globe, and grown with the growth of her children, had she not +been at the mercy of an effeminate profligate, a mistress turned +procuress, and the favorites to whom they delegated power.</p> + +<p>Still, something must be done for the American war; at least there must +be a new general to replace Dieskau. None of the Court favorites wanted +a command in the backwoods, and the minister of war was free to choose +whom he would. His choice fell on Louis Joseph, Marquis de +Montcalm-Gozon de Saint-Véran.</p> + +<p>Montcalm was born in the south of France, at the Château of Candiac, +near Nîmes, on the twenty-ninth of February, 1712. At the age of six he +was placed in the charge of one Dumas, a natural son of his grandfather. +This man, a conscientious pedant, with many theories of education, ruled +his pupil stiffly; and, before the age of fifteen, gave him a good +knowledge of Latin, Greek, and history. Young Montcalm had a taste for +books, continued his reading in such intervals +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357-V1" id="Page_357-V1">357<br />V1</a></span> +of leisure as camps and garrisons afforded, and cherished to the end of his +life the ambition of becoming a member of the Academy. Yet, with all his +liking for study, he sometimes revolted against the sway of the pedagogue +who wrote letters of complaint to his father protesting against the +"judgments of the vulgar, who, contrary to the experience of ages, say that +if children are well reproved they will correct their faults." Dumas, +however, was not without sense, as is shown by another letter to the elder +Montcalm, in which he says that the boy had better be ignorant of Latin +and Greek "than know them as he does without knowing how to read, write, +and speak French well." The main difficulty was to make him write a good +hand,—a point in which he signally failed to the day of his death. +So refractory was he at times, that his master despaired. "M. de Montcalm," +Dumas informs the father, "has great need of docility, industry, and +willingness to take advice. What will become of him?" The pupil, aware +of these aspersions, met them by writing to his father his own ideas of +what his aims should be. "First, to be an honorable man, of good +morals, brave, and a Christian. Secondly, to read in moderation; to know +as much Greek and Latin as most men of the world; also the four rules of +arithmetic, and something of history, geography, and French and Latin +<i>belles-lettres</i>, as well as to have a taste for the arts and sciences. +Thirdly, and above all, to be obedient, docile, and very submissive to +your orders and those of my +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358-V1" id="Page_358-V1">358<br />V1</a></span> +dear mother; and also to defer to the advice of M. Dumas. Fourthly, to fence +and ride as well as my small abilities will permit." +<span class="superscript">[361]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_361" name="footer_361"></a> + <span class="superscript">[361]</span> +This passage is given by Somervogel from the original letter.</p> +</div> + +<p>If Louis de Montcalm failed to satisfy his preceptor, he had a brother +who made ample amends. Of this infant prodigy it is related that at six +years he knew Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, and had some acquaintance with +arithmetic, French history, geography, and heraldry. He was destined for +the Church, but died at the age of seven; his precocious brain having +been urged to fatal activity by the exertions of Dumas.</p> + +<p>Other destinies and a more wholesome growth were the lot of young Louis. +At fifteen he joined the army as ensign in the regiment of Hainaut. Two +years after, his father bought him a captaincy, and he was first under +fire at the siege of Philipsbourg. His father died in 1735, and left him +heir to a considerable landed estate, much embarrassed by debt. The +Marquis de la Fare, a friend of the family, soon after sought for him an +advantageous marriage to strengthen his position and increase his prospects +of promotion; and he accordingly espoused Mademoiselle Angélique +Louise Talon du Boulay,—a union which brought him influential +alliances and some property. Madame de Montcalm bore him ten children, +of whom only two sons and four daughters were living in 1752. "May God +preserve them all," he writes in his autobiography, "and make them +prosper for this world and the next! Perhaps +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359-V1" id="Page_359-V1">359<br />V1</a></span> +it will be thought that the number is large for so moderate a fortune, +especially as four of them are girls; but does God ever abandon his +children in their need?"</p> + +<div class="poem1 small"> +<p class="poem1 indent30 left-indent10" +>"'Aux petits des oiseaux il donne la pâture,</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25 left-indent10" +>Et sa bonté s'étend sur toute la nature.'"</p> +</div> + +<p class="noindent">He was pious in his soldierly way, and ardently loyal +to Church and King.</p> + +<p>His family seat was Candiac; where, in the intervals of campaigning, he +found repose with his wife, his children, and his mother, who was a +woman of remarkable force of character and who held great influence over +her son. He had a strong attachment to this home of his childhood; and +in after years, out of the midst of the American wilderness, his +thoughts turned longingly towards it. "<i>Quand reverrai-je mon cher +Candiac</i>!"</p> + +<p>In 1741 Montcalm took part in the Bohemian campaign. He was made colonel +of the regiment of Auxerrois two years later, and passed unharmed through +the severe campaign of 1744. In the next year he fought in Italy under +Maréchal de Maillebois. In 1746, at the disastrous action under the +walls of Piacenza, where he twice rallied his regiment, he received five +sabre-cuts,—two of which were in the head,—and was made prisoner. +Returning to France on parole, he was promoted in the year following to +the rank of brigadier; and being soon after exchanged, rejoined the army, and +was again wounded by a musket-shot. The peace of Aix-la-Chapelle now +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360-V1" id="Page_360-V1">360<br />V1</a></span> +gave him a period of rest. <span class="superscript">[362]</span> At length, +being on a visit to Paris late in the autumn of 1755, the minister, +D'Argenson, hinted to him that he might be appointed to command the troops in +America. He heard no more of the matter till, after his return home, he +received from D'Argenson a letter dated at Versailles the twenty-fifth +of January, at midnight. "Perhaps, Monsieur," it began, "you did not +expect to hear from me again on the subject of the conversation I had +with you the day you came to bid me farewell at Paris. Nevertheless I +have not forgotten for a moment the suggestion I then made you; and it +is with the greatest pleasure that I announce to you that my views have +prevailed. The King has chosen you to command his troops in North +America, and will honor you on your departure with the rank of +major-general."</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_362" name="footer_362"></a> + <span class="superscript">[362]</span> +The account of Montcalm up to this time is chiefly from his unpublished +autobiography, preserved by his descendants, and entitled <i>Mémoires +pour servir à l'Histoire de ma Vie</i>. Somervogel, <i>Comme on servait +autrefois</i>; Bonnechose, <i>Montcalm et le Canada;</i> Martin, <i>Le Marquis +de Montcalm; Éloge de Montcalm; Autre Éloge de Montcalm; +Mémoires sur le Canada</i>, 1749-1760, and other writings in print and +manuscript have also been consulted.</p> +</div> + + +<p>The Chevalier de Lévis, afterwards Marshal of France, was named as his +second in command, with the rank of brigadier, and the Chevalier de +Bourlamaque as his third, with the rank of colonel; but what especially +pleased him was the appointment of his eldest son to command a regiment +in France. He set out from Candiac for the Court, and occupied himself +on the way with reading Charlevoix. "I take great pleasure in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361-V1" id="Page_361-V1">361<br />V1</a></span> +it," he writes from Lyons to his mother; "he gives a pleasant account of Quebec. +But be comforted; I shall always be glad to come home." At Paris he +writes again: "Don't expect any long letter from me before the first of +March; all my business will be done by that time, and I shall begin to +breathe again. I have not yet seen the Chevalier de Montcalm [<i>his +son</i>]. Last night I came from Versailles, and am going back to-morrow. +The King gives me twenty-five thousand francs a year, as he did to M. +Dieskau, besides twelve thousand for my equipment, which will cost me +above a thousand crowns more; but I cannot stop for that. I embrace my +dearest and all the family." A few days later his son joined him. "He is +as thin and delicate as ever, but grows prodigiously tall."</p> + +<p>On the second of March he informs his mother, "My affairs begin to get +on. A good part of the baggage went off the day before yesterday in the +King's wagons; an assistant-cook and two liverymen yesterday. I have got +a good cook. Estève, my secretary, will go on the eighth; Joseph and +Déjean will follow me. To-morrow evening I go to Versailles till Sunday, +and will write from there to Madame de Montcalm [<i>his wife</i>]. I have +three aides-de-camp; one of them, Bougainville, a man of parts, pleasant +company. Madame Mazade was happily delivered on Wednesday; in extremity +on Friday with a malignant fever; Saturday and yesterday, reports +favorable. I go there twice a day, and am just going now. She +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362-V1" id="Page_362-V1">362<br />V1</a></span> +has a girl. I embrace you all." Again, on the fifteenth: "In a few hours I set +out for Brest. Yesterday I presented my son, with whom I am well +pleased, to all the royal family. I shall have a secretary at Brest, and +will write more at length." On the eighteenth he writes from Rennes to +his wife: "I arrived, dearest, this morning, and stay here all day. I +shall be at Brest on the twenty-first. Everything will be on board on +the twenty-sixth. My son has been here since yesterday for me to coach +him and get him a uniform made, in which he will give thanks for his +regiment at the same time that I take leave in my embroidered coat. +Perhaps I shall leave debts behind. I wait impatiently for the bills. +You have my will; I wish you would get it copied, and send it to me +before I sail."</p> + +<p>Reaching Brest, the place of embarkation, he writes to his mother: "I +have business on hand still. My health is good, and the passage will be +a time of rest. I embrace you, and my dearest, and my daughters. Love to +all the family. I shall write up to the last moment."</p> + +<p>No translation can give an idea of the rapid, abrupt, elliptical style +of this familiar correspondence, where the meaning is sometimes +suggested by a single word, unintelligible to any but those for whom it +is written.</p> + +<p>At the end of March Montcalm, with all his following, was ready to +embark; and three ships of the line, the "Léopard," the "Héros," +and the "Illustre," fitted out as transports, were ready to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363-V1" id="Page_363-V1">363<br />V1</a></span> +receive the troops; while the General, with Lévis and Bourlamaque, were +to take passage in the frigates "Licorne," "Sauvage," and "Sirène." +"I like the Chevalier de Lévis," says Montcalm, "and I think he likes +me." His first aide-de-camp, Bougainville, pleased him, if possible, still more. +This young man, son of a notary, had begun life as an advocate in the +Parliament of Paris, where his abilities and learning had already made him +conspicuous, when he resigned the gown for the sword, and became a captain +of dragoons. He was destined in later life to win laurels in another career, +and to become one of the most illustrious of French navigators. Montcalm, +himself a scholar, prized his varied talents and accomplishments, and soon +learned to feel for him a strong personal regard.</p> + +<p>The troops destined for Canada were only two battalions, one belonging +to the regiment of La Sarre, and the other to that of Royal Roussillon. +Louis XV. and Pompadour sent a hundred thousand men to fight the battles +of Austria, and could spare but twelve hundred to reinforce New France. +These troops marched into Brest at early morning, breakfasted in the +town, and went at once on board the transports, "with an incredible +gayety," says Bougainville. "What a nation is ours! Happy he who +commands it, and commands it worthily!" +<span class="superscript">[363]</span> Montcalm and he embarked in +the "Licorne," and sailed on the third of April, leaving +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364-V1" id="Page_364-V1">364<br />V1</a></span> +Lévis and Bourlamaque to follow a few days after. +<span class="superscript">[364]</span></p> + + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_363" name="footer_363"></a> + <span class="superscript">[363]</span> +<i>Journal de Bougainville</i>. This is a fragment; his +Journal proper begins a few weeks later.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_364" name="footer_364"></a> + <span class="superscript">[364]</span> +<i>Lévis à——</i>, 5 <i>Avril</i>, 1756.</p> +</div> + +<p>The voyage was a rough one. "I have been fortunate," writes Montcalm to +his wife, "in not being ill nor at all incommoded by the heavy gale we +had in Holy Week. It was not so with those who were with me, especially +M. Estève, my secretary, and Joseph, who suffered cruelly,—seventeen +days without being able to take anything but water. The season was very +early for such a hard voyage, and it was fortunate that the winter has +been so mild. We had very favorable weather till Monday the twelfth; but +since then till Saturday evening we had rough weather, with a gale that +lasted ninety hours, and put us in real danger. The forecastle was +always under water, and the waves broke twice over the quarter-deck. +From the twenty-seventh of April to the evening of the fourth of May we +had fogs, great cold, and an amazing quantity of icebergs. On the +thirtieth, when luckily the fog lifted for a time, we counted sixteen of +them. The day before, one drifted under the bowsprit, grazed it, and +might have crushed us if the deck-officer had not called out quickly, +<i>Luff</i>. After speaking of our troubles and sufferings, I must tell you +of our pleasures, which were fishing for cod and eating it. The taste is +exquisite. The head, tongue, and liver are morsels worthy of an epicure. +Still, I would not advise anybody to make the voyage for their sake. My +health is as good as it has been for a long +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365-V1" id="Page_365-V1">365<br />V1</a></span> +time. I found it a good plan +to eat little and take no supper; a little tea now and then, and plenty +of lemonade. Nevertheless I have taken very little liking for the sea, +and think that when I shall be so happy as to rejoin you I shall end my +voyages there. I don't know when this letter will go. I shall send it by +the first ship that returns to France, and keep on writing till then. It +is pleasant, I know, to hear particulars about the people one loves, and +I thought that my mother and you, my dearest and most beloved, would be +glad to read all these dull details. We heard Mass on Easter Day. All +the week before, it was impossible, because the ship rolled so that I +could hardly keep my legs. If I had dared, I think I should have had +myself lashed fast. I shall not soon forget that Holy Week."</p> + +<p>This letter was written on the eleventh of May, in the St. Lawrence, +where the ship lay at anchor, ten leagues below Quebec, stopped by ice +from proceeding farther. Montcalm made his way to the town by land, and +soon after learned with great satisfaction that the other ships were +safe in the river below. "I see," he writes again, "that I shall have +plenty of work. Our campaign will soon begin. Everything is in motion. +Don't expect details about our operations; generals never speak of +movements till they are over. I can only tell you that the winter has +been quiet enough, though the savages have made great havoc in +Pennsylvania and Virginia, and carried off, according to their custom, +men, women, and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366-V1" id="Page_366-V1">366<br />V1</a></span> +children. I beg you will have High Mass said at Montpellier or Vauvert to +thank God for our safe arrival and ask for good success in future." +<span class="superscript">[365]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_365" name="footer_365"></a> + <span class="superscript">[365]</span> +These extracts are translated from copies of the original +letters, in possession of the present Marquis de Montcalm.</p> +</div> + +<p>Vaudreuil, the governor-general, was at Montreal, and Montcalm sent a +courier to inform him of his arrival. He soon went thither in person, +and the two men met for the first time. The new general was not welcome +to Vaudreuil, who had hoped to command the troops himself, and had +represented to the Court that it was needless and inexpedient to send +out a general officer from France. <span class="superscript">[366]</span> +The Court had not accepted his views; <span class="superscript">[367]</span> +and hence it was with more curiosity than satisfaction that +he greeted the colleague who had been assigned him. He saw before him a +man of small stature, with a lively countenance, a keen eye, and, in +moments of animation, rapid, vehement utterance, and nervous +gesticulation. Montcalm, we may suppose, regarded the Governor with no +less attention. Pierre François Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil, who had +governed Canada early in the century; and he himself had been governor +of Louisiana. He had not the force of character which his position +demanded, lacked decision in times of crisis; and though tenacious of +authority, was more jealous in asserting than self-reliant in exercising +it. One of his traits was a sensitive egotism, which +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367-V1" id="Page_367-V1">367<br />V1</a></span> +made him forward to proclaim his own part in every success, and to throw on +others the burden of every failure. He was facile by nature, and capable of +being led by such as had skill and temper for the task. But the impetuous +Montcalm was not of their number; and the fact that he was born in France +would in itself have thrown obstacles in his way to the good graces of the +Governor. Vaudreuil, Canadian by birth, loved the colony and its people, +and distrusted Old France and all that came out of it. He had been bred, +moreover, to the naval service; and, like other Canadian governors, his +official correspondence was with the minister of marine, while that of +Montcalm was with the minister of war. Even had Nature made him less +suspicious, his relations with the General would have been critical. +Montcalm commanded the regulars from France, whose very presence was in the +eyes of Vaudreuil an evil, though a necessary one. Their chief was, it is +true, subordinate to him in virtue of his office of governor; +<span class="superscript">[368]</span> yet it was clear that for the conduct +of the war the trust of the Government was mainly in Montcalm; and the +Minister of War had even suggested that he should have the immediate command, +not only of the troops from France, but of the colony regulars and the +militia. An order of the King to this effect was sent to Vaudreuil, with +instructions to communicate it to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368-V1" id="Page_368-V1">368<br />V1</a></span> +Montcalm or withhold it, as he should think best. +<span class="superscript">[369]</span> He lost no time in replying that the +General "ought to concern himself with nothing but the command of the troops +from France;" and he returned the order to the minister who sent it. +<span class="superscript">[370]</span> The Governor and the General +represented the two parties which were soon to divide Canada,—those of +New France and of Old.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_366" name="footer_366"></a> + <span class="superscript">[366]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 30 <i>Oct</i>. 1755.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_367" name="footer_367"></a> + <span class="superscript">[367]</span> +<i>Ordres du Roy et Dépêches des Ministres, +Fév.</i> 1756. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_368" name="footer_368"></a> + <span class="superscript">[368]</span> +<i>Le Ministre à Vaudreuil</i>, 15 <i>Mars</i>, 1756. +<i>Commission du Marquis de Montcalm</i>. +<i>Mémoire du Roy pour servir d'Instruction au Marquis +de Montcalm</i>.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_369" name="footer_369"></a> + <span class="superscript">[369]</span> +<i>Ordres du Roy et Dépêches des Ministres</i>, 1756. +<i>Le Ministre à Vaudreuil</i>, 15 <i>Mars</i>, 1756.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_370" name="footer_370"></a> + <span class="superscript">[370]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 16 <i>Juin</i>, 1756. +"Qu'il ne se mêle que du commandement des troupes de terre."</p> +</div> + +<p>A like antagonism was seen in the forces commanded by the two chiefs. +These were of three kinds,—the <i>troupes de terre,</i> troops of the +line, or regulars from France; the <i>troupes de la marine</i>, or colony +regulars; and lastly the militia. The first consisted of the four battalions +that had come over with Dieskau and the two that had come with Montcalm, +comprising in all a little less than three thousand men. +<span class="superscript">[371]</span> Besides these, the battalions of +Artois and Bourgogne, to the number of eleven hundred men, were in garrison +at Louisbourg. All these troops wore a white uniform, faced with blue, red, +yellow, or violet, <span class="superscript">[372]</span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369-V1" id="Page_369-V1">369<br />V1</a></span> +a black three-cornered hat, and gaiters, generally black, from the foot to the +knee. The subaltern officers in the French service were very numerous, +and were drawn chiefly from the class of lesser nobles. A well-informed +French writer calls them "a generation of <i>petits-maîtres,</i> dissolute, +frivolous, heedless, light-witted; but brave always, and ready to die +with their soldiers, though not to suffer with them." +<span class="superscript">[373]</span> In fact the +course of the war was to show plainly that in Europe the regiments of +France were no longer what they had once been. It was not so with those +who fought in America. Here, for enduring gallantry, officers and men +alike deserve nothing but praise.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_371" name="footer_371"></a> + <span class="superscript">[371]</span> +Of about twelve hundred who came with Montcalm, nearly +three hundred were now in hospital. The four battalions that came with +Dieskau are reported at the end of May to have sixteen hundred and +fifty-three effective men. <i>État de la Situation actuelle des +Bataillons,</i> appended to Montcalm's despatch of 12 June. Another +document, <i>Dêtail de ce qui s'est passé en Canada, Juin</i>, +1755, <i>jusqu'à Juin</i>, 1756, sets the united effective strength +of the battalions in Canada at twenty-six hundred and seventy-seven, +which was increased by recruits which arrived from France about +midsummer.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_372" name="footer_372"></a> + <span class="superscript">[372]</span> +Except perhaps, the battalion of Béarn, which formerly +wore, and possibly wore still, a uniform of light blue.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_373" name="footer_373"></a> + <span class="superscript">[373]</span> +Susane, <i>Ancienne Infanterie Française</i>. In the atlas of +this work are colored plates of the uniforms of all the regiments of +foot.</p> +</div> + +<p>The <i>troupes de la marine</i> had for a long time formed the permanent +military establishment of Canada. Though attached to the naval +department, they served on land, and were employed as a police within +the limits of the colony, or as garrisons of the outlying forts, where +their officers busied themselves more with fur-trading than with their +military duties. Thus they had become ill-disciplined and inefficient, +till the hard hand of Duquesne restored them to order. They originally +consisted of twenty-eight independent companies, increased in 1750 to +thirty companies, at first of fifty, and afterwards of sixty-five men +each, forming a total of nineteen hundred and fifty rank and file. In +March, 1757, ten more +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370-V1" id="Page_370-V1">370<br />V1</a></span> +companies were added. Their uniform was not unlike that of the troops +attached to the War Department, being white, with black facings. They +were enlisted for the most part in France; but when their term of service +expired, and even before, in time of peace, they were encouraged to become +settlers in the colony, as was also the case with their officers, of whom +a great part were of European birth. Thus the relations of the <i>troupes +de la marine</i> with the colony were close; and they formed a sort of +connecting link between the troops of the line and the native militia. +<span class="superscript">[374]</span> Besides these colony regulars, +there was a company of colonial artillery, consisting this year of seventy +men, and replaced in 1757 by two companies of fifty men each.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_374" name="footer_374"></a> + <span class="superscript">[374]</span> +On the <i>troupes de la marine,—Mémoire pour servir d'Instruction +à MM. Jonquière et Bigot</i>, 30 <i>Avril</i>, 1749. +<i>Ordres du Roy et Dépêches des Ministres</i>, 1750. +<i>Ibid</i>., 1755. <i>Ibid</i>., 1757. +<i>Instruction pour Vaudreuil</i>, 22 <i>Mars</i>, 1755. +<i>Ordonnance pour l'Augmentation de Soldats dans les Compagnies de +Canada</i>, 14 <i>Mars</i>, 1755. +<i>Duquesne au Ministre</i>, 26 <i>Oct</i>. 1753. +<i>Ibid</i>., 30 <i>Oct</i>. 1753. +<i>Ibid</i>., 29 <i>Fév.</i> 1754. +<i>Duquesne à Marin</i>, 27 <i>Août</i>, 1753. +<i>Atlas de Susane.</i></p> +</div> + +<p>All the effective male population of Canada, from fifteen years to +sixty, was enrolled in the militia, and called into service at the will +of the Governor. They received arms, clothing, equipment, and rations +from the King, but no pay; and instead of tents they made themselves +huts of bark or branches. The best of them were drawn from the upper +parts of the colony, where habits of bushranging were still in full +activity. Their fighting qualities were much like those of the Indians, +whom they rivalled in endurance +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371-V1" id="Page_371-V1">371<br />V1</a></span> +and in the arts of forest war. As +bush-fighters they had few equals; they fought well behind earthworks, +and were good at a surprise or sudden dash; but for regular battle on +the open field they were of small account, being disorderly, and apt to +break and take to cover at the moment of crisis. They had no idea of the +great operations of war. At first they despised the regulars for their +ignorance of woodcraft, and thought themselves able to defend the colony +alone; while the regulars regarded them in turn with a contempt no less +unjust. They were excessively given to gasconade, and every true +Canadian boasted himself a match for three Englishmen at least. In 1750 +the militia of all ranks counted about thirteen thousand; and eight +years later the number had increased to about fifteen thousand. +<span class="superscript">[375]</span> +Until the last two years of the war, those employed in actual warfare +were but few. Even in the critical year 1758 only about eleven hundred +were called to arms, except for two or three weeks in summer; +<span class="superscript">[376]</span> +though about four thousand were employed in transporting troops and +supplies, for which service they received pay.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_375" name="footer_375"></a> + <span class="superscript">[375]</span> +<i>Récapitulation des Milices du Gouvernement de Canada</i>, 1750. +<i>Dénombrement des Milices</i>, 1758, 1759. On the militia, see +also Bougainville in Margry, <i>Rélations et Mémoires +inédits</i>, 60, and <i>N. Y. Col. Docs.</i>, X. 680.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_376" name="footer_376"></a> + <span class="superscript">[376]</span> +<i>Montcalm au Ministre</i>, 1 <i>Sept</i>. 1758.</p> +</div> + +<p>To the white fighting force of the colony are to be added the red men. +The most trusty of them were the Mission Indians, living within or near +the settled limits of Canada, chiefly the Hurons of Lorette, the +Abenakis of St. Francis and Batiscan, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372-V1" id="Page_372-V1">372<br />V1</a></span> +the Iroquois of Caughnawaga and La +Présentation, and the Iroquois and Algonkins at the Two Mountains on the +Ottawa. Besides these, all the warriors of the west and north, from Lake +Superior to the Ohio, and from the Alleghanies to the Mississippi, were +now at the beck of France. As to the Iroquois or Five Nations who still +remained in their ancient seats within the present limits of New York, +their power and pride had greatly fallen; and crowded as they were +between the French and the English, they were in a state of vacillation, +some leaning to one side, some to the other, and some to each in turn. +As a whole, the best that France could expect from them was neutrality.</p> + +<p>Montcalm at Montreal had more visits than he liked from his red allies. +"They are <i>vilains messieurs</i>," he informs his mother, "even when fresh +from their toilet, at which they pass their lives. You would not believe +it, but the men always carry to war, along with their tomahawk and gun, +a mirror to daub their faces with various colors, and arrange feathers +on their heads and rings in their ears and noses. They think it a great +beauty to cut the rim of the ear and stretch it till it reaches the +shoulder. Often they wear a laced coat, with no shirt at all. You would +take them for so many masqueraders or devils. One needs the patience of +an angel to get on with them. Ever since I have been here, I have had +nothing but visits, harangues, and deputations of these gentry. The +Iroquois ladies, who always take +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373-V1" id="Page_373-V1">373<br />V1</a></span> +part in their government, came also, and did me the honor to bring me belts +of wampum, which will oblige me to go to their village and sing the war-song. +They are only a little way off. Yesterday we had eighty-three warriors here, +who have gone out to fight. They make war with astounding cruelty, sparing +neither men, women, nor children, and take off your scalp very neatly,—an +operation which generally kills you.</p> + +<p>"Everything is horribly dear in this country; and I shall find it hard +to make the two ends of the year meet, with the twenty-five thousand +francs the King gives me. The Chevalier de Lévis did not join me till +yesterday. His health is excellent. In a few days I shall send him to +one camp, and M. de Bourlamaque to another; for we have three of them: +one at Carillon, eighty leagues from here, towards the place where M. de +Dieskau had his affair last year; another at Frontenac, sixty leagues; +and the third at Niagara, a hundred and forty leagues. I don't know when +or whither I shall go myself; that depends on the movements of the +enemy. It seems to me that things move slowly in this new world; and I +shall have to moderate my activity accordingly. Nothing but the King's +service and the wish to make a career for my son could prevent me from +thinking too much of my expatriation, my distance from you, and the dull +existence here, which would be duller still if I did not manage to keep +some little of my natural gayety."</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374-V1" id="Page_374-V1">374<br />V1</a></span> +The military situation was somewhat perplexing. Iroquois spies had +brought reports of great preparations on the part of the English. As +neither party dared offend these wavering tribes, their warriors could +pass with impunity from one to the other, and were paid by each for +bringing information, not always trustworthy. They declared that the +English were gathering in force to renew the attempt made by Johnson the +year before against Crown Point and Ticonderoga, as well as that made by +Shirley against forts Frontenac and Niagara. Vaudreuil had spared no +effort to meet the double danger. Lotbinière, a Canadian engineer, had +been busied during the winter in fortifying Ticonderoga, while Pouchot, +a captain in the battalion of Béarn, had rebuilt Niagara, and two French +engineers were at work in strengthening the defences of Frontenac. The +Governor even hoped to take the offensive, anticipate the movements of +the English, capture Oswego, and obtain the complete command of Lake +Ontario. Early in the spring a blow had been struck which materially +aided these schemes.</p> + +<p>The English had built two small forts to guard the Great Carrying Place +on the route to Oswego. One of these, Fort Williams, was on the Mohawk; +the other, Fort Bull, a mere collection of storehouses surrounded by a +palisade, was four miles distant, on the bank of Wood Creek. Here a +great quantity of stores and ammunition had imprudently been collected +against the opening campaign. In February Vaudreuil sent Léry, a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375-V1" id="Page_375-V1">375<br />V1</a></span> +colony officer, with three hundred and sixty-two picked men, soldiers, +Canadians, and Indians, to seize these two posts. Towards the end of +March, after extreme hardship, they reached the road that connected +them, and at half-past five in the morning captured twelve men going +with wagons to Fort Bull. Learning from them the weakness of that place, +they dashed forward to surprise it. The thirty provincials of Shirley's +regiment who formed the garrison had barely time to shut the gate, while +the assailants fired on them through the loopholes, of which they got +possession in the tumult. Léry called on the defenders to yield; but +they refused, and pelted the French for an hour with bullets and +hand-grenades. The gate was at last beat down with axes, and they were +summoned again; but again refused, and fired hotly through the opening. +The French rushed in, shouting <i>Vive le roi</i>, and a frightful struggle +followed. All the garrison were killed, except two or three who hid +themselves till the slaughter was over; the fort was set on fire and +blown to atoms by the explosion of the magazines; and Léry then +withdrew, not venturing to attack Fort Williams. Johnson, warned by +Indians of the approach of the French, had pushed up the Mohawk with +reinforcements; but came too late. <span class="superscript">[377]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_377" name="footer_377"></a> + <span class="superscript">[377]</span> +<i>Bigot au Ministre</i>, 12 <i>Avril</i>, 1756. +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 1 <i>Juin</i>, 1756. +<i>Ibid</i>., 8 <i>Juin</i>, 1756. +<i>Journal de ce qui s'est passé en Canada depuis le Mois d'Octobre</i>, +1755, <i>jusqu'au Mois de Juin</i>, 1756. +<i>Shirley to Fox</i>, 7 <i>May</i>, 1756. +<i>Conduct of Major-General Shirley briefly stated. +Information of Captain John Vicars, of the Fiftieth (Shirley's) Regiment</i>. +Eastburn, <i>Faithful Narrative</i>. Entick, I. 471. +The French accounts place the number of English at sixty or eighty.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376-V1" id="Page_376-V1">376<br />V1</a></span> +Vaudreuil, who always exaggerates any success in which he has had part, +says that besides bombs, bullets, cannon-balls, and other munitions, +forty-five thousand pounds of gunpowder were destroyed on this occasion. +It is certain that damage enough was done to retard English operations +in the direction of Oswego sufficiently to give the French time for +securing all their posts on Lake Ontario. Before the end of June this +was in good measure done. The battalion of Béarn lay encamped before the +now strong fort of Niagara, and the battalions of Guienne and La Sarre, +with a body of Canadians, guarded Frontenac against attack. Those of La +Reine and Languedoc had been sent to Ticonderoga, while the Governor, +with Montcalm and Lévis, still remained at Montreal watching the turn of +events. <span class="superscript">[378]</span> +Hither, too, came the intendant François Bigot, the most +accomplished knave in Canada, yet indispensable for his vigor and +executive skill; Bougainville, who had disarmed the jealousy of +Vaudreuil, and now stood high in his good graces; and the +Adjutant-General, Montreuil, clearly a vain and pragmatic personage, +who, having come to Canada with Dieskau the year before, thought it +behooved him to give the General the advantage of his experience. "I +like M. de Montcalm very much," he writes to the minister, "and will do +the impossible to deserve his confidence. I have spoken to him in the +same terms as to M. Dieskau; thus: 'Trust only the French regulars for +an expedition, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377-V1" id="Page_377-V1">377<br />V1</a></span> +but use the Canadians and Indians to harass the enemy. +Don't expose yourself; send me to carry your orders to points of +danger.' The colony officers do not like those from France. The +Canadians are independent, spiteful, lying, boastful; very good for +skirmishing, very brave behind a tree, and very timid when not under +cover. I think both sides will stand on the defensive. It does not seem +to me that M. de Montcalm means to attack the enemy; and I think he is +right. In this country a thousand men could stop three thousand." +<span class="superscript">[379]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_378" name="footer_378"></a> + <span class="superscript">[378]</span> +<i>Correspondance de Montcalm, Vaudreuil, et Lévis.</i></p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_379" name="footer_379"></a> + <span class="superscript">[379]</span> +<i>Montreuil au Ministre</i>, 12 <i>Juin</i>, 1756. +The original is in cipher.</p> +</div> + +<p>"M. de Vaudreuil overwhelms me with civilities," Montcalm +writes to the Minister of War. "I think that he is pleased with my +conduct towards him, and that it persuades him there are general +officers in France who can act under his orders without prejudice or +ill-humor." <span class="superscript">[380]</span> +"I am on good terms with him," he says again; "but not +in his confidence, which he never gives to anybody from France. His +intentions are good, but he is slow and irresolute." +<span class="superscript">[381]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_380" name="footer_380"></a> + <span class="superscript">[380]</span> +<i>Montcalm au Ministre</i>, 12 <i>Juin</i>, 1756.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_381" name="footer_381"></a> + <span class="superscript">[381]</span> +<i>Ibid</i>., 19 <i>Juin</i>, 1756. +"Je suis bien avec luy, sans sa confiance, qu'il ne donne jamais à +personne de la France." Erroneously rendered in <i>N. Y. Col. +Docs.</i>, X. 421.</p> +</div> + +<p>Indians presently brought word that ten thousand English were coming to +attack Ticonderoga. A reinforcement of colony regulars was at once +despatched to join the two battalions already there; a third battalion, +Royal Roussillon, was sent after them. The militia were called out and +ordered to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378-V1" id="Page_378-V1">378<br />V1</a></span> +follow with all speed, while both Montcalm and Lévis hastened +to the supposed scene of danger. <span class="superscript">[382]</span> +They embarked in canoes on the +Richelieu, coasted the shore of Lake Champlain, passed Fort Frederic or +Crown Point, where all was activity and bustle, and reached Ticonderoga +at the end of June. They found the fort, on which Lotbinière had been at +work all winter, advanced towards completion. It stood on the crown of +the promontory, and was a square with four bastions, a ditch, blown in +some parts out of the solid rock, bomb-proofs, barracks of stone, and a +system of exterior defences as yet only begun. The rampart consisted of +two parallel walls ten feet apart, built of the trunks of trees, and +held together by transverse logs dovetailed at both ends, the space +between being filled with earth and gravel well packed. +<span class="superscript">[383]</span> Such was +the first Fort Ticonderoga, or Carillon,—a structure quite distinct +from the later fort of which the ruins still stand on the same spot. The +forest had been hewn away for some distance around, and the tents of the +regulars and huts of the Canadians had taken its place; innumerable bark +canoes lay along the strand, and gangs of men toiled at the unfinished +works.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_382" name="footer_382"></a> + <span class="superscript">[382]</span> +<i>Montcalm au Ministre</i>, 26 <i>Juin</i>, 1756. +<i>Détail de ce qui s'est passé, Oct</i>. +1755—<i>Juin</i>, 1756.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_383" name="footer_383"></a> + <span class="superscript">[383]</span> +<i>Lotbinière au Ministre</i>, 31 <i>Oct</i>. 1756. +<i>Montcalm au Ministre</i>, 20 <i>Juillet</i>, 1756.</p> +</div> + +<p>Ticonderoga was now the most advanced position of the French, and Crown +Point, which had before held that perilous honor, was in the second +line. Lévis, to whom had been assigned the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379-V1" id="Page_379-V1">379<br />V1</a></span> +permanent command of this +post of danger, set out on foot to explore the neighboring woods and +mountains, and slept out several nights before he reappeared at the +camp. "I do not think," says Montcalm, "that many high officers in +Europe would have occasion to take such tramps as this. I cannot speak +too well of him. Without being a man of brilliant parts, he has good +experience, good sense, and a quick eye; and, though I had served with +him before, I never should have thought that he had such promptness and +efficiency. He has turned his campaigns to good account." +<span class="superscript">[384]</span> Lévis +writes of his chief with equal warmth. "I do not know if the Marquis de +Montcalm is pleased with me, but I am sure that I am very much so with +him, and shall always be charmed to serve under his orders. It is not +for me, Monseigneur, to speak to you of his merit and his talents. You +know him better than anybody else; but I may have the honor of assuring +you that he has pleased everybody in this colony, and manages affairs +with the Indians extremely well." <span class="superscript">[385]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_384" name="footer_384"></a> + <span class="superscript">[384]</span> +<i>Montcalm au Ministre</i>, 20 <i>Juillet</i>, 1756.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_385" name="footer_385"></a> + <span class="superscript">[385]</span> +<i>Lévis au Ministre</i>, 17 <i>Juillet</i>, 1756.</p> +</div> + +<p>The danger from the English proved to be still remote, and there was +ample leisure in the camp. Duchat, a young captain in the battalion of +Languedoc, used it in writing to his father a long account of what he +saw about him,—the forests full of game; the ducks, geese, and +partridges; the prodigious flocks of wild pigeons that darkened +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380-V1" id="Page_380-V1">380<br />V1</a></span> +the air, +the bears, the beavers; and above all the Indians, their canoes, dress, +ball-play, and dances. "We are making here," says the military prophet, +"a place that history will not forget. The English colonies have ten +times more people than ours; but these wretches have not the least +knowledge of war, and if they go out to fight, they must abandon wives, +children, and all that they possess. Not a week passes but the French +send them a band of <i>hairdressers</i>, whom they would be very glad to +dispense with. It is incredible what a quantity of scalps they bring us. +In Virginia they have committed unheard-of cruelties, carried off +families, burned a great many houses, and killed an infinity of people. +These miserable English are in the extremity of distress, and repent too +late the unjust war they began against us. It is a pleasure to make war +in Canada. One is troubled neither with horses nor baggage; the King +provides everything. But it must be confessed that if it costs no money, +one pays for it in another way, by seeing nothing but pease and bacon on +the mess-table. Luckily the lakes are full of fish, and both officers +and soldiers have to turn fishermen." <span class="superscript">[386]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_386" name="footer_386"></a> + <span class="superscript">[386]</span> +<i>Relation de M. Duchat, Capitaine au Régiment de +Languedoc, écrite au Camp de Carillon</i>, 15 +<i>Juillet</i>, 1756.</p> +</div> + +<p>Meanwhile, at the head of Lake George, the raw bands of +ever-active New England were mustering for the fray.</p> + +<hr /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Chapter_12" id="Chapter_12"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381-V1" id="Page_381-V1">381<br />V1</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents12">CHAPTER XII.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1756.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader">OSWEGO.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + The new Campaign • Untimely Change of Commanders • + Eclipse of Shirley • Earl of Loudon • + Muster of Provincials • New England Levies • + Winslow at Lake George • Johnson and the Five Nations • + Bradstreet and his Boatmen • Fight on the Onondaga • + Pestilence at Oswego • Loudon and the Provincials • + New England Camps • Army Chaplains • A sudden Blow • + Montcalm attacks Oswego • Its Fall. + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> +</div> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">When</span>, +at the end of the last year, Shirley returned from his bootless +Oswego campaign, he called a council of war at New York and laid before +it his scheme for the next summer's operations. It was a comprehensive +one: to master Lake Ontario by an overpowering naval force and seize the +French forts upon it, Niagara, Frontenac, and Toronto; attack +Ticonderoga and Crown Point on the one hand, and Fort Duquesne on the +other, and at the same time perplex and divide the enemy by an inroad +down the Chaudière upon the settlements about Quebec. +<span class="superscript">[387]</span> The council +approved the scheme; but to execute it the provinces must raise at least +sixteen thousand men. This they +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382-V1" id="Page_382-V1">382<br />V1</a></span> +refused to do. Pennsylvania and Virginia would take no active part, and were +content with defending themselves. The attack on Fort Duquesne was therefore +abandoned, as was also the diversion towards Quebec. The New England colonies +were discouraged by Johnson's failure to take Crown Point, doubtful of the +military abilities of Shirley, and embarrassed by the debts of the last +campaign; but when they learned that Parliament would grant a sum of money in +partial compensation for their former sacrifices, +<span class="superscript">[388]</span> they plunged into new debts without +hesitation, and raised more men than the General had asked; though, with their +usual jealousy, they provided that their soldiers should be employed for no +other purpose than the attack on Ticonderoga and Crown Point. Shirley chose +John Winslow to command them, and gave him a commission to that effect; while +he, to clinch his authority, asked and obtained supplementary commissions from +every government that gave men to the expedition. +<span class="superscript">[389]</span> For the movement against the forts of +Lake Ontario, which Shirley meant to command in person, he had the remains of +his own and Pepperell's regiments, the two shattered battalions brought over +by Braddock, the "Jersey Blues," four provincial companies from North Carolina, +and the four King's companies of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383-V1" id="Page_383-V1">383<br />V1</a></span> +New York. His first care was to recruit their ranks and raise them to +their full complement; which, when effected, would bring them up to the +insufficient strength of about forty-four hundred men.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_387" name="footer_387"></a> + <span class="superscript">[387]</span> +<i>Minutes of Council of War held at New York</i>, 12 and 13 +<i>Dec</i>. 1755. <i>Shirley to Robinson</i>, 19 <i>Dec</i>. 1755. +<i>The Conduct of Major-General Shirley briefly stated. +Review of Military Operations in North America.</i></p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_388" name="footer_388"></a> + <span class="superscript">[388]</span> +<i>Lords of Trade to Lords of the Treasury</i>, 12 <i>Feb.</i> 1756. +<i>Fox to American Governors</i>, 13 <i>March,</i> 1756. +<i>Shirley to Phipps</i>, 15 <i>June</i>, 1756. +The sum was £115,000, divided in proportion to the expense +incurred by the several colonies; Massachusetts having £54,000, +Connecticut £26,000, and New York £15,000, the rest being +given to New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and New Jersey.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_389" name="footer_389"></a> + <span class="superscript">[389]</span> +<i>Letter and Order Books of General Winslow</i>, 1756.</p> +</div> + +<p>While he was struggling with contradictions and cross purposes, a +withering blow fell upon him; he learned that he was superseded in the +command. The cabal formed against him, with Delancey at its head, had +won over Sir Charles Hardy, the new governor of New York, and had +painted Shirley's conduct in such colors that the Ministry removed him. +It was essential for the campaign that a successor should be sent at +once, to form plans on the spot and make preparations accordingly. The +Ministry were in no such haste. It was presently announced that Colonel +Daniel Webb would be sent to America, followed by General James +Abercromby; who was to be followed in turn by the Earl of Loudon, the +destined commander-in-chief. Shirley was to resign his command to Webb, +Webb to Abercromby, and Abercromby to Loudon. +<span class="superscript">[390]</span> It chanced that the +two former arrived in June at about the same time, while the Earl came +in July; and meanwhile it devolved on Shirley to make ready for them. +Unable to divine what their plans would be, he prepared the campaign in +accordance with his own.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_390" name="footer_390"></a> + <span class="superscript">[390]</span> +<i>Fox to Shirley</i>, 13 <i>March</i>, 1756. +<i>Ibid</i>., 31 <i>March</i>, 1756. +<i>Order to Colonel Webb</i>, 31 <i>March</i>, 1756. +<i>Order to Major-General Abercromby</i>, 1 <i>April</i>, 1756. +<i>Halifax to Shirley</i>, 1 <i>April</i>, 1756. +<i>Shirley to Fox</i>, 13 <i>June</i>, 1756.</p> +</div> + + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384-V1" id="Page_384-V1">384<br />V1</a></span> +His star, so bright a twelvemonth before, was now miserably dimmed. In +both his public and private life he was the butt of adversity. He had +lost two promising sons; he had made a mortifying failure as a soldier; +and triumphant enemies were rejoicing in his fall. It is to the credit +of his firmness and his zeal in the cause that he set himself to his +task with as much vigor as if he, and not others, were to gather the +fruits. His chief care was for his favorite enterprise in the direction +of Lake Ontario. Making Albany his headquarters, he rebuilt the fort at +the Great Carrying Place destroyed in March by the French, sent troops +to guard the perilous route to Oswego, and gathered provisions and +stores at the posts along the way.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile the New England men, strengthened by the levies of New York, +were mustering at Albany for the attack of Crown Point. At the end of +May they moved a short distance up the Hudson, and encamped at a place +called Half-Moon, where the navigation was stopped by rapids. Here and +at the posts above were gathered something more than five thousand men, +as raw and untrained as those led by Johnson in the summer before. +<span class="superscript">[391]</span> +The four New England colonies were much alike in their way of raising +and equipping men, and the example of Massachusetts may serve for them +all. The Assembly or "General Court" voted the required number, and +chose a committee of war authorized to impress +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385-V1" id="Page_385-V1">385<br />V1</a></span> +provisions, munitions, stores, clothing, tools, and other necessaries, for +which fair prices were to be paid within six months. The Governor issued a +proclamation calling for volunteers. If the full number did not appear within +the time named, the colonels of militia were ordered to muster their +regiments, and immediately draft out of them men enough to meet the +need. A bounty of six dollars was offered this year to stimulate +enlistment, and the pay of a private soldier was fixed at one pound six +shillings a month, Massachusetts currency. If he brought a gun, he had +an additional bounty of two dollars. A powder-horn, bullet-pouch, +blanket, knapsack, and "wooden bottle," or canteen, were supplied by the +province; and if he brought no gun of his own, a musket was given him, +for which, as for the other articles, he was to account at the end of +the campaign. In the next year it was announced that the soldier should +receive, besides his pay, "a coat and soldier's hat." The coat was of +coarse blue cloth, to which breeches of red or blue were afterwards +added. Along with his rations, he was promised a gill of rum each day, a +privilege of which he was extremely jealous, deeply resenting every +abridgment of it. He was enlisted for the campaign, and could not be +required to serve above a year at farthest.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_391" name="footer_391"></a> + <span class="superscript">[391]</span> +<i>Letter and Order Books of Winslow</i>, 1756.</p> +</div> + +<p>The complement of a regiment was five hundred, divided into companies of +fifty; and as the men and officers of each were drawn from the same +neighborhood, they generally knew each +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386-V1" id="Page_386-V1">386<br />V1</a></span> +other. The officers, though nominally appointed by the Assembly, were for the +most part the virtual choice of the soldiers themselves, from whom they were +often indistinguishable in character and social standing. Hence discipline was +weak. The pay—or, as it was called, the wages—of a colonel was +twelve pounds sixteen shillings, Massachusetts currency, a month; that of a +captain, five pounds eight shillings,—an advance on the pay of the last +year; and that of a chaplain, six pounds eight shillings. +<span class="superscript">[392]</span> Penalties were enacted against +"irreligion, immorality, drunkenness, debauchery, and profaneness." The +ordinary punishments were the wooden horse, irons, or, in bad cases, flogging. +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_392" name="footer_392"></a> + <span class="superscript">[392]</span> +<i>Vote of General Court</i>, 26 <i>Feb</i>. 1756.</p> +</div> + +<p>Much difficulty arose from the different rules adopted by the various +colonies for the regulation of their soldiers. Nor was this the only +source of trouble. Besides its war committee, the Assembly of each of +the four New England colonies chose another committee "for clothing, +arming, paying, victualling, and transporting" its troops. They were to +go to the scene of operations, hire wagons, oxen, and horses, build +boats and vessels, and charge themselves with the conveyance of all +supplies belonging to their respective governments. They were to keep in +correspondence with the committee of war at home, to whom they were +responsible; and the officer commanding the contingent of their colony +was required to furnish them with guards and escorts. Thus four +independent committees were +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387-V1" id="Page_387-V1">387<br />V1</a></span> +engaged in the work of transportation at the same time, over the same roads, +for the same object. Each colony chose to keep the control of its property +in its own hands. The inconveniences were obvious: "I wish to God," wrote +Lord Loudon to Winslow, "you could persuade your people to go all one way." +The committees themselves did not always find their task agreeable. One of +their number, John Ashley, of Massachusetts, writes in dudgeon to Governor +Phipps: "Sir, I am apt to think that things have been misrepresented to your +Honor, or else I am certain I should not suffer in my character, and be +styled a damned rascal, and ought to be put in irons, etc., when I am certain +I have exerted myself to the utmost of my ability to expedite the business +assigned me by the General Court." At length, late in the autumn, Loudon +persuaded the colonies to forego this troublesome sort of independence, +and turn over their stores to the commissary-general, receipts being +duly given. <span class="superscript">[393]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_393" name="footer_393"></a> + <span class="superscript">[393]</span> +The above particulars are gathered from the voluminous papers in the +State House at Boston, <i>Archives, Military</i>, Vols. LXXV., +LXXVI. These contain the military acts of the General Court, +proclamations, reports of committees, and other papers relating to +military affairs in 1755 and 1756. The <i>Letter and Order Books of +Winslow</i>, in the Library of the Massachusetts Historical Society, have +supplied much concurrent matter. See also <i>Colonial Records of R. I.</i>, +V., and <i>Provincial Papers of N. H.</i>, VI.</p> +</div> + + +<p>From Winslow's headquarters at Half-Moon a road led along the banks of +the Hudson to Stillwater, whence there was water carriage to Saratoga. +Here stores were again placed in wagons and carried several miles to +Upper Falls; thence +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388-V1" id="Page_388-V1">388<br />V1</a></span> +by boat to Fort Edward; and thence, fourteen miles +across country, to Fort William Henry at Lake George, where the army was +to embark for Ticonderoga. Each of the points of transit below Fort +Edward was guarded by a stockade and two or more companies of +provincials. They were much pestered by Indians, who now and then +scalped a straggler, and escaped with their usual nimbleness. From time +to time strong bands of Canadians and Indians approached by way of South +Bay or Wood Creek, and threatened more serious mischief. It is +surprising that some of the trains were not cut off, for the escorts +were often reckless and disorderly to the last degree. Sometimes the +invaders showed great audacity. Early in June Colonel Fitch at Albany +scrawls a hasty note to Winslow: "Friday, 11 o'clock: Sir, about half an +hour since, a party of near fifty French and Indians had the impudence +to come down to the river opposite to this city and captivate two men;" +and Winslow replies with equal quaintness: "We daily discover the +Indians about us; but not yet have been so happy as to obtain any of +them." <span class="superscript">[394]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_394" name="footer_394"></a> + <span class="superscript">[394]</span> +Vaudreuil, in his despatch of 12 August, gives particulars of these raids, +with an account of the scalps taken on each occasion. He thought the +results disappointing.</p> +</div> + +<p>Colonel Jonathan Bagley commanded at Fort William Henry, where gangs of +men were busied under his eye in building three sloops and making +several hundred whaleboats to carry the army of Ticonderoga. The season +was advancing fast, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389-V1" id="Page_389-V1">389<br />V1</a></span> +and Winslow urged him to hasten on the work; to which the humorous Bagley +answered: "Shall leave no stone unturned; every wheel shall go that rum +and human flesh can move." <span class="superscript">[395]</span> A +fortnight after he reports: "I must really confess I have almost wore +the men out, poor dogs. Pray where are the committee, or what are they +about?" He sent scouts to watch the enemy, with results not quite +satisfactory. "There is a vast deal of news here; every party brings +abundance, but all different." Again, a little later: "I constantly keep +out small scouting parties to the eastward and westward of the lake, and +make no discovery but the tracks of small parties who are plaguing us +constantly; but what vexes me most, we can't catch one of the sons +of——. I have sent out skulking parties some distance from the +sentries in the night, to lie still in the bushes to intercept them; but +the flies are so plenty, our people can't bear them." +<span class="superscript">[396]</span> Colonel David +Wooster, at Fort Edward, was no more fortunate in his attempts to take +satisfaction on his midnight visitors; and reports that he has not thus +far been able "to give those villains a dressing." +<span class="superscript">[397]</span> The English, +however, were fast learning the art of forest war, and the partisan +chief, Captain Robert Rogers, began already to be famous. On the +seventeenth of June he and his band lay hidden in the bushes within the +outposts of Ticonderoga, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390-V1" id="Page_390-V1">390<br />V1</a></span> +and made a close survey of the fort and surrounding camps. +<span class="superscript">[398]</span> His report was not cheering. +Winslow's so-called army had now grown to nearly seven thousand men; +and these, it was plain, were not too many to drive the French from +their stronghold.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_395" name="footer_395"></a> + <span class="superscript">[395]</span> +<i>Bagley to Winslow</i>, 2 <i>July</i>, 1756.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_396" name="footer_396"></a> + <span class="superscript">[396]</span> +<i>Ibid</i>., 15 <i>July</i>, 1756.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_397" name="footer_397"></a> + <span class="superscript">[397]</span> +<i>Wooster to Winslow</i>, 2 <i>June</i>, 1756.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_398" name="footer_398"></a> + <span class="superscript">[398]</span> +<i>Report of Rogers</i>, 19 <i>June</i>, 1756. Much abridged in his +published <i>Journals</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>While Winslow pursued his preparations, tried to settle disputes of rank +among the colonels of the several colonies, and strove to bring order +out of the little chaos of his command, Sir William Johnson was engaged +in a work for which he was admirably fitted. This was the attaching of +the Five Nations to the English interest. Along with his patent of +baronetcy, which reached him about this time, he received, direct from +the Crown, the commission of "Colonel, Agent, and Sole Superintendent of +the Six Nations and other Northern Tribes." +<span class="superscript">[399]</span> Henceforth he was +independent of governors and generals, and responsible to the Court +alone. His task was a difficult one. The Five Nations would fain have +remained neutral, and let the European rivals fight it out; but, on +account of their local position, they could not. The exactions and lies +of the Albany traders, the frauds of land-speculators, the contradictory +action of the different provincial governments, joined to English +weakness and mismanagement in the last war, all conspired to alienate +them and to aid the efforts of the French agents, who cajoled and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391-V1" id="Page_391-V1">391<br />V1</a></span> +threatened them by turns. But for Johnson these intrigues would have +prevailed. He had held a series of councils with them at Fort Johnson +during the winter, and not only drew from them a promise to stand by the +English, but persuaded all the confederated tribes, except the Cayugas, +to consent that the English should build forts near their chief towns, +under the pretext of protecting them from the French. +<span class="superscript">[400]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_399" name="footer_399"></a> + <span class="superscript">[399]</span> +<i>Fox to Johnson</i>, 13 <i>March</i>, 1756. +<i>Papers of Sir William Johnson.</i></p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_400" name="footer_400"></a> + <span class="superscript">[400]</span> +<i>Conferences between Sir William Johnson and the Indians, +Dec</i>. 1755, <i>to Feb</i>. 1756, in <i>N. Y. Col. Docs.</i>, +VII. 44-74. <i>Account of Conferences held and Treaties made between +Sir William Johnson, Bart., and the Indian Nations of North America</i> +(London, 1756).</p> +</div> + +<p>In June he went to Onondaga, well escorted, for the way was dangerous. +This capital of the Confederacy was under a cloud. It had just lost one +Red Head, its chief sachem; and first of all it behooved the baronet to +condole their affliction. The ceremony was long, with compliments, +lugubrious speeches, wampum-belts, the scalp of an enemy to replace the +departed, and a final glass of rum for each of the assembled mourners. +The conferences lasted a fortnight; and when Johnson took his leave, the +tribes stood pledged to lift the hatchet for the English. +<span class="superscript">[401]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_401" name="footer_401"></a> + <span class="superscript">[401]</span> +<i>Minutes of Councils of Onondaga</i>, 19 <i>June</i> to 3 <i>July</i>, +1756, in <i>N. Y. Col. Docs.</i>, VII. 134-150.</p> +</div> + +<p>When he returned to Fort Johnson a fever seized him, and he lay helpless +for a time; then rose from his sick bed to meet another congregation of +Indians. These were deputies of the Five Nations, with Mohegans from the +Hudson, and Delawares and Shawanoes from the Susquehanna, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392-V1" id="Page_392-V1">392<br />V1</a></span> +whom he had persuaded to visit him in hope that he might induce them to cease +from murdering the border settlers. All their tribesmen were in arms against +the English; but he prevailed at last, and they accepted the war-belt at +his hands. The Delawares complained that their old conquerors, the Five +Nations, had forced them "to wear the petticoat," that is, to be counted +not as warriors but as women. Johnson, in presence of all the Assembly, +now took off the figurative garment, and pronounced them henceforth men. +A grand war-dance followed. A hundred and fifty Mohawks, Oneidas, +Onondagas, Delawares, Shawanoes, and Mohegans stamped, whooped, and +yelled all night. <span class="superscript">[402]</span> +In spite of Piquet, the two Joncaires, and the rest of the French agents, +Johnson had achieved a success. But would the Indians keep their word? It +was more than doubtful. While some of them treated with him on the Mohawk, +others treated with Vaudreuil at Montreal. +<span class="superscript">[403]</span> A display of military vigor on the +English side, crowned by some signal victory, would alone make their +alliance sure.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_402" name="footer_402"></a> + <span class="superscript">[402]</span> +<i>Minutes of Councils at Fort Johnson</i>, 9 <i>July</i> to 12 <i>July</i>, +in <i>N. Y. Col. Docs.</i>, VII. 152-160.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_403" name="footer_403"></a> + <span class="superscript">[403]</span> +<i>Conferences between M. de Vaudreuil and the Five Nations</i>, +28 <i>July</i> to 20 <i>Aug.</i>, +in <i>N. Y. Col. Docs.</i>, X. 445-453.</p> +</div> + +<p>It was not the French only who thwarted the efforts of Johnson; for +while he strove to make friends of the Delawares and Shawanoes, Governor +Morris of Pennsylvania declared war against them, and Governor Belcher +of New Jersey followed his example; though persuaded at last to hold his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393-V1" id="Page_393-V1">393<br />V1</a></span> +hand till the baronet had tried the virtue of pacific measures. +<span class="superscript">[404]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_404" name="footer_404"></a> + <span class="superscript">[404]</span> +<i>Johnson to Lords of Trade</i>, 28 <i>May</i>, 1756. +<i>Ibid</i>., 17 <i>July</i>, 1756. +<i>Johnson to Shirley</i>, 24 <i>April</i>, 1756. +<i>Colonial Records of Pa.</i>, VII. +75, 88, 194.</p> +</div> + +<p>What Shirley longed for was the collecting of a body of Five Nation +warriors at Oswego to aid him in his cherished enterprise against +Niagara and Frontenac. The warriors had promised him to come; but there +was small hope that they would do so. Meanwhile he was at Albany +pursuing his preparations, posting his scanty force in the forts newly +built on the Mohawk and the Great Carrying Place, and sending forward +stores and provisions. Having no troops to spare for escorts, he +invented a plan which, like everything he did, was bitterly criticised. +He took into pay two thousand boatmen, gathered from all parts of the +country, including many whalemen from the eastern coasts of New +England, divided them into companies of fifty, armed each with a gun and +a hatchet, and placed them under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel John +Bradstreet. <span class="superscript">[405]</span> +Thus organized, they would, he hoped, require no +escort. Bradstreet was a New England officer who had been a captain in +the last war, somewhat dogged and self-opinioned, but brave, energetic, +and well fitted for this kind of service.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_405" name="footer_405"></a> + <span class="superscript">[405]</span> +<i>Shirley to Fox</i>, 7 <i>May</i>, 1756. +<i>Shirley to Abercromby</i>, 27 <i>June</i>, +1756. <i>London to Fox</i>, 19 <i>Aug.</i> 1756.</p> +</div> + +<p>In May Vaudreuil sent Coulon de Villiers with eleven hundred soldiers, +Canadians, and Indians, to harass Oswego and cut its communications +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394-V1" id="Page_394-V1">394<br />V1</a></span> +with Albany. <span class="superscript">[406]</span> +Nevertheless Bradstreet safely conducted a convoy of provisions and +military stores to the garrison; and on the third of July set out on +his return with the empty boats. The party were pushing their way up +the river in three divisions. The first of these, consisting of a +hundred boats and three hundred men, with Bradstreet at their head, were +about nine miles from Oswego, when, at three in the afternoon, they +received a heavy volley from the forest on the east bank. It was fired +by a part of Villiers' command, consisting, by English accounts, of +about seven hundred men. A considerable number of the boatmen were +killed or disabled, and the others made for the shelter of the western +shore. Some prisoners were taken in the confusion; and if the French had +been content to stop here, they might fairly have claimed a kind of +victory: but, eager to push their advantage, they tried to cross under +cover of an island just above. Bradstreet saw the movement, and landed +on the island with six or eight followers, among whom was young Captain +Schuyler, afterwards General Schuyler of the Revolution. Their fire kept +the enemy in check till others joined them, to the number of about +twenty. These a second and a third time beat back the French, who now +gave over the attempt, and made for another ford at some distance above. +Bradstreet saw their intention; and collecting two hundred and fifty +men, was about to advance up the west bank to oppose them, when Dr. +Kirkland, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395-V1" id="Page_395-V1">395<br />V1</a></span> +a surgeon, came to tell him that the second division of boats +had come up, and that the men had landed. Bradstreet ordered them to +stay where they were, and defend the lower crossing: then hastened +forward; but when he reached the upper ford, the French had passed the +river, and were ensconced in a pine-swamp near the shore. Here he +attacked them; and both parties fired at each other from behind trees +for an hour, with little effect. Bradstreet at length encouraged his men +to make a rush at the enemy, who were put to flight and driven into the +river, where many were shot or drowned as they tried to cross. Another +party of the French had meanwhile passed by a ford still higher up to +support their comrades; but the fight was over before they reached the +spot, and they in their turn were set upon and driven back across the +stream. Half an hour after, Captain Patten arrived from Onondaga with +the grenadiers of Shirley's regiment; and late in the evening two +hundred men came from Oswego to reinforce the victors. In the morning +Bradstreet prepared to follow the French to their camp, twelve miles +distant; but was prevented by a heavy rain which lasted all day. On the +Monday following, he and his men reached Albany, bringing two prisoners, +eighty French muskets, and many knapsacks picked up in the woods. He had +lost between sixty and seventy killed, wounded, and taken. +<span class="superscript">[407]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_406" name="footer_406"></a> + <span class="superscript">[406]</span> +<i>Détail de ce qui s'est passé en Canada, +Oct</i>. 1755—<i>Juin</i>, 1756.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_407" name="footer_407"></a> + <span class="superscript">[407]</span> +<i>Letter of J. Choate, Albany</i>, 12 <i>July</i>, 1756, in Massachusetts +Archives, LV. <i>Three Letters from Albany, July, Aug</i>. 1756, in +<i>Doc. Hist. of N. Y.</i>, I. 482. <i>Review of Military Operations. +Shirley to Fox</i>, 26 <i>July</i>, 1756. +<i>Abercromby to Sir Charles Hardy</i>, 11 <i>July</i>, 1756. +Niles, in <i>Mass. His. Coll., Fourth Series</i>, V. 417. +Lossing, <i>Life of Schuyler</i>, I. 131 (1860). +Mante, 60. Bradstreet's conduct on this occasion afterwards +gained for him the warm praises of Wolfe.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396-V1" id="Page_396-V1">396<br />V1</a></span> +This affair was trumpeted through Canada as a victory of the French. +Their notices of it are discordant, though very brief. One of them says +that Villiers had four hundred men. Another gives him five hundred, and +a third eight hundred, against fifteen hundred English, of whom they +killed eight hundred, or an Englishman apiece. A fourth writer boasts +that six hundred Frenchmen killed nine hundred English. A fifth contents +himself with four hundred; but thinks that forty more would have been +slain if the Indians had not fired too soon. He says further that there +were three hundred boats; and presently forgetting himself, adds that +five hundred were taken or destroyed. A sixth announces a great capture +of stores and provisions, though all the boats were empty. A seventh +reports that the Canadians killed about three hundred, and would have +killed more but for the bad quality of their tomahawks. An eighth, with +rare modesty, puts the English loss at fifty or sixty. That of Villiers +is given in every proportion of killed or wounded, from one up to ten. +Thus was Canada roused to martial ardor, and taught to look for future +triumphs cheaply bought. <span class="superscript">[408]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_408" name="footer_408"></a> + <span class="superscript">[408]</span> +<i>Nouvelles du Camp établi au Portage de Chouaguen, +première Relation. +Ibid., Séconde Relation</i>, 10 <i>Juillet</i>, 1756. +Bougainville, <i>Journal</i>, who gives the report as he heard it. +<i>Lettre du R. P. Cocquard, S. J.</i>, 1756. +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 10 <i>Juillet</i>, 1756. +<i>Ursulines de Québec</i>, II. 292. +<i>N. Y. Col. Docs.</i>, X. 434, 467, 477, 483. +Some prisoners taken in the first attack were brought to Montreal, +where their presence gave countenance to these fabrications.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397-V1" id="Page_397-V1">397<br />V1</a></span> +The success of Bradstreet silenced for a time the enemies of Shirley. +His cares, however, redoubled. He was anxious for Oswego, as the two +prisoners declared that the French meant to attack it, instead of +waiting to be attacked from it. Nor was the news from that quarter +reassuring. The engineer, Mackellar, wrote that the works were incapable +of defence; and Colonel Mercer, the commandant, reported general +discontent in the garrison. <span class="superscript">[409]</span> +Captain John Vicars, an invalid officer +of Shirley's regiment, arrived at Albany with yet more deplorable +accounts. He had passed the winter at Oswego, where he declared the +dearth of food to have been such that several councils of war had been +held on the question of abandoning the place from sheer starvation. More +than half his regiment died of hunger or disease; and, in his own words, +"had the poor fellows lived they must have eaten one another." Some of +the men were lodged in barracks, though without beds, while many lay all +winter in huts on the bare ground. Scurvy and dysentery made frightful +havoc. "In January," says Vicars, "we were informed by the Indians that +we were to be attacked. The garrison was then so weak that the strongest +guard we proposed to mount was a subaltern and twenty men; but we were +seldom able to mount more than sixteen or eighteen, and half of those +were obliged to have sticks in their hands to support them. The men were +so weak that the sentries often fell down on their posts, and lay there +till +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398-V1" id="Page_398-V1">398<br />V1</a></span> +the relief came and lifted them up." His own company of fifty was +reduced to ten. The other regiment of the garrison, Pepperell's, or the +fifty-first, was quartered at Fort Ontario, on the other side of the +river; and being better sheltered, suffered less.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_409" name="footer_409"></a> + <span class="superscript">[409]</span> +<i>Mackellar to Shirley, June</i>, 1756. +<i>Mercer to Shirley</i>, 2 <i>July</i>, 1756.</p> +</div> + +<p>The account given by Vicars of the state of the defences was scarcely +more flattering. He reported that the principal fort had no cannon on +the side most exposed to attack. Two pieces had been mounted on the +trading-house in the centre; but as the concussion shook down stones +from the wall whenever they were fired, they had since been removed. The +second work, called Fort Ontario, he had not seen since it was finished, +having been too ill to cross the river. Of the third, called New Oswego, +or "Fort Rascal," he testifies thus: "It never was finished, and there +were no loopholes in the stockades; so that they could not fire out of +the fort but by opening the gate and firing out of that." +<span class="superscript">[410]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_410" name="footer_410"></a> + <span class="superscript">[410]</span> +<i>Information of Captain John Vicars, of the Fiftieth (Shirley's) +Regiment,</i> enclosed with a despatch of Lord Loudon. Vicars was a +veteran British officer who left Oswego with Bradstreet on the +third of July. <i>Shirley to Loudon</i>, 5 <i>Sept</i>. 1756.</p> +</div> + +<p>Through the spring and early summer Shirley was gathering recruits, +often of the meanest quality, and sending them to Oswego to fill out the +two emaciated regiments. The place must be defended at any cost. Its +fall would ruin not only the enterprise against Niagara and Frontenac, +but also that against Ticonderoga and Crown Point; since, having nothing +more to fear on Lake +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399-V1" id="Page_399-V1">399<br />V1</a></span> +Ontario, the French could unite their whole force +on Lake Champlain, whether for defence or attack.</p> + +<p>Towards the end of June Abercromby and Webb arrived at Albany, bringing +a reinforcement of nine hundred regulars, consisting of Otway's +regiment, or a part of it, and a body of Highlanders. Shirley resigned +his command, and Abercromby requested him to go to New York, wait there +till Lord Loudon arrived, and lay before him the state of affairs. +<span class="superscript">[411]</span> +Shirley waited till the twenty-third of July, when the Earl at length +appeared. He was a rough Scotch lord, hot and irascible; and the +communications of his predecessor, made, no doubt, in a manner somewhat +pompous and self-satisfied, did not please him. "I got from +Major-General Shirley," he says, "a few papers of very little use; only +he insinuated to me that I would find everything prepared, and have +nothing to do but to pull laurels; which I understand was his constant +conversation before my arrival." +<span class="superscript">[412]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_411" name="footer_411"></a> + <span class="superscript">[411]</span> +<i>Shirley to Fox</i>, 4 <i>July</i>, 1756.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_412" name="footer_412"></a> + <span class="superscript">[412]</span> +<i>Loudon (to Fox?)</i>, 19 <i>Aug</i>. 1756.</p> +</div> + +<p>Loudon sailed up the Hudson in no placid mood. On reaching Albany he +abandoned the attempt against Niagara and Frontenac; and had resolved to +turn his whole force against Ticonderoga, when he was met by an obstacle +that both perplexed and angered him. By a royal order lately issued, +all general and field officers with provincial commissions were to take +rank only as eldest +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400-V1" id="Page_400-V1">400<br />V1</a></span> +captains when serving in conjunction with regular troops. +<span class="superscript">[413]</span> Hence the whole provincial +army, as Winslow observes, might be put under the command of any +British major. <span class="superscript">[414]</span> The announcement +of this regulation naturally caused great discontent. The New England +officers held a meeting, and voted with one voice that in their belief +its enforcement would break up the provincial army and prevent the +raising of another. Loudon, hearing of this, desired Winslow to meet him +at Albany for a conference on the subject. Thither Winslow went with +some of his chief officers. The Earl asked them to dinner, and there was +much talk, with no satisfactory result; whereupon, somewhat chafed, he +required Winslow to answer in writing, yes or no, whether the provincial +officers would obey the commander-in-chief and act in conjunction with +the regulars. Thus forced to choose between acquiescence and flat +mutiny, they declared their submission to his orders, at the same time +asking as a favor that they might be allowed to act independently; to +which Loudon gave for the present an unwilling assent. Shirley, who, in +spite of his removal from command, had the good of the service deeply at +heart, was much troubled at this affair, and wrote strong letters to +Winslow in the interest of harmony. +<span class="superscript">[415]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_413" name="footer_413"></a> + <span class="superscript">[413]</span> +<i>Order concerning the Rank of Provincial General and Field Officers in +North America. Given at our Court at Kensington</i>, 12 <i>May</i>, 1756.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_414" name="footer_414"></a> + <span class="superscript">[414]</span> +<i>Winslow to Shirley</i>, 21 <i>Aug</i>. 1756.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_415" name="footer_415"></a> + <span class="superscript">[415]</span> +<i>Correspondence of Loudon, Abercromby, and Shirley, July, Aug</i>. 1756. +<i>Record of Meeting of Provincial Officers, July</i>, 1756. +<i>Letter and Order Books of Winslow.</i></p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401-V1" id="Page_401-V1">401<br />V1</a></span> +Loudon next proceeded to examine the state of the provincial forces, and +sent Lieutenant-Colonel Burton, of the regulars, to observe and report +upon it. Winslow by this time had made a forward movement, and was now +at Lake George with nearly half his command, while the rest were at Fort +Edward under Lyman, or in detachments at Saratoga and the other small +posts below. Burton found Winslow's men encamped with their right on +what are now the grounds of Fort William Henry Hotel, and their left +extending southward between the mountain in their front and the marsh in +their rear. "There are here," he reports, "about twenty-five hundred +men, five hundred of them sick, the greatest part of them what they +call poorly; they bury from five to eight daily, and officers in +proportion; extremely indolent, and dirty to a degree." Then, in +vernacular English, he describes the infectious condition of the fort, +which was full of the sick. "Their camp," he proceeds, "is nastier than +anything I could conceive; their——, kitchens, graves, and places for +slaughtering cattle all mixed through their encampment; a great waste of +provisions, the men having just what they please; no great command kept +up. Colonel Gridley governs the general; not in the least alert; only +one advanced guard of a subaltern and twenty-four men. The cannon and +stores in great confusion." Of the camp at Fort Edward he gives a better +account. "It is much cleaner than at Fort William Henry, but not +sufficiently so to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402-V1" id="Page_402-V1">402<br />V1</a></span> +keep the men healthy; a much better command kept up +here. General Lyman very ready to order out to work and to assist the +engineers with any number of men they require, and keeps a succession of +scouting-parties out towards Wood Creek and South Bay." +<span class="superscript">[416]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_416" name="footer_416"></a> + <span class="superscript">[416]</span> +<i>Burton to Loudon</i>, 27 <i>Aug</i>. 1756.</p> +</div> + +<p>The prejudice of the regular officer may have colored the picture, but +it is certain that the sanitary condition of the provincial camps was +extremely bad. "A grievous sickness among the troops," writes a +Massachusetts surgeon at Fort Edward; "we bury five or six a day. Not +more than two thirds of our army fit for duty. Long encampments are the +bane of New England men." <span class="superscript">[417]</span> +Like all raw recruits, they did not know +how to take care of themselves; and their officers had not the +experience, knowledge, or habit of command to enforce sanitary rules. +The same evils were found among the Canadians when kept long in one +place. Those in the camp of Villiers are reported at this time as nearly +all sick. <span class="superscript">[418]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_417" name="footer_417"></a> + <span class="superscript">[417]</span> +<i>Dr. Thomas Williams to Colonel Israel Williams</i>, 28 <i>Aug</i>. +1756.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_418" name="footer_418"></a> + <span class="superscript">[418]</span> +Bougainville, <i>Journal</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>Another penman, very different from the military critic, was also on the +spot, noting down every day what he saw and felt. This was John Graham, +minister of Suffield, in Connecticut, and now chaplain of Lyman's +regiment. His spirit, by nature far from buoyant, was depressed by +bodily ailments, and still more by the extremely +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403-V1" id="Page_403-V1">403<br />V1</a></span> +secular character of +his present surroundings. It appears by his Diary that he left home +"under great exercise of mind," and was detained at Albany for a time, +being, as he says, taken with an ague-fit and a quinsy; but at length he +reached the camp at Fort Edward, where deep despondency fell upon him. +"Labor under great discouragements," says the Diary, under date of July +twenty-eighth; "for find my business but mean in the esteem of many, and +think there's not much for a chaplain to do." Again, Tuesday, August +seventeenth: "Breakfasted this morning with the General. But a graceless +meal; never a blessing asked, nor thanks given. At the evening sacrifice +a more open scene of wickedness. The General and head officers, with +some of the regular officers, in General Lyman's tent, within four rods +of the place of public prayers. None came to prayers; but they fixed a +table without the door of the tent, where a head colonel was posted to +make punch in the sight of all, they within drinking, talking, and +laughing during the whole of the service, to the disturbance and +disaffection of most present. This was not only a bare neglect, but an +open contempt, of the worship of God by the heads of this army. 'Twas +but last Sabbath that General Lyman spent the time of divine service in +the afternoon in his tent, drinking in company with Mr. Gordon, a +regular officer. I have oft heard cursing and swearing in his presence +by some provincial field-officers, but never heard a reproof nor so much +as a check to them come from his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404-V1" id="Page_404-V1">404<br />V1</a></span> +mouth, though he never uses such +language himself. Lord, what is man! Truly, the May-game of Fortune! +Lord, make me know my duty, and what I ought to do!"</p> + +<p>That night his sleep was broken and his soul troubled by angry voices +under his window, where one Colonel Glasier was berating, in unhallowed +language, the captain of the guard; and here the chaplain's Journal +abruptly ends. <span class="superscript">[419]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_419" name="footer_419"></a> + <span class="superscript">[419]</span> +I owe to my friend George S. Hale, Esq., the opportunity of examining the +autograph Journal; it has since been printed in the <i>Magazine of +American History</i> for March, 1882.</p> +</div> + +<p>A brother minister, bearing no likeness to the worthy Graham, appeared +on the same spot some time after. This was Chaplain William Crawford, of +Worcester, who, having neglected to bring money to the war, suffered +much annoyance, aggravated by what he thought a want of due +consideration for his person and office. His indignation finds vent in a +letter to his townsman, Timothy Paine, member of the General Court: "No +man can reasonably expect that I can with any propriety discharge the +duty of a chaplain when I have nothing either to eat or drink, nor any +conveniency to write a line other than to sit down upon a stump and put +a piece of paper upon my knee. As for Mr. Weld [<i>another chaplain</i>], he +is easy and silent whatever treatment he meets with, and I suppose they +thought to find me the same easy and ductile person; but may the wide +yawning earth devour me first! The state of the camp is just such as one +at +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405-V1" id="Page_405-V1">405<br />V1</a></span> +home would guess it to be,—nothing but a hurry and confusion of vice +and wickedness, with a stygian atmosphere to breathe in." +<span class="superscript">[420]</span> The vice and wickedness of which +he complains appear to have consisted in a frequent infraction of the +standing order against "Curseing and Swareing," as well as of that which +required attendance on daily prayers, and enjoined "the people to appear in +a decent manner, clean and shaved," at the two Sunday sermons. +<span class="superscript">[421]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_420" name="footer_420"></a> + <span class="superscript">[420]</span> +The autograph letter is in Massachusetts Archives, LVI. no. 142. The same +volume contains a letter from Colonel Frye, of Massachusetts, in which he +speaks of the forlorn condition in which Chaplain Weld reached the camp. Of +Chaplain Crawford, he says that he came decently clothed, but without bed or +blanket, till he, Frye, lent them to him, and got Captain Learned to take him +into his tent. Chaplains usually had a separate tent, or shared that of the +colonel.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_421" name="footer_421"></a> + <span class="superscript">[421]</span> +<i>Letter and Order Books of Winslow</i>.</p> +</div> +<p>At the beginning of August Winslow wrote to the committees of the +several provinces: "It looks as if it won't be long before we are fit +for a remove,"—that is, for an advance on Ticonderoga. On the twelfth +Loudon sent Webb with the forty-fourth regiment and some of Bradstreet's +boatmen to reinforce Oswego. <span class="superscript">[422]</span> +They had been ready for a month; but confusion and misunderstanding arising +from the change of command had prevented their departure. +<span class="superscript">[423]</span> Yet the utmost anxiety had prevailed +for the safety of that important post, and on the twenty-eighth Surgeon +Thomas Williams wrote: "Whether Oswego is yet ours is uncertain. Would +hope it is, as the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406-V1" id="Page_406-V1">406<br />V1</a></span> +reverse would be such a terrible shock as the country +never felt, and may be a sad omen of what is coming upon poor sinful New +England. Indeed we can't expect anything but to be severely chastened +till we are humbled for our pride and haughtiness." +<span class="superscript">[424]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_422" name="footer_422"></a> + <span class="superscript">[422]</span> +<i>Loudon (to Fox?)</i>, 19 <i>Aug.</i> 1756.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_423" name="footer_423"></a> + <span class="superscript">[423]</span> +<i>Conduct of Major-General Shirley briefly stated. Shirley to Loudon</i>, +4 <i>Sept.</i> 1756. <i>Shirley to Fox</i>, 16 <i>Sept.</i> 1756.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_424" name="footer_424"></a> + <span class="superscript">[424]</span> +<i>Thomas Williams to Colonel Israel Williams</i>, 28 <i>Aug.</i> 1756.</p> +</div> + +<p>His foreboding proved true. Webb had scarcely reached the Great Carrying +Place, when tidings of disaster fell upon him like a thunderbolt. The +French had descended in force upon Oswego, taken it with all its +garrison; and, as report ran, were advancing into the province, six +thousand strong. Wood Creek had just been cleared, with great labor, of +the trees that choked it. Webb ordered others to be felled and thrown +into the stream to stop the progress of the enemy; then, with shameful +precipitation, he burned the forts of the Carrying Place, and retreated +down the Mohawk to German Flats. Loudon ordered Winslow to think no more +of Ticonderoga, but to stay where he was and hold the French in check. +All was astonishment and dismay at the sudden blow. "Oswego has changed +masters, and I think we may justly fear that the whole of our country +will soon follow, unless a merciful God prevent, and awake a sinful +people to repentance and reformation." Thus wrote Dr. Thomas Williams to +his wife from the camp at Fort Edward. "Such a shocking affair has never +found a place in English annals," wrote the surgeon's young relative, +Colonel William Williams. "The loss +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407-V1" id="Page_407-V1">407<br />V1</a></span> +is beyond account; but the dishonor done His Majesty's arms is infinitely +greater." <span class="superscript">[425]</span> It remains to see +how the catastrophe befell.</p> + + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_425" name="footer_425"></a> + <span class="superscript">[425]</span> +<i>Colonel William Williams to Colonel Israel Williams</i>, +30 <i>Aug.</i> 1756.</p> +</div> + +<p>Since Vaudreuil became chief of the colony he had nursed the plan of +seizing Oswego, yet hesitated to attempt it. Montcalm declares that he +confirmed the Governor's wavering purpose; but Montcalm himself had +hesitated. In July, however, there came exaggerated reports that the +English were moving upon Ticonderoga in greatly increased numbers; and +both Vaudreuil and the General conceived that a feint against Oswego +would draw off the strength of the assailants, and, if promptly and +secretly executed, might even be turned successfully into a real attack. +Vaudreuil thereupon recalled Montcalm from Ticonderoga. +<span class="superscript">[426]</span> Leaving the +post in the keeping of Lévis and three thousand men, he embarked on Lake +Champlain, rowed day and night, and reached Montreal on the nineteenth. +Troops were arriving from Quebec, and Indians from the far west. A band +of Menomonies from beyond Lake Michigan, naked, painted, plumed, +greased, stamping, uttering sharp yelps, shaking feathered lances, +brandishing tomahawks, danced the war-dance before the Governor, to the +thumping of the Indian drum. Bougainville looked on astonished, and +thought of the Pyrrhic dance of the Greeks.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_426" name="footer_426"></a> + <span class="superscript">[426]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 12 <i>Août</i>, 1756. +<i>Montcalm à sa Femme</i>, 20 <i>Juillet</i>, 1756.</p> +</div> + +<p>Montcalm and he left Montreal on the twenty-first, and reached Fort +Frontenac in eight days. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408-V1" id="Page_408-V1">408<br />V1</a></span> +Rigaud, brother of the Governor, had gone +thither some time before, and crossed with seven hundred Canadians to +the south side of the lake, where Villiers was encamped at Niaouré Bay, +now Sackett's Harbor, with such of his detachment as war and disease had +spared. Rigaud relieved him, and took command of the united bands. With +their aid the engineer, Descombles, reconnoitred the English forts, and +came back with the report that success was certain. +<span class="superscript">[427]</span> It was but a +confirmation of what had already been learned from deserters and +prisoners, who declared that the main fort was but a loopholed wall held +by six or seven hundred men, ill fed, discontented, and mutinous. +<span class="superscript">[428]</span> +Others said that they had been driven to desert by the want of good +food, and that within a year twelve hundred men had died of disease at +Oswego. <span class="superscript">[429]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_427" name="footer_427"></a> + <span class="superscript">[427]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 4 <i>Août</i>, 1756. +<i>Vaudreuil à Bourlamaque,—Juin</i>, 1756.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_428" name="footer_428"></a> + <span class="superscript">[428]</span> +Bougainville, <i>Journal</i>.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_429" name="footer_429"></a> + <span class="superscript">[429]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 10 <i>Juillet</i>, 1756. +<i>Résumé des Nouvelles du Canada, Sept. 1756</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>The battalions of La Sarre, Guienne, and Béarn, with the colony +regulars, a body of Canadians, and about two hundred and fifty Indians, +were destined for the enterprise. The whole force was a little above +three thousand, abundantly supplied with artillery. La Sarre and Guienne +were already at Fort Frontenac. Béarn was at Niagara, whence it arrived +in a few days, much buffeted by the storms of Lake Ontario. On the +fourth of August all was ready. Montcalm embarked at night with +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409-V1" id="Page_409-V1">409<br />V1</a></span> +the first division, crossed in darkness to Wolf Island, lay there hidden all +day, and embarking again in the evening, joined Rigaud at Niaouré Bay at +seven o'clock in the morning of the sixth. The second division followed, +with provisions, hospital train, and eighty artillery boats; and on the +eighth all were united at the bay. On the ninth Rigaud, covered by the +universal forest, marched in advance to protect the landing of the +troops. Montcalm followed with the first division; and, coasting the +shore in bateaux, landed at midnight of the tenth within half a league +of the first English fort. Four cannon were planted in battery upon the +strand, and the men bivouacked by their boats. So skilful were the +assailants and so careless the assailed that the English knew nothing of +their danger, till in the morning, a reconnoitring canoe discovered the +invaders. Two armed vessels soon came to cannonade them; but their light +guns were no match for the heavy artillery of the French, and they were +forced to keep the offing.</p> + +<p>Descombles, the engineer, went before dawn to reconnoitre the fort, with +several other officers and a party of Indians. While he was thus +employed, one of these savages, hungry for scalps, took him in the gloom +for an Englishman, and shot him dead. Captain Pouchot, of the battalion +of Béarn, replaced him; and the attack was pushed vigorously. The +Canadians and Indians, swarming through the forest, fired all day on the +fort under cover of the trees. The second division +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410-V1" id="Page_410-V1">410<br />V1</a></span> +came up with +twenty-two more cannon; and at night the first parallel was marked out +at a hundred and eighty yards from the rampart. Stumps were grubbed up, +fallen trunks shoved aside, and a trench dug, sheltered by fascines, +gabions, and a strong abattis.</p> + +<p>Fort Ontario, counted as the best of the three forts at Oswego, stood on +a high plateau at the east or right side of the river where it entered +the lake. It was in the shape of a star, and was formed of trunks of +trees set upright in the ground, hewn flat on two sides, and closely +fitted together,—an excellent defence against musketry or swivels, but +worthless against cannon. The garrison, three hundred and seventy in +all, were the remnant of Pepperell's regiment, joined to raw recruits +lately sent up to fill the places of the sick and dead. They had eight +small cannon and a mortar, with which on the next day, Friday, the +thirteenth, they kept up a brisk fire till towards night; when, after +growing more rapid for a time, it ceased, and the fort showed no sign of +life. Not a cannon had yet opened on them from the trenches; but it was +certain that with the French artillery once in action, their wooden +rampart would be shivered to splinters. Hence it was that Colonel +Mercer, commandant at Oswego, thinking it better to lose the fort than +to lose both fort and garrison, signalled to them from across the river +to abandon their position and join him on the other side. Boats were +sent to bring them off; and they passed over unmolested, after +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411-V1" id="Page_411-V1">411<br />V1</a></span> +spiking their cannon and firing off their ammunition or throwing it into the +well.</p> + +<p>The fate of Oswego was now sealed. The principal work, called Old +Oswego, or Fort Pepperell, stood at the mouth of the river on the west +side, nearly opposite Fort Ontario, and less than five hundred yards +distant from it. The trading-house, which formed the centre of the +place, was built of rough stone laid in clay, and the wall which +enclosed it was of the same materials; both would crumble in an instant +at the touch of a twelve-pound shot. Towards the west and south they had +been protected by an outer line of earthworks, mounted with cannon, and +forming an entrenched camp; while the side towards Fort Ontario was left +wholly exposed, in the rash confidence that this work, standing on the +opposite heights, would guard against attack from that quarter. On a +hill, a fourth of a mile beyond Old Oswego, stood the unfinished +stockade called New Oswego, Fort George, or, by reason of its +worthlessness, Fort Rascal. It had served as a cattle pen before the +French appeared, but was now occupied by a hundred and fifty Jersey +provincials. Old Oswego with its outwork was held by Shirley's regiment, +chiefly invalids and raw recruits, to whom were now joined the garrison +of Fort Ontario and a number of sailors, boatmen, and laborers.</p> + +<p>Montcalm lost no time. As soon as darkness set in he began a battery at +the brink of the height on which stood the captured fort. His whole +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412-V1" id="Page_412-V1">412<br />V1</a></span> +force toiled all night, digging, setting gabions, and dragging up +cannon, some of which had been taken from Braddock. Before daybreak +twenty heavy pieces had been brought to the spot, and nine were already +in position. The work had been so rapid that the English imagined their +enemies to number six thousand at least. The battery soon opened fire. +Grape and round shot swept the intrenchment and crashed through the +rotten masonry. The English, says a French officer, "were exposed to +their shoe-buckles." Their artillery was pointed the wrong way, in +expectation of an attack, not from the east, but from the west. They now +made a shelter of pork-barrels, three high and three deep, planted +cannon behind them, and returned the French fire with some effect.</p> + +<p>Early in the morning Montcalm had ordered Rigaud to cross the river with +the Canadians and Indians. There was a ford three quarters of a league +above the forts; <span class="superscript">[430]</span> +and here they passed over unopposed, the English +not having discovered the movement. <span class="superscript">[431]</span> +The only danger was from the +river. Some of the men were forced to swim, others waded to the waist, +others to the neck; but they all crossed safely, and presently showed +themselves at the edge of the woods, yelling and firing their guns, too +far for much execution, but not too far to discourage the garrison.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_430" name="footer_430"></a> + <span class="superscript">[430]</span> +Bougainville, <i>Journal</i>.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_431" name="footer_431"></a> + <span class="superscript">[431]</span> +Pouchot, I. 76.</p> +</div> + +<p>The garrison were already disheartened. Colonel Mercer, the soul of the +defence, had just been cut in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413-V1" id="Page_413-V1">413<br />V1</a></span> +two by a cannon-shot while directing the +gunners. Up to this time the defenders had behaved with spirit; but +despair now seized them, increased by the screams and entreaties of the +women, of whom there were more than a hundred in the place. There was a +council of officers, and then the white flag was raised. Bougainville +went to propose terms of capitulation. "The cries, threats, and hideous +howling of our Canadians and Indians," says Vaudreuil, "made them +quickly decide." "This," observes the Reverend Father Claude Godefroy +Cocquard, "reminds me of the fall of Jericho before the shouts of the +Israelites." The English surrendered prisoners of war, to the number, +according to the Governor, of sixteen hundred, +<span class="superscript">[432]</span> which included the +sailors, laborers, and women. The Canadians and Indians broke through +all restraint, and fell to plundering. There was an opening of +rum-barrels and a scene of drunkenness, in which some of the prisoners +had their share; while others tried to escape in the confusion, and were +tomahawked by the excited savages. Many more would have been butchered, +but for the efforts of Montcalm, who by unstinted promises succeeded in +appeasing his ferocious +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414-V1" id="Page_414-V1">414<br />V1</a></span> +allies, whom he dared not offend. "It will cost +the King," he says, "eight or ten thousand livres in presents." +<span class="superscript">[433]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_432" name="footer_432"></a> + <span class="superscript">[432]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 20 <i>Août</i>, 1756. He elsewhere +makes the number somewhat greater. That the garrison, exclusive of +civilians, did not exceed at the utmost fourteen hundred, is shown by +<i>Shirley to Loudon</i>, 5 <i>Sept</i>. 1756. Loudon had charged Shirley with +leaving Oswego weakly garrisoned; and Shirley replies by alleging that +the troops there were in the number as above. It was of course his +interest to make them appear as numerous as possible. In the printed +<i>Conduct of Major-General Shirley briefly stated</i>, they are put at only +ten hundred and fifty.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_433" name="footer_433"></a> + <span class="superscript">[433]</span> +Several English writers say, however, that fifteen or +twenty young men were given up to the Indians to be adopted in place of +warriors lately killed.</p> +</div> + +<p>The loss on both sides is variously given. By the most trustworthy +accounts, that of the English did not reach fifty killed, and that of +the French was still less. In the forts and vessels were found above a +hundred pieces of artillery, most of them swivels and other light guns, +with a large quantity of powder, shot, and shell. The victors burned the +forts and the vessels on the stocks, destroyed such provisions and +stores as they could not carry away, and made the place a desert. The +priest Piquet, who had joined the expedition, planted amid the ruin a +tall cross, graven with the words, <i>In hoc signo vincunt</i>; and near it +was set a pole bearing the arms of France, with the inscription, +<i>Manibus date lilia plenis</i>. Then the army decamped, loaded with +prisoners and spoil, descended to Montreal, hung the captured flags in +the churches, and sang Te Deum in honor of their triumph.</p> + +<p>It was the greatest that the French arms had yet achieved in America. +The defeat of Braddock was an Indian victory; this last exploit was the +result of bold enterprise and skilful tactics. With its laurels came its +fruits. Hated Oswego had been laid in ashes, and the would-be +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415-V1" id="Page_415-V1">415<br />V1</a></span> +assailants +forced to a vain and hopeless defence. France had conquered the +undisputed command of Lake Ontario, and her communications with the West +were safe. A small garrison at Niagara and another at Frontenac would +now hold those posts against any effort that the English could make this +year; and the whole French force could concentrate at Ticonderoga, repel +the threatened attack, and perhaps retort it by seizing Albany. If the +English, on the other side, had lost a great material advantage, they +had lost no less in honor. The news of the surrender was received with +indignation in England and in the colonies. Yet the behaviour of the +garrison was not so discreditable as it seemed. The position was +indefensible, and they could have held out at best but a few days more. +They yielded too soon; but unless Webb had come to their aid, which was +not to be expected, they must have yielded at last.</p> + +<p>The French had scarcely gone, when two English scouts, Thomas Harris and +James Conner, came with a party of Indians to the scene of desolation. +The ground was strewn with broken casks and bread sodden with rain. The +remains of burnt bateaux and whaleboats were scattered along the shore. +The great stone trading-house in the old fort was a smoking ruin; Fort +Rascal was still burning on the neighboring hill; Fort Ontario was a +mass of ashes and charred logs, and by it stood two poles on which +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416-V1" id="Page_416-V1">416<br />V1</a></span> +were written words which the visitors did not understand. They went back to +Fort Johnson with their story; and Oswego reverted for a time to the +bears, foxes, and wolves. <span class="superscript">[434]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_434" name="footer_434"></a> + <span class="superscript">[434]</span> +On the capture of Oswego, the authorities examined have been very numerous, +and only the best need be named. <i>Livre d'Ordres, Campagne de 1756</i>, +contains all orders from headquarters. <i>Mémoire pour servir +d'Instruction à M. le Marquis de Montcalm</i>, 21 <i>Juillet</i>; +1756, <i>signé Vaudreuil</i>. +Bougainville, <i>Journal. +Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 15 <i>Juin</i>, 1756 (designs against Oswego). +<i>Ibid</i>., 13 <i>Août</i>, 1755. +<i>Ibid</i>., 30 <i>Août</i>. +Pouchot, I. 67-81. <i>Relation de la Prise des Forts de Chouaguen. +Bigot au Ministre</i>, 3 <i>Sept</i>. 1756 +<i>Journal du Siége de Chouaguen. +Précis des Événements</i>, 1756. +<i>Montcalm au Ministre</i>, 20 <i>Juillet</i>, 1756. +<i>Ibid</i>., 28 <i>Août</i>, 1756. +Desandrouins à———, même date. +Montcalm à sa Femme, 30 <i>Août</i>. +Translations of several of the above papers, along with others +less important, will be found in <i>N. Y. Col. Docs.</i>, X., +and <i>Doc. Hist. N. Y.</i>, I.</p> + +<p> +<i>State of Facts relating to the Loss of Oswego</i>, in <i>London Magazine</i> +for 1757, p. 14. <i>Correspondence of Shirley. Correspondence of Loudon. +Littlehales to Loudon</i>, 30 <i>Aug.</i> 1756. +<i>Hardy to Lords of Trade</i>, 5 <i>Sept</i>. 1756. +<i>Conduct of Major-General Shirley briefly stated. +Declaration of some Soldiers of Shirley's Regiment</i>, +in <i>N. Y. Col. Docs.</i>, VII. 126. +Letter from an officer present, in <i>Boston Evening Post</i> +of 16 <i>May</i>, 1757. The published plans and drawings of +Oswego at this time are very inexact.</p> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Chapter_13" id="Chapter_13"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417-V1" id="Page_417-V1">417<br />V1</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents13">CHAPTER XIII.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1756, 1757.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader">PARTISAN WAR.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + Failure of Shirley's Plan • Causes • + Loudon and Shirley • Close of the Campaign • + The Western Border • Armstrong destroys Kittanning • + The Scouts of Lake George • War Parties from Ticonderoga • + Robert Rogers • The Rangers • Their Hardihood and Daring • + Disputes as to Quarters of Troops • Expedition of Rogers • + A Desperate Bush-fight • Enterprise of Vaudreuil • + Rigaud attacks Fort William Henry. + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> +</div> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">Shirley's</span> +grand scheme for cutting New France in twain had come to +wreck. There was an element of boyishness in him. He made bold plans +without weighing too closely his means of executing them. The year's +campaign would in all likelihood have succeeded if he could have acted +promptly; if he had had ready to his hand a well-trained and +well-officered force, furnished with material of war and means of +transportation, and prepared to move as soon as the streams and lakes of +New York were open, while those of Canada were still sealed with ice. +But timely action was out of his power. The army that should have moved +in April was not ready to move till August. Of the nine discordant +semi-republics whom he asked to join in the work, three or four refused, +some of the others were lukewarm, and all were +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_418-V1" id="Page_418-V1">418<br />V1</a></span> +slow. Even Massachusetts, +usually the foremost, failed to get all her men into the field till the +season was nearly ended. Having no military establishment, the colonies +were forced to improvise a new army for every campaign. Each of them +watched its neighbors, or, jealous lest it should do more than its just +share, waited for them to begin. Each popular assembly acted under the +eye of a frugal constituency, who, having little money, were as chary of +it as their descendants are lavish; and most of them were shaken by +internal conflicts, more absorbing than the great question on which hung +the fate of the continent. Only the four New England colonies were fully +earnest for the war, and one, even of these, was ready to use the crisis +as a means of extorting concessions from its Governor in return for +grants of money and men. When the lagging contingents came together at +last, under a commander whom none of them trusted, they were met by +strategical difficulties which would have perplexed older soldiers and +an abler general; for they were forced to act on the circumference of a +vast semicircle, in a labyrinth of forests, without roads, and choked +with every kind of obstruction.</p> + +<p>Opposed to them was a trained army, well organized and commanded, +focused at Montreal, and moving for attack or defence on two radiating +lines,—one towards Lake Ontario, and the other towards Lake +Champlain,—supported by a martial peasantry, supplied from France with +money and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419-V1" id="Page_419-V1">419<br />V1</a></span> +material, dependent on no popular vote, having no will but +that of its chief, and ready on the instant to strike to right or left +as the need required. It was a compact military absolutism confronting a +heterogeneous group of industrial democracies, where the force of +numbers was neutralized by diffusion and incoherence. A long and dismal +apprenticeship waited them before they could hope for success; nor could +they ever put forth their full strength without a radical change of +political conditions and an awakened consciousness of common interests +and a common cause. It was the sense of powerlessness arising from the +want of union that, after the fall of Oswego, spread alarm through the +northern and middle colonies, and drew these desponding words from +William Livingston, of New Jersey: "The colonies are nearly exhausted, +and their funds already anticipated by expensive unexecuted projects. +Jealous are they of each other; some ill-constituted, others shaken with +intestine divisions, and, if I may be allowed the expression, +parsimonious even to prodigality. Our assemblies are diffident of their +governors, governors despise their assemblies; and both mutually +misrepresent each other to the Court of Great Britain." Military +measures, he proceeds, demand secrecy and despatch; but when so many +divided provinces must agree to join in them, secrecy and despatch are +impossible. In conclusion he exclaims: +"Canada must be demolished,—<i>Delenda est Carthago</i>,—or +we are undone." +<span class="superscript">[435]</span> But Loudon +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_420-V1" id="Page_420-V1">420<br />V1</a></span> +was not Scipio, and cis-Atlantic Carthage was to stand for some time +longer.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_435" name="footer_435"></a> + <span class="superscript">[435]</span> +<i>Review of Military Operations</i>, 187, 189 (Dublin, 1757).</p> +</div> + +<p>The Earl, in search of a scapegoat for the loss of Oswego, naturally +chose Shirley, attacked him savagely, told him that he was of no use in +America, and ordered him to go home to England without delay. +<span class="superscript">[436]</span> +Shirley, who was then in Boston, answered this indecency with dignity +and effect. <span class="superscript">[437]</span> +The chief fault was with Loudon himself, whose late +arrival in America had caused a change of command and of plans in the +crisis of the campaign. Shirley well knew the weakness of Oswego; and in +early spring had sent two engineers to make it defensible, with +particular instructions to strengthen Fort Ontario. +<span class="superscript">[438]</span> But they, +thinking that the chief danger lay on the west and south, turned all +their attention thither, and neglected Ontario till it was too late. +Shirley was about to reinforce Oswego with a strong body of troops when +the arrival of Abercromby took the control out of his hands and caused +ruinous delay. He cannot, however, be acquitted of mismanagement in +failing to supply the place with wholesome provisions in the preceding +autumn, before the streams were stopped with ice. Hence came the ravages +of disease and famine which, before spring, reduced the garrison to a +hundred and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_421-V1" id="Page_421-V1">421<br />V1</a></span> +forty effective men. Yet there can be no doubt that the +change of command was a blunder. This is the view of Franklin, who knew +Shirley well, and thus speaks of him: "He would in my opinion, if +continued in place, have made a much better campaign than that of +Loudon, which was frivolous, expensive, and disgraceful to our nation +beyond conception. For though Shirley was not bred a soldier, he was +sensible and sagacious in himself, and attentive to good advice from +others, capable of forming judicious plans, and quick and active in +carrying them into execution." <span class="superscript">[439]</span> +He sailed for England in the autumn, +disappointed and poor; the bull-headed Duke of Cumberland had been +deeply prejudiced against him, and it was only after long waiting that +this strenuous champion of British interests was rewarded in his old age +with the petty government of the Bahamas.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_436" name="footer_436"></a> + <span class="superscript">[436]</span> +<i>Loudon to Shirley</i>, 6 <i>Sept</i>. 1756.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_437" name="footer_437"></a> + <span class="superscript">[437]</span> +The correspondence on both sides is before me, copied from the originals +in the Public Record Office.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_438" name="footer_438"></a> + <span class="superscript">[438]</span> +"The principal thing for which I sent Mr. Mackellar to Oswego was to +strengthen Fort Ontario as much as he possibly could." +<i>Shirley to Loudon</i>, 4 <i>Sept</i>. 1756.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_439" name="footer_439"></a> + <span class="superscript">[439]</span> +<i>Works of Franklin</i>, I. 220.</p> +</div> + +<p>Loudon had now about ten thousand men at his command, though not all fit +for duty. They were posted from Albany to Lake George. The Earl himself +was at Fort Edward, while about three thousand of the provincials still +lay, under Winslow, at the lake. Montcalm faced them at Ticonderoga, +with five thousand three hundred regulars and Canadians, in a position +where they could defy three times their number. +<span class="superscript">[440]</span> "The sons of Belial +are too strong for me," jocosely wrote +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_422-V1" id="Page_422-V1">422<br />V1</a></span> +Winslow; <span class="superscript">[441]</span> and he set himself +to intrenching his camp; then had the forest cut down for the space of a +mile from the lake to the mountains, so that the trees, lying in what he +calls a "promiscuous manner," formed an almost impenetrable abatis. An +escaped prisoner told him that the French were coming to visit him with +fourteen thousand men; <span class="superscript">[442]</span> +but Montcalm thought no more of stirring +than Loudon himself; and each stood watching the other, with the lake +between them, till the season closed.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_440" name="footer_440"></a> + <span class="superscript">[440]</span> +"Nous sommes tant à Carillon qu'aux postes avancés 5,300 +hommes." Bougainville, <i>Journal</i>.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_441" name="footer_441"></a> + <span class="superscript">[441]</span> +<i>Winslow to Loudon</i>, 29 <i>Sept</i>. 1756.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_442" name="footer_442"></a> + <span class="superscript">[442]</span> +<i>Examination of Sergeant James Archibald</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>Meanwhile the western borders were still ravaged by the tomahawk. New +York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia all writhed under +the infliction. Each had made a chain of blockhouses and wooden forts to +cover its frontier, and manned them with disorderly bands, lawless, and +almost beyond control. <span class="superscript">[443]</span> The case was +at the worst in Pennsylvania, +where the tedious quarrelling of Governor and Assembly, joined to the +doggedly pacific attitude of the Quakers, made vigorous defence +impossible. Rewards were offered for prisoners and scalps, so bountiful +that the hunting of men would have been a profitable vocation, but for +the extreme wariness and agility of the game. +<span class="superscript">[444]</span> Some of the forts +were well built stockades; others were almost worthless; but the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_423-V1" id="Page_423-V1">423<br />V1</a></span> +enemy +rarely molested even the feeblest of them, preferring to ravage the +lonely and unprotected farms. There were two or three exceptions. A +Virginian fort was attacked by a war-party under an officer named +Douville, who was killed, and his followers were put to flight. +<span class="superscript">[445]</span> The +assailants were more fortunate at a small stockade called Fort +Granville, on the Juniata. A large body of French and Indians attacked +it in August while most of the garrison were absent protecting the +farmers at their harvest; they set it on fire, and, in spite of a most +gallant resistance by the young lieutenant left in command, took it, and +killed all but one of the defenders. <span class="superscript">[446]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_443" name="footer_443"></a> + <span class="superscript">[443]</span> +In the Public Record Office, <i>America and West Indies</i>, +LXXXII., is a manuscript map showing the positions of such of these +posts as were north of Virginia. They are thirty-five in number, from +the head of James River to a point west of Esopus, on the Hudson.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_444" name="footer_444"></a> + <span class="superscript">[444]</span> +<i>Colonial Records of Pa.</i>, VII. 76.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_445" name="footer_445"></a> + <span class="superscript">[445]</span> +<i>Washington to Morris</i>,—<i>April</i>, 1756</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_446" name="footer_446"></a> + <span class="superscript">[446]</span> +<i>Colonial Records of Pa.</i>, VII. 232, 242; +<i>Pennsylvania Archives</i>, II. 744.</p> +</div> + +<p>What sort of resistance the Pennsylvanian borderers would have made +under political circumstances less adverse may be inferred from an +exploit of Colonel John Armstrong, a settler of Cumberland. After the +loss of Fort Granville the Governor of the province sent him with three +hundred men to attack the Delaware town of Kittanning, a populous nest +of savages on the Alleghany, between the two French posts of Duquesne +and Venango. Here most of the war-parties were fitted out, and the place +was full of stores and munitions furnished by the French. Here, too, +lived the redoubted chief called Captain Jacobs, the terror of the +English border. Armstrong set out from Fort Shirley, the farthest +outpost, on the last of August, and, a week after, was within +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_424-V1" id="Page_424-V1">424<br />V1</a></span> +six miles +of the Indian town. By rapid marching and rare good luck, his party had +escaped discovery. It was ten o'clock at night, with a bright moon. The +guides were perplexed, and knew neither the exact position of the place +nor the paths that led to it. The adventurers threaded the forest in +single file, over hills and through hollows, bewildered and anxious, +stopping to watch and listen. At length they heard in the distance the +beating of an Indian drum and the whooping of warriors in the war-dance. +Guided by the sounds, they cautiously moved forward, till those in the +front, scrambling down a rocky hill, found themselves on the banks of +the Alleghany, about a hundred rods below Kittanning. The moon was near +setting; but they could dimly see the town beyond a great intervening +field of corn. "At that moment," says Armstrong, "an Indian whistled in +a very singular manner, about thirty perches from our front, in the foot +of the cornfield." He thought they were discovered; but one Baker, a +soldier well versed in Indian ways, told him that it was only some +village gallant calling to a young squaw. The party then crouched in the +bushes, and kept silent. The moon sank behind the woods, and fires soon +glimmered through the field, kindled to drive off mosquitoes by some of +the Indians who, as the night was warm, had come out to sleep in the +open air. The eastern sky began to redden with the approach of day. Many +of the party, spent with a rough march of thirty miles, had fallen +asleep. They were now cautiously roused; and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_425-V1" id="Page_425-V1">425<br />V1</a></span> +Armstrong ordered nearly +half of them to make their way along the ridge of a bushy hill that +overlooked the town, till they came opposite to it, in order to place it +between two fires. Twenty minutes were allowed them for the movement; +but they lost their way in the dusk, and reached their station too late. +When the time had expired, Armstrong gave the signal to those left with +him, who dashed into the cornfield, shooting down the astonished savages +or driving them into the village, where they turned and made desperate +fight.</p> + +<p>It was a cluster of thirty log-cabins, the principal being that of the +chief, Jacobs, which was loopholed for musketry, and became the centre +of resistance. The fight was hot and stubborn. Armstrong ordered the +town to be set on fire, which was done, though not without loss; for the +Delawares at this time were commonly armed with rifles, and used them +well. Armstrong himself was hit in the shoulder. As the flames rose and +the smoke grew thick, a warrior in one of the houses sang his +death-song, and a squaw in the same house was heard to cry and scream. +Rough voices silenced her, and then the inmates burst out, but were +instantly killed. The fire caught the house of Jacobs, who, trying to +escape through an opening in the roof, was shot dead. Bands of Indians +were gathering beyond the river, firing from the other bank, and even +crossing to help their comrades; but the assailants held to their work +till the whole place was destroyed. "During +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_426-V1" id="Page_426-V1">426<br />V1</a></span> +the burning of the houses," +says Armstrong, "we were agreeably entertained by the quick succession +of charged guns, gradually firing off as reached by the fire; but much +more so with the vast explosion of sundry bags and large kegs of +gunpowder, wherewith almost every house abounded; the prisoners +afterwards informing us that the Indians had frequently said they had a +sufficient stock of ammunition for ten years' war with the English."</p> + +<p>These prisoners were eleven men, women, and children, captured in the +border settlements, and now delivered by their countrymen. The day was +far spent when the party withdrew, carrying their wounded on Indian +horses, and moving perforce with extreme slowness, though expecting an +attack every moment. None took place; and they reached the settlements +at last, having bought their success with the loss of seventeen killed +and thirteen wounded. <span class="superscript">[447]</span> +A medal was given to each officer, not by the +Quaker-ridden Assembly, but by the city council of Philadelphia.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_447" name="footer_447"></a> + <span class="superscript">[447]</span> +<i>Report of Armstrong to Governor Denny</i>, 14 <i>Sept</i>. 1756, +in <i>Colonial Records of Pa.</i>, VII. 257,—a modest yet very minute +account. <i>A List of the Names of the Persons killed, wounded, and +missing in the late Expedition against the Kittanning</i>. Hazard, +<i>Pennsylvania Register</i>, I. 366.</p> +</div> + +<p>The report of this affair made by Dumas, commandant at Fort Duquesne, is +worth noting. He says that Attiqué, the French name of Kittanning, was +attacked by "le Général Wachinton," with three or four hundred men on +horseback; that the Indians gave way; but that five or six Frenchmen who +were in the town held the English in check +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_427-V1" id="Page_427-V1">427<br />V1</a></span> +till the fugitives rallied; +that Washington and his men then took to flight, and would have been +pursued but for the loss of some barrels of gunpowder which chanced to +explode during the action. Dumas adds that several large parties are now +on the track of the enemy, and he hopes will cut them to pieces. He then +asks for a supply of provisions and merchandise to replace those which +the Indians of Attiqué had lost by a fire. +<span class="superscript">[448]</span> Like other officers of +the day, he would admit nothing but successes in the department under +his command.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_448" name="footer_448"></a> + <span class="superscript">[448]</span> +<i>Dumas à Vaudreuil</i>, 9 <i>Sept</i>. 1756, cited in <i>Bigot au +Ministre</i>, 6 <i>Oct</i>. 1756, and in Bougainville, <i>Journal</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>Vaudreuil wrote singular despatches at this time to the minister at +Versailles. He takes credit to himself for the number of war-parties +that his officers kept always at work, and fills page after page with +details of the <i>coups</i> they had struck; how one brought in two English +scalps, another three, another one, and another seven. He owns that they +committed frightful cruelties, mutilating and sometimes burning their +prisoners; but he expresses no regret, and probably felt none, since he +declares that the object of this murderous warfare was to punish the +English till they longed for peace. <span class="superscript">[449]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_449" name="footer_449"></a> + <span class="superscript">[449]</span> +<i>Dépêches de Vaudreuil</i>, 1756.</p> +</div> + +<p>The waters and mountains of Lake George, and not the western borders, +were the chief centre of partisan war. Ticonderoga was a hornet's nest, +pouring out swarms of savages to infest the highways +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_428-V1" id="Page_428-V1">428<br />V1</a></span> +and byways of the wilderness. The English at Fort William Henry, having +few Indians, could not retort in kind; but they kept their scouts and +rangers in active movement. What they most coveted was prisoners, as +sources of information. One Kennedy, a lieutenant of provincials, with +five followers, white and red, made a march of rare audacity, passed +all the French posts, took a scalp and two prisoners on the Richelieu, +and burned a magazine of provisions between Montreal and St. John. The party +were near famishing on the way back; and Kennedy was brought into Fort +William Henry in a state of temporary insanity from starvation. +<span class="superscript">[450]</span> +Other provincial officers, Peabody, Hazen, Waterbury, and Miller, won a +certain distinction in this adventurous service, though few were so +conspicuous as the blunt and sturdy Israel Putnam. Winslow writes in +October that he has just returned from the best "scout" yet made, and +that, being a man of strict truth, he may be entirely trusted. +<span class="superscript">[451]</span> +Putnam had gone with six followers down Lake George in a whaleboat to a +point on the east side, opposite the present village of Hague, hid the +boat, crossed northeasterly to Lake Champlain, three miles from the +French fort, climbed the mountain that overlooks it, and made a complete +reconnoissance; then approached it, chased three Frenchmen, who escaped +within the lines, climbed the mountain again, and moving +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_429-V1" id="Page_429-V1">429<br />V1</a></span> +westward along the ridge, made a minute survey of every outpost between the +fort and Lake George. <span class="superscript">[452]</span> These adventures +were not always fortunate. On the nineteenth of September Captain Hodges +and fifty men were ambushed a few miles from Fort William Henry by thrice +their number of Canadians and Indians, and only six escaped. Thus the record +stands in the <i>Letter Book</i> of Winslow. +<span class="superscript">[453]</span> By visiting the encampments of +Ticonderoga, one may learn how the blow was struck.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_450" name="footer_450"></a> + <span class="superscript">[450]</span> +<i>Minute of Lieutenant Kennedy's Scout. Winslow to Loudon</i>, +20 <i>Sept</i>. 1756.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_451" name="footer_451"></a> + <span class="superscript">[451]</span> +<i>Winslow to Loudon</i>, 16 <i>Oct</i>. 1756.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_452" name="footer_452"></a> + <span class="superscript">[452]</span> +<i>Report of a Scout to Ticonderoga, Oct.</i> 1756, signed Israel Putnam. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_453" name="footer_453"></a> + <span class="superscript">[453]</span> +Compare Massachusetts Archives, LXXVI. 81.</p> +</div> + +<p>After much persuasion, much feasting, and much consumption of tobacco +and brandy, four hundred Indians, Christians from the Missions and +heathen from the far west, were persuaded to go on a grand war-party +with the Canadians. Of these last there were a hundred,—a wild crew, +bedecked and bedaubed like their Indian companions. Perière, an officer +of colony regulars, had nominal command of the whole; and among the +leaders of the Canadians was the famous bushfighter, Marin. Bougainville +was also of the party. In the evening of the sixteenth they all embarked +in canoes at the French advance-post commanded by Contrecœur, near the +present steamboat-landing, passed in the gloom under the bare steeps of +Rogers Rock, paddled a few hours, landed on the west shore, and sent +scouts to reconnoitre. These came back with their reports on the next +day, and an Indian crier called the chiefs to council. Bougainville +describes them as they stalked gravely to the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_430-V1" id="Page_430-V1">430<br />V1</a></span> +place of meeting, wrapped in colored blankets, with lances in their hands. +The accomplished young aide-de-camp studied his strange companions with +an interest not unmixed with disgust. "Of all caprice," he says, "Indian +caprice is the most capricious." They were insolent to the French, made +rules for them which they did not observe themselves, and compelled the +whole party to move when and whither they pleased. Hiding the canoes, and +lying close in the forest by day, they all held their nocturnal course +southward, by the lofty heights of Black Mountain, and among the islets +of the Narrows, till the eighteenth. That night the Indian scouts reported +that they had seen the fires of an encampment on the west shore; on which +the whole party advanced to the attack, an hour before dawn, filing +silently under the dark arches of the forest, the Indians nearly naked, +and streaked with their war-paint of vermilion and soot. When they reached +the spot, they found only the smouldering fires of a deserted bivouac. +Then there was a consultation; ending, after much dispute, with the choice +by the Indians of a hundred and ten of their most active warriors to attempt +some stroke in the neighborhood of the English fort. Marin joined them +with thirty Canadians, and they set out on their errand; while the rest +encamped to await the result. At night the adventurers returned, raising +the death-cry and firing their guns; somewhat depressed by losses they +had suffered, but boasting that they had surprised +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_431-V1" id="Page_431-V1">431<br />V1</a></span> +fifty-three English, +and killed or taken all but one. It was a modest and perhaps an +involuntary exaggeration. "The very recital of the cruelties they +committed on the battle-field is horrible," writes Bougainville. "The +ferocity and insolence of these black-souled barbarians makes one +shudder. It is an abominable kind of war. The air one breathes is +contagious of insensibility and hardness." +<span class="superscript">[454]</span> This was but one of the +many such parties sent out from Ticonderoga this year.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_454" name="footer_454"></a> + <span class="superscript">[454]</span> +Bougainville, <i>Journal</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>Early in September a band of New England rangers came to Winslow's camp, +with three prisoners taken within the lines of Ticonderoga. Their +captain was Robert Rogers, of New Hampshire,—a strong, well-knit +figure, in dress and appearance more woodsman than soldier, with a +clear, bold eye, and features that would have been good but for the +ungainly proportions of the nose. <span class="superscript">[455]</span> +He had passed his boyhood in the rough surroundings of a frontier village. +Growing to manhood, he engaged in some occupation which, he says, led him +to frequent journeyings in the wilderness between the French and English +settlements, and gave him a good knowledge of both. +<span class="superscript">[456]</span> It taught him also to speak a little +French. He does not disclose the nature of this mysterious employment; +but there can be little doubt that it was a smuggling trade with Canada. +His character leaves much to be desired. He had been charged with +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_432-V1" id="Page_432-V1">432<br />V1</a></span> +forgery, or complicity in it, seems to have had no scruple in matters of +business, and after the war was accused of treasonable dealings with the +French and Spaniards in the west. <span class="superscript">[457]</span> +He was ambitious and violent, yet +able in more ways than one, by no means uneducated, and so skilled in +woodcraft, so energetic and resolute, that his services were invaluable. +In recounting his own adventures, his style is direct, simple, without +boasting, and to all appearance without exaggeration. During the past +summer he had raised a band of men, chiefly New Hampshire borderers, and +made a series of daring excursions which gave him a prominent place in +this hardy by-play of war. In the spring of the present year he raised +another company, and was commissioned as its captain, with his brother +Richard as his first lieutenant, and the intrepid John Stark as his +second. In July still another company was formed, and Richard Rogers was +promoted to command it. Before the following spring there were seven +such; and more were afterwards added, forming a battalion dispersed on +various service, but all under the orders of Robert Rogers, with the +rank of major. <span class="superscript">[458]</span> +These rangers wore a sort of woodland uniform, which +varied in the different companies, and were armed with smooth-bore guns, +loaded with buckshot, bullets, or sometimes both.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_455" name="footer_455"></a> + <span class="superscript">[455]</span> +A large engraved portrait of him, nearly at full length, +is before me, printed at London in 1776.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_456" name="footer_456"></a> + <span class="superscript">[456]</span> +Rogers, <i>Journals, Introduction</i> (1765).</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_457" name="footer_457"></a> + <span class="superscript">[457]</span> +<i>Provincial Papers of New Hampshire</i>, VI. 364. +<i>Correspondence of Gage</i>, 1766. +<i>N. Y. Col. Docs.</i>, VII. 990. +Caleb Stark, <i>Memoir and Correspondence of John Stark</i>, 386.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_458" name="footer_458"></a> + <span class="superscript">[458]</span> +Rogers, <i>Journals. Report of the Adjutant-General of New Hampshire</i> +(1866), II. 158, 159.<br/> +</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_433-V1" id="Page_433-V1">433<br />V1</a></span> +The best of them were commonly employed on Lake George; and nothing can +surpass the adventurous hardihood of their lives. Summer and winter, day +and night, were alike to them. Embarked in whaleboats or birch-canoes, +they glided under the silent moon or in the languid glare of a +breathless August day, when islands floated in dreamy haze, and the hot +air was thick with odors of the pine; or in the bright October, when the +jay screamed from the woods, squirrels gathered their winter hoard, and +congregated blackbirds chattered farewell to their summer haunts; when +gay mountains basked in light, maples dropped leaves of rustling gold, +sumachs glowed like rubies under the dark green of the unchanging +spruce, and mossed rocks with all their painted plumage lay double in +the watery mirror: that festal evening of the year, when jocund Nature +disrobes herself, to wake again refreshed in the joy of her undying +spring. Or, in the tomb-like silence of the winter forest, with breath +frozen on his beard, the ranger strode on snow-shoes over the spotless +drifts; and, like Dürer's knight, a ghastly death stalked ever at his +side. There were those among them for whom this stern life had a +fascination that made all other existence tame.</p> + +<p>Rogers and his men had been in active movement since midwinter. In +January they skated down Lake George, passed Ticonderoga, hid themselves +by the forest-road between that post and Crown Point, intercepted two +sledges loaded with provisions, and carried the drivers to Fort William +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_434-V1" id="Page_434-V1">434<br />V1</a></span> +Henry. In February they climbed a hill near Crown Point and made a plan +of the works; then lay in ambush by the road from the fort to the +neighboring village, captured a prisoner, burned houses and barns, +killed fifty cattle, and returned without loss. At the end of the month +they went again to Crown Point, burned more houses and barns, and +reconnoitred Ticonderoga on the way back. Such excursions were repeated +throughout the spring and summer. The reconnoissance of Ticonderoga and +the catching of prisoners there for the sake of information were always +capital objects. The valley, four miles in extent, that lay between the +foot of Lake George and the French fort, was at this time guarded by +four distinct outposts or fortified camps. Watched as it was at all +points, and ranged incessantly by Indians in the employ of France, +Rogers and his men knew every yard of the ground. On a morning in May he +lay in ambush with eleven followers on a path between the fort and the +nearest camp. A large body of soldiers passed; the rangers counted a +hundred and eighteen, and lay close in their hiding-place. Soon after +came a party of twenty-two. They fired on them, killed six, captured +one, and escaped with him to Fort William Henry. In October Rogers was +passing with twenty men in two whaleboats through the seeming solitude +of the Narrows when a voice called to them out of the woods. It was that +of Captain Shepherd, of the New Hampshire regiment, who had been +captured two months before, and had lately made +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_435-V1" id="Page_435-V1">435<br />V1</a></span> +his escape. He told them +that the French had the fullest information of the numbers and movements +of the English; that letters often reached them from within the English +lines; and that Lydius, a Dutch trader at Albany, was their principal +correspondent. <span class="superscript">[459]</span> +Arriving at Ticonderoga, Rogers cautiously +approached the fort, till, about noon, he saw a sentinel on the road +leading thence to the woods. Followed by five of his men, he walked +directly towards him. The man challenged, and Rogers answered in French. +Perplexed for a moment, the soldier suffered him to approach; till, +seeing his mistake, he called out in amazement, "<i>Qui êtes vous</i>?" +"Rogers," was the answer; and the sentinel was seized, led in hot haste +to the boats, and carried to the English fort, where he gave important +information.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_459" name="footer_459"></a> + <span class="superscript">[459]</span> +<i>Letter and Order Books of Winslow</i>. "One Lydiass … +whom we suspect for a French spy; he lives better than anybody, without +any visible means, and his daughters have had often presents from Mr. +Vaudreuil." <i>Loudon</i> (<i>to Fox?</i>), 19 <i>Aug</i>. 1756.</p> +</div> + +<p>An exploit of Rogers towards midsummer greatly perplexed the French. He +embarked at the end of June with fifty men in five whaleboats, made +light and strong, expressly for this service, rowed about ten miles down +Lake George, landed on the east side, carried the boats six miles over a +gorge of the mountains, launched them again in South Bay, and rowed down +the narrow prolongation of Lake Champlain under cover of darkness. At +dawn they were within six miles of Ticonderoga. They landed, hid their +boats, and lay close all day. Embarking again in the evening, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_436-V1" id="Page_436-V1">436<br />V1</a></span> +they rowed +with muffled oars under the shadow of the eastern shore, and passed so +close to the French fort that they heard the voices of the sentinels +calling the watchword. In the morning they had left it five miles +behind. Again they hid in the woods; and from their lurking-place saw +bateaux passing, some northward, and some southward, along the narrow +lake. Crown Point was ten or twelve miles farther on. They tried to pass it +after nightfall, but the sky was too clear and the stars too bright; and +as they lay hidden the next day, nearly a hundred boats passed before +them on the way to Ticonderoga. Some other boats which appeared about +noon landed near them, and they watched the soldiers at dinner, within a +musket-shot of their lurking-place. The next night was more favorable. +They embarked at nine in the evening, passed Crown Point unseen, and hid +themselves as before, ten miles below. It was the seventh of July. +Thirty boats and a schooner passed them, returning towards Canada. On +the next night they rowed fifteen miles farther, and then sent men to +reconnoitre, who reported a schooner at anchor about a mile off. They +were preparing to board her, when two sloops appeared, coming up the +lake at but a short distance from the land. They gave them a volley, and +called on them to surrender; but the crews put off in boats and made +for the opposite shore. They followed and seized them. Out of twelve men +their fire had killed three and wounded two, one of whom, says Rogers in +his report, "could +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_437-V1" id="Page_437-V1">437<br />V1</a></span> +not march, therefore we put an end to him, to prevent +discovery." <span class="superscript">[460]</span> They sank the vessels, +which were laden with wine, brandy, and flour, hid their boats on the west +shore, and returned on foot with their prisoners. +<span class="superscript">[461]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_460" name="footer_460"></a> + <span class="superscript">[460]</span> +<i>Report of Rogers to Sir William Johnson</i>, <i>July</i>, 1756. +This incident is suppressed in the printed <i>Journals</i>, which merely say +that the man "soon died."</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_461" name="footer_461"></a> + <span class="superscript">[461]</span> +<i>Rogers, Journals</i>, 20. <i>Shirley to Fox</i>, 26 <i>July</i>, 1756. +"This afternoon Capt. Rogers came down with 4 scalps and 8 prisoners +which he took on Lake Champlain, between 20 and 30 miles beyond Crown +Point." <i>Surgeon Williams to his Wife</i>, 16 <i>July</i>, 1756.</p> +</div> + +<p>Some weeks after, Rogers returned to the place where he had left the +boats, embarked in them, reconnoitred the lake nearly to St. John, hid +them again eight miles north of Crown Point, took three prisoners near +that post, and carried them to Fort William Henry. In the next month the +French found several English boats in a small cove north of Crown Point. +Bougainville propounds five different hypotheses to account for their +being there; and exploring parties were sent out in the vain attempt to +find some water passage by which they could have reached the spot +without passing under the guns of two French forts. +<span class="superscript">[462]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_462" name="footer_462"></a> + <span class="superscript">[462]</span> +Bougainville, <i>Journal</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>The French, on their side, still kept their war-parties in motion, and +Vaudreuil faithfully chronicled in his despatches every English scalp +they brought in. He believed in Indians, and sent them to Ticonderoga in +numbers that were sometimes embarrassing. Even Pottawattamies from Lake +Michigan were prowling about Winslow's camp and silently killing his +sentinels with arrows, while +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_438-V1" id="Page_438-V1">438<br />V1</a></span> +their "medicine men" remained at Ticonderoga practising sorcery and +divination to aid the warriors or learn how it fared with them. +Bougainville writes in his Journal on the fifteenth of October: +"Yesterday the old Pottawattamies who have stayed here 'made +medicine' to get news of their brethren. The lodge trembled, the +sorcerer sweated drops of blood, and the devil came at last and told +him that the warriors would come back with scalps and prisoners. A +sorcerer in the medicine lodge is exactly like the Pythoness on the +tripod or the witch Canidia invoking the shades." The diviner was not +wholly at fault. Three days after, the warriors came back with a +prisoner. <span class="superscript">[463]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_463" name="footer_463"></a> + <span class="superscript">[463]</span> +This kind of divination was practised by Algonkin tribes +from the earliest times. See <i>Pioneers of France in the +New World</i>, 315.</p> +</div> + +<p>Till November, the hostile forces continued to watch each other from the +opposite ends of Lake George. Loudon repeated his orders to Winslow to +keep the defensive, and wrote sarcastically to the Colonial Minister: "I +think I shall be able to prevent the provincials doing anything very +rash, without their having it in their power to talk in the language of +this country that they could have taken all Canada if they had not been +prevented by the King's servants." Winslow tried to console himself for +the failure of the campaign, and wrote in his odd English to Shirley: +"Am sorry that this year's performance has not succeeded as was +intended; have only to say I pushed things to the utmost of my power to +have been sooner in motion, which was the only thing that should have +carried +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_439-V1" id="Page_439-V1">439<br />V1</a></span> +us to Crown Point; and though I am sensible that we are doing +our duty in acting on the defensive, yet it makes no <i>eclate</i> [<i>sic</i>], +and answers to little purpose in the eyes of my constituents."</p> + +<p>On the first of the month the French began to move off towards Canada, +and before many days Ticonderoga was left in the keeping of five or six +companies. <span class="superscript">[464]</span> +Winslow's men followed their example. Major Eyre, with +four hundred regulars, took possession of Fort William Henry, and the +provincials marched for home, their ranks thinned by camp diseases and +small-pox. <span class="superscript">[465]</span> +In Canada the regulars were quartered on the +inhabitants, who took the infliction as a matter of course. In the +English provinces the question was not so simple. Most of the British +troops were assigned to Philadelphia, New York, and Boston; and Loudon +demanded free quarters for them, according to usage then prevailing in +England during war. Nor was the demand in itself unreasonable, seeing +that the troops were sent over to fight the battles of the colonies. In +Philadelphia lodgings were given them in the public-houses, which, +however, could not hold them all. A long dispute followed between the +Governor, who seconded Loudon's demand, and the Assembly, during which +about half the soldiers lay on straw in outhouses and sheds till near +midwinter, many sickening, and some dying from exposure. Loudon grew +furious, and threatened, if shelter were not provided, to send Webb with +another regiment and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_440-V1" id="Page_440-V1">440<br />V1</a></span> +billet the whole on the inhabitants; on which the Assembly yielded, +and quarters were found. <span class="superscript">[466]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_464" name="footer_464"></a> + <span class="superscript">[464]</span> +Bougainville, <i>Journal</i>. Malartic, <i>Journal</i>.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_465" name="footer_465"></a> + <span class="superscript">[465]</span> +<i>Letter and Order Books of Winslow. Winslow to Halifax</i>, 30 <i>Dec</i>. +1756.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_466" name="footer_466"></a> + <span class="superscript">[466]</span> +<i>Loudon to Denny, 28 Oct. 1756. Colonial Records of Pa</i>., VII. 358-380. +<i>Loudon to Pitt</i>, 10 <i>March</i>, 1757. +<i>Notice of Colonel Bouquet</i>, in <i>Pennsylvania Magazine</i>, III. 124. +<i>The Conduct of a Noble Commander in America impartially reviewed</i> +(1758).</p> +</div> + +<p>In New York the privates were quartered in barracks, but the officers +were left to find lodging for themselves. Loudon demanded that provision +should be made for them also. The city council hesitated, afraid of +incensing the people if they complied. Cruger, the mayor, came to +remonstrate. "God damn my blood!" replied the Earl; "if you do not +billet my officers upon free quarters this day, I'll order here all the +troops in North America, and billet them myself upon this city." Being +no respecter of persons, at least in the provinces, he began with Oliver +Delancey, brother of the late acting Governor, and sent six soldiers to +lodge under his roof. Delancey swore at the unwelcome guests, on which +Loudon sent him six more. A subscription was then raised among the +citizens, and the required quarters were provided. +<span class="superscript">[467]</span> In Boston there +was for the present less trouble. The troops were lodged in the barracks +of Castle William, and furnished with blankets, cooking utensils, and +other necessaries. <span class="superscript">[468]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_467" name="footer_467"></a> + <span class="superscript">[467]</span> +Smith, <i>Hist. of N. Y.</i>, Part II. 242. +<i>William Corry to Johnson</i>, 15 <i>Jan</i>., 1757, in Stone, +<i>Life of Sir William Johnson</i>, II. 24, <i>note</i>. +<i>Loudon to Hardy</i>, 21 <i>Nov</i>. 1756.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_468" name="footer_468"></a> + <span class="superscript">[468]</span> +Massachusetts Archives, LXXVI. 153.</p> +</div> +<p>Major Eyre and his soldiers, in their wilderness exile by the borders of +Lake George, whiled the winter away with few other excitements than the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_441-V1" id="Page_441-V1">441<br />V1</a></span> +evening howl of wolves from the frozen mountains, or some nocturnal +savage shooting at a sentinel from behind a stump on the moonlit fields +of snow. A livelier incident at last broke the monotony of their lives. +In the middle of January Rogers came with his rangers from Fort Edward, +bound on a scouting party towards Crown Point. They spent two days at +Fort William Henry in making snow-shoes and other preparation, and set +out on the seventeenth. Captain Spikeman was second in command, with +Lieutenants Stark and Kennedy, several other subalterns, and two +gentlemen volunteers enamoured of adventure. They marched down the +frozen lake and encamped at the Narrows. Some of them, unaccustomed to +snow-shoes, had become unfit for travel, and were sent back, thus +reducing the number to seventy-four. In the morning they marched again, +by icicled rocks and icebound waterfalls, mountains gray with naked +woods and fir-trees bowed down with snow. On the nineteenth they reached +the west shore, about four miles south of Rogers Rock, marched west of +north eight miles, and bivouacked among the mountains. On the next +morning they changed their course, marched east of north all day, passed +Ticonderoga undiscovered, and stopped at night some five miles beyond +it. The weather was changing, and rain was coming on. They scraped away +the snow with their snow-shoes, piled it in a bank around them, made +beds of spruce-boughs, built fires, and lay down to sleep, while the +sentinels kept watch in the outer gloom. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_442-V1" id="Page_442-V1">442<br />V1</a></span> +In the morning there was a drizzling rain, and the softened snow stuck +to their snow-shoes. They marched eastward three miles through the +dripping forest, till they reached the banks of Lake Champlain, near +what is now called Five Mile Point, and presently saw a sledge, drawn +by horses, moving on the ice from Ticonderoga towards Crown Point. +Rogers sent Stark along the shore to the left to head it off, while he +with another party, covered by the woods, moved in the opposite direction +to stop its retreat. He soon saw eight or ten more sledges following the +first, and sent a messenger to prevent Stark from showing himself too +soon; but Stark was already on the ice. All the sledges turned back in +hot haste. The rangers ran in pursuit and captured three of them, with +seven men and six horses, while the rest escaped to Ticonderoga. The +prisoners, being separately examined, told an ominous tale. There were +three hundred and fifty regulars at Ticonderoga; two hundred Canadians +and forty-five Indians had lately arrived there, and more Indians were +expected that evening,—all destined to waylay the communications +between the English forts, and all prepared to march at a moment's notice. +The rangers were now in great peril. The fugitives would give warning of +their presence, and the French and Indians, in overwhelming force, would +no doubt cut off their retreat.</p> + +<p>Rogers at once ordered his men to return to their last night's +encampment, rekindle the fires, and dry their guns, which were wet by +the rain of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_443-V1" id="Page_443-V1">443<br />V1</a></span> +the morning. Then they marched southward in single file +through the snow-encumbered forest, Rogers and Kennedy in the front, +Spikeman in the centre, and Stark in the rear. In this order they moved +on over broken and difficult ground till two in the afternoon, when they +came upon a valley, or hollow, scarcely a musket-shot wide, which ran +across their line of march, and, like all the rest of the country, was +buried in thick woods. The front of the line had descended the first +hill, and was mounting that on the farther side, when the foremost men +heard a low clicking sound, like the cocking of a great number of guns; +and in an instant a furious volley blazed out of the bushes on the ridge +above them. Kennedy was killed outright, as also was Gardner, one of the +volunteers. Rogers was grazed in the head by a bullet, and others were +disabled or hurt. The rest returned the fire, while a swarm of French +and Indians rushed upon them from the ridge and the slopes on either +hand, killing several more, Spikeman among the rest, and capturing +others. The rangers fell back across the hollow and regained the hill +they had just descended. Stark with the rear, who were at the top when +the fray began, now kept the assailants in check by a brisk fire till +their comrades joined them. Then the whole party, spreading themselves +among the trees that covered the declivity, stubbornly held their ground +and beat back the French in repeated attempts to dislodge them. As the +assailants were more than two to one, what Rogers had most to dread was +a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_444-V1" id="Page_444-V1">444<br />V1</a></span> +movement to outflank him and get into his rear. This they tried twice, +and were twice repulsed by a party held in reserve for the purpose. The +fight lasted several hours, during which there was much talk between the +combatants. The French called out that it was a pity so many brave men +should be lost, that large reinforcements were expected every moment, +and that the rangers would then be cut to pieces without mercy; whereas +if they surrendered at once they should be treated with the utmost +kindness. They called to Rogers by name, and expressed great esteem for +him. Neither threats nor promises had any effect, and the firing went on +till darkness stopped it. Towards evening Rogers was shot through the +wrist; and one of the men, John Shute, used to tell in his old age how +he saw another ranger trying to bind the captain's wound with the ribbon +of his own queue.</p> + +<p>As Ticonderoga was but three miles off, it was destruction to stay where +they were; and they withdrew under cover of night, reduced to +forty-eight effective and six wounded men. Fourteen had been killed, and +six captured. Those that were left reached Lake George in the morning, +and Stark, with two followers, pushed on in advance to bring a sledge +for the wounded. The rest made their way to the Narrows, where they +encamped, and presently descried a small dark object on the ice far +behind them. It proved to be one of their own number, Sergeant Joshua +Martin, who had received a severe wound in the fight, and was left +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_445-V1" id="Page_445-V1">445<br />V1</a></span> +for +dead; but by desperate efforts had followed on their tracks, and was now +brought to camp in a state of exhaustion. He recovered, and lived to an +advanced age. The sledge sent by Stark came in the morning, and the +whole party soon reached the fort. Abercromby, on hearing of the affair, +sent them a letter of thanks for gallant conduct.</p> + +<p>Rogers reckons the number of his assailants at about two hundred and +fifty in all. Vaudreuil says that they consisted of eighty-nine regulars +and ninety Canadians and Indians. With his usual boastful exaggeration, +he declares that forty English were left dead on the field, and that +only three reached Fort William Henry alive. He says that the fight was +extremely hot and obstinate, and admits that the French lost +thirty-seven killed and wounded. Rogers makes the number much greater. +That it was considerable is certain, as Lusignan, commandant at +Ticonderoga, wrote immediately for reinforcements. +<span class="superscript">[469]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_469" name="footer_469"></a> + <span class="superscript">[469]</span> +Rogers, <i>Journals</i>, 38-44. +Caleb Stark, <i>Memoir and Correspondence of John Stark</i>, 18, 412. +<i>Return of Killed, Wounded, and Missing in the Action near Ticonderoga, +Jan</i>. 1757; all the names are here given. +James Abercromby, aide-de-camp to his uncle, General Abercromby, wrote to +Rogers from Albany: "You cannot imagine how all ranks of people here are +pleased with your conduct and your men's behavior."</p> +<p>The accounts of the French writers differ from each other, but agree in +placing the English force at from seventy to eighty, and their own much +higher. The principal report is that of <i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 19 +<i>Avril</i>, 1757 (his second letter of this date). +Bougainville, Montcalm, Malartic, and Montreuil all speak of the affair, +placing the English loss much higher than is shown by the returns. The +story, repeated in most of the French narratives, that only three of the +rangers reached Fort William Henry, seems to have arisen from the fact +that Stark with two men went thither in advance of the rest. As regards +the antecedents of the combat, the French and English accounts agree.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_446-V1" id="Page_446-V1">446<br />V1</a></span> +The effects of his wound and an attack of small-pox kept Rogers quiet +for a time. Meanwhile the winter dragged slowly away, and the ice of +Lake George, cracking with change of temperature, uttered its strange +cry of agony, heralding that dismal season when winter begins to relax +its <ins title="Changed gripe to grip.">grip,</ins> +but spring still holds aloof; when the sap stirs in the +sugar-maples, but the buds refuse to swell, and even the catkins of the +willows will not burst their brown integuments; when the forest is +patched with snow, though on its sunny slopes one hears in the stillness +the whisper of trickling waters that ooze from the half-thawed soil and +saturated beds of fallen leaves; when clouds hang low on the darkened +mountains, and cold mists entangle themselves in the tops of the pines; +now a dull rain, now a sharp morning frost, and now a storm of snow +powdering the waste, and wrapping it again in the pall of winter.</p> + +<p>In this cheerless season, on St. Patrick's Day, the seventeenth of +March, the Irish soldiers who formed a part of the garrison of Fort +William Henry were paying homage to their patron saint in libations of +heretic rum, the product of New England stills; and it is said that John +Stark's rangers forgot theological differences in their zeal to share +the festivity. The story adds that they were restrained by their +commander, and that their enforced sobriety proved the saving of the +fort. This may be doubted; for without counting the English soldiers of +the garrison who had no special call to be drunk that day, the fort was +in no +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_447-V1" id="Page_447-V1">447<br />V1</a></span> +danger till twenty-four hours after, when the revellers had had +time to rally from their pious carouse. Whether rangers or British +soldiers, it is certain that watchmen were on the alert during the night +between the eighteenth and nineteenth, and that towards one in the +morning they heard a sound of axes far down the lake, followed by the +faint glow of a distant fire. The inference was plain, that an enemy was +there, and that the necessity of warming himself had overcome his +caution. Then all was still for some two hours, when, listening in the +pitchy darkness, the watchers heard the footsteps of a great body of men +approaching on the ice, which at the time was bare of snow. The garrison +were at their posts, and all the cannon on the side towards the lake +vomited grape and round-shot in the direction of the sound, which +thereafter was heard no more.</p> + +<p>Those who made it were a detachment, called by Vaudreuil an army, sent +by him to seize the English fort. Shirley had planned a similar stroke +against Ticonderoga a year before; but the provincial levies had come in +so slowly, and the ice had broken up so soon, that the scheme was +abandoned. Vaudreuil was more fortunate. The whole force, regulars, +Canadians, and Indians, was ready to his hand. No pains were spared in +equipping them. Overcoats, blankets, bearskins to sleep on, tarpaulins +to sleep under, spare moccasons, spare mittens, kettles, axes, needles, +awls, flint and steel, and many miscellaneous articles +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_448-V1" id="Page_448-V1">448<br />V1</a></span> +were provided, to +be dragged by the men on light Indian sledges, along with provisions for +twelve days. The cost of the expedition is set at a million francs, +answering to more than as many dollars of the present time. To the +disgust of the officers from France, the Governor named his brother +Rigaud for the chief command; and before the end of February the whole +party was on its march along the ice of Lake Champlain. They rested +nearly a week at Ticonderoga, where no less than three hundred short +scaling-ladders, so constructed that two or more could be joined in one, +had been made for them; and here, too, they received a reinforcement, +which raised their number to sixteen hundred. Then, marching three days +along Lake George, they neared the fort on the evening of the +eighteenth, and prepared for a general assault before daybreak.</p> + +<p>The garrison, including rangers, consisted of three hundred and +forty-six effective men. <span class="superscript">[470]</span> +The fort was not strong, and a resolute +assault by numbers so superior must, it seems, have overpowered the +defenders; but the Canadians and Indians who composed most of the +attacking force were not suited for such work; and, disappointed in his +hope of a surprise, Rigaud withdrew them at daybreak, after trying in +vain to burn the buildings outside. A few hours after, the whole body +reappeared, filing off to surround the fort, on which they kept up a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_449-V1" id="Page_449-V1">449<br />V1</a></span> +brisk but harmless fire of musketry. In the night they were heard again +on the ice, approaching as if for an assault; and the cannon, firing +towards the sound, again drove them back. There was silence for a while, +till tongues of flame lighted up the gloom, and two sloops, ice-bound in +the lake, and a large number of bateaux on the shore were seen to be on +fire. A party sallied to save them; but it was too late. In the morning +they were all consumed, and the enemy had vanished.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_470" name="footer_470"></a> + <span class="superscript">[470]</span> +<i>Strength of the Garrison of Fort William Henry when the Enemy came +before it</i>, enclosed in the letter of <i>Major Eyre to Loudon</i>, +26 <i>March</i>, 1757. There were also one hundred and twenty-eight +invalids.</p> +</div> + +<p>It was Sunday, the twentieth. Everything was quiet till noon, when the +French filed out of the woods and marched across the ice in procession, +ostentatiously carrying their scaling-ladders, and showing themselves to +the best effect. They stopped at a safe distance, fronting towards the +fort, and several of them advanced, waving a red flag. An officer with a +few men went to meet them, and returned bringing Le Mercier, chief of +the Canadian artillery, who, being led blindfold into the fort, +announced himself as bearer of a message from Rigaud. He was conducted +to the room of Major Eyre, where all the British officers were +assembled; and, after mutual compliments, he invited them to give up the +place peaceably, promising the most favorable terms, and threatening a +general assault and massacre in case of refusal. Eyre said that he +should defend himself to the last; and the envoy, again blindfolded, was +led back to whence he came.</p> + +<p>The whole French force now advanced as if to storm the works, and the +garrison prepared to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_450-V1" id="Page_450-V1">450<br />V1</a></span> +receive them. Nothing came of it but a fusillade, +to which the British made no reply. At night the French were heard +advancing again, and each man nerved himself for the crisis. The real +attack, however, was not against the fort, but against the buildings +outside, which consisted of several storehouses, a hospital, a saw-mill, +and the huts of the rangers, besides a sloop on the stocks and piles of +planks and cord-wood. Covered by the night, the assailants crept up with +fagots of resinous sticks, placed them against the farther side of the +buildings, kindled them, and escaped before the flame rose; while the +garrison, straining their ears in the thick darkness, fired wherever +they heard a sound. Before morning all around them was in a blaze, and +they had much ado to save the fort barracks from the shower of burning +cinders. At ten o'clock the fires had subsided, and a thick fall of snow +began, filling the air with a restless chaos of large moist flakes. This +lasted all day and all the next night, till the ground and the ice were +covered to a depth of three feet and more. The French lay close in their +camps till a little before dawn on Tuesday morning, when twenty +volunteers from the regulars made a bold attempt to burn the sloop on +the stocks, with several storehouses and other structures, and several +hundred scows and whaleboats which had thus far escaped. They were only +in part successful; but they fired the sloop and some buildings near it, +and stood far out on the ice watching the flaming vessel, a superb +bonfire amid the wilderness of snow. The +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_451-V1" id="Page_451-V1">451<br />V1</a></span> +spectacle cost the volunteers a fourth of their number killed and wounded.</p> + +<p>On Wednesday morning the sun rose bright on a scene of wintry splendor, +and the frozen lake was dotted with Rigaud's retreating followers +toiling towards Canada on snow-shoes. Before they reached it many of +them were blinded for a while by the insufferable glare, and their +comrades led them homewards by the hand. <span class="superscript">[471]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_471" name="footer_471"></a> + <span class="superscript">[471]</span> +<i>Eyre to Loudon</i>, 24 <i>March</i>, 1757. +<i>Ibid.</i>, 25 <i>March</i>, +enclosed in Loudon's despatch of 25 April, 1757. +<i>Message of Rigaud to Major Eyre</i>, 20 <i>March</i>, 1757. +<i>Letter from Fort William Henry</i>, 26 <i>March</i>, 1757, +in <i>Boston Gazette, No</i>. 106, and <i>Boston Evening Post, No</i>. 1,128. +<i>Abstract of Letters from Albany</i>, +in <i>Boston News Letter, No</i>. 2,860. +Caleb Stark, <i>Memoir and Correspondence of John Stark</i>, 22, a +curious mixture of truth and error. +<i>Relation de la Campagne sur le Lac St. Sacrement pendant l'Hiver</i>, 1757. +Bougainville, <i>Journal</i>. Malartic, <i>Journal</i>. +<i>Montcalm au Ministre</i>, 24 <i>Avril</i>, 1757. +<i>Montreuil au Ministre</i>, 23 <i>Avril</i>, 1757. +<i>Montcalm à sa Mère</i>, 1 <i>Avril</i>, 1757. +<i>Mémoires sur le Canada</i>, 1749-1760.</p> + +<p>The French loss in killed and wounded is set by Montcalm at eleven. That +of the English was seven, slightly wounded, chiefly in sorties. They +took three prisoners. Stark was touched by a bullet, for the only time +in his adventurous life.</p> +</div> + +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Chapter_14" id="Chapter_14"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_452-V1" id="Page_452-V1">452<br />V1</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents14">CHAPTER XIV.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1757.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader">MONTCALM AND VAUDREUIL.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + The Seat of War • Social Life at Montreal • + Familiar Correspondence of Montcalm • His Employments • + His Impressions of Canada • His Hospitalities • + Misunderstandings with the Governor • Character of Vaudreuil • + His Accusations • Frenchmen and Canadians • + Foibles of Montcalm • The opening Campaign • + Doubts and Suspense • London's Plan • His Character • + Fatal Delays • Abortive Attempt against Louisbourg • + Disaster to the British Fleet. + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> + +</div> + + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">Spring</span> +came at last, and the Dutch burghers of Albany heard, faint from +the far height, the clamor of the wild-fowl, streaming in long files +northward to their summer home. As the aërial travellers winged their +way, the seat of war lay spread beneath them like a map. First the blue +Hudson, slumbering among its forests, with the forts along its banks, +Half-Moon, Stillwater, Saratoga, and the geometric lines and earthen +mounds of Fort Edward. Then a broad belt of dingy evergreen; and beyond, +released from wintry fetters, the glistening breast of Lake George, with +Fort William Henry at its side, amid charred ruins and a desolation of +prostrate forests. Hence the lake stretched northward, like some broad +river, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_453-V1" id="Page_453-V1">453<br />V1</a></span> +trenched between mountain ranges still leafless and gray. Then +they looked down on Ticonderoga, with the flag of the Bourbons, like a +flickering white speck, waving on its ramparts; and next on Crown Point +with its tower of stone. Lake Champlain now spread before them, widening +as they flew: on the left, the mountain wilderness of the Adirondacks, +like a stormy sea congealed; on the right, the long procession of the +Green Mountains; and, far beyond, on the dim verge of the eastern sky, +the White Mountains throned in savage solitude. They passed over the +bastioned square of Fort St. John, Fort Chambly guarding the rapids of +the Richelieu, and the broad belt of the St. Lawrence, with Montreal +seated on its bank. Here we leave them, to build their nests and hatch +their brood among the fens of the lonely North.</p> + +<p>Montreal, the military heart of Canada, was in the past winter its +social centre also, where were gathered conspicuous representatives both +of Old France and of New; not men only, but women. It was a sparkling +fragment of the reign of Louis XV. dropped into the American wilderness. +Montcalm was here with his staff and his chief officers, now pondering +schemes of war, and now turning in thought to his beloved Château of +Candiac, his mother, children, and wife, to whom he sent letters with +every opportunity. To his wife he writes: "Think of me affectionately; +give love to my girls. I hope next year I may be with you all. I love +you tenderly, dearest." He says that he has sent +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_454-V1" id="Page_454-V1">454<br />V1</a></span> +her a packet of marten-skins for a muff; "and another time I shall send +some to our daughter; but I should like better to bring them myself." Of +this eldest daughter he writes in reply to a letter of domestic news from +Madame de Montcalm: "The new gown with blonde trimmings must be becoming, +for she is pretty." Again, "There is not an hour in the day when I do not +think of you, my mother and my children." He had the tastes of a country +gentleman, and was eager to know all that was passing on his estate. +Before leaving home he had set up a mill to grind olives for oil, and +was well pleased to hear of its prosperity. "It seems to be a good +thing, which pleases me very much. Bougainville and I talk a great deal +about the oil-mill." Some time after, when the King sent him the coveted +decoration of the <i>cordon rouge</i>, he informed Madame de Montcalm of the +honor done him, and added: "But I think I am better pleased with what +you tell me of the success of my oil-mill."</p> + +<p>To his mother he writes of his absorbing occupations, and says: "You can +tell my dearest that I have no time to occupy myself with the ladies, +even if I wished to." Nevertheless he now and then found leisure for +some little solace in his banishment; for he writes to Bourlamaque, +whom he had left at Quebec, after a visit which he had himself made +there early in the winter: "I am glad you sometimes speak of me to the +three ladies in the Rue du Parloir; and I am flattered by their +remembrance, especially by that of one of them, in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_455-V1" id="Page_455-V1">455<br />V1</a></span> +whom I find at certain moments too much wit and too many charms for my +tranquillity." These ladies of the Rue du Parloir are several times +mentioned in his familiar correspondence with Bourlamaque.</p> + +<p>His station obliged him to maintain a high standard of living, to his +great financial detriment, for Canadian prices were inordinate. "I must +live creditably, and so I do; sixteen persons at table every day. Once a +fortnight I dine with the Governor-General and with the Chevalier de +Lévis, who lives well too. He has given three grand balls. As for me, +up to Lent I gave, besides dinners, great suppers, with ladies, three times +a week. They lasted till two in the morning; and then there was dancing, +to which company came uninvited, but sure of a welcome from those who +had been at supper. It is very expensive, not very amusing, and often +tedious. At Quebec, where we spent a month, I gave receptions or parties, +often at the Intendant's house. I like my gallant Chevalier de Lévis +very much. Bourlamaque was a good choice; he is steady and cool, with good +parts. Bougainville has talent, a warm head, and warm heart; he will ripen +in time. Write to Madame Cornier that I like her husband; he is perfectly +well, and as impatient for peace as I am. Love to my daughters, and all +affection and respect to my mother. I live only in the hope of joining you +all again. Nevertheless, Montreal is as good a place as Alais even in time +of peace, and better now, because the Government +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_456-V1" id="Page_456-V1">456<br />V1</a></span> +is here; for the Marquis de Vaudreuil, like me, spent only a month at +Quebec. As for Quebec, it is as good as the best cities of France, +except ten or so. Clear sky, bright sun; neither spring nor autumn, +only summer and winter. July, August, and September, hot as in Languedoc: +winter insupportable; one must keep always indoors. The ladies +<i>spirituelles, galantes, dévotes</i>. Gambling at Quebec, dancing +and conversation at Montreal. My friends the Indians, who are often +unbearable, and whom I treat with perfect tranquillity and patience, are +fond of me. If I were not a sort of general, though very subordinate to +the Governor, I could gossip about the plans of the campaign, which it +is likely will begin on the tenth or fifteenth of May. I worked at the +plan of the last affair [<i>Rigaud's expedition to Fort William Henry</i>], +which might have turned out better, though good as it was. I wanted +only eight hundred men. If I had had my way, Monsieur de Lévis or +Monsieur de Bougainville would have had charge of it. However, the thing +was all right, and in good hands. The Governor, who is extremely civil +to me, gave it to his brother; he thought him more used to winter +marches. Adieu, my heart; I adore and love you!"</p> + +<p>To meet his manifold social needs, he sends to his wife orders for +prunes, olives, anchovies, muscat wine, capers, sausages, confectionery, +cloth for liveries, and many other such items; also for scent-bags of +two kinds, and perfumed pomatum for presents; closing in postscript with an +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_457-V1" id="Page_457-V1">457<br />V1</a></span> +injunction not to forget a dozen pint-bottles of English lavender. +Some months after, he writes to Madame de Saint-Véran: "I have got +everything that was sent me from Montpellier except the sausages. I have +lost a third of what was sent from Bordeaux. The English captured it on +board the ship called 'La Superbe;' and I have reason to fear that +everything sent from Paris is lost on board 'La Liberté.' I am running +into debt here. Pshaw! I must live. I do not worry myself. Best love to +you, my mother."</p> + +<p>When Rigaud was about to march with his detachment against Fort William +Henry, Montcalm went over to La Prairie to see them. "I reviewed them," +he writes to Bourlamaque, "and gave the officers a dinner, which, if +anybody else had given it, I should have said was a grand affair. There +were two tables, for thirty-six persons in all. On Wednesday there was +an Assembly at Madame Varin's; on Friday the Chevalier de Lévis gave a +ball. He invited sixty-five ladies, and got only thirty, with a great +crowd of men. Rooms well lighted, excellent order, excellent service, +plenty of refreshments of every sort all through the night; and the +company stayed till seven in the morning. As for me, I went to bed +early. I had had that day eight ladies at a supper given to Madame +Varin. To-morrow I shall have half-a-dozen at another supper, given to I +don't know whom, but incline to think it will be La Roche Beaucour. The +gallant Chevalier is to give us still another ball."</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_458-V1" id="Page_458-V1">458<br />V1</a></span> +Lent put a check on these festivities. "To-morrow," he tells Bourlamaque, +"I shall throw myself into devotion with might and main (<i>à corps +perdu</i>). It will be easier for me to detach myself from the world and +turn heavenward here at Montreal than it would be at Quebec." And, some +time after, "Bougainville spent Monday delightfully at Isle Ste. +Hélène, and Tuesday devoutly with the Sulpitian Fathers at +the Mountain. I was there myself at four o'clock, and did them the civility +to sup in their refectory at a quarter before six."</p> + +<p>In May there was a complete revival of social pleasures, and Montcalm +wrote to Bourlamaque: "Madame de Beaubassin's supper was very gay. There +were toasts to the Rue du Parloir and to the General. To-day I must give +a dinner to Madame de Saint-Ours, which will be a little more serious. +Péan is gone to establish himself at La Chine, and will come back with +La Barolon, who goes thither with a husband of hers, bound to the Ohio +with Villejoin and Louvigny. The Chevalier de Lévis amuses himself very +much here. He and his friends spend all their time with Madame de +Lenisse."</p> + +<p>Under these gayeties and gallantries there were bitter heart-burnings. +Montcalm hints at some of them in a letter to Bourlamaque, written at +the time of the expedition to Fort William Henry, which, in the words of +Montcalm, who would have preferred another commander, the Governor had +ordered to march "under the banners of brother +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_459-V1" id="Page_459-V1">459<br />V1</a></span> +Rigaud." "After he got my +letter on Sunday evening," says the disappointed General, "Monsieur de +Vaudreuil sent me his secretary with the instructions he had given his +brother," which he had hitherto withheld. "This gave rise after dinner +to a long conversation with him; and I hope for the good of the service +that his future conduct will prove the truth of his words. I spoke to +him with frankness and firmness of the necessity I was under of +communicating to him my reflections; but I did not name any of the +persons who, to gain his good graces, busy themselves with destroying +his confidence in me. I told him that he would always find me disposed +to aid in measures tending to our success, even should his views, which +always ought to prevail, be different from mine; but that I dared +flatter myself that he would henceforward communicate his plans to me +sooner; for, though his knowledge of the country gave greater weight to +his opinions, he might rest satisfied that I should second him in +methods and details. This explanation passed off becomingly enough, and +ended with a proposal to dine on a moose's nose [<i>an estimed morsel</i>] +the day after to-morrow. I burn your letters, Monsieur, and I beg you to +do the same with mine, after making a note of anything you may want to +keep." But Bourlamaque kept all the letters, and bound them in a volume, +which still exists. <span class="superscript">[472]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_472" name="footer_472"></a> + <span class="superscript">[472]</span> +The preceding extracts are from <i>Lettres de Montcalm à Madame de +Saint-Véran, sa Mère, et à Madame de Montcalm, sa +Femme</i>, 1756, 1757 (<i>Papiers de Famille</i>); and <i>Lettres de +Montcalm à Bourlamaque</i>, 1757. +See <a href="#appendixE">Appendix E</a>.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_460-V1" id="Page_460-V1">460<br />V1</a></span> +Montcalm was not at this time fully aware of the feeling of Vaudreuil +towards him. The touchy egotism of the Governor and his jealous +attachment to the colony led him to claim for himself and the Canadians +the merit of every achievement and to deny it to the French troops and +their general. Before the capture of Oswego was known, he wrote to the +naval minister that Montcalm would never have dared attack that place if +he had not encouraged him and answered his timid objections. +<span class="superscript">[473]</span> "I am +confident that I shall reduce it," he adds; "my expedition is sure to +succeed if Monsieur de Montcalm follows the directions I have given +him." When the good news came he immediately wrote again, declaring that +the victory was due to his brother Rigaud and the Canadians, who, he +says, had been ill-used by the General, and not allowed either to enter +the fort or share the plunder, any more than the Indians, who were so +angry at the treatment they had met that he had great difficulty in +appeasing them. He hints that the success was generally ascribed to him. +"There has been a great deal of talk here; but I will not do myself the +honor of repeating it to you, especially as it relates to myself. I know +how to do violence to my self-love. The measures I took assured our +victory, in spite of opposition. If I had been less vigilant and firm, +Oswego would still be in the hands of the English. I cannot sufficiently +congratulate myself on the zeal which my brother and the Canadians and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_461-V1" id="Page_461-V1">461<br />V1</a></span> +Indians showed on this occasion; for without them my orders would have +been given in vain. The hopes of His Britannic Majesty have vanished, +and will hardly revive again; for I shall take care to crush them in the +bud." <span class="superscript">[474]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_473" name="footer_473"></a> + <span class="superscript">[473]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre de la Marine</i>, 13 <i>Août</i>, 1756.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_474" name="footer_474"></a> + <span class="superscript">[474]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre de la Marine</i>, 1 <i>Sept.</i> 1756.</p> +</div> + +<p>The pronouns "I" and "my" recur with monotonous frequency in his +correspondence. "I have laid waste all the British provinces." "By +promptly uniting my forces at Carillon, I have kept General Loudon in +check, though he had at his disposal an army of about twenty thousand +men;" <span class="superscript">[475]</span> and so without end, in all +varieties of repetition. It is no less characteristic that he here assigns +to his enemies double their actual force.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_475" name="footer_475"></a> + <span class="superscript">[475]</span> +<i>Ibid.</i>, 6 <i>Nov.</i> 1756.</p> +</div> + +<p>He has the faintest of praise for the troops from France. "They are +generally good, but thus far they have not absolutely distinguished +themselves. I do justice to the firmness they showed at Oswego; but it +was only the colony troops, Canadians, and Indians who attacked the +forts. Our artillery was directed by the Chevalier Le Mercier and M. +Frémont [<i>colony officers</i>], and was served by our colony troops and our +militia. The officers from France are more inclined to defence than +attack. Far from spending the least thing here, they lay by their pay. +They saved the money allowed them for refreshments, and had it in pocket +at the end of the campaign. They get a profit, too, out of their +provisions, by having certificates made under borrowed names, so that +they can draw +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_462-V1" id="Page_462-V1">462<br />V1</a></span> +cash for them on their return. It is the same with the +soldiers, who also sell their provisions to the King and get paid for +them. In conjunction with M. Bigot, I labor to remedy all these abuses; +and the rules we have established have saved the King a considerable +expense. M. de Montcalm has complained very much of these rules." The +Intendant Bigot, who here appears as a reformer, was the centre of a +monstrous system of public fraud and robbery; while the charges against +the French officers are unsupported. Vaudreuil, who never loses an +opportunity of disparaging them, proceeds thus:—</p> + +<p>"The troops from France are not on very good terms with our Canadians. +What can the soldiers think of them when they see their officers +threaten them with sticks or swords? The Canadians are obliged to carry +these gentry on their shoulders, through the cold water, over rocks that +cut their feet; and if they make a false step they are abused. Can +anything be harder? Finally, Monsieur de Montcalm is so quick-tempered +that he goes to the length of striking the Canadians. How can he +restrain his officers when he cannot restrain himself? Could any example +be more contagious? This is the way our Canadians are treated. They +deserve something better." He then enlarges on their zeal, hardihood, +and bravery, and adds that nothing but their blind submission to his +commands prevents many of them from showing resentment at the usage they +had to endure. The Indians, he goes on to say, are not so gentle and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_463-V1" id="Page_463-V1">463<br />V1</a></span> +yielding; and but for his brother Rigaud and himself, might have gone +off in a rage. "After the campaign of Oswego they did not hesitate to +tell me that they would go wherever I sent them, provided I did not put +them under the orders of M. de Montcalm. They told me positively that +they could not bear his quick temper. I shall always maintain the most +perfect union and understanding with M. le Marquis de Montcalm, but I +shall be forced to take measures which will assure to our Canadians and +Indians treatment such as their zeal and services merit." +<span class="superscript">[476]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_476" name="footer_476"></a> + <span class="superscript">[476]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre de la Marine</i>, 23 <i>Oct</i>. 1756. The +above extracts are somewhat condensed in the translation. See the letter +in Dussieux, 279.</p> +</div> + +<p>To the subject of his complaints Vaudreuil used a different language; +for Montcalm says, after mentioning that he had had occasion to punish +some of the Canadians at Oswego: "I must do Monsieur de Vaudreuil the +justice to say that he approved my proceedings." He treated the General +with the blandest politeness. "He is a good-natured man," continues +Montcalm, "mild, with no character of his own, surrounded by people who +try to destroy all his confidence in the general of the troops from +France. I am praised excessively, in order to make him jealous, excite +his Canadian prejudices, and prevent him from dealing with me frankly, +or adopting my views when he can help it." <span class="superscript">[477]</span> +He elsewhere complains that Vaudreuil gave to both him and Lévis orders +couched in such equivocal +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_464-V1" id="Page_464-V1">464<br />V1</a></span> +terms that he could throw the blame on them in case of +reverse. <span class="superscript">[478]</span> +Montcalm liked the militia no better than the Governor +liked the regulars. "I have used them with good effect, though not in +places exposed to the enemy's fire. They know neither discipline nor +subordination, and think themselves in all respects the first nation on +earth." He is sure, however, that they like him: "I have gained the +utmost confidence of the Canadians and Indians; and in the eyes of the +former, when I travel or visit their camps, I have the air of a tribune +of the people." <span class="superscript">[479]</span> "The affection of +the Indians for me is so strong that there are moments when it astonishes +the Governor." <span class="superscript">[480]</span> "The +Indians are delighted with me," he says in another letter; "the +Canadians are pleased with me; their officers esteem and fear me, and +would be glad if the French troops and their general could be dispensed +with; and so should I." +<span class="superscript">[481]</span> And he writes to his mother: "The part I +have to play is unique: I am a general-in-chief subordinated; sometimes +with everything to do, and sometimes nothing; I am esteemed, respected, +beloved, envied, hated; I pass for proud, supple, stiff, yielding, +polite, devout, gallant, etc.; and I long for peace." +<span class="superscript">[482]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_477" name="footer_477"></a> + <span class="superscript">[477]</span> +<i>Montcalm au Ministre de la Guerre</i>, 11 <i>Juillet</i>, 1757.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_478" name="footer_478"></a> + <span class="superscript">[478]</span> +<i>Montcalm au Ministre de la Guerre</i>, 1 <i>Nov</i>. 1756.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_479" name="footer_479"></a> + <span class="superscript">[479]</span> +<i>Ibid</i>., 18 <i>Sept</i>. 1757.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_480" name="footer_480"></a> + <span class="superscript">[480]</span> +<i>Ibid</i>., 4 <i>Nov</i>. 1757.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_481" name="footer_481"></a> + <span class="superscript">[481]</span> +<i>Ibid</i>., 28 <i>Août</i>, 1756.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_482" name="footer_482"></a> + <span class="superscript">[482]</span> +<i>Montcalm à Madame de Saint-Véran</i>, 23 <i>Sept</i>. +1757.</p> +</div> + +<p>The letters of the Governor and those of the General, it will be seen, +contradict each other flatly at several points. Montcalm is sustained by +his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_465-V1" id="Page_465-V1">465<br />V1</a></span> +friend Bougainville, who says that the Indians had a great liking +for him, and that he "knew how to manage them as well as if he had been +born in their wigwams." <span class="superscript">[483]</span> +And while Vaudreuil complains that the +Canadians are ill-used by Montcalm, Bougainville declares that the +regulars are ill-used by Vaudreuil. "One must be blind not to see that +we are treated as the Spartans treated the Helots." Then he comments on +the jealous reticence of the Governor. "The Marquis de Montcalm has not +the honor of being consulted; and it is generally through public rumor +that he first hears of Monsieur de Vaudreuil's military plans." He calls +the Governor "a timid man, who can neither make a resolution nor keep +one;" and he gives another trait of him, illustrating it, after his +usual way, by a parallel from the classics: "When V. produces an idea he +falls in love with it, as Pygmalion did with his statue. I can forgive +Pygmalion, for what he produced was a masterpiece." +<span class="superscript">[484]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_483" name="footer_483"></a> + <span class="superscript">[483]</span> +<i>Bougainville à Saint-Laurens</i>, 19 <i>Août</i>, 1757.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_484" name="footer_484"></a> + <span class="superscript">[484]</span> +Bougainville, <i>Journal</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>The exceeding touchiness of the Governor was sorely tried by certain +indiscretions on the part of the General, who in his rapid and vehement +utterances sometimes forgot the rules of prudence. His anger, though not +deep, was extremely impetuous; and it is said that his irritation +against Vaudreuil sometimes found escape in the presence of servants and +soldiers. <span class="superscript">[485]</span> +There was no lack of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_466-V1" id="Page_466-V1">466<br />V1</a></span> +reporters, and the Governor was told +everything. The breach widened apace, and Canada divided itself into two +camps: that of Vaudreuil with the colony officers, civil and military, +and that of Montcalm with the officers from France. The principal +exception was the Chevalier de Lévis. This brave and able commander had +an easy and adaptable nature, which made him a sort of connecting link +between the two parties. "One should be on good terms with everybody," +was a maxim which he sometimes expressed, and on which he shaped his +conduct with notable success. The Intendant Bigot also, an adroit and +accomplished person, had the skill to avoid breaking with either side.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_485" name="footer_485"></a> + <span class="superscript">[485]</span> +<i>Événements de la Guerre en Canada</i>, 1759, 1760.</p> +</div> + +<p>But now the season of action was near, and domestic strife must give +place to efforts against the common foe. "God or devil!" Montcalm wrote +to Bourlamaque, "we must do something and risk a fight. If we succeed, +we can, all three of us [<i>you, Lévis, and I</i>], ask for promotion. Burn +this letter." The prospects, on the whole, were hopeful. The victory at +Oswego had wrought marvels among the Indians, inspired the faithful, +confirmed the wavering, and daunted the ill-disposed. The whole West was +astir, ready to pour itself again in blood and fire against the English +border; and even the Cherokees and Choctaws, old friends of the British +colonies, seemed on the point of turning against them. +<span class="superscript">[486]</span> The Five +Nations were half won for France. In +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_467-V1" id="Page_467-V1">467<br />V1</a></span> +November a large deputation of them +came to renew the chain of friendship at Montreal. "I have laid Oswego +in ashes," said Vaudreuil; "the English quail before me. Why do you +nourish serpents in your bosom? They mean only to enslave you." The +deputies trampled under foot the medals the English had given them, and +promised the "Devourer of Villages," for so they styled the Governor, +that they would never more lift the hatchet against his children. The +chief difficulty was to get rid of them; for, being clothed and fed at +the expense of the King, they were in no haste to take leave; and +learning that New Year's Day was a time of visits, gifts, and +health-drinking, they declared that they would stay to share its +pleasures; which they did, to their own satisfaction and the annoyance +of those who were forced to entertain them and their squaws. +<span class="superscript">[487]</span> An +active siding with France was to be expected only from the western bands +of the Confederacy. Neutrality alone could be hoped for from the others, +who were too near the English safely to declare against them; while from +one of the tribes, the Mohawks, even neutrality was doubtful.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_486" name="footer_486"></a> + <span class="superscript">[486]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre de la Marine</i>, 19 <i>Avril</i>, 1757.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_487" name="footer_487"></a> + <span class="superscript">[487]</span> +<i>Montcalm au Ministre de la Guerre</i>, 24 <i>Avril</i>, 1757; +<i>Relation de l'Ambassade des Cinq Nations à Montreal, +jointe à la lettre précédente. +Procès-verbal de différentes Entrevues entre M. de +Vaudreuil et les Députés des Nations sauvages du</i> +13 <i>au</i> 30 <i>Déc</i>. 1756. +<i>Malartic, Journal. +Montcalm à Madame de Saint-Véran</i>, 1 <i>Avril</i>, 1757. +</p> +</div> + +<p>Vaudreuil, while disliking the French regulars, felt that he could not +dispense with them, and had asked for a reinforcement. His request was +granted; and the Colonial Minister informed him +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_468-V1" id="Page_468-V1">468<br />V1</a></span> +that twenty-four hundred +men had been ordered to Canada to strengthen the colony regulars and the +battalions of Montcalm. <span class="superscript">[488]</span> +This, according to the estimate of the +Minister, would raise the regular force in Canada to sixty-six hundred +rank and file. <span class="superscript">[489]</span> +The announcement was followed by another, less +agreeable. It was to the effect that a formidable squadron was fitting +out in British ports. Was Quebec to be attacked, or Louisbourg? +Louisbourg was beyond reach of succor from Canada; it must rely on its +own strength and on help from France. But so long as Quebec was +threatened, all the troops in the colony must be held ready to defend +it, and the hope of attacking England in her own domains must be +abandoned. Till these doubts were solved, nothing could be done; and +hence great activity in catching prisoners for the sake of news. A few +were brought in, but they knew no more of the matter than the French +themselves; and Vaudreuil and Montcalm rested for a while in suspense.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_488" name="footer_488"></a> + <span class="superscript">[488]</span> +<i>Ordres du Roy et Dépêches des Ministres, Mars</i>, 1757.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_489" name="footer_489"></a> + <span class="superscript">[489]</span> +<i>Ministerial Minute on the Military Force in Canada</i>, 1757, in +<i>N. Y. Col. Docs</i>., X. 523.</p> +</div> + +<p>The truth, had they known it, would have gladdened their hearts. The +English preparations were aimed at Louisbourg. In the autumn before, +Loudon, prejudiced against all plans of his predecessor, Shirley, +proposed to the Ministry a scheme of his own, involving a possible +attack on Quebec, but with the reduction of Louisbourg as its immediate +object,—an important object, no doubt, but +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_469-V1" id="Page_469-V1">469<br />V1</a></span> +one that had no direct +bearing on the main question of controlling the interior of the +continent. Pitt, then for a brief space at the head of the Government, +accepted the suggestion, and set himself to executing it; but he was +hampered by opposition, and early in April was forced to resign. Then, +followed a contest of rival claimants to office; and the war against +France was made subordinate to disputes of personal politics. Meanwhile +one Florence Hensey, a spy at London, had informed the French Court that +a great armament was fitting out for America, though he could not tell +its precise destination. Without loss of time three French squadrons +were sent across the Atlantic, with orders to rendezvous at Louisbourg, +the conjectured point of attack.</p> + +<p>The English were as tardy as their enemies were prompt. Everything +depended on speed; yet their fleet, under Admiral Holbourne, consisting +of fifteen ships of the line and three frigates, with about five +thousand troops on board, did not get to sea till the fifth of May, when +it made sail for Halifax, where Loudon was to meet it with additional +forces.</p> + +<p>Loudon had drawn off the best part of the troops from the northern +frontier, and they were now at New York waiting for embarkation. That +the design might be kept secret, he laid an embargo on colonial +shipping,—a measure which exasperated the colonists without answering +its purpose. Now ensued a long delay, during which the troops, the +provincial levies, the transports destined to carry +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_470-V1" id="Page_470-V1">470<br />V1</a></span> +them, and the ships +of war which were to serve as escort, all lay idle. In the interval +Loudon showed great activity in writing despatches and other avocations +more or less proper to a commander, being always busy, without, +according to Franklin, accomplishing anything. One Innis, who had come +with a message from the Governor of Pennsylvania, and had waited above a +fortnight for the General's reply, remarked of him that he was like St. +George on a tavern sign, always on horseback, and never riding on. +<span class="superscript">[490]</span> +Yet nobody longed more than he to reach the rendezvous at Halifax. He +was waiting for news of Holbourne, and he waited in vain. He knew only +that a French fleet had been seen off the coast strong enough to +overpower his escort and sink all his transports. +<span class="superscript">[491]</span> But the season +was growing late; he must act quickly if he was to act at all. He and +Sir Charles Hardy agreed between them that the risk must be run; and on +the twentieth of June the whole force put to sea. They met no enemy, and +entered Halifax harbor on the thirtieth. Holbourne and his fleet had not +yet appeared; but his ships soon came straggling in, and before the +tenth of July all were at anchor before the town. Then there was more +delay. The troops, nearly twelve thousand in all, were landed, and weeks +were spent in drilling them and planting vegetables for their +refreshment. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_471-V1" id="Page_471-V1">471<br />V1</a></span> +Sir Charles Hay was put under arrest for saying that the +nation's money was spent in sham battles and raising cabbages. Some +attempts were made to learn the state of Louisbourg; and Captain Gorham, +of the rangers, who reconnoitred it from a fishing vessel, brought back +an imperfect report, upon which, after some hesitation, it was resolved +to proceed to the attack. The troops were embarked again, and all was +ready, when, on the fourth of August, a sloop came from Newfoundland, +bringing letters found on board a French vessel lately captured. From +these it appeared that all three of the French squadrons were united in +the harbor of Louisbourg, to the number of twenty-two ships of the line, +besides several frigates, and that the garrison had been increased to a +total force of seven thousand men, ensconced in the strongest fortress +of the continent. So far as concerned the naval force, the account was +true. La Motte, the French admiral, had with him a fleet carrying an +aggregate of thirteen hundred and sixty cannon, anchored in a sheltered +harbor under the guns of the town. Success was now hopeless, and the +costly enterprise was at once abandoned. Loudon with his troops sailed +back for New York, and Admiral Holbourne, who had been joined by four +additional ships, steered for Louisbourg, in hopes that the French fleet +would come out and fight him. He cruised off the port; but La Motte did +not accept the challenge.</p> + + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_490" name="footer_490"></a> + <span class="superscript">[490]</span> +<i>Works of Franklin</i>, I. 219. Franklin intimates that while Loudon was +constantly writing, he rarely sent off despatches. This is a mistake; there +is abundance of them, often tediously long, in the Public Record Office.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_491" name="footer_491"></a> + <span class="superscript">[491]</span> +<i>Loudon to Pitt</i>, 30 <i>May</i>, 1757. He had not learned +Pitt's resignation.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_472-V1" id="Page_472-V1">472<br />V1</a></span> +The elements declared for France. A September gale, of fury rare even on +that tempestuous coast, burst upon the British fleet. "It blew a perfect +hurricane," says the unfortunate Admiral, "and drove us right on shore." +One ship was dashed on the rocks, two leagues from Louisbourg. A +shifting of the wind in the nick of time saved the rest from total +wreck. Nine were dismasted; others threw their cannon into the sea. Not +one was left fit for immediate action; and had La Motte sailed out of +Louisbourg, he would have had them all at his mercy.</p> + +<p>Delay, the source of most of the disasters that befell England and her +colonies at this dismal epoch, was the ruin of the Louisbourg +expedition. The greater part of La Motte's fleet reached its destination +a full month before that of Holbourne. Had the reverse taken place, the +fortress must have fallen. As it was, the ill-starred attempt, drawing +off the British forces from the frontier, where they were needed most, +did for France more than she could have done for herself, and gave +Montcalm and Vaudreuil the opportunity to execute a scheme which they +had nursed since the fall of Oswego. <span class="superscript">[492]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_492" name="footer_492"></a> + <span class="superscript">[492]</span> +<i>Despatches of Loudon, Feb. to Aug</i>. 1757. +Knox, <i>Campaigns in North America, I</i>. 6-28. +Knox was in the expedition. +<i>Review of Mr. Pitt's Administration</i> (London, 1763). +<i>The Conduct of a Noble Commander in America impartially reviewed</i> +(London, 1758). +Beatson, <i>Naval and Military Memoirs</i>, II. 49-59. +<i>Answer to the Letter to two Great Men</i> (London, 1760). +Entick, II. 168, 169. +<i>Holbourne to Loudon</i>, 4 <i>Aug</i>. 1757. +<i>Holbourne to Pitt</i>, 29 <i>Sept</i>. 1757. +<i>Ibid</i>., 30 <i>Sept</i>. 1757. +<i>Holbourne to Pownall</i>, 2 <i>Nov.</i> 1757. +Mante, 86, 97. +<i>Relation du Désastre arrivé à la Flotte +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_473-V1" id="Page_473-V1">473<br />V1</a></span> +Anglaise commandée par l'Amiral Holbourne</i>. +Chevalier Johnstone, <i>Campaign of Louisbourg. London Magazine</i>, +1757, 514. <i>Gentleman's Magazine</i>, 1757, 463, 476. +<i>Ibid</i>., 1758, 168-173.</p> + +<p>It has been said that Loudon was scared from his task by false reports +of the strength of the French at Louisbourg. This was not the case. The +<i>Gazette de France</i>, 621, says that La Motte had twenty-four ships of +war. Bougainville says that as early as the ninth of June there were +twenty-one ships of war, including five frigates, at Louisbourg. To this +the list given by Knox closely answers.</p> +</div> + +<hr /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Chapter_15" id="Chapter_15"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_474-V1" id="Page_474-V1">474<br />V1</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents15">CHAPTER XV.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1757.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader">FORT WILLIAM HENRY.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + Another Blow • The War-song • The Army at Ticonderoga • + Indian Allies • The War-feast • Treatment of Prisoners • + Cannibalism • Surprise and Slaughter • The War Council • + March of Lévis • The Army embarks • + Fort William Henry • Nocturnal Scene • Indian Funeral • + Advance upon the Fort • General Webb • His Difficulties • + His Weakness • The Siege begun • Conduct of the Indians • + The Intercepted Letter • Desperate Position of the Besieged • + Capitulation • Ferocity of the Indians • + Mission of Bougainville • Murder of Wounded Men • + A Scene of Terror • The Massacre • Efforts of Montcalm • + The Fort burned. + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> +</div> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +"<span class="smcap">I am</span> going on the ninth to sing the war-song +at the Lake of Two Mountains, and on the next day at Saut St. +Louis,—a long, tiresome ceremony. On the twelfth I am off; and I +count on having news to tell you by the end of this month or the +beginning of next." Thus Montcalm wrote to his wife from Montreal +early in July. All doubts had been solved. Prisoners taken on the Hudson +and despatches from Versailles had made it certain that Loudon was bound +to Louisbourg, carrying with him the best of the troops that had guarded +the New York frontier. The time was come, not only to strike the English +on Lake George, but perhaps to seize Fort Edward and carry terror to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_475-V1" id="Page_475-V1">475<br />V1</a></span> +Albany itself. Only one difficulty remained, the want of provisions. +Agents were sent to collect corn and bacon among the inhabitants; the +curés and militia captains were ordered to aid in the work; +and enough was presently found to feed twelve thousand men for a +month. <span class="superscript">[493]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_493" name="footer_493"></a> + <span class="superscript">[493]</span> +Vaudreuil, <i>Lettres circulates aux Curés et aux +Capitaines de Milice des Paroisses du Gouvernement de Montreal</i>, +16 <i>Juin</i>, 1757.</p> +</div> + +<p>The emissaries of the Governor had been busy all winter among the tribes +of the West and North; and more than a thousand savages, lured by +prospect of gifts, scalps, and plunder, were now encamped at Montreal. +Many of them had never visited a French settlement before. All were +eager to see Montcalm, whose exploit in taking Oswego had inflamed their +imagination; and one day, on a visit of ceremony, an orator from +Michillimackinac addressed the General thus: "We wanted to see this +famous man who tramples the English under his feet. We thought we should +find him so tall that his head would be lost in the clouds. But you are +a little man, my Father. It is when we look into your eyes that we see +the greatness of the pine-tree and the fire of the eagle." +<span class="superscript">[494]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_494" name="footer_494"></a> + <span class="superscript">[494]</span> +Bougainville, <i>Journal</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>It remained to muster the Mission Indians settled in or near the limits +of the colony; and it was to this end that Montcalm went to sing the +war-song with the converts of the Two Mountains. Rigaud, Bougainville, +young Longueuil, and others were of the party; and when they landed, the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_476-V1" id="Page_476-V1">476<br />V1</a></span> +Indians came down to the shore, their priests at their head, and greeted +the General with a volley of musketry; then received him after dark in +their grand council-lodge, where the circle of wild and savage visages, +half seen in the dim light of a few candles, suggested to Bougainville a +midnight conclave of wizards. He acted vicariously the chief part in the +ceremony. "I sang the war-song in the name of M. de Montcalm, and was +much applauded. It was nothing but these words: 'Let us trample the +English under our feet,' chanted over and over again, in cadence with +the movements of the savages." Then came the war-feast, against which +occasion Montcalm had caused three oxen to be roasted. +<span class="superscript">[495]</span> On the next +day the party went to Caughnawaga, or Saut St. Louis, where the ceremony +was repeated; and Bougainville, who again sang the war-song in the name +of his commander, was requited by adoption into the clan of the Turtle. +Three more oxen were solemnly devoured, and with one voice the warriors +took up the hatchet.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_495" name="footer_495"></a> + <span class="superscript">[495]</span> +Bougainville describes a ceremony in the Mission Church +of the Two Mountains in which warriors and squaws sang in the choir. +Ninety-nine years after, in 1856, I was present at a similar ceremony on +the same spot, and heard the descendants of the same warriors and squaws +sing like their ancestors. Great changes have since taken place at this +old mission.</p> +</div> + +<p>Meanwhile troops, Canadians and Indians, were moving by detachments up +Lake Champlain. Fleets of bateaux and canoes followed each other day by +day along the capricious lake, in calm or storm, sunshine or rain, till, +towards the end of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_477-V1" id="Page_477-V1">477<br />V1</a></span> +July, the whole force was gathered at Ticonderoga, +the base of the intended movement. Bourlamaque had been there since May +with the battalions of Béarn and Royal Roussillon, finishing the fort, +sending out war-parties, and trying to discover the force and designs of +the English at Fort William Henry.</p> + +<p>Ticonderoga is a high rocky promontory between Lake Champlain on the +north and the mouth of the outlet of Lake George on the south. Near its +extremity and close to the fort were still encamped the two battalions +under Bourlamaque, while bateaux and canoes were passing incessantly up +the river of the outlet. There were scarcely two miles of navigable +water, at the end of which the stream fell foaming over a high ledge of +rock that barred the way. Here the French were building a saw-mill; and +a wide space had been cleared to form an encampment defended on all +sides by an abattis, within which stood the tents of the battalions of +La Reine, La Sarre, Languedoc, and Guienne, all commanded by Lévis. +Above the cascade the stream circled through the forest in a series of +beautiful rapids, and from the camp of Lévis a road a mile and a half +long had been cut to the navigable water above. At the end of this road +there was another fortified camp, formed of colony regulars, Canadians, +and Indians, under Rigaud. It was scarcely a mile farther to Lake +George, where on the western side there was an outpost, chiefly of +Canadians and Indians; while advanced parties were stationed at Bald +Mountain, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_478-V1" id="Page_478-V1">478<br />V1</a></span> +now called Rogers Rock, and elsewhere on the lake, to watch +the movements of the English. The various encampments just mentioned +were ranged along a valley extending four miles from Lake Champlain to +Lake George, and bordered by mountains wooded to the top.</p> + +<p>Here was gathered a martial population of eight thousand men, including +the brightest civilization and the darkest barbarism: from the +scholar-soldier Montcalm and his no less accomplished aide-de-camp; from +Lévis, conspicuous for graces of person; from a throng of courtly young +officers, who would have seemed out of place in that wilderness had they +not done their work so well in it; from these to the foulest man-eating +savage of the uttermost northwest.</p> + +<p>Of Indian allies there were nearly two thousand. One of their tribes, +the Iowas, spoke a language which no interpreter understood; and they +all bivouacked where they saw fit: for no man could control them. "I see +no difference," says Bougainville, "in the dress, ornaments, dances, and +songs of the various western nations. They go naked, excepting a strip +of cloth passed through a belt, and paint themselves black, red, blue, +and other colors. Their heads are shaved and adorned with bunches of +feathers, and they wear rings of brass wire in their ears. They wear +beaver-skin blankets, and carry lances, bows and arrows, and quivers +made of the skins of beasts. For the rest they are straight, well made, +and generally very tall. Their religion is brute +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_479-V1" id="Page_479-V1">479<br />V1</a></span> +paganism. I will say it once for all, one must be the slave of these savages, +listen to them day and night, in council and in private, whenever the fancy +takes them, or whenever a dream, a fit of the vapors, or their perpetual +craving for brandy, gets possession of them; besides which they are always +wanting something for their equipment, arms, or toilet, and the general of the +army must give written orders for the smallest trifle,—an eternal, +wearisome detail, of which one has no idea in Europe."</p> + +<p>It was not easy to keep them fed. Rations would be served to them for a +week; they would consume them in three days, and come for more. On one +occasion they took the matter into their own hands, and butchered and +devoured eighteen head of cattle intended for the troops; nor did any +officer dare oppose this "St. Bartholomew of the oxen," as Bougainville +calls it. "Their paradise is to be drunk," says the young officer. Their +paradise was rather a hell; for sometimes, when mad with brandy, they +grappled and tore each other with their teeth like wolves. They were +continually "making medicine," that is, consulting the Manitou, to whom +they hung up offerings, sometimes a dead dog, and sometimes the +belt-cloth which formed their only garment.</p> + +<p>The Mission Indians were better allies than these heathen of the west; +and their priests, who followed them to the war, had great influence +over them. They were armed with guns, which they well knew how to use. +Their dress, though savage, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_480-V1" id="Page_480-V1">480<br />V1</a></span> +was generally decent, and they were not cannibals; though in other respects +they retained all their traditional ferocity and most of their traditional +habits. They held frequent war-feasts, one of which is described by Roubaud, +Jesuit missionary of the Abenakis of St. Francis, whose flock formed a part +of the company present.</p> + +<p>"Imagine," says the father, "a great assembly of savages adorned with +every ornament most suited to disfigure them in European eyes, painted +with vermilion, white, green, yellow, and black made of soot and the +scrapings of pots. A single savage face combines all these different +colors, methodically laid on with the help of a little tallow, which +serves for pomatum. The head is shaved except at the top, where there is +a small tuft, to which are fastened feathers, a few beads of wampum, or +some such trinket. Every part of the head has its ornament. Pendants +hang from the nose and also from the ears, which are split in infancy +and drawn down by weights till they flap at last against the shoulders. +The rest of the equipment answers to this fantastic decoration: a shirt +bedaubed with vermilion, wampum collars, silver bracelets, a large knife +hanging on the breast, moose-skin moccasons, and a belt of various +colors always absurdly combined. The sachems and war-chiefs are +distinguished from the rest: the latter by a gorget, and the former by a +medal, with the King's portrait on one side, and on the other Mars and +Bellona joining hands, with the device, <i>Virtues et Honor</i>."</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_481-V1" id="Page_481-V1">481<br />V1</a></span> +Thus attired, the company sat in two lines facing each other, with +kettles in the middle filled with meat chopped for distribution. To a +dignified silence succeeded songs, sung by several chiefs in succession, +and compared by the narrator to the howling of wolves. Then followed a +speech from the chief orator, highly commended by Roubaud, who could not +help admiring this effort of savage eloquence. "After the harangue," he +continues, "they proceeded to nominate the chiefs who were to take +command. As soon as one was named he rose and took the head of some +animal that had been butchered for the feast. He raised it aloft so that +all the company could see it, and cried: 'Behold the head of the enemy!' +Applause and cries of joy rose from all parts of the assembly. The +chief, with the head in his hand, passed down between the lines, singing +his war-song, bragging of his exploits, taunting and defying the enemy, +and glorifying himself beyond all measure. To hear his self-laudation in +these moments of martial transport one would think him a conquering hero +ready to sweep everything before him. As he passed in front of the other +savages, they would respond by dull broken cries jerked up from the +depths of their stomachs, and accompanied by movements of their bodies +so odd that one must be well used to them to keep countenance. In the +course of his song the chief would utter from time to time some +grotesque witticism; then he would stop, as if pleased with himself, or +rather to listen to the thousand confused +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_482-V1" id="Page_482-V1">482<br />V1</a></span> +cries of applause that greeted his ears. He kept up his martial promenade +as long as he liked the sport; and when he had had enough, ended by flinging +down the head of the animal with an air of contempt, to show that his warlike +appetite craved meat of another sort." <span class="superscript">[496]</span> +Others followed with similar songs and pantomime, and the festival was +closed at last by ladling out the meat from the kettles, and devouring it. +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_496" name="footer_496"></a> + <span class="superscript">[496]</span> +<i>Lettre du Père</i> … (Roubaud), <i>Missionnaire chez les +Abnakis</i>, 21 <i>Oct</i>. 1757, in <i>Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses</i>, +VI. 189 (1810).</p> +</div> + +<p>Roubaud was one day near the fort, when he saw the shore lined with a +thousand Indians, watching four or five English prisoners, who, with the +war-party that had captured them, were approaching in a boat from the +farther side of the water. Suddenly the whole savage crew broke away +together and ran into the neighboring woods, whence they soon emerged, +yelling diabolically, each armed with a club. The wretched prisoners +were to be forced to "run the gauntlet," which would probably have killed +them. They were saved by the chief who commanded the war-party, and who, +on the persuasion of a French officer, claimed them as his own and +forbade the game; upon which, according to rule in such cases, the rest +abandoned it. On this same day the missionary met troops of Indians +conducting several bands of English prisoners along the road that led +through the forest from the camp of Lévis. Each of the captives was held +by a cord made fast about the neck; and the sweat was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_483-V1" id="Page_483-V1">483<br />V1</a></span> +starting from +their brows in the extremity of their horror and distress. Roubaud's +tent was at this time in the camp of the Ottawas. He presently saw a +large number of them squatted about a fire, before which meat was +roasting on sticks stuck in the ground; and, approaching, he saw that it +was the flesh of an Englishman, other parts of which were boiling in a +kettle, while near by sat eight or ten of the prisoners, forced to see +their comrade devoured. The horror-stricken priest began to remonstrate; +on which a young savage fiercely replied in broken French: "You have +French taste; I have Indian. This is good meat for me;" and the feasters +pressed him to share it.</p> + +<p>Bougainville says that this abomination could not be prevented; which +only means that if force had been used to stop it, the Ottawas would +have gone home in a rage. They were therefore left to finish their meal +undisturbed. Having eaten one of their prisoners, they began to treat +the rest with the utmost kindness, bringing them white bread, and +attending to all their wants,—a seeming change of heart due to the fact +that they were a valuable commodity, for which the owners hoped to get a +good price at Montreal. Montcalm wished to send them thither at once, to +which after long debate the Indians consented, demanding, however, a +receipt in full, and bargaining that the captives should be supplied +with shoes and blankets. +<span class="superscript">[497]</span></p> + + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_497" name="footer_497"></a> + <span class="superscript">[497]</span> +<i>Journal de l'Expédition contre le Fort George</i> [William +Henry] <i>du</i> 12 <i>Juillet au</i> 16 <i>Août</i>, 1757. +Bougainville, <i>Journal. Lettre du P. Roubaud</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_484-V1" id="Page_484-V1">484<br />V1</a></span> +These unfortunates belonged to a detachment of three hundred +provincials, chiefly New Jersey men, sent from Fort William Henry under +command of Colonel Parker to reconnoitre the French outposts. Montcalm's +scouts discovered them; on which a band of Indians, considerably more +numerous, went to meet them under a French partisan named Corbière, and +ambushed themselves not far from Sabbath Day Point. Parker had rashly +divided his force; and at daybreak of the twenty-sixth of July three of +his boats fell into the snare, and were captured without a shot. Three +others followed, in ignorance of what had happened, and shared the fate +of the first. When the rest drew near, they were greeted by a deadly +volley from the thickets, and a swarm of canoes darted out upon them. +The men were seized with such a panic that some of them jumped into the +water to escape, while the Indians leaped after them and speared them +with their lances like fish. "Terrified," says Bougainville, "by the +sight of these monsters, their agility, their firing, and their yells, +they surrendered almost without resistance." About a hundred, however, +made their escape. The rest were killed or captured, and three of the +bodies were eaten on the spot. The journalist adds that the victory so +elated the Indians that they became insupportable; "but here in the +forests of America we can no more do without them than without cavalry +on the plain." <span class="superscript">[498]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_498" name="footer_498"></a> + <span class="superscript">[498]</span> +Bougainville, <i>Journal</i>. Malartic, <i>Journal</i>. +<i>Montcalm à Vaudreuil</i>, 27 <i>Juillet</i>, 1757. +<i>Webb to Loudon</i>, 1 <i>Aug.</i> 1757. +<i>Webb to Delancey</i>, 30 <i>July</i>, 1757. +<i>Journal de l'Expédition contre le Fort George. +London Magazine</i>, 1757, 457. +Miles, <i>French and Indian Wars. Boston Gazette</i>, 15 <i>Aug</i>. 1757.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_485-V1" id="Page_485-V1">485<br />V1</a></span> +Another success at about the same time did not tend to improve their +manners. A hundred and fifty of them, along with a few Canadians under +Marin, made a dash at Fort Edward, killed or drove in the pickets, and +returned with thirty-two scalps and a prisoner. It was found, however, +that the scalps were far from representing an equal number of heads, the +Indians having learned the art of making two or three out of one by +judicious division. <span class="superscript">[499]</span></p> + + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_499" name="footer_499"></a> + <span class="superscript">[499]</span> +This affair was much exaggerated at the time. I follow +Bougainville, who had the facts from Marin. According to him, the +thirty-two scalps represented eleven killed; which exactly answers to +the English loss as stated by Colonel Frye in a letter from Fort +Edward.</p> +</div> + +<p>Preparations were urged on with the utmost energy. Provisions, camp +equipage, ammunition, cannon, and bateaux were dragged by gangs of men +up the road from the camp of Lévis to the head of the rapids. The work +went on through heat and rain, by day and night, till, at the end of +July, all was done. Now, on the eve of departure, Montcalm, anxious for +harmony among his red allies, called them to a grand council near the +camp of Rigaud. Forty-one tribes and sub-tribes, Christian and heathen, +from the east and from the west, were represented in it. Here were the +mission savages,—Iroquois of Caughnawaga, Two Mountains, and La +Présentation; Hurons of Lorette and Detroit; Nipissings of Lake +Nipissing; Abenakis of St. Francis, Becancour, Missisqui, and the +Penobscot; Algonkins of Three +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_486-V1" id="Page_486-V1">486<br />V1</a></span> +Rivers and Two Mountains; Micmacs and +Malecites from Acadia: in all eight hundred chiefs and warriors. With +these came the heathen of the west,—Ottawas of seven distinct bands; +Ojibwas from Lake Superior, and Mississagas from the region of Lakes +Erie and Huron; Pottawattamies and Menomonies from Lake Michigan; Sacs, +Foxes, and Winnebagoes from Wisconsin; Miamis from the prairies of +Illinois, and Iowas from the banks of the Des Moines: nine hundred and +seventy-nine chiefs and warriors, men of the forests and men of the +plains, hunters of the moose and hunters of the buffalo, bearers of +steel hatchets and stone war-clubs, of French guns and of flint-headed +arrows. All sat in silence, decked with ceremonial paint, scalp-locks, +eagle plumes, or horns of buffalo; and the dark and wild assemblage was +edged with white uniforms of officers from France, who came in numbers +to the spectacle. Other officers were also here, all belonging to the +colony. They had been appointed to the command of the Indian allies, +over whom, however, they had little or no real authority. First among +them was the bold and hardy Saint-Luc de la Corne, who was called +general of the Indians; and under him were others, each assigned to some +tribe or group of tribes,—the intrepid Marin; Charles Langlade, who had +left his squaw wife at Michillimackinac to join the war; Niverville, +Langis, La Plante, Hertel, Longueuil, Herbin, Lorimier, Sabrevois, and +Fleurimont; men familiar from childhood with forests and savages. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_487-V1" id="Page_487-V1">487<br />V1</a></span> +Each tribe had its interpreter, often as lawless as those with whom he had +spent his life; and for the converted tribes there were three +missionaries,—Piquet for the Iroquois, Mathevet for the Nipissings, who +were half heathen, and Roubaud for the Abenakis. +<span class="superscript">[500]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_500" name="footer_500"></a> + <span class="superscript">[500]</span> +The above is chiefly from <i>Tableau des Sauvages qui se trouvent à +l'Armée du Marquis de Montcalm, le</i> 28 <i>Juillet</i>, 1757. +Forty-one tribes and sub-tribes are here named, some, however, +represented by only three or four warriors. Besides those set down under +the head of Christians, it is stated that a few of the Ottawas of +Detroit and Michillimackinac still retained the faith.</p> +</div> + +<p>There was some complaint among the Indians because they were crowded +upon by the officers who came as spectators. This difficulty being +removed, the council opened, Montcalm having already explained his plans +to the chiefs and told them the part he expected them to play.</p> + +<p>Pennahouel, chief of the Ottawas, and senior of all the Assembly, rose +and said: "My father, I, who have counted more moons than any here, +thank you for the good words you have spoken. I approve them. Nobody +ever spoke better. It is the Manitou of War who inspires you."</p> + +<p>Kikensick, chief of the Nipissings, rose in behalf of the Christian +Indians, and addressed the heathen of the west. "Brothers, we thank you +for coming to help us defend our lands against the English. Our cause is +good. The Master of Life is on our side. Can you doubt it, brothers, +after the great blow you have just struck? It covers you with glory. The +lake, red with the blood of Corlaer [<i>the English</i>] bears witness +forever +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_488-V1" id="Page_488-V1">488<br />V1</a></span> +to your achievement. We too share your glory, and are proud of +what you have done." Then, turning to Montcalm: "We are even more glad +than you, my father, who have crossed the great water, not for your own +sake, but to obey the great King and defend his children. He has bound +us all together by the most solemn of ties. Let us take care that +nothing shall separate us."</p> + +<p>The various interpreters, each in turn, having explained this speech to +the Assembly, it was received with ejaculations of applause; and when +they had ceased, Montcalm spoke as follows: "Children, I am delighted to +see you all joined in this good work. So long as you remain one, the +English cannot resist you. The great King has sent me to protect and +defend you; but above all he has charged me to make you happy and +unconquerable, by establishing among you the union which ought to +prevail among brothers, children of one father, the great Onontio." Then +he held out a prodigious wampum belt of six thousand beads: "Take this +sacred pledge of his word. The union of the beads of which it is made is +the sign of your united strength. By it I bind you all together, so that +none of you can separate from the rest till the English are defeated and +their fort destroyed."</p> + +<p>Pennahouel took up the belt and said: "Behold, brothers, a circle drawn +around us by the great Onontio. Let none of us go out from it; for so +long as we keep in it, the Master of Life will help all our +undertakings." Other chiefs spoke to the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_489-V1" id="Page_489-V1">489<br />V1</a></span> +same effect, and the council +closed in perfect harmony. <span class="superscript">[501]</span> +Its various members bivouacked together at the camp by the lake, and by their +carelessness soon set it on fire; whence the place became known as the Burned +Camp. Those from the missions confessed their sins all day; while their +heathen brothers hung an old coat and a pair of leggings on a pole as tribute +to the Manitou. This greatly embarrassed the three priests, who were about to +say Mass, but doubted whether they ought to say it in presence of a sacrifice +to the devil. Hereupon they took counsel of Montcalm. "Better say it so +than not at all," replied the military casuist. Brandy being prudently +denied them, the allies grew restless; and the greater part paddled up +the lake to a spot near the place where Parker had been defeated. Here +they encamped to wait the arrival of the army, and amused themselves +meantime with killing rattlesnakes, there being a populous "den" of +those reptiles among the neighboring rocks.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_501" name="footer_501"></a> + <span class="superscript">[501]</span> +Bougainville, <i>Journal</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>Montcalm sent a circular letter to the regular officers, urging them to +dispense for a while with luxuries, and even comforts. "We have but few +bateaux, and these are so filled with stores that a large division of +the army must go by land;" and he directed that everything not +absolutely necessary should be left behind, and that a canvas shelter to +every two officers should serve them for a tent, and a bearskin for a +bed. "Yet I do not forbid a mattress," he adds. "Age and infirmities +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_490-V1" id="Page_490-V1">490<br />V1</a></span> +may +make it necessary to some; but I shall not have one myself, and make no +doubt that all who can will willingly imitate me." +<span class="superscript">[502]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_502" name="footer_502"></a> + <span class="superscript">[502]</span> +<i>Circulaire du Marquis de Montcalm</i>, 25 <i>Juillet</i>, 1757.</p> +</div> + +<p>The bateaux lay ready by the shore, but could not carry the whole force; +and Lévis received orders to march by the side of the lake with +twenty-five hundred men, Canadians, regulars, and Iroquois. He set out +at daybreak of the thirtieth of July, his men carrying nothing but their +knapsacks, blankets, and weapons. Guided by the unerring Indians, they +climbed the steep gorge at the side of Rogers Rock, gained the valley +beyond, and marched southward along a Mohawk trail which threaded the +forest in a course parallel to the lake. The way was of the roughest; +many straggled from the line, and two officers completely broke down. +The first destination of the party was the mouth of Ganouskie Bay, now +called Northwest Bay, where they were to wait for Montcalm, and kindle +three fires as a signal that they had reached the rendezvous. +<span class="superscript">[503]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_503" name="footer_503"></a> + <span class="superscript">[503]</span> +<i>Guerre du Canada, par le Chevalier de Lévis</i>. This +manuscript of Lévis is largely in the nature of a journal.</p> +</div> + +<p>Montcalm left a detachment to hold Ticonderoga; and then, on the first +of August, at two in the afternoon, he embarked at the Burned Camp with +all his remaining force. Including those with Lévis, the expedition +counted about seven thousand six hundred men, of whom more than sixteen +hundred were Indians. <span class="superscript">[504]</span> +At five in the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_491-V1" id="Page_491-V1">491<br />V1</a></span> +afternoon they reached the +place where the Indians, having finished their rattlesnake hunt, were +smoking their pipes and waiting for the army. The red warriors embarked, +and joined the French flotilla; and now, as evening drew near, was seen +one of those wild pageantries of war which Lake George has often +witnessed. A restless multitude of birch canoes, filled with painted +savages, glided by shores and islands, like troops of swimming +water-fowl. Two hundred and fifty bateaux came next, moved by sail and +oar, some bearing the Canadian militia, and some the battalions of Old +France in trim and gay attire: first, La Reine and Languedoc; then the +colony regulars; then La Sarre and Guienne; then the Canadian brigade of +Courtemanche; then the cannon and mortars, each on a platform sustained +by two bateaux lashed side by side, and rowed by the militia of +Saint-Ours; then the battalions of Béarn and Royal Roussillon; then the +Canadians of Gaspé, with the provision-bateaux and the field-hospital; +and, lastly, a rear guard of regulars closed the line. So, under the +flush of sunset, they held their course along the romantic lake, to play +their part in the historic drama that lends a stern enchantment to its +fascinating scenery. They passed the Narrows in mist and darkness; and +when, a little before dawn, they rounded the high promontory of Tongue +Mountain, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_492-V1" id="Page_492-V1">492<br />V1</a></span> +they saw, far on the right, three fiery sparks shining through +the gloom. These were the signal-fires of Lévis, to tell them that he +had reached the appointed spot. <span class="superscript">[505]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_504" name="footer_504"></a> + <span class="superscript">[504]</span> +<i>État de l'Armée Française devant le Fort George, +autrement Guillaume-Henri, le</i> 3 <i>Août</i>, 1757. +<i>Tableau des Sauvages qui se trouvent à l'Armée du Marquis de +Montcalm, le</i> 28 <i>Juillet</i>, 1757. This gives a total of 1,799 Indians, +of whom some afterwards left the army. <i>État de l'Armée du Roi +en Canada, sur le Lac St. Sacrement et dans les Camps de Carillon, le</i> 29 +<i>Juillet</i>, 1757. This gives a total of 8,019 men, of whom about four +hundred were left in garrison at Ticonderoga.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_505" name="footer_505"></a> + <span class="superscript">[505]</span> +The site of the present village of Bolton.</p> +</div> + +<p>Lévis had arrived the evening before, after his hard march through the +sultry midsummer forest. His men had now rested for a night, and at ten +in the morning he marched again. Montcalm followed at noon, and coasted +the western shore, till, towards evening, he found Lévis waiting for him +by the margin of a small bay not far from the English fort, though +hidden from it by a projecting point of land. Canoes and bateaux were +drawn up on the beach, and the united forces made their bivouac +together.</p> + +<p>The earthen mounds of Fort William Henry still stand by the brink of +Lake George; and seated at the sunset of an August day under the pines +that cover them, one gazes on a scene of soft and soothing beauty, where +dreamy waters reflect the glories of the mountains and the sky. As it +is to-day, so it was then; all breathed repose and peace. The splash of +some leaping trout, or the dipping wing of a passing swallow, alone +disturbed the summer calm of that unruffled mirror.</p> + +<p>About ten o'clock at night two boats set out from the fort to +reconnoitre. They were passing a point of land on their left, two miles +or more down the lake, when the men on board descried through the gloom +a strange object against the bank; and they rowed towards it to learn +what it +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_493-V1" id="Page_493-V1">493<br />V1</a></span> +might be. It was an awning over the bateaux that carried Roubaud +and his brother missionaries. As the rash oarsmen drew near, the +bleating of a sheep in one of the French provision-boats warned them of +danger; and turning, they pulled for their lives towards the eastern +shore. Instantly more than a thousand Indians threw themselves into +their canoes and dashed in hot pursuit, making the lake and the +mountains ring with the din of their war-whoops. The fugitives had +nearly reached land when their pursuers opened fire. They replied; shot +one Indian dead, and wounded another; then snatched their oars again, +and gained the beach. But the whole savage crew was upon them. Several +were killed, three were taken, and the rest escaped in the dark +woods.<span class="superscript">[506]</span> + The prisoners were brought before Montcalm, and gave him +valuable information of the strength and position of the English. +<span class="superscript">[507]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_506" name="footer_506"></a> + <span class="superscript">[506]</span> +<i>Lettre du Père Roubaud</i>, 21 <i>Oct</i>. 1757. Roubaud, who saw +the whole, says that twelve hundred Indians joined the chase, and that +their yells were terrific.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_507" name="footer_507"></a> + <span class="superscript">[507]</span> +The remains of Fort William Henry are now—1882—crowded +between a hotel and the wharf and station of a railway. While I write, a +scheme is on foot to level the whole for other railway structures. When +I first knew the place the ground was in much the same state as in the +time of Montcalm.</p> +</div> + +<p>The Indian who was killed was a noted chief of the Nipissings; and his +tribesmen howled in grief for their bereavement. They painted his face +with vermilion, tied feathers in his hair, hung pendants in his ears and +nose, clad him in a resplendent war-dress, put silver bracelets on his +arms, hung a gorget on his breast with a flame +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_494-V1" id="Page_494-V1">494<br />V1</a></span> +colored ribbon, and +seated him in state on the top of a hillock, with his lance in his hand, +his gun in the hollow of his arm, his tomahawk in his belt, and his +kettle by his side. Then they all crouched about him in lugubrious +silence. A funeral harangue followed; and next a song and solemn dance +to the booming of the Indian drum. In the gray of the morning they +buried him as he sat, and placed food in the grave for his journey to +the land of souls. <span class="superscript">[508]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_508" name="footer_508"></a> + <span class="superscript">[508]</span> +<i>Lettre du Père Roubaud</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>As the sun rose above the eastern mountains the French camp was all +astir. The column of Lévis, with Indians to lead the way, moved through +the forest towards the fort, and Montcalm followed with the main body; +then the artillery boats rounded the point that had hid them from the +sight of the English, saluting them as they did so with musketry and +cannon; while a host of savages put out upon the lake, ranged their +canoes abreast in a line from shore to shore, and advanced slowly, with +measured paddle-strokes and yells of defiance.</p> + +<p>The position of the enemy was full in sight before them. At the head of +the lake, towards the right, stood the fort, close to the edge of the +water. On its left was a marsh; then the rough piece of ground where +Johnson had encamped two years before; then a low, flat, rocky hill, +crowned with an entrenched camp; and, lastly, on the extreme left, +another marsh. Far around the fort and up the slopes of the western +mountain the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_495-V1" id="Page_495-V1">495<br />V1</a></span> +forest had been cut down and burned, and the ground was cumbered with +blackened stumps and charred carcasses and limbs of fallen trees, +strewn in savage disorder one upon another. +<span class="superscript">[509]</span> This was the +work of Winslow in the autumn before. Distant shouts and war-cries, the +clatter of musketry, white puffs of smoke in the dismal clearing and +along the scorched edge of the bordering forest, told that Lévis' +Indians were skirmishing with parties of the English, who had gone out +to save the cattle roaming in the neighborhood, and burn some +out-buildings that would have favored the besiegers. Others were taking +down the tents that stood on a plateau near the foot of the mountain on +the right, and moving them to the entrenchment on the hill. The garrison +sallied from the fort to support their comrades, and for a time the +firing was hot.</p> + + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_509" name="footer_509"></a> + <span class="superscript">[509]</span> +<i>Précis des Événements de la Campagne de</i> +1757 <i>en la Nouvelle France.</i></p> +</div> + +<p>Fort William Henry was an irregular bastioned square, formed by +embankments of gravel surmounted by a rampart of heavy logs, laid in +tiers crossed one upon another, the interstices filled with earth. The +lake protected it on the north, the marsh on the east, and ditches with +<i>chevaux-de-frise</i> on the south and west. Seventeen cannon, great and +small, besides several mortars and swivels, were mounted upon it; +<span class="superscript">[510]</span> and a brave Scotch veteran, +Lieutenant-Colonel Monro, of the thirty-fifth regiment, was in command.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_510" name="footer_510"></a> + <span class="superscript">[510]</span> +<i>État des Effets et Munitions de Guerre qui se sont trouvés au +Fort Guillaume-Henri.</i> There were six more guns in the entrenched camp.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_496-V1" id="Page_496-V1">496<br />V1</a></span> +General Webb lay fourteen miles distant at Fort Edward, with twenty-six +hundred men, chiefly provincials. On the twenty-fifth of July he had +made a visit to Fort William Henry, examined the place, given some +orders, and returned on the twenty-ninth. He then wrote to the Governor +of New York, telling him that the French were certainly coming, begging +him to send up the militia, and saying: "I am determined to march to +Fort William Henry with the whole army under my command as soon as I +shall hear of the farther approach of the enemy." Instead of doing so he +waited three days, and then sent up a detachment of two hundred regulars +under Lieutenant-Colonel Young, and eight hundred Massachusetts men +under Colonel Frye. This raised the force at the lake to two thousand +and two hundred, including sailors and mechanics, and reduced that of +Webb to sixteen hundred, besides half as many more distributed at Albany +and the intervening forts. <span class="superscript">[511]</span> +If, according to his spirited intention, he should go to the rescue of +Monro, he must leave some of his troops behind him to protect the lower +posts from a possible French inroad by way of South Bay. Thus his power +of aiding Monro was slight, so rashly had Loudon, intent on Louisburg, +left this frontier open to attack. The defect, however, was as much in +Webb himself as in his resources. His conduct in the past year had raised +doubts of his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_497-V1" id="Page_497-V1">497<br />V1</a></span> +personal courage; and this was the moment for answering them. Great as was +the disparity of numbers, the emergency would have justified an attempt to +save Monro at any risk. That officer sent him a hasty note, written at +nine o'clock on the morning of the third, telling him that the French were +in sight on the lake; and, in the next night, three rangers came to Fort +Edward, bringing another short note, dated at six in the evening, announcing +that the firing had begun, and closing with the words: "I believe you +will think it proper to send a reinforcement as soon as possible." Now, +if ever, was the time to move, before the fort was invested and access +cut off. But Webb lay quiet, sending expresses to New England for help +which could not possibly arrive in time. On the next night another note +came from Monro to say that the French were upon him in great numbers, +well supplied with artillery, but that the garrison were all in good +spirits. "I make no doubt," wrote the hard-pressed officer, "that you +will soon send us a reinforcement;" and again on the same day: "We are +very certain that a part of the enemy have got between you and us upon +the high road, and would therefore be glad (if it meets with your +approbation) the whole army was marched." <span class="superscript">[512]</span> +But Webb gave no sign. <span class="superscript">[513]</span></p> + + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_511" name="footer_511"></a> + <span class="superscript">[511]</span> +Frye, <i>Journal of the Attack of Fort William Henry</i>. +<i>Webb to Loudon</i>, 1 <i>Aug</i>. 1757. +<i>Ibid</i>., 5 <i>Aug</i>. 1757. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_512" name="footer_512"></a> + <span class="superscript">[512]</span> +<i>Copy of four Letters from Lieutenant-Colonel Monro to Major-General Webb, +enclosed in the General's Letter of the fifth of August to the Earl of +Loudon</i>.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_513" name="footer_513"></a> + <span class="superscript">[513]</span> +"The number of troops remaining under my Command at this place +[<i>Fort Edward</i>], excluding the Posts on Hudson's River, amounts to +but sixteen hundred men fit for duty, with which Army, so much inferior +to that of the enemy, I did not think it prudent to pursue my first +intentions of Marching to their Assistance." +<i>Webb to Loudon</i>, 5 <i>Aug</i>. 1757.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_498-V1" id="Page_498-V1">498<br />V1</a></span> +When the skirmishing around the fort was over, La Corne, with a body of +Indians, occupied the road that led to Fort Edward, and Lévis encamped +hard by to support him, while Montcalm proceeded to examine the ground +and settle his plan of attack. He made his way to the rear of the +entrenched camp and reconnoitred it, hoping to carry it by assault; but +it had a breastwork of stones and logs, and he thought the attempt too +hazardous. The ground where he stood was that where Dieskau had been +defeated; and as the fate of his predecessor was not of flattering +augury, he resolved to besiege the fort in form.</p> + +<p>He chose for the site of his operations the ground now covered by the +village of Caldwell. A little to the north of it was a ravine, beyond +which he formed his main camp, while Lévis occupied a tract of dry +ground beside the marsh, whence he could easily move to intercept +succors from Fort Edward on the one hand, or repel a sortie from Fort +William Henry on the other. A brook ran down the ravine and entered the +lake at a small cove protected from the fire of the fort by a point of +land; and at this place, still called Artillery Cove, Montcalm prepared +to debark his cannon and mortars.</p> + +<p>Having made his preparations, he sent Fontbrune, one of his aides-de-camp, +with a letter to Monro. "I owe it to humanity," he wrote, "to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_499-V1" id="Page_499-V1">499<br />V1</a></span> +summon you to surrender. At present I can restrain the savages, and +make them observe the terms of a capitulation, as I might not have power +to do under other circumstances; and an obstinate defence on your part +could only retard the capture of the place a few days, and endanger an +unfortunate garrison which cannot be relieved, in consequence of the +dispositions I have made. I demand a decisive answer within an hour." +Monro replied that he and his soldiers would defend themselves to the +last. While the flags of truce were flying, the Indians swarmed over the +fields before the fort; and when they learned the result, an Abenaki +chief shouted in broken French: "You won't surrender, eh! Fire away +then, and fight your best; for if I catch you, you shall get no +quarter." Monro emphasized his refusal by a general discharge of his +cannon.</p> + +<p>The trenches were opened on the night of the fourth,—a task of extreme +difficulty, as the ground was covered by a profusion of half-burned +stumps, roots, branches, and fallen trunks. Eight hundred men toiled +till daylight with pick, spade, and axe, while the cannon from the fort +flashed through the darkness, and grape and round-shot whistled and +screamed over their heads. Some of the English balls reached the camp +beyond the ravine, and disturbed the slumbers of the officers off duty, +as they lay wrapped in their blankets and bear-skins. Before daybreak +the first parallel was made; a battery was nearly finished on the left, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_500-V1" id="Page_500-V1">500<br />V1</a></span> +and another was begun on the right. The men now worked under cover, safe +in their burrows; one gang relieved another, and the work went on all +day.</p> + +<p>The Indians were far from doing what was expected of them. Instead of +scouting in the direction of Fort Edward to learn the movements of the +enemy and prevent surprise, they loitered about the camp and in the +trenches, or amused themselves by firing at the fort from behind stumps +and logs. Some, in imitation of the French, dug little trenches for +themselves, in which they wormed their way towards the rampart, and now +and then picked off an artillery-man, not without loss on their own +side. On the afternoon of the fifth, Montcalm invited them to a council, +gave them belts of wampum, and mildly remonstrated with them. "Why +expose yourselves without necessity? I grieve bitterly over the losses +that you have met, for the least among you is precious to me. No doubt +it is a good thing to annoy the English; but that is not the main point. +You ought to inform me of everything the enemy is doing, and always +keep parties on the road between the two forts." And he gently hinted +that their place was not in his camp, but in that of Lévis, where +missionaries were provided for such of them as were Christians, and food +and ammunition for them all. They promised, with excellent docility, to +do everything he wished, but added that there was something on their +hearts. Being encouraged to relieve themselves of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_501-V1" id="Page_501-V1">501<br />V1</a></span> +burden, they complained that they had not been consulted as to the management +of the siege, but were expected to obey orders like slaves. "We know more about +fighting in the woods than you," said their orator; "ask our advice, and +you will be the better for it." <span class="superscript">[514]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_514" name="footer_514"></a> + <span class="superscript">[514]</span> +Bougainville, <i>Journal</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>Montcalm assured them that if they had been neglected, it was only +through the hurry and confusion of the time; expressed high appreciation +of their talents for bush-fighting, promised them ample satisfaction, +and ended by telling them that in the morning they should hear the big +guns. This greatly pleased them, for they were extremely impatient for +the artillery to begin. About sunrise the battery of the left opened +with eight heavy cannon and a mortar, joined, on the next morning, by +the battery of the right, with eleven pieces more. The fort replied with +spirit. The cannon thundered all day, and from a hundred peaks and crags +the astonished wilderness roared back the sound. The Indians were +delighted. They wanted to point the guns; and to humor them, they were +now and then allowed to do so. Others lay behind logs and fallen trees, +and yelled their satisfaction when they saw the splinters fly from the +wooden rampart.</p> + +<p>Day after day the weary roar of the distant cannonade fell on the ears +of Webb in his camp at Fort Edward. "I have not yet received the least +reinforcement," he writes to Loudon; "this is the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_502-V1" id="Page_502-V1">502<br />V1</a></span> +disagreeable situation we are at present in. The fort, by the heavy firing +we hear from the lake, is still in our possession; but I fear it cannot +long hold out against so warm a cannonading if I am not reinforced by a +sufficient number of militia to march to their relief." The militia were +coming; but it was impossible that many could reach him in less than a week. +Those from New York alone were within call, and two thousand of them +arrived soon after he sent Loudon the above letter. Then, by stripping +all the forts below, he could bring together forty-five hundred men; +while several French deserters assured him that Montcalm had nearly +twelve thousand. To advance to the relief of Monro with a force so +inferior, through a defile of rocks, forests, and mountains, made by +nature for ambuscades,—and this too with troops who had neither the +steadiness of regulars nor the bush-fighting skill of Indians,—was an +enterprise for firmer nerve than his.</p> + +<p>He had already warned Monro to expect no help from him. At midnight of +the fourth, Captain Bartman, his aide-de-camp, wrote: "The General has +ordered me to acquaint you he does not think it prudent to attempt a +junction or to assist you till reinforced by the militia of the +colonies, for the immediate march of which repeated expresses have been +sent." The letter then declared that the French were in complete +possession of the road between the two forts, that a prisoner just +brought in reported their force in men and cannon to be very great, and +that, unless the militia came soon, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_503-V1" id="Page_503-V1">503<br />V1</a></span> +Monro had better make what terms he could with the enemy. +<span class="superscript">[515]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_515" name="footer_515"></a> + <span class="superscript">[515]</span> +Frye, in his <i>Journal</i>, gives the letter in full. A spurious translation +of it is appended to a piece called <i>Jugement impartial sur les +Opérations militaires en Canada</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>The chance was small that this letter would reach its destination; and +in fact the bearer was killed by La Corne's Indians, who, in stripping +the body, found the hidden paper, and carried it to the General. +Montcalm kept it several days, till the English rampart was half +battered down; and then, after saluting his enemy with a volley from all +his cannon, he sent it with a graceful compliment to Monro. It was +Bougainville who carried it, preceded by a drummer and a flag. He was +met at the foot of the glacis, blindfolded, and led through the fort and +along the edge of the lake to the entrenched camp, where Monro was at +the time. "He returned many thanks," writes the emissary in his Diary, +"for the courtesy of our nation, and protested his joy at having to do +with so generous an enemy. This was his answer to the Marquis de +Montcalm. Then they led me back, always with eyes blinded; and our +batteries began to fire again as soon as we thought that the English +grenadiers who escorted me had had time to re-enter the fort. I hope +General Webb's letter may induce the English to surrender the +sooner." <span class="superscript">[516]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_516" name="footer_516"></a> + <span class="superscript">[516]</span> +Bougainville, <i>Journal</i>. +<i>Bougainville au Ministre</i>, 19 <i>Août</i>, 1757. +</p> +</div> + +<p>By this time the sappers had worked their way to the angle of the lake, +where they were stopped by a marshy hollow, beyond which was a tract of +high ground, reaching to the fort and serving as +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_504-V1" id="Page_504-V1">504<br />V1</a></span> +the garden of the garrison. <span class="superscript">[517]</span> +Logs and fascines in large quantities were thrown into the hollow, and +hurdles were laid over them to form a causeway for the cannon. Then the +sap was continued up the acclivity beyond, a trench was opened in the +garden, and a battery begun, not two hundred and fifty yards from the +fort. The Indians, in great number, crawled forward among the beans, +maize, and cabbages, and lay there ensconced. On the night of the seventh, +two men came out of the fort, apparently to reconnoitre, with a view to a +sortie, when they were greeted by a general volley and a burst of yells +which echoed among the mountains; followed by responsive whoops pealing +through the darkness from the various camps and lurking-places of the +savage warriors far and near.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_517" name="footer_517"></a> + <span class="superscript">[517]</span> +Now (1882) the site of Fort William Henry Hotel, with its grounds. +The hollow is partly filled by the main road of Caldwell.</p> +</div> + +<p>The position of the besieged was now deplorable. More than three hundred +of them had been killed and wounded; small-pox was raging in the fort; +the place was a focus of infection, and the casemates were crowded with +the sick. A sortie from the entrenched camp and another from the fort +had been repulsed with loss. All their large cannon and mortars had been +burst, or disabled by shot; only seven small pieces were left fit for +service; <span class="superscript">[518]</span> +and the whole of Montcalm's thirty-one cannon and fifteen +mortars and howitzers would soon open fire, while the walls were already +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_505-V1" id="Page_505-V1">505<br />V1</a></span> +breached, and an assault was imminent. Through the night of the eighth +they fired briskly from all their remaining pieces. In the morning the +officers held a council, and all agreed to surrender if honorable terms +could be had. A white flag was raised, a drum was beat, and +Lieutenant-Colonel Young, mounted on horseback, for a shot in the foot +had disabled him from walking, went, followed by a few soldiers, to the +tent of Montcalm.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_518" name="footer_518"></a> + <span class="superscript">[518]</span> +Frye, <i>Journal</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>It was agreed that the English troops should march out with the honors +of war, and be escorted to Fort Edward by a detachment of French troops; +that they should not serve for eighteen months; and that all French +prisoners captured in America since the war began should be given up +within three months. The stores, munitions, and artillery were to be the +prize of the victors, except one field-piece, which the garrison were to +retain in recognition of their brave defence.</p> + +<p>Before signing the capitulation Montcalm called the Indian chiefs to +council, and asked them to consent to the conditions, and promise to +restrain their young warriors from any disorder. They approved +everything and promised everything. The garrison then evacuated the +fort, and marched to join their comrades in the entrenched camp, which +was included in the surrender. No sooner were they gone than a crowd of +Indians clambered through the embrasures in search of rum and plunder. +All the sick men unable to leave their beds were instantly +butchered. <span class="superscript">[519]</span> +"I was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_506-V1" id="Page_506-V1">506<br />V1</a></span> +witness of this spectacle," says the missionary Roubaud; "I saw one of +these barbarians come out of the casemates with a human head in his hand, +from which the blood ran in streams, and which he paraded as if he had +got the finest prize in the world." There was little left to plunder; +and the Indians, joined by the more lawless of the Canadians, turned +their attention to the entrenched camp, where all the English were now +collected.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_519" name="footer_519"></a> + <span class="superscript">[519]</span> +<i>Attestation of William Arbuthnot, Captain in Frye's Regiment.</i></p> +</div> + +<p>The French guard stationed there could not or would not keep out the +rabble. By the advice of Montcalm the English stove their rum-barrels; +but the Indians were drunk already with homicidal rage, and the glitter +of their vicious eyes told of the devil within. They roamed among the +tents, intrusive, insolent, their visages besmirched with war-paint; +grinning like fiends as they handled, in anticipation of the knife, the +long hair of cowering women, of whom, as well as of children, there were +many in the camp, all crazed with fright. Since the last war the New +England border population had regarded Indians with a mixture of +detestation and horror. Their mysterious warfare of ambush and surprise, +their midnight onslaughts, their butcheries, their burnings, and all +their nameless atrocities, had been for years the theme of fireside +story; and the dread they excited was deepened by the distrust and +dejection of the time. The confusion in the camp lasted through the +afternoon. "The Indians," says Bougainville, "wanted to plunder the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_507-V1" id="Page_507-V1">507<br />V1</a></span> +chests of the English; the latter resisted; and there was fear that +serious disorder would ensue. The Marquis de Montcalm ran thither +immediately, and used every means to restore tranquillity: prayers, +threats, caresses, interposition of the officers and interpreters who +have some influence over these savages." <span class="superscript">[520]</span> +"We shall be but too happy if we can prevent a massacre. Detestable +position! of which nobody who has not been in it can have any idea, +and which makes victory itself a sorrow to the victors. The Marquis +spared no efforts to prevent the rapacity of the savages and, I must +say it, of certain persons associated with them, from resulting in +something worse than plunder. At last, at nine o'clock in the evening, +order seemed restored. The Marquis even induced the Indians to promise +that, besides the escort agreed upon in the capitulation, two chiefs +for each tribe should accompany the English on their way to Fort Edward." +<span class="superscript">[521]</span> He also ordered La Corne and the +other Canadian officers attached to the Indians to see that no violence +took place. He might well have done more. In view of the disorders of the +afternoon, it would not have been too much if he had ordered the whole +body of regular troops, whom alone he could trust for the purpose, to hold +themselves ready to move to the spot in case of outbreak, and shelter their +defeated foes behind a hedge of bayonets.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_520" name="footer_520"></a> + <span class="superscript">[520]</span> +<i>Bougainville au Ministre</i>, 19 <i>Août</i>, 1757.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_521" name="footer_521"></a> + <span class="superscript">[521]</span> +Bougainville, <i>Journal</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_508-V1" id="Page_508-V1">508<br />V1</a></span> +Bougainville was not to see what ensued; for Montcalm now sent him to +Montreal, as a special messenger to carry news of the victory. He +embarked at ten o'clock. Returning daylight found him far down the lake; +and as he looked on its still bosom flecked with mists, and its quiet +mountains sleeping under the flush of dawn, there was nothing in the +wild tranquillity of the scene to suggest the tragedy which even then +was beginning on the shore he had left behind.</p> + +<p>The English in their camp had passed a troubled night, agitated by +strange rumors. In the morning something like a panic seized them; for +they distrusted not the Indians only, but the Canadians. In their haste +to be gone they got together at daybreak, before the escort of three +hundred regulars had arrived. They had their muskets, but no ammunition; +and few or none of the provincials had bayonets. Early as it was, the +Indians were on the alert; and, indeed, since midnight great numbers of +them had been prowling about the skirts of the camp, showing, says +Colonel Frye, "more than usual malice in their looks." Seventeen wounded +men of his regiment lay in huts, unable to join the march. In the +preceding afternoon Miles Whitworth, the regimental surgeon, had passed +them over to the care of a French surgeon, according to an agreement +made at the time of the surrender; but, the Frenchman being absent, the +other remained with them attending to their wants. The French surgeon +had +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_509-V1" id="Page_509-V1">509<br />V1</a></span> +caused special sentinels to be posted for their protection. These +were now removed, at the moment when they were needed most; upon which, +about five o'clock in the morning, the Indians entered the huts, +dragged out the inmates, and tomahawked and scalped them all, before the +eyes of Whitworth, and in presence of La Corne and other Canadian +officers, as well as of a French guard stationed within forty feet of +the spot; and, declares the surgeon under oath, "none, either officer or +soldier, protected the said wounded men." +<span class="superscript">[522]</span> The opportune butchery +relieved them of a troublesome burden.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_522" name="footer_522"></a> + <span class="superscript">[522]</span> + <i>Affidavit of Miles Whitworth</i>. + See <a href="#appendixF">Appendix F</a>. +</p> +</div> + +<p>A scene of plundering now began. The escort had by this time arrived, +and Monro complained to the officers that the capitulation was broken; +but got no other answer than advice to give up the baggage to the +Indians in order to appease them. To this the English at length agreed; +but it only increased the excitement of the mob. They demanded rum; and +some of the soldiers, afraid to refuse, gave it to them from their +canteens, thus adding fuel to the flame. When, after much difficulty, +the column at last got out of the camp and began to move along the road +that crossed the rough plain between the entrenchment and the forest, +the Indians crowded upon them, impeded their march, snatched caps, +coats, and weapons from men and officers, tomahawked those that +resisted, and, seizing upon shrieking women and children, dragged them +off or murdered them +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_510-V1" id="Page_510-V1">510<br />V1</a></span> +on the spot. It is said that some of the interpreters secretly fomented the +disorder. <span class="superscript">[523]</span> Suddenly there rose +the screech of the war-whoop. At this signal of butchery, which was +given by Abenaki Christians from the mission of the Penobscot, +<span class="superscript">[524]</span> a mob of savages rushed upon the New +Hampshire men at the rear of the column, and killed or dragged away eighty +of them. <span class="superscript">[525]</span> A frightful tumult ensued, +when Montcalm, Lévis, Bourlamaque, and many other French +officers, who had hastened from their camp on the first news of +disturbance, threw themselves among the Indians, and by promises and +threats tried to allay their frenzy. "Kill me, but spare the English who +are under my protection," exclaimed Montcalm. He took from one of them a +young officer whom the savage had seized; upon which several other +Indians immediately tomahawked their prisoners, lest they too should be +taken from them. One writer says that a French grenadier was killed and +two wounded in attempting to restore order; but the statement is +doubtful. The English seemed paralyzed, and fortunately did not attempt +a resistance, which, without ammunition as they were, would have ended +in a general massacre. Their broken column straggled forward in wild +disorder, amid the din of whoops and shrieks, till they reached the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_511-V1" id="Page_511-V1">511<br />V1</a></span> +French advance-guard, which consisted of Canadians; and here they +demanded protection from the officers, who refused to give it, telling +them that they must take to the woods and shift for themselves. Frye was +seized by a number of Indians, who, brandishing spears and tomahawks, +threatened him with death and tore off his clothing, leaving nothing but +breeches, shoes, and shirt. Repelled by the officers of the guard, he +made for the woods. A Connecticut soldier who was present says of him +that he leaped upon an Indian who stood in his way, disarmed and killed +him, and then escaped; but Frye himself does not mention the incident. +Captain Burke, also of the Massachusetts regiment, was stripped, after a +violent struggle, of all his clothes; then broke loose, gained the +woods, spent the night shivering in the thick grass of a marsh, and on +the next day reached Fort Edward. Jonathan Carver, a provincial +volunteer, declares that, when the tumult was at its height, he saw +officers of the French army walking about at a little distance and +talking with seeming unconcern. Three or four Indians seized him, +brandished their tomahawks over his head, and tore off most of his +clothes, while he vainly claimed protection from a sentinel, who called +him an English dog, and violently pushed him back among his tormentors. +Two of them were dragging him towards the neighboring swamp, when an +English officer, stripped of everything but his scarlet breeches, ran +by. One of Carver's captors sprang upon him, but was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_512-V1" id="Page_512-V1">512<br />V1</a></span> +thrown to the ground; whereupon the other went to the aid of his comrade +and drove his tomahawk into the back of the Englishman. As Carver turned +to run, an English boy, about twelve years old, clung to him and begged +for help. They ran on together for a moment, when the boy was seized, +dragged from his protector, and, as Carver judged by his shrieks, was +murdered. He himself escaped to the forest, and after three days of +famine reached Fort Edward.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_523" name="footer_523"></a> + <span class="superscript">[523]</span> +This is stated by Pouchot and Bougainville; the latter of whom confirms the +testimony of the English witnesses, that Canadian officers present did nothing +to check the Indians.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_524" name="footer_524"></a> + <span class="superscript">[524]</span> +See <a href="#footer_526">note,</a> end of chapter.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_525" name="footer_525"></a> + <span class="superscript">[525]</span> +Belknap, <i>History of New Hampshire</i>, says that eighty were killed. +Governor Wentworth, writing immediately after the event, says "killed +or captivated."</p> +</div> + +<p>The bonds of discipline seem for the time to have been completely +broken; for while Montcalm and his chief officers used every effort to +restore order, even at the risk of their lives, many other officers, +chiefly of the militia, failed atrociously to do their duty. How many +English were killed it is impossible to tell with exactness. Roubaud +says that he saw forty or fifty corpses scattered about the field. Lévis +says fifty; which does not include the sick and wounded before murdered +in the camp and fort. It is certain that six or seven hundred persons +were carried off, stripped, and otherwise maltreated. Montcalm succeeded +in recovering more than four hundred of them in the course of the day; +and many of the French officers did what they could to relieve their +wants by buying back from their captors the clothing that had been torn +from them. Many of the fugitives had taken refuge in the fort, whither +Monro himself had gone to demand protection for his followers; and here +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_513-V1" id="Page_513-V1">513<br />V1</a></span> +Roubaud presently found a crowd of half-frenzied women, crying in +anguish for husbands and children. All the refugees and redeemed +prisoners were afterwards conducted to the entrenched camp, where food +and shelter were provided for them and a strong guard set for their +protection until the fifteenth, when they were sent under an escort to +Fort Edward. Here cannon had been fired at intervals to guide those who +had fled to the woods, whence they came dropping in from day to day, +half dead with famine.</p> + +<p>On the morning after the massacre the Indians decamped in a body and set +out for Montreal, carrying with them their plunder and some two hundred +prisoners, who, it is said, could not be got out of their hands. The +soldiers were set to the work of demolishing the English fort; and the +task occupied several days. The barracks were torn down, and the huge +pine-logs of the rampart thrown into a heap. The dead bodies that filled +the casemates were added to the mass, and fire was set to the whole. The +mighty funeral pyre blazed all night. Then, on the sixteenth, the army +reimbarked. The din of ten thousand combatants, the rage, the terror, +the agony, were gone; and no living thing was left but the wolves that +gathered from the mountains to feast upon the dead. +<span class="superscript">[526]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_526" name="footer_526"></a> + <span class="superscript">[526]</span> +The foregoing chapter rests largely on evidence never before brought to light, +including the minute <i>Journal</i> of Bougainville,—a document which can +hardly be commended too much,—the correspondence of Webb, a letter of +Colonel Frye, written just after the massacre, and a journal of the siege, +sent by him to Governor Pownall as his official report. Extracts +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_514-V1" id="Page_514-V1">514<br />V1</a></span> +from these, as well as from the affidavit of Dr. Whitworth, which is also +new evidence, are given in <a href="#appendixF">Appendix F</a>.</p> + +<p>The Diary of Malartic and the correspondence of Montcalm, Lévis, +Vaudreuil, and Bigot, also throw light on the campaign, as well as +numerous reports of the siege, official and semi-official. The long +letter of the Jesuit Roubaud, printed anonymously in the <i>Lettres +Édifiantes et Curieuses</i>, gives a remarkably vivid account of what he +saw. He was an intelligent person, who may be trusted where he has no +motive for lying. Curious particulars about him will be found in a paper +called, <i>The deplorable Case of Mr. Roubaud</i>, printed in the <i>Historical +Magazine, Second Series</i>, VIII. 282. Compare Verreau, <i>Report on +Canadian Archives</i>, 1874.</p> + +<p>Impressions of the massacre at Fort William Henry have hitherto been +derived chiefly from the narrative of Captain Jonathan Carver, in his +<i>Travels</i>. He has discredited himself by his exaggeration of the number +killed; but his account of what he himself saw tallies with that of the +other witnesses. He is outdone in exaggeration by an anonymous French +writer of the time, who seems rather pleased at the occurrence, and +affirms that all the English were killed except seven hundred, these +last being captured, so that none escaped (<i>Nouvelles du Canada +envoyées de Montréal, Août</i>, 1757). Carver puts +killed and captured together at fifteen hundred. Vaudreuil, who always +makes light of Indian barbarities, goes to the other extreme, and avers +that no more than five or six were killed. Lévis and Roubaud, who +saw everything, and were certain not to exaggerate the number, give the +most trustworthy evidence on this point. The capitulation, having been +broken by the allies of France, was declared void by the British Government. +</p> + +<p><i>The Signal of Butchery</i>. Montcalm, Bougainville, and several others say +that the massacre was begun by the Abenakis of Panaouski. Father Martin, +in quoting the letter in which Montcalm makes this statement, inserts +the word <i>idolâtres</i>, which is not in the original. Dussieux and +O'Callaghan give the passage correctly. This Abenaki band, ancestors of +the present Penobscots, were no idolaters, but had been converted more +than half a century. In the official list of the Indian allies they are +set down among the Christians. Roubaud, who had charge of them during +the expedition, speaks of these and other converts with singular candor: +"Vous avez dû vous apercevoir … que nos sauvages, pour +être Chrétiens, n'en sont pas plus irrépréhensibles +dans leur conduite."</p> +</div> + +<p class="double-space-top noindent center">END OF VOL. I.</p> + +<hr /> + + + +<div class="titlepage"> + <p class="quad-space-top"><br /></p> + <p class="xl bold">Montcalm and Wolfe</p> + <p class="title-author">by Francis Parkman</p> + <p class="double-space-top"> + France and England<br /> in North America + </p> + <p> + A Series<br /> of Historical Narratives + </p> + <p> + Part Seventh.<br /> + </p> + <p class="double-space-top center small"> + BOSTON:<br /> + LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY.<br /> + 1885.<br /> + </p> + + <hr /> + <p class="quad-space-top center small"> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ii-V2" id="Page_ii-V2">ii<br />V2</a></span> + <i>Copyright, 1884,</i><br /> + by <span class="smcap">Francis Parkman.</span><br /> + <br /><br /> + University Press:<br /> + <span class="smcap">John Wilson and Son, Cambridge.</span> + </p> + + <hr /> + <p class="quad-space-top"> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii-V2" id="Page_iii-V2">iii<br />V2</a></span> + <br /></p> + <h2>Montcalm and Wolfe<br /> + Vol. II.</h2> + <p class="title-author">by Francis Parkman</p> + <p class="double-space-top smcap"> + sixth edition. + </p> + <p class="quad-space-top center small"> + BOSTON:<br /> + LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY.<br /> + 1885.<br /> + </p> + </div> + + <hr /> + <p class="quad-space-top center small"> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv-V2" id="Page_iv-V2">iv<br />V2</a></span> + <i>Copyright, 1884,</i><br /> + by <span class="smcap">Francis Parkman.</span><br /> + </p> + + + + +<hr /> + + <p class="noindent"> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v-V2" id="Page_v-V2">v<br />V2</a></span> + <a name="contentsV2" id="contentsV2"></a> + </p> + <h2>Contents - Vol 2.</h2> + <p class="smcapheader"> + Montcalm and Wolfe: Volume 2 + </p> + <p class="noindent double-space-top"> + <a href="#Contents">Contents of Volume I.</a> + </p> + <p class="noindent double-space-top"> + <a id="Contents16" name="Contents16"></a> + <a href="#Chapter_16">CHAPTER XVI.</a> 1757, 1758. + </p> + <p class="noindent">A WINTER OF DISCONTENT.</p> + <p class="topics"> + Boasts of Loudon • A Mutinous Militia • Panic • + Accusations of Vaudreuil • His Weakness • + Indian Barbarities • Destruction of German Flats • + Discontent of Montcalm • Festivities at Montreal • + Montcalm's Relations with the Governor • Famine • + Riots • Mutiny • Winter at Ticonderoga • + A desperate Bush-fight • Defeat of the Rangers • + Adventures of Roche and Pringle. + </p> + + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="Contents17" name="Contents17"></a> + <a href="#Chapter_17">CHAPTER XVII.</a> 1753-1760. + </p> + <p class="noindent">BIGOT.</p> + <p class="topics"> + His Life and Character • Canadian Society • + Official Festivities • A Party of Pleasure • + Hospitalities of Bigot • Desperate Gambling • + Château Bigot • Canadian Ladies • Cadet • + La Friponne • Official Rascality • Methods of Peculation • + Cruel Frauds on the Acadians • Military Corruption • + Péan • Love and Knavery • Varin and his Partners • + Vaudreuil and the Peculators • + He defends Bigot; praises Cadet and Péan • + Canadian Finances • Peril of Bigot • + Threats of the Minister • Evidence of Montcalm • + Impending Ruin of the Confederates. + </p> + + <p class="noindent"> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi-V2" id="Page_vi-V2">vi<br />V2</a></span> + <a id="Contents18" name="Contents18"></a> + <a href="#Chapter_18">CHAPTER XVIII.</a> 1757, 1758. + </p> + <p class="noindent">PITT.</p> + <p class="topics"> + Frederic of Prussia • The Coalition against him • + His desperate Position • Rossbach • Leuthen • + Reverses of England • Weakness of the Ministry • + A Change • Pitt and Newcastle • Character of Pitt • + Sources of his Power • His Aims • Louis XV • + Pompadour • She controls the Court, and directs the War • + Gloomy Prospects of England • Disasters • + The New Ministry • Inspiring Influence of Pitt • + The Tide turns • British Victories • + Pitt's Plans for America • Louisbourg, Ticonderoga, Duquesne • + New Commanders • Naval Battles. + </p> + + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="Contents19" name="Contents19"></a> + <a href="#Chapter_19">CHAPTER XIX.</a> 1758. + </p> + <p class="noindent">LOUISBOURG.</p> + <p class="topics"> + Condition of the Fortress • Arrival of the English • + Gallantry of Wolfe • The English Camp • The Siege begun • + Progress of the Besiegers • Sallies of the French • + Madame Drucour • Courtesies of War • + French Ships destroyed • Conflagration • + Fury of the Bombardment • Exploit of English Sailors • + The End near • The White Flag • Surrender • + Reception of the News in England and America • + Wolfe not satisfied • His Letters to Amherst • + He destroys Gaspé • Returns to England. + </p> + + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="Contents20" name="Contents20"></a> + <a href="#Chapter_20">CHAPTER XX.</a> 1758. + </p> + <p class="noindent">TICONDEROGA.</p> + <p class="topics"> + Activity of the Provinces • Sacrifices of Massachusetts • + The Army at Lake George • Proposed Incursion of Lévis • + Perplexities of Montcalm • His Plan of Defence • + Camp of Abercromby • His Character • + Lord Howe • His Popularity • Embarkation of Abercromby • + Advance down Lake George • Landing • Forest Skirmish • + Death of Howe • Its Effects • Position of the French • + The Lines of Ticonderoga • Blunders of Abercromby • + The Assault • A Frightful Scene • Incidents of the Battle • + British Repulse • Panic • Retreat • Triumph of Montcalm. + </p> + + <p class="noindent"> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii-V2" id="Page_vii-V2">vii<br />V2</a></span> + <a id="Contents21" name="Contents21"></a> + <a href="#Chapter_21">CHAPTER XXI.</a> 1758. + </p> + <p class="noindent">FORT FRONTENAC.</p> + <p class="topics"> + The Routed Army • Indignation at Abercromby • + John Cleaveland and his Brother Chaplains • + Regulars and Provincials • Provincial Surgeons • + French Raids • Rogers defeats Marin • Adventures of Putnam • + Expedition of Bradstreet • Capture of Fort Frontenac. + </p> + + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="Contents22" name="Contents22"></a> + <a href="#Chapter_22">CHAPTER XXII.</a> 1758. + </p> + <p class="noindent">FORT DUQUESNE.</p> + <p class="topics"> + Dinwiddie and Washington • Brigadier Forbes • His Army • + Conflicting Views • Difficulties • Illness of Forbes • + His Sufferings • His Fortitude • + His Difference with Washington • Sir John Sinclair • + Troublesome Allies • Scouting Parties • + Boasts of Vaudreuil • Forbes and the Indians • + Mission of Christian Frederic Post • Council of Peace • + Second Mission of Post • Defeat of Grant • + Distress of Forbes • Dark Prospects • + Advance of the Army • Capture of the French Fort • + The Slain of Braddock's Field • Death of Forbes. + </p> + + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="Contents23" name="Contents23"></a> + <a href="#Chapter_23">CHAPTER XXIII.</a> 1758, 1759. + </p> + <p class="noindent">THE BRINK OF RUIN.</p> + <p class="topics"> + Jealousy of Vaudreuil • He asks for Montcalm's Recall • + His Discomfiture • Scene at the Governor's House • + Disgust of Montcalm • The Canadians Despondent • + Devices to encourage them • Gasconade of the Governor • + Deplorable State of the Colony • Mission of Bougainville • + Duplicity of Vaudreuil • Bougainville at Versailles • + Substantial Aid refused to Canada • A Matrimonial Treaty • + Return of Bougainville • Montcalm abandoned by the Court • + His Plans of Defence • Sad News from Candiac • + Promises of Vaudreuil. + </p> + + <p class="noindent"> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii-V2" id="Page_viii-V2">viii<br />V2</a></span> + <a id="Contents24" name="Contents24"></a> + <a href="#Chapter_24">CHAPTER XXIV.</a> 1758, 1759. + </p> + <p class="noindent">WOLFE.</p> + <p class="topics"> + The Exiles of Fort Cumberland • Relief • + The Voyage to Louisbourg • The British Fleet • + Expedition against Quebec • Early Life of Wolfe • + His Character • His Letters to his Parents • + His Domestic Qualities • Appointed to command the Expedition • + Sails for America. + </p> + + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="Contents25" name="Contents25"></a> + <a href="#Chapter_25">CHAPTER XXV.</a> 1759. + </p> + <p class="noindent">WOLFE AT QUEBEC.</p> + <p class="topics"> + French Preparation • Muster of Forces • + Gasconade of Vaudreuil • Plan of Defence • + Strength of Montcalm • Advance of Wolfe • + British Sailors • Landing of the English • + Difficulties before them • Storm • + Fireships • Confidence of French Commanders • + Wolfe occupies Point Levi • A Futile Night Attack • + Quebec bombarded • Wolfe at the Montmorenci • + Skirmishes • Danger of the English Position • + Effects of the Bombardment • Desertion of Canadians • + The English above Quebec • Severities of Wolfe • + Another Attempt to burn the Fleet • + Desperate Enterprise of Wolfe • The Heights of Montmorenci • + Repulse of the English. + </p> + + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="Contents26" name="Contents26"></a> + <a href="#Chapter_26">CHAPTER XXVI.</a> 1759. + </p> + <p class="noindent">AMHERST. NIAGARA.</p> + <p class="topics"> + Amherst on Lake George • + Capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point • + Delays of Amherst • Niagara Expedition • + La Corne attacks Oswego • His Repulse • Niagara besieged • + Aubry comes to its Relief • Battle • + Rout of the French • The Fort taken • Isle-aux-Noix • + Amherst advances to attack it • Storm • + The Enterprise abandoned • Rogers attacks St. Francis • + Destroys the Town • Sufferings of the Rangers. + </p> + + <p class="noindent"> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix-V2" id="Page_ix-V2">ix<br />V2</a></span> + <a id="Contents27" name="Contents27"></a> + <a href="#Chapter_27">CHAPTER XXVII.</a> 1759. + </p> + <p class="noindent">THE HEIGHTS OF ABRAHAM.</p> + <p class="topics"> + Elation of the French • Despondency of Wolfe • + The Parishes laid waste • Operations above Quebec • + Illness of Wolfe • A New Plan of Attack • + Faint Hope of Success • Wolfe's Last Despatch • + Confidence of Vaudreuil • Last Letters of Montcalm • + French Vigilance • British Squadron at Cap-Rouge • + Last Orders of Wolfe • Embarkation • + Descent of the St. Lawrence • The Heights scaled • + The British Line • Last Night of Montcalm • The Alarm • + March of French Troops • The Battle • The Rout • + The Pursuit • Fall of Wolfe and of Montcalm. + </p> + + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="Contents28" name="Contents28"></a> + <a href="#Chapter_28">CHAPTER XXVIII.</a> 1759. + </p> + <p class="noindent">FALL OF QUEBEC.</p> + <p class="topics"> + After the Battle • Canadians resist the Pursuit • + Arrival of Vaudreuil • Scene in the Redoubt • Panic • + Movements of the Victors • Vaudreuil's Council of War • + Precipitate Retreat of the French Army • + Last Hours of Montcalm • His Death and Burial • + Quebec abandoned to its Fate • Despair of the Garrison • + Lévis joins the Army • Attempts to relieve the Town • + Surrender • The British occupy Quebec • + Slanders of Vaudreuil • + Reception in England of the News of Wolfe's Victory and Death • + Prediction of Jonathan Mayhew. + </p> + + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="Contents29" name="Contents29"></a> + <a href="#Chapter_29">CHAPTER XXIX.</a> 1759, 1760. + </p> + <p id="id00147" class="noindent">SAINTE-FOY.</p> + <p id="id00148" class="topics"> + Quebec after the Siege • Captain Knox and the Nuns • + Escape of French Ships • Winter at Quebec • + Threats of Lévis • Attacks • Skirmishes • + Feat of the Rangers • State of the Garrison • + The French prepare to retake Quebec • Advance of Lévis • + The Alarm • Sortie of the English • + Rash Determination of Murray • Battle of Ste.-Foy • + Retreat of the English • Lévis besieges Quebec • + Spirit of the Garrison • Peril of their Situation • + Relief • Quebec saved • Retreat of Lévis • + The News in England. + </p> + + <p class="noindent"> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x-V2" id="Page_x-V2">x<br />V2</a></span> + <a id="Contents30" name="Contents30"></a> + <a href="#Chapter_30">CHAPTER XXX.</a> 1760. + </p> + <p class="noindent">FALL OF CANADA.</p> + <p class="topics"> + Desperate Situation • Efforts of Vaudreuil and Lévis • + Plans of Amherst • A Triple Attack • Advance of Murray • + Advance of Haviland • Advance of Amherst • + Capitulation of Montreal • Protest of Lévis • + Injustice of Louis XV. • Joy in the British Colonies • + Character of the War. + </p> + + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="Contents31" name="Contents31"></a> + <a href="#Chapter_31">CHAPTER XXXI.</a> 1758-1763. + </p> + <p class="noindent">THE PEACE OF PARIS.</p> + <p class="topics"> + Exodus of Canadian Leaders • Wreck of the "Auguste" • + Trial of Bigot and his Confederates • Frederic of Prussia • + His Triumphs • His Reverses • His Peril • + His Fortitude • Death of George II. • Change of Policy • + Choiseul • His Overtures of Peace • The Family Compact • + Fall of Pitt • Death of the Czarina • Frederic saved • + War with Spain • Capture of Havana • Negotiations • + Terms of Peace • Shall Canada be restored? • + Speech of Pitt • The Treaty signed • + End of the Seven Years War. + </p> + + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="Contents32" name="Contents32"></a> + <a href="#Chapter_32">CHAPTER XXXII.</a> 1763-1884. + </p> + <p class="noindent">CONCLUSION.</p> + <p class="topics"> + Results of the War • Germany • France • England • + Canada • The British Provinces. + </p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="Contents33" name="Contents33"></a> + <a href="#Appendix">APPENDIX.</a> + </p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="Contents34" name="Contents34"></a> + <a href="#indexChapter">INDEX.</a> + </p> + + + + + <hr /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Chapter_16" id="Chapter_16"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_001-V2" id="Page_001-V2">1<br />V2</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents16">CHAPTER XVI.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1757, 1758.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader">A WINTER OF DISCONTENT.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + Boasts of Loudon • A Mutinous Militia • Panic • + Accusations of Vaudreuil • His Weakness • + Indian Barbarities • Destruction of German Flats • + Discontent of Montcalm • Festivities at Montreal • + Montcalm's Relations with the Governor • Famine • + Riots • Mutiny • Winter at Ticonderoga • + A desperate Bush-fight • Defeat of the Rangers • + Adventures of Roche and Pringle. + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> +</div> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">Loudon</span>, on his way back from Halifax, +was at sea off the coast of Nova +Scotia when a despatch-boat from Governor Pownall of Massachusetts +startled him with news that Fort William Henry was attacked; and a few +days after he learned by another boat that the fort was taken and the +capitulation "inhumanly and villanously broken." On this he sent Webb +orders to hold the enemy in check without risking a battle till he +should himself arrive. "I am on the way," these were his words, "with a +force sufficient to turn the scale, with God's assistance; and then I +hope we shall teach the French to comply with the laws of nature and +humanity. For although I abhor barbarity, the knowledge I have of Mr. +Vaudreuil's +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_002-V2" id="Page_002-V2">2<br />V2</a></span> +behavior when in Louisiana, from his own letters in my +possession, and the murders committed at Oswego and now at Fort William +Henry, will oblige me to make those gentlemen sick of such inhuman +villany whenever it is in my power." He reached New York on the last day +of August, and heard that the French had withdrawn. He nevertheless sent +his troops up the Hudson, thinking, he says, that he might still attack +Ticonderoga; a wild scheme, which he soon abandoned, if he ever +seriously entertained it. <span class="superscript">[527]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_527" name="footer_527"></a> + <span class="superscript">[527]</span> +<i>Loudon to Webb</i>, 20 <i>Aug</i>. 1757. +<i>London to Holdernesse</i>, <i>Oct</i>. 1757. +<i>Loudon to Pownall</i>, 16 [18?] <i>Aug</i>. 1757. +A passage in this last letter, +in which Loudon says that he shall, if prevented by head-winds from getting +into New York, disembark the troops on Long Island, is perverted by that +ardent partisan, William Smith, the historian of New York, into the absurd +declaration "that he should encamp on Long Island for the defence of the +continent."</p> +</div> + +<p>Webb had remained at Fort Edward in mortal dread of attack. Johnson had +joined him with a band of Mohawks; and on the day when Fort William +Henry surrendered there had been some talk of attempting to throw +succors into it by night. Then came the news of its capture; and now, +when it was too late, tumultuous mobs of militia came pouring in from +the neighboring provinces. In a few days thousands of them were +bivouacked on the fields about Fort Edward, doing nothing, disgusted +and mutinous, declaring that they were ready to fight, but not to lie +still without tents, blankets, or kettles. Webb writes on the fourteenth +that most of those from New York had deserted, threatening to kill their +officers if +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_003-V2" id="Page_003-V2">3<br />V2</a></span> +they tried to stop them. Delancey ordered them to be fired +upon. A sergeant was shot, others were put in arrest, and all was +disorder till the seventeenth; when Webb, learning that the French were +gone, sent them back to their homes. <span class="superscript">[528]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_528" name="footer_528"></a> + <span class="superscript">[528]</span> +<i>Delancey to</i> [<i>Holdernesse?</i>], 24 <i>Aug</i>. 1757.</p> +</div> + +<p>Close on the fall of Fort William Henry came crazy rumors of disaster, +running like wildfire through the colonies. The number and ferocity of +the enemy were grossly exaggerated; there was a cry that they would +seize Albany and New York itself; <span class="superscript">[529]</span> +while it was reported that Webb, as much frightened as the rest, was for +retreating to the Highlands of the Hudson. +<span class="superscript">[530]</span> This was the day after the +capitulation, when a part only of the militia had yet appeared. If Montcalm +had seized the moment, and marched that afternoon to Fort Edward, it is not +impossible that in the confusion he might have carried it by a +<i>coup-de-main.</i></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_529" name="footer_529"></a> + <span class="superscript">[529]</span> +<i>Captain Christie to Governor Wentworth</i>, 11 <i>Aug</i>. 1757. +<i>Ibid., to Governor Pownall, same date.</i></p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_530" name="footer_530"></a> + <span class="superscript">[530]</span> +Smith, <i>Hist. N.Y.</i>, Part II. 254.</p> +</div> + +<p>Here was an opportunity for Vaudreuil, and he did not fail to use it. +Jealous of his rival's exploit, he spared no pains to tarnish it; +complaining that Montcalm had stopped half way on the road to success, +and, instead of following his instructions, had contented himself with +one victory when he should have gained two. But the Governor had +enjoined upon him as a matter of the last necessity that the Canadians +should be at their homes before September to gather the crops, and he +would have been the first to complain had +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_004-V2" id="Page_004-V2">4<br />V2</a></span> +the injunction been +disregarded. To besiege Fort Edward was impossible, as Montcalm had no +means of transporting cannon thither; and to attack Webb without them +was a risk which he had not the rashness to incur.</p> + +<p>It was Bougainville who first brought Vaudreuil the news of the success +on Lake George. A day or two after his arrival, the Indians, who had +left the army after the massacre, appeared at Montreal, bringing about +two hundred English prisoners. The Governor rebuked them for breaking +the capitulation, on which the heathen savages of the West declared that +it was not their fault, but that of the converted Indians, who, in +fact, had first raised the war-whoop. Some of the prisoners were +presently bought from them at the price of two kegs of brandy each; and +the inevitable consequences followed.</p> + +<p>"I thought," writes Bougainville, "that the Governor would have told +them they should have neither provisions nor presents till all the +English were given up; that he himself would have gone to their huts and +taken the prisoners from them; and that the inhabitants would be +forbidden, under the severest penalties, from selling or giving them +brandy. I saw the contrary; and my soul shuddered at the sights my eyes +beheld. On the fifteenth, at two o'clock, in the presence of the whole +town, they killed one of the prisoners, put him into the kettle, and +forced his wretched countrymen to eat of him." The Intendant Bigot, the +friend of the Governor, confirms this story; and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_005-V2" id="Page_005-V2">5<br />V2</a></span> +another French writer says that they "compelled mothers to eat the flesh +of their children." <span class="superscript">[531]</span> +Bigot declares that guns, canoes, and other presents +were given to the Western tribes before they left Montreal; and he adds, +"they must be sent home satisfied at any cost." Such were the pains +taken to preserve allies who were useful chiefly through the terror +inspired by their diabolical cruelties. This time their ferocity cost +them dear. They had dug up and scalped the corpses in the graveyard of +Fort William Henry, many of which were remains of victims of the +small-pox; and the savages caught the disease, which is said to have +made great havoc among them. <span class="superscript">[532]</span> </p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_531" name="footer_531"></a> + <span class="superscript">[531]</span> +"En chemin faisant et même en entrant à Montréal ils les +ont mangés et fait manger aux autres prisonniers." +<i>Bigot au Ministre</i>, 24 <i>Août</i>, 1757.</p> +<p>"Des sauvages ont fait manger aux mères la chair de leurs enfants." +<i>Jugement impartial sur les Opérations militaires en Canada</i>. +A French diary kept in Canada at this time, and captured at sea, is cited by +Hutchinson as containing similar statements.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_532" name="footer_532"></a> + <span class="superscript">[532]</span> +One of these corpses was that of Richard Rogers, brother +of the noted partisan Robert Rogers. He had died of small-pox some time +before. Rogers, <i>Journals</i>, 55, <i>note</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>Vaudreuil, in reporting what he calls "my capture of Fort William +Henry," takes great credit to himself for his "generous procedures" +towards the English prisoners; alluding, it seems, to his having bought +some of them from the Indians with the brandy which was sure to cause +the murder of others. <span class="superscript">[533]</span> +His obsequiousness to his red allies did not +cease with permitting them to kill and devour before his eyes those whom +he was bound in honor and duty to protect. "He let +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_006-V2" id="Page_006-V2">6<br />V2</a></span> +them do what they +pleased," says a French contemporary; "they were seen roaming about +Montreal, knife in hand, threatening everybody, and often insulting +those they met. When complaint was made, he said nothing. Far from it; +instead of reproaching them, he loaded them with gifts, in the belief +that their cruelty would then relent." <span class="superscript">[534]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_533" name="footer_533"></a> + <span class="superscript">[533]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 15 <i>Sept</i>. 1757.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_534" name="footer_534"></a> + <span class="superscript">[534]</span> +<i>Mémoires sur le Canada</i>, 1749-1760.</p> +</div> + +<p>Nevertheless, in about a fortnight all, or nearly all, the surviving +prisoners were bought out of their clutches; and then, after a final +distribution of presents and a grand debauch at La Chine, the whole +savage rout paddled for their villages.</p> + +<p>The campaign closed in November with a partisan exploit on the Mohawk. +Here, at a place called German Flats, on the farthest frontier, there +was a thriving settlement of German peasants from the Palatinate, who +were so ill-disposed towards the English that Vaudreuil had had good +hope of stirring them to revolt, while at the same time persuading their +neighbors, the Oneida Indians, to take part with France. +<span class="superscript">[535]</span> As his +measures to this end failed, he resolved to attack them. Therefore, at +three o'clock in the morning of the twelfth of November, three hundred +colony troops, Canadians and Indians, under an officer named Belêtre, +wakened the unhappy peasants by a burst of yells, and attacked the small +picket forts which they had built as places of refuge. These were taken +one by one and set on fire. The sixty dwellings of the settlement, with +their barns and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_007-V2" id="Page_007-V2">7<br />V2</a></span> +outhouses, were all burned, forty or fifty of the +inhabitants were killed, and about three times that number, chiefly +women and children, were made prisoners, including Johan Jost Petrie, +the magistrate of the place. Fort Herkimer was not far off, with a +garrison of two hundred men under Captain Townshend, who at the first +alarm sent out a detachment too weak to arrest the havoc; while Belêtre, +unable to carry off his booty, set on his followers to the work of +destruction, killed a great number of hogs, sheep, cattle, and horses, +and then made a hasty retreat. Lord Howe, pushing up the river from +Schenectady with troops and militia, found nothing but an abandoned +slaughter-field. Vaudreuil reported the affair to the Court, and summed +up the results with pompous egotism: "I have ruined the plans of the +English; I have disposed the Five Nations to attack them; I have carried +consternation and terror into all those parts." +<span class="superscript">[536]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_535" name="footer_535"></a> + <span class="superscript">[535]</span> +<i>Dépêches de Vaudreuil</i>, 1757.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_536" name="footer_536"></a> + <span class="superscript">[536]</span> +<i>Loudon to Pitt</i>, 14 <i>Feb</i>. 1758. +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 12 <i>Fév</i>. 1758. +<i>Ibid</i>., 28 <i>Nov</i>. 1758. +Bougainville, <i>Journal. +Summary of M. de Belêtre's Campaign</i>, in <i>N.Y. Col. Docs.</i>, +X. 672. Extravagant reports of the havoc made were sent to France. It was +pretended that three thousand cattle, three thousand sheep (Vaudreuil +says four thousand), and from five hundred to fifteen hundred horses were +destroyed, with other personal property to the amount of 1,500,000 +livres. These official falsehoods are contradicted in a letter from +Quebec, <i>Daine au Maréchal de Belleisle</i>, 19 <i>Mai</i>, 1758. +Lévis says that the whole population of the settlement, men, women, +and children, was not above three hundred.</p> +</div> + +<p>Montcalm, his summer work over, went to Montreal; and thence in +September to Quebec, a place more to his liking. "Come as soon as you +can," he wrote to Bourlamaque, "and I will tell a certain +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_008-V2" id="Page_008-V2">8<br />V2</a></span> +fair lady how +eager you are." Even Quebec was no paradise for him; and he writes again +to the same friend: "My heart and my stomach are both ill at ease, the +latter being the worse." To his wife he says: "The price of everything +is rising. I am ruining myself; I owe the treasurer twelve thousand +francs. I long for peace and for you. In spite of the public distress, +we have balls and furious gambling." In February he returned to Montreal +in a sleigh on the ice of the St. Lawrence,—a mode of travelling which +he describes as cold but delicious. Montreal pleased him less than ever, +especially as he was not in favor at what he calls the Court, meaning +the circle of the Governor-General. "I find this place so amusing," he +writes ironically to Bourlamaque, "that I wish Holy Week could be +lengthened, to give me a pretext for neither making nor receiving +visits, staying at home, and dining there almost alone. Burn all my +letters, as I do yours." And in the next week: "Lent and devotion have +upset my stomach and given me a cold; which does not prevent me from +having the Governor-General at dinner to-day to end his lenten fast, +according to custom here." Two days after he announces: "To-day a grand +dinner at Martel's; twenty-three persons, all big-wigs (<i>les grosses +perruques</i>); no ladies. We still have got to undergo those of Péan, +Deschambault, and the Chevalier de Lévis. I spend almost every evening +in my chamber, the place I like best, and where I am least bored."</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_009-V2" id="Page_009-V2">9<br />V2</a></span> +With the opening spring there were changes in the modes of amusement. +Picnics began, Vaudreuil and his wife being often of the party, as too +was Lévis. The Governor also made visits of compliment at the houses of +the seigniorial proprietors along the river; "very much," says Montcalm, +as "Henri IV. did to the bourgeois notables of Paris. I live as usual, +fencing in the morning, dining, and passing the evening at home or at +the Governor's. Péan has gone up to La Chine to spend six days with the +reigning sultana [<i>Péan's wife, mistress of Bigot</i>]. As for me, my +<i>ennui</i> increases. I don't know what to do, or say, or read, or where to +go; and I think that at the end of the next campaign I shall ask +bluntly, blindly, for my recall, only because I am bored." +<span class="superscript">[537]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_537" name="footer_537"></a> + <span class="superscript">[537]</span> +<i>Montcalm à Bourlamaque</i>, 22 <i>Mai</i>, 1758.</p> +</div> + +<p> +His relations with Vaudreuil were a constant annoyance to him, +notwithstanding the mask of mutual civility. "I never," he tells his +mother, "ask for a place in the colony troops for anybody. You need not +be an Œdipus to guess this riddle. Here are four lines from +Corneille:—</p> + +<div class="poem1 small"> +<p class="poem1 indent30">"'Mon crime véritable est d'avoir aujourd'hui</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25">Plus de nom que … [<i>Vaudreuil</i>], plus de vertus que lui,</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25">Et c'est de là que part cette secrète haine</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25">Que le temps ne rendra que plus forte et plus pleine.'</p> +</div> + +<p>Nevertheless I live here on good terms with everybody, and do my best to +serve the King. If they could but do without me; if they could but +spring some trap on me, or if I should happen to meet with some check!"</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_010-V2" id="Page_010-V2">10<br />V2</a></span> +Vaudreuil meanwhile had written to the Court in high praise of Lévis, +hinting that he, and not Montcalm, ought to have the chief command. +<span class="superscript">[538]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_538" name="footer_538"></a> + <span class="superscript">[538]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre de la Marine</i>, 16 <i>Sept</i>. 1757. +<i>Ibid., au Ministre de la Guerre, même date</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>Under the hollow gayeties of the ruling class lay a great public +distress, which broke at last into riot. Towards midwinter no flour was +to be had in Montreal; and both soldiers and people were required to +accept a reduced ration, partly of horse-flesh. A mob gathered before +the Governor's house, and a deputation of women beset him, crying out +that the horse was the friend of man, and that religion forbade him to +be eaten. In reply he threatened them with imprisonment and hanging; but +with little effect, and the crowd dispersed, only to stir up the +soldiers quartered in the houses of the town. The colony regulars, +ill-disciplined at the best, broke into mutiny, and excited the +battalion of Béarn to join them. Vaudreuil was helpless; Montcalm was in +Quebec; and the task of dealing with the mutineers fell upon Lévis, who +proved equal to the crisis, took a high tone, threatened death to the +first soldier who should refuse horse-flesh, assured them at the same +time that he ate it every day himself, and by a characteristic mingling +of authority and tact, quelled the storm. <span class="superscript">[539]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_539" name="footer_539"></a> + <span class="superscript">[539]</span> +Bougainville, <i>Journal. Montcalm à Mirepoix</i>, +20 <i>Avril</i>, 1758. Lévis, <i>Journal de la +Guerre du Canada</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>The prospects of the next campaign began to open. Captain Pouchot had +written from Niagara that three thousand savages were waiting to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_011-V2" id="Page_011-V2">11<br />V2</a></span> +be let +loose against the English borders. "What a scourge!" exclaims +Bougainville. "Humanity groans at being forced to use such monsters. +What can be done against an invisible enemy, who strikes and vanishes, +swift as the lightning? It is the destroying angel." Captain Hebecourt +kept watch and ward at Ticonderoga, begirt with snow and ice, and much +plagued by English rangers, who sometimes got into the ditch +itself. <span class="superscript">[540]</span> +This was to reconnoitre the place in preparation for a +winter attack which Loudon had planned, but which, like the rest of his +schemes, fell to the ground. <span class="superscript">[541]</span> +Towards midwinter a band of these +intruders captured two soldiers and butchered some fifteen cattle close +to the fort, leaving tied to the horns of one of them a note addressed +to the commandant in these terms: "I am obliged to you, sir, for the +rest you have allowed me to take and the fresh meat you have sent me. I +shall take good care of my prisoners. My compliments to the Marquis of +Montcalm." Signed, Rogers. <span class="superscript">[542]</span> </p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_540" name="footer_540"></a> + <span class="superscript">[540]</span> +<i>Montcalm à Bourlamaque</i>, 28 <i>Mars</i>, 1758.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_541" name="footer_541"></a> + <span class="superscript">[541]</span> +<i>Loudon to Pitt</i>, 14 <i>Feb</i>. 1758.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_542" name="footer_542"></a> + <span class="superscript">[542]</span> +<i>Journal de ce qui s'est passé en Canada</i>, 1757, 1758. +Compare Rogers, <i>Journals</i>, 72-75.</p> +</div> + +<p> +A few weeks later Hebecourt had his revenge. About the middle of March a +report came to Montreal that a large party of rangers had been cut to +pieces a few miles from Ticonderoga, and that Rogers himself was among +the slain. This last announcement proved false; but the rangers had +suffered a crushing defeat. Colonel Haviland, commanding at Fort Edward, +sent a hundred and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_012-V2" id="Page_012-V2">12<br />V2</a></span> +eighty of them, men and officers, on a scouting party +towards Ticonderoga; and Captain Pringle and Lieutenant Roche, of the +twenty-seventh regiment, joined them as volunteers, no doubt through a +love of hardy adventure, which was destined to be fully satisfied. +Rogers commanded the whole. They passed down Lake George on the ice +under cover of night, and then, as they neared the French outposts, +pursued their way by land behind Rogers Rock and the other mountains of +the western shore. On the preceding day, the twelfth of March, Hebecourt +had received a reinforcement of two hundred Mission Indians and a body +of Canadians. The Indians had no sooner arrived than, though nominally +Christians, they consulted the spirits, by whom they were told that the +English were coming. On this they sent out scouts, who came back +breathless, declaring that they had found a great number of snow-shoe +tracks. The superhuman warning being thus confirmed, the whole body of +Indians, joined by a band of Canadians and a number of volunteers from +the regulars, set out to meet the approaching enemy, and took their way +up the valley of Trout Brook, a mountain gorge that opens from the west +upon the valley of Ticonderoga.</p> + +<p>Towards three o'clock on the afternoon of that day Rogers had reached a +point nearly west of the mountain that bears his name. The rough and +rocky ground was buried four feet in snow, and all around stood the gray +trunks of the forest, bearing aloft their skeleton arms and tangled +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_013-V2" id="Page_013-V2">13<br />V2</a></span> +intricacy of leafless twigs. Close on the right was a steep hill, and at +a little distance on the left was the brook, lost under ice and snow. A +scout from the front told Rogers that a party of Indians was approaching +along the bed of the frozen stream, on which he ordered his men to halt, +face to that side, and advance cautiously. The Indians soon appeared, +and received a fire that killed some of them and drove back the rest in +confusion.</p> + +<p>Not suspecting that they were but an advance-guard, about half the +rangers dashed in pursuit, and were soon met by the whole body of the +enemy. The woods rang with yells and musketry. In a few minutes some +fifty of the pursuers were shot down, and the rest driven back in +disorder upon their comrades. Rogers formed them all on the slope of the +hill; and here they fought till sunset with stubborn desperation, twice +repulsing the overwhelming numbers of the assailants, and thwarting all +their efforts to gain the heights in the rear. The combatants were often +not twenty yards apart, and sometimes they were mixed together. At +length a large body of Indians succeeded in turning the right flank of +the rangers. Lieutenant Phillips and a few men were sent by Rogers to +oppose the movement; but they quickly found themselves surrounded, and +after a brave defence surrendered on a pledge of good treatment. Rogers +now advised the volunteers, Pringle and Roche, to escape while there was +time, and offered them a sergeant as guide; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_014-V2" id="Page_014-V2">14<br />V2</a></span> +but they gallantly resolved +to stand by him. Eight officers and more than a hundred rangers lay dead +and wounded in the snow. Evening was near and the forest was darkening +fast, when the few survivors broke and fled. Rogers with about twenty +followers escaped up the mountain; and gathering others about him, made +a running fight against the Indian pursuers, reached Lake George, not +without fresh losses, and after two days of misery regained Fort Edward +with the remnant of his band. The enemy on their part suffered heavily, +the chief loss falling on the Indians; who, to revenge themselves, +murdered all the wounded and nearly all the prisoners, and tying +Lieutenant Phillips and his men to trees, hacked them to pieces.</p> + +<p>Captain Pringle and Lieutenant Roche had become separated from the other +fugitives; and, ignorant of woodcraft, they wandered by moonlight amid +the desolation of rocks and snow, till early in the night they met a man +whom they knew as a servant of Rogers, and who said that he could guide +them to Fort Edward. One of them had lost his snow-shoes in the fight; +and, crouching over a miserable fire of broken sticks, they worked till +morning to make a kind of substitute with forked branches, twigs, and a +few leather strings. They had no hatchet to cut firewood, no blankets, +no overcoats, and no food except part of a Bologna sausage and a little +ginger which Pringle had brought with him. There was no game; not even a +squirrel was astir; and their +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_015-V2" id="Page_015-V2">15<br />V2</a></span> +chief sustenance was juniper-berries and +the inner bark of trees. But their worst calamity was the helplessness +of their guide. His brain wandered; and while always insisting that he +knew the country well, he led them during four days hither and thither +among a labyrinth of nameless mountains, clambering over rocks, wading +through snowdrifts, struggling among fallen trees, till on the fifth day +they saw with despair that they had circled back to their own +starting-point. On the next morning, when they were on the ice of Lake +George, not far from Rogers Rock, a blinding storm of sleet and snow +drove in their faces. Spent as they were, it was death to stop; and +bending their heads against the blast, they fought their way forward, +now on the ice, and now in the adjacent forest, till in the afternoon +the storm ceased, and they found themselves on the bank of an unknown +stream. It was the outlet of the lake; for they had wandered into the +valley of Ticonderoga, and were not three miles from the French fort. +In crossing the torrent Pringle lost his gun, and was near losing his +life. All three of the party were drenched to the skin; and, becoming +now for the first time aware of where they were, they resolved on +yielding themselves prisoners to save their lives. Night, however, again +found them in the forest. Their guide became delirious, saw visions of +Indians all around, and, murmuring incoherently, straggled off a little +way, seated himself in the snow, and was soon dead. The two officers, +themselves but half alive, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_016-V2" id="Page_016-V2">16<br />V2</a></span> +walked all night round a tree to keep the +blood in motion. In the morning, again toiling on, they presently saw +the fort across the intervening snowfields, and approached it, waving a +white handkerchief. Several French officers dashed towards them at full +speed, and reached them in time to save them from the clutches of the +Indians, whose camps were near at hand. They were kindly treated, +recovered from the effects of their frightful ordeal, and were +afterwards exchanged. Pringle lived to old age, and died in 1800, senior +major-general of the British army. <span class="superscript">[543]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_543" name="footer_543"></a> + <span class="superscript">[543]</span> +Rogers, two days after reaching Fort Edward, made a detailed report of the +fight, which was printed in the <i>New Hampshire Gazette</i> and other +provincial papers. It is substantially incorporated in his published +<i>Journals</i>, which also contain a long letter from Pringle to Colonel +Haviland, dated at Carillon (Ticonderoga), 28 March, and giving an excellent +account of his and Roche's adventures. It was sent by a flag of truce, which +soon after arrived from Fort Edward with a letter for Vaudreuil. The French +accounts of the fight are <i>Hebecourt à [Vaudreuil?]</i>, 15 +<i>Mars</i>, 1758. <i>Montcalm au Ministre de la Guerre</i>, 10 <i>Avril</i>, +1758. <i>Doreil à Belleisle</i>, 30 <i>Avril</i>, 1758. +Bougainville, <i>Journal. Relation de l'Affaire de Roger</i>, 19 <i>Mars</i>, +1758. <i>Autre Relation, même date</i>. Lévis, <i>Journal</i>. +According to Lévis, the French force consisted of 250 Indians and +Canadians, and a number of officers, cadets, and soldiers. Roger puts it +at 700. Most of the French writers put the force of the rangers, correctly, +at about 180. Rogers reports his loss at 125. None of the wounded seem to +have escaped, being either murdered after the fight, or killed by exposure +in the woods. The Indians brought in 144 scalps, having no doubt divided +some of them, after their ingenious custom. Rogers threw off his overcoat +during the fight, and it was found on the field, with his commission in +the pocket; whence the report of his death. There is an unsupported +tradition that he escaped by sliding on his snow-shoes down a precipice of +Rogers Rock.</p> +</div> + +<hr /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Chapter_17" id="Chapter_17"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_017-V2" id="Page_017-V2">17<br />V2</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents17">CHAPTER XVII.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1753-1760.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader">BIGOT.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + His Life and Character • Canadian Society • + Official Festivities • A Party of Pleasure • + Hospitalities of Bigot • Desperate Gambling • + Château Bigot • Canadian Ladies • Cadet • + La Friponne • Official Rascality • Methods of Peculation • + Cruel Frauds on the Acadians • Military Corruption • + Péan • Love and Knavery • Varin and his Partners • + Vaudreuil and the Peculators • + He defends Bigot; praises Cadet and Péan • + Canadian Finances • Peril of Bigot • + Threats of the Minister • Evidence of Montcalm • + Impending Ruin of the Confederates. + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> +</div> + + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">At</span> +this stormy epoch of Canadian history the sinister figure of the +Intendant Bigot moves conspicuous on the scene. Not that he was +answerable for all the manifold corruption that infected the colony, for +much of it was rife before his time, and had a vitality of its own; but +his office and character made him the centre of it, and, more than any +other man, he marshalled and organized the forces of knavery.</p> + +<p> +In the dual government of Canada the Governor represented the King and +commanded the troops; while the Intendant was charged with trade, +finance, justice, and all other departments of civil administration. +<span class="superscript">[544]</span> +In former times the two +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_018-V2" id="Page_018-V2">18<br />V2</a></span> +functionaries usually quarrelled; but between +Vaudreuil and Bigot there was perfect harmony.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_544" name="footer_544"></a> + <span class="superscript">[544]</span> +See <i>Old Régime in Canada</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p> +François Bigot, in the words of his biographer, was "born in the bosom +of the magistracy," both his father and his grandfather having held +honorable positions in the parliament of Bordeaux. +<span class="superscript">[545]</span> In appearance he +was not prepossessing, though his ugly, pimpled face was joined with +easy and agreeable manners. In spite of indifferent health, he was +untiring both in pleasure and in work, a skilful man of business, of +great official experience, energetic, good-natured, free-handed, ready +to oblige his friends and aid them in their needs at the expense of the +King, his master; fond of social enjoyments, lavish in hospitality.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_545" name="footer_545"></a> + <span class="superscript">[545]</span> +<i>Procès de Bigot, Cadet, et autres, Mémoire pour Messire +François Bigot, accusé, contre Monsieur le +Procureur-Général du Roi, accusateur.</i></p> +</div> + +<p>A year or two before the war began, the engineer Franquet was sent from +France to strengthen Louisbourg and inspect the defences of Canada. He +kept a copious journal, full of curious observation, and affording +bright glimpses not only of the social life of the Intendant, but of +Canadian society in the upper or official class. Thus, among various +matters of the kind, he gives us the following. Bigot, who was in +Quebec, had occasion to go to Montreal to meet the Governor; and this +official journey was turned into a pleasure excursion, of which the King +paid all the costs. Those favored with invitations, a privilege highly +prized, were Franquet, with seven or eight military officers and a +corresponding number of ladies, including the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_019-V2" id="Page_019-V2">19<br />V2</a></span> +wife of Major Péan, of +whom Bigot was enamoured. A chief steward, cooks, servants, and other +attendants, followed the party. The guests had been requested to send +their portmanteaus to the Intendant's Palace six days before, that they +might be sent forward on sledges along with bedding, table service, +cooking utensils, and numberless articles of comfort and luxury. Orders +were given to the inhabitants along the way, on pain of imprisonment, to +level the snowdrifts and beat the road smooth with ox-teams, as also to +provide relays of horses. It is true that they were well paid for this +last service; so well that the hire of a horse to Montreal and back +again would cost the King the entire value of the animal. On the eighth +of February the party met at the palace; and after a grand dinner set +out upon their journey in twenty or more sleighs, some with two guests +and a driver, and the rest with servants and attendants. The procession +passed at full trot along St. Vallier street amid the shouts of an +admiring crowd, stopped towards night at Pointe-aux-Trembles, where each +looked for lodging; and then they all met and supped with the Intendant. +The militia captain of the place was ordered to have fresh horses ready +at seven in the morning, when Bigot regaled his friends with tea, +coffee, and chocolate, after which they set out again, drove to +Cap-Santé, and stopped two hours at the house of the militia captain to +breakfast and warm themselves. In the afternoon they reached Ste. +Anne-de-la-Pérade, when Bigot gave them a supper at the house in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_020-V2" id="Page_020-V2">20<br />V2</a></span> +which he lodged, and they spent the evening at cards.</p> + +<p>The next morning brought them to Three Rivers, where Madame Marin, +Franquet's travelling companion, wanted to stop to see her sister, the +wife of Rigaud, who was then governor of the place. Madame de Rigaud, +being ill, received her visitors in bed, and ordered an ample dinner to +be provided for them; after which they returned to her chamber for +coffee and conversation. Then they all set out again, saluted by the +cannon of the fort.</p> + +<p>Their next stopping-place was Isle-au-Castor, where, being seated at +cards before supper, they were agreeably surprised by the appearance of +the Governor, who had come down from Montreal to meet them with four +officers, Duchesnaye, Marin, Le Mercier, and Péan. Many were the +embraces and compliments; and in the morning they all journeyed on +together, stopping towards night at the largest house they could find, +where their servants took away the partitions to make room, and they sat +down to a supper, followed by the inevitable game of cards. On the next +night they reached Montreal and were lodged at the intendency, the +official residence of the hospitable Bigot. The succeeding day was spent +in visiting persons of eminence and consideration, among whom are to be +noted the names, soon to become notorious, of Varin, naval commissary, +Martel, King's storekeeper, Antoine Penisseault, and François Maurin. A +succession of festivities followed, including the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_021-V2" id="Page_021-V2">21<br />V2</a></span> +benediction of three flags for a band of militia on their way to the Ohio. +All persons of quality in Montreal were invited on this occasion, and the +Governor gave them a dinner and a supper. Bigot, however, outdid him in +the plenitude of his hospitality, since, in the week before Lent, forty +guests supped every evening at his table, and dances, masquerades, and +cards consumed the night. <span class="superscript">[546]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_546" name="footer_546"></a> + <span class="superscript">[546]</span> +Franquet, <i>Journal</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>His chief abode was at Quebec, in the capacious but somewhat ugly +building known as the Intendant's Palace. Here it was his custom during +the war to entertain twenty persons at dinner every day; and there was +also a hall for dancing, with a gallery to which the citizens were +admitted as spectators. <span class="superscript">[547]</span> +The bounteous Intendant provided a separate dancing-hall for the populace; +and, though at the same time he plundered and ruined them, his gracious +demeanor long kept him a place in their hearts. Gambling was the chief +feature of his entertainments, and the stakes grew deeper as the war went +on. He played desperately himself, and early in 1758 lost two hundred and +four thousand francs,—a loss which he well knew how to repair. +Besides his official residence on the banks of the St. Charles, he had a +country house about five miles distant, a massive old stone building in the +woods at the foot of the mountain of Charlebourg; its ruins are now known +as Château Bigot. In its day it was called the Hermitage; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_022-V2" id="Page_022-V2">22<br />V2</a></span> +though the uses to which it was applied savored nothing of asceticism. +Tradition connects it and its owner with a romantic, but more than doubtful, +story of love, jealousy, and murder.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_547" name="footer_547"></a> + <span class="superscript">[547]</span> +De Gaspé, <i>Mémoires</i>, 119.</p> +</div> + +<p>The chief Canadian families were so social in their habits and so +connected by intermarriage that, along with the French civil and +military officers of the colonial establishment, they formed a society +whose members all knew each other, like the corresponding class in +Virginia. There was among them a social facility and ease rare in +democratic communities; and in the ladies of Quebec and Montreal were +often seen graces which visitors from France were astonished to find at +the edge of a wilderness. Yet this small though lively society had +anomalies which grew more obtrusive towards the close of the war. +Knavery makes strange companions; and at the tables of high civil +officials and colony officers of rank sat guests as boorish in manners +as they were worthless in character.</p> + +<p>Foremost among these was Joseph Cadet, son of a butcher at Quebec, who +at thirteen went to sea as a pilot's boy, then kept the cows of an +inhabitant of Charlebourg, and at last took up his father's trade and +prospered in it. <span class="superscript">[548]</span> +In 1756 Bigot got him appointed commissary-general, and made a contract +with him which flung wide open the doors of peculation. In the next two +years Cadet and his associates, Péan, Maurin, Corpron, and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_023-V2" id="Page_023-V2">23<br />V2</a></span> +Penisseault, sold to the King, for about twenty-three million francs, +provisions which cost them eleven millions, leaving a net profit of about +twelve millions. It was not legally proved that the Intendant shared +Cadet's gains; but there is no reasonable doubt that he did so. +Bigot's chief profits rose, however, from other sources. It was his +business to see that the King's storehouses for the supply of troops, +militia, and Indians were kept well stocked. To this end he and Bréard, +naval comptroller at Quebec, made a partnership with the commercial house +of Gradis and Son at Bordeaux. He next told the Colonial Minister that +there were stores enough already in Canada to last three years, and that it +would be more to the advantage of the King to buy them in the colony than +to take the risk of sending them from France. +<span class="superscript">[549]</span> Gradis and Son then +shipped them to Canada in large quantities, while Bréard or his agent +declared at the custom-house that they belonged to the King, and so +escaped the payment of duties. They were then, as occasion rose, sold to +the King at a huge profit, always under fictitious names. Often they were +sold to some favored merchant or speculator, who sold them in turn to +Bigot's confederate, the King's storekeeper; and sometimes they passed +through several successive hands, till the price rose to double or triple +the first cost, the Intendant and his partners sharing the gains with +friends and allies. They would let nobody else sell to the King; and +thus a grinding +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_024-V2" id="Page_024-V2">24<br />V2</a></span> +monopoly was established, to the great profit of those +who held it. <span class="superscript">[550]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_548" name="footer_548"></a> + <span class="superscript">[548]</span> +<i>Procès de Bigot, Cadet, et autres, Mémoire pour Messire +François Bigot</i>. Compare <i>Mémoires sur le Canada</i>, +1749-1760.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_549" name="footer_549"></a> + <span class="superscript">[549]</span> +<i>Bigot au Ministre, 8 Oct. 1749.</i></p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_550" name="footer_550"></a> + <span class="superscript">[550]</span> +<i>Procés de Bigot, Cadet, et autres. Mémoire sur les +Fraudes commises dans la Colonie.</i> Compare <i>Mémoires sur +le Canada</i>, 1749-1760.</p> +</div> + +<p>Under the name of a trader named Claverie, Bigot, some time before the +war, set up a warehouse on land belonging to the King and not far from +his own palace. Here the goods shipped from Bordeaux were collected, to +be sold in retail to the citizens, and in wholesale to favored merchants +and the King. This establishment was popularly known as La Friponne, or +The Cheat. There was another Friponne at Montreal, which was leagued +with that of Quebec, and received goods from it.</p> + +<p>Bigot and his accomplices invented many other profitable frauds. Thus he +was charged with the disposal of the large quantity of furs belonging to +his master, which it was his duty to sell at public auction, after due +notice, to the highest bidder. Instead of this, he sold them privately +at a low price to his own confederates. It was also his duty to provide +transportation for troops, artillery, provisions, and stores, in which +he made good profit by letting to the King, at high prices, boats or +vessels which he had himself bought or hired for the purpose. +<span class="superscript">[551]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_551" name="footer_551"></a> + <span class="superscript">[551]</span> +<i>Jugement rendu souverainement dans l'Affaire du Canada.</i></p> +</div> + +<p>Yet these and other illicit gains still left him but the second place as +public plunderer. Cadet, the commissary-general, reaped an ampler +harvest, and became the richest man in the colony. One of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_025-V2" id="Page_025-V2">25<br />V2</a></span> +operations +of this scoundrel, accomplished with the help of Bigot, consisted in +buying for six hundred thousand francs a quantity of stores belonging to +the King, and then selling them back to him for one million four hundred +thousand. <span class="superscript">[552]</span> +It was further shown on his trial that in 1759 he +received 1,614,354 francs for stores furnished at the post of +Miramichi, while the value of those actually furnished was but 889,544 +francs; thus giving him a fraudulent profit of more than seven hundred +and twenty-four thousand. <span class="superscript">[553]</span> +Cadet's chief resource was the +falsification of accounts. The service of the King in Canada was fenced +about by rigid formalities. When supplies were wanted at any of the +military posts, the commandant made a requisition specifying their +nature and quantity, while, before pay could be drawn for them, the +King's storekeeper, the local commissary, and the inspector must set +their names as vouchers to the list, and finally Bigot must sign +it. <span class="superscript">[554]</span> +But precautions were useless where all were leagued to rob the +King. It appeared on Cadet's trial that by gifts of wine, brandy, or +money he had bribed the officers, both civil and military, at all the +principal forts to attest the truth of accounts in which the supplies +furnished by him were set at more than twice their true amount. Of the +many frauds charged against him there was one peculiarly +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_026-V2" id="Page_026-V2">26<br />V2</a></span> +odious. Large +numbers of refugee Acadians were to be supplied with rations to keep +them alive. Instead of wholesome food, mouldered and unsalable salt cod +was sent them, and paid for by the King at inordinate prices. +<span class="superscript">[555]</span> It +was but one of many heartless outrages practised by Canadian officials +on this unhappy people.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_552" name="footer_552"></a> + <span class="superscript">[552]</span> +<i>Procès de Bigot, Cadet, et autres, Requête du +Procureur-Général</i>, 19 <i>Dec</i>. 1761.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_553" name="footer_553"></a> + <span class="superscript">[553]</span> +<i>Procès de Bigot, Cadet, et autres, Mémoire pour Messire +François Bigot</i>.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_554" name="footer_554"></a> + <span class="superscript">[554]</span> +<i>Mémoire sur le Canada</i> (Archives Nationales).</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_555" name="footer_555"></a> + <span class="superscript">[555]</span> +<i>Mémoires sur le Canada</i>, 1749-1760.</p> +</div> + +<p>Cadet told the Intendant that the inhabitants were hoarding their grain, +and got an order from him requiring them to sell it at a low fixed +price, on pain of having it seized. Thus nearly the whole fell into his +hands. Famine ensued; and he then sold it at a great profit, partly to +the King, and partly to its first owners. Another of his devices was to +sell provisions to the King which, being sent to the outlying forts, +were falsely reported as consumed; on which he sold them to the King a +second time. Not without reason does a writer of the time exclaim: "This +is the land of abuses, ignorance, prejudice, and all that is monstrous +in government. Peculation, monopoly, and plunder have become a +bottomless abyss." <span class="superscript">[556]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_556" name="footer_556"></a> + <span class="superscript">[556]</span> +<i>Considérations sur l'État présent du Canada</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>The command of a fort brought such opportunities of making money that, +according to Bougainville, the mere prospect of appointment to it for +the usual term of three years was thought enough for a young man to +marry upon. It was a favor in the gift of the Governor, who was accused +of sharing the profits. These came partly +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_027-V2" id="Page_027-V2">27<br />V2</a></span> +from the fur-trade, and still more from frauds of various kinds. For example, +a requisition was made for supplies as gifts to the Indians in order to keep +them friendly or send them on the war-path; and their number was put many +times above the truth in order to get more goods, which the commandant and +his confederates then bartered for furs on their own account, instead of +giving them as presents. "And," says a contemporary, addressing the +Colonial Minister, "those who treat the savages so basely are officers +of the King, depositaries of his authority, ministers of that Great +Onontio whom they call their father." +<span class="superscript">[557]</span> At the post of Green Bay, the +partisan officer Marin, and Rigaud, the Governor's brother, made in a +short time a profit of three hundred and twelve thousand francs. +<span class="superscript">[558]</span> +"Why is it," asks Bougainville, "that of all which the King sends to the +Indians two thirds are stolen, and the rest sold to them instead of +being given?" <span class="superscript">[559]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_557" name="footer_557"></a> + <span class="superscript">[557]</span> +<i>Considérations sur l'État présent du Canada</i>.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_558" name="footer_558"></a> + <span class="superscript">[558]</span> +<i>Mémoire sur les Fraudes commises dans la Colonie</i>. +Bougainville, <i>Mémoire sur l'État de la Nouvelle +France</i>.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_559" name="footer_559"></a> + <span class="superscript">[559]</span> +Bougainville, <i>Journal</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>The transportation of military stores gave another opportunity of +plunder. The contractor would procure from the Governor or the local +commandant an order requiring the inhabitants to serve him as boatmen, +drivers, or porters, under a promise of exemption that year from duty as +soldiers. This saved him his chief item of expense, and the profits of +his contract rose in proportion.</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_028-V2" id="Page_028-V2">28<br />V2</a></span> +A contagion of knavery ran through the official life of the colony; and +to resist it demanded no common share of moral robustness. The officers +of the troops of the line were not much within its influence; but those +of the militia and colony regulars, whether of French or Canadian birth, +shared the corruption of the civil service. Seventeen of them, including +six chevaliers of St. Louis and eight commandants of forts, were +afterwards arraigned for fraud and malversation, though some of the +number were acquitted. Bougainville gives the names of four other +Canadian officers as honorable exceptions to the general +demoralization,—Benoît, Repentigny, Lainé, and Le Borgne; +"not enough," he observes, "to save Sodom."</p> + +<p>Conspicuous among these military thieves was Major Péan, whose qualities +as a soldier have been questioned, but who nevertheless had shown almost +as much vigor in serving the King during the Ohio campaign of 1753 as +he afterwards displayed effrontery in cheating him. "Le petit Péan" had +married a young wife, Mademoiselle Desméloizes, Canadian like himself, +well born, and famed for beauty, vivacity, and wit. Bigot, who was near +sixty, became her accepted lover; and the fortune of Péan was made. His +first success seems to have taken him by surprise. He had bought as a +speculation a large quantity of grain, with money of the King lent him +by the Intendant. Bigot, officially omnipotent, then issued an order +raising the commodity to a price far above that paid by Péan, who thus +made a profit of fifty +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_029-V2" id="Page_029-V2">29<br />V2</a></span> +thousand crowns. <span class="superscript">[560]</span> +A few years later his +wealth was estimated at from two to four million francs. Madame Péan +became a power in Canada, the dispenser of favors and offices; and all +who sought opportunity to rob the King hastened to pay her their court. +Péan, jilted by his own wife, made prosperous love to the wife of his +partner, Penisseault; who, though the daughter of a Montreal tradesman, +had the air of a woman of rank, and presided with dignity and grace at a +hospitable board where were gathered the clerks of Cadet and other +lesser lights of the administrative hierarchy. It was often honored by +the presence of the Chevalier de Lévis, who, captivated by the charms of +the hostess, condescended to a society which his friends condemned as +unworthy of his station. He succeeded Péan in the graces of Madame +Penisseault, and after the war took her with him to France; while the +aggrieved husband found consolation in the wives of the small +functionaries under his orders. <span class="superscript">[561]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_560" name="footer_560"></a> + <span class="superscript">[560]</span> +<i>Mémoires sur le Canada</i>, 1749-1760. +<i>Mémoire sur les Fraudes</i>, etc. Compare Pouchot, I. 8.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_561" name="footer_561"></a> + <span class="superscript">[561]</span> +<i>Mémoires sur le Canada</i>, 1749-1760.</p> +</div> + +<p>Another prominent name on the roll of knavery was that of Varin, +commissary of marine, and Bigot's deputy at Montreal, a Frenchman of low +degree, small in stature, sharp witted, indefatigable, conceited, +arrogant, headstrong, capricious, and dissolute. Worthless as he was, he +found a place in the Court circle of the Governor, and aspired to +supplant Bigot in the intendancy. To +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_030-V2" id="Page_030-V2">30<br />V2</a></span> +this end, as well as to save +himself from justice, he had the fatuity to turn informer and lay bare +the sins of his confederates, though forced at the same time to betray +his own. Among his comrades and allies may be mentioned Deschenaux, son +of a shoemaker at Quebec, and secretary to the Intendant; Martel, King's +storekeeper at Montreal; the humpback Maurin, who is not to be +confounded with the partisan officer Marin; and Corpron, a clerk whom +several tradesmen had dismissed for rascality, but who was now in the +confidence of Cadet, to whom he made himself useful, and in whose +service he grew rich.</p> + +<p>Canada was the prey of official jackals,—true lion's providers, since +they helped to prepare a way for the imperial beast, who, roused at last +from his lethargy, was gathering his strength to seize her for his own. +Honesty could not be expected from a body of men clothed with arbitrary +and ill-defined powers, ruling with absolute sway an unfortunate people +who had no voice in their own destinies, and answerable only to an +apathetic master three thousand miles away. Nor did the Canadian Church, +though supreme, check the corruptions that sprang up and flourished +under its eye. The Governor himself was charged with sharing the +plunder; and though he was acquitted on his trial, it is certain that +Bigot had him well in hand, that he was intimate with the chief robbers, +and that they found help in his weak compliances and wilful blindness. +He put his stepson, Le Verrier, in command at +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_031-V2" id="Page_031-V2">31<br />V2</a></span> +Michillimackinac, where, +by fraud and the connivance of his stepfather, the young man made a +fortune. <span class="superscript">[562]</span> +When the Colonial Minister berated the Intendant for +maladministration, Vaudreuil became his advocate, and wrote thus in his +defence: "I cannot conceal from you, Monseigneur, how deeply M. Bigot +feels the suspicions expressed in your letters to him. He does not +deserve them, I am sure. He is full of zeal for the service of the King; +but as he is rich, or passes as such, and as he has merit, the +ill-disposed are jealous, and insinuate that he has prospered at the +expense of His Majesty. I am certain that it is not true, and that +nobody is a better citizen than he, or has the King's interest more at +heart." <span class="superscript">[563]</span> For Cadet, the butcher's son, +the Governor asked a patent of nobility as a reward for his services. +<span class="superscript">[564]</span> When Péan went to France +in 1758, Vaudreuil wrote to the Colonial Minister: "I have great +confidence in him. He knows the colony and its needs. You can trust all +he says. He will explain everything in the best manner. I shall be +extremely sensible to any kindness you may show him, and hope that when +you know him you will like him as much as I do." +<span class="superscript">[565]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_562" name="footer_562"></a> + <span class="superscript">[562]</span> +<i>Mémoires sur le Canada</i>, 1749-1760.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_563" name="footer_563"></a> + <span class="superscript">[563]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 15 <i>Oct</i>. 1759.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_564" name="footer_564"></a> + <span class="superscript">[564]</span> +<i>Ibid</i>., 7 <i>Nov</i>. 1759.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_565" name="footer_565"></a> + <span class="superscript">[565]</span> +<i>Ibid</i>., 6 <i>Août</i>, 1758.</p> +</div> + +<p>Administrative corruption was not the only bane of Canada. Her financial +condition was desperate. The ordinary circulating medium consisted of +what was known as card money, and amounted to only +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_032-V2" id="Page_032-V2">32<br />V2</a></span> +a million of francs. This being insufficient, Bigot, like his predecessor +Hocquart, issued promissory notes on his own authority, and made them legal +tender. They were for sums from one franc to a hundred, and were called +<i>ordonnances</i>. Their issue was blamed at Versailles as an encroachment +on the royal prerogative, though they were recognized by the Ministry in +view of the necessity of the case. Every autumn those who held them to +any considerable amount might bring them to the colonial treasurer, who +gave in return bills of exchange on the royal treasury in France. At +first these bills were promptly paid; then delays took place, and the +notes depreciated; till in 1759 the Ministry, aghast at the amount, +refused payment, and the utmost dismay and confusion followed. +<span class="superscript">[566]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_566" name="footer_566"></a> + <span class="superscript">[566]</span> +<i>Réflexions sommaires sur le Commerce qui s'est fait en +Canada. État présent du Canada</i>. Compare Stevenson, +<i>Card Money of Canada</i>, in <i>Transactions of the Historical +Society of Quebec</i>, 1873-1875.</p> +</div> + +<p>The vast jarring, discordant mechanism of corruption grew +incontrollable; it seized upon Bigot, and dragged him, despite himself, +into perils which his prudence would have shunned. He was becoming a +victim to the rapacity of his own confederates, whom he dared not offend +by refusing his connivance and his signature of frauds which became more +and more recklessly audacious. He asked leave to retire from office, in +the hope that his successor would bear the brunt of the ministerial +displeasure. Péan had withdrawn already, and with the fruits of his +plunder bought land in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_033-V2" id="Page_033-V2">33<br />V2</a></span> +France, where he thought himself safe. But though the Intendant had long +been an object of distrust, and had often been warned to mend his ways, +<span class="superscript">[567]</span> yet such was his energy, his +executive power, and his fertility of resource, that in the crisis of the +war it was hard to dispense with him. Neither his abilities, however, nor +his strong connections in France, nor an ally whom he had secured in the +bureau of the Colonial Minister himself, could avail him much longer; +and the letters from Versailles became appalling in rebuke and menace.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_567" name="footer_567"></a> + <span class="superscript">[567]</span> +<i>Ordres du Roy et Dépêches des Ministres</i>, 1751-1758.</p> +</div> + +<p>"The ship 'Britannia,'" wrote the Minister, Berryer, "laden with goods +such as are wanted in the colony, was captured by a privateer from St.-Malo, +and brought into Quebec. You sold the whole cargo for eight hundred thousand +francs. The purchasers made a profit of two millions. You bought back a part +for the King at one million, or two hundred thousand more than the price for +which you sold the whole. With conduct like this it is no wonder that the +expenses of the colony become insupportable. The amount of your drafts on +the treasury is frightful. The fortunes of your subordinates throw suspicion +on your administration." And in another letter on the same day: "How could it +happen that the small-pox among the Indians cost the King a million francs? +What does this expense mean? Who is answerable for it? Is it the +officers who command the posts, or is it the storekeepers? +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_034-V2" id="Page_034-V2">34<br />V2</a></span> +You give me no particulars. What has become of the immense quantity of +provisions sent to Canada last year? I am forced to conclude that the King's +stores are set down as consumed from the moment they arrive, and then sold +to His Majesty at exorbitant prices. Thus the King buys stores in France, +and then buys them again in Canada. I no longer wonder at the immense +fortunes made in the colony." <span class="superscript">[568]</span> +Some months later the Minister writes: "You pay bills without examination, +and then find an error in your accounts of three million six hundred thousand +francs. In the letters from Canada I see nothing but incessant speculation in +provisions and goods, which are sold to the King for ten times more than +they cost in France. For the last time, I exhort you to give these +things your serious attention, for they will not escape from mine." +<span class="superscript">[569]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_568" name="footer_568"></a> + <span class="superscript">[568]</span> +<i>Le Ministre à Bigot</i>, 19 <i>Jan</i>. 1759.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_569" name="footer_569"></a> + <span class="superscript">[569]</span> +<i>Ibid</i>., 29 <i>Août</i>, 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>"I write, Monsieur, to answer your last two letters, in which you tell +me that instead of sixteen millions, your drafts on the treasury for +1758 will reach twenty-four millions, and that this year they will rise +to from thirty-one to thirty-three millions. It seems, then, that there +are no bounds to the expenses of Canada. They double almost every year, +while you seem to give yourself no concern except to get them paid. Do +you suppose that I can advise the King to approve such an +administration? or do you think that you can take the immense sum of +thirty-three millions out +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_035-V2" id="Page_035-V2">35<br />V2</a></span> +of the royal treasury by merely assuring me that you have signed drafts for +it? This, too, for expenses incurred irregularly, often needlessly, always +wastefully; which make the fortune of everybody who has the least hand in +them, and about which you know so little that after reporting them at +sixteen millions, you find two months after that they will reach twenty-four. +You are accused of having given the furnishing of provisions to one man, who, +under the name of commissary-general, has set what prices he pleased; of +buying for the King at second or third hand what you might have got from the +producer at half the price; of having in this and other ways made the fortunes +of persons connected with you; and of living in splendor in the midst of a +public misery, which all the letters from the colony agree in ascribing +to bad administration, and in charging M. de Vaudreuil with weakness in +not preventing." <span class="superscript">[570]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_570" name="footer_570"></a> + <span class="superscript">[570]</span> +<i>Le Ministre à Bigotû</i>, 29 <i>Août</i>, 1759 +(second letter of this date).</p> +</div> + +<p>These drastic utterances seem to have been partly due to a letter +written by Montcalm in cipher to the Maréchal de Belleisle, then +minister of war. It painted the deplorable condition of Canada, and +exposed without reserve the peculations and robberies of those intrusted +with its interests. "It seems," said the General, "as if they were all +hastening to make their fortunes before the loss of the colony; which +many of them perhaps desire as a veil to their conduct." He gives among +other cases that of Le Mercier, chief of Canadian artillery, who had +come to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_036-V2" id="Page_036-V2">36<br />V2</a></span> +Canada as a private soldier twenty years before, and had so prospered on +fraudulent contracts that he would soon be worth nearly a million. "I have +often," continues Montcalm, "spoken of these expenditures to M. de +Vaudreuil and M. Bigot; and each throws the blame on the other." +<span class="superscript">[571]</span> And yet at the same time Vaudreuil +was assuring the Minister that Bigot was without blame.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_571" name="footer_571"></a> + <span class="superscript">[571]</span> +<i>Montcalm au Ministre de la Guerre, Lettre confidentielle</i>, +12 <i>Avril,</i> 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>Some two months before Montcalm wrote this letter, the Minister, +Berryer, sent a despatch to the Governor and Intendant which filled them +with ire and mortification. It ordered them to do nothing without +consulting the general of the French regulars, not only in matters of +war, but in all matters of administration touching the defence and +preservation of the colony. A plainer proof of confidence on one hand +and distrust on the other could not have been given. +<span class="superscript">[572]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_572" name="footer_572"></a> + <span class="superscript">[572]</span> +<i>Le Ministre à Vaudreuil et Bigot</i>, 20 +<i>Fév</i>. 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>One Querdisien-Tremais was sent from Bordeaux as an agent of Government +to make investigation. He played the part of detective, wormed himself +into the secrets of the confederates, and after six months of patient +inquisition traced out four distinct combinations for public plunder. +Explicit orders were now given to Bigot, who, seeing no other escape, +broke with Cadet, and made him disgorge two millions of stolen money. +The Commissary-General and his partners became so terrified that they +afterwards gave up nearly seven +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_037-V2" id="Page_037-V2">37<br />V2</a></span> +millions more. <span class="superscript">[573]</span> Stormy events +followed, and the culprits found shelter for a time amid the tumults of +war. Peculation did not cease, but a day of reckoning was at hand.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_573" name="footer_573"></a> + <span class="superscript">[573]</span> +<i>Procès de Bigot, Cadet, et autres, Mémoire pour +François Bigot, 3<span class="superscript">me</span> partie</i>. +</p> + +<p class="double-space-top"> + <a id="footer_17Note" name="footer_17Note"></a> +<span class="smcap">Note</span>.—The printed documents of the trial +of Bigot and the other peculators include the defence of Bigot, of which +the first part occupies 303 quarto pages, and the second part 764. Among +the other papers are the arguments for Péan, Varin, Saint-Blin, +Boishébert, Martel, Joncaire-Chabert and several more, along with +the elaborate <i>Jugement rendu</i>, the <i>Requêtes du +Procureur-Général,</i> the <i>Réponse aux +Mémoires de M. Bigot et du Sieur Péan,</i> etc., forming +together five quarto volumes, all of which I have carefully examined. +These are in the Library of Harvard University. There is another set, +also of five volumes, in the Library of the Historical Society of Quebec, +containing most of the papers just mentioned, and, bound with them, +various others in manuscript, among which are documents in defence of +Vaudreuil (printed in part), Estèbe, Corpron, Penisseault, Maurin, +and Bréard. I have examined this collection also. The manuscript +<i>Ordres du Roy et Dépêches des Ministres</i>, 1751-1760, +as well as the letters of Vaudreuil, Bougainville, Daine, Doreil, and +Montcalm throw much light on the maladministration of the time; as do many +contemporary documents, notably those entitled <i>Mémoire sur les +Fraudes commises dans la Colonie, État présent du Canada,</i> +and <i>Mémoire sur le Canada</i> (Archives Nationales). The remarkable +anonymous work printed by the Historical Society of Quebec under the title +<i>Mémoires sur le Canada depuis 1749 jusqu'à 1760</i>, +is full of curious matter concerning Bigot and his associates which squares +well with other evidence. This is the source from which Smith, in his +<i>History of Canada</i> (Quebec, 1815), drew most of his information on the +subject. A manuscript which seems to be the original draft of this valuable +document was preserved at the Bastile, and, with other papers, was thrown +into the street when that castle was destroyed. They were gathered up, and +afterwards bought by a Russian named Dubrowski, who carried them to St. +Petersburg. Lord Dufferin, when minister there, procured a copy of the +manuscript in question, which is now in the keeping of Abbé H. Verreau +at Montreal, to whose kindness I owe the opportunity of examining it. In +substance it differs little from the printed work, though the language and the +arrangement often vary from it. The author, whoever he may have been, was +deeply versed in Canadian affairs of the time, and though often caustic, is +generally trustworthy.</p> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Chapter_18" id="Chapter_18"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_038-V2" id="Page_038-V2">38<br />V2</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents18">CHAPTER XVIII.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1757, 1758.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader"> PITT.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + Frederic of Prussia • The Coalition against him • + His desperate Position • Rossbach • Leuthen • + Reverses of England • Weakness of the Ministry • + A Change • Pitt and Newcastle • Character of Pitt • + Sources of his Power • His Aims • Louis XV. • + Pompadour • She controls the Court, and directs the War • + Gloomy Prospects of England • Disasters • + The New Ministry • Inspiring Influence of Pitt • + The Tide turns • British Victories • + Pitt's Plans for America • Louisbourg, Ticonderoga, Duquesne • + New Commanders • Naval Battles. + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> +</div> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">The</span> +war kindled in the American forest was now raging in full +conflagration among the kingdoms of Europe; and in the midst stood +Frederic of Prussia, a veritable fire-king. He had learned through +secret agents that he was to be attacked, and that the wrath of Maria +Theresa with her two allies, Pompadour and the Empress of Russia, was +soon to wreak itself upon him. With his usual prompt audacity he +anticipated his enemies, marched into Saxony, and began the Continental +war. His position seemed desperate. England, sundered from Austria, her +old ally, had made common cause with him; but he had no other friend +worth the counting. France, Russia, Austria, Sweden, Saxony, the +collective Germanic Empire, and most of the smaller German States had +joined +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_039-V2" id="Page_039-V2">39<br />V2</a></span> +hands for his ruin, eager to crush him and divide the spoil, +parcelling out his dominions among themselves in advance by solemn +mutual compact. Against the five millions of Prussia were arrayed +populations of more than a hundred million. The little kingdom was open +on all sides to attack, and her enemies were spurred on by the bitterest +animosity. It was thought that one campaign would end the war. The war +lasted seven years, and Prussia came out of it triumphant. Such a +warrior as her indomitable king Europe has rarely seen. If the Seven +Years War made the maritime and colonial greatness of England, it also +raised Prussia to the rank of a first-class Power.</p> + +<p>Frederic began with a victory, routing the Austrians in one of the +fiercest of recorded conflicts, the battle of Prague. Then in his turn +he was beaten at Kolin. All seemed lost. The hosts of the coalition were +rolling in upon him like a deluge. Surrounded by enemies, in the jaws of +destruction, hoping for little but to die in battle, this strange hero +solaced himself with an exhaustless effusion of bad verses, sometimes +mournful, sometimes cynical, sometimes indignant, and sometimes +breathing a dauntless resolution; till, when his hour came, he threw +down his pen to achieve those feats of arms which stamp him one of the +foremost soldiers of the world.</p> + +<p>The French and Imperialists, in overwhelming force, thought to crush him +at Rossbach. He put them to shameful rout; and then, instead of bonfires +and Te Deums, mocked at them in doggerel +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_040-V2" id="Page_040-V2">40<br />V2</a></span> +rhymes of amazing indecency. +While he was beating the French, the Austrians took Silesia from him. He +marched to recover it, found them strongly posted at Leuthen, eighty +thousand men against thirty thousand, and without hesitation resolved to +attack them. Never was he more heroic than on the eve of this, his +crowning triumph. "The hour is at hand," he said to his generals. "I +mean, in spite of the rules of military art, to attack Prince Karl's +army, which is nearly thrice our own. This risk I must run, or all is +lost. We must beat him or die, all of us, before his batteries." He +burst unawares upon the Austrian right, and rolled their whole host +together, corps upon corps, in a tumult of irretrievable ruin.</p> + +<p>While her great ally was reaping a full harvest of laurels, England, +dragged into the Continental war because that apple of discord, Hanover, +belonged to her King, found little but humiliation. Minorca was wrested +from her, and the Ministry had an innocent man shot to avert from +themselves the popular indignation; while the same Ministry, scared by a +phantom of invasion, brought over German troops to defend British soil. +But now an event took place pregnant with glorious consequence. The +reins of power fell into the hands of William Pitt. He had already held +them for a brief space, forced into office at the end of 1756 by popular +clamor, in spite of the Whig leaders and against the wishes of the King. +But the place was untenable. Newcastle's Parliament would not support +him; the Duke of Cumberland +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_041-V2" id="Page_041-V2">41<br />V2</a></span> +opposed him; the King hated him; and in April, 1757, he was dismissed. Then +ensued eleven weeks of bickering and dispute, during which, in the midst of +a great war, England was left without a government. It became clear that +none was possible without Pitt; and none with him could be permanent and +strong unless joined with those influences which had thus far controlled +the majorities of Parliament. Therefore an extraordinary union was brought +about; Lord Chesterfield acting as go-between to reconcile the ill-assorted +pair. One of them brought to the alliance the confidence and support of the +people; the other, Court management, borough interest, and parliamentary +connections. Newcastle was made First Lord of the Treasury, and Pitt, +the old enemy who had repeatedly browbeat and ridiculed him, became +Secretary of State, with the lead of the House of Commons and full control +of the war and foreign affairs. It was a partnership of magpie and eagle. +The dirty work of government, intrigue, bribery, and all the patronage +that did not affect the war, fell to the share of the old politician. If +Pitt could appoint generals, admirals, and ambassadors, Newcastle was +welcome to the rest. "I will borrow the Duke's majorities to carry on the +government," said the new secretary; and with the audacious self-confidence +that was one of his traits, he told the Duke of Devonshire, "I am sure that +I can save this country, and that nobody else can." England hailed with one +acclaim the undaunted leader who asked for no +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_042-V2" id="Page_042-V2">42<br />V2</a></span> +reward but the honor of serving her. The hour had found the man. For the next +four years this imposing figure towers supreme in British history.</p> + +<p>He had glaring faults, some of them of a sort not to have been expected +in him. Vanity, the common weakness of small minds, was the most +disfiguring foible of this great one. He had not the simplicity which +becomes greatness so well. He could give himself theatrical airs, strike +attitudes, and dart stage lightnings from his eyes; yet he was +formidable even in his affectations. Behind his great intellectual +powers lay a burning enthusiasm, a force of passion and fierce intensity +of will, that gave redoubled impetus to the fiery shafts of his +eloquence; and the haughty and masterful nature of the man had its share +in the ascendency which he long held over Parliament. He would blast the +labored argument of an adversary by a look of scorn or a contemptuous +wave of the hand.</p> + +<p>The Great Commoner was not a man of the people in the popular sense of +that hackneyed phrase. Though himself poor, being a younger son, he came +of a rich and influential family; he was patrician at heart; both his +faults and his virtues, his proud incorruptibility and passionate, +domineering patriotism, bore the patrician stamp. Yet he loved liberty +and he loved the people, because they were the English people. The +effusive humanitarianism of to-day had no part in him, and the democracy +of to-day would detest him. Yet to the middle-class England of his own +time, that unenfranchised England which +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_043-V2" id="Page_043-V2">43<br />V2</a></span> +had little representation in Parliament, he was a voice, an inspiration, +and a tower of strength. He would not flatter the people; but, turning +with contempt from the tricks and devices of official politics, he threw +himself with a confidence that never wavered on their patriotism and +public spirit. They answered him with a boundless trust, asked but to +follow his lead, gave him without stint their money and their blood, +loved him for his domestic virtues and his disinterestedness, believed +him even in his self-contradiction, and idolized him even in his bursts +of arrogant passion. It was he who waked England from her lethargy, +shook off the spell that Newcastle and his fellow-enchanters had cast +over her, and taught her to know herself again. A heart that beat in +unison with all that was British found responsive throbs in every corner +of the vast empire that through him was to become more vast. With the +instinct of his fervid patriotism he would join all its far-extended +members into one, not by vain assertions of parliamentary supremacy, +but by bonds of sympathy and ties of a common freedom and a common cause.</p> + +<p>The passion for power and glory subdued in him all the sordid parts of +humanity, and he made the power and glory of England one with his own. +He could change front through resentment or through policy; but in +whatever path he moved, his objects were the same: not to curb the power +of France in America, but to annihilate it; crush her navy, cripple her +foreign trade, ruin her in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_044-V2" id="Page_044-V2">44<br />V2</a></span> +India, in Africa, and wherever else, east or west, she had found foothold; +gain for England the mastery of the seas, open to her the great highways of +the globe, make her supreme in commerce and colonization; and while limiting +the activities of her rival to the European continent, give to her the whole +world for a sphere.</p> + +<p>To this British Roman was opposed the pampered Sardanapalus of +Versailles, with the silken favorite who by calculated adultery had +bought the power to ruin France. The Marquise de Pompadour, who began +life as Jeanne Poisson,—Jane Fish,—daughter of the head clerk of a +banking house, who then became wife of a rich financier, and then, as +mistress of the King, rose to a pinnacle of gilded ignominy, chose this +time to turn out of office the two ministers who had shown most ability +and force,—Argenson, head of the department of war, and Machault, head +of the marine and colonies; the one because he was not subservient to +her will, and the other because he had unwittingly touched the self-love +of her royal paramour. She aspired to a share in the conduct of the war, +and not only made and unmade ministers and generals, but discussed +campaigns and battles with them, while they listened to her prating with +a show of obsequious respect, since to lose her favor was to risk losing +all. A few months later, when blows fell heavy and fast, she turned a +deaf ear to representations of financial straits and military disasters, +played the heroine, affected a greatness of soul superior to misfortune, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_045-V2" id="Page_045-V2">45<br />V2</a></span> +and in her perfumed boudoir varied her tiresome graces by posing as a +Roman matron. In fact she never wavered in her spite against Frederic, +and her fortitude was perfect in bearing the sufferings of others and +defying dangers that could not touch her.</p> + +<p>When Pitt took office it was not over France, but over England that the +clouds hung dense and black. Her prospects were of the gloomiest. +"Whoever is in or whoever is out," wrote Chesterfield, "I am sure we are +undone both at home and abroad: at home by our increasing debt and +expenses; abroad by our ill-luck and incapacity. We are no longer a +nation." And his despondency was shared by many at the beginning of the +most triumphant Administration in British history. The shuffling +weakness of his predecessors had left Pitt a heritage of tribulation. +From America came news of Loudon's manifold failures; from Germany that +of the miscarriage of the Duke of Cumberland, who, at the head of an +army of Germans in British pay, had been forced to sign the convention +of Kloster-Zeven, by which he promised to disband them. To these +disasters was added a third, of which the new Government alone had to +bear the burden. At the end of summer Pitt sent a great expedition to +attack Rochefort; the military and naval commanders disagreed, and the +consequence was failure. There was no light except from far-off India, +where Clive won the great victory of Plassey, avenged the Black Hole of +Calcutta, and prepared the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_046-V2" id="Page_046-V2">46<br />V2</a></span> +ruin of the French power and the undisputed ascendency of England.</p> + +<p>If the English had small cause as yet to rejoice in their own successes, +they found comfort in those of their Prussian allies. The rout of the +French at Rossbach and of the Austrians at Leuthen spread joy through +their island. More than this, they felt that they had found at last a +leader after their own heart; and the consciousness regenerated them. +For the paltering imbecility of the old Ministry they had the +unconquerable courage, the iron purpose, the unwavering faith, the +inextinguishable hope, of the new one. "England has long been in labor," +said Frederic of Prussia, "and at last she has brought forth a man." It +was not only that instead of weak commanders Pitt gave her strong ones; +the same men who had served her feebly under the blight of the Newcastle +Administration served her manfully and well under his robust impulsion. +"Nobody ever entered his closet," said Colonel Barré, "who did not +come out of it a braver man." That inspiration was felt wherever the +British flag waved. Zeal awakened with the assurance that conspicuous +merit was sure of its reward, and that no officer who did his duty would +now be made a sacrifice, like Admiral Byng, to appease public indignation +at ministerial failures. As Nature, languishing in chill vapors and dull +smothering fogs, revives at the touch of the sun, so did England spring +into fresh life under the kindling influence of one great man.</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_047-V2" id="Page_047-V2">47<br />V2</a></span> +With the opening of the year 1758 her course of Continental victories +began. The Duke of Cumberland, the King's son, was recalled in disgrace, +and a general of another stamp, Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, was +placed in command of the Germans in British pay, with the contingent of +English troops now added to them. The French, too, changed commanders. +The Duke of Richelieu, a dissolute old beau, returned to Paris to spend +in heartless gallantries the wealth he had gained by plunder; and a +young soldier-churchman, the Comte de Clermont, took his place. Prince +Ferdinand pushed him hard with an inferior force, drove him out of +Hanover, and captured eleven thousand of his soldiers. Clermont was +recalled, and was succeeded by Contades, another incapable. One of his +subordinates won for him the battle of Lutterberg; but the generalship +of Ferdinand made it a barren victory, and the campaign remained a +success for the English. They made descents on the French coasts, +captured St.-Servan, a suburb of St.-Malo, and burned three ships of +the line, twenty-four privateers, and sixty merchantmen; then entered +Cherbourg, destroyed the forts, carried off or spiked the cannon, and +burned twenty-seven vessels,—a success partially offset by a failure on +the coast of Brittany, where they were repulsed with some loss. In +Africa they drove the French from the Guinea coast, and seized their +establishment at Senegal.</p> + +<p>It was towards America that Pitt turned his heartiest efforts. His first +aim was to take Louisbourg, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_048-V2" id="Page_048-V2">48<br />V2</a></span> +as a step towards taking Quebec; then Ticonderoga, that thorn in the side of +the northern colonies; and lastly Fort Duquesne, the Key of the Great West. +He recalled Loudon, for whom he had a fierce contempt; but there were +influences which he could not disregard, and Major-General Abercromby, who was +next in order of rank, an indifferent soldier, though a veteran in years, was +allowed to succeed him, and lead in person the attack on Ticonderoga. +<span class="superscript">[574]</span> Pitt hoped that Brigadier Lord Howe, +an admirable officer, who was joined with Abercromby, would be the real +commander, and make amends for all shortcomings of his chief. To command the +Louisbourg expedition, Colonel Jeffrey Amherst was recalled from the German +war, and made at one leap a major-general. <span class="superscript">[575]</span> +He was energetic and resolute, somewhat cautious and slow, but with a bulldog +tenacity of grip. Under him were three brigadiers, Whitmore, Lawrence, and +Wolfe, of whom the youngest is the most noteworthy. In the luckless Rochefort +expedition, Colonel James Wolfe was conspicuous by a dashing gallantry that did +not escape the eye of Pitt, always on the watch for men to do his work. The +young officer was ardent, headlong, void of fear, often rash, almost fanatical +in his devotion to military duty, and reckless of life when the glory of +England or his own was at stake. The third +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_049-V2" id="Page_049-V2">49<br />V2</a></span> +expedition, that against Fort Duquesne, was given to Brigadier John Forbes, +whose qualities well fitted him for the task.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_574" name="footer_574"></a> + <span class="superscript">[574]</span> +<i>Order, War Office</i>, 19 <i>Dec</i>. 1757.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_575" name="footer_575"></a> + <span class="superscript">[575]</span> +<i>Pitt to Abercromby</i>, 27 <i>Jan</i>. 1758. <i>Instructions for our Trusty +and Well-beloved Jeffrey Amherst, Esq., Major-General of our Forces in North +America</i>, 3 <i>March</i>, 1758.</p> +</div> + +<p>During his first short term of office, Pitt had given a new species of +troops to the British army. These were the Scotch Highlanders, who had +risen against the House of Hanover in 1745, and would rise against it +again should France accomplish her favorite scheme of throwing a force +into Scotland to excite another insurrection for the Stuarts. But they +would be useful to fight the French abroad, though dangerous as their +possible allies at home; and two regiments of them were now ordered to +America.</p> + +<p>Delay had been the ruin of the last year's attempt against Louisbourg. +This time preparation was urged on apace; and before the end of winter +two fleets had put to sea: one, under Admiral Boscawen, was destined for +Louisbourg; while the other, under Admiral Osborn, sailed for the +Mediterranean to intercept the French fleet of Admiral La Clue, who was +about to sail from Toulon for America. Osborn, cruising between the +coasts of Spain and Africa, barred the way to the Straits of Gibraltar, +and kept his enemy imprisoned. La Clue made no attempt to force a +passage; but several combats of detached ships took place, one of which +is too remarkable to pass unnoticed. Captain Gardiner of the "Monmouth," +a ship of four hundred and seventy men and sixty-four guns, engaged the +French ship "Foudroyant," carrying a thousand men and eighty-four guns of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_050-V2" id="Page_050-V2">50<br />V2</a></span> +heavier metal than those of the Englishman. Gardiner had lately been +reproved by Anson, First Lord of the Admiralty, for some alleged +misconduct or shortcoming, and he thought of nothing but retrieving his +honor. "We must take her," he said to his crew as the "Foudroyant" hove +in sight. "She looks more than a match for us, but I will not quit her +while this ship can swim or I have a soul left alive;" and the sailors +answered with cheers. The fight was long and furious. Gardiner was +killed by a musket shot, begging his first lieutenant with his dying +breath not to haul down his flag. The lieutenant nailed it to the mast. +At length the "Foudroyant" ceased from thundering, struck her colors, +and was carried a prize to England. <span class="superscript">[576]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_576" name="footer_576"></a> + <span class="superscript">[576]</span> +Entick, III. 56-60.</p> +</div> + + +<p>The typical British naval officer of that time was a rugged sea-dog, a +tough and stubborn fighter, though no more so than the politer generations +that followed, at home on the quarter-deck, but no ornament to the +drawing-room, by reason of what his contemporary, Entick, the strenuous +chronicler of the war, calls, not unapprovingly, "the ferocity of his +manners." While Osborn held La Clue imprisoned at Toulon, Sir Edward Hawke, +worthy leader of such men, sailed with seven ships of the line and three +frigates to intercept a French squadron from Rochefort convoying a fleet +of transports with troops for America. The French ships cut their cables +and ran for the shore, where most of them stranded in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_051-V2" id="Page_051-V2">51<br />V2</a></span> +the mud, and some threw cannon and munitions overboard to float themselves. +The expedition was broken up. Of the many ships fitted out this year for the +succor of Canada and Louisbourg, comparatively few reached their destination, +and these for the most part singly or by twos and threes.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile Admiral Boscawen with his fleet bore away for Halifax, the +place of rendezvous, and Amherst, in the ship "Dublin," followed in his +wake.</p> + +<hr /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Chapter_19" id="Chapter_19"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_052-V2" id="Page_052-V2">52<br />V2</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents19">CHAPTER XIX.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1758.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader">LOUISBOURG.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + Condition of the Fortress • Arrival of the English • + Gallantry of Wolfe • The English Camp • The Siege begun • + Progress of the Besiegers • Sallies of the French • + Madame Drucour • Courtesies of War • + French Ships destroyed • Conflagration • + Fury of the Bombardment • Exploit of English Sailors • + The End near • The White Flag • Surrender • + Reception of the News in England and America • + Wolfe not satisfied • His Letters to Amherst • + He destroys Gaspé • Returns to England. + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> +</div> + + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">The</span> +stormy coast of Cape Breton is indented by a small land-locked bay, +between which and the ocean lies a tongue of land dotted with a few +grazing sheep, and intersected by rows of stone that mark more or less +distinctly the lines of what once were streets. Green mounds and +embankments of earth enclose the whole space, and beneath the highest of +them yawn arches and caverns of ancient masonry. This grassy solitude +was once the "Dunkirk of America;" the vaulted caverns where the sheep +find shelter from the rain were casemates where terrified women sought +refuge from storms of shot and shell, and the shapeless green mounds +were citadel, bastion, rampart, and glacis. Here stood Louisbourg; and +not all the efforts of its conquerors, nor all the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_053-V2" id="Page_053-V2">53<br />V2</a></span> +havoc of succeeding times, have availed to efface it. Men in hundreds toiled +for months with lever, spade, and gunpowder in the work of destruction, and +for more than a century it has served as a stone quarry; but the remains of +its vast defences still tell their tale of human valor and human woe.</p> + +<p> +Stand on the mounds that were once the King's Bastion. The glistening +sea spreads eastward three thousand miles, and its waves meet their +first rebuff against this iron coast. Lighthouse Point is white with +foam; jets of spray spout from the rocks of Goat Island; mist curls in +clouds from the seething surf that lashes the crags of Black Point, and +the sea boils like a caldron among the reefs by the harbor's mouth; but +on the calm water within, the small fishing vessels rest tranquil at +their moorings. Beyond lies a hamlet of fishermen by the edge of the +water, and a few scattered dwellings dot the rough hills, bristled with +stunted firs, that gird the quiet basin; while close at hand, within the +precinct of the vanished fortress, stand two small farmhouses. All else +is a solitude of ocean, rock, marsh, and forest. +<span class="superscript">[577]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_577" name="footer_577"></a> + <span class="superscript">[577]</span> +Louisbourg is described as I saw it ten days before +writing the above, after an easterly gale.</p> +</div> + +<p>At the beginning of June, 1758, the place wore another aspect. Since the +peace of Aix-la-Chapelle vast sums had been spent in repairing and +strengthening it; and Louisbourg was the strongest fortress in French or +British America. Nevertheless it had its weaknesses. The original plan +of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_054-V2" id="Page_054-V2">54<br />V2</a></span> +the works had not been fully carried out; and owing, it is said, to +the bad quality of the mortar, the masonry of the ramparts was in so +poor a condition that it had been replaced in some parts with fascines. +The circuit of the fortifications was more than a mile and a half, and +the town contained about four thousand inhabitants. The best buildings +in it were the convent, the hospital, the King's storehouses, and the +chapel and governor's quarters, which were under the same roof. Of the +private houses, only seven or eight were of stone, the rest being humble +wooden structures, suited to a population of fishermen. The garrison +consisted of the battalions of Artois, Bourgogne, Cambis, and +Volontaires Étrangers, with two companies of artillery and twenty-four +of colony troops from Canada,—in all three thousand and eighty regular +troops, besides officers; <span class="superscript">[578]</span> +and to these were added a body of armed inhabitants and a band of Indians. +In the harbor were five ships of the line and seven frigates, carrying in +all five hundred and forty-four guns and about three thousand men. +<span class="superscript">[579]</span> Two hundred and nineteen cannon +and seventeen mortars were mounted on the walls and outworks. +<span class="superscript">[579]</span> Of these last the most +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_055-V2" id="Page_055-V2">55<br />V2</a></span> +important were the Grand Battery on the shore of the harbor opposite its mouth, +and the Island Battery on the rocky islet at its entrance.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_578" name="footer_578"></a> + <span class="superscript">[578]</span> +<i>Journal du Siége de Louisbourg</i>. Twenty-nine hundred +regulars were able to bear arms when the siege began. <i>Houllière, +Commandant des Troupes, au Ministre</i>, 6 <i>Août</i>, 1758.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_579" name="footer_579"></a> + <span class="superscript">[579]</span> +Le Prudent, 74 guns; Entreprenant, 74; Capricieux, 64; Célèbre, +64; Bienfaisant, 64; Apollon, 50; Chèvre, 22; Biche, 18; +Fidèle, 22; Écho, 26; Aréthuse, 36; Comète, 30. +The Bizarre, 64, sailed for France on the eighth of June, and was followed by +the Comète.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_580" name="footer_580"></a> + <span class="superscript">[580]</span> +<i>État d'Artillerie</i>, appended to the Journal of Drucour. +There were also forty-four cannon in reserve.</p> +</div> + +<p>The strongest front of the works was on the land side, along the base of +the peninsular triangle on which the town stood. This front, about +twelve hundred yards in extent, reached from the sea on the left to the +harbor on the right, and consisted of four bastions with their connecting +curtains, the Princess's, the Queen's, the King's, and the Dauphin's. +The King's Bastion formed part of the citadel. The glacis before it +sloped down to an extensive marsh, which, with an adjacent pond, +completely protected this part of the line. On the right, however, +towards the harbor, the ground was high enough to offer advantages to an +enemy, as was also the case, to a less degree, on the left, towards the +sea. The best defence of Louisbourg was the craggy shore, that, for +leagues on either hand, was accessible only at a few points, and even +there with difficulty. All these points were vigilantly watched.</p> + +<p>There had been signs of the enemy from the first opening of spring. In +the intervals of fog, rain, and snow-squalls, sails were seen hovering +on the distant sea; and during the latter part of May a squadron of nine +ships cruised off the mouth of the harbor, appearing and disappearing, +sometimes driven away by gales, sometimes lost in fogs, and sometimes +approaching to within cannon-shot of the batteries. Their object was to +blockade the port,—in which they failed; for +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_056-V2" id="Page_056-V2">56<br />V2</a></span> +French ships had come in at intervals, till, as we have seen, twelve of +them lay safe anchored in the harbor, with more than a year's supply of +provisions for the garrison.</p> + +<p>At length, on the first of June, the southeastern horizon was white with +a cloud of canvas. The long-expected crisis was come. Drucour, the +governor, sent two thousand regulars, with about a thousand militia and +Indians, to guard the various landing-places; and the rest, aided by the +sailors, remained to hold the town. <span class="superscript">[581]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_581" name="footer_581"></a> + <span class="superscript">[581]</span> +<i>Rapport de Grucour. Journal du Siége</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>At the end of May Admiral Boscawen was at Halifax with twenty-three +ships of the line, eighteen frigates and fire-ships, and a fleet of +transports, on board of which were eleven thousand and six hundred +soldiers, all regulars, except five hundred provincial rangers. +<span class="superscript">[582]</span> +Amherst had not yet arrived, and on the twenty-eighth, Boscawen, in +pursuance of his orders and to prevent loss of time, put to sea without +him; but scarcely had the fleet sailed out of Halifax, when they met the +ship that bore the expected general. Amherst took command of the troops; +and the expedition held its way till the second of June, when they saw +the rocky shore-line of Cape Breton, and descried the masts of the +French squadron in the harbor of Louisbourg.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_582" name="footer_582"></a> + <span class="superscript">[582]</span> +Of this force, according to Mante, only 9,900 were fit +for duty. The table printed by Knox (I. 127) shows a total of 11,112, +besides officers, artillery, and rangers. The <i>Authentic Account of the +Reduction of Louisbourg, by a Spectator</i>, puts the force at 11,326 men, +besides officers. Entick makes the whole 11,936.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_057-V2" id="Page_057-V2">57<br />V2</a></span> +Boscawen sailed into Gabarus Bay. The sea was rough; but in the +afternoon Amherst, Lawrence, and Wolfe, with a number of naval officers, +reconnoitred the shore in boats, coasting it for miles, and approaching +it as near as the French batteries would permit. The rocks were white +with surf, and every accessible point was strongly guarded. Boscawen saw +little chance of success. He sent for his captains, and consulted them +separately. They thought, like him, that it would be rash to attempt a +landing, and proposed a council of war. One of them alone, an old sea +officer named Ferguson, advised his commander to take the responsibility +himself, hold no council, and make the attempt at every risk. Boscawen +took his advice, and declared that he would not leave Gabarus Bay till +he had fulfilled his instructions and set the troops on shore. +<span class="superscript">[583]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_583" name="footer_583"></a> + <span class="superscript">[583]</span> +Entick, III. 224.</p> +</div> + +<p>West of Louisbourg there were three accessible places, Freshwater Cove, +four miles from the town, and Flat Point, and White Point, which were +nearer, the last being within a mile of the fortifications. East of the +town there was an inlet called Lorambec, also available for landing. In +order to distract the attention of the enemy, it was resolved to +threaten all these places, and to form the troops into three divisions, +two of which, under Lawrence and Whitmore, were to advance towards Flat +Point and White Point, while a detached regiment was to make a feint at +Lorambec. Wolfe, with the third division, was to make the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_058-V2" id="Page_058-V2">58<br />V2</a></span> +real attack and try to force a landing at Freshwater Cove, which, as it proved, +was the most strongly defended of all. When on shore Wolfe was an habitual +invalid, and when at sea every heave of the ship made him wretched; but +his ardor was unquenchable. Before leaving England he wrote to a friend: +"Being of the profession of arms, I would seek all occasions to serve; +and therefore have thrown myself in the way of the American war, though +I know that the very passage threatens my life, and that my constitution +must be utterly ruined and undone."</p> + +<p>On the next day, the third, the surf was so high that nothing could be +attempted. On the fourth there was a thick fog and a gale. The frigate +"Trent" struck on a rock, and some of the transports were near being +stranded. On the fifth there was another fog and a raging surf. On the +sixth there was fog, with rain in the morning and better weather towards +noon, whereupon the signal was made and the troops entered the boats; +but the sea rose again, and they were ordered back to the ships. On the +seventh more fog and more surf till night, when the sea grew calmer, and +orders were given for another attempt. At two in the morning of the +eighth the troops were in the boats again. At daybreak the frigates of +the squadron, anchoring before each point of real or pretended attack, +opened a fierce cannonade on the French intrenchments; and, a quarter of +an hour after, the three divisions rowed towards the shore. That of the +left, under Wolfe, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_059-V2" id="Page_059-V2">59<br />V2</a></span> +consisted of four companies of grenadiers, with the light infantry and New +England rangers, followed and supported by Fraser's Highlanders and eight +more companies of grenadiers. They pulled for Freshwater Cove. Here there +was a crescent-shaped beach, a quarter of a mile long, with rocks at each +end. On the shore above, about a thousand Frenchmen, under Lieutenant-Colonel +de Saint-Julien, lay behind entrenchments covered in front by spruce and fir +trees, felled and laid on the ground with the tops outward. +<span class="superscript">[584]</span> Eight cannon and swivels were +planted to sweep every part of the beach and its approaches, and these +pieces were masked by young evergreens stuck in the ground before them.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_584" name="footer_584"></a> + <span class="superscript">[584]</span> +Drucour reports 985 soldiers as stationed here under Saint-Julien; +there were also some Indians. Freshwater Cove, otherwise Kennington +Cove, was called La Cormorandière by the French.</p> +</div> + +<p>The English were allowed to come within close range unmolested. Then the +batteries opened, and a deadly storm of grape and musketry was poured +upon the boats. It was clear in an instant that to advance farther would +be destruction; and Wolfe waved his hand as a signal to sheer off. At +some distance on the right, and little exposed to the fire, were three +boats of light infantry under Lieutenants Hopkins and Brown and Ensign +Grant; who, mistaking the signal or wilfully misinterpreting it, made +directly for the shore before them. It was a few rods east of the +beach; a craggy coast and a strand strewn with rocks and lashed with +breakers, but sheltered from +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_060-V2" id="Page_060-V2">60<br />V2</a></span> +the cannon by a small projecting point. The three officers leaped ashore, +followed by their men. Wolfe saw the movement, and hastened to support it. +The boat of Major Scott, who commanded the light infantry and rangers, next +came up, and was stove in an instant; but Scott gained the shore, climbed +the crags, and found himself with ten men in front of some seventy French +and Indians. Half his followers were killed and wounded, and three bullets +were shot through his clothes; but with admirable gallantry he held his +ground till others came to his aid. <span class="superscript">[585]</span> +The remaining boats now reached the landing. Many were stove among the +rocks, and others were overset; some of the men were dragged back by the +surf and drowned; some lost their muskets, and were drenched to the skin: +but the greater part got safe ashore. Among the foremost was seen the +tall, attenuated form of Brigadier Wolfe, armed with nothing but a cane, +as he leaped into the surf and climbed the crags with his soldiers. As +they reached the top they formed in compact order, and attacked and +carried with the bayonet the nearest French battery, a few rods distant. +The division of Lawrence soon came up; and as the attention of the enemy +was now distracted, they made their landing with little opposition at the +farther end of the beach, whither they were followed by Amherst himself. +The French, attacked on right and left, and fearing, with good reason, +that they would be cut off from the town, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_061-V2" id="Page_061-V2">61<br />V2</a></span> +abandoned all their cannon and fled into the woods. About seventy of them +were captured and fifty killed. The rest, circling among the hills and +around the marshes, made their way to Louisbourg, and those at the +intermediate posts joined their flight. The English followed through a +matted growth of firs till they reached the cleared ground; when the cannon, +opening on them from the ramparts, stopped the pursuit. The first move of +the great game was played and won. <span class="superscript">[586]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_585" name="footer_585"></a> + <span class="superscript">[585]</span> +Pichon, <i>Mémoires du Cap-Breton</i>, 284.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_586" name="footer_586"></a> + <span class="superscript">[586]</span> +<i>Journal of Amherst</i>, in Mante, 117. <i>Amherst to Pitt</i>, 11 +<i>June</i>, 1758. <i>Authentic Account of the Reduction of Louisbourg, +by a Spectator</i>, 11. <i>General Orders of Amherst</i>, 3-7 <i>June</i>, +1759. <i>Letter from an Officer</i>, in Knox, I. 191; Entick, III. 225. +The French accounts generally agree in essentials with the English. +The English lost one hundred and nine, killed, wounded, and drowned.</p> +</div> + +<p>Amherst made his camp just beyond range of the French cannon, and Flat +Point Cove was chosen as the landing-place of guns and stores. Clearing +the ground, making roads, and pitching tents filled the rest of the day. +At night there was a glare of flames from the direction of the town. The +French had abandoned the Grand Battery after setting fire to the +buildings in it and to the houses and fish-stages along the shore of the +harbor. During the following days stores were landed as fast as the surf +would permit: but the task was so difficult that from first to last more +than a hundred boats were stove in accomplishing it; and such was the +violence of the waves that none of the siege-guns could be got ashore +till the eighteenth. The camp extended two miles along a stream that +flowed down +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_062-V2" id="Page_062-V2">62<br />V2</a></span> +to the Cove among the low, woody hills that curved around the town and harbor. +Redoubts were made to protect its front, and blockhouses to guard its left +and rear from the bands of Acadians known to be hovering in the woods.</p> + +<p>Wolfe, with twelve hundred men, made his way six or seven miles round +the harbor, took possession of the battery at Lighthouse Point which the +French had abandoned, planted guns and mortars, and opened fire on the +Island Battery that guarded the entrance. Other guns were placed at +different points along the shore, and soon opened on the French ships. +The ships and batteries replied. The artillery fight raged night and +day; till on the twenty-fifth the island guns were dismounted and +silenced. Wolfe then strengthened his posts, secured his communications, +and returned to the main army in front of the town.</p> + +<p>Amherst had reconnoitred the ground and chosen a hillock at the edge of +the marsh, less than half a mile from the ramparts, as the point for +opening his trenches. A road with an epaulement to protect it must first +be made to the spot; and as the way was over a tract of deep mud +covered with water-weeds and moss, the labor was prodigious. A thousand +men worked at it day and night under the fire of the town and ships.</p> + +<p>When the French looked landward from their ramparts they could see +scarcely a sign of the impending storm. Behind them Wolfe's cannon were +playing busily from Lighthouse Point and the heights around the harbor; +but, before them, the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_063-V2" id="Page_063-V2">63<br />V2</a></span> +broad flat marsh and the low hills seemed almost a solitude. Two miles distant, +they could descry some of the English tents; but the greater part were hidden +by the inequalities of the ground. On the right, a prolongation of the harbor +reached nearly half a mile beyond the town, ending in a small lagoon formed by +a projecting sandbar, and known as the Barachois. Near this bar lay moored the +little frigate "Aréthuse," under a gallant officer named Vauquelin. Her +position was a perilous one; but so long as she could maintain it she could +sweep with her fire the ground before the works, and seriously impede the +operations of the enemy. The other naval captains were less venturous; and +when the English landed, they wanted to leave the harbor and save their ships. +Drucour insisted that they should stay to aid the defence, and they complied; +but soon left their moorings and anchored as close as possible under the guns +of the town, in order to escape the fire of Wolfe's batteries. Hence there was +great murmuring among the military officers, who would have had them engage the +hostile guns at short range. The frigate "Écho," under cover of a fog, +had been sent to Quebec for aid; but she was chased and captured; and, a day or +two after, the French saw her pass the mouth of the harbor with an English +flag at her mast-head.</p> + +<p>When Wolfe had silenced the Island Battery, a new and imminent danger +threatened Louisbourg. Boscawen might enter the harbor, overpower the +French naval force, and cannonade the town on +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_064-V2" id="Page_064-V2">64<br />V2</a></span> +its weakest side. Therefore Drucour resolved to sink four large ships at the +entrance; and on a dark and foggy night this was successfully accomplished. +Two more vessels were afterwards sunk, and the harbor was then thought safe. +</p> + +<p>The English had at last finished their preparations, and were urging on +the siege with determined vigor. The landward view was a solitude no +longer. They could be seen in multitudes piling earth and fascines +beyond the hillock at the edge of the marsh. On the twenty-fifth they +occupied the hillock itself, and fortified themselves there under a +shower of bombs. Then they threw up earth on the right, and pushed +their approaches towards the Barachois, in spite of a hot fire from the +frigate "Aréthuse." Next they appeared on the left towards the sea about +a third of a mile from the Princess's Bastion. It was Wolfe, with a +strong detachment, throwing up a redoubt and opening an entrenchment. +Late on the night of the ninth of July six hundred French troops sallied +to interrupt the work. The English grenadiers in the trenches fought +stubbornly with bayonet and sword, but were forced back to the second +line, where a desperate conflict in the dark took place; and after +severe loss on both sides the French were driven back. Some days before, +there had been another sortie on the opposite side, near the Barachois, +resulting in a repulse of the French and the seizure by Wolfe of a more +advanced position.</p> + +<p>Various courtesies were exchanged between the two commanders. Drucour, +on occasion of a flag +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_065-V2" id="Page_065-V2">65<br />V2</a></span> +of truce, wrote to Amherst that there was a +surgeon of uncommon skill in Louisbourg, whose services were at the +command of any English officer who might need them. Amherst on his part +sent to his enemy letters and messages from wounded Frenchmen in his +hands, adding his compliments to Madame Drucour, with an expression of +regret for the disquiet to which she was exposed, begging her at the +same time to accept a gift of pineapples from the West Indies. She +returned his courtesy by sending him a basket of wine; after which +amenities the cannon roared again. Madame Drucour was a woman of heroic +spirit. Every day she was on the ramparts, where her presence roused the +soldiers to enthusiasm; and every day with her own hand she fired three +cannon to encourage them.</p> + +<p>The English lines grew closer and closer, and their fire more and more +destructive. Desgouttes, the naval commander, withdrew the "Aréthuse" +from her exposed position, where her fire had greatly annoyed the +besiegers. The shot-holes in her sides were plugged up, and in the dark +night of the fourteenth of July she was towed through the obstructions +in the mouth of the harbor, and sent to France to report the situation +of Louisbourg. More fortunate than her predecessor, she escaped the +English in a fog. Only five vessels now remained afloat in the harbor, +and these were feebly manned, as the greater part of their officers and +crews had come ashore, to the number of two thousand, lodging under +tents in the town, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_066-V2" id="Page_066-V2">66<br />V2</a></span> +amid the scarcely suppressed murmurs of the army officers.</p> + +<p>On the eighth of July news came that the partisan Boishébert was +approaching with four hundred Acadians, Canadians, and Micmacs to +attack the English outposts and detachments. He did little or nothing, +however, besides capturing a few stragglers. On the sixteenth, early in +the evening, a party of English, led by Wolfe, dashed forward, drove off +a band of French volunteers, seized a rising ground called +Hauteur-de-la-Potence, or Gallows Hill, and began to entrench themselves +scarcely three hundred yards from the Dauphin's Bastion. The town opened +on them furiously with grape-shot; but in the intervals of the firing the +sound of their picks and spades could plainly be heard. In the morning +they were seen throwing up earth like moles as they burrowed their way +forward; and on the twenty-first they opened another parallel, within +two hundred yards of the rampart. Still their sappers pushed on. Every +day they had more guns in position, and on right and left their fire +grew hotter. Their pickets made a lodgment along the foot of the glacis, +and fired up the slope at the French in the covered way.</p> + +<p>The twenty-first was a memorable day. In the afternoon a bomb fell on +the ship "Célèbre" and set her on fire. An explosion followed. The few +men on board could not save her, and she drifted from her moorings. The +wind blew the flames into the rigging of the "Entreprenant," and then +into that +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_067-V2" id="Page_067-V2">67<br />V2</a></span> +of the "Capricieux." At night all three were in full blaze; +for when the fire broke out the English batteries turned on them a +tempest of shot and shell to prevent it from being extinguished. The +glare of the triple conflagration lighted up the town, the trenches, the +harbor, and the surrounding hills, while the burning ships shot off +their guns at random as they slowly drifted westward, and grounded at +last near the Barachois. In the morning they were consumed to the +water's edge; and of all the squadron the "Prudent" and the +"Bienfaisant" alone were left.</p> + +<p>In the citadel, of which the King's Bastion formed the front, there was +a large oblong stone building containing the chapel, lodgings for men +and officers, and at the southern end the quarters of the Governor. On +the morning after the burning of the ships a shell fell through the roof +among a party of soldiers in the chamber below, burst, and set the place +on fire. In half an hour the chapel and all the northern part of the +building were in flames; and no sooner did the smoke rise above the +bastion than the English threw into it a steady shower of missiles. Yet +soldiers, sailors, and inhabitants hastened to the spot, and labored +desperately to check the fire. They saved the end occupied by Drucour +and his wife, but all the rest was destroyed. Under the adjacent +rampart were the casemates, one of which was crowded with wounded +officers, and the rest with women and children seeking shelter in these +subterranean dens. Before the entrances there +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_068-V2" id="Page_068-V2">68<br />V2</a></span> +was a long barrier of timber to protect them from exploding shells; and as +the wind blew the flames towards it, there was danger that it would take fire +and suffocate those within. They rushed out, crazed with fright, and ran +hither and thither with outcries and shrieks amid the storm of iron.</p> + +<p>In the neighboring Queen's Bastion was a large range of barracks built +of wood by the New England troops after their capture of the fortress in +1745. So flimsy and combustible was it that the French writers call it a +"house of cards" and "a paper of matches." Here were lodged the greater +part of the garrison: but such was the danger of fire, that they were +now ordered to leave it; and they accordingly lay in the streets or +along the foot of the ramparts, under shelters of timber which gave some +little protection against bombs. The order was well timed; for on the +night after the fire in the King's Bastion, a shell filled with +combustibles set this building also in flames. A fearful scene ensued. +All the English batteries opened upon it. The roar of mortars and +cannon, the rushing and screaming of round-shot and grape, the hissing +of fuses and the explosion of grenades and bombs mingled with a storm of +musketry from the covered way and trenches; while, by the glare of the +conflagration, the English regiments were seen drawn up in battle array, +before the ramparts, as if preparing for an assault.</p> + +<p>Two days after, at one o'clock in the morning, a burst of loud cheers +was heard in the distance, followed by confused cries and the noise of +musketry, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_069-V2" id="Page_069-V2">69<br />V2</a></span> +which lasted but a moment. Six hundred English sailors had silently rowed +into the harbor and seized the two remaining ships, the "Prudent" and the +"Bienfaisant." After the first hubbub all was silent for half an hour. +Then a light glowed through the thick fog that covered the water. The +"Prudent" was burning. Being aground with the low tide, her captors had +set her on fire, allowing the men on board to escape to the town in her +boats. The flames soon wrapped her from stem to stern; and as the broad +glare pierced the illumined mists, the English sailors, reckless of shot +and shell, towed her companion-ship, with all on board, to a safe anchorage +under Wolfe's batteries.</p> + +<p>The position of the besieged was deplorable. Nearly a fourth of their +number were in the hospitals; while the rest, exhausted with incessant +toil, could find no place to snatch an hour of sleep; "and yet," says an +officer, "they still show ardor." "To-day," he again says, on the +twenty-fourth, "the fire of the place is so weak that it is more like +funeral guns than a defence." On the front of the town only four cannon +could fire at all. The rest were either dismounted or silenced by the +musketry from the trenches. The masonry of the ramparts had been shaken +by the concussion of their own guns; and now, in the Dauphin's and +King's bastions, the English shot brought it down in masses. The +trenches had been pushed so close on the rising grounds at the right +that a great part of the covered way was enfiladed, while a battery on a +hill across the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_070-V2" id="Page_070-V2">70<br />V2</a></span> +harbor swept the whole front with a flank fire. Amherst +had ordered the gunners to spare the houses of the town; but, according +to French accounts, the order had little effect, for shot and shell fell +everywhere. "There is not a house in the place," says the Diary just +quoted, "that has not felt the effects of this formidable artillery. +From yesterday morning till seven o'clock this evening we reckon that a +thousand or twelve hundred bombs, great and small, have been thrown into +the town, accompanied all the time by the fire of forty pieces of +cannon, served with an activity not often seen. The hospital and the +houses around it, which also serve as hospitals, are attacked with +cannon and mortar. The surgeon trembles as he amputates a limb amid +cries of <i>Gare la bombe!</i> and leaves his patient in the midst of the +operation, lest he should share his fate. The sick and wounded, +stretched on mattresses, utter cries of pain, which do not cease till a +shot or the bursting of a shell ends them." +<span class="superscript">[587]</span> On the twenty-sixth the +last cannon was silenced in front of the town, and the English batteries +had made a breach which seemed practicable for assault.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_587" name="footer_587"></a> + <span class="superscript">[587]</span> +Early in the siege Drucour wrote to Amherst asking that +the hospitals should be exempt from fire. Amherst answered that shot and +shell might fall on any part of so small a town, but promised to insure +the sick and wounded from molestation if Drucour would send them either +to the island at the mouth of the harbor, or to any of the ships, if +anchored apart from the rest. The offer was declined, for reasons not +stated. Drucour gives the correspondence in his Diary.</p> +</div> + +<p>On the day before, Drucour, with his chief officers and the engineer, +Franquet, had made the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_071-V2" id="Page_071-V2">71<br />V2</a></span> +tour of the covered way, and examined the state +of the defences. All but Franquet were for offering to capitulate. Early +on the next morning a council of war was held, at which were present +Drucour, Franquet, Desgouttes, naval commander, Houllière, commander of +the regulars, and the several chiefs of battalions. Franquet presented a +memorial setting forth the state of the fortifications. As it was he who +had reconstructed and repaired them, he was anxious to show the quality +of his work in the best light possible; and therefore, in the view of +his auditors, he understated the effects of the English fire. Hence an +altercation arose, ending in a unanimous decision to ask for terms. +Accordingly, at ten o'clock, a white flag was displayed over the breach +in the Dauphin's Bastion, and an officer named Loppinot was sent out +with offers to capitulate. The answer was prompt and stern: the garrison +must surrender as prisoners of war; a definite reply must be given +within an hour; in case of refusal the place will be attacked by land +and sea. <span class="superscript">[588]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_588" name="footer_588"></a> + <span class="superscript">[588]</span> +Mante and other English writers give the text of this +reply.</p> +</div> + +<p>Great was the emotion in the council; and one of its members, +D'Anthonay, lieutenant-colonel of the battalion of Volontaires +Étrangers, was sent to propose less rigorous terms. Amherst +would not speak with him; and jointly with Boscawen despatched this +note to the Governor:—</p> + +<blockquote> +<p> + <span class="smcap">Sir</span>,—We have just received the reply + which it has pleased your Excellency to make as to the conditions of + the capitulation offered you. We shall not change in the least + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_072-V2" id="Page_072-V2">72<br />V2</a></span> + our views regarding them. It + depends on your Excellency to accept them or not; and you will have + the goodness to give your answer, yes or no, within half an hour.</p> + <p class="bigindent"> + We have the honor to be, etc.,</p> +<p class="right smcap no-space-top no-space-bottom"> + <span class="one-em-space">E. Boscawen.</span><br /> + J. Amherst. <span class="superscript">[589]</span></p> +</blockquote> + +<p>Drucour answered as follows:—</p> + +<blockquote> +<p><span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>,—To reply to your Excellencies +in as few words as possible, I have the honor to repeat that my position +also remains the same, and that I persist in my first resolution.</p> +<p class="bigindent">I have the honor to be, etc.,</p> +<p class="right no-space-top smcap">The Chevalier de Drucour.</p> +</blockquote> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_589" name="footer_589"></a> + <span class="superscript">[589]</span> +Translated from the Journal of Drucour.</p> +</div> + +<p>In other words, he refused the English terms, and declared his purpose +to abide the assault. Loppinot was sent back to the English camp with +this note of defiance. He was no sooner gone than Prévost, the +intendant, an officer of functions purely civil, brought the Governor a +memorial which, with or without the knowledge of the military +authorities, he had drawn up in anticipation of the emergency. "The +violent resolution which the council continues to hold," said this +document, "obliges me, for the good of the state, the preservation of +the King's subjects, and the averting of horrors shocking to humanity, +to lay before your eyes the consequences that may ensue. What will +become of the four thousand souls who compose the families of this town, +of the thousand or twelve hundred sick in the hospitals, and the +officers and crews of our unfortunate ships? They will be delivered over +to carnage and the rage of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_073-V2" id="Page_073-V2">73<br />V2</a></span> +an unbridled soldiery, eager for plunder, and impelled to deeds of horror by +pretended resentment at what has formerly happened in Canada. Thus they will +all be destroyed, and the memory of their fate will live forever in our +colonies…. It remains, Monsieur," continues the paper, "to remind you +that the councils you have held thus far have been composed of none but +military officers. I am not surprised at their views. The glory of the King's +arm and the honor of their several corps have inspired them. You and I alone +are charged with the administration of the colony and the care of the King's +subjects who compose it. These gentlemen, therefore, have had no regard for +them. They think only of themselves and their soldiers, whose business it is +to encounter the utmost extremity of peril. It is at the prayer of an +intimidated people that I lay before you the considerations specified in +this memorial."</p> + +<p>"In view of these considerations," writes Drucour, "joined to the +impossibility of resisting an assault, M. le Chevalier de Courserac +undertook in my behalf to run after the bearer of my answer to the +English commander and bring it back." It is evident that the bearer of +the note had been in no hurry to deliver it, for he had scarcely got +beyond the fortifications when Courserac overtook and stopped him. +D'Anthonay, with Duvivier, major of the battalion of Artois, and +Loppinot, the first messenger, was then sent to the English camp, +empowered to accept the terms imposed. An English spectator thus +describes their arrival: "A lieutenant-colonel +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_074-V2" id="Page_074-V2">74<br />V2</a></span> +came running out of the garrison, making signs at a distance, and bawling out +as loud as he could, '<i>We accept! We accept!</i>' He was followed by two +others; and they were all conducted to General Amherst's headquarters." +<span class="superscript">[590]</span> At eleven o'clock at night they +returned with the articles of capitulation and the following letter:—</p> +<blockquote> +<p> <span class="smcap">Sir</span>,—We have the honor to send your +Excellency the articles of capitulation signed.</p> + +<p>Lieutenant-Colonel D'Anthonay has not failed to speak in behalf of +the inhabitants of the town; and it is nowise our intention to +distress them, but to give them all the aid in our power.</p> + +<p>Your Excellency will have the goodness to sign a duplicate of the +articles and send it to us.</p> + +<p>It only remains to assure your Excellency that we shall with great +pleasure seize every opportunity to convince your Excellency that +we are with the most perfect consideration,</p> + +<p>Sir, your Excellency's most obedient servants,</p> + +<p class="right smcap">E. Boscawen.<br /> + <span class="three-quarter-em-space">J. Amherst.</span></p> +</blockquote> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_590" name="footer_590"></a> + <span class="superscript">[590]</span> +<i>Authentic Account of the Siege of Louisbourg, by a Spectator</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<p>The articles stipulated that the garrison should be sent to England, +prisoners of war, in British ships; that all artillery, arms, munitions, +and stores, both in Louisbourg and elsewhere on the Island of Cape +Breton, as well as on Isle St.-Jean, now Prince Edward's Island, should +be given up intact; that the gate of the Dauphin's Bastion should be +delivered to the British troops at eight o'clock in the morning; and +that the garrison should lay down their arms at noon. The victors, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_075-V2" id="Page_075-V2">75<br />V2</a></span> +on their part, promised to give the French sick and wounded the same care +as their own, and to protect private property from pillage.</p> + +<p>Drucour signed the paper at midnight, and in the morning a body of +grenadiers took possession of the Dauphin's Gate. The rude soldiery +poured in, swarthy with wind and sun, and begrimed with smoke and dust; +the garrison, drawn up on the esplanade, flung down their muskets and +marched from the ground with tears of rage; the cross of St. George +floated over the shattered rampart; and Louisbourg, with the two great +islands that depended on it, passed to the British Crown. Guards were +posted, a stern discipline was enforced, and perfect order maintained. +The conquerors and the conquered exchanged greetings, and the English +general was lavish of courtesies to the brave lady who had aided the +defence so well. "Every favor she asked was granted," says a Frenchman +present.</p> + +<p>Drucour and his garrison had made a gallant defence. It had been his aim +to prolong the siege till it should be too late for Amherst to +co-operate with Abercromby in an attack on Canada; and in this, at +least, he succeeded.</p> + +<p>Five thousand six hundred and thirty-seven officers, soldiers, and +sailors were prisoners in the hands of the victors. Eighteen mortars and +two hundred and twenty-one cannon were found in the town, along with a +great quantity of arms, munitions, and stores. +<span class="superscript">[591]</span> At the middle of August such +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_076-V2" id="Page_076-V2">76<br />V2</a></span> +of the prisoners as were not disabled by wounds or sickness +were embarked for England, and the merchants and inhabitants were sent +to France. Brigadier Whitmore, as governor of Louisbourg, remained with +four regiments to hold guard over the desolation they had made.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_591" name="footer_591"></a> + <span class="superscript">[591]</span> +<i>Account of the Guns, Mortars, Shot, Shell, etc., found in the Town of +Louisbourg upon its Surrender this day</i>, signed <i>Jeffrey +Amherst</i>, 27 <i>July</i>, 1758.</p> +</div> + +<p>The fall of the French stronghold was hailed in England with noisy +rapture. Addresses of congratulation to the King poured in from all the +cities of the kingdom, and the captured flags were hung in St. Paul's +amid the roar of cannon and the shouts of the populace. The provinces +shared these rejoicings. Sermons of thanksgiving resounded from +countless New England pulpits. At Newport there were fireworks and +illuminations; and, adds the pious reporter, "We have reason to believe +that Christians will make wise and religious improvement of so signal a +favor of Divine Providence." At Philadelphia a like display was seen, +with music and universal ringing of bells. At Boston "a stately bonfire +like a pyramid was kindled on the top of Fort Hill, which made a lofty +and prodigious blaze;" though here certain jealous patriots protested +against celebrating a victory won by British regulars, and not by New +England men. At New York there was a grand official dinner at the +Province Arms in Broadway, where every loyal toast was echoed by the +cannon of Fort George; and illuminations and fireworks closed the +day. <span class="superscript">[592]</span> In the camp of Abercromby +at Lake George, Chaplain Cleaveland, of Bagley's +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_077-V2" id="Page_077-V2">77<br />V2</a></span> +Massachusetts regiment, wrote: "The General put out orders that the +breastwork should be lined with troops, and to fire three rounds for +joy, and give thanks to God in a religious way." +<span class="superscript">[593]</span> But +nowhere did the tidings find a warmer welcome than in the small detached +forts scattered through the solitudes of Nova Scotia, where the military +exiles, restless from inaction, listened with greedy ears for every word +from the great world whence they were banished. So slow were their +communications with it that the fall of Louisbourg was known in England +before it had reached them all. Captain John Knox, then in garrison at +Annapolis, tells how it was greeted there more than five weeks after the +event. It was the sixth of September. A sloop from Boston was seen +coming up the bay. Soldiers and officers ran down to the wharf to ask +for news. "Every soul," says Knox, "was impatient, yet shy of asking; at +length, the vessel being come near enough to be spoken to, I called out, +'What news from Louisbourg?' To which the master simply replied, and +with some gravity, 'Nothing strange.' This answer, which was so coldly +delivered, threw us all into great consternation, and we looked at each +other without being able to speak; some of us even turned away with an +intent to return to the fort. At length one of our soldiers, not yet +satisfied, called out with some warmth: 'Damn you, Pumpkin, isn't +Louisbourg taken yet?' The poor New England man then answered: 'Taken, +yes, above a month +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_078-V2" id="Page_078-V2">78<br />V2</a></span> +ago, and I have been there since; but if you have +never heard it before, I have got a good parcel of letters for you now.' +If our apprehensions were great at first, words are insufficient to +express our transports at this speech, the latter part of which we +hardly waited for; but instantly all hats flew off, and we made the +neighboring woods resound with our cheers and huzzas for almost half an +hour. The master of the sloop was amazed beyond expression, and declared +he thought we had heard of the success of our arms eastward before, and +had sought to banter him." <span class="superscript">[594]</span> At night +there was a grand bonfire and universal festivity in the fort and village.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_592" name="footer_592"></a> + <span class="superscript">[592]</span> +These particulars are from the provincial newspapers.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_593" name="footer_593"></a> + <span class="superscript">[593]</span> +Cleaveland, <i>Journal</i>.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_594" name="footer_594"></a> + <span class="superscript">[594]</span> +Knox, <i>Historical Journal</i>, I. 158.</p> +</div> + +<p>Amherst proceeded to complete his conquest by the subjection of all the +adjacent possessions of France. Major Dalling was sent to occupy Port +Espagnol, now Sydney. Colonel Monckton was despatched to the Bay of +Fundy and the River St. John with an order "to destroy the vermin who +are settled there." <span class="superscript">[595]</span> Lord Rollo, +with the thirty-fifth regiment and two battalions of the sixtieth, received +the submission of Isle St.-Jean, and tried to remove the +inhabitants,—with small success; for out of more than four thousand +he could catch but seven hundred. <span class="superscript">[595]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_595" name="footer_595"></a> + <span class="superscript">[595]</span> +<i>Orders of Amherst to Wolfe</i>, 15 <i>Aug</i>. 1758; +<i>Ibid. to Monckton</i>, 24 <i>Aug</i>. 1758; +<i>Report of Monckton</i>, 12 <i>Nov</i>. 1758.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_596" name="footer_596"></a> + <span class="superscript">[596]</span> +<i>Villejouin, commandant à l'Isle St.-Jean, au Ministre</i>, +8 <i>Sept</i>. 1758.</p> +</div> + +<p>The ardent and indomitable Wolfe had been the life of the siege. +Wherever there was need of a quick eye, a prompt decision, and a bold +dash, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_079-V2" id="Page_079-V2">79<br />V2</a></span> +there his lank figure was always in the front. Yet he was only +half pleased with what had been done. The capture of Louisbourg, he +thought, should be but the prelude of greater conquests; and he had +hoped that the fleet and army would sail up the St. Lawrence and attack +Quebec. Impetuous and impatient by nature, and irritable with disease, +he chafed at the delay that followed the capitulation, and wrote to his +father a few days after it: "We are gathering strawberries and other +wild fruits of the country, with a seeming indifference about what is +doing in other parts of the world. Our army, however, on the continent +wants our help." Growing more anxious, he sent Amherst a note to ask his +intentions; and the General replied, "What I most wish to do is to go +to Quebec. I have proposed it to the Admiral, and yesterday he seemed to +think it impracticable." On which Wolfe wrote again: "If the Admiral +will not carry us to Quebec, reinforcements should certainly be sent to +the continent without losing a moment. This damned French garrison take +up our time and attention, which might be better bestowed. The +transports are ready, and a small convoy would carry a brigade to Boston +or New York. With the rest of the troops we might make an offensive and +destructive war in the Bay of Fundy and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. I beg +pardon for this freedom, but I cannot look coolly upon the bloody +inroads of those hell-hounds, the Canadians; and if nothing further is +to be done, I must desire leave to quit the army."</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_080-V2" id="Page_080-V2">80<br />V2</a></span> +Amherst answered that though he had meant at first to go to Quebec with +the whole army, late events on the continent made it impossible; and +that he now thought it best to go with five or six regiments to the aid +of Abercromby. He asked Wolfe to continue to communicate his views to +him, and would not hear for a moment of his leaving the army; adding, "I +know nothing that can tend more to His Majesty's service than your +assisting in it." Wolfe again wrote to his commander, with whom he was +on terms of friendship: "An offensive, daring kind of war will awe the +Indians and ruin the French. Blockhouses and a trembling defensive +encourage the meanest scoundrels to attack us. If you will attempt to +cut up New France by the roots, I will come with pleasure to assist."</p> + +<p>Amherst, with such speed as his deliberate nature would permit, sailed +with six regiments for Boston to reinforce Abercromby at Lake George, +while Wolfe set out on an errand but little to his liking. He had orders +to proceed to Gaspé, Miramichi, and other settlements on the Gulf of St. +Lawrence, destroy them, and disperse their inhabitants; a measure of +needless and unpardonable rigor, which, while detesting it, he executed +with characteristic thoroughness. "Sir Charles Hardy and I," he wrote to +his father, "are preparing to rob the fishermen of their nets and burn +their huts. When that great exploit is at an end, I return to +Louisbourg, and thence to England." Having finished the work, he wrote +to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_081-V2" id="Page_081-V2">81<br />V2</a></span> +Amherst: "Your orders were carried into execution. We have done a +great deal of mischief, and spread the terror of His Majesty's arms +through the Gulf, but have added nothing to the reputation of them." The +destruction of property was great; yet, as Knox writes, "he would not +suffer the least barbarity to be committed upon the persons of the +wretched inhabitants." <span class="superscript">[597]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_597" name="footer_597"></a> + <span class="superscript">[597]</span> +"Les Anglais ont très-bien traités les prisonniers qu'ils +ont faits dans cette partie" [<i>Gaspé</i>, etc]. <i>Vaudreuil +au Ministre</i>, 4 <i>Nov</i>. 1758.</p> +</div> + +<p>He returned to Louisbourg, and sailed for England to recruit his +shattered health for greater conflicts.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="double-space-top"> + <a id="footer_19Note" name="footer_19Note"></a> +<span class="smcap">Note</span>.—Four +long and minute French diaries of the siege of Louisbourg are +before me. The first, that of Drucour, covers a hundred and six folio +pages, and contains his correspondence with Amherst, Boscawen, and +Desgouttes. The second is that of the naval captain Tourville, commander +of the ship "Capricieux," and covers fifty pages. The third is by an +officer of the garrison whose name does not appear. The fourth, of about +a hundred pages, is by another officer of the garrison, and is also +anonymous. It is an excellent record of what passed each day, and of the +changing conditions, moral and physical, of the besieged. These four +Journals, though clearly independent of each other, agree in nearly all +essential particulars. I have also numerous letters from the principal +officers, military, naval, and civil, engaged in the defence,—Drucour, +Desgouttes, Houllière, Beaussier, Marolles, Tourville, Courserac, +Franquet, Villejouin, Prévost, and Querdisien. These, with various other +documents relating to the siege, were copied from the originals in the +Archives de la Marine. Among printed authorities on the French side may +be mentioned Pichon, <i>Lettres et Mémoires pour servir à +l'Histoire du Cap-Breton,</i> and the <i>Campaign of Louisbourg</i>, by +the Chevalier Johnstone, a Scotch Jacobite serving under Drucour.</p> + +<p>The chief authorities on the English side are the official Journal of +Amherst, printed in the <i>London Magazine</i> and in other contemporary +periodicals, and also in Mante, <i>History of the Late War;</i> five letters +from Amherst to Pitt, written during the siege (Public Record Office); +an excellent private Journal called <i>An Authentic Account of the +Reduction of Louisbourg, by a Spectator</i>, parts of which have been +copied verbatim by Entick without acknowledgement; the admirable Journal +of Captain John Knox, which contains numerous letters and orders +relating to the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_082-V2" id="Page_082-V2">82<br />V2</a></span> +siege; and the correspondence of Wolfe contained in his Life by Wright. +Before me is the Diary of a captain or subaltern in the army of Amherst +at Louisbourg, found in the garret of an old house at Windsor, Nova +Scotia, on an estate belonging in 1760 to Chief Justice Deschamps. I +owe the use of it to the kindness of George Wiggins, Esq., of Windsor, +N. S. Mante gives an excellent plan of the siege operations, and +another will be found in Jefferys, <i>Natural and Civil History of +French Dominions in North America</i>.</p> +</div> + +<hr /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Chapter_20" id="Chapter_20"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_083-V2" id="Page_083-V2">83<br />V2</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents20">CHAPTER XX.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1758.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader">TICONDEROGA.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + Activity of the Provinces • Sacrifices of Massachusetts • + The Army at Lake George • Proposed Incursion of Lévis • + Perplexities of Montcalm • His Plan of Defence • + Camp of Abercromby • His Character • + Lord Howe • His Popularity • Embarkation of Abercromby • + Advance down Lake George • Landing • Forest Skirmish • + Death of Howe • Its Effects • Position of the French • + The Lines of Ticonderoga • Blunders of Abercromby • + The Assault • A Frightful Scene • Incidents of the Battle • + British Repulse • Panic • Retreat • Triumph of Montcalm. + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> +</div> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">In</span> +the last year London called on the colonists for four thousand men. +This year Pitt asked them for twenty thousand, and promised that the +King would supply arms, ammunition, tents, and provisions, leaving to +the provinces only the raising, clothing, and pay of their soldiers; and +he added the assurance that Parliament would be asked to make some +compensation even for these. <span class="superscript">[598]</span> +Thus encouraged, cheered by the removal of Loudon, and animated by the +unwonted vigor of British military preparation, the several provincial +assemblies voted men in abundance, though the usual vexatious delays took +place in raising, equipping, and sending them to the field. +</p> +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_598" name="footer_598"></a> + <span class="superscript">[598]</span> +<i>Pitt to the Colonial Governors</i>, 30 <i>Dec</i>. 1757.</p> +</div> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_084-V2" id="Page_084-V2">84<br />V2</a></span> +In this connection, an able +English writer has brought against the colonies, and especially against +Massachusetts, charges which deserve attention. Viscount Bury says: "Of +all the colonies, Massachusetts was the first which discovered the +designs of the French and remonstrated against their aggressions; of all +the colonies she most zealously promoted measures of union for the +common defence, and made the greatest exertions in furtherance of her +views." But he adds that there is a reverse to the picture, and that +"this colony, so high-spirited, so warlike, and apparently so loyal, +would never move hand or foot in her own defence till certain of +repayment by the mother country." <span class="superscript">[599]</span> +The groundlessness of this charge is shown by abundant proofs, one of which +will be enough. The Englishman Pownall, who had succeeded Shirley as royal +governor of the province, made this year a report of its condition to Pitt. +Massachusetts, he says, "has been the frontier and advanced guard of all the +colonies against the enemy in Canada," and has always taken the lead in military +affairs. In the three past years she has spent on the expeditions of Johnson, +Winslow, and Loudon £242,356, besides about £45,000 a year to +support the provincial government, at the same time maintaining a number of +forts and garrisons, keeping up scouting-parties, and building, equipping, and +manning a ship of twenty guns for the service of the King. In the first two +months of the present year, 1758, she made +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_085-V2" id="Page_085-V2">85<br />V2</a></span> +a further military outlay of £172,239. Of all these sums she has received +from Parliament a reimbursement of only £70,117, and hence she is deep +in debt; yet, in addition, she has this year raised, paid, maintained, and +clothed seven thousand soldiers placed under the command of General Abercromby, +besides above twenty-five hundred more serving the King by land or sea; +amounting in all to about one in four of her able-bodied men.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_599" name="footer_599"></a> + <span class="superscript">[599]</span> +Bury, <i>Exodus of the Western Nations</i>, II., 250, 251.</p> +</div> + +<p> +Massachusetts was extremely poor by the standards of the present day, +living by fishing, farming, and a trade sorely hampered by the British +navigation laws. Her contributions of money and men were not ordained by +an absolute king, but made by the voluntary act of a free people. +Pownall goes on to say that her present war-debt, due within three +years, is 366,698 pounds sterling, and that to meet it she has imposed +on herself taxes amounting, in the town of Boston, to thirteen +shillings and twopence to every pound of income from real and personal +estate; that her people are in distress, that she is anxious to continue +her efforts in the public cause, but that without some further +reimbursement she is exhausted and helpless. +<span class="superscript">[600]</span> Yet in the next year she incurred a +new and heavy debt. In 1760 Parliament repaid her £59,575. +<span class="superscript">[601]</span> Far from being fully reimbursed, the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_086-V2" id="Page_086-V2">86<br />V2</a></span> +end of the war found her on the brink of bankruptcy. Connecticut made equal +sacrifices in the common cause,—highly to her honor, for she was little +exposed to danger, being covered by the neighboring provinces; while +impoverished New Hampshire put one in three of her able-bodied men into the +field. <span class="superscript">[602]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_600" name="footer_600"></a> + <span class="superscript">[600]</span> +<i>Pownall to Pitt</i>, 30 <i>Sept</i>. 1758 +(Public Record Office, <i>America and West Indies</i>, LXXI.). +"The province of Massachusetts Bay has exerted itself with great zeal +and at vast expense for the public service." +<i>Registers of Privy Council</i>, 26 <i>July</i>, 1757.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_601" name="footer_601"></a> + <span class="superscript">[601]</span> +<i>Bollan, Agent of Massachusetts, to Speaker of Assembly</i>, +20 <i>March</i>, 1760. It was her share of £200,000 granted to all the +colonies in the proportion of their respective efforts.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_602" name="footer_602"></a> + <span class="superscript">[602]</span> +<i>Address to His Majesty from the Governor, Council, and Assembly of +New Hampshire, Jan</i>. 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>In June the combined British and provincial force which Abercromby was +to lead against Ticonderoga was gathered at the head of Lake George; +while Montcalm lay at its outlet around the walls of the French +stronghold, with an army not one fourth so numerous. Vaudreuil had +devised a plan for saving Ticonderoga by a diversion into the valley of +the Mohawk under Lévis, Rigaud, and Longueuil, with sixteen hundred +men, who were to be joined by as many Indians. The English forts of that +region were to be attacked, Schenectady threatened, and the Five Nations +compelled to declare for France. <span class="superscript">[603]</span> +Thus, as the Governor gave out, the English would be forced to cease from +aggression, leave Montcalm in peace, and think only of defending themselves. +<span class="superscript">[604]</span> "This," writes Bougainville on the +fifteenth of June, "is what M. de Vaudreuil thinks will happen, because he +never doubts anything. Ticonderoga, which is the point really threatened, +is abandoned without support to the troops of the line and their general. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_087-V2" id="Page_087-V2">87<br />V2</a></span> +It would even be wished that they might meet a reverse, if the consequences +to the colony would not be too disastrous."</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_603" name="footer_603"></a> + <span class="superscript">[603]</span> +<i>Lévis au Ministre</i>, 17 <i>Juin</i>, 1758. +<i>Doreil au Ministre</i>, 16 <i>Juin</i>, 1758. +<i>Montcalm à sa Femme</i>, 18 <i>Avril</i>, 1758.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_604" name="footer_604"></a> + <span class="superscript">[604]</span> +<i>Correspondance de Vaudreuil</i>, 1758. <i>Livre d'Ordres, Juin</i>, +1758.</p> +</div> + +<p>The proposed movement promised, no doubt, great advantages; but it was +not destined to take effect. Some rangers taken on Lake George by a +partisan officer named Langy declared with pardonable exaggeration that +twenty-five or thirty thousand men would attack Ticonderoga in less than +a fortnight. Vaudreuil saw himself forced to abandon his Mohawk +expedition, and to order Lévis and his followers, who had not yet left +Montreal, to reinforce Montcalm. <span class="superscript">[605]</span> +Why they did not go at once is not clear. The Governor declares that there +were not boats enough. From whatever cause, there was a long delay, and +Montcalm was left to defend himself as he could.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_605" name="footer_605"></a> + <span class="superscript">[605]</span> +<i>Bigot au Ministre</i>, 21 <i>Juillet</i>, 1758.</p> +</div> + +<p>He hesitated whether he should not fall back to Crown Point. The +engineer, Lotbinière, opposed the plan, as did also Le Mercier. +<span class="superscript">[606]</span> It was but a choice of difficulties, +and he stayed at Ticonderoga. His troops were disposed as they had been in +the summer before; one battalion, that of Berry, being left near the fort, +while the main body, under Montcalm himself, was encamped by the saw-mill at +the Falls, and the rest, under Bourlamaque, occupied the head of the portage, +with a small advanced force at the landing-place +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_088-V2" id="Page_088-V2">88<br />V2</a></span> +on Lake George. It remained to determine at which of these points he should +concentrate them and make his stand against the English. Ruin threatened him +in any case; each position had its fatal weakness or its peculiar danger, and +his best hope was in the ignorance or blundering of his enemy. He seems to +have been several days in a state of indecision.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_606" name="footer_606"></a> + <span class="superscript">[606]</span> +<i>N.Y. Col. Docs.</i>, X. 893. Lotbinière's relative, +Vaudreuil, confirms the statement. Montcalm had not, as has been said, +begun already to fall back.</p> +</div> + +<p>In the afternoon of the fifth of July the partisan Langy, who had again +gone out to reconnoitre towards the head of Lake George, came back in +haste with the report that the English were embarked in great force. +Montcalm sent a canoe down Lake Champlain to hasten Lévis to his aid, +and ordered the battalion of Berry to begin a breastwork and abattis on +the high ground in front of the fort. That they were not begun before +shows that he was in doubt as to his plan of defence; and that his whole +army was not now set to work at them shows that his doubt was still +unsolved.</p> + +<p>It was nearly a month since Abercromby had begun his camp at the head of +Lake George. Here, on the ground where Johnson had beaten Dieskau, where +Montcalm had planted his batteries, and Monro vainly defended the wooden +ramparts of Fort William Henry, were now assembled more than fifteen +thousand men; and the shores, the foot of the mountains, and the broken +plains between them were studded thick with tents. Of regulars there +were six thousand three hundred and sixty-seven, officers and soldiers, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_089-V2" id="Page_089-V2">89<br />V2</a></span> +and of provincials nine thousand and thirty-four. +<span class="superscript">[607]</span> To the New +England levies, or at least to their chaplains, the expedition seemed a +crusade against the abomination of Babylon; and they discoursed in their +sermons of Moses sending forth Joshua against Amalek. Abercromby, raised +to his place by political influence, was little but the nominal +commander. "A heavy man," said Wolfe in a letter to his father; "an aged +gentleman, infirm in body and mind," wrote William Parkman, a boy of +seventeen, who carried a musket in a Massachusetts regiment, and kept in +his knapsack a dingy little note-book, in which he jotted down what +passed each day. <span class="superscript">[608]</span> +The age of the aged gentleman was fifty-two.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_607" name="footer_607"></a> + <span class="superscript">[607]</span> +<i>Abercromby to Pitt</i>, 12 <i>July</i>, 1758.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_608" name="footer_608"></a> + <span class="superscript">[608]</span> +Great-uncle of the writer, and son of the Rev. Ebenezer +<ins title="add comma after Parkman.">Parkman,</ins> +a graduate of Harvard, and minister of Westborough, Mass.</p> +</div> + +<p>Pitt meant that the actual command of the army should be in the hands of +Brigadier Lord Howe, <span class="superscript">[609]</span> and he was in +fact its real chief; "the noblest Englishman that has appeared in my time, +and the best soldier in the British army," says Wolfe. +<span class="superscript">[610]</span> And he elsewhere speaks of him as +"that great man." Abercromby testifies to the universal respect and love +with which officers and men regarded him, and Pitt calls him "a +character of ancient times; a complete model of military virtue." +<span class="superscript">[611]</span> High as this praise is, it seems to +have been deserved. The young nobleman, who was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_090-V2" id="Page_090-V2">90<br />V2</a></span> +then in his thirty-fourth year, had the qualities of a leader of men. The +army felt him, from general to drummer-boy. He was its soul; and while +breathing into it his own energy and ardor, and bracing it by stringent +discipline, he broke through the traditions of the service and gave it new +shapes to suit the time and place. During the past year he had studied the +art of forest warfare, and joined Rogers and his rangers in their +scouting-parties, sharing all their hardships and making himself one of +them. Perhaps the reforms that he introduced were fruits of this rough +self-imposed schooling. He made officers and men throw off all useless +incumbrances, cut their hair close, wear leggings to protect them from +briers, brown the barrels of their muskets, and carry in their knapsacks +thirty pounds of meal, which they cooked for themselves; so that, according +to an admiring Frenchman, they could live a month without their +supply-trains. <span class="superscript">[612]</span> "You would +laugh to see the droll figure we all make," writes an officer. "Regulars +as well as provincials have cut their coats so as scarcely to reach +their waists. No officer or private is allowed to carry more than one +blanket and a bearskin. A small portmanteau is allowed each officer. No +women follow the camp to wash our linen. Lord Howe has already shown an +example by going to the brook and washing his own." +<span class="superscript">[613]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_609" name="footer_609"></a> + <span class="superscript">[609]</span> +Chesterfield, <i>Letters</i>, IV. 260 (ed. Mahon).</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_610" name="footer_610"></a> + <span class="superscript">[610]</span> +<i>Wolfe to his Father</i>, 7 <i>Aug</i>. 1758, in Wright, 450.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_611" name="footer_611"></a> + <span class="superscript">[611]</span> +<i>Pitt to Grenville</i>, 22 <i>Aug</i>. 1758, in <i>Grenville Papers</i>, +I. 262.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_612" name="footer_612"></a> + <span class="superscript">[612]</span> +Pouchot, <i>Dernière Guerre de l'Amérique</i>, I. 140.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_613" name="footer_613"></a> + <span class="superscript">[613]</span> +<i>Letter from Camp</i>, 12 <i>June</i>, 1758, in <i>Boston Evening +Post.</i> Another, in <i>Boston News Letter</i>, contains similar statements. +</p> +</div> + +<p>Here, as in all things, he shared the lot of the soldier, and required +his officers to share it. A +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_091-V2" id="Page_091-V2">91<br />V2</a></span> +story is told of him that before the army embarked he invited some of them +to dinner in his tent, where they found no seats but logs, and no carpet +but bearskins. A servant presently placed on the ground a large dish of +pork and peas, on which his lordship took from his pocket a sheath +containing a knife and fork and began to cut the meat. The guests looked +on in some embarrassment; upon which he said: "Is it possible, gentlemen, +that you have come on this campaign without providing yourselves with what +is necessary?" And he gave each of them a sheath, with a knife and fork, +like his own.</p> + +<p>Yet this Lycurgus of the camp, as a contemporary calls him, is described +as a man of social accomplishments rare even in his rank. He made +himself greatly beloved by the provincial officers, with many of whom he +was on terms of intimacy, and he did what he could to break down the +barriers between the colonial soldiers and the British regulars. When he +was at Albany, sharing with other high officers the kindly hospitalities +of Mrs. Schuyler, he so won the heart of that excellent matron that she +loved him like a son; and, though not given to such effusion, embraced +him with tears on the morning when he left her to lead his division to +the lake. <span class="superscript">[614]</span> In Westminster Abbey may +be seen the tablet on which Massachusetts pays grateful tribute to his +virtues, and commemorates "the affection her officers and soldiers bore to +his command."</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_614" name="footer_614"></a> + <span class="superscript">[614]</span> +Mrs. Grant, <i>Memoirs of an American Lady</i>, 226 (ed. 1876).</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_092-V2" id="Page_092-V2">92<br />V2</a></span> +On the evening of the fourth of July, baggage, stores, and ammunition +were all on board the boats, and the whole army embarked on the morning +of the fifth. The arrangements were perfect. Each corps marched without +confusion to its appointed station on the beach, and the sun was +scarcely above the ridge of French Mountain when all were afloat. A +spectator watching them from the shore says that when the fleet was +three miles on its way, the surface of the lake at that distance was +completely hidden from sight. <span class="superscript">[615]</span> +There were nine hundred bateaux, a hundred and thirty-five whaleboats, +and a large number of heavy flatboats carrying the artillery. The whole +advanced in three divisions, the regulars in the centre, and the provincials +on the flanks. Each corps had its flags and its music. The day was fair and +men and officers were in the highest spirits.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_615" name="footer_615"></a> + <span class="superscript">[615]</span> +<i>Letter from Lake George</i>, in <i>Boston News Letter</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>Before ten o'clock they began to enter the Narrows; and the boats of the +three divisions extended themselves into long files as the mountains +closed on either hand upon the contracted lake. From front to rear the +line was six miles long. The spectacle was superb: the brightness of the +summer day; the romantic beauty of the scenery; the sheen and sparkle of +those crystal waters; the countless islets, tufted with pine, birch, and +fir; the bordering mountains, with their green summits and sunny crags; +the flash of oars and glitter of weapons; the banners, the varied uniforms, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_093-V2" id="Page_093-V2">93<br />V2</a></span> +and the notes of bugle, trumpet, bagpipe, and drum, answered and prolonged +by a hundred woodland echoes. "I never beheld so delightful a prospect," +wrote a wounded officer at Albany a fortnight after.</p> + +<p>Rogers with the rangers, and Gage with the light infantry, led the way +in whaleboats, followed by Bradstreet with his corps of boatmen, armed +and drilled as soldiers. Then came the main body. The central column of +regulars was commanded by Lord Howe, his own regiment, the fifty-fifth, +in the van, followed by the Royal Americans, the twenty-seventh, +forty-fourth, forty-sixth, and eightieth infantry, and the Highlanders +of the forty-second, with their major, Duncan Campbell of Inverawe, +silent and gloomy amid the general cheer, for his soul was dark with +foreshadowings of death. <span class="superscript">[616]</span> +With this central column came what are described as two floating castles, +which were no doubt batteries to cover the landing of the troops. On the +right hand and the left were the provincials, uniformed in blue, regiment +after regiment, from Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and +Rhode Island. Behind them all came the bateaux, loaded with stores and +baggage, and the heavy flatboats that carried the artillery, while a +rear-guard of provincials and regulars closed the long procession. +<span class="superscript">[617]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_616" name="footer_616"></a> + <span class="superscript">[616]</span> +See <a href="#appendixG">Appendix G</a>.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_617" name="footer_617"></a> + <span class="superscript">[617]</span> +<i>Letter from Lake George</i>, in <i>Boston News Letter</i>. Even +Rogers, the ranger, speaks of the beauty of the scene.</p> +</div> + +<p>At five in the afternoon they reached Sabbath-Day Point, twenty-five +miles down the lake, where +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_094-V2" id="Page_094-V2">94<br />V2</a></span> +they stopped till late in the evening, waiting for the baggage and +artillery, which had lagged behind; and here Lord Howe, lying on a +bearskin by the side of the ranger, John Stark, questioned him as to +the position of Ticonderoga and its best points of approach. At about +eleven o'clock they set out again, and at daybreak entered what was +then called the Second Narrows; that is to say, the contraction of the +lake where it approaches its outlet. Close on their left, ruddy in the +warm sunrise, rose the vast bare face of Rogers Rock, whence a French +advanced party, under Langy and an officer named Trepezec, was watching +their movements. Lord Howe, with Rogers and Bradstreet, went in +whaleboats to reconnoitre the landing. At the place which the French +called the Burnt Camp, where Montcalm had embarked the summer before, +they saw a detachment of the enemy too weak to oppose them. Their men +landed and drove them off. At noon the whole army was on shore. Rogers, +with a party of rangers, was ordered forward to reconnoitre, and the +troops were formed for the march.</p> + +<p>From this part of the shore <span class="superscript">[618]</span> +a plain covered with forest stretched northwestward half a mile or more +to the mountains behind which lay the valley of Trout Brook. On this +plain the army began its march in four columns, with the intention of +passing round the western bank of the river of the outlet, since the +bridge over it had been destroyed. Rogers, with the provincial regiments +of Fitch +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_095-V2" id="Page_095-V2">95<br />V2</a></span> +and Lyman, led the way, at some distance before the rest. The forest was +extremely dense and heavy, and so obstructed with undergrowth that it was +impossible to see more than a few yards in any direction, while the ground +was encumbered with fallen trees in every stage of decay. The ranks were +broken, and the men struggled on as they could in dampness and shade, under +a canopy of boughs that the sun could scarcely pierce. The difficulty +increased when, after advancing about a mile, they came upon undulating and +broken ground. They were now not far from the upper rapids of the outlet. The +guides became bewildered in the maze of trunks and boughs; the marching +columns were confused, and fell in one upon the other. They were in the +strange situation of an army lost in the woods.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_618" name="footer_618"></a> + <span class="superscript">[618]</span> +Between the old and new steamboat-landings, and parts adjacent.</p> +</div> + +<p>The advanced party of French under Langy and Trepezec, about three +hundred and fifty in all, regulars and Canadians, had tried to retreat; +but before they could do so, the whole English army had passed them, +landed, and placed itself between them and their countrymen. They had no +resource but to take to the woods. They seem to have climbed the steep +gorge at the side of Rogers Rock and followed the Indian path that led +to the valley of Trout Brook, thinking to descend it, and, by circling +along the outskirts of the valley of Ticonderoga, reach Montcalm's camp +at the saw-mill. Langy was used to bushranging; but he too became +perplexed in the blind intricacies of the forest. Towards the close of +the day he +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_096-V2" id="Page_096-V2">96<br />V2</a></span> +and his men had come out from the valley of Trout Brook, and +were near the junction of that stream with the river of the outlet, in a +state of some anxiety, for they could see nothing but brown trunks and +green boughs. Could any of them have climbed one of the great pines that +here and there reared their shaggy spires high above the surrounding +forest, they would have discovered where they were, but would have +gained not the faintest knowledge of the enemy. Out of the woods on the +right they would have seen a smoke rising from the burning huts of the +French camp at the head of the portage, which Bourlamaque had set on +fire and abandoned. At a mile or more in front, the saw-mill at the +Falls might perhaps have been descried, and, by glimpses between the +trees, the tents of the neighboring camp where Montcalm still lay with +his main force. All the rest seemed lonely as the grave; mountain and +valley lay wrapped in primeval woods, and none could have dreamed that, +not far distant, an army was groping its way, buried in foliage; no +rumbling of wagons and artillery trains, for none were there; all silent +but the cawing of some crow flapping his black wings over the sea of +tree-tops.</p> + +<p>Lord Howe, with Major Israel Putnam and two hundred rangers, was at the +head of the principal column, which was a little in advance of the three +others. Suddenly the challenge, <i>Qui vive!</i> rang sharply from the +thickets in front. <i>Français!</i> was the reply. Langy's men were not +deceived; they fired out of the bushes. The shots were +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_097-V2" id="Page_097-V2">97<br />V2</a></span> +returned; a hot skirmish followed; and Lord Howe dropped dead, shot through +the breast. All was confusion. The dull, vicious reports of musketry in thick +woods, at first few and scattering, then in fierce and rapid volleys, reached +the troops behind. They could hear, but see nothing. Already harassed +and perplexed, they became perturbed. For all they knew, Montcalm's +whole army was upon them. Nothing prevented a panic but the steadiness +of the rangers, who maintained the fight alone till the rest came back +to their senses. Rogers, with his reconnoitring party, and the regiments +of Fitch and Lyman, were at no great distance in front. They all turned +on hearing the musketry, and thus the French were caught between two +fires. They fought with desperation. About fifty of them at length +escaped; a hundred and forty-eight were captured, and the rest killed or +drowned in trying to cross the rapids. The loss of the English was small +in numbers, but immeasurable in the death of Howe. "The fall of this +noble and brave officer," says Rogers, "seemed to produce an almost +general languor and consternation through the whole army." "In Lord +Howe," writes another contemporary, Major Thomas Mante, "the soul of +General Abercromby's army seemed to expire. From the unhappy moment the +General was deprived of his advice, neither order nor discipline was +observed, and a strange kind of infatuation usurped the place of +resolution." The death of one man was the ruin of fifteen thousand.</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_098-V2" id="Page_098-V2">98<br />V2</a></span> +The evil news was despatched to Albany, and in two or three days the +messenger who bore it passed the house of Mrs. Schuyler on the meadows +above the town. "In the afternoon," says her biographer, "a man was seen +coming from the north galloping violently without his hat. Pedrom, as he +was familiarly called, Colonel Schuyler's only surviving brother, was +with her, and ran instantly to inquire, well knowing that he rode +express. The man galloped on, crying out that Lord Howe was killed. The +mind of our good aunt had been so engrossed by her anxiety and fears for +the event impending, and so impressed with the merit and magnanimity of +her favorite hero, that her wonted firmness sank under the stroke, and +she broke out into bitter lamentations. This had such an effect on her +friends and domestics that shrieks and sobs of anguish echoed through +every part of the house."</p> + +<p>The effect of the loss was seen at once. The army was needlessly kept +under arms all night in the forest, and in the morning was ordered back +to the landing whence it came. <span class="superscript">[619]</span> +Towards noon, however, Bradstreet was sent with a detachment of regulars +and provincials to take possession of the saw-mill at the Falls, which +Montcalm had abandoned the evening before. Bradstreet rebuilt the bridges +destroyed by the retiring enemy, and sent word to his commander that the +way was open; on which Abercromby again put his army in motion, reached +the Falls late in the afternoon, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_099-V2" id="Page_099-V2">99<br />V2</a></span> +and occupied the deserted encampment of the French.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_619" name="footer_619"></a> + <span class="superscript">[619]</span> +<i>Abercromby to Pitt</i>, 12 <i>July</i>, 1758.</p> +</div> + +<p>Montcalm with his main force had held this position at the Falls through +most of the preceding day, doubtful, it seems, to the last whether he +should not make his final stand there. Bourlamaque was for doing so; but +two old officers, Bernès and Montguy, pointed out the danger that the +English would occupy the neighboring heights; +<span class="superscript">[620]</span> whereupon Montcalm at +length resolved to fall back. The camp was broken up at five o'clock. +Some of the troops embarked in bateaux, while others marched a mile and +a half along the forest road, passed the place where the battalion of +Berry was still at work on the breastwork begun in the morning, and made +their bivouac a little farther on, upon the cleared ground that +surrounded the fort.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_620" name="footer_620"></a> + <span class="superscript">[620]</span> +Pouchot, I. 145.</p> +</div> + +<p>The peninsula of Ticonderoga consists of a rocky plateau, with low +grounds on each side, bordering Lake Champlain on the one hand, and the +outlet of Lake George on the other. The fort stood near the end of the +peninsula, which points towards the southeast. Thence, as one goes +westward, the ground declines a little, and then slowly rises, till, +about half a mile from the fort, it reaches its greatest elevation, and +begins still more gradually to decline again. Thus a ridge is formed +across the plateau between the steep declivities that sink to the low +grounds on right and left. Some weeks before, a French officer named +Hugues had suggested +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100-V2" id="Page_100-V2">100<br />V2</a></span> +the defence of this ridge by means of an abattis. +<span class="superscript">[621]</span> Montcalm approved his plan; and +now, at the eleventh hour, he resolved to make his stand here. The two +engineers, Pontleroy and Desandrouin, had already traced the outline of +the works, and the soldiers of the battalion of Berry had made some +progress in constructing them. At dawn of the seventh, while Abercromby, +fortunately for his enemy, was drawing his troops back to the landing-place, +the whole French army fell to their task. The regimental colors were +planted along the line, and the officers, stripped to the shirt, took axe +in hand and labored with their men. The trees that covered the ground were +hewn down by thousands, the tops lopped off, and the trunks piled one upon +another to form a massive breastwork. The line followed the top of the ridge, +along which it zig-zagged in such a manner that the whole front could be swept +by flank-fires of musketry and grape. Abercromby describes the wall of logs +as between eight and nine feet high; <span class="superscript">[622]</span> +in which case there must have been a rude <i>banquette</i>, or platform +to fire from, on the inner side. It was certainly so high that nothing +could be seen over it but the crowns of the soldiers' hats. The upper +tier was formed of single logs, in which notches were cut to serve as +loopholes; and in some places sods and bags of sand were piled along the +top, with narrow spaces to fire through. <span class="superscript">[623]</span> +From the central part of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101-V2" id="Page_101-V2">101<br />V2</a></span> +the line the ground sloped away like a natural glacis; while at the sides, +and especially on the left, it was undulating and broken. Over this whole +space, to the distance of a musket-shot from the works, the forest was cut +down, and the trees left lying where they fell among the stumps, with tops +turned outwards, forming one vast abattis, which, as a Massachusetts officer +says, looked like a forest laid flat by a hurricane. +<span class="superscript">[624]</span> But the most formidable +obstruction was immediately along the front of the breastwork, where the +ground was covered with heavy boughs, overlapping and interlaced, with +sharpened points bristling into the face of the assailant like the +quills of a porcupine. As these works were all of wood, no vestige of +them remains. The earthworks now shown to tourists as the lines of +Montcalm are of later construction; and though on the same ground, are +not on the same plan. <span class="superscript">[625]</span></p> + + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_621" name="footer_621"></a> + <span class="superscript">[621]</span> +<i>N. Y. Col. Docs.</i>, X. 708.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_622" name="footer_622"></a> + <span class="superscript">[622]</span> +<i>Abercromby to Barrington</i>, 12 <i>July</i>, 1758. "At least +eight feet high." Rogers, <i>Journals</i>, 116.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_623" name="footer_623"></a> + <span class="superscript">[623]</span> +A Swiss officer of the Royal Americans, writing on the 14th, says that there +were two, and in some parts three, rows of loopholes. See the letter in +<i>Pennsylvania Archives</i>, III. 472.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_624" name="footer_624"></a> + <span class="superscript">[624]</span> +<i>Colonel Oliver Partridge to his Wife</i>, 12 <i>July</i>, 1758.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_625" name="footer_625"></a> + <span class="superscript">[625]</span> +A new line of works was begun four days after the battle, to replace the log +breastwork. Malartic, <i>Journal. Travaux faits à Carillon</i>, +1758.</p> +</div> + +<p>Here, then, was a position which, if attacked in front with musketry +alone, might be called impregnable. But would Abercromby so attack it? +He had several alternatives. He might attempt the flank and rear of his +enemy by way of the low grounds on the right and left of the plateau, a +movement which the precautions of Montcalm had made difficult, but not +impossible. Or, instead of leaving his artillery idle on the strand +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102-V2" id="Page_102-V2">102<br />V2</a></span> +of Lake George, he might bring it to the front and batter the breastwork, +which, though impervious to musketry, was worthless against heavy +cannon. Or he might do what Burgoyne did with success a score of years +later, and plant a battery on the heights of Rattlesnake Hill, now +called Mount Defiance, which commanded the position of the French, and +whence the inside of their breastwork could be scoured with round-shot +from end to end. Or, while threatening the French front with a part of +his army, he could march the rest a short distance through the woods on +his left to the road which led from Ticonderoga to Crown Point, and +which would soon have brought him to the place called Five-Mile Point, +where Lake Champlain narrows to the width of an easy rifle-shot, and +where a battery of field-pieces would have cut off all Montcalm's +supplies and closed his only way of retreat. As the French were +provisioned for but eight days, their position would thus have been +desperate. They plainly saw the danger; and Doreil declares that had the +movement been made, their whole army must have surrendered. +<span class="superscript">[626]</span> +Montcalm had done what he could; but the danger of his position was +inevitable and extreme. His hope lay in Abercromby; and it was a hope +well founded. The action of the English general answered the utmost +wishes of his enemy.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_626" name="footer_626"></a> + <span class="superscript">[626]</span> +<i>Doreil au Ministre</i>, 28 <i>Juillet</i>, 1758. The Chevalier +Johnstone thought that Montcalm was saved by Abercromby's ignorance of +the ground. <i>A Dialogue in Hades</i> (Quebec Historical Society).</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103-V2" id="Page_103-V2">103<br />V2</a></span> +Abercromby had been told by his prisoners that Montcalm had six thousand +men, and that three thousand more were expected every hour. Therefore he +was in haste to attack before these succors could arrive. As was the +general, so was the army. "I believe," writes an officer, "we were one +and all infatuated by a notion of carrying every obstacle by a mere +<i>coup de mousqueterie</i>." <span class="superscript">[627]</span> +Leadership perished with Lord Howe, and nothing was left but blind, +headlong valor.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_627" name="footer_627"></a> + <span class="superscript">[627]</span> +See the letter in Knox, I. 148.</p> +</div> + +<p>Clerk, chief engineer, was sent to reconnoitre the French works from +Mount Defiance; and came back with the report that, to judge from what +he could see, they might be carried by assault. Then, without waiting to +bring up his cannon, Abercromby prepared to storm the lines.</p> + +<p>The French finished their breastwork and abattis on the evening of the +seventh, encamped behind them, slung their kettles, and rested after +their heavy toil. Lévis had not yet appeared; but at twilight one of his +officers, Captain Pouchot, arrived with three hundred regulars, and +announced that his commander would come before morning with a hundred +more. The reinforcement, though small, was welcome, and Lévis was a host +in himself. Pouchot was told that the army was half a mile off. Thither +he repaired, made his report to Montcalm, and looked with amazement at +the prodigious amount of work accomplished in one day. +<span class="superscript">[628]</span> Lévis himself arrived in the +course of the night, and approved the arrangement of the troops. They +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104-V2" id="Page_104-V2">104<br />V2</a></span> +lay behind their lines till daybreak; then the drums beat, and they formed +in order of battle. <span class="superscript">[629]</span> The battalions +of La Sarre and Languedoc were posted on the left, under Bourlamaque, the +first battalion of Berry with that of Royal Roussillon in the centre, under +Montcalm, and those of La Reine, Béarn, and Guienne on the right, +under Lévis. A detachment of volunteers occupied the low grounds between +the breastwork and the outlet of Lake George; while, at the foot of the +declivity on the side towards Lake Champlain, were stationed four +hundred and fifty colony regulars and Canadians, behind an abattis which +they had made for themselves; and as they were covered by the cannon of +the fort, there was some hope that they would check any flank movement +which the English might attempt on that side. Their posts being thus +assigned, the men fell to work again to strengthen their defences. +Including those who came with Lévis, the total force of effective +soldiers was now thirty-six hundred. <span class="superscript">[630]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_628" name="footer_628"></a> + <span class="superscript">[628]</span> +Pouchot, I. 137.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_629" name="footer_629"></a> + <span class="superscript">[629]</span> +<i>Livre d'Ordres, Disposition de Défense des Retranchements</i>, +8 <i>Juillet</i>, 1758.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_630" name="footer_630"></a> + <span class="superscript">[630]</span> +Montcalm, <i>Relation de la Victoire remportée à Carillon</i>, +8 <i>Juillet</i>, 1758. Vaudreuil puts the number at 4,760, besides officers, +which includes the garrison and laborers at the fort. <i>Vaudreuil au +Ministre</i>, 28 <i>Juillet</i>, 1758.</p> +</div> + +<p>Soon after nine o'clock a distant and harmless fire of small-arms began +on the slopes of Mount Defiance. It came from a party of Indians who had +just arrived with Sir William Johnson, and who, after amusing themselves +in this manner for a time, remained for the rest of the day safe +spectators of the fight. The soldiers worked +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105-V2" id="Page_105-V2">105<br />V2</a></span> +undisturbed till noon, when volleys of musketry were heard from the forest +in front. It was the English light troops driving in the French pickets. A +cannon was fired as a signal to drop tools and form for battle. The white +uniforms lined the breastwork in a triple row, with the grenadiers behind +them as a reserve, and the second battalion of Berry watching the flanks +and rear.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile the English army had moved forward from its camp by the +saw-mill. First came the rangers, the light infantry, and Bradstreet's +armed boatmen, who, emerging into the open space, began a spattering +fire. Some of the provincial troops followed, extending from left to +right, and opening fire in turn; then the regulars, who had formed in +columns of attack under cover of the forest, advanced their solid red +masses into the sunlight, and passing through the intervals between the +provincial regiments, pushed forward to the assault. Across the rough +ground, with its maze of fallen trees whose leaves hung withering in the +July sun, they could see the top of the breastwork, but not the men +behind it; when, in an instant, all the line was obscured by a gush of +smoke, a crash of exploding firearms tore the air, and grapeshot and +musket-balls swept the whole space like a tempest; "a damnable fire," +says an officer who heard them screaming about his ears. The English had +been ordered to carry the works with the bayonet; but their ranks were +broken by the obstructions through which they +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106-V2" id="Page_106-V2">106<br />V2</a></span> +struggled in vain to force their way, and they soon began to fire in turn. +The storm raged in full fury for an hour. The assailants pushed close to +the breastwork; but there they were stopped by the bristling mass of +sharpened branches, which they could not pass under the murderous +cross-fires that swept them from front and flank. At length they fell back, +exclaiming that the works were impregnable. Abercromby, who was at the +saw-mill, a mile and a half in the rear, sent order to attack again, and +again they came on as before.</p> + +<p>The scene was frightful: masses of infuriated men who could not go +forward and would not go back; straining for an enemy they could not +reach, and firing on an enemy they could not see; caught in the +entanglement of fallen trees; tripped by briers, stumbling over logs, +tearing through boughs; shouting, yelling, cursing, and pelted all the +while with bullets that killed them by scores, stretched them on the +ground, or hung them on jagged branches in strange attitudes of death. +The provincials supported the regulars with spirit, and some of them +forced their way to the foot of the wooden wall.</p> + +<p>The French fought with the intrepid gayety of their nation, and shouts +of <i>Vive le Roi!</i> and <i>Vive notre Général!</i> mingled +with the din of musketry. Montcalm, with his coat off, for the day was hot, +directed the defence of the centre, and repaired to any part of the line +where the danger for the time seemed greatest. He is warm in praise of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107-V2" id="Page_107-V2">107<br />V2</a></span> +his enemy, and declares that between one and seven o'clock they attacked +him six successive times. Early in the action Abercromby tried to turn +the French left by sending twenty bateaux, filled with troops, down the +outlet of Lake George. They were met by the fire of the volunteers +stationed to defend the low grounds on that side, and, still advancing, +came within range of the cannon of the fort, which sank two of them and +drove back the rest.</p> + +<p>A curious incident happened during one of the attacks. De Bassignac, a +captain in the battalion of Royal Roussillon, tied his handkerchief to +the end of a musket and waved it over the breastwork in defiance. The +English mistook it for a sign of surrender, and came forward with all +possible speed, holding their muskets crossed over their heads in both +hands, and crying <i>Quarter</i>. The French made the same mistake; and +thinking that their enemies were giving themselves up as prisoners, +ceased firing, and mounted on the top of the breastwork to receive them. +Captain Pouchot, astonished, as he says, to see them perched there, +looked out to learn the cause, and saw that the enemy meant anything but +surrender. Whereupon he shouted with all his might: "<i>Tirez! Tirez! Ne +voyez-vous pas que ces gens-là vont vous enlever?</i>" The soldiers, +still standing on the breastwork, instantly gave the English a volley, +which killed some of them, and sent back the rest discomfited. +<span class="superscript">[631]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_631" name="footer_631"></a> + <span class="superscript">[631]</span> +Pouchot, I. 153. Both Niles and Entick mention the incident.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108-V2" id="Page_108-V2">108<br />V2</a></span> +This was set to the account of Gallic treachery. "Another deceit the +enemy put upon us," says a military letter-writer: "they raised their +hats above the breastwork, which our people fired at; they, having +loopholes to fire through, and being covered by the sods, we did them +little damage, except shooting their hats to pieces." +<span class="superscript">[632]</span> In one of the +last assaults a soldier of the Rhode Island regiment, William Smith, +managed to get through all obstructions and ensconce himself close under +the breastwork, where in the confusion he remained for a time unnoticed, +improving his advantages meanwhile by shooting several Frenchmen. Being +at length observed, a soldier fired vertically down upon him and wounded +him severely, but not enough to prevent his springing up, striking at +one of his enemies over the top of the wall, and braining him with his +hatchet. A British officer who saw the feat, and was struck by the +reckless daring of the man, ordered two regulars to bring him off; +which, covered by a brisk fire of musketry, they succeeded in doing. A +letter from the camp two or three weeks later reports him as in a fair +way to recover, being, says the writer, much braced and invigorated by +his anger against the French, on whom he was swearing to have his +revenge. <span class="superscript">[633]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_632" name="footer_632"></a> + <span class="superscript">[632]</span> +<i>Letter from Saratoga</i>, 12 <i>July</i>, 1758, in <i>New Hampshire +Gazette</i>. Compare <i>Pennsylvania Archives</i>, III. 474.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_633" name="footer_633"></a> + <span class="superscript">[633]</span> +<i>Letter from Lake George</i>, 26 <i>July</i>, 1758, in <i>Boston +Gazette</i>. The story is given, without much variation, in several other +letters.</p> +</div> + +<p>Toward five o'clock two English columns joined in a most determined +assault on the extreme +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109-V2" id="Page_109-V2">109<br />V2</a></span> +right of the French, defended by the battalions of Guienne and Béarn. +The danger for a time was imminent. Montcalm hastened to the spot with the +reserves. The assailants hewed their way to the foot of the breastwork; and +though again and again repulsed, they again and again renewed the attack. +The Highlanders fought with stubborn and unconquerable fury. "Even those +who were mortally wounded," writes one of their lieutenants, "cried to +their companions not to lose a thought upon them, but to follow their +officers and mind the honor of their country. Their ardor was such that it +was difficult to bring them off." <span class="superscript">[634]</span> +Their major, Campbell of Inverawe, found his foreboding true. +He received a mortal shot, and his clansmen bore him from the field. +Twenty-five of their officers were killed or wounded, and half the men +fell under the deadly fire that poured from the loopholes. Captain John +Campbell and a few followers tore their way through the abattis, climbed +the breastwork, leaped down among the French, and were bayoneted +there. <span class="superscript">[635]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_634" name="footer_634"></a> + <span class="superscript">[634]</span> +<i>Letter of Lieutenant William Grant</i>, in <i>Maclachlan's Highlands</i>, +II. 340 (ed. 1875).</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_635" name="footer_635"></a> + <span class="superscript">[635]</span> +<i>Ibid.</i>, II. 339.</p> +</div> + +<p>As the colony troops and Canadians on the low ground were left +undisturbed, Lévis sent them an order to make a sortie and attack the +left flank of the charging columns. They accordingly posted themselves +among the trees along the declivity, and fired upwards at the enemy, who +presently shifted their position to the right, out of the line of shot. +The assault still continued, but +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110-V2" id="Page_110-V2">110<br />V2</a></span> +in vain; and at six there was another effort, equally fruitless. From this +time till half-past seven a lingering fight was kept up by the rangers and +other provincials, firing from the edge of the woods and from behind the +stumps, bushes, and fallen trees in front of the lines. Its only objects +were to cover their comrades, who were collecting and bringing off the +wounded, and to protect the retreat of the regulars, who fell back in +disorder to the Falls. As twilight came on, the last combatant withdrew, +and none were left but the dead. Abercromby had lost in killed, wounded, +and missing, nineteen hundred and forty-four officers and men. +<span class="superscript">[636]</span> The loss of the French, not counting +that of Langy's detachment, was three hundred and seventy-seven. Bourlamaque +was dangerously wounded; Bougainville slightly; and the hat of Lévis +was twice shot through. <span class="superscript">[637]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_636" name="footer_636"></a> + <span class="superscript">[636]</span> +See <a href="#appendixG">Appendix G</a>.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_637" name="footer_637"></a> + <span class="superscript">[637]</span> +<i>Lévis au Ministre</i>, 13 <i>Juillet</i>, 1758</p> +</div> + +<p>Montcalm, with a mighty load lifted from his soul, passed along the +lines, and gave the tired soldiers the thanks they nobly deserved. Beer, +wine, and food were served out to them, and they bivouacked for the +night on the level ground between the breastwork and the fort. The enemy +had met a terrible rebuff; yet the danger was not over. Abercromby still +had more than thirteen thousand men, and he might renew the attack with +cannon. But, on the morning of the ninth, a band of volunteers who had +gone out to watch him brought back the report that he was in full +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111-V2" id="Page_111-V2">111<br />V2</a></span> +retreat. The saw-mill at the Falls was on fire, and the last English +soldier was gone. On the morning of the tenth, Lévis, with a strong +detachment, followed the road to the landing-place, and found signs that +a panic had overtaken the defeated troops. They had left behind several +hundred barrels of provisions and a large quantity of baggage; while in +a marshy place that they had crossed was found a considerable number of +their shoes, which had stuck in the mud, and which they had not stopped +to recover. They had embarked on the morning after the battle, and +retreated to the head of the lake in a disorder and dejection wofully +contrasted with the pomp of their advance. A gallant army was sacrificed +by the blunders of its chief.</p> + +<p>Montcalm announced his victory to his wife in a strain of exaggeration +that marks the exaltation of his mind. "Without Indians, almost without +Canadians or colony troops,—I had only four hundred,—alone with +Lévis and Bourlamaque and the troops of the line, thirty-one hundred +fighting men, I have beaten an army of twenty-five thousand. They repassed +the lake precipitately, with a loss of at least five thousand. This glorious +day does infinite honor to the valor of our battalions. I have no time +to write more. I am well, my dearest, and I embrace you." And he wrote +to his friend Doreil: "The army, the too-small army of the King, has +beaten the enemy. What a day for France! If I had had two hundred +Indians to send out at the head of a thousand +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112-V2" id="Page_112-V2">112<br />V2</a></span> +picked men under the Chevalier de Lévis, not many would have escaped. +Ah, my dear Doreil, what soldiers are ours! I never saw the like. Why were +they not at Louisbourg?"</p> + +<p>On the morrow of his victory he caused a great cross to be planted on +the battle-field, inscribed with these lines, composed by the +soldier-scholar himself,—</p> + +<div class="poem1 small double-space-top"> +<p class="poem1 indent30">"Quid dux? quid miles? quid strata ingentia ligna?</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25">En Signum! en victor! Deus hîc, Deus ipse triumphat." +<br /><br /></p> + +<p class="poem1 indent30">"Soldier and chief and rampart's strength are nought;</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25">Behold the conquering Cross! 'T is God the triumph wrought." +<span class="superscript">[638]</span></p> +</div> + +<p><br /></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_638" name="footer_638"></a> + <span class="superscript">[638]</span> +Along with the above paraphrase I may give that of Montcalm himself, which was +also inscribed on the cross:—</p> + +<div class="poem1 double-space-top"> +<p class="poem1 indent30">"Chrétien! ce ne fut point Montcalm et la prudence,</p> +<p class="poem1 indent15">Ces arbres renversés, ces héros, leurs exploits,</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25">Qui des Anglais confus ont brisé l'espérance;</p> +<p class="poem1 indent15">C'est le bras de ton Dieu, vainqueur sur cette croix."</p> +</div> + + +<p class="double-space-top"> +In the same letter in which Montcalm sent these lines to his mother he +says: "Je vous envoie, pour vous amuser, deux chansons sur le combat du +8 Juillet, dont l'une est en style des poissardes de Paris." One of +these songs, which were written by soldiers after the battle, begins,—</p> + +<div class="poem1 double-space-top"> +<p class="poem1 indent30 left-indent10">"Je chante des François</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25 left-indent10">La valeur et la gloire,</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25 left-indent10">Qui toujours sur l'Anglois</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25 left-indent10">Remportent la victoire.</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25 left-indent10">Ce sont des héros,</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25 left-indent10">Tous nos généraux,</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25 left-indent10">Et Montcalm et Lévis,</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25 left-indent10">Et Bourlamaque aussi.<br /><br /></p> +<p class="poem1 indent30 left-indent10">"Mars, qui les engendra</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25 left-indent10">Pour l'honneur de la France,</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25 left-indent10">D'abord les anima</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25 left-indent10">De sa haute vaillance,</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25 left-indent10">Et les transporta</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25 left-indent10">Dans le Canada,</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25 left-indent10">Où l'on voit les François</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25 left-indent10">Culbuter les Anglois."</p> +</div> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113-V2" id="Page_113-V2">113<br />V2</a></span> +The other effusion of the military muse is in a different strain, "en +style des poissardes de Paris." The following is a specimen, given +<i>literatim</i>:—</p> + +<div class="poem1 double-space-top"> +<p class="poem1 indent30 left-indent10">"L'aumônier fit l'exhortation,</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25 left-indent10">Puis il donnit l'absolution;</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25 left-indent10">Aisément cela se peut croire.</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25 left-indent10">Enfants, dit-il, animez-vous!</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25 left-indent10">L'bon Dieu, sa mère, tout est pour vous.</p> +<p class="poem1 indent30"><i>S—é! j'sommes catholiques. Les Anglois sont des hérétiques.</i></p> +</div> + + +<p class="double-space-top">"Ce sont des chiens; à coups d'pieds, a coups d'poings faut leur casser +la gueule et la mâchoire."</p> + +<div class="poem1 double-space-top"> +<p class="poem1 indent30 left-indent10">"Soldats, officiers, généraux,</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25 left-indent10">Chacun en ce jour fut héros.</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25 left-indent10">Aisément cela se peut croire.</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25 left-indent10">Montcalm, comme défunt Annibal,</p> +<p class="poem1 indent25 left-indent10">S'montroit soldat et général.</p> +<p class="poem1 indent30"><i>S—é! sil y avoit quelqu'un qui ne l'aimit point!</i>"</p> +</div> + + +<p class="double-space-top">"Je veux être un chien; à coups d'pieds, a coups d'poings, j'lui +cass'rai la gueule et la mâchoire."</p> + +<p>This is an allusion to Vaudreuil. On the battle of Ticonderoga, see +<a href="#appendixG">Appendix G</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Chapter_21" id="Chapter_21"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114-V2" id="Page_114-V2">114<br />V2</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents21">CHAPTER XXI.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1758.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader">FORT FRONTENAC.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + The Routed Army • Indignation at Abercromby • + John Cleaveland and his Brother Chaplains • + Regulars and Provincials • Provincial Surgeons • + French Raids • Rogers defeats Marin • Adventures of Putnam • + Expedition of Bradstreet • Capture of Fort Frontenac. + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> +</div> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">The</span> +rashness of Abercromby before the fight was matched by his +poltroonery after it. Such was his terror that on the evening of his +defeat he sent an order to Colonel Cummings, commanding at Fort William +Henry, to send all the sick and wounded and all the heavy artillery to +New York without delay. <span class="superscript">[639]</span> +He himself followed so closely upon this disgraceful missive that Cummings +had no time to obey it.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_639" name="footer_639"></a> + <span class="superscript">[639]</span> +<i>Cunningham, aide-de-camp of Abercromby, to Cummings</i>, 8 <i>July</i>, +1758.</p> +</div> + +<p>The defeated and humbled troops proceeded to reoccupy the ground they +had left a few days before in the flush of confidence and pride; and +young Colonel Williams, of Massachusetts, lost no time in sending the +miserable story to his uncle Israel. His letter, which is dated "Lake +George (sorrowful situation), July y<span class="superscript">e</span> +11<span class="superscript">th</span>," ends thus: "I have told facts; +you may put the epithets upon them. In one word, what with fatigue, want of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115-V2" id="Page_115-V2">115<br />V2</a></span> +sleep, exercise of mind, and leaving the place we went to capture, the +best part of the army is unhinged. I have told enough to make you sick, +if the relation acts on you as the facts have on me."</p> + +<p>In the routed army was the sturdy John Cleaveland, minister of Ipswich, +and now chaplain of Bagley's Massachusetts regiment, who regarded the +retreat with a disgust that was shared by many others. "This day," he +writes in his Diary, at the head of Lake George, two days after the +battle, "wherever I went I found people, officers and soldiers, +astonished that we left the French ground, and commenting on the strange +conduct in coming off." From this time forth the provincials called +their commander Mrs. Nabbycromby. <span class="superscript">[640]</span> +He thought of nothing but fortifying himself. "Towards evening," continues +the chaplain, "the General, with his Rehoboam counsellors, came over to line +out a fort on the rocky hill where our breastwork was last year. Now we +begin to think strongly that the grand expedition against Canada is laid +aside, and a foundation made totally to impoverish our country." The whole +army was soon intrenched. The chaplain of Bagley's, with his brother Ebenezer, +chaplain of another regiment, one day walked round the camp and carefully +inspected it. The tour proved satisfactory to the militant divines, and John +Cleaveland reported to his wife: "We have built an extraordinary good +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116-V2" id="Page_116-V2">116<br />V2</a></span> +breastwork, sufficient to defend ourselves against twenty thousand of the +enemy, though at present we have not above a third part of that number fit +for duty." Many of the troops had been sent to the Mohawk, and others to the +Hudson.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_640" name="footer_640"></a> + <span class="superscript">[640]</span> +Trumbull, <i>Hist. Connecticut</i>, II. 392. "Nabby" (Abigail) +was then a common female name in New England.</p> +</div> + +<p>In the regiment of which Cleaveland was chaplain there was a young +surgeon from Danvers, Dr. Caleb Rea, who also kept a copious diary, and, +being of a serious turn, listened with edification to the prayers and +exhortations to which the yeoman soldiery were daily summoned. In his +zeal, he made an inquest among them for singers, and chose the most +melodious to form a regimental choir, "the better to carry on the daily +service of singing psalms;" insomuch that the New England camp was vocal +with rustic harmony, sincere, if somewhat nasal. These seemly +observances were not inconsistent with a certain amount of disorder +among the more turbulent spirits, who, removed from the repressive +influence of tight-laced village communities, sometimes indulged in +conduct which grieved the conscientious surgeon. The rural New England +of that time, with its narrowness, its prejudices, its oddities, its +combative energy, and rugged, unconquerable strength, is among the +things of the past, or lingers in remote corners where the whistle of +the locomotive is never heard. It has spread itself in swarming millions +over half a continent, changing with changing conditions; and even the +part of it that clings to the ancestral hive has transformed and +continues to transform itself.</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117-V2" id="Page_117-V2">117<br />V2</a></span> +The provincials were happy in their chaplains, among whom there reigned +a marvellous harmony, Episcopalians, Presbyterians, and +Congregationalists meeting twice a week to hold prayer-meetings +together. "A rare instance indeed," says Dr. Rea, "and perhaps scarce +ever was an army blessed with such a set of chaplains before." On one +occasion, just before the fatal expedition, nine of them, after prayers +and breakfast, went together to call upon the General. "He treated us +very kindly," says the chaplain of Bagley's, "and told us that he hoped +we would teach the people to do their duty and be courageous; and told +us a story of a chaplain in Germany, where he was, who just before the +action told the soldiers he had not time to say much, and therefore +should only say: 'Be courageous; for no cowards go to heaven.' The +General treated us to a bowl of punch and a bottle of wine, and then we +took our leave of him." <span class="superscript">[641]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_641" name="footer_641"></a> + <span class="superscript">[641]</span> +For the use of the Diary of Chaplain Cleaveland, as well as of his letters to +his wife, I am indebted to the kindness of Miss Abby E. Cleaveland, his +descendant.</p> +</div> + +<p>When Cleaveland and the more gifted among his brethren preached of a +Sunday, officers and men of the regulars, no less than the provincials, +came to listen; yet that pious Sabbatarian, Dr. Rea, saw much to afflict +his conscience. "Sad, sad it is to see how the Sabbath is profaned in +the camp," above all by "the horrid custom of swearing, more especially +among the regulars; and I can't but charge our defeat on this sin."</p> + +<p>It would have been well had the harmony that prevailed among the +chaplains found its counterpart +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118-V2" id="Page_118-V2">118<br />V2</a></span> +among the men of the sword; but between the British regular officers and +those of the provinces there was anything but an equal brotherhood. It is +true that Pitt, in the spirit of conciliation which he always showed +towards the colonies, had procured a change in the regulations concerning +the relative rank of British and provincial officers, thus putting them in +a position much nearer equality; but this, while appeasing the provincials, +seems to have annoyed the others. Till the campaign was nearly over, not a +single provincial colonel had been asked to join in a council of war; and, +complains Cleaveland, "they know no more of what is to be done than a +sergeant, till the orders come out." Of the British officers, the +greater part had seen but little active service. Most of them were men +of family, exceedingly prejudiced and insular, whose knowledge of the +world was limited to certain classes of their own countrymen, and who +looked down on all others, whether domestic or foreign. Towards the +provincials their attitude was one of tranquil superiority, though its +tranquillity was occasionally disturbed by what they regarded as absurd +pretension on the part of the colony officers. One of them gave vent to +his feelings in an article in the <i>London Chronicle</i>, in which he +advanced the very reasonable proposition that "a farmer is not to be +taken from the plough and made an officer in a day;" and he was answered +wrathfully, at great length, in the <i>Boston Evening Post</i>, by a writer +signing himself "A New England Man." The +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119-V2" id="Page_119-V2">119<br />V2</a></span> +provincial officers, on the other hand, and especially those of New England, +being no less narrow and prejudiced, filled with a sensitive pride and a +jealous local patriotism, and bred up in a lofty appreciation of the merits +and importance of their country, regarded British superciliousness with a +resentment which their strong love for England could not overcome. This +feeling was far from being confined to the officers. A provincial +regiment stationed at Half-Moon, on the Hudson, thought itself affronted +by Captain Cruikshank, a regular officer; and the men were so incensed +that nearly half of them went off in a body. The deportment of British +officers in the Seven Years War no doubt had some part in hastening on +the Revolution.</p> + +<p>What with levelling Montcalm's siege works, planting palisades, and +grubbing up stumps in their bungling and laborious way, the regulars +found abundant occupation. Discipline was stiff and peremptory. The +wooden horse and the whipping-post were conspicuous objects in the camp, +and often in use. Caleb Rea, being tender-hearted, never went to see the +lash laid on; for, as he quaintly observes, "the cries were satisfactory +to me, without the sight of the strokes." He and the rest of the doctors +found active exercise for such skill as they had, since fever and +dysentery were making scarcely less havoc than the bullets at +Ticonderoga. This came from the bad state of the camps and unwholesome +food. The provincial surgeons seem to have been very little +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120-V2" id="Page_120-V2">120<br />V2</a></span> +impressed with the importance of sanitary regulations, and to have thought +it their business not to prevent disease, but only to cure it. The one +grand essential in their eyes was a well-stocked medicine-chest, rich in +exhaustless stores of rhubarb, ipecacuanha, and calomel. Even this sometimes +failed. Colonel Williams reports "the sick destitute of everything proper +for them; medicine-chest empty; nothing but their dirty blankets for beds; +Dr. Ashley dead, Dr. Wright gone home, low enough; Bille worn off his +legs,—such is our case. I have near a hundred sick. Lost a sergeant +and a private last night." <span class="superscript">[642]</span> Chaplain +Cleaveland himself, though strong of frame, did not escape; but he found +solace in his trouble from the congenial society of a brother chaplain, +Mr. Emerson, of New Hampshire, "a right-down hearty Christian minister, +of savory conversation," who came to see him in his tent, breakfasted +with him, and joined him in prayer. Being somewhat better, he one day +thought to recreate himself with the apostolic occupation of fishing. +The sport was poor; the fish bit slowly; and as he lay in his boat, +still languid with his malady, he had leisure to reflect on the +contrasted works of Providence and man,—the bright lake basking amid +its mountains, a dream of wilderness beauty, and the swarms of harsh +humanity on the shore beside him, with their passions, discords, and +miseries. But it was with the strong meat of Calvinistic theology, and +not with reveries like these, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121-V2" id="Page_121-V2">121<br />V2</a></span> +that he was accustomed to nourish his military flock.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_642" name="footer_642"></a> + <span class="superscript">[642]</span> +<i>Colonel William Williams to Colonel Israel Williams</i>, 4 <i>Sept</i>. +1758.</p> +</div> + +<p>While at one end of the lake the force of Abercromby was diminished by +detachments and disease, that of Montcalm at the other was so increased +by reinforcements that a forward movement on his part seemed possible. +He contented himself, however, with strengthening the fort, +reconstructing the lines that he had defended so well, and sending out +frequent war-parties by way of Wood Creek and South Bay, to harass +Abercromby's communications with Fort Edward. These parties, some of +which consisted of several hundred men, were generally more or less +successful; and one of them, under La Corne, surprised and destroyed a +large wagon train escorted by forty soldiers. When Abercromby heard of +it, he ordered Rogers, with a strong detachment of provincials, light +infantry, and rangers, to go down the lake in boats, cross the mountains +to the narrow waters of Lake Champlain, and cut off the enemy. But +though Rogers set out at two in the morning, the French retreated so +fast that he arrived too late. As he was on his way back, he was met by +a messenger from the General with orders to intercept other French +parties reported to be hovering about Fort Edward. On this he retraced +his steps, marched through the forest to where Whitehall now stands, and +thence made his way up Wood Creek to old Fort Anne, a relic of former +wars, abandoned and falling to decay. Here, on the neglected "clearing" +that surrounded the ruin, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122-V2" id="Page_122-V2">122<br />V2</a></span> +his followers encamped. They counted seven hundred in all, and consisted of +about eighty rangers, a body of Connecticut men under Major Putnam, and a +small regular force, chiefly light infantry, under Captain Dalzell, the brave +officer who was afterwards killed by Pontiac's warriors at Detroit.</p> + +<p>Up to this time Rogers had observed his usual caution, commanding +silence on the march, and forbidding fires at night; but, seeing no +signs of an enemy, he forgot himself; and on the following morning, the +eighth of August, he and Lieutenant Irwin, of the light infantry, amused +themselves by firing at a mark on a wager. The shots reached the ears of +four hundred and fifty French and Indians under the famous partisan +Marin, who at once took steps to reconnoitre and ambuscade his rash +enemy. For nearly a mile from the old fort the forest had formerly been +cut down and burned; and Nature had now begun to reassert herself, +covering the open tract with a dense growth of bushes and saplings +almost impervious to anything but a wild-cat, had it not been traversed +by a narrow Indian path. Along this path the men were forced to march in +single file. At about seven o'clock, when the two marksmen had decided +their bet, and before the heavy dew of the night was dried upon the +bushes, the party slung their packs and set out. Putnam was in the front +with his Connecticut men; Dalzell followed with the regulars; and +Rogers, with his rangers, brought up the rear of the long and slender +line. Putnam himself led the way, shouldering through the bushes, gun in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123-V2" id="Page_123-V2">123<br />V2</a></span> +hand; and just as the bluff yeoman emerged from them to enter the +forest-growth beyond, the air was rent with yells, the thickets before +him were filled with Indians, and one of them, a Caughnawaga chief, +sprang upon him, hatchet in hand. He had time to cock his gun and snap +it at the breast of his assailant; but it missed fire, and he was +instantly seized and dragged back into the forest, as were also a +lieutenant named Tracy and three private men. Then the firing began. The +French and Indians, lying across the path in a semicircle, had the +advantage of position and surprise. The Connecticut men fell back among +the bushes in disorder; but soon rallied, and held the enemy in check +while Dalzell and Rogers—the latter of whom was nearly a mile +behind—were struggling through briers and thickets to their aid. So +close was the brushwood that it was full half an hour before they could +get their followers ranged in some kind of order in front of the enemy; +and even then each man was forced to fight for himself as best he could. +Humphreys, the biographer of Putnam, blames Rogers severely for not +coming at once to the aid of the Connecticut men; but two of their +captains declare that he came with all possible speed; while a regular +officer present highly praised him to Abercromby for cool and +officer-like conduct. <span class="superscript">[643]</span> +As a man his deserts were small; as a +bushfighter he was beyond reproach.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_643" name="footer_643"></a> + <span class="superscript">[643]</span> +<i>Letter from the Camp at Lake George</i>, 5 <i>Sept</i>. 1758, +signed by Captains Maynard and Giddings, and printed in the <i>Boston +Weekly Advertiser</i>. "Rogers deserves much to be commended." +<i>Abercromby to Pitt</i>, 19 <i>Aug</i>. 1758.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124-V2" id="Page_124-V2">124<br />V2</a></span> +Another officer recounts from hearsay the remarkable conduct of an +Indian, who sprang into the midst of the English and killed two of them +with his hatchet; then mounted on a log and defied them all. One of the +regulars tried to knock him down with the butt of his musket; but though +the blow made him bleed, he did not fall, and would have killed his +assailant if Rogers had not shot him dead. +<span class="superscript">[644]</span> The firing lasted about +two hours. At length some of the Canadians gave way, and the rest of the +French and Indians followed. <span class="superscript">[645]</span> +They broke into small parties to elude pursuit, and reuniting towards evening, +made their bivouac on a spot surrounded by impervious swamps.</p> + + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_644" name="footer_644"></a> + <span class="superscript">[644]</span> +<i>Thomas Barnsley to Bouquet</i>, 7 <i>Sept</i>. 1758.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_645" name="footer_645"></a> + <span class="superscript">[645]</span> +<i>Doreil au Ministre</i>, 31 <i>Août</i>, 1757.</p> +</div> + +<p>Rogers remained on the field and buried all his own dead, forty-nine in +number. Then he resumed his march to Fort Edward, carrying the wounded +on litters of branches till the next day, when he met a detachment +coming with wagons to his relief. A party sent out soon after for the +purpose reported that they had found and buried more than a hundred +French and Indians. From this time forward the war-parties from +Ticonderoga greatly relented in their activity.</p> + +<p>The adventures of the captured Putnam were sufficiently remarkable. The +Indians, after dragging him to the rear, lashed him fast to a tree so +that he could not move a limb, and a young savage amused himself by +throwing a hatchet at +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125-V2" id="Page_125-V2">125<br />V2</a></span> +his head, striking it into the wood as close as +possible to the mark without hitting it. A French petty officer then +thrust the muzzle of his gun violently against the prisoner's body, +pretended to fire it at him, and at last struck him in the face with the +butt; after which dastardly proceeding he left him. The French and +Indians being forced after a time to fall back, Putnam found himself +between the combatants and exposed to bullets from both sides; but the +enemy, partially recovering the ground they had lost, unbound him, and +led him to a safe distance from the fight. When the retreat began, the +Indians hurried him along with them, stripped of coat, waistcoat, shoes, +and stockings, his back burdened with as many packs of the wounded as +could be piled upon it, and his wrists bound so tightly together that +the pain became intense. In his torment he begged them to kill him; on +which a French officer who was near persuaded them to untie his hands +and take off some of the packs, and the chief who had captured him gave +him a pair of moccasons to protect his lacerated feet. When they +encamped at night, they prepared to burn him alive, stripped him naked, +tied him to a tree, and gathered dry wood to pile about him. A sudden +shower of rain interrupted their pastime; but when it was over they +began again, and surrounded him with a circle of brushwood which they +set on fire. As they were yelling and dancing their delight at the +contortions with which he tried to avoid the rising flames, Marin, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126-V2" id="Page_126-V2">126<br />V2</a></span> +hearing what was going forward, broke through the crowd, and with a +courageous humanity not too common among Canadian officers, dashed aside +the burning brush, untied the prisoner, and angrily upbraided his +tormentors. He then restored him to the chief who had captured him, and +whose right of property in his prize the others had failed to respect. +The Caughnawaga treated him at first with kindness; but, with the help +of his tribesmen, took effectual means to prevent his escape, by laying +him on his back, stretching his arms and legs in the form of a St. +Andrew's cross, and binding the wrists and ankles fast to the stems of +young trees. This was a mode of securing prisoners in vogue among +Indians from immemorial time; but, not satisfied with it, they placed +brushwood upon his body, and then laid across it the long slender stems +of saplings, on the ends of which several warriors lay down to sleep, so +that the slightest movement on his part would rouse them. Thus he passed +a night of misery, which did not prevent him from thinking of the +ludicrous figure he made in the hands of the tawny Philistines.</p> + +<p>On the next night, after a painful march, he reached Ticonderoga, where +he was questioned by Montcalm, and afterwards sent to Montreal in charge +of a French officer, who showed him the utmost kindness. On arriving, +wofully tattered, bruised, scorched, and torn, he found a friend in +Colonel Schuyler, himself a prisoner on parole, who helped him in his +need, and through whose +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127-V2" id="Page_127-V2">127<br />V2</a></span> +good offices the future major-general of the Continental Army was included +in the next exchange of prisoners. <span class="superscript">[646]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_646" name="footer_646"></a> + <span class="superscript">[646]</span> +On Putnam's adventures, Humphreys, 57 (1818). He had the story from Putnam +himself, and seems to give it with substantial correctness, though his account +of the battle is at several points erroneous. The "Molang" of his account is +Marin. On the battle, besides authorities already cited, <i>Recollections of +Thomson Maxwell</i>, a soldier present (<i>Essex Institute</i>, VII. 97). +Rogers, <i>Journals</i>, 117. Letter from camp in <i>Boston Gazette</i>, +no. 117. Another in <i>New Hampshire Gazette</i>, no. 104. <i>Gentleman's +Magazine, 1758</i>, p. 498. Malartic, <i>Journal du Régiment de +Béarn</i>. Lévis, <i>Journal de la Guerre en Canada</i>. +The French notices of the affair are few and brief. They admit a +defeat, but exaggerate the force and the losses of the English, and +underrate their own. Malartic, however, says that Marin set out with +four hundred men, and was soon after joined by an additional number of +Indians; which nearly answers to the best English accounts.</p> +</div> + +<p>The petty victory over Marin was followed by a more substantial success. +Early in September Abercromby's melancholy camp was cheered with the +tidings that the important French post of Fort Frontenac, which +controlled Lake Ontario, which had baffled Shirley in his attempt +against Niagara, and given Montcalm the means of conquering Oswego, had +fallen into British hands. "This is a glorious piece of news, and may +God have all the glory of the same!" writes Chaplain Cleaveland in his +Diary. Lieutenant-Colonel Bradstreet had planned the stroke long before, +and proposed it first to Loudon, and then to Abercromby. Loudon accepted +it; but his successor received it coldly, though Lord Howe was warm in +its favor. At length, under the pressure of a council of war, Abercromby +consented that the attempt should be made, and gave Bradstreet three +thousand men, nearly all provincials. With these he made his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128-V2" id="Page_128-V2">128<br />V2</a></span> +way, up the Mohawk and down the Onondaga, to the lonely and dismal spot +where Oswego had once stood. By dint of much persuasion a few Oneidas joined +him; though, like most of the Five Nations, they had been nearly lost to the +English through the effects of the defeat at Ticonderoga. On the +twenty-second of August his fleet of whaleboats and bateaux pushed out +on Lake Ontario; and, three days after, landed near the French fort. On +the night of the twenty-sixth Bradstreet made a lodgment within less +than two hundred yards of it; and early in the morning De Noyan, the +commandant, surrendered himself and his followers, numbering a hundred +and ten soldiers and laborers, prisoners of war. With them were taken +nine armed vessels, carrying from eight to eighteen guns, and forming +the whole French naval force on Lake Ontario. The crews escaped. An +enormous quantity of provisions, naval stores, munitions, and Indian +goods intended for the supply of the western posts fell into the hands +of the English, who kept what they could carry off, and burned the rest. +In the fort were found sixty cannon and sixteen mortars, which the +victors used to batter down the walls; and then, reserving a few of the +best, knocked off the trunnions of the others. The Oneidas were bent on +scalping some of the prisoners. Bradstreet forbade it. They begged that +he would do as the French did,—turn his back and shut his eyes; but he +forced them to abstain from all violence, and consoled them by a lion's +share of the plunder. In accordance +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129-V2" id="Page_129-V2">129<br />V2</a></span> +with the orders of Abercromby, the fort was dismantled, and all the buildings +in or around it burned, as were also the vessels, except the two largest, +which were reserved to carry off some of the captured goods. Then, with boats +deeply laden, the detachment returned to Oswego; where, after unloading and +burning the two vessels, they proceeded towards Albany, leaving a thousand of +their number at the new fort which Brigadier Stanwix was building at the +Great Carrying Place of the Mohawk.</p> + +<p>Next to Louisbourg, this was the heaviest blow that the French had yet +received. Their command of Lake Ontario was gone. New France was cut in +two; and unless the severed parts could speedily reunite, all the posts +of the interior would be in imminent jeopardy. If Bradstreet had been +followed by another body of men to reoccupy and rebuild Oswego, thus +recovering a harbor on Lake Ontario, all the captured French vessels +could have been brought thither, and the command of this inland sea +assured at once. Even as it was, the advantages were immense. A host of +savage warriors, thus far inclined to France or wavering between the two +belligerents, stood henceforth neutral, or gave themselves to England; +while Fort Duquesne, deprived of the supplies on which it depended, +could make but faint resistance to its advancing enemy.</p> + +<p>Amherst, with five regiments from Louisbourg, came, early in October, to +join Abercromby at Lake George, and the two commanders discussed +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130-V2" id="Page_130-V2">130<br />V2</a></span> +the question of again attacking Ticonderoga. Both thought the season too +late. A fortnight after, a deserter brought news that Montcalm was breaking +up his camp. Abercromby followed his example. The opposing armies filed off +each to its winter quarters, and only a few scouting parties kept alive the +embers of war on the waters and mountains of Lake George.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile Brigadier Forbes was climbing the Alleghanies, hewing his way +through the forests of western Pennsylvania, and toiling inch by inch +towards his goal of Fort Duquesne. <span class="superscript">[647]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_647" name="footer_647"></a> + <span class="superscript">[647]</span> +On the capture of Fort Frontenac, <i>Bradstreet to Abercromby</i>, 31 +<i>Aug</i>. 1758. <i>Impartial Account of Lieutenant-Colonel Bradstreet's +Expedition, by a Volunteer in the Expedition</i> (London, 1759). Letter from +a New York officer to his colonel, in <i>Boston Gazette</i>, no. 182. Several +letters from persons in the expedition, in <i>Boston Evening Post</i>, no. +1,203, <i>New Hampshire Gazette</i>, no. 104, and <i>Boston News Letter</i>, +no. 2,932. <i>Abercromby to Pitt</i>, 25 <i>Nov</i>. 1758. <i>Lieutenant +Macauley to Horatio Gates</i>, 30 <i>Aug</i>. 1758. <i>Vaudreuil au +Ministre</i>, 30 <i>Oct</i>. 1758. Pouchot, I. 162. <i>Mémoires sur +le Canada</i>, 1749-1760.</p> +</div> + +<hr /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Chapter_22" id="Chapter_22"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131-V2" id="Page_131-V2">131<br />V2</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents22">CHAPTER XXII.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1758.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader">FORT DUQUESNE.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + Dinwiddie and Washington • Brigadier Forbes • His Army • + Conflicting Views • Difficulties • Illness of Forbes • + His Sufferings • His Fortitude • + His Difference with Washington • Sir John Sinclair • + Troublesome Allies • Scouting Parties • + Boasts of Vaudreuil • Forbes and the Indians • + Mission of Christian Frederic Post • Council of Peace • + Second Mission of Post • Defeat of Grant • + Distress of Forbes • Dark Prospects • + Advance of the Army • Capture of the French Fort • + The Slain of Braddock's Field • Death of Forbes. + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> +</div> + + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">During</span> +the last year Loudon, filled with vain schemes against +Louisbourg, had left the French scalping-parties to their work of havoc +on the western borders. In Virginia Washington still toiled at his +hopeless task of defending with a single regiment a forest frontier of +more than three hundred miles; and in Pennsylvania the Assembly thought +more of quarrelling with their governor than of protecting the tormented +settlers. Fort Duquesne, the source of all the evil, was left +undisturbed. In vain Washington urged the futility of defensive war, and +the necessity of attacking the enemy in his stronghold. His position, +trying at the best, was made more so by the behavior of Dinwiddie. That +crusty Scotchman had conceived a dislike to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132-V2" id="Page_132-V2">132<br />V2</a></span> +him, and sometimes treated him in a manner that must have been unspeakably +galling to the proud and passionate young man, who nevertheless, unconquerable +in his sense of public duty, curbed himself to patience, or the semblance of +it.</p> + +<p>Dinwiddie was now gone, and a new governor had taken his place. The +conduct of the war, too, had changed, and in the plans of Pitt the +capture of Fort Duquesne held an important place. Brigadier John Forbes +was charged with it. He was a Scotch veteran, forty-eight years of age, +who had begun life as a student of medicine, and who ended it as an able +and faithful soldier. Though a well-bred man of the world, his tastes +were simple; he detested ceremony, and dealt frankly and plainly with +the colonists, who both respected and liked him. In April he was in +Philadelphia waiting for his army, which as yet had no existence; for +the provincials were not enlisted, and an expected battalion of +Highlanders had not arrived. It was the end of June before they were all +on the march; and meanwhile the General was attacked with a painful and +dangerous malady, which would have totally disabled a less resolute man.</p> + +<p>His force consisted of provincials from Pennsylvania, Virginia, +Maryland, and North Carolina, with twelve hundred Highlanders of +Montgomery's regiment and a detachment of Royal Americans, amounting in +all, with wagoners and camp followers, to between six and seven thousand +men. The Royal American regiment was a new corps raised, in the +colonies, largely from among the Germans of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133-V2" id="Page_133-V2">133<br />V2</a></span> +Pennsylvania. Its officers were from Europe; and conspicuous among them was +Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Bouquet, a brave and accomplished Swiss, who +commanded one of the four battalions of which the regiment was composed. +Early in July he was encamped with the advance-guard at the hamlet of +Raystown, now the town of Bedford, among the eastern heights of the +Alleghanies. Here his tents were pitched in an opening of the forest by +the banks of a small stream; and Virginians in hunting-shirts, Highlanders +in kilt and plaid, and Royal Americans in regulation scarlet, labored at +throwing up intrenchments and palisades, while around stood the silent +mountains in their mantles of green.</p> + +<p>Now rose the question whether the army should proceed in a direct course +to Fort Duquesne, hewing a new road through the forest, or march +thirty-four miles to Fort Cumberland, and thence follow the road made by +Braddock. It was the interest of Pennsylvania that Forbes should choose +the former route, and of Virginia that he should choose the latter. The +Old Dominion did not wish to see a highway cut for her rival to those +rich lands of the Ohio which she called her own. Washington, who was +then at Fort Cumberland with a part of his regiment, was earnest for the +old road; and in an interview with Bouquet midway between that place and +Raystown, he spared no effort to bring him to the same opinion. But the +quartermaster-general, Sir John Sinclair, who was supposed to know the +country, had advised the Pennsylvania route; and both Bouquet and Forbes +were resolved to take it. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134-V2" id="Page_134-V2">134<br />V2</a></span> +It was shorter, and when once made would furnish readier and more abundant +supplies of food and forage; but to make it would consume a vast amount of +time and labor. Washington foretold the ruin of the expedition unless it +took Braddock's road. Ardent Virginian as he was, there is no cause to +believe that his decision was based on any but military reasons; but +Forbes thought otherwise, and found great fault with him. Bouquet did him +more justice. "Colonel Washington," he writes to the General, "is filled +with a sincere zeal to aid the expedition, and is ready to march with equal +activity by whatever way you choose."</p> + +<p>The fate of Braddock had impressed itself on all the army, and inspired +a caution that was but too much needed; since, except Washington's men +and a few others among the provincials, the whole, from general to +drummer-boy, were total strangers to that insidious warfare of the +forest in which their enemies, red and white, had no rival. Instead of +marching, like Braddock, at one stretch for Fort Duquesne, burdened with +a long and cumbrous baggage-train, it was the plan of Forbes to push on +by slow stages, establishing fortified magazines as he went, and at +last, when within easy distance of the fort, to advance upon it with all +his force, as little impeded as possible with wagons and pack-horses. He +bore no likeness to his predecessor, except in determined resolution, +and he did not hesitate to embrace military heresies which would have +driven Braddock to fury. To Bouquet, in whom he placed a well-merited +trust, he wrote, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135-V2" id="Page_135-V2">135<br />V2</a></span> +"I have been long in your opinion of equipping numbers of our men like the +savages, and I fancy Colonel Burd, of Virginia, has most of his best people +equipped in that manner. In this country we must learn the art of war from +enemy Indians, or anybody else who has seen it carried on here."</p> + +<p>His provincials displeased him, not without reason; for the greater part +were but the crudest material for an army, unruly, and recalcitrant to +discipline. Some of them came to the rendezvous at Carlisle with old +province muskets, the locks tied on with a string; others brought +fowling-pieces of their own, and others carried nothing but +walking-sticks; while many had never fired a gun in their lives. +<span class="superscript">[648]</span> Forbes reported to Pitt that their +officers, except a few in the higher ranks, were "an extremely bad +collection of broken inn-keepers, horse-jockeys, and Indian traders;" +nor is he more flattering towards the men, though as to some of them he +afterwards changed his mind. <span class="superscript">[649]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_648" name="footer_648"></a> + <span class="superscript">[648]</span> +<i>Correspondence of Forbes and Bouquet, July, August</i>, +1758.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_649" name="footer_649"></a> + <span class="superscript">[649]</span> +<i>Forbes to Pitt</i>, 6 <i>Sept</i>. 1758.</p> +</div> + +<p>While Bouquet was with the advance at Raystown, Forbes was still in +Philadelphia, trying to bring the army into shape, and collecting +provisions, horses, and wagons; much vexed meantime by the Assembly, +whose tedious disputes about taxing the proprietaries greatly obstructed +the service. "No sergeant or quartermaster of a regiment," he says, "is +obliged to look into more details than I am; and if I did not see to +everything myself, we should never get out of this town." July had +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136-V2" id="Page_136-V2">136<br />V2</a></span> +begun before he could reach the frontier village of Carlisle, where he +found everything in confusion. After restoring some order, he wrote to +Bouquet: "I have been and still am but poorly, with a cursed flux, but +shall move day after to-morrow." He was doomed to disappointment; and it +was not till the ninth of August that he sent another letter from the +same place to the same military friend. "I am now able to write after +three weeks of a most violent and tormenting distemper, which, thank +God, seems now much abated as to pain, but has left me as weak as a +new-born infant. However, I hope to have strength enough to set out from +this place on Friday next." The disease was an inflammation of the +stomach and other vital organs; and when he should have been in bed, +with complete repose of body and mind, he was racked continually with +the toils and worries of a most arduous campaign.</p> + +<p>He left Carlisle on the eleventh, carried on a kind of litter made of a +hurdle slung between two horses; and two days later he wrote from +Shippensburg: "My journey here from Carlisle raised my disorder and +pains to so intolerable a degree that I was obliged to stop, and may not +get away for a day or two." Again, on the eighteenth: "I am better, and +partly free from the excruciating pain I suffered; but still so weak +that I can scarce bear motion." He lay helpless at Shippensburg till +September was well advanced. On the second he says: "I really cannot +describe how I have suffered both in body and mind of late, and the +relapses +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137-V2" id="Page_137-V2">137<br />V2</a></span> +have been worse as the disappointment was greater;" and on the +fourth, still writing to Bouquet, who in the camp at Raystown was +struggling with many tribulations: "I am sorry you have met with so many +cross accidents to vex you, and have such a parcel of scoundrels as the +provincials to work with; <i>mais le vin est tiré</i>, and you must drop a +little of the gentleman and treat them as they deserve. Seal and send +off the enclosed despatch to Sir John by some sure hand. He is a very +odd man, and I am sorry it has been my fate to have any concern with +him. I am afraid our army will not admit of division, lest one half meet +with a check; therefore I would consult Colonel Washington, though +perhaps not follow his advice, as his behavior about the roads was +noways like a soldier. I thank my good cousin for his letter, and have +only to say that I have all my life been subject to err; but I now +reform, as I go to bed at eight at night, if able to sit up so late."</p> + +<p>Nobody can read the letters of Washington at this time without feeling +that the imputations of Forbes were unjust, and that here, as elsewhere, +his ruling motive was the public good. <span class="superscript">[650]</span> +Forbes himself, seeing the rugged and difficult nature of the country, +began to doubt whether after all he had not better have chosen the old +road of Braddock. He soon had an interview with its chief advocates, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138-V2" id="Page_138-V2">138<br />V2</a></span> +the two Virginia colonels, Washington and Burd, and reported the result to +Bouquet, adding: "I told them that, whatever they thought, I had acted on +the best information to be had, and could safely say for myself, and +believed I might answer for you, that the good of the service was all we +had at heart, not valuing provincial interests, jealousies, or suspicions +one single twopence." It must be owned that, considering the slow and sure +mode of advance which he had wisely adopted, the old soldier was probably +right in his choice; since before the army could reach Fort Duquesne, the +autumnal floods would have made the Youghiogany and the Monongahela +impassable.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_650" name="footer_650"></a> + <span class="superscript">[650]</span> +Besides the printed letters, there is an autograph collection of his +correspondence with Bouquet in 1758 (forming vol. 21,641, <i>Additional +Manuscripts</i>, British Museum). Copies of the whole are before me.</p> +</div> + +<p>The Sir John mentioned by Forbes was the quartermaster-general, Sir John +Sinclair, who had gone forward with Virginians and other troops from the +camp of Bouquet to make the road over the main range of the Alleghanies, +whence he sent back the following memorandum of his requirements: +"Pickaxes, crows, and shovels; likewise more whiskey. Send me the +newspapers, and tell my black to send me a candlestick and half a loaf +of sugar." He was extremely inefficient; and Forbes, out of all patience +with him, wrote confidentially to Bouquet that his only talent was for +throwing everything into confusion. Yet he found fault with everybody +else, and would discharge volleys of oaths at all who met his +disapproval. From this cause or some other, Lieutenant-Colonel Stephen, +of the Virginians, told him that he would break his sword rather than be +longer under his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139-V2" id="Page_139-V2">139<br />V2</a></span> +orders. "As I had not sufficient strength," says Sinclair, "to take him by +the neck from among his own men, I was obliged to let him have his own way, +that I might not be the occasion of bloodshed." He succeeded at last in +arresting him, and Major Lewis, of the same regiment, took his place.</p> + +<p>The aid of Indians as scouts and skirmishers was of the last importance +to an army so weak in the arts of woodcraft, and efforts were made to +engage the services of the friendly Cherokees and Catawbas, many of whom +came to the camp, where their caprice, insolence, and rapacity tried to +the utmost the patience of the commanders. That of Sir John Sinclair had +already been overcome by his dealings with the provincial authorities; +and he wrote in good French, at the tail of a letter to the Swiss +colonel: "Adieu, my dear Bouquet. The greatest curse that our Lord can +pronounce against the worst of sinners is to give them business to do +with provincial commissioners and friendly Indians." A band of sixty +warriors told Colonel Burd that they would join the army on condition +that it went by Braddock's road. "This," wrote Forbes, on hearing of the +proposal, "is a new system of military discipline truly, and shows that +my good friend Burd is either made a cat's-foot of himself, or little +knows me if he imagines that sixty scoundrels are to direct me in my +measures." <span class="superscript">[651]</span> Bouquet, with a pliant +tact rarely seen in the born Briton, took great pains to please these +troublesome allies, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140-V2" id="Page_140-V2">140<br />V2</a></span> +and went so far as to adopt one of them as his son. +<span class="superscript">[652]</span> A considerable number +joined the army; but they nearly all went off when the stock of presents +provided for them was exhausted.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_651" name="footer_651"></a> + <span class="superscript">[651]</span> +The above extracts are from the <i>Bouquet and Haldimand Papers</i>, +British Museum.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_652" name="footer_652"></a> + <span class="superscript">[652]</span> +<i>Bouquet to Forbes</i>, 3 <i>June</i>, 1758.</p> +</div> + +<p>Forbes was in total ignorance of the strength and movements of the +enemy. The Indians reported their numbers to be at least equal to his +own; but nothing could be learned from them with certainty, by reason of +their inveterate habit of lying. Several scouting-parties of whites were +therefore sent forward, of which the most successful was that of a young +Virginian officer, accompanied by a sergeant and five Indians. At a +little distance from the French fort, the Indians stopped to paint +themselves and practise incantations. The chief warrior of the party +then took certain charms from an otter-skin bag and tied them about the +necks of the other Indians. On that of the officer he hung the +otter-skin itself; while to the sergeant he gave a small packet of paint +from the same mystic receptacle. "He told us," reports the officer, +"that none of us could be shot, for those things would turn the balls +from us; and then shook hands with us, and told us to go and fight like +men." Thus armed against fate, they mounted the high ground afterwards +called Grant's Hill, where, covered by trees and bushes, they had a good +view of the fort, and saw plainly that the reports of the French force +were greatly exaggerated. <span class="superscript">[653]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_653" name="footer_653"></a> + <span class="superscript">[653]</span> +<i>Journal of a Reconnoitring Party, Aug</i>. 1758. The writer +seems to have been Ensign Chew, of Washington's regiment.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141-V2" id="Page_141-V2">141<br />V2</a></span> +Meanwhile Bouquet's men pushed on the heavy work of road-making up the +main range of the Alleghanies, and, what proved far worse, the parallel +mountain ridge of Laurel Hill, hewing, digging, blasting, laying +fascines and gabions to support the track along the sides of steep +declivities, or worming their way like moles through the jungle of swamp +and forest. Forbes described the country to Pitt as an "immense +uninhabited wilderness, overgrown everywhere with trees and brushwood, +so that nowhere can one see twenty yards." In truth, as far as eye or +mind could reach, a prodigious forest vegetation spread its impervious +canopy over hill, valley, and plain, and wrapped the stern and awful +waste in the shadows of the tomb.</p> + +<p>Having secured his magazines at Raystown, and built a fort there named +Fort Bedford, Bouquet made a forward movement of some forty miles, +crossed the main Alleghany and Laurel Hill, and, taking post on a stream +called Loyalhannon Creek, began another depot of supplies as a base for +the final advance on Fort Duquesne, which was scarcely fifty miles +distant.</p> + +<p>Vaudreuil had learned from prisoners the march of Forbes, and, with his +usual egotism, announced to the Colonial Minister what he had done in +consequence. "I have provided for the safety for Fort Duquesne." "I have +sent reinforcements to M. de Ligneris, who commands there." "I have done +the impossible to supply him with provisions, and I am now sending them +in abundance, in order that +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142-V2" id="Page_142-V2">142<br />V2</a></span> +the troops I may perhaps have occasion to send to drive off the English may +not be delayed." "A stronger fort is needed on the Ohio; but I cannot build +one till after the peace; then I will take care to build such a one as will +thenceforth keep the English out of that country." Some weeks later he was +less confident, and very anxious for news from Ligneris. He says that he +has sent him all the succors he could, and ordered troops to go to his aid +from Niagara, Detroit, and Illinois, as well as the militia of Detroit, +with the Indians there and elsewhere in the West,—Hurons, Ottawas, +Pottawattamies, Miamis, and other tribes. What he fears is that the +English will not attack the fort till all these Indians have grown tired +of waiting, and have gone home again. <span class="superscript">[654]</span> +This was precisely the intention of Forbes, and the chief object of his long +delays.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_654" name="footer_654"></a> + <span class="superscript">[654]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre, Juillet, Août, Octobre</i> 1758.</p> +</div> + +<p>He had another good reason for making no haste. There was hope that the +Delawares and Shawanoes, who lived within easy reach of Fort Duquesne, +and who for the past three years had spread havoc throughout the English +border, might now be won over from the French alliance. Forbes wrote to +Bouquet from Shippensburg: "After many intrigues with Quakers, the +Provincial Commissioners, the Governor, etc., and by the downright +bullying of Sir William Johnson, I hope I have now brought about a +general convention of the Indians." <span class="superscript">[655]</span> +The convention was to include the Five +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143-V2" id="Page_143-V2">143<br />V2</a></span> +Nations, the Delawares, the Shawanoes, and other tribes, who +had accepted wampum belts of invitation, and promised to meet the +Governor and Commissioners of the various provinces at the town of +Easton, before the middle of September. This seeming miracle was wrought +by several causes. The Indians in the French interest, always greedy for +presents, had not of late got enough to satisfy them. Many of those +destined for them had been taken on the way from France by British +cruisers, and the rest had passed through the hands of official knaves, +who sold the greater part for their own profit. Again, the goods +supplied by French fur-traders were few and dear; and the Indians +remembered with regret the abundance and comparative cheapness of those +they had from the English before the war. At the same time it was +reported among them that a British army was marching to the Ohio strong +enough to drive out the French from all that country; and the Delawares +and Shawanoes of the West began to waver in their attachment to the +falling cause. The eastern Delawares, living at Wyoming and elsewhere on +the upper Susquehanna, had made their peace with the English in the +summer before; and their great chief, Teedyuscung, thinking it for his +interest that the tribes of the Ohio should follow his example, sent +them wampum belts, inviting them to lay down the hatchet. The Five +Nations, with Johnson at one end of the Confederacy and Joncaire at the +other,—the one cajoling them in behalf of England, and the other in +behalf of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144-V2" id="Page_144-V2">144<br />V2</a></span> +France,—were still divided in counsel; but even among the +Senecas, the tribe most under Joncaire's influence, there was a party so +far inclined to England that, like the Delaware chief, they sent wampum +to the Ohio, inviting peace. But the influence most potent in reclaiming +the warriors of the West was of a different kind. Christian Frederic +Post, a member of the Moravian brotherhood, had been sent at the +instance of Forbes as an envoy to the hostile tribes from the Governor +and Council of Pennsylvania. He spoke the Delaware language, knew the +Indians well, had lived among them, had married a converted squaw, and, +by his simplicity of character, directness, and perfect honesty, gained +their full confidence. He now accepted his terrible mission, and calmly +prepared to place himself in the clutches of the tiger. He was a plain +German, upheld by a sense of duty and a single-hearted trust in God; +alone, with no great disciplined organization to impel and support him, +and no visions and illusions such as kindled and sustained the splendid +heroism of the early Jesuit martyrs. Yet his errand was no whit less +perilous. And here we may notice the contrast between the mission +settlements of the Moravians in Pennsylvania and those which the later +Jesuits and the Sulpitians had established at Caughnawaga, St. Francis, +La Présentation, and other places. The Moravians were apostles of peace, +and they succeeded to a surprising degree in weaning their converts from +their ferocious instincts and warlike habits; while the Mission Indians +of Canada +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145-V2" id="Page_145-V2">145<br />V2</a></span> +retained all their native fierceness, and were systematically impelled to +use their tomahawks against the enemies of the Church. Their wigwams were +hung with scalps, male and female, adult and infant; and these so-called +missions were but nests of baptized savages, who wore the crucifix instead +of the medicine-bag, and were encouraged by the Government for purposes +of war. <span class="superscript">[656]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_655" name="footer_655"></a> + <span class="superscript">[655]</span> +<i>Forbes to Bouquet</i>, 18 <i>Aug</i>. 1758.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_656" name="footer_656"></a> + <span class="superscript">[656]</span> +Of the Hurons of the mission of Lorette, Bougainville says: "Ils sont toujours +sauvages autant que ceux qui sont les moins apprivoisés." And yet they +had been converts under Jesuit control for more than four generations. The case +was no better at the other missions; and at St. Francis it seems to have been +worse.</p> +</div> + +<p>The Moravian envoy made his way to the Delaware town of Kushkushkee, on +Beaver Creek, northwest of Fort Duquesne, where the three chiefs known +as King Beaver, Shingas, and Delaware George received him kindly, and +conducted him to another town on the same stream. Here his reception was +different. A crowd of warriors, their faces distorted with rage, +surrounded him, brandishing knives and threatening to kill him; but +others took his part, and, order being at last restored, he read them +his message from the Governor, which seemed to please them. They +insisted, however, that he should go with them to Fort Duquesne, in +order that the Indians assembled there might hear it also. Against this +dangerous proposal he protested in vain. On arriving near the fort, the +French demanded that he should be given up to them, and, being refused, +offered a great reward for his scalp; on which his friends advised him +to keep close by the camp-fire, as +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146-V2" id="Page_146-V2">146<br />V2</a></span> +parties were out with intent to kill him. "Accordingly," says Post, "I stuck +to the fire as if I had been chained there. On the next day the Indians, +with a great many French officers, came out to hear what I had to say. The +officers brought with them a table, pens, ink, and paper. I spoke in the +midst of them with a free conscience, and perceived by their looks that they +were not pleased with what I said." The substance of his message was an +invitation to the Indians to renew the old chain of friendship, joined with +a warning that an English army was on its way to drive off the French, and +that they would do well to stand neutral.</p> + +<p>He addressed an audience filled with an inordinate sense of their own +power and importance, believing themselves greater and braver than +either of the European nations, and yet deeply jealous of both. "We have +heard," they said, "that the French and English mean to kill all the +Indians and divide the land among themselves." And on this string they +harped continually. If they had known their true interest, they would +have made no peace with the English, but would have united as one man to +form a barrier of fire against their farther progress; for the West in +English hands meant farms, villages, cities, the ruin of the forest, the +extermination of the game, and the expulsion of those who lived on it; +while the West in French hands meant but scattered posts of war and +trade, with the native tribes cherished as indispensable allies.</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147-V2" id="Page_147-V2">147<br />V2</a></span> +After waiting some days, the three tribes of the Delawares met in +council, and made their answer to the message brought by Post. It was +worthy of a proud and warlike race, and was to the effect that since +their brothers of Pennsylvania wished to renew the old peace-chain, they +on their part were willing to do so, provided that the wampum belt +should be sent them in the name, not of Pennsylvania alone, but of the +rest of the provinces also.</p> + +<p>Having now accomplished his errand, Post wished to return home; but the +Indians were seized with an access of distrust, and would not let him +go. This jealousy redoubled when they saw him writing in his notebook. +"It is a troublesome cross and heavy yoke to draw this people," he says; +"they can punish and squeeze a body's heart to the utmost. There came +some together and examined me about what I had wrote yesterday. I told +them I writ what was my duty. 'Brothers, I tell you I am not afraid of +you. I have a good conscience before God and man. I tell you, brothers, +there is a bad spirit in your hearts, which breeds jealousy, and will +keep you ever in fear.'" At last they let him go; and, eluding a party +that lay in wait for his scalp, he journeyed twelve days through the +forest, and reached Fort Augusta with the report of his mission. +<span class="superscript">[657]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_657" name="footer_657"></a> + <span class="superscript">[657]</span> +<i>Journal of Christian Frederic Post, July, August, September</i>, 1758. +</p> +</div> + +<p>As the result of it, a great convention of white men and red was held at +Easton in October. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148-V2" id="Page_148-V2">148<br />V2</a></span> +The neighboring provinces had been asked to send their delegates, and +some of them did so; while belts of invitation were sent to the Indians +far and near. Sir William Johnson, for reasons best known to himself, at +first opposed the plan; but was afterwards led to favor it and to induce +tribes under his influence to join in the grand pacification. The Five +Nations, with the smaller tribes lately admitted into their confederacy, +the Delawares of the Susquehanna, the Mohegans, and several kindred +bands, all had their representatives at the meeting. The conferences +lasted nineteen days, with the inevitable formalities of such occasions, +and the weary repetition of conventional metaphors and long-winded +speeches. At length, every difficulty being settled, the Governor of +Pennsylvania, in behalf of all the English, rose with a wampum belt in +his hand, and addressed the tawny congregation thus: "By this belt we +heal your wounds; we remove your grief; we take the hatchet out of your +heads; we make a hole in the earth, and bury it so deep that nobody can +dig it up again." Then, laying the first belt before them, he took +another, very large, made of white wampum beads, in token of peace: +"By this belt we renew all our treaties; we brighten the chain of +friendship; we put fresh earth to the roots of the tree of peace, that +it may bear up against every storm, and live and flourish while the sun +shines and the rivers run." And he gave them the belt with the request +that they would send it to their friends and allies, and invite +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149-V2" id="Page_149-V2">149<br />V2</a></span> +them to take hold also of the chain of friendship. Accordingly all present +agreed on a joint message of peace to the tribes of the Ohio. +<span class="superscript">[658]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_658" name="footer_658"></a> + <span class="superscript">[658]</span> +<i>Minutes of Conferences at Easton, October</i>, 1758.</p> +</div> + +<p>Frederic Post, with several white and Indian companions, was chosen to +bear it. A small escort of soldiers that attended him as far as the +Alleghany was cut to pieces on its return by a band of the very warriors +to whom he was carrying his offers of friendship; and other tenants of +the grim and frowning wilderness met the invaders of their domain with +inhospitable greetings. "The wolves made a terrible music this night," +he writes at his first bivouac after leaving Loyalhannon. When he +reached the Delaware towns his reception was ominous. The young warriors +said: "Anybody can see with half an eye that the English only mean to +cheat us. Let us knock the messengers in the head." Some of them had +attacked an English outpost, and had been repulsed; hence, in the words +of Post, "They were possessed with a murdering spirit, and with bloody +vengeance were thirsty and drunk. I said: 'As God has stopped the mouths +of the lions that they could not devour Daniel, so he will preserve us +from their fury.'" The chiefs and elders were of a different mind from +their fierce and capricious young men. They met during the evening in +the log-house where Post and his party lodged; and here a French officer +presently arrived with a string of wampum from the commandant, inviting +them to help him drive back the army of Forbes. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150-V2" id="Page_150-V2">150<br />V2</a></span> +The string was scornfully rejected. "They kicked it from one to another as +if it were a snake. Captain Peter took a stick, and with it flung the string +from one end of the room to the other, and said: 'Give it to the French +captain; he boasted of his fighting, now let us see him fight. We have often +ventured our lives for him, and got hardly a loaf of bread in return; +and now he thinks we shall jump to serve him.' Then we saw the French +captain mortified to the uttermost. He looked as pale as death. The +Indians discoursed and joked till midnight, and the French captain sent +messengers at midnight to Fort Duquesne."</p> + +<p>There was a grand council, at which the French officer was present; and +Post delivered the peace message from the council at Easton, along with +another with which Forbes had charged him. "The messages pleased all the +hearers except the French captain. He shook his head in bitter grief, +and often changed countenance. Isaac Still [<i>an Indian</i>] ran him down +with great boldness, and pointed at him, saying, 'There he sits!' They +all said: 'The French always deceived us!' pointing at the French +captain; who, bowing down his head, turned quite pale, and could look no +one in the face. All the Indians began to mock and laugh at him. He +could hold it no longer, and went out." +<span class="superscript">[659]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_659" name="footer_659"></a> + <span class="superscript">[659]</span> +<i>Journal of Christian Frederic Post, October, November</i>, +1758.</p> +</div> + +<p>The overtures of peace were accepted, and the Delawares, Shawanoes, and +Mingoes were no longer enemies of the English. The loss was the more +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151-V2" id="Page_151-V2">151<br />V2</a></span> +disheartening to the French, since, some weeks before, they had gained a +success which they hoped would confirm the adhesion of all their +wavering allies. Major Grant, of the Highlanders, had urged Bouquet to +send him to reconnoitre Fort Duquesne, capture prisoners, and strike a +blow that would animate the assailants and discourage the assailed. +Bouquet, forgetting his usual prudence, consented; and Grant set out +from the camp at Loyalhannon with about eight hundred men, Highlanders, +Royal Americans, and provincials. On the fourteenth of September, at two +in the morning, he reached the top of the rising ground thenceforth +called Grant's Hill, half a mile or more from the French fort. The +forest and the darkness of the night hid him completely from the enemy. +He ordered Major Lewis, of the Virginians, to take with him half the +detachment, descend to the open plain before the fort, and attack the +Indians known to be encamped there; after which he was to make a feigned +retreat to the hill, where the rest of the troops were to lie in ambush +and receive the pursuers. Lewis set out on his errand, while Grant +waited anxiously for the result. Dawn was near, and all was silent; till +at length Lewis returned, and incensed his commander by declaring that +his men had lost their way in the dark woods, and fallen into such +confusion that the attempt was impracticable. The morning twilight now +began, but the country was wrapped in thick fog. Grant abandoned his +first plan, and sent a few Highlanders into the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152-V2" id="Page_152-V2">152<br />V2</a></span> +cleared ground to burn a warehouse that had been seen there. He was convinced +that the French and their Indians were too few to attack him, though their +numbers in fact were far greater than his own. +<span class="superscript">[660]</span> Infatuated with this idea, and bent +on taking prisoners, he had the incredible rashness to divide his force +in such a way that the several parts could not support each other. +Lewis, with two hundred men, was sent to guard the baggage two miles in +the rear, where a company of Virginians, under Captain Bullitt, was +already stationed. A hundred Pennsylvanians were posted far off on the +right, towards the Alleghany, while Captain Mackenzie, with a detachment +of Highlanders, was sent to the left, towards the Monongahela. Then, the +fog having cleared a little, Captain Macdonald, with another company of +Highlanders, was ordered into the open plain to reconnoitre the fort and +make a plan of it, Grant himself remaining on the hill with a hundred +of his own regiment and a company of Maryland men. "In order to put on a +good countenance," he says, "and convince our men they had no reason to +be afraid, I gave directions to our drums to beat the reveille. The +troops were in an advantageous post, and I must own I thought we had +nothing to fear." Macdonald +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153-V2" id="Page_153-V2">153<br />V2</a></span> +was at this time on the plain, midway between the woods and the fort, and +in full sight of it. The roll of the drums from the hill was answered by a +burst of war-whoops, and the French came swarming out like hornets, many of +them in their shirts, having just leaped from their beds. They all rushed +upon Macdonald and his men, who met them with a volley that checked their +advance; on which they surrounded him at a distance, and tried to cut off +his retreat. The Highlanders broke through, and gained the woods, with the +loss of their commander, who was shot dead. A crowd of French followed close, +and soon put them to rout, driving them and Mackenzie's party back to the +hill where Grant was posted. Here there was a hot fight in the forest, +lasting about three quarters of an hour. At length the force of numbers, +the novelty of the situation, and the appalling yells of the Canadians +and Indians, completely overcame the Highlanders, so intrepid in the +ordinary situations of war. They broke away in a wild and disorderly +retreat. "Fear," says Grant, "got the better of every other passion; and +I trust I shall never again see such a panic among troops."</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_660" name="footer_660"></a> + <span class="superscript">[660]</span> +<i>Grant to Forbes, no date.</i> "Les rapports sur le nombre des +Français varient de 3,000 à 1,200." <i>Bouquet à +Forbes</i>, 17 <i>Sept</i>. 1758. Bigot says that 3,500 daily rations +were delivered at Fort Duquesne throughout the summer. <i>Bigot au +Ministre</i>, 22 <i>Nov</i>. 1758. In October the number had fallen to +1,180, which included Indians. <i>Ligneris à Vaudreuil</i>, 18 +<i>Oct</i>. 1758.</p> +</div> + +<p>His only hope was in the detachment he had sent to the rear under Lewis +to guard the baggage. But Lewis and his men, when they heard the firing +in front, had left their post and pushed forward to help their comrades, +taking a straight course through the forest; while Grant was retreating +along the path by which he had advanced the night before. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154-V2" id="Page_154-V2">154<br />V2</a></span> +Thus they missed each other; and when Grant reached the spot where he +expected to find Lewis, he saw to his dismay that nobody was there but +Captain Bullitt and his company. He cried in despair that he was a ruined +man; not without reason, for the whole body of French and Indians was +upon him. Such of his men as held together were forced towards the +Alleghany, and, writes Bouquet, "would probably have been cut to pieces +but for Captain Bullitt and his Virginians, who kept up the fight +against the whole French force till two thirds of them were killed." +They were offered quarter, but refused it; and the survivors were driven +at last into the Alleghany, where some were drowned, and others swam +over and escaped. Grant was surrounded and captured, and Lewis, who +presently came up, was also made prisoner, along with some of his men, +after a stiff resistance. Thus ended this mismanaged affair, which cost +the English two hundred and seventy three killed, wounded, and taken. +The rest got back safe to Loyalhannon. <span class="superscript">[661]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_661" name="footer_661"></a> + <span class="superscript">[661]</span> +On Grant's defeat, <i>Grant to Forbes, no date</i>, a long and minute report, +written while a prisoner. +<i>Bouquet à Forbes</i>, 17 <i>Sept</i>. 1758. +<i>Forbes to Pitt</i>, 20 <i>Oct</i>. 1758. +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 1 <i>Nov</i>. 1758. +Letters from camp in <i>Boston Evening Post, Boston Weekly Advertiser, +Boston News Letter</i>, and other provincial newspapers of the time. +<i>List of Killed, Wounded, and Missing in the Action of Sept</i>. 14. +<i>Gentleman's Magazine</i>, XXIX. 173. +<i>Hazard's Pennsylvania Register</i>, VIII. 141. +<i>Olden Time</i>, I. 179. Vaudreuil, with characteristic exaggeration, +represents all Grant's party as killed or taken, except a few who died +of starvation. The returns show that 540 came back safe, out of 813.</p> +</div> + +<p>The invalid General was deeply touched by this reverse, yet expressed +himself with a moderation that does him honor. He wrote to Bouquet from +Raystown: "Your letter of the seventeenth I read +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155-V2" id="Page_155-V2">155<br />V2</a></span> +with no less surprise than concern, as I could not believe that such an +attempt would have been made without my knowledge and concurrence. The +breaking in upon our fair and flattering hopes of success touches me most +sensibly. There are two wounded Highland officers just now arrived, who +give so lame an account of the matter that one can draw nothing from them, +only that my friend Grant most certainly lost his wits, and by his thirst +of fame brought on his own perdition, and ran great risk of ours." +<span class="superscript">[662]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_662" name="footer_662"></a> + <span class="superscript">[662]</span> +<i>Forbes to Bouquet</i>, 23 <i>Sept</i>. 1758.</p> +</div> + +<p>The French pushed their advantage with spirit. Early in October a large +body of them hovered in the woods about the camp at Loyalhannon, drove +back a detachment sent against them, approached under cover of the +trees, and, though beaten off, withdrew deliberately, after burying +their dead and killing great numbers of horses and cattle. +<span class="superscript">[663]</span> But, with all their courageous +energy, their position was desperate. The militia of Louisiana and the +Illinois left the fort in November and went home; the Indians of Detroit +and the Wabash would stay no longer; and, worse yet, the supplies destined +for Fort Duquesne had been destroyed by Bradstreet at Fort Frontenac. +Hence Ligneris was compelled by prospective starvation to dismiss the +greater part of his force, and await the approach of his enemy with those +that remained.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_663" name="footer_663"></a> + <span class="superscript">[663]</span> +<i>Burd to Bouquet</i>, 12 <i>Oct</i>. 1758. <i>Bouquet à Forbes</i>, +13 <i>Oct</i>. 1758. <i>Forbes to Pitt</i>, 20 <i>Oct</i>. 1758. +<i>Letter from Loyalhannon</i>, 14 <i>Oct.</i>, in <i>Olden Time</i>, I. 180. +<i>Letters from camp</i>, in <i>Boston News Letter. Ligneris à +Vaudreuil</i>, 18 <i>Oct</i>. 1758. <i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 20 <i>Nov</i>. +1758.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156-V2" id="Page_156-V2">156<br />V2</a></span> +His enemy was in a plight hardly better than his own. Autumnal rains, +uncommonly heavy and persistent, had ruined the newly-cut road. On the +mountains the torrents tore it up, and in the valleys the wheels of the +wagons and cannon churned it into soft mud. The horses, overworked and +underfed, were fast breaking down. The forest had little food for them, +and they were forced to drag their own oats and corn, as well as +supplies for the army, through two hundred miles of wilderness. In the +wretched condition of the road this was no longer possible. The +magazines of provisions formed at Raystown and Loyalhannon to support +the army on its forward march were emptied faster than they could be +filled. Early in October the elements relented; the clouds broke, the +sky was bright again, and the sun shone out in splendor on mountains +radiant in the livery of autumn. A gleam of hope revisited the heart of +Forbes. It was but a flattering illusion. The sullen clouds returned, +and a chill, impenetrable veil of mist and rain hid the mountains and +the trees. Dejected Nature wept and would not be comforted. Above, +below, around, all was trickling, oozing, pattering, gushing. In the +miserable encampments the starved horses stood steaming in the rain, and +the men crouched, disgusted, under their dripping tents, while the +drenched picket-guard in the neighboring forest paced dolefully through +black mire and spongy mosses. The rain turned to snow; the descending +flakes clung to the many-colored foliage, or melted from sight in the +trench of half-liquid clay that +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157-V2" id="Page_157-V2">157<br />V2</a></span> +was called a road. The wheels of the wagons sank in it to the hub, and to +advance or retreat was alike impossible.</p> + +<p>Forbes from his sick bed at Raystown wrote to Bouquet: "Your description +of the road pierces me to the very soul." And a few days later to Pitt: +"I am in the greatest distress, occasioned by rains unusual at this +season, which have rendered the clay roads absolutely impracticable. If +the weather does not favor, I shall be absolutely locked up in the +mountains. I cannot form any judgment how I am to extricate myself, as +everything depends on the weather, which snows and rains frightfully." +There was no improvement. In the next week he writes to Bouquet: "These +four days of constant rain have completely ruined the road. The wagons +would cut it up more in an hour than we could repair in a week. I have +written to General Abercromby, but have not had one scrape of a pen from +him since the beginning of September; so it looks as if we were either +forgot or left to our fate." <span class="superscript">[664]</span> +Wasted and tortured by disease, the perplexed commander was forced to +burden himself with a multitude of details which would else have been +neglected, and to do the work of commissary and quartermaster as well +as general. "My time," he writes, "is disagreeably spent between +business and medicine."</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_664" name="footer_664"></a> + <span class="superscript">[664]</span> +<i>Forbes to Bouquet</i>, 15 <i>Oct</i>. 1758. <i>Ibid.</i>, 25 +<i>Oct</i>. 1758. <i>Forbes to Pitt</i>, 20 <i>Oct</i>. 1758.</p> +</div> + +<p>In the beginning of November he was carried to Loyalhannon, where the +whole army was then +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158-V2" id="Page_158-V2">158<br />V2</a></span> +gathered. There was a council of officers, and they +resolved to attempt nothing more that season; but, a few days later, +three prisoners were brought in who reported the defenceless condition +of the French, on which Forbes gave orders to advance again. The wagons +and all the artillery, except a few light pieces, were left behind; and +on the eighteenth of November twenty-five hundred picked men marched for +Fort Duquesne, without tents or baggage, and burdened only with +knapsacks and blankets. Washington and Colonel Armstrong, of the +Pennsylvanians, had opened a way for them by cutting a road to within a +day's march of the French fort. On the evening of the twenty-fourth, the +detachment encamped among the hills of Turkey Creek; and the men on +guard heard at midnight a dull and heavy sound booming over the western +woods. Was it a magazine exploded by accident, or were the French +blowing up their works? In the morning the march was resumed, a strong +advance-guard leading the way. Forbes came next, carried in his litter; +and the troops followed in three parallel columns, the Highlanders in +the centre under Montgomery, their colonel, and the Royal Americans and +provincials on the right and left, under Bouquet and Washington. +<span class="superscript">[665]</span> +Thus, guided by the tap of the drum at the head of each column, they +moved slowly through the forest, over damp, fallen leaves, crisp with +frost, beneath an endless entanglement of bare gray twigs that sighed +and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159-V2" id="Page_159-V2">159<br />V2</a></span> +moaned in the bleak November wind. It was dusk when they emerged +upon the open plain and saw Fort Duquesne before them, with its +background of wintry hills beyond the Monongahela and the Alleghany. +During the last three miles they had passed the scattered bodies of +those slain two months before at the defeat of Grant; and it is said +that, as they neared the fort, the Highlanders were goaded to fury at +seeing the heads of their slaughtered comrades stuck on poles, round +which the kilts were hung derisively, in imitation of petticoats. Their +rage was vain; the enemy was gone. Only a few Indians lingered about the +place, who reported that the garrison, to the number of four or five +hundred, had retreated, some down the Ohio, some overland towards +Presquisle, and the rest, with their commander, up the Alleghany to +Venango, called by the French, Fort Machault. They had burned the +barracks and storehouses, and blown up the fortifications.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_665" name="footer_665"></a> + <span class="superscript">[665]</span> +<i>Letter from a British Officer in the Expedition</i>, 25 +<i>Feb</i>. 1759, <i>Gentleman's Magazine</i>, XXIX. 171.</p> +</div> + +<p>The first care of the victors was to provide defence and shelter for +those of their number on whom the dangerous task was to fall of keeping +what they had won. A stockade was planted around a cluster of traders' +cabins and soldiers' huts, which Forbes named Pittsburg, in honor of the +great minister. It was not till the next autumn that General Stanwix +built, hard by, the regular fortified work called Fort Pitt. +<span class="superscript">[666]</span> Captain West, brother of Benjamin +West, the painter, led a detachment of Pennsylvanians, with Indian +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160-V2" id="Page_160-V2">160<br />V2</a></span> +guides, through the forests of the Monongahela, to search for the bones +of those who had fallen under Braddock. In the heart of the savage wood +they found them in abundance, gnawed by wolves and foxes, and covered +with the dead leaves of four successive autumns. Major Halket, of +Forbes' staff, had joined the party; and, with the help of an Indian +who was in the fight, he presently found two skeletons lying under a +tree. In one of them he recognized, by a peculiarity of the teeth, the +remains of his father, Sir Peter Halket, and in the other he believed +that he saw the bones of a brother who had fallen at his father's side. +The young officer fainted at the sight. The two skeletons were buried +together, covered with a Highland plaid, and the Pennsylvanian woodsmen +fired a volley over the grave. The rest of the bones were +undistinguishable; and, being carefully gathered up, they were all +interred in a deep trench dug in the freezing ground. +<span class="superscript">[667]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_666" name="footer_666"></a> + <span class="superscript">[666]</span> +<i>Stanwix to Pitt</i>, 20 <i>Nov</i>. 1759.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_667" name="footer_667"></a> + <span class="superscript">[667]</span> +Galt, <i>Life of Benjamin West</i>, I. 64 (ed. 1820).</p> +</div> + +<p>The work of the new fort was pushed on apace, and the task of holding it +for the winter was assigned to Lieutenant-Colonel Mercer, of the +Virginians, with two hundred provincials. The number was far too small. +It was certain that, unless vigorously prevented by a counter attack, +the French would gather in early spring from all their nearer western +posts, Niagara, Detroit, Presquisle, Le Bœuf, and Venango, to retake +the place; but there was no food for a larger garrison, and the risk +must be run.</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161-V2" id="Page_161-V2">161<br />V2</a></span> +The rest of the troops, with steps quickened by hunger, began their +homeward march early in December. "We would soon make M. de Ligneris +shift his quarters at Venango," writes Bouquet just after the fort was +taken, "if we only had provisions; but we are scarcely able to maintain +ourselves a few days here. After God, the success of this expedition is +entirely due to the General, who, by bringing about the treaty with the +Indians at Easton, struck the French a stunning blow, wisely delayed our +advance to wait the effects of that treaty, secured all our posts and +left nothing to chance, and resisted the urgent solicitation to take +Braddock's road, which would have been our destruction. In all his +measures he has shown the greatest prudence, firmness, and +ability." <span class="superscript">[668]</span> No sooner was his work +done, than Forbes fell into a state of entire prostration, so that for a +time he could neither write a letter nor dictate one. He managed, however, +two days after reaching Fort Duquesne, to send Amherst a brief notice of +his success, adding: "I shall leave this place as soon as I am able to +stand; but God knows when I shall reach Philadelphia, if I ever do." +<span class="superscript">[669]</span> On the way back, a hut +with a chimney was built for him at each stopping-place, and on the +twenty-eighth of December Major Halket writes from "Tomahawk Camp:" "How +great was our disappointment, on coming to this ground last night, to +find that the chimney was unlaid, no fire made, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162-V2" id="Page_162-V2">162<br />V2</a></span> +nor any wood cut that would burn. This distressed the General to the +greatest degree, by obliging him after his long journey to sit above +two hours without any fire, exposed to a snowstorm, which had very +near destroyed him entirely; but with great difficulty, by the +assistance of some cordials, he was brought to." +<span class="superscript">[670]</span> At length, carried all the way +in his litter, he reached Philadelphia, where, after lingering through +the winter, he died in March, and was buried with military honors in +the chancel of Christ Church.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_668" name="footer_668"></a> + <span class="superscript">[668]</span> +<i>Bouquet to Chief Justice Allen</i>, 25 <i>Nov</i>. 1758.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_669" name="footer_669"></a> + <span class="superscript">[669]</span> +<i>Forbes to Amherst</i>, 26 <i>Nov</i>. 1758.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_670" name="footer_670"></a> + <span class="superscript">[670]</span> +<i>Halket to Bouquet</i>, 28 <i>Dec</i>. 1758.</p> +</div> + +<p>If his achievement was not brilliant, its solid value was above price. +It opened the Great West to English enterprise, took from France half +her savage allies, and relieved the western borders from the scourge of +Indian war. From southern New York to North Carolina, the frontier +populations had cause to bless the memory of the steadfast and +all-enduring soldier.</p> + +<p>So ended the campaign of 1758. The centre of the French had held its own +triumphantly at Ticonderoga; but their left had been forced back by the +capture of Louisbourg, and their right by that of Fort Duquesne, while +their entire right wing had been well nigh cut off by the destruction of +Fort Frontenac. The outlook was dark. Their own Indians were turning +against them. "They have struck us," wrote Doreil to the Minister of +War; "they have seized three canoes loaded with furs on Lake Ontario, +and murdered the men in them: sad forerunner of what +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163-V2" id="Page_163-V2">163<br />V2</a></span> +we have to fear! Peace, Monseigneur, give us peace! Pardon me, but I cannot +repeat that word too often."</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent double-space-top"> + <a id="footer_22Note" name="footer_22Note"></a> +<span class="smcap">Note</span>.—The <i>Bouquet and Haldimand Papers</i> +in the British Museum contain a mass of curious correspondence of the principal +persons engaged in the expedition under Forbes; copies of it all are before me. +The Public Record Office, <i>America and West Indies</i>, has also furnished +much material, including the official letters of Forbes. The <i>Writings of +Washington</i>, the <i>Archives</i> and <i>Colonial Records</i> of Pennsylvania, +and the magazines and newspapers of the time may be mentioned among the +sources of information, along with a variety of miscellaneous +contemporary letters. The Journals of Christian Frederic Post are +printed in full in the <i>Olden Time</i> and elsewhere.</p> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Chapter_23" id="Chapter_23"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164-V2" id="Page_164-V2">164<br />V2</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents23">CHAPTER XXIII.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1758, 1759.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader">THE BRINK OF RUIN.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + Jealousy of Vaudreuil • He asks for Montcalm's Recall • + His Discomfiture • Scene at the Governor's House • + Disgust of Montcalm • The Canadians Despondent • + Devices to encourage them • Gasconade of the Governor • + Deplorable State of the Colony • Mission of Bougainville • + Duplicity of Vaudreuil • Bougainville at Versailles • + Substantial Aid refused to Canada • A Matrimonial Treaty • + Return of Bougainville • Montcalm abandoned by the Court • + His Plans of Defence • Sad News from Candiac • + Promises of Vaudreuil. + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> +</div> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">"Never</span> was general in a more critical position +than I was: God has delivered me; his be the praise! He gives me health, +though I am worn out with labor, fatigue, and miserable dissensions that +have determined me to ask for my recall. Heaven grant that I may get it!"</p> + +<p>Thus wrote Montcalm to his mother after his triumph at Ticonderoga. That +great exploit had entailed a train of vexations, for it stirred the envy +of Vaudreuil, more especially as it was due to the troops of the line, +with no help from Indians, and very little from Canadians. The Governor +assured the Colonial Minister that the victory would have bad results, +though he gives no hint what these might be; that Montcalm had +mismanaged the whole affair; that he would +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165-V2" id="Page_165-V2">165<br />V2</a></span> +have been beaten but for the manifest interposition of Heaven; +<span class="superscript">[671]</span> and, finally, that he had failed +to follow his (Vaudreuil's) directions, and had therefore enabled the +English to escape. The real directions of the Governor, dictated, +perhaps, by dread lest his rival should reap laurels, were to avoid a +general engagement; and it was only by setting them at nought that +Abercromby had been routed. After the battle a sharp correspondence +passed between the two chiefs. The Governor, who had left Montcalm to +his own resources before the crisis, sent him Canadians and Indians in +abundance after it was over; while he cautiously refrained from +committing himself by positive orders, repeated again and again that if +these reinforcements were used to harass Abercromby's communications, +the whole English army would fall back to the Hudson, and leave baggage +and artillery a prey to the French. These preposterous assertions and +tardy succors were thought by Montcalm to be a device for giving color +to the charge that he had not only failed to deserve victory, but had +failed also to make use of it. <span class="superscript">[672]</span> +He did what was possible, and sent strong detachments to act in the +English rear; which, though they did not, and could not, compel the +enemy to fall back, caused no slight annoyance, till Rogers checked +them by the defeat of Marin. Nevertheless Vaudreuil pretended +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166-V2" id="Page_166-V2">166<br />V2</a></span> +on one hand that Montcalm had done nothing with the Canadians and Indians +sent him, and on the other that these same Canadians and Indians had +triumphed over the enemy by their mere presence at Ticonderoga. "It was +my activity in sending these succors to Carillon [<i>Ticonderoga</i>] +that forced the English to retreat. The Marquis de Montcalm might have +made their retreat difficult; but it was in vain that I wrote to him, in +vain that the colony troops, Canadians and Indians, begged him to pursue +the enemy." <span class="superscript">[673]</span> The succors he speaks +of were sent in July and August, while the English did not fall back till +the first of November. Neither army left its position till the season +was over, and Abercromby did so only when he learned that the French +were setting the example. Vaudreuil grew more and more bitter. "As the +King has intrusted this colony to me, I cannot help warning you of the +unhappy consequences that would follow if the Marquis de Montcalm should +remain here. I shall keep him by me till I receive your orders. It is +essential that they reach me early." "I pass over in silence all the +infamous conduct and indecent talk he has held or countenanced; but I +should be wanting in my duty to the King if I did not beg you to ask for +his recall." <span class="superscript">[674]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_671" name="footer_671"></a> + <span class="superscript">[671]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 8 <i>Août</i>, 1758.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_672" name="footer_672"></a> + <span class="superscript">[672]</span> +Much of the voluminous correspondence on these matters will be found in +<i>N. Y. Col. Docs.</i>, X.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_673" name="footer_673"></a> + <span class="superscript">[673]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 8 <i>Avril</i>, 1759.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_674" name="footer_674"></a> + <span class="superscript">[674]</span> +<i>Ibid.</i></p> +</div> + +<p>He does not say what is meant by infamous conduct and indecent talk; but +the allusion is probably to irreverent utterances touching the Governor +in which the officers from France were +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167-V2" id="Page_167-V2">167<br />V2</a></span> +apt to indulge, not always without the knowledge of their chief. Vaudreuil +complained of this to Montcalm, adding, "I am greatly above it, and I +despise it." <span class="superscript">[675]</span> To which the General +replied: "You are right to despise gossip, supposing that there has been +any. For my part, though I hear that I have been torn to pieces without +mercy in your presence, I do not believe it." +<span class="superscript">[676]</span> In these infelicities Bigot +figures as peacemaker, though with no perceptible success. Vaudreuil's +cup of bitterness was full when letters came from Versailles ordering +him to defer to Montcalm on all questions of war, or of civil +administration bearing upon war. <span class="superscript">[677]</span> +He had begged hard for his rival's recall, and in reply his rival was +set over his head.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_675" name="footer_675"></a> + <span class="superscript">[675]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil à Montcalm</i>, 1 <i>Août</i>, 1758.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_676" name="footer_676"></a> + <span class="superscript">[676]</span> +<i>Montcalm à Vaudreuil</i>, 6 <i>Août</i>, 1758.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_677" name="footer_677"></a> + <span class="superscript">[677]</span> +<i>Ordres du Roy et Dépêches des Ministres</i>, 1758, 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>The two yokefellows were excellently fitted to exasperate each other: +Montcalm, with his southern vivacity of emotion and an impetuous, +impatient volubility that sometimes forgot prudence; and Vaudreuil, +always affable towards adherents, but full of suspicious egotism and +restless jealousy that bristled within him at the very thought of his +colleague. Some of the byplay of the quarrel may be seen in Montcalm's +familiar correspondence with Bourlamaque. One day the Governor, in his +own house, brought up the old complaint that Montcalm, after taking Fort +William Henry, did not take Fort Edward also. The General, for the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168-V2" id="Page_168-V2">168<br />V2</a></span> +twentieth time, gave good reasons for not making the attempt. "I ended," +he tells Bourlamaque, "by saying quietly that when I went to war I did +the best I could; and that when one is not pleased with one's +lieutenants, one had better take the field in person. He was very much +moved, and muttered between his teeth that perhaps he would; at which I +said that I should be delighted to serve under him. Madame de Vaudreuil +wanted to put in her word. I said: 'Madame, saving due respect, permit +me to have the honor to say that ladies ought not to talk war.' She kept +on. I said: 'Madame, saving due respect, permit me to have the honor to +say that if Madame de Montcalm were here, and heard me talking war with +Monsieur le Marquis de Vaudreuil, she would remain silent.' This scene +was in presence of eight officers, three of them belonging to the colony +troops; and a pretty story they will make of it."</p> + +<p>These letters to Bourlamaque, in their detestable handwriting, small, +cramped, confused, without stops, and sometimes almost indecipherable, +betray the writer's state of mind. "I should like as well as anybody to +be Marshal of France; but to buy the honor with the life I am leading +here would be too much." He recounts the last news from Fort Duquesne, +just before its fall. "Mutiny among the Canadians, who want to come +home; the officers busy with making money, and stealing like mandarins. +Their commander sets the example, and will come back with three or four +hundred thousand francs; the pettiest ensign, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169-V2" id="Page_169-V2">169<br />V2</a></span> +who does not gamble, will have ten, twelve, or fifteen thousand. The Indians +don't like Ligneris, who is drunk every day. Forgive the confusion of this +letter; I have not slept all night with thinking of the robberies and +mismanagement and folly. <i>Pauvre Roi, pauvre France, cara patria!</i>" +"Oh, when shall we get out of this country! I think I would give half that +I have to go home. Pardon this digression to a melancholy man. It is not +that I have not still some remnants of gayety; but what would seem such in +anybody else is melancholy for a Languedocian. Burn my letter, and never +doubt my attachment." "I shall always say, Happy he who is free from the +proud yoke to which I am bound. When shall I see my château of Candiac, +my plantations, my chestnut grove, my oil-mill, my mulberry-trees? <i>O bon +Dieu! Bon soir; brûlez ma lettre."</i> +<span class="superscript">[678]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_678" name="footer_678"></a> + <span class="superscript">[678]</span> +The above extracts are from letters of 5 and 27 Nov. and 9 Dec. 1758, and 18 +and 23 March, 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>Never was dispute more untimely than that between these ill-matched +colleagues. The position of the colony was desperate. Thus far the +Canadians had never lost heart, but had obeyed with admirable alacrity +the Governor's call to arms, borne with patience the burdens and +privations of the war, and submitted without revolt to the exactions and +oppressions of Cadet and his crew; loyal to their native soil, loyal to +their Church, loyal to the wretched government that crushed and +belittled them. When the able-bodied were ordered to the war, where +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170-V2" id="Page_170-V2">170<br />V2</a></span> +four fifths of them were employed in the hard and tedious work of +transportation, the women, boys, and old men tilled the fields and raised +a scanty harvest, which always might be, and sometimes was, taken from +them in the name of the King. Yet the least destitute among them were +forced every winter to lodge soldiers in their houses, for each of whom +they were paid fifteen francs a month, in return for substance devoured +and wives and daughters debauched. <span class="superscript">[679]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_679" name="footer_679"></a> + <span class="superscript">[679]</span> +<i>Mémoire sur le moyen d'entretenir 10,000 Hommes de Troupes +dans les Colonies</i>, 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>No pains had been spared to keep up the courage of the people and feed +them with flattering illusions. When the partisan officer Boishébert was +tried for peculation, his counsel met the charge by extolling the manner +in which he had fulfilled the arduous duty of encouraging the Acadians, +"putting on an air of triumph even in defeat; using threats, caresses, +stratagems; painting our victories in vivid colors; hiding the strength +and successes of the enemy; promising succors that did not and could not +come; inventing plausible reasons why they did not come, and making new +promises to set off the failure of the old; persuading a starved people +to forget their misery; taking from some to give to others; and doing +all this continually in the face of a superior enemy, that this country +might be snatched from England and saved to France." +<span class="superscript">[680]</span> What Boishébert was doing +in Acadia, Vaudreuil was doing on a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171-V2" id="Page_171-V2">171<br />V2</a></span> +larger scale in Canada. By indefatigable lying, by exaggerating every success +and covering over every reverse, he deceived the people and in some measure +himself. He had in abundance the Canadian gift of gasconade, and boasted +to the Colonial Minister that one of his countrymen was a match for from +three to ten Englishmen. It is possible that he almost believed it; for +the midnight surprise of defenceless families and the spreading of +panics among scattered border settlements were inseparable from his idea +of war. Hence the high value he set on Indians, who in such work outdid +the Canadians themselves. Sustained by the intoxication of flattering +falsehoods, and not doubting that the blunders and weakness of the first +years of the war gave the measure of English efficiency, the colonists +had never suspected that they could be subdued.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_680" name="footer_680"></a> + <span class="superscript">[680]</span> +<i>Procès de Bigot, Cadet, et autres, Mémoire pour le Sieur +de Boishébert.</i></p> +</div> + +<p>But now there was a change. The reverses of the last campaign, hunger, +weariness, and possibly some incipient sense of atrocious misgovernment, +began to produce their effect; and some, especially in the towns, were +heard to murmur that further resistance was useless. The Canadians, +though brave and patient, needed, like Frenchmen, the stimulus of +success. "The people are alarmed," said the modest Governor, "and would +lose courage if my firmness did not rekindle their zeal to serve the +King." <span class="superscript">[681]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_681" name="footer_681"></a> + <span class="superscript">[681]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 10 <i>Avril</i>, 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>"Rapacity, folly, intrigue, falsehood, will soon ruin this colony which +has cost the King so dear," +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172-V2" id="Page_172-V2">172<br />V2</a></span> +wrote Doreil to the Minister of War. "We must not flatter ourselves with +vain hope; Canada is lost if we do not have peace this winter." "It has +been saved by miracle in these past three years; nothing but peace can +save it now, in spite of all the efforts and the talents of M. de Montcalm." +<span class="superscript">[682]</span> Vaudreuil himself became thoroughly +alarmed, and told the Court in the autumn of 1758 that food, arms, +munitions, and everything else were fast failing, and that without +immediate peace or heavy reinforcements all was lost.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_682" name="footer_682"></a> + <span class="superscript">[682]</span> +<i>Doreil au Ministre</i>, 31 <i>Juillet</i>, 1758. <i>Ibid</i>. 12 +<i>Août</i>, 1758. <i>Ibid</i>. 31 <i>Août</i>, 1758. +<i>Ibid</i>. 1 <i>Sept.</i> 1758.</p> +</div> + +<p>The condition of Canada was indeed deplorable. The St. Lawrence was +watched by British ships; the harvest was meagre; a barrel of flour cost +two hundred francs; most of the cattle and many of the horses had been +killed for food. The people lived chiefly on a pittance of salt cod or +on rations furnished by the King; all prices were inordinate; the +officers from France were starving on their pay; while a legion of +indigenous and imported scoundrels fattened on the general distress. +"What a country!" exclaims Montcalm. "Here all the knaves grow rich, and +the honest men are ruined." Yet he was resolved to stand by it to the +last, and wrote to the Minister of War that he would bury himself under +its ruins. "I asked for my recall after the glorious affair of the +eighth of July; but since the state of the colony is so bad, I must do +what I can to help it and retard +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173-V2" id="Page_173-V2">173<br />V2</a></span> +its fall." The only hope was in a strong appeal to the Court; and he +thought himself fortunate in persuading Vaudreuil to consent that +Bougainville should be commissioned to make it, seconded by Doreil. +They were to sail in different ships, in order that at least one of +them might arrive safe.</p> + +<p>Vaudreuil gave Bougainville a letter introducing him to the Colonial +Minister in high terms of praise: "He is in all respects better fitted +than anybody else to inform you of the state of the colony. I have given +him my instructions, and you can trust entirely in what he tells +you." <span class="superscript">[683]</span> Concerning Doreil he wrote +to the Minister of War: "I have full confidence in him, and he may be +entirely trusted. Everybody here likes him." +<span class="superscript">[684]</span> +While thus extolling the friends of his rival, the Governor took care +to provide against the effects of his politic commendations, and wrote +thus to his patron, the Colonial Minister: "In order to condescend to +the wishes of M. de Montcalm, and leave no means untried to keep in +harmony with him, I have given letters to MM. Doreil and Bougainville; +but I have the honor to inform you, Monseigneur, that they do not +understand the colony, and to warn you that they are creatures of M. +de Montcalm." <span class="superscript">[685]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_683" name="footer_683"></a> + <span class="superscript">[683]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre de la Marine</i>, 4 <i>Nov</i>. 1758.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_684" name="footer_684"></a> + <span class="superscript">[684]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre de la Guerre</i>, 11 <i>Oct</i>. 1758.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_685" name="footer_685"></a> + <span class="superscript">[685]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre de la Marine</i>, 3 <i>Nov</i>. 1758.</p> +</div> + +<p>The two envoys had sailed for France. Winter was close at hand, and the +harbor of Quebec was nearly empty. One ship still lingered, the last of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174-V2" id="Page_174-V2">174<br />V2</a></span> +the season, and by her Montcalm sent a letter to his mother: "You will +be glad to have me write to you up to the last moment to tell you for +the hundredth time that, occupied as I am with the fate of New France, +the preservation of the troops, the interest of the state, and my own +glory, I think continually of you all. We did our best in 1756, 1757, +and 1758; and so, God helping, we will do in 1759, unless you make peace +in Europe." Then, shut from the outer world for half a year by barriers +of ice, he waited what returning spring might bright forth.</p> + +<p>Both Bougainville and Doreil escaped the British cruisers and safely +reached Versailles, where, in the slippery precincts of the Court, as +new to him as they were treacherous, the young aide-de-camp justified +all the confidence of his chief. He had interviews with the ministers, +the King, and, more important than all, with Madame de Pompadour, whom +he succeeded in propitiating, though not, it seems, without difficulty +and delay. France, unfortunate by land and sea, with finances ruined and +navy crippled, had gained one brilliant victory, and she owed it to +Montcalm. She could pay for it in honors, if in nothing else. Montcalm +was made lieutenant-general, Lévis major-general, Bourlamaque brigadier, +and Bougainville colonel and chevalier of St. Louis; while Vaudreuil was +solaced with the grand cross of that order. +<span class="superscript">[686]</span> But when the two envoys asked +substantial aid for the imperilled colony, the response was chilling. The +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175-V2" id="Page_175-V2">175<br />V2</a></span> +Colonial Minister, Berryer, prepossessed against +Bougainville by the secret warning of Vaudreuil, received him coldly, +and replied to his appeal for help: "Eh, Monsieur, when the house is on +fire one cannot occupy one's self with the stable." "At least, Monsieur, +nobody will say that you talk like a horse," was the irreverent answer.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_686" name="footer_686"></a> + <span class="superscript">[686]</span> +<i>Ordres du Roy et Dépêches des Ministres, Janvier, +Février</i>, 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>Bougainville laid four memorials before the Court, in which he showed +the desperate state of the colony and its dire need of help. Thus far, +he said, Canada has been saved by the dissensions of the English +colonies; but now, for the first time, they are united against her, and +prepared to put forth their strength. And he begged for troops, arms, +munitions, food, and a squadron to defend the mouth of the St. +Lawrence. <span class="superscript">[687]</span> The reply, couched in a +letter to Montcalm, was to the effect that it was necessary to concentrate +all the strength of the kingdom for a decisive operation in Europe; that, +therefore, the aid required could not be sent; and that the King trusted +everything to his zeal and generalship, joined with the valor of the victors +of Ticonderoga. <span class="superscript">[688]</span> All that could be +obtained was between three and four hundred recruits for the regulars, +sixty engineers, sappers, and artillerymen, and gunpowder, arms, and +provisions sufficient, along with the supplies brought over by the +contractor, Cadet, to carry the colony through the next campaign. +<span class="superscript">[689]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_687" name="footer_687"></a> + <span class="superscript">[687]</span> +<i>Mémoire remis au Ministre par M. de Bougainville, Décembre</i>, +1758.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_688" name="footer_688"></a> + <span class="superscript">[688]</span> +<i>Le Ministre à Montcalm</i>, 3 <i>Fév</i>. 1759.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_689" name="footer_689"></a> + <span class="superscript">[689]</span> +<i>Ordres du Roy et Dépêches des Ministres, Février</i>, +1759.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176-V2" id="Page_176-V2">176<br />V2</a></span> +Montcalm had intrusted Bougainville with another mission, widely +different. This was no less than the negotiating of suitable marriages +for the eldest son and daughter of his commander, with whom, in the +confidence of friendship, he had had many conversations on the matter. +"He and I," Montcalm wrote to his mother, Madame de Saint-Véran, "have +two ideas touching these marriages,—the first, romantic and chimerical; +the second, good, practicable." <span class="superscript">[690]</span> +Bougainville, invoking the aid of a lady of rank, a friend of the family, +acquitted himself well of his delicate task. Before he embarked for Canada, +in early spring, a treaty was on foot for the marriage of the young Comte +de Montcalm to an heiress of sixteen; while Mademoiselle de Montcalm had +already become Madame d'Espineuse. "Her father will be delighted," says the +successful negotiator. <span class="superscript">[691]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_690" name="footer_690"></a> + <span class="superscript">[690]</span> +<i>Montcalm à Madame de Saint-Véran</i>, 24 <i>Sept</i>. +1758.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_691" name="footer_691"></a> + <span class="superscript">[691]</span> +<i>Lettres de Bougainville à Madame de Saint-Véran</i>, +1758, 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>Again he crossed the Atlantic and sailed up the St. Lawrence as the +portentous spring of 1759 was lowering over the dissolving snows of +Canada. With him came a squadron bearing the supplies and the petty +reinforcement which the Court had vouchsafed. "A little is precious to +those who have nothing," said Montcalm on receiving them. Despatches +from the ministers gave warning of a great armament fitted out in +English ports for the attack of Quebec, while a letter to the General +from the Maréchal de Belleisle, minister of war, told what was expected +of him, and why he and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177-V2" id="Page_177-V2">177<br />V2</a></span> +the colony were abandoned to their fate. "If we sent a large reinforcement +of troops," said Belleisle, "there would be great fear that the English +would intercept them on the way; and as the King could never send you +forces equal to those which the English are prepared to oppose to you, the +attempt would have no other effect than to excite the Cabinet of London to +increased efforts for preserving its superiority on the American continent." +</p> + +<p>"As we must expect the English to turn all their force against Canada, +and attack you on several sides at once, it is necessary that you limit +your plans of defence to the most essential points and those most +closely connected, so that, being concentrated within a smaller space, +each part may be within reach of support and succor from the rest. How +small soever may be the space you are able to hold, it is indispensable +to keep a footing in North America; for if we once lose the country +entirely, its recovery will be almost impossible. The King counts on +your zeal, courage, and persistency to accomplish this object, and +relies on you to spare no pains and no exertions. Impart this +resolution to your chief officers, and join with them to inspire your +soldiers with it. I have answered for you to the King; I am confident +that you will not disappoint me, and that for the glory of the nation, +the good of the state, and your own preservation, you will go to the +utmost extremity rather than submit to conditions as shameful as those +imposed at Louisbourg, the memory of which +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178-V2" id="Page_178-V2">178<br />V2</a></span> +you will wipe out." <span class="superscript">[692]</span> "We +will save this unhappy colony, or perish," was the answer of Montcalm.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_692" name="footer_692"></a> + <span class="superscript">[692]</span> +<i>Belleisle à Montcalm</i>, 19 <i>Fév</i>. 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>It was believed that Canada would be attacked with at least fifty +thousand men. Vaudreuil had caused a census to be made of the +governments of Montreal, Three Rivers, and Quebec. It showed a little +more than thirteen thousand effective men. +<span class="superscript">[693]</span> To these were to be +added thirty-five hundred troops of the line, including the late +reinforcement, fifteen hundred colony troops, a body of irregulars in +Acadia, and the militia and <i>coureurs-de-bois</i> of Detroit and the other +upper posts, along with from one to two thousand Indians who could still +be counted on. Great as was the disparity of numbers, there was good +hope that the centre of the colony could be defended; for the only +avenues by which an enemy could approach were barred by the rock of +Quebec, the rapids of the St. Lawrence, and the strong position of +Isle-aux-Noix, at the outlet of Lake Champlain. Montcalm had long +inclined to the plan of concentration enjoined on him by the Minister of +War. Vaudreuil was of another mind; he insisted on still occupying +Acadia and the forts of the upper country: matters on which he and the +General exchanged a correspondence that widened the breach between them.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_693" name="footer_693"></a> + <span class="superscript">[693]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 8 <i>Avril</i>, 1759. The <i>Mémoires sur +le Canada,</i> 1749-1760, says 15,229 effective men.</p> +</div> + +<p>Should every effort of resistance fail, and the invaders force their way +into the heart of Canada, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179-V2" id="Page_179-V2">179<br />V2</a></span> +Montcalm proposed the desperate resort of abandoning the valley of the St. +Lawrence, descending the Mississippi with his troops and as many as possible +of the inhabitants, and making a last stand for France among the swamps of +Louisiana. <span class="superscript">[694]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_694" name="footer_694"></a> + <span class="superscript">[694]</span> +<i>Mémoire sur le Canada remis au Ministre</i>, 27 <i>Déc</i>. +1758.</p> +</div> + +<p>In April, before Bougainville's return, he wrote to his wife: "Can we +hope for another miracle to save us? I trust in God; he fought for us on +the eighth of July. Come what may, his will be done! I wait the news +from France with impatience and dread. We have had none for eight +months; and who knows if much can reach us at all this year? How dearly +I have to pay for the dismal privilege of figuring two or three times in +the gazettes!" A month later, after Bougainvile had come: "Our daughter +is well married. I think I would renounce every honor to join you again; +but the King must be obeyed. The moment when I see you once more will be +the brightest of my life. Adieu, my heart! I believe that I love you +more than ever."</p> + +<p>Bougainville had brought sad news. He had heard before sailing from +France that one of Montcalm's daughters was dead, but could not learn +which of them. "I think," says the father, "that it must be poor Mirète, +who was like me, and whom I loved very much." He was never to know if +this conjecture was true.</p> + +<p>To Vaudreuil came a repetition of the detested order that he should +defer to Montcalm on all questions of war; and moreover that he should +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180-V2" id="Page_180-V2">180<br />V2</a></span> +not take command in person except when the whole body of the militia was +called out; nor, even then, without consulting his rival. +<span class="superscript">[695]</span> His ire +and vexation produced an access of jealous self-assertion, and drove him +into something like revolt against the ministerial command. "If the +English attack Quebec, I shall always hold myself free to go thither +myself with most of the troops and all the militia and Indians I can +assemble. On arriving I shall give battle to the enemy; and I shall do +so again and again, till I have forced him to retire, or till he has +entirely crushed me by excessive superiority of numbers. My obstinacy in +opposing his landing will be the more <i>à propos</i>, as I have not the +means of sustaining a siege. If I succeed as I wish, I shall next march +to Carillon to arrest him there. You see, Monseigneur, that the +slightest change in my arrangements would have the most unfortunate +consequences." +<span class="superscript">[696]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_695" name="footer_695"></a> + <span class="superscript">[695]</span> +<i>Ordres du Roy et Dépêches des Ministres, Lettre à +Vaudreuil</i>, 3 <i>Fév</i>. 1759.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_696" name="footer_696"></a> + <span class="superscript">[696]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 8 <i>Avril</i>, 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>Whether he made good this valorous declaration will presently be seen.</p> + + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent double-space-top"> + <a id="footer_23Note" name="footer_23Note"></a> +<span class="smcap">Note</span>.—The Archives de la Guerre and +the Archives de la Marine contain a mass of letters and documents on the +subjects treated in the above chapter; these I have carefully read and +collated. The other principal authorities are the correspondence of +Montcalm with Bourlamaque and with his own family; the letters of +Vaudreuil preserved in the Archives Nationales; and the letters of +Bougainville and Doreil to Montcalm and Madame de Saint-Véran +while on their mission to France. For copies of these last I am +indebted to the present Marquis de Montcalm.</p> +</div> + + + +<hr /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Chapter_24" id="Chapter_24"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181-V2" id="Page_181-V2">181<br />V2</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents24">CHAPTER XXIV.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1758, 1759.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader">WOLFE.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + The Exiles of Fort Cumberland • Relief • + The Voyage to Louisbourg • The British Fleet • + Expedition against Quebec • Early Life of Wolfe • + His Character • His Letters to his Parents • + His Domestic Qualities • Appointed to command the Expedition • + Sails for America. + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> +</div> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">Captain John Knox</span>, +of the forty-third regiment, had spent the winter in +garrison at Fort Cumberland, on the hill of Beauséjour. For nearly two +years he and his comrades had been exiles amid the wilds of Nova Scotia, +and the monotonous inaction was becoming insupportable. The great marsh +of Tantemar on the one side, and that of Missaguash on the other, two +vast flat tracts of glaring snow, bounded by dark hills of spruce and +fir, were hateful to their sight. Shooting, fishing, or skating were a +dangerous relief; for the neighborhood was infested by "vermin," as they +called the Acadians and their Micmac allies. In January four soldiers +and a ranger were waylaid not far from the fort, disabled by bullets, +and then scalped alive. They were found the next morning on the snow, +contorted in the agonies of death, and frozen like marble statues. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182-V2" id="Page_182-V2">182<br />V2</a></span> +St. Patrick's Day brought more cheerful excitements. The Irish officers of +the garrison gave their comrades a feast, having laid in during the +autumn a stock of frozen provisions, that the festival of their saint +might be duly honored. All was hilarity at Fort Cumberland, where it is +recorded that punch to the value of twelve pounds sterling, with a +corresponding supply of wine and beer, was consumed on this joyous +occasion. <span class="superscript">[697]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_697" name="footer_697"></a> + <span class="superscript">[697]</span> +Knox, <i>Historical Journal</i>, I. 228.</p> +</div> + +<p>About the middle of April a schooner came up the bay, bringing letters +that filled men and officers with delight. The regiment was ordered to +hold itself ready to embark for Louisbourg and join an expedition to the +St. Lawrence, under command of Major-General Wolfe. All that afternoon +the soldiers were shouting and cheering in their barracks; and when they +mustered for the evening roll-call, there was another burst of huzzas. +They waited in expectancy nearly three weeks, and then the transports +which were to carry them arrived, bringing the provincials who had been +hastily raised in New England to take their place. These Knox describes +as a mean-looking set of fellows, of all ages and sizes, and without any +kind of discipline; adding that their officers are sober, modest men, +who, though of confined ideas, talk very clearly and sensibly, and make +a decent appearance in blue, faced with scarlet, though the privates +have no uniform at all.</p> + +<p>At last the forty-third set sail, the cannon of the fort saluting them, +and the soldiers cheering +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183-V2" id="Page_183-V2">183<br />V2</a></span> +lustily, overjoyed to escape from their long imprisonment. A gale soon began; +the transports became separated; Knox's vessel sheltered herself for a time +in Passamaquoddy Bay; then passed the Grand Menan, and steered southward and +eastward along the coast of Nova Scotia. A calm followed the gale; and they +moved so slowly that Knox beguiled the time by fishing over the stern, and +caught a halibut so large that he was forced to call for help to pull it in. +Then they steered northeastward, now lost in fogs, and now tossed mercilessly +on those boisterous waves; till, on the twenty-fourth of May, they saw a +rocky and surf-lashed shore, with a forest of masts rising to all appearance +out of it. It was the British fleet in the land-locked harbor of Louisbourg. +</p> + +<p>On the left, as they sailed through the narrow passage, lay the town, +scarred with shot and shell, the red cross floating over its battered +ramparts; and around in a wide semicircle rose the bristling back of +rugged hills, set thick with dismal evergreens. They passed the great +ships of the fleet, and anchored among the other transports towards the +head of the harbor. It was not yet free from ice; and the floating +masses lay so thick in some parts that the reckless sailors, returning +from leave on shore, jumped from one to another to regain their ships. +There was a review of troops, and Knox went to see it; but it was over +before he reached the place, where he was presently told of a +characteristic reply just made by Wolfe to some officers who had +apologized for not having +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184-V2" id="Page_184-V2">184<br />V2</a></span> +taught their men the new exercise. "Poh, poh!—new exercise—new +fiddlestick. If they are otherwise well disciplined, and will fight, that's +all I shall require of them."</p> + +<p>Knox does not record his impressions of his new commander, which must +have been disappointing. He called him afterwards a British Achilles; +but in person at least Wolfe bore no likeness to the son of Peleus, for +never was the soul of a hero cased in a frame so incongruous. His face, +when seen in profile, was singular as that of the Great Condé. The +forehead and chin receded; the nose, slightly upturned, formed with the +other features the point of an obtuse triangle; the mouth was by no +means shaped to express resolution; and nothing but the clear, bright, +and piercing eye bespoke the spirit within. On his head he wore a black +three-cornered hat; his red hair was tied in a queue behind; his narrow +shoulders, slender body, and long, thin limbs were cased in a scarlet +frock, with broad cuffs and ample skirts that reached the knee; while on +his left arm he wore a band of crape in mourning for his father, of +whose death he had heard a few days before.</p> + +<p>James Wolfe was in his thirty-third year. His father was an officer of +distinction, Major-General Edward Wolfe, and he himself, a delicate and +sensitive child, but an impetuous and somewhat headstrong youth, had +served the King since the age of fifteen. From childhood he had dreamed +of the army and the wars. At sixteen he was in Flanders, adjutant of his +regiment, discharging the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185-V2" id="Page_185-V2">185<br />V2</a></span> +duties of the post in a way that gained him early promotion and, along with +a painstaking assiduity, showing a precocious faculty for commanding men. +He passed with credit through several campaigns, took part in the victory +of Dettingen, and then went to Scotland to fight at Culloden. Next we find +him at Stirling, Perth, and Glasgow, always ardent and always diligent, +constant in military duty, and giving his spare hours to mathematics and +Latin. He presently fell in love; and being disappointed, plunged into a +variety of dissipations, contrary to his usual habits, which were far above +the standard of that profligate time.</p> + +<p>At twenty-three he was a lieutenant-colonel, commanding his regiment in +the then dirty and barbarous town of Inverness, amid a disaffected and +turbulent population whom it was his duty to keep in order: a difficult +task, which he accomplished so well as to gain the special commendation +of the King, and even the goodwill of the Highlanders themselves. He +was five years among these northern hills, battling with ill-health, and +restless under the intellectual barrenness of his surroundings. He felt +his position to be in no way salutary, and wrote to his mother: "The +fear of becoming a mere ruffian and of imbibing the tyrannical +principles of an absolute commander, or giving way insensibly to the +temptations of power till I became proud, insolent, and +intolerable,—these considerations will make me wish to leave the +regiment before next winter; that by frequenting men above myself I may +know my true condition, and by discoursing +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186-V2" id="Page_186-V2">186<br />V2</a></span> +with the other sex may learn some civility and mildness of carriage." He got +leave of absence, and spent six months in Paris, where he was presented at +Court and saw much of the best society. This did not prevent him from +working hard to perfect himself in French, as well as in horsemanship, +fencing, dancing, and other accomplishments, and from earnestly seeking an +opportunity to study the various armies of Europe. In this he was thwarted +by the stupidity and prejudice of the commander-in-chief; and he made what +amends he could by extensive reading in all that bore on military +matters.</p> + +<p>His martial instincts were balanced by strong domestic inclinations. He +was fond of children; and after his disappointment in love used to say +that they were the only true inducement to marriage. He was a most +dutiful son, and wrote continually to both his parents. Sometimes he +would philosophize on the good and ill of life; sometimes he held +questionings with his conscience; and once he wrote to his mother in a +strain of self-accusation not to be expected from a bold and determined +soldier. His nature was a compound of tenderness and fire, which last +sometimes showed itself in sharp and unpleasant flashes. His excitable +temper was capable almost of fierceness, and he could now and then be +needlessly stern; but towards his father, mother, and friends he was a +model of steady affection. He made friends readily, and kept them, and +was usually a pleasant companion, though subject to sallies of imperious +irritability which occasionally broke through his strong +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187-V2" id="Page_187-V2">187<br />V2</a></span> +sense of good breeding. For this his susceptible constitution was largely +answerable, for he was a living barometer, and his spirits rose and fell +with every change of weather. In spite of his impatient outbursts, the +officers whom he had commanded remained attached to him for life; and, +in spite of his rigorous discipline, he was beloved by his soldiers, to +whose comfort he was always attentive. Frankness, directness, essential +good feeling, and a high integrity atoned for all his faults.</p> + +<p>In his own view, as expressed to his mother, he was a person of very +moderate abilities, aided by more than usual diligence; but this modest +judgment of himself by no means deprived him of self-confidence, nor, +in time of need, of self-assertion. He delighted in every kind of +hardihood; and, in his contempt for effeminacy, once said to his mother: +"Better be a savage of some use than a gentle, amorous puppy, obnoxious +to all the world." He was far from despising fame; but the controlling +principles of his life were duty to his country and his profession, +loyalty to the King, and fidelity to his own ideal of the perfect +soldier. To the parent who was the confidant of his most intimate +thoughts he said: "All that I wish for myself is that I may at all times +be ready and firm to meet that fate we cannot shun, and to die +gracefully and properly when the hour comes." Never was wish more +signally fulfilled. Again he tells her: "My utmost desire and ambition +is to look steadily upon danger;" and his desire was accomplished. His +intrepidity was complete. No +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188-V2" id="Page_188-V2">188<br />V2</a></span> +form of death had power to daunt him. Once and again, when bound on some +deadly enterprise of war, he calmly counts the chances whether or not he +can compel his feeble body to bear him on till the work is done. A frame +so delicately strung could not have been insensible to danger; but +forgetfulness of self, and the absorption of every faculty in the object +before him, shut out the sense of fear. He seems always to have been at +his best in the thick of battle; most complete in his mastery over himself +and over others.</p> + +<p>But it is in the intimacies of domestic life that one sees him most +closely, and especially in his letters to his mother, from whom he +inherited his frail constitution, without the beauty that distinguished +her. "The greatest happiness that I wish for here is to see you happy." +"If you stay much at home I will come and shut myself up with you for +three weeks or a month, and play at piquet from morning till night; and +you shall laugh at my short red hair as much as you please." The playing +at piquet was a sacrifice to filial attachment; for the mother loved +cards, and the son did not. "Don't trouble yourself about my room or my +bedclothes; too much care and delicacy at this time would enervate me +and complete the destruction of a tottering constitution. Such as it is, +it must serve me now, and I'll make the best of it while it holds." At +the beginning of the war his father tried to dissuade him from offering +his services on board the fleet; and he replies in a letter to Mrs. +Wolfe: "It is no time to think of what is +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189-V2" id="Page_189-V2">189<br />V2</a></span> +convenient or agreeable; that service is certainly the best in which we are +the most useful. For my part, I am determined never to give myself a moment's +concern about the nature of the duty which His Majesty is pleased to order us +upon. It will be a sufficient comfort to you two, as far as my person is +concerned,—at least it will be a reasonable consolation,—to +reflect that the Power which has hitherto preserved me may, if it be his +pleasure, continue to do so; if not, that it is but a few days or a few +years more or less, and that those who perish in their duty and in the +service of their country die honorably." Then he proceeds to give +particular directions about his numerous dogs, for the welfare of which +in his absence he provides with anxious solicitude, especially for "my +friend Cæsar, who has great merit and much good-humor."</p> + +<p>After the unfortunate expedition against Rochefort, when the board of +general officers appointed to inquire into the affair were passing the +highest encomiums upon his conduct, his parents were at Bath, and he +took possession of their house at Blackheath, whence he wrote to his +mother: "I lie in your chamber, dress in the General's little parlor, +and dine where you did. The most perceptible difference and change of +affairs (exclusive of the bad table I keep) is the number of dogs in the +yard; but by coaxing Ball [<i>his father's dog</i>] and rubbing his back with +my stick, I have reconciled him with the new ones, and put them in some +measure under his protection."</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190-V2" id="Page_190-V2">190<br />V2</a></span> +When about to sail on the expedition against Louisbourg, he was anxious +for his parents, and wrote to his uncle, Major Wolfe, at Dublin: "I +trust you will give the best advice to my mother, and such assistance, +if it should be wanted, as the distance between you will permit. I +mention this because the General seems to decline apace, and narrowly +escaped being carried off in the spring. She, poor woman, is in a bad +state of health, and needs the care of some friendly hand. She has long +and painful fits of illness, which by succession and inheritance are +likely to devolve on me, since I feel the early symptoms of them." Of +his friends Guy Carleton, afterwards Lord Dorchester, and George Warde, +the companion of his boyhood, he also asks help for his mother in his +absence.</p> + +<p>His part in the taking of Louisbourg greatly increased his reputation. +After his return he went to Bath to recruit his health; and it seems to +have been here that he wooed and won Miss Katherine Lowther, daughter of +an ex-Governor of Barbadoes, and sister of the future Lord Lonsdale. A +betrothal took place, and Wolfe wore her portrait till the night before +his death. It was a little before this engagement that he wrote to his +friend Lieutenant-Colonel Rickson: "I have this day signified to Mr. +Pitt that he may dispose of my slight carcass as he pleases, and that I +am ready for any undertaking within the compass of my skill and +cunning. I am in a very bad condition both with the gravel and +rheumatism; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191-V2" id="Page_191-V2">191<br />V2</a></span> +but I had much rather die than decline any kind of service +that offers. If I followed my own taste it would lead me into Germany. +However, it is not our part to choose, but to obey. My opinion is that I +shall join the army in America."</p> + +<p>Pitt chose him to command the expedition then fitting out against +Quebec; made him a major-general, though, to avoid giving offence to +older officers, he was to hold that rank in America alone; and permitted +him to choose his own staff. Appointments made for merit, and not +through routine and patronage, shocked the Duke of Newcastle, to whom a +man like Wolfe was a hopeless enigma; and he told George II. that Pitt's +new general was mad. "Mad is he?" returned the old King; "then I hope he +will bite some others of my generals."</p> + +<p>At the end of January the fleet was almost ready, and Wolfe wrote to his +uncle Walter: "I am to act a greater part in this business than I +wished. The backwardness of some of the older officers has in some +measure forced the Government to come down so low. I shall do my best, +and leave the rest to fortune, as perforce we must when there are not +the most commanding abilities. We expect to sail in about three weeks. A +London life and little exercise disagrees entirely with me, but the sea +still more. If I have health and constitution enough for the campaign, I +shall think myself a lucky man; what happens afterwards is of no great +consequence." He sent to his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192-V2" id="Page_192-V2">192<br />V2</a></span> +mother an affectionate letter of farewell, went to Spithead, embarked with +Admiral Saunders in the ship "Neptune," and set sail on the seventeenth of +February. In a few hours the whole squadron was at sea, the transports, +the frigates, and the great line-of-battle ships, with their ponderous +armament and their freight of rude humanity armed and trained for +destruction; while on the heaving deck of the "Neptune," wretched with +sea-sickness and racked with pain, stood the gallant invalid who was +master of it all.</p> + +<p>The fleet consisted of twenty-two ships of the line, with frigates, +sloops-of-war, and a great number of transports. When Admiral Saunders +arrived with his squadron off Louisbourg, he found the entrance blocked +by ice, and was forced to seek harborage at Halifax. The squadron of +Admiral Holmes, which had sailed a few days earlier, proceeded to New +York to take on board troops destined for the expedition, while the +squadron of Admiral Durell steered for the St. Lawrence to intercept the +expected ships from France. +</p> +<p> +In May the whole fleet, except the ten ships with Durell, was united in the +harbor of Louisbourg. Twelve thousand troops were to have been employed for +the expedition; but several regiments expected from the West Indies were +for some reason countermanded, while the accessions from New York and the +Nova Scotia garrisons fell far short of the looked-for numbers. Three weeks +before leaving Louisbourg, Wolfe writes to his uncle Walter that he has an +army of nine thousand +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193-V2" id="Page_193-V2">193<br />V2</a></span> +men. The actual number seems to have been somewhat less. +<span class="superscript">[698]</span> "Our troops are good," he informs +Pitt; "and if valor can make amends for the want of numbers, we shall +probably succeed."</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_698" name="footer_698"></a> + <span class="superscript">[698]</span> +See <i>Grenville Correspondence,</i> I. 305.</p> +</div> + +<p>Three brigadiers, all in the early prime of life, held command under +him: Monckton, Townshend, and Murray. They were all his superiors in +birth, and one of them, Townshend, never forgot that he was so. "George +Townshend," says Walpole, "has thrust himself again into the service; +and, as far as wrongheadedness will go, is very proper for a hero." +<span class="superscript">[699]</span> The same caustic writer says further +that he was of "a proud, sullen, and contemptuous temper," and that he +"saw everything in an ill-natured and ridiculous light." +<span class="superscript">[700]</span> Though his perverse and envious +disposition made him a difficult colleague, Townshend had both talents and +energy; as also had Monckton, the same officer who commanded at the capture +of Beauséjour in 1755. Murray, too, was well matched to the work in +hand, in spite of some lingering remains of youthful rashness.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_699" name="footer_699"></a> + <span class="superscript">[699]</span> +Horace Walpole, <i>Letters</i> III. 207 (ed. Cunningham, 1857).</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_700" name="footer_700"></a> + <span class="superscript">[700]</span> +Ibid. <i>George II.</i>, II. 345.</p> +</div> + +<p>On the sixth of June the last ship of the fleet sailed out of +Louisbourg harbor, the troops cheering and the officers drinking to the +toast, "British colors on every French fort, port, and garrison in +America." The ships that had gone before lay to till the whole fleet was +reunited, and then all +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194-V2" id="Page_194-V2">194<br />V2</a></span> +steered together for the St. Lawrence. From the headland of Cape Egmont, +the Micmac hunter, gazing far out over the shimmering sea, saw the horizon +flecked with their canvas wings, as they bore northward on their errand of +havoc.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="double-space-top"> + <a id="footer_24Note" name="footer_24Note"></a> +<span class="smcap">Note</span>.—For the material of the foregoing +sketch of Wolfe I am indebted to +Wright's excellent Life of him and the numerous letters contained in it. +Several autograph letters which have escaped the notice of Mr. Wright +are preserved in the Public Record Office. The following is a +characteristic passage from one of these, written on board the +"Neptune," at sea, on the sixth of June, the day when the fleet sailed +from Louisbourg. It is directed to a nobleman of high rank in the army, +whose name does not appear, the address being lost (War Office Records: +<i>North America, various,</i> 1756-1763): "I have had the honour to receive +two letters from your Lordship, one of an old date, concerning my stay +in this country [<i>after the capture of Louisbourg</i>], in answer to which +I shall only say that the Marshal told me I was to return at the end of +the campaign; and as General Amherst had no other commands than to send +me to winter at Halifax under the orders of an officer [<i>Brigadier +Lawrence</i>] who was but a few months before put over my head, I thought +it was much better to get into the way of service and out of the way of +being insulted; and as the style of your Lordship's letter is pretty +strong, I must take the liberty to inform you that … rather than +receive orders in the Government [<i>of Nova Scotia</i>] from an officer +younger than myself (though a very worthy man), I should certainly have +desired leave to resign my commission; for as I neither ask nor expect +any favour, so I never intend to submit to any ill-usage whatsoever."</p> + +<p>Many other papers in the Public Record Office have been consulted in +preparing the above chapter, including the secret instructions of the +King to Wolfe and to Saunders, and the letters of Amherst to Wolfe and +to Pitt. Other correspondence touching the same subjects is printed in +<i>Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia,</i> 441-450. Knox, +Mante, and Entick are the best contemporary printed sources.</p> + +<p>A story has gained currency respecting the last interview of Wolfe with +Pitt, in which he is said to have flourished his sword and boasted of +what he would achieve. This anecdote was told by Lord Temple, who was +present at the interview, to Mr. Grenville, who, many years after, told +it to Earl Stanhope, by whom it was made public. That the incident +underwent essential changes in the course of these transmissions,—which +extended over more than half a century, for Earl Stanhope was not born +till 1805,—can never be doubted by one who considers the known +character of Wolfe, who may have uttered some vehement expression, but +who can never be suspected of gasconade.</p> +</div> + + + + +<hr /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Chapter_25" id="Chapter_25"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195-V2" id="Page_195-V2">195<br />V2</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents25">CHAPTER XXV.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1759.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader">WOLFE AT QUEBEC.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + French Preparation • Muster of Forces • + Gasconade of Vaudreuil • Plan of Defence • + Strength of Montcalm • Advance of Wolfe • + British Sailors • Landing of the English • + Difficulties before them • Storm • + Fireships • Confidence of French Commanders • + Wolfe occupies Point Levi • A Futile Night Attack • + Quebec bombarded • Wolfe at the Montmorenci • + Skirmishes • Danger of the English Position • + Effects of the Bombardment • Desertion of Canadians • + The English above Quebec • Severities of Wolfe • + Another Attempt to burn the Fleet • + Desperate Enterprise of Wolfe • The Heights of Montmorenci • + Repulse of the English. + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> +</div> + + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">In</span> +early spring the chiefs of Canada met at Montreal to settle a plan of +defence. What at first they most dreaded was an advance of the enemy by +way of Lake Champlain. Bourlamaque, with three battalions, was ordered +to take post at Ticonderoga, hold it if he could, or, if overborne by +numbers, fall back to Isle-aux-Noix, at the outlet of the lake. La Corne +was sent with a strong detachment to intrench himself at the head of the +rapids of the St. Lawrence, and oppose any hostile movement from Lake +Ontario. Every able-bodied man in the colony, and every boy who could +fire a gun, was to be called to the field. Vaudreuil sent a circular +letter to the militia captains of all the parishes, with orders to read +it to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196-V2" id="Page_196-V2">196<br />V2</a></span> +the parishioners. It exhorted them to defend their religion, their +wives, their children, and their goods from the fury of the heretics; +declared that he, the Governor, would never yield up Canada on any terms +whatever; and ordered them to join the army at once, leaving none behind +but the old, the sick, the women, and the children. +<span class="superscript">[701]</span> The Bishop +issued a pastoral mandate: "On every side, dearest brethren, the enemy +is making immense preparations. His forces, at least six times more +numerous than ours, are already in motion. Never was Canada in a state +so critical and full of peril. Never were we so destitute, or threatened +with an attack so fierce, so general, and so obstinate. Now, in truth, +we may say, more than ever before, that our only resource is in the +powerful succor of our Lord. Then, dearest brethren, make every effort +to deserve it. 'Seek first the kingdom of God; and all these things +shall be added unto you.'" And he reproves their sins, exhorts them to +repentance, and ordains processions, masses, and prayers. +<span class="superscript">[702]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_701" name="footer_701"></a> + <span class="superscript">[701]</span> +<i>Mémoires sur le Canada</i>, 1749-1760.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_702" name="footer_702"></a> + <span class="superscript">[702]</span> +I am indebted for a copy of this mandate to the kindness +of Abbé Bois. As printed by Knox, it is somewhat different, though the +spirit is the same.</p> +</div> + +<p>Vaudreuil bustled and boasted. In May he wrote to the Minister: "The +zeal with which I am animated for the service of the King will always +make me surmount the greatest obstacles. I am taking the most proper +measures to give the enemy a good reception whenever he may attack us. I +keep in view the defence of Quebec. I have given orders in the parishes +below to muster the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197-V2" id="Page_197-V2">197<br />V2</a></span> +inhabitants who are able to bear arms, and place women, children, cattle, +and even hay and grain, in places of safety. Permit me, Monseigneur, to +beg you to have the goodness to assure His Majesty that, to whatever hard +extremity I may be reduced, my zeal will be equally ardent and indefatigable, +and that I shall do the impossible to prevent our enemies from making +progress in any direction, or, at least, to make them pay extremely dear +for it." <span class="superscript">[703]</span> Then he writes +again to say that Amherst with a great army will, as he learns, attack +Ticonderoga; that Bradstreet, with six thousand men, will advance to +Lake Ontario; and that six thousand more will march to the Ohio. +"Whatever progress they may make," he adds, "I am resolved to yield them +nothing, but hold my ground even to annihilation." He promises to do his +best to keep on good terms with Montcalm, and ends with a warm eulogy of +Bigot. <span class="superscript">[704]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_703" name="footer_703"></a> + <span class="superscript">[703]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 8 <i>Mai</i>, 1759.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_704" name="footer_704"></a> + <span class="superscript">[704]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 20 [?] <i>Mai</i>, 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>It was in the midst of all these preparations that Bougainville arrived +from France with news that a great fleet was on its way to attack +Quebec. The town was filled with consternation mixed with surprise, for +the Canadians had believed that the dangerous navigation of the St. +Lawrence would deter their enemies from the attempt. "Everybody," writes +one of them, "was stupefied at an enterprise that seemed so bold." In a +few days a crowd of sails was seen approaching. They were not enemies, +but friends. It was the fleet +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198-V2" id="Page_198-V2">198<br />V2</a></span> +of the contractor Cadet, commanded by officer named Kanon, and loaded with +supplies for the colony. They anchored in the harbor, eighteen sail in all, +and their arrival spread universal joy. Admiral Durell had come too late to +intercept them, catching but three stragglers that had lagged behind the +rest. Still others succeeded in eluding him, and before the first of June +five more ships had come safely into port.</p> + +<p>When the news brought by Bougainville reached Montreal, nearly the whole +force of the colony, except the detachments of Bourlamaque and La Corne, +was ordered to Quebec. Montcalm hastened thither, and Vaudreuil +followed. The Governor-General wrote to the Minister in his usual +strain, as if all the hope of Canada rested in him. Such, he says, was +his activity, that, though very busy, he reached Quebec only a day and a +half after Montcalm; and, on arriving, learned from his scouts that +English ships-of-war had already appeared at Isle-aux-Coudres. These +were the squadron of Durell. "I expect," Vaudreuil goes on, "to be +sharply attacked, and that our enemies will make their most powerful +efforts to conquer this colony; but there is no ruse, no resource, no +means which my zeal does not suggest to lay snares for them, and +finally, when the exigency demands it, to fight them with an ardor, and +even a fury, which exceeds the range of their ambitious designs. The +troops, the Canadians, and the Indians are not ignorant of the +resolution I have taken, and from which I shall not recoil under +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199-V2" id="Page_199-V2">199<br />V2</a></span> +any circumstance whatever. The burghers of this city have already put +their goods and furniture in places of safety. The old men, women, and +children hold themselves ready to leave town. My firmness is generally +applauded. It has penetrated every heart; and each man says aloud: +'Canada, our native land, shall bury us under its ruins before we +surrender to the English!' This is decidedly my own determination, and I +shall hold to it inviolably." He launches into high praise of the +contractor Cadet, whose zeal for the service of the King and the defence +of the colony he declares to be triumphant over every difficulty. It is +necessary, he adds, that ample supplies of all kinds should be sent out +in the autumn, with the distribution of which Cadet offers to charge +himself, and to account for them at their first cost; but he does not +say what prices his disinterested friend will compel the destitute +Canadians to pay for them. <span class="superscript">[705]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_705" name="footer_705"></a> + <span class="superscript">[705]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 28 <i>Mai</i>, 1759.</p> +</div> + + +<p>Five battalions from France, nearly all the colony troops, and the +militia from every part of Canada poured into Quebec, along with a +thousand or more Indians, who, at the call of Vaudreuil, came to lend +their scalping-knives to the defence. Such was the ardor of the people +that boys of fifteen and men of eighty were to be seen in the camp. +Isle-aux-Coudres and Isle d'Orléans were ordered to be evacuated, and an +excited crowd on the rock of Quebec watched hourly for the approaching +fleet. Days passed and weeks passed, yet it did not appear. Meanwhile +Vaudreuil held +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200-V2" id="Page_200-V2">200<br />V2</a></span> +council after council to settle a plan of defence, They were strange scenes: +a crowd of officers of every rank, mixed pell-mell in a small room, pushing, +shouting, elbowing each other, interrupting each other; till Montcalm, in +despair, took each aside after the meeting was over, and made him give his +opinion in writing. <span class="superscript">[706]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_706" name="footer_706"></a> + <span class="superscript">[706]</span> +<i>Journal du Siége de Québec déposé à la +Bibliothêque de Hartwell, en Angleterre</i>. (Printed at Quebec, 1836.) +</p> +</div> + +<p>He himself had at first proposed to encamp the army on the plains of +Abraham and the meadows of the St. Charles, making that river his line +of defence; <span class="superscript">[707]</span> but he changed his +plan, and, with the concurrence of Vaudreuil, resolved to post his whole +force on the St. Lawrence below the city, with his right resting on the +St. Charles, and his left on the Montmorenci. Here, accordingly, the +troops and militia were stationed as they arrived. Early in June, +standing at the northeastern brink of the rock of Quebec, one could have +seen the whole position at a glance. On the curving shore from the St. +Charles to the rocky gorge of the Montmorenci, a distance of seven or +eight miles, the whitewashed dwellings of the parish of Beauport +stretched down the road in a double chain, and the fields on both sides +were studded with tents, huts, and Indian wigwams. Along the borders of +the St. Lawrence, as far as the eye could distinguish them, gangs of men +were throwing up redoubts, batteries, and lines of intrenchment. About +midway between the two extremities of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201-V2" id="Page_201-V2">201<br />V2</a></span> +encampment ran the little river of Beauport; and on the rising ground just +beyond it stood a large stone house, round which the tents were thickly +clustered; for here Montcalm had made his headquarters.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_707" name="footer_707"></a> + <span class="superscript">[707]</span> +<i>Livre d'Ordres, Disposition pour s'opposer à la Descente</i>. +</p> +</div> + +<p>A boom of logs chained together was drawn across the mouth of the St. +Charles, which was further guarded by two hulks mounted with cannon. The +bridge of boats that crossed the stream nearly a mile above, formed the +chief communication between the city and the camp. Its head towards +Beauport was protected by a strong and extensive earthwork; and the +banks of the stream on the Quebec side were also intrenched, to form a +second line of defence in case the position at Beauport should be +forced.</p> + +<p>In the city itself every gate, except the Palace Gate, which gave access +to the bridge, was closed and barricaded. A hundred and six cannon were +mounted on the walls. <span class="superscript">[708]</span> A floating +battery of twelve heavy pieces, a number of gunboats, eight fireships, and +several firerafts formed the river defences. The largest merchantmen of +Kanon's fleet were sacrificed to make the fireships; and the rest, along +with the frigates that came with them, were sent for safety up the St. +Lawrence beyond the River Richelieu, whence about a thousand of their +sailors returned to man the batteries and gunboats.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_708" name="footer_708"></a> + <span class="superscript">[708]</span> +This number was found after the siege. Knox, II. 151. Some French writers make +it much greater.</p> +</div> + +<p>In the camps along the Beauport shore were about fourteen thousand men, +besides Indians. The +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202-V2" id="Page_202-V2">202<br />V2</a></span> +regulars held the centre; the militia of Quebec and +Three Rivers were on the right, and those of Montreal on the left. In +Quebec itself there was a garrison of between one and two thousand men +under the Chevalier de Ramesay. Thus the whole number, including +Indians, amounted to more than sixteen thousand; +<span class="superscript">[709]</span> and though the Canadians who formed +the greater part of it were of little use in the open field, they could be +trusted to fight well behind intrenchments. Against this force, posted +behind defensive works, on positions almost impregnable by nature, Wolfe +brought less than nine thousand men available for operations on land. +<span class="superscript">[710]</span> The steep and lofty heights that +lined the river made the cannon of the ships for the most part useless, +while the exigencies of the naval service forbade employing the sailors +on shore. In two or three instances only, throughout the siege, small +squads of them landed to aid in moving and working cannon; and the +actual fighting fell to the troops alone.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_709" name="footer_709"></a> + <span class="superscript">[709]</span> +See <a href="#appendixH">Appendix H</a>.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_710" name="footer_710"></a> + <span class="superscript">[710]</span> +Ibid.</p> +</div> + +<p>Vaudreuil and Bigot took up their quarters with the army. The +Governor-General had delegated the command of the land-forces to +Montcalm, whom, in his own words, he authorized "to give orders +everywhere, provisionally." His relations with him were more than ever +anomalous and critical; for while Vaudreuil, in virtue of his office, +had a right to supreme command, Montcalm, now a lieutenant-general, held +a military grade far above him; and the Governor, while always writing +himself down +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203-V2" id="Page_203-V2">203<br />V2</a></span> +in his despatches as the head and front of every movement, +had too little self-confidence not to leave the actual command in the +hands of his rival.</p> + +<p>Days and weeks wore on, and the first excitement gave way to restless +impatience. Why did not the English come? Many of the Canadians thought +that Heaven would interpose and wreck the English fleet, as it had +wrecked that of Admiral Walker half a century before. There were +processions, prayers, and vows towards this happy consummation. Food was +scarce. Bigot and Cadet lived in luxury; fowls by thousands were +fattened with wheat for their tables, while the people were put on +rations of two ounces of bread a day. <span class="superscript">[711]</span> +Durell and his ships were reported to be still at Isle-aux-Coudres. +Vaudreuil sent thither a party of Canadians, and they captured three +midshipmen, who, says Montcalm, had gone ashore <i>pour polissonner,</i> +that is, on a lark. These youths were brought to Quebec, where they +increased the general anxiety by grossly exaggerating the English force.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_711" name="footer_711"></a> + <span class="superscript">[711]</span> +<i>Mémoires sur le Canada</i>, 1749-1760.</p> +</div> + +<p>At length it became known that eight English vessels were anchored in +the north channel of Orleans, and on the twenty-first of June the masts +of three of them could plainly be seen. One of the fireships was +consumed in a vain attempt to burn them, and several firerafts and a +sort of infernal machine were tried with no better success; the +unwelcome visitors still held their posts.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile the whole English fleet had slowly advanced, piloted by Denis +de Vitré, a Canadian of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204-V2" id="Page_204-V2">204<br />V2</a></span> +good birth, captured at sea some time before, +and now compelled to serve, under a threat of being hanged if he +refused. <span class="superscript">[712]</span> +Nor was he alone; for when Durell reached the place where +the river pilots were usually taken on board, he raised a French flag to +his mast-head, causing great rejoicings among the Canadians on shore, +who thought that a fleet was come to their rescue, and that their +country was saved. The pilots launched their canoes and came out to the +ships, where they were all made prisoners; then the French flag was +lowered, and the red cross displayed in its stead. The spectators on +shore turned from joy to despair; and a priest who stood watching the +squadron with a telescope is said to have dropped dead with the +revulsion of feeling.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_712" name="footer_712"></a> + <span class="superscript">[712]</span> +<i>Mémorial de Jean-Denis de Vitré au Très-honorable +William Pitt.</i></p> +</div> + +<p>Towards the end of June the main fleet was near the mountain of Cape +Tourmente. The passage called the Traverse, between the Cape and the +lower end of the Island of Orleans, was reputed one of the most +dangerous parts of the St. Lawrence; and as the ships successively came +up, the captive pilots were put on board to carry them safely through, +on pain of death. One of these men was assigned to the transport +"Goodwill," in which was Captain Knox, who spoke French, and who reports +thus in his Diary: "He gasconaded at a most extravagant rate, and gave +us to understand that it was much against his will that he was become an +English pilot. The poor fellow assumed great latitude in his +conversation, and said 'he made no doubt that +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205-V2" id="Page_205-V2">205<br />V2</a></span> +some of the fleet would return to England, but they should have a dismal +tale to carry with them; for Canada should be the grave of the whole army, +and he expected in a short time to see the walls of Quebec ornamented with +English scalps.' Had it not been in obedience to the Admiral, who gave +orders that he should not be ill-used, he would certainly have been thrown +overboard." The master of the transport was an old sailor named Killick, +who despised the whole Gallic race, and had no mind to see his ship in +charge of a Frenchman. "He would not let the pilot speak," continues +Knox, "but fixed his mate at the helm, charged him not to take orders +from any person but himself, and going forward with his trumpet to the +forecastle, gave the necessary instructions. All that could be said by +the commanding officer and the other gentlemen on board was to no +purpose; the pilot declared we should be lost, for that no French ship +ever presumed to pass there without a pilot. 'Ay, ay, my dear,' replied +our son of Neptune, 'but, damn me, I'll convince you that an Englishman +shall go where a Frenchman dare not show his nose.' The 'Richmond' +frigate being close astern of us, the commanding officer called out to +the captain and told him our case; he inquired who the master was, and +was answered from the forecastle by the man himself, who told him 'he +was old Killick, and that was enough.' I went forward with this +experienced mariner, who pointed out the channel to me as we passed; +showing me by the ripple and color of the water where there was any +danger, and distinguishing +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206-V2" id="Page_206-V2">206<br />V2</a></span> +the places where there were ledges of rocks +(to me invisible) from banks of sand, mud, or gravel. He gave his orders +with great unconcern, joked with the sounding-boats which lay off on +each side with different colored flags for our guidance; and when any of +them called to him and pointed to the deepest water, he answered: 'Ay, +ay, my dear, chalk it down, a damned dangerous navigation, eh! If you +don't make a sputter about it you'll get no credit in England.' After we +had cleared this remarkable place, where the channel forms a complete +zigzag, the master called to his mate to give the helm to somebody else, +saying, 'Damn me if there are not a thousand places in the Thames fifty +times more hazardous than this; I am ashamed that Englishmen should make +such a rout about it.' The Frenchman asked me if the captain had not +been there before. I assured him in the negative; upon which he viewed +him with great attention, lifting at the same time his hands and eyes to +heaven with astonishment and fervency." <span class="superscript">[713]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_713" name="footer_713"></a> + <span class="superscript">[713]</span> +Others, as well as the pilot, were astonished. "The enemy +passed sixty ships of war where we hardly dared risk a vessel of a +hundred tons." "Notwithstanding all our precautions, the English, +without any accident, by night, as well as by day, passed through it +[<i>the Traverse</i>] their ships of seventy and eighty guns, and even many +of them together." <i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 22 <i>Oct</i>. 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>Vaudreuil was blamed for not planting cannon at a certain plateau on the +side of the mountain of Cape Tourmente, where the gunners would have +been inaccessible, and whence they could have battered every passing +ship with a plunging fire. As it was, the whole fleet sailed safely +through. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207-V2" id="Page_207-V2">207<br />V2</a></span> +On the twenty-sixth they were all anchored off the south shore +of the Island of Orleans, a few miles from Quebec; and, writes Knox, +"here we are entertained with a most agreeable prospect of a delightful +country on every side; windmills, watermills, churches, chapels, and +compact farmhouses, all built with stone, and covered, some with wood, +and others with straw. The lands appear to be everywhere well +cultivated; and with the help of my glass I can discern that they are +sowed with flax, wheat, barley, peas, etc., and the grounds are enclosed +with wooden pales. The weather to-day is agreeably warm. A light fog +sometimes hangs over the highlands, but in the river we have a fine +clear air. In the curve of the river, while we were under sail, we had a +transient view of a stupendous natural curiosity called the waterfall of +Montmorenci."</p> + +<p>That night Lieutenant Meech, with forty New England rangers, landed on +the Island of Orleans, and found a body of armed inhabitants, who tried +to surround him. He beat them off, and took possession of a neighboring +farmhouse, where he remained till daylight; then pursued the enemy, and +found that they had crossed to the north shore. The whole army now +landed, and were drawn up on the beach. As they were kept there for some +time, Knox and several brother officers went to visit the neighboring +church of Saint-Laurent, where they found a letter from the parish +priest, directed to "The Worthy Officers of the British Army," praying +that they would protect the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208-V2" id="Page_208-V2">208<br />V2</a></span> +sacred edifice, and also his own adjoining house, and adding, with somewhat +needless civility, that he wished they had come sooner, that they might have +enjoyed the asparagus and radishes of his garden, now unhappily going to seed. +The letter concluded with many compliments and good wishes, in which the +Britons to whom they were addressed saw only "the frothy politeness so +peculiar to the French." The army marched westward and encamped. Wolfe, with +his chief engineer, Major Mackellar, and an escort of light infantry, +advanced to the extreme point of the island.</p> + +<p>Here he could see, in part, the desperate nature of the task he had +undertaken. Before him, three or four miles away, Quebec sat perched +upon her rock, a congregation of stone houses, churches, palaces, +convents, and hospitals; the green trees of the Seminary garden and the +spires of the Cathedral, the Ursulines, the Recollets, and the Jesuits. +Beyond rose the loftier height of Cape Diamond, edged with palisades and +capped with redoubt and parapet. Batteries frowned everywhere; the +Château battery, the Clergy battery, the Hospital battery, on the +rock above, and the Royal, Dauphin's, and Queen's batteries on the strand, +where the dwellings and warehouses of the lower town clustered beneath +the cliff.</p> + +<p>Full in sight lay the far-extended camp of Montcalm, stretching from the +St. Charles, beneath the city walls, to the chasm and cataract of the +Montmorenci. From the cataract to the river of Beauport, its front was +covered by earthworks along +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209-V2" id="Page_209-V2">209<br />V2</a></span> +the brink of abrupt and lofty heights; and from the river of Beauport to +the St. Charles, by broad flats of mud swept by the fire of redoubts, +intrenchments, a floating battery, and the city itself. Above the city, +Cape Diamond hid the view; but could Wolfe have looked beyond it, he would +have beheld a prospect still more disheartening. Here, mile after mile, the +St. Lawrence was walled by a range of steeps, often inaccessible, and always +so difficult that a few men at the top could hold an army in check; while at +Cap-Rouge, about eight miles distant, the high plateau was cleft by the +channel of a stream which formed a line of defence as strong as that of the +Montmorenci. Quebec was a natural fortress. Bougainville had long before +examined the position, and reported that "by the help of intrenchments, +easily and quickly made, and defended by three or four thousand men, I +think the city would be safe. I do not believe that the English will +make any attempt against it; but they may have the madness to do so, and +it is well to be prepared against surprise."</p> + +<p>Not four thousand men, but four times four thousand, now stood in its +defence; and their chiefs wisely resolved not to throw away the +advantages of their position. Nothing more was heard of Vaudreuil's bold +plan of attacking the invaders at their landing; and Montcalm had +declared that he would play the part, not of Hannibal, but of Fabius. +His plan was to avoid a general battle, run no risks, and protract the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210-V2" id="Page_210-V2">210<br />V2</a></span> +defence till the resources of the enemy were exhausted, or till +approaching winter forced them to withdraw. Success was almost certain +but for one contingency. Amherst, with a force larger than that of +Wolfe, was moving against Ticonderoga. If he should capture it, and +advance into the colony, Montcalm would be forced to weaken his army by +sending strong detachments to oppose him. Here was Wolfe's best hope. +This failing, his only chance was in audacity. The game was desperate; +but, intrepid gamester as he was in war, he was a man, in the last +resort, to stake everything on the cast of the dice.</p> + +<p>The elements declared for France. On the afternoon of the day when +Wolfe's army landed, a violent squall swept over the St. Lawrence, +dashed the ships together, drove several ashore, and destroyed many of +the flat-boats from which the troops had just disembarked. "I never saw +so much distress among shipping in my whole life," writes an officer to +a friend in Boston. Fortunately the storm subsided as quickly as it +rose. Vaudreuil saw that the hoped-for deliverance had failed; and as +the tempest had not destroyed the British fleet, he resolved to try the +virtue of his fireships. "I am afraid," says Montcalm, "that they have +cost us a million, and will be good for nothing after all." This +remained to be seen. Vaudreuil gave the chief command of them to a naval +officer named Delouche; and on the evening of the twenty-eighth, after +long consultation and much debate among their respective +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211-V2" id="Page_211-V2">211<br />V2</a></span> +captains, they set sail together at ten o'clock. The night was moonless and +dark. In less than an hour they were at the entrance of the north channel. +Delouche had been all enthusiasm; but as he neared the danger his nerves +failed, and he set fire to his ship half an hour too soon, the rest +following his example. <span class="superscript">[714]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_714" name="footer_714"></a> + <span class="superscript">[714]</span> +Foligny, <i>Journal mémoratif. Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, +5 <i>Oct</i>. 1759. <i>Journal du Siége</i> (Bibliothêque +de Hartwell).</p> +</div> + +<p>There was an English outpost at the Point of Orleans; and, about eleven +o'clock, the sentries descried through the gloom the ghostly outlines of +the approaching ships. As they gazed, these mysterious strangers began +to dart tongues of flame; fire ran like lightning up their masts and +sails, and then they burst out like volcanoes. Filled as they were with +pitch, tar, and every manner of combustible, mixed with fireworks, +bombs, grenades, and old cannon, swivels, and muskets loaded to the +throat, the effect was terrific. The troops at the Point, amazed at the +sudden eruption, the din of the explosions, and the showers of grapeshot +that rattled among the trees, lost their wits and fled. The blazing +dragons hissed and roared, spouted sheets of fire, vomited smoke in +black, pitchy volumes and vast illumined clouds, and shed their infernal +glare on the distant city, the tents of Montcalm, and the long red lines +of the British army, drawn up in array of battle, lest the French should +cross from their encampments to attack them in the confusion. Knox calls +the display "the grandest +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212-V2" id="Page_212-V2">212<br />V2</a></span> +fireworks that can possibly be conceived." Yet the fireships did no other +harm than burning alive one of their own captains and six or seven of his +sailors who failed to escape in their boats. Some of them ran ashore before +reaching the fleet; the others were seized by the intrepid English sailors, +who, approaching in their boats, threw grappling-irons upon them and towed +them towards land, till they swung round and stranded. Here, after venting +their fury for a while, they subsided into quiet conflagration, which lasted +till morning. Vaudreuil watched the result of his experiment from the steeple +of the church at Beauport; then returned, dejected, to Quebec.</p> + +<p>Wolfe longed to fight his enemy; but his sagacious enemy would not +gratify him. From the heights of Beauport, the rock of Quebec, or the +summit of Cape Diamond, Montcalm could look down on the river and its +shores as on a map, and watch each movement of the invaders. He was +hopeful, perhaps confident; and for a month or more he wrote almost +daily to Bourlamaque at Ticonderoga, in a cheerful, and often a jocose +vein, mingling orders and instructions with pleasantries and bits of +news. Yet his vigilance was unceasing. "We pass every night in bivouac, +or else sleep in our clothes. Perhaps you are doing as much, my dear +Bourlamaque." <span class="superscript">[715]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_715" name="footer_715"></a> + <span class="superscript">[715]</span> +<i>Montcalm à Bourlamaque</i>, 27 <i>Juin</i>, 1759. +All these letters are before me.</p> +</div> + +<p>Of the two commanders, Vaudreuil was the more sanguine, and professed +full faith that all +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213-V2" id="Page_213-V2">213<br />V2</a></span> +would go well. He too corresponded with Bourlamaque, to whom he gave his +opinion, founded on the reports of deserters, that Wolfe had no chance of +success unless Amherst should come to his aid. This he pronounced impossible; +and he expressed a strong desire that the English would attack him, "so that +we may rid ourselves of them at once." <span class="superscript">[716]</span> +He was courageous, except in the immediate presence of danger, and failed +only when the crisis came.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_716" name="footer_716"></a> + <span class="superscript">[716]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil à Bourlamaque</i>, 8 <i>Juillet</i>, 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>Wolfe, held in check at every other point, had one movement in his +power. He could seize the heights of Point Levi, opposite the city; and +this, along with his occupation of the Island of Orleans, would give him +command of the Basin of Quebec. Thence also he could fire on the place +across the St. Lawrence, which is here less than a mile wide. The +movement was begun on the afternoon of the twenty-ninth, when, shivering +in a north wind and a sharp frost, a part of Monckton's brigade was +ferried over to Beaumont, on the south shore, and the rest followed in +the morning. The rangers had a brush with a party of Canadians, whom +they drove off, and the regulars then landed unopposed. Monckton ordered +a proclamation, signed by Wolfe, to be posted on the door of the parish +church. It called on the Canadians, in peremptory terms, to stand +neutral in the contest, promised them, if they did so, full protection +in property and religion, and threatened that, if they presumed to +resist the invaders, their +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214-V2" id="Page_214-V2">214<br />V2</a></span> +houses, goods, and harvests should be destroyed, and their churches +despoiled. As soon as the troops were out of sight the inhabitants +took down the placard and carried it to Vaudreuil.</p> + +<p>The brigade marched along the river road to Point Levi, drove off a body +of French and Indians posted in the church, and took possession of the +houses and the surrounding heights. In the morning they were intrenching +themselves, when they were greeted by a brisk fire from the edge of the +woods. It came from a party of Indians, whom the rangers presently put +to flight, and, imitating their own ferocity, scalped nine of them. +Wolfe came over to the camp on the next day, went with an escort to the +heights opposite Quebec, examined it with a spy-glass, and chose a +position from which to bombard it. Cannon and mortars were brought +ashore, fascines and gabions made, intrenchments thrown up, and +batteries planted. Knox came over from the main camp, and says that he +had "a most agreeable view of the city of Quebec. It is a very fair +object for our artillery, particularly the lower town." But why did +Wolfe wish to bombard it? Its fortifications were but little exposed to +his fire, and to knock its houses, convents, and churches to pieces +would bring him no nearer to his object. His guns at Point Levi could +destroy the city, but could not capture it; yet doubtless they would +have good moral effect, discourage the French, and cheer his own +soldiers with the flattering belief that they were achieving something.</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215-V2" id="Page_215-V2">215<br />V2</a></span> +The guns of Quebec showered balls and bombs upon his workmen; but they +still toiled on, and the French saw the fatal batteries fast growing to +completion. The citizens, alarmed at the threatened destruction, begged +the Governor for leave to cross the river and dislodge their assailants. +At length he consented. A party of twelve or fifteen hundred was made up +of armed burghers, Canadians from the camp, a few Indians, some pupils +of the Seminary, and about a hundred volunteers from the regulars. +Dumas, an experienced officer, took command of them; and, going up to +Sillery, they crossed the river on the night of the twelfth of July. +They had hardly climbed the heights of the south shore when they grew +exceedingly nervous, though the enemy was still three miles off. The +Seminary scholars fired on some of their own party, whom they mistook +for English; and the same mishap was repeated a second and a third time. +A panic seized the whole body, and Dumas could not control them. They +turned and made for their canoes, rolling over each other as they rushed +down the heights, and reappeared at Quebec at six in the morning, +overwhelmed with despair and shame. <span class="superscript">[717]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_717" name="footer_717"></a> + <span class="superscript">[717]</span> +<i>Événements de la Guerre en Canada</i> (Hist. Soc. Quebec, +1861). <i>Mémoires sur le Canada</i>, 1749-1760. +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 5 <i>Oct</i>. 1759. +<i>L'Abeille</i>, II. No. 14 (a publication of the Quebec Seminary). +<i>Journal du Siége de Québec</i> +(Bibliothêque de Hartwell). +Panet, <i>Journal du Siége</i>. +Foligny, <i>Journal mémoratif. +Memoirs of the Siege of Quebec, by John Johnson, Clerk and +Quartermaster-Sergeant to the Fifty-eighth Regiment</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>The presentiment of the unhappy burghers proved too true. The English +batteries fell to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216-V2" id="Page_216-V2">216<br />V2</a></span> +their work, and the families of the town fled to the country for safety. +In a single day eighteen houses and the cathedral were burned by exploding +shells; and fiercer and fiercer the storm of fire and iron hailed upon +Quebec.</p> + +<p>Wolfe did not rest content with distressing his enemy. With an ardor and +a daring that no difficulties could cool, he sought means to strike an +effective blow. It was nothing to lay Quebec in ruins if he could not +defeat the army that protected it. To land from boats and attack +Montcalm in front, through the mud of the Beauport flats or up the +heights along the neighboring shore, was an enterprise too rash even for +his temerity. It might, however, be possible to land below the cataract +of Montmorenci, cross that stream higher up, and strike the French army +in flank or rear; and he had no sooner secured his positions at the +points of Levi and Orleans, than he addressed himself to this attempt.</p> + +<p>On the eighth several frigates and a bomb-ketch took their stations +before the camp of the Chevalier de Lévis, who, with his division of +Canadian militia, occupied the heights along the St. Lawrence just above +the cataract. Here they shelled and cannonaded him all day; though, from +his elevated position, with very little effect. Towards evening the +troops on the Point of Orleans broke up their camp. Major Hardy, with a +detachment of marines, was left to hold that post, while the rest +embarked at night in the boats of the fleet. They were the brigades of +Townshend and Murray, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217-V2" id="Page_217-V2">217<br />V2</a></span> +consisting of five battalions, with a body of grenadiers, light infantry, +and rangers,—in all three thousand men. They landed before daybreak +in front of the parish of L'Ange Gardien, a little below the cataract. The +only opposition was from a troop of Canadians and Indians, whom they routed, +after some loss, climbed the heights, gained the plateau above, and began +to intrench themselves. A company of rangers, supported by detachments of +regulars, was sent into the neighboring forest to protect the parties who +were cutting fascines, and apparently, also, to look for a fording-place.</p> + +<p>Lévis, with his Scotch-Jacobite aide-de-camp, Johnstone, had watched the +movements of Wolfe from the heights across the cataract. Johnstone says +that he asked his commander if he was sure there was no ford higher up +on the Montmorenci, by which the English could cross. Lévis averred that +there was none, and that he himself had examined the stream to its +source; on which a Canadian who stood by whispered to the aide-de-camp: +"The General is mistaken; there is a ford." Johnstone told this to +Lévis, who would not believe it, and so browbeat the Canadian that he +dared not repeat what he had said. Johnstone, taking him aside, told him +to go and find somebody who had lately crossed the ford, and bring him +at once to the General's quarters; whereupon he soon reappeared with a +man who affirmed that he had crossed it the night before with a sack of +wheat on his back. A detachment was immediately +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218-V2" id="Page_218-V2">218<br />V2</a></span> +sent to the place, with orders to intrench itself, and Repentigny, lieutenant +of Lévis, was posted not far off with eleven hundred Canadians.</p> + +<p>Four hundred Indians passed the ford under the partisan Langlade, +discovered Wolfe's detachment, hid themselves, and sent their commander +to tell Repentigny that there was a body of English in the forest, who +might all be destroyed if he would come over at once with his Canadians. +Repentigny sent for orders to Lévis, and Lévis sent for orders to +Vaudreuil, whose quarters were three or four miles distant. Vaudreuil +answered that no risk should be run, and that he would come and see to +the matter himself. It was about two hours before he arrived; and +meanwhile the Indians grew impatient, rose from their hiding-place, +fired on the rangers, and drove them back with heavy loss upon the +regulars, who stood their ground, and at last repulsed the assailants. +The Indians recrossed the ford with thirty-six scalps. If Repentigny had +advanced, and Lévis had followed with his main body, the consequences to +the English might have been serious; for, as Johnstone remarks, "a +Canadian in the woods is worth three disciplined soldiers, as a soldier +in a plain is worth three Canadians." Vaudreuil called a council of war. +The question was whether an effort should be made to dislodge Wolfe's +main force. Montcalm and the Governor were this time of one mind, and +both thought it inexpedient to attack, with militia, a body of regular +troops whose numbers and position were imperfectly known. Bigot gave +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219-V2" id="Page_219-V2">219<br />V2</a></span> +his voice for the attack. He was overruled, and Wolfe was left to fortify +himself in peace. <span class="superscript">[718]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_718" name="footer_718"></a> + <span class="superscript">[718]</span> +The above is from a comparison of the rather discordant accounts of Johnstone, +the <i>Journal tenu à l'Armée,</i> the <i>Journal</i> of +Panet, and that of the Hartwell Library. The last says that Lévis +crossed the Montmorenci. If so, he accomplished nothing. This affair +should not be confounded with a somewhat similar one which took place on +the 26th.</p> +</div> + +<p>His occupation of the heights of Montmorenci exposed him to great risks. +The left wing of his army at Point Levi was six miles from its right +wing at the cataract, and Major Hardy's detachment on the Point of +Orleans was between them, separated from each by a wide arm of the St. +Lawrence. Any one of the three camps might be overpowered before the +others could support it; and Hardy with his small force was above all in +danger of being cut to pieces. But the French kept persistently on the +defensive; and after the failure of Dumas to dislodge the English from +Point Levi, Vaudreuil would not hear of another such attempt. Wolfe was +soon well intrenched; but it was easier to defend himself than to strike +at his enemy. Montcalm, when urged to attack him, is said to have +answered: "Let him amuse himself where he is. If we drive him off he may +go to some place where he can do us harm." His late movement, however, +had a discouraging effect on the Canadians, who now for the first time +began to desert. His batteries, too, played across the chasm of +Montmorenci upon the left wing of the French army with an effect +extremely annoying.</p> + +<p>The position of the hostile forces was a remarkable one. They were +separated by the vast gorge +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220-V2" id="Page_220-V2">220<br />V2</a></span> +that opens upon the St. Lawrence; an amphitheatre of lofty precipices, +their brows crested with forests, and their steep brown sides scantily +feathered with stunted birch and fir. Into this abyss leaps the +Montmorenci with one headlong plunge of nearly two hundred and fifty +feet, a living column of snowy white, with its spray, its foam, its +mists, and its rainbows; then spreads itself in broad thin sheets over +a floor of rock and gravel, and creeps tamely to the St. Lawrence. It +was but a gunshot across the gulf, and the sentinels on each side +watched each other over the roar and turmoil of the cataract. Captain +Knox, coming one day from Point Levi to receive orders from Wolfe, +improved a spare hour to visit this marvel of nature. "I had very nigh +paid dear for my inquisitiveness; for while I stood on the eminence I +was hastily called to by one of our sentinels, when, throwing my eyes +about, I saw a Frenchman creeping under the eastern extremity of their +breastwork to fire at me. This obliged me to retire as fast as I could +out of his reach, and, making up to the sentry to thank him for his +attention, he told me the fellow had snapped his piece twice, and the +second time it flashed in the pan at the instant I turned away from +the Fall." Another officer, less fortunate, had a leg broken by a shot +from the opposite cliffs.</p> + +<p>Day after day went by, and the invaders made no progress. Flags of truce +passed often between the hostile camps. "You will demolish the town, no +doubt," said the bearer of one of them, "but +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221-V2" id="Page_221-V2">221<br />V2</a></span> +you shall never get inside +of it." To which Wolfe replied: "I will have Quebec if I stay here till +the end of November." Sometimes the heat was intense, and sometimes +there were floods of summer rain that inundated the tents. Along the +river, from the Montmorenci to Point Levi, there were ceaseless +artillery fights between gunboats, frigates, and batteries on shore. +Bands of Indians infested the outskirts of the camps, killing sentries +and patrols. The rangers chased them through the woods; there were brisk +skirmishes, and scalps lost and won. Sometimes the regulars took part in +these forest battles; and once it was announced, in orders of the day, +that "the General has ordered two sheep and some rum to Captain Cosnan's +company of grenadiers for the spirit they showed this morning in pushing +those scoundrels of Indians." The Indians complained that the British +soldiers were learning how to fight, and no longer stood still in a mass +to be shot at, as in Braddock's time. The Canadian <i>coureurs-de-bois</i> +mixed with their red allies and wore their livery. One of them was +caught on the eighteenth. He was naked, daubed red and blue, and adorned +with a bunch of painted feathers dangling from the top of his head. He +and his companions used the scalping-knife as freely as the Indians +themselves; nor were the New England rangers much behind them in this +respect, till an order came from Wolfe forbidding "the inhuman practice +of scalping, except when the enemy are Indians, or Canadians dressed +like Indians."</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222-V2" id="Page_222-V2">222<br />V2</a></span> +A part of the fleet worked up into the Basin, beyond the Point of +Orleans; and here, on the warm summer nights, officers and men watched +the cannon flashing and thundering from the heights of Montmorenci on +one side, and those of Pont Levi on the other, and the bombs sailing +through the air in fiery semicircles. Often the gloom was lighted up by +the blaze of the burning houses of Quebec, kindled by incendiary shells. +Both the lower and the upper town were nearly deserted by the +inhabitants, some retreating into the country, and some into the suburb +of St. Roch; while the Ursulines and Hospital nuns abandoned their +convents to seek harborage beyond the range of shot. The city was a prey +to robbers, who pillaged the empty houses, till an order came from +headquarters promising the gallows to all who should be caught. News +reached the French that Niagara was attacked, and that the army of +Amherst was moving against Ticonderoga. The Canadians deserted more and +more. They were disheartened by the defensive attitude in which both +Vaudreuil and Montcalm steadily persisted; and accustomed as they were +to rapid raids, sudden strokes, and a quick return to their homes, they +tired of long weeks of inaction. The English patrols caught one of them +as he was passing the time in fishing. "He seemed to be a subtle old +rogue," says Knox, "of seventy years of age, as he told us. We plied him +well with port wine, and then his heart was more open; and seeing that +we laughed at the exaggerated accounts he +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223-V2" id="Page_223-V2">223<br />V2</a></span> +had given us, he said he 'wished the affair was well over, one way or the +other; that his countrymen were all discontented, and would either surrender, +or disperse and act a neutral part, if it were not for the persuasions of +their priests and the fear of being maltreated by the savages, with whom +they are threatened on all occasions.'" A deserter reported on the +nineteenth of July that nothing but dread of the Indians kept the +Canadians in the camp.</p> + +<p>Wolfe's proclamation, at first unavailing, was now taking effect. A +large number of Canadian prisoners, brought in on the twenty-fifth, +declared that their countrymen would gladly accept his offers but for +the threats of their commanders that if they did so the Indians should +be set upon them. The prisoners said further that "they had been under +apprehension for several days past of having a body of four hundred +barbarians sent to rifle their parish and habitations." +<span class="superscript">[719]</span> Such threats were not wholly +effectual. A French chronicler of the time says: "The Canadians showed +their disgust every day, and deserted at every opportunity, in spite of +the means taken to prevent them." "The people were intimidated, seeing +all our army kept in one body and solely on the defensive; while the +English, though far less numerous, divided their forces, and undertook +various bold enterprises without meeting resistance." +<span class="superscript">[720]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_719" name="footer_719"></a> + <span class="superscript">[719]</span> +Knox, I. 347; compare pp. 339, 341, 346.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_720" name="footer_720"></a> + <span class="superscript">[720]</span> +<i>Journal du Siége</i> (Bibliothêque de Hartwell).</p> +</div> + +<p>On the eighteenth the English accomplished a feat which promised +important results. The +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224-V2" id="Page_224-V2">224<br />V2</a></span> +French commanders had thought it impossible for any hostile ship to pass +the batteries of Quebec; but about eleven o'clock at night, favored by the +wind, and covered by a furious cannonade from Point Levi, the ship +"Sutherland," with a frigate and several small vessels, sailed safely by +and reached the river above the town. Here they at once attacked and +destroyed a fireship and some small craft that they found there. Now, for +the first time, it became necessary for Montcalm to weaken his army at +Beauport by sending six hundred men, under Dumas, to defend the accessible +points in the line of precipices between Quebec and Cap-Rouge. Several +hundred more were sent on the next day, when it became known that the +English had dragged a fleet of boats over Point Levi, launched them above +the town, and despatched troops to embark in them. Thus a new feature was +introduced into the siege operations, and danger had risen on a side where +the French thought themselves safe. On the other hand, Wolfe had become more +vulnerable than ever. His army was now divided, not into three parts, +but into four, each so far from the rest that, in case of sudden attack, +it must defend itself alone. That Montcalm did not improve his +opportunity was apparently due to want of confidence in his militia.</p> + +<p>The force above the town did not lie idle. On the night of the +twentieth, Colonel Carleton, with six hundred men, rowed eighteen miles +up the river, and landed at Pointe-aux-Trembles, on the north shore. +Here some of the families of Quebec +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225-V2" id="Page_225-V2">225<br />V2</a></span> +had sought asylum; and Wolfe had been told by prisoners that not only were +stores in great quantity to be found here, but also letters and papers +throwing light on the French plans. Carleton and his men drove off a band of +Indians who fired on them, and spent a quiet day around the parish church; +but found few papers, and still fewer stores. They withdrew towards evening, +carrying with them nearly a hundred women, children, and old men; any they +were no sooner gone than the Indians returned to plunder the empty houses of +their unfortunate allies. The prisoners were treated with great kindness. +The ladies among them were entertained at supper by Wolfe, who jested with +them on the caution of the French generals, saying: "I have given good +chances to attack me, and am surprised that they have not profited by them." +<span class="superscript">[721]</span> On the next day the prisoners were all +sent to Quebec under a flag of truce.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_721" name="footer_721"></a> + <span class="superscript">[721]</span> +<i>Journal tenu à l'Armée que commandoit feu M. le Marquis +de Montcalm.</i></p> +</div> + +<p>Thus far Wolfe had refrained from executing the threats he had affixed +the month before to the church of Beaumont. But now he issued another +proclamation. It declared that the Canadians had shown themselves +unworthy of the offers he had made them, and that he had therefore +ordered his light troops to ravage their country and bring them +prisoners to his camp. Such of the Canadian militia as belonged to the +parishes near Quebec were now in a sad dilemma; for Montcalm threatened +them on one side, and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226-V2" id="Page_226-V2">226<br />V2</a></span> +Wolfe on the other. They might desert to their homes, or they might stand +by their colors; in the one case their houses were to be burned by French +savages, and in the other by British light infantry.</p> + +<p>Wolfe at once gave orders in accord with his late proclamation; but he +commanded that no church should be profaned, and no woman or child +injured. The first effects of his stern policy are thus recorded by +Knox: "Major Dalling's light infantry brought in this afternoon to our +camp two hundred and fifty male and female prisoners. Among this number +was a very respectable looking priest, and about forty men fit to bear +arms. There was almost an equal number of black cattle, with about +seventy sheep and lambs, and a few horses. Brigadier Monckton +entertained the reverend father and some other fashionable personages in +his tent, and most humanely ordered refreshments to all the rest of the +captives; which noble example was followed by the soldiery, who +generously crowded about those unhappy people, sharing the provisions, +rum, and tobacco with them. They were sent in the evening on board of +transports in the river." Again, two days later: "Colonel Fraser's +detachment returned this morning, and presented us with more scenes of +distress and the dismal consequences of war, by a great number of +wretched families, whom they brought in prisoners, with some of their +effects, and near three hundred black cattle, sheep, hogs, and horses."</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227-V2" id="Page_227-V2">227<br />V2</a></span> +On the next night the attention of the excellent journalist was +otherwise engaged. Vaudreuil tried again to burn the English fleet. +"Late last night," writes Knox, under date of the twenty-eighth, "the +enemy sent down a most formidable fireraft, which consisted of a parcel +of schooners, shallops, and stages chained together. It could not be +less than a hundred fathoms in length, and was covered with grenades, +old swivels, gun and pistol barrels loaded up to their muzzles, and +various other inventions and combustible matters. This seemed to be +their last attempt against our fleet, which happily miscarried, as +before; for our gallant seamen, with their usual expertness, grappled +them before they got down above a third part of the Basin, towed them +safe to shore, and left them at anchor, continually repeating, <i>All's +well</i>. A remarkable expression from some of these intrepid souls to +their comrades on this occasion I must not omit, on account of its +singular uncouthness; namely: 'Damme, Jack, didst thee ever take hell in +tow before?'"</p> + +<p>According to a French account, this aquatic infernal machine consisted +of seventy rafts, boats, and schooners. Its failure was due to no +shortcoming on the part of its conductors; who, under a brave Canadian +named Courval, acted with coolness and resolution. Nothing saved the +fleet but the courage of the sailors, swarming out in their boats to +fight the approaching conflagration.</p> + +<p>It was now the end of July. More than half the summer was gone, and +Quebec seemed as far +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228-V2" id="Page_228-V2">228<br />V2</a></span> +as ever beyond the grasp of Wolfe. Its buildings +were in ruins, and the neighboring parishes were burned and ravaged; but +its living rampart, the army of Montcalm, still lay in patient defiance +along the shores of Beauport, while above the city every point where a +wildcat could climb the precipices was watched and guarded, and Dumas +with a thousand men held the impregnable heights of Cap-Rouge. Montcalm +persisted in doing nothing that his enemy wished him to do. He would not +fight on Wolfe's terms, and Wolfe resolved at last to fight him on his +own; that is, to attack his camp in front.</p> + +<p>The plan was desperate; for, after leaving troops enough to hold Point +Levi and the heights of Montmorenci, less than five thousand men would +be left to attack a position of commanding strength, where Montcalm at +an hour's notice could collect twice as many to oppose them. But Wolfe +had a boundless trust in the disciplined valor of his soldiers, and an +utter scorn of the militia who made the greater part of his enemy's +force.</p> + +<p>Towards the Montmorenci the borders of the St. Lawrence are, as we have +seen, extremely high and steep. At a mile from the gorge of the cataract +there is, at high tide, a strand, about the eighth of a mile wide, between +the foot of these heights and the river; and beyond this strand the receding +tide lays bare a tract of mud nearly half a mile wide. At the edge of the +dry ground the French had built a redoubt mounted with cannon, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229-V2" id="Page_229-V2">229<br />V2</a></span> +and there were other similar works on the strand a quarter of a +mile nearer the cataract. Wolfe could not see from the river that these +redoubts were commanded by the musketry of the intrenchments along the +brink of the heights above. These intrenchments were so constructed that +they swept with cross-fires the whole face of the declivity, which was +covered with grass, and was very steep. Wolfe hoped that, if he attacked +one of the redoubts, the French would come down to defend it, and so +bring on a general engagement; or, if they did not, that he should gain +an opportunity of reconnoitring the heights to find some point where +they could be stormed with a chance of success.</p> + +<p>In front of the gorge of the Montmorenci there was a ford during several +hours of low tide, so that troops from the adjoining English camp might +cross to co-operate with their comrades landing in boats from Point Levi +and the Island of Orleans. On the morning of the thirty-first of July, +the tide then being at the flood, the French saw the ship "Centurion," +of sixty-four guns, anchor near the Montmorenci and open fire on the +redoubts. Then two armed transports, each of fourteen guns, stood in as +close as possible to the first redoubt and fired upon it, stranding as +the tide went out, till in the afternoon they lay bare upon the mud. At +the same time a battery of more than forty heavy pieces, planted on the +lofty promontory beyond the Montmorenci, began a furious cannonade upon +the flank of the French intrenchments. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230-V2" id="Page_230-V2">230<br />V2</a></span> +It did no great harm, however, for the works were protected by a great +number of traverses, which stopped the shot; and the Canadians, who +manned this part of the lines, held their ground with excellent +steadiness.</p> + +<p>About eleven o'clock a fleet of boats filled with troops, chiefly from +Point Levi, appeared in the river and hovered off the shore west of the +parish church of Beauport, as if meaning to land there. Montcalm was +perplexed, doubting whether the real attack was to be made here, or +toward the Montmorenci. Hour after hour the boats moved to and fro, to +increase his doubts and hide the real design; but he soon became +convinced that the camp of Lévis at the Montmorenci was the true +object of his enemy; and about two o'clock he went thither, greeted as +he rode along the lines by shouts of <i>Vive notre Général!</i> +Lévis had already made preparations for defence with his usual skill. +His Canadians were reinforced by the battalions of Béarn, Guienne, +and Royal Roussillon; and, as the intentions of Wolfe became certain, the +right of the camp was nearly abandoned, the main strength of the army being +gathered between the river of Beauport and the Montmorenci, where, according +to a French writer, there were, towards the end of the afternoon, about +twelve thousand men. <span class="superscript">[722]</span></p> + + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_722" name="footer_722"></a> + <span class="superscript">[722]</span> +Panet, <i>Journal</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>At half-past five o'clock the tide was out, and the crisis came. The +batteries across the Montmorenci, the distant batteries of Point Levi, the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231-V2" id="Page_231-V2">231<br />V2</a></span> +cannon of the "Centurion," and those of the two stranded ships, all +opened together with redoubled fury. The French batteries replied; and, +amid this deafening roar of artillery, the English boats set their +troops ashore at the edge of the broad tract of sedgy mud that the +receding river had left bare. At the same time a column of two thousand +men was seen, a mile away, moving in perfect order across the +Montmorenci ford. The first troops that landed from the boats were +thirteen companies of grenadiers and a detachment of Royal Americans. +They dashed swiftly forward; while at some distance behind came +Monckton's brigade, composed of the fifteenth, or Amherst's regiment, +and the seventy-eighth, or Fraser's Highlanders. The day had been fair +and warm; but the sky was now thick with clouds, and large rain-drops +began to fall, the precursors of a summer storm.</p> + +<p>With the utmost precipitation, without orders, and without waiting for +Monckton's brigade to come up, the grenadiers in front made a rush for +the redoubt near the foot of the hill. The French abandoned it; but the +assailants had no sooner gained their prize than the thronged heights +above blazed with musketry, and a tempest of bullets fell among them. +Nothing daunted, they dashed forward again, reserving their fire, and +struggling to climb the steep ascent; while, with yells and shouts of +<i>Vive le Roi!</i> the troops and Canadians at the top poured upon them a +hailstorm of musket-balls and buckshot, and dead and wounded in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232-V2" id="Page_232-V2">232<br />V2</a></span> +numbers rolled together down the slope. At that instant the clouds burst, +and the rain fell in torrents. "We could not see half way down the hill," +says the Chevalier Johnstone, who was at this part of the line. +Ammunition was wet on both sides, and the grassy steeps became so +slippery that it was impossible to climb them. The English say that the +storm saved the French; the French, with as much reason, that it saved +the English.</p> + +<p>The baffled grenadiers drew back into the redoubt. Wolfe saw the madness +of persisting, and ordered a retreat. The rain ceased, and troops of +Indians came down the heights to scalp the fallen. Some of them ran +towards Lieutenant Peyton, of the Royal Americans, as he lay disabled by +a musket-shot. With his double-barrelled gun he brought down two of his +assailants, when a Highland sergeant snatched him in his arms, dragged +him half a mile over the mud-flats, and placed him in one of the boats. +A friend of Peyton, Captain Ochterlony, had received a mortal wound, and +an Indian would have scalped him but for the generous intrepidity of a +soldier of the battalion of Guienne; who, seizing the enraged savage, +held him back till several French officers interposed, and had the dying +man carried to a place of safety.</p> + +<p>The English retreated in good order, after setting fire to the two +stranded vessels. Those of the grenadiers and Royal Americans who were +left alive rowed for the Point of Orleans; the fifteenth regiment rowed +for Point Levi; and the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233-V2" id="Page_233-V2">233<br />V2</a></span> +Highlanders, led by Wolfe himself, joined the column from beyond the +Montmorenci, placing themselves in its rear as it slowly retired along +the flats and across the ford, the Indians yelling and the French +shouting from the heights, while the British waved their hats, daring +them to come down and fight.</p> + +<p>The grenadiers and the Royal Americans, who had borne the brunt of the +fray, bore also nearly all the loss; which, in proportion to their +numbers, was enormous. Knox reports it at four hundred and forty-three, +killed, wounded, and missing, including one colonel, eight captains, +twenty-one lieutenants, and three ensigns.</p> + +<p>Vaudreuil, delighted, wrote to Bourlamaque an account of the affair. "I +have no more anxiety about Quebec. M. Wolfe, I can assure you, will make +no progress. Luckily for him, his prudence saved him from the +consequences of his mad enterprise, and he contented himself with losing +about five hundred of his best soldiers. Deserters say that he will try +us again in a few days. That is what we want; he'll find somebody to +talk to (<i>il trouvera à qui parler</i>)."</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="double-space-top"> + <a id="footer_25Note" name="footer_25Note"></a> +<span class="smcap">Note</span>.—Among the killed in this affair +was Edward Botwood, sergeant in the grenadiers of the forty-seventh, or +Lascelles' regiment. "Ned Botwood" was well known among his comrades as +a poet; and the following lines of his, written on the eve of the expedition +to Quebec, continued to be favorites with the British troops during the War +of the Revolution (see <i>Historical Magazine</i>, II., First Series, 164). +It may be observed here that the war produced a considerable quantity of +indifferent verse on both sides. On that of the English it took the shape of +occasional ballads, such as "Bold General Wolfe," printed on broadsides, or +of patriotic effusions scattered through magazines and newspapers, while +the French celebrated all their victories with songs.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center double-space-top"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234-V2" id="Page_234-V2">234<br />V2</a></span> +HOT STUFF.<br /><br /> +<span class="smcap">Air</span>,—<i>Lilies of France</i>. +<br /><br /> +</p> + +<div class="poem1 small"> +<p class="poem1 indent30">Come, each death-doing dog who dares venture his neck,</p> +<p class="poem1 indent30">Come, follow the hero that goes to Quebec;</p> +<p class="poem1 indent30">Jump aboard of the transports, and loose every sail,</p> +<p class="poem1 indent30">Pay your debts at the tavern by giving leg-bail;</p> +<p class="poem1 indent30">And ye that love fighting shall soon have enough:</p> +<p class="poem1 indent30">Wolfe commands us, my boys; we shall give them Hot Stuff.<br /><br /></p> +<p class="poem1 indent30">Up the River St. Lawrence our troops shall advance,</p> +<p class="poem1 indent30">To the Grenadiers' March we will teach them to dance.</p> +<p class="poem1 indent30">Cape Breton we have taken, and next we will try</p> +<p class="poem1 indent30">At their capital to give them another black eye.</p> +<p class="poem1 indent30">Vaudreuil, 't is in vain you pretend to look gruff,—</p> +<p class="poem1 indent30">Those are coming who know how to give you Hot Stuff.<br /><br /></p> +<p class="poem1 indent30">With powder in his periwig, and snuff in his nose,</p> +<p class="poem1 indent30">Monsieur will run down our descent to oppose;</p> +<p class="poem1 indent30">And the Indians will come: but the light infantry</p> +<p class="poem1 indent30">Will soon oblige <i>them</i> to betake to a tree.</p> +<p class="poem1 indent30">From such rascals as these may we fear a rebuff?</p> +<p class="poem1 indent30">Advance, grenadiers, and let fly your Hot Stuff!<br /><br /></p> +<p class="poem1 indent30">When the forty-seventh regiment is dashing ashore,</p> +<p class="poem1 indent30">While bullets are whistling and cannons do roar,</p> +<p class="poem1 indent30">Says Montcalm: "Those are Shirley's—I know the lappels."</p> +<p class="poem1 indent30">"You lie," says Ned Botwood, "we belong to Lascelles'!</p> +<p class="poem1 indent30">Tho' our cloathing is changed, yet we scorn a powder-puff;</p> +<p class="poem1 indent30">So at you, ye b——s, here's give you Hot Stuff."</p> +</div> + +<div class="footer"> +<p class="double-space-top"> +On the repulse at Montmorenci, <i>Wolfe to Pitt</i>, 2 <i>Sept</i>. 1759. +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 5 <i>Oct</i>. 1759. +Panet, <i>Journal du Siége</i>. Johnstone, <i>Dialogue in Hades. +Journal tenu à l'Armée</i>, etc. +<i>Journal of the Siege of Quebec, by a Gentleman in an eminent Station on +the Spot. Mémoires sur le Canada</i>, 1749-1760. +Fraser, <i>Journal of the Siege. +Journal du Siége d'après un MS. déposé à +la Bibliothêque Hartwell</i>. +Foligny, <i>Journal mémoratif. +Journal of Transactions at the Siege of Quebec</i>, in <i>Notes +and Queries</i>, XX. 164. John Johnson, <i>Memoirs of the Siege of Quebec. +Journal of an Expedition on the River St. Lawrence. +An Authentic Account of the Expedition against Quebec, by a Volunteer on +that Expedition. +J. Gibson to Governor Lawrence</i>, 1 <i>Aug</i>. 1759. +Knox, I. 354. Mante, 244.</p> +</div> + + + +<hr /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Chapter_26" id="Chapter_26"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235-V2" id="Page_235-V2">235<br />V2</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents26">CHAPTER XXVI.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1759.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader">AMHERST. NIAGARA.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + Amherst on Lake George • + Capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point • + Delays of Amherst • Niagara Expedition • + La Corne attacks Oswego • His Repulse • Niagara besieged • + Aubry comes to its Relief • Battle • + Rout of the French • The Fort taken • Isle-aux-Noix • + Amherst advances to attack it • Storm • + The Enterprise abandoned • Rogers attacks St. Francis • + Destroys the Town • Sufferings of the Rangers. + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> +</div> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">Pitt</span> +had directed that, while Quebec was attacked, an attempt should be +made to penetrate into Canada by way of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. +Thus the two armies might unite in the heart of the colony, or, at +least, a powerful diversion might be effected in behalf of Wolfe. At the +same time Oswego was to be re-established, and the possession of Fort +Duquesne, or Pittsburg, secured by reinforcements and supplies; while +Amherst, the commander-in-chief, was further directed to pursue any +other enterprise which in his opinion would weaken the enemy, without +detriment to the main objects of the campaign. +<span class="superscript">[723]</span> He accordingly resolved to attempt +the capture of Niagara. Brigadier Prideaux was charged with +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236-V2" id="Page_236-V2">236<br />V2</a></span> +this stroke; Brigadier Stanwix was sent to conduct the operations for +the relief of Pittsburg; and Amherst himself prepared to lead the +grand central advance against Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and Montreal. +<span class="superscript">[724]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_723" name="footer_723"></a> + <span class="superscript">[723]</span> +<i>Pitt to Amherst</i>, 23 <i>Jan</i>., 10 <i>March</i>, 1759.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_724" name="footer_724"></a> + <span class="superscript">[724]</span> +<i>Amherst to Pitt</i>, 19 <i>June</i>, 1759. +<i>Amherst to Stanwix</i>, 6 <i>May</i>, 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>Towards the end of June he reached that valley by the head of Lake +George which for five years past had been the annual mustering-place of +armies. Here were now gathered about eleven thousand men, half regulars +and half provincials, <span class="superscript">[725]</span> +drilling every day, firing by platoons, firing at marks, practising +manœuvres in the woods; going out on scouting parties, bathing +parties, fishing parties; gathering wild herbs to serve for greens, +cutting brushwood and meadow hay to make hospital beds. The sick were +ordered on certain mornings to repair to the +surgeon's tent, there, in prompt succession, to swallow such doses as he +thought appropriate to their several ailments; and it was further +ordered that "every fair day they that can walk be paraded together and +marched down to the lake to wash their hands and faces." Courts-martial +were numerous; culprits were flogged at the head of each regiment in +turn, and occasionally one was shot. A frequent employment was the +cutting of spruce tops to make spruce beer. This innocent beverage was +reputed sovereign against scurvy; and such was the fame of its virtues +that a copious supply of the West Indian molasses used in concocting it +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237-V2" id="Page_237-V2">237<br />V2</a></span> +was thought indispensable to every army or garrison in the wilderness. +Throughout this campaign it is repeatedly mentioned in general orders, +and the soldiers are promised that they shall have as much of it as they +want at a halfpenny a quart. <span class="superscript">[726]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_725" name="footer_725"></a> + <span class="superscript">[725]</span> +Mante, 210.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_726" name="footer_726"></a> + <span class="superscript">[726]</span> +<i>Orderly Book of Commissary Wilson in the Expedition against Ticonderoga</i>, +1759. <i>Journal of Samuel Warner, a Massachusetts Soldier</i>, 1759. +<i>General and Regimental Orders, Army of Major-General Amherst</i>, 1759. +<i>Diary of Sergeant Merriman, of Ruggles's Regiment</i>, 1759. +I owe to William L. Stone, Esq., the use of the last two curious +documents.</p> +</div> + +<p>The rear of the army was well protected from insult. Fortified posts +were built at intervals of three or four miles along the road to Fort +Edward, and especially at the station called Half-way Brook; while, for +the whole distance, a broad belt of wood on both sides was cut down and +burned, to deprive a skulking enemy of cover. Amherst was never long in +one place without building a fort there. He now began one, which proved +wholly needless, on that flat rocky hill where the English made their +intrenched camp during the siege of Fort William Henry. Only one bastion +of it was ever finished, and this is still shown to tourists under the +name of Fort George.</p> + +<p>The army embarked on Saturday, the twenty-first of July. The Reverend +Benjamin Pomeroy watched their departure in some concern, and wrote on +Monday to Abigail, his wife: "I could wish for more appearance of +dependence on God than was observable among them; yet I hope God will +grant deliverance unto Israel by them." There was another military +pageant, another long procession of boats and banners, among the +mountains +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238-V2" id="Page_238-V2">238<br />V2</a></span> +and islands of Lake George. Night found them near the outlet; +and here they lay till morning, tossed unpleasantly on waves ruffled by +a summer gale. At daylight they landed, beat back a French detachment, +and marched by the portage road to the saw-mill at the waterfall. There +was little resistance. They occupied the heights, and then advanced to +the famous line of intrenchment against which the army of Abercromby had +hurled itself in vain. These works had been completely reconstructed, +partly of earth, and partly of logs. Amherst's followers were less +numerous than those of his predecessor, while the French commander, +Bourlamaque, had a force nearly equal to that of Montcalm in the summer +before; yet he made no attempt to defend the intrenchment, and the +English, encamping along its front, found it an excellent shelter from +the cannon of the fort beyond.</p> + +<p>Amherst brought up his artillery and began approaches in form, when, on +the night of the twenty-third, it was found that Bourlamaque had retired +down Lake Champlain, leaving four hundred men under Hebecourt to defend +the place as long as possible. This was in obedience to an order from +Vaudreuil, requiring him on the approach of the English to abandon both +Ticonderoga and Crown Point, retreat to the outlet of Lake Champlain, +take post at Isle-aux-Noix, and there defend himself to the last +extremity; <span class="superscript">[727]</span> a course +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239-V2" id="Page_239-V2">239<br />V2</a></span> +unquestionably the best that could have been taken, since obstinacy in +holding Ticonderoga might have involved the surrender of Bourlamaque's +whole force, while Isle-aux-Noix offered rare advantages for defence.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_727" name="footer_727"></a> + <span class="superscript">[727]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 8 <i>Nov</i>. 1759. <i>Instructions pour M. +de Bourlamaque</i>, 20 <i>Mai</i>, 1759, <i>signé Vaudreuil. +Montcalm à Bourlamaque</i>, 4 <i>Juin</i>, 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>The fort fired briskly; a cannon-shot killed Colonel Townshend, and a +few soldiers were killed and wounded by grape and bursting shells; when, +at dusk on the evening of the twenty-sixth, an unusual movement was seen +among the garrison, and, about ten o'clock, three deserters came in +great excitement to the English camp. They reported that Hebecourt and +his soldiers were escaping in their boats, and that a match was burning +in the magazine to blow Ticonderoga to atoms. Amherst offered a hundred +guineas to any one of them who would point out the match, that it might +be cut; but they shrank from the perilous venture. All was silent till +eleven o'clock, when a broad, fierce glare burst on the night, and a +roaring explosion shook the promontory; then came a few breathless +moments, and then the fragments of Fort Ticonderoga fell with clatter +and splash on the water and the land. It was but one bastion, however, +that had been thus hurled skyward. The rest of the fort was little +hurt, though the barracks and other combustible parts were set on fire, +and by the light the French flag was seen still waving on the +rampart. <span class="superscript">[728]</span> +A sergeant of the light infantry, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240-V2" id="Page_240-V2">240<br />V2</a></span> +braving the risk of other explosions, went and brought it off. Thus did this +redoubted stronghold of France fall at last into English hands, as in all +likelihood it would have done a year sooner, if Amherst had commanded in +Abercromby's place; for, with the deliberation that marked all his +proceedings, he would have sat down before Montcalm's wooden wall and +knocked it to splinters with his cannon.</p> + + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_728" name="footer_728"></a> + <span class="superscript">[728]</span> +<i>Journal of Colonel Amherst</i> (brother of General Amherst). +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 8 <i>Nov</i>. 1759. +<i>Amherst to Prideaux</i>, 28 <i>July</i>, 1759. +<i>Amherst to Pitt</i>, 27 <i>July</i>, 1759. +Mante, 213. Knox, I., 397-403. +<i>Vaudreuil à Bourlamaque</i>, 19 <i>Juin</i>, 1759.</p> +</div> + + +<p>He now set about repairing the damaged works and making ready to advance +on Crown Point; when on the first of August his scouts told him that the +enemy had abandoned this place also, and retreated northward down the +lake. <span class="superscript">[729]</span> Well pleased, he took possession +of the deserted fort, and, in the animation of success, thought for a moment +of keeping the promise he had given to Pitt "to make an irruption into Canada +with the utmost vigor and despatch." <span class="superscript">[730]</span> +Wolfe, his brother in arms and his friend, was battling with the impossible +under the rocks of Quebec, and every motive, public and private, impelled +Amherst to push to his relief, not counting costs, or balancing risks too +nicely. He was ready enough to spur on others, for he wrote to Gage: "We must +all be alert and active day and night; if we all do our parts the French must +fall;" <span class="superscript">[731]</span> but, far from doing his, he set +the army to building a new fort at Crown Point, telling them that it would +"give plenty, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241-V2" id="Page_241-V2">241<br />V2</a></span> +peace, and quiet to His Majesty's subjects for ages to come." +<span class="superscript">[732]</span> Then he began three small +additional forts, as outworks to the first, sent two parties to explore +the sources of the Hudson; one party to explore Otter Creek; another to +explore South Bay, which was already well known; another to make a road +across what is now the State of Vermont, from Crown Point to +Charlestown, or "Number Four," on the Connecticut; and another to widen +and improve the old French road between Crown Point and Ticonderoga. His +industry was untiring; a great deal of useful work was done: but the +essential task of making a diversion to aid the army of Wolfe was +needlessly postponed.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_729" name="footer_729"></a> + <span class="superscript">[729]</span> +<i>Amherst to Pitt</i>, 5 <i>Aug</i>. 1759.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_730" name="footer_730"></a> + <span class="superscript">[730]</span> +<i>Ibid.</i>, 19 <i>June</i>, 1759.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_731" name="footer_731"></a> + <span class="superscript">[731]</span> +<i>Amherst to Gage</i>, 1 <i>Aug</i>. 1759.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_732" name="footer_732"></a> + <span class="superscript">[732]</span> +<i>General Orders</i>, 13 <i>Aug</i>. 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>It is true that some delay was inevitable. The French had four armed +vessels on the lake, and this made it necessary to provide an equal or +superior force to protect the troops on their way to Isle-aux-Noix. +Captain Loring, the English naval commander, was therefore ordered to +build a brigantine; and, this being thought insufficient, he was +directed to add a kind of floating battery, moved by sweeps. Three weeks +later, in consequence of farther information concerning the force of the +French vessels, Amherst ordered an armed sloop to be put on the stocks; +and this involved a long delay. The saw-mill at Ticonderoga was to +furnish planks for the intended navy; but, being overtasked in sawing +timber for the new works at Crown Point, it was continually breaking +down. Hence much time was lost, and autumn was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242-V2" id="Page_242-V2">242<br />V2</a></span> +well advanced before Loring could launch his vessels. +<span class="superscript">[733]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_733" name="footer_733"></a> + <span class="superscript">[733]</span> +<i>Amherst to Pitt</i>, 22 <i>Oct</i>. 1759. This letter, which is in +the form of a journal, covers twenty-one folio pages.</p> +</div> + +<p>Meanwhile news had come from Prideaux and the Niagara expedition. That +officer had been ordered to ascend the Mohawk with five thousand +regulars and provincials, leave a strong garrison at Fort Stanwix, on +the Great Carrying Place, establish posts at both ends of Lake Oneida, +descend the Onondaga to Oswego, leave nearly half his force there under +Colonel Haldimand, and proceed with the rest to attack Niagara. +<span class="superscript">[734]</span> +These orders he accomplished. Haldimand remained to reoccupy the spot +that Montcalm had made desolate three years before; and, while preparing +to build a fort, he barricaded his camp with pork and flour barrels, +lest the enemy should make a dash upon him from their station at the +head of the St. Lawrence Rapids. Such an attack was probable; for if the +French could seize Oswego, the return of Prideaux from Niagara would be +cut off, and when his small stock of provisions had failed, he would be +reduced to extremity. Saint-Luc de la Corne left the head of the Rapids +early in July with a thousand French and Canadians and a body of +Indians, who soon made their appearance among the stumps and bushes that +surrounded the camp at Oswego. The priest Piquet was of the party; and +five deserters declared that he solemnly blessed them, and told them to +give the English no quarter. <span class="superscript">[735]</span> Some +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243-V2" id="Page_243-V2">243<br />V2</a></span> +valuable time was lost in bestowing the benediction; yet Haldimand's men +were taken by surprise. Many of them were dispersed in the woods, cutting +timber for the intended fort; and it might have gone hard with them had +not some of La Corne's Canadians become alarmed and rushed back to their boats, +oversetting Father Piquet on the way. <span class="superscript">[736]</span> +These being rallied, the whole party ensconced itself in a tract of felled +trees so far from the English that their fire did little harm. They continued +it about two hours, and resumed it the next morning; when, three cannon being +brought to bear on them, they took to their boats and disappeared, having +lost about thirty killed and wounded, including two officers and La Corne +himself, who was shot in the thigh. The English loss was slight.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_734" name="footer_734"></a> + <span class="superscript">[734]</span> +<i>Instructions of Amherst to Prideaux</i>, 17 <i>May</i>, 1759. +<i>Prideaux to Haldimand</i>, 30 <i>June</i>, 1759.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_735" name="footer_735"></a> + <span class="superscript">[735]</span> +<i>Journal of Colonel Amherst</i>.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_736" name="footer_736"></a> + <span class="superscript">[736]</span> +Pouchot, II. 130. <i>Compare Mémoires sur le Canada</i>, 1749-1760; +<i>N. Y. Col. Docs.</i>, VII. 395; and <i>Letter from Oswego</i>, in +<i>Boston Evening Post</i>, No. 1,248.</p> +</div> + +<p>Prideaux safely reached Niagara, and laid siege to it. It was a strong +fort, lately rebuilt in regular form by an excellent officer, Captain +Pouchot, of the battalion of Béarn, who commanded it. It stood where the +present fort stands, in the angle formed by the junction of the River +Niagara with Lake Ontario, and was held by about six hundred men, well +supplied with provisions and munitions of war. +<span class="superscript">[737]</span> Higher up the river, a mile and a half +above the cataract, there was another fort, called Little Niagara, built of +wood, and commanded by +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244-V2" id="Page_244-V2">244<br />V2</a></span> +the half-breed officer, Joncaire-Chabert, who with his brother, +Joncaire-Clauzonne, and a numerous clan of Indian relatives, had so long +thwarted the efforts of Johnson to engage the Five Nations in the English +cause. But recent English successes had had their effect. Joncaire's +influence was waning, and Johnson was now in Prideaux's camp with nine +hundred Five Nation warriors pledged to fight the French. Joncaire, +finding his fort untenable, burned it, and came with his garrison and his +Indian friends to reinforce Niagara. <span class="superscript">[738]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_737" name="footer_737"></a> + <span class="superscript">[737]</span> +Pouchot says 515, besides 60 men from Little Niagara; Vaudreuil gives a total +of 589.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_738" name="footer_738"></a> + <span class="superscript">[738]</span> +Pouchot, II. 52, 59. <i>Procès de Bigot, Cadet, et autres, +Mémoire pour Daniel de Joncaire-Chabert.</i></p> +</div> + +<p>Pouchot had another resource, on which he confidently relied. In +obedience to an order from Vaudreuil, the French population of the +Illinois, Detroit, and other distant posts, joined with troops of +Western Indians, had come down the Lakes to recover Pittsburg, undo the +work of Forbes, and restore French ascendency on the Ohio. Pittsburg had +been in imminent danger; nor was it yet safe, though General Stanwix was +sparing no effort to succor it. <span class="superscript">[739]</span> +These mixed bands of white men and red, bushrangers and savages, were now +gathered, partly at Le Bœuf and Venango, but chiefly at Presquisle, +under command of Aubry, Ligneris, Marin, and other partisan chiefs, the best +in Canada. No sooner did Pouchot learn that the English were coming to +attack him than he sent a messenger to summon them all to his aid. +<span class="superscript">[740]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_739" name="footer_739"></a> + <span class="superscript">[739]</span> +<i>Letters of Colonel Hugh Mercer, commanding at Pittsburg, January-June</i>, +1759. <i>Letters of Stanwix, May-July</i>, 1759. <i>Letter from Pittsburg</i>, +in <i>Boston News Letter</i>, No. 3,023. <i>Narrative of John Ormsby.</i></p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_740" name="footer_740"></a> + <span class="superscript">[740]</span> +Pouchot, II. 46.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245-V2" id="Page_245-V2">245<br />V2</a></span> +The siege was begun in form, though the English engineers were so +incompetent that the trenches, as first laid out, were scoured by the +fire of the place, and had to be made anew. +<span class="superscript">[741]</span> At last the batteries opened fire. +A shell from a coehorn burst prematurely, just as it left the mouth of the +piece, and a fragment striking Prideaux on the head, killed him instantly. +Johnson took command in his place, and made up in energy what he lacked in +skill. In two or three weeks the fort was in extremity. The rampart was +breached, more than a hundred of the garrison were killed or disabled, and +the rest were exhausted with want of sleep. Pouchot watched anxiously for +the promised succors; and on the morning of the twenty-fourth of July a +distant firing told him that they were at hand.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_741" name="footer_741"></a> + <span class="superscript">[741]</span> +<i>Rutherford to Haldimand</i>, 14 <i>July</i>, 1759. Prideaux was extremely +disgusted. <i>Prideaux to Haldimand</i>, 13 <i>July</i>, 1759. +Allan Macleane, of the Highlanders, calls the engineers "fools and blockheads, +G—d d—n them." <i>Macleane to Haldimand</i>, 21 <i>July</i>, 1759. +</p> +</div> + +<p>Aubry and Ligneris, with their motley following, had left Presquisle a +few days before, to the number, according to Vaudreuil, of eleven +hundred French and two hundred Indians. +<span class="superscript">[742]</span> Among them was a body of +colony troops; but the Frenchmen of the party were chiefly traders and +bushrangers from the West, connecting links between civilization and +savagery; some of them indeed were mere +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246-V2" id="Page_246-V2">246<br />V2</a></span> +white Indians, imbued with the ideas and morals of the wigwam, wearing +hunting-shirts of smoked deer-skin embroidered with quills of the Canada +porcupine, painting their faces black and red, tying eagle feathers in +their long hair, or plastering it on their temples with a compound of +vermilion and glue. They were excellent woodsmen, skilful hunters, and +perhaps the best bushfighters in all Canada.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_742" name="footer_742"></a> + <span class="superscript">[742]</span> +"Il n'y avoit que 1,100 François et 200 sauvages." +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 30 <i>Oct</i>. 1759. +Johnson says "1,200 men, with a number of Indians." +<i>Johnson to Amherst</i>, 25 <i>July</i>, 1759. Portneuf, +commanding at Presquisle, wrote to Pouchot that there were 1,600 French +and 1,200 Indians. Pouchot, II. 94. A letter from Aubry to Pouchot put +the whole at 2,500, half of them Indians. <i>Historical Magazine</i>, V., +Second Series, 199.</p> +</div> + +<p>When Pouchot heard the firing, he went with a wounded artillery officer +to the bastion next the river; and as the forest had been cut away for a +great distance, they could see more than a mile and a half along the +shore. There, by glimpses among trees and bushes, they descried bodies +of men, now advancing, and now retreating; Indians in rapid movement, +and the smoke of guns, the sound of which reached their ears in heavy +volleys, or a sharp and angry rattle. Meanwhile the English cannon had +ceased their fire, and the silent trenches seemed deserted, as if their +occupants were gone to meet the advancing foe. There was a call in the +fort for volunteers to sally and destroy the works; but no sooner did +they show themselves along the covered way than the seemingly abandoned +trenches were thronged with men and bayonets, and the attempt was given +up. The distant firing lasted half an hour, then ceased, and Pouchot +remained in suspense; till, at two in the afternoon, a friendly +Onondaga, who had passed unnoticed through the English lines, came to +him with the announcement that the French +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247-V2" id="Page_247-V2">247<br />V2</a></span> +and their allies had been routed and cut to pieces. Pouchot would not +believe him.</p> + +<p>Nevertheless his tale was true. Johnson, besides his Indians, had with +him about twenty-three hundred men, whom he was forced to divide into +three separate bodies,—one to guard the bateaux, one to guard the +trenches, and one to fight Aubry and his band. This last body consisted +of the provincial light infantry and the pickets, two companies of +grenadiers, and a hundred and fifty men of the forty-sixth regiment, all +under command of Colonel Massey. <span class="superscript">[743]</span> +They took post behind an abattis at a place called La Belle Famille, and +the Five Nation warriors placed themselves on their flanks. These savages +had shown signs of disaffection; and when the enemy approached, they +opened a parley with the French Indians, which, however, soon ended, and +both sides raised the war-whoop. The fight was brisk for a while; but at +last Aubry's men broke away in a panic. The French officers seem to have +made desperate efforts to retrieve the day, for nearly all of them were +killed or captured; while their followers, after heavy loss, fled to +their canoes and boats above the cataract, hastened back to Lake Erie, +burned Presquisle, Le Bœuf, and Venango, and, joined by the garrisons of +those forts, retreated to Detroit, leaving the whole region of the upper +Ohio in undisputed possession of the English.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_743" name="footer_743"></a> + <span class="superscript">[743]</span> +<i>Johnson to Amherst</i>, 25 <i>July</i>, 1759. Knox, II. 135. +<i>Captain Delancey to———</i>, 25 <i>July</i>, 1759. +This writer commanded the light infantry in the fight.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248-V2" id="Page_248-V2">248<br />V2</a></span> +At four o'clock on the day of the battle, after a furious cannonade on +both sides, a trumpet sounded from the trenches, and an officer +approached the fort with a summons to surrender. He brought also a paper +containing the names of the captive French officers, though some of them +were spelled in a way that defied recognition. Pouchot, feigning +incredulity, sent an officer of his own to the English camp, who soon +saw unanswerable proof of the disaster; for here, under a shelter of +leaves and boughs near the tent of Johnson, sat Ligneris, severely +wounded, with Aubry, Villiers, Montigny, Marin, and their companions in +misfortune,—in all, sixteen officers, four cadets, and a surgeon. +<span class="superscript">[744]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_744" name="footer_744"></a> + <span class="superscript">[744]</span> +Johnson gives the names in his private <i>Diary</i>, printed +in Stone, <i>Life of Johnson</i>, II. 394. Compare Pouchot, II. 105, 106. +<i>Letter from Niagara</i>, in <i>Boston Evening Post</i>, No. 1,250. +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 30 <i>Oct</i>. 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>Pouchot had now no choice but surrender. By the terms of the +capitulation, the garrison were to be sent prisoners to New York, though +honors of war were granted them in acknowledgment of their courageous +conduct. There was a special stipulation that they should be protected +from the Indians, of whom they stood in the greatest terror, lest the +massacre of Fort William Henry should be avenged upon them. Johnson +restrained his dangerous allies, and, though the fort was pillaged, no +blood was shed.</p> + +<p>The capture of Niagara was an important stroke. Thenceforth Detroit, +Michillimackinac, the Illinois, and all the other French interior posts, +were severed +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249-V2" id="Page_249-V2">249<br />V2</a></span> +from Canada, and left in helpless isolation; but Amherst +was not yet satisfied. On hearing of Prideaux's death he sent Brigadier +Gage to supersede Johnson and take command on Lake Ontario, directing +him to descend the St. Lawrence, attack the French posts at the head of +the rapids, and hold them if possible for the winter. The attempt was +difficult; for the French force on the St. Lawrence was now greater than +that which Gage could bring against it, after providing for the safety +of Oswego and Niagara. Nor was he by nature prone to dashing and +doubtful enterprise. He reported that the movement was impossible, much +to the disappointment of Amherst, who seemed to expect from subordinates +an activity greater than his own. <span class="superscript">[744]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_745" name="footer_745"></a> + <span class="superscript">[745]</span> +<i>Amherst to Gage</i>, 28 <i>July</i>, 1 <i>Aug</i>., 14 <i>Aug</i>., +11 <i>Sept</i>. 1759. <i>Diary of Sir William Johnson</i>, +in Stone, <i>Life of Johnson</i>, II. 394-429.</p> +</div> + +<p>He, meanwhile, was working at his fort at Crown Point, while the season +crept away, and Bourlamaque lay ready to receive him at Isle-aux-Noix. +"I wait his coming with impatience," writes the French commander, +"though I doubt if he will venture to attack a post where we are +intrenched to the teeth, and armed with a hundred pieces of cannon." +<span class="superscript">[746]</span> Bourlamaque now had with him +thirty-five hundred men, in a position of great strength. Isle-aux-Noix, +planted in mid-channel of the Richelieu soon after it issues from Lake +Champlain, had been diligently fortified since the spring. On each side +of it was an arm of the river, closed against +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250-V2" id="Page_250-V2">250<br />V2</a></span> +an enemy with <i>chevaux-de-frise</i>. To attack it in front +in the face of its formidable artillery would be a hazardous attempt, +and the task of reducing it was likely to be a long one. The French +force in these parts had lately received accessions. After the fall of +Niagara the danger seemed so great, both in the direction of Lake +Ontario and that of Lake Champlain, that Lévis had been sent up +from Quebec with eight hundred men to command the whole department of +Montreal. <span class="superscript">[747]</span> A body of troops and +militia was encamped opposite that town, ready to march towards either +quarter, as need might be, while the abundant crops of the neighboring +parishes were harvested by armed bands, ready at a word to drop the +sickle for the gun.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_746" name="footer_746"></a> + <span class="superscript">[746]</span> +<i>Bourlamaque à</i> (<i>Bernetz?</i>), 22 <i>Sept</i>. 1759.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_747" name="footer_747"></a> + <span class="superscript">[747]</span> +<i>Montcalm à Bourlamaque</i>, 9 <i>Août</i>, 1759. +<i>Rigaud à Bourlamaque</i>, 14 <i>Août</i>, 1759. +<i>Lévis à Bourlamaque</i>, 25 <i>Août</i>, 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>Thus the promised advance of Amherst into Canada would be not without +its difficulties, even when his navy, too tardily begun, should be ready +to act its part. But if he showed no haste in succoring Wolfe, he at +least made some attempts to communicate with him. Early in August he +wrote him a letter, which Ensign Hutchins, of the rangers, carried to +him in about a month by the long and circuitous route of the Kennebec, +and which, after telling the news of the campaign, ended thus: "You may +depend on my doing all I can for effectually reducing Canada. Now is the +time!" <span class="superscript">[748]</span> Amherst soon after tried +another expedient, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251-V2" id="Page_251-V2">251<br />V2</a></span> +and sent Captains Kennedy and Hamilton with a flag of truce and a message of +peace to the Abenakis of St. Francis, who, he thought, won over by these +advances, might permit the two officers to pass unmolested to Quebec. +But the Abenakis seized them and carried them prisoners to Montreal; on +which Amherst sent Major Robert Rogers and a band of rangers to destroy +their town. <span class="superscript">[749]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_748" name="footer_748"></a> + <span class="superscript">[748]</span> +<i>Amherst to Wolfe</i>, 7 <i>Aug</i>. 1759.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_749" name="footer_749"></a> + <span class="superscript">[749]</span> +<i>Amherst to Pitt</i>, 22 <i>Oct</i>. 1759. Rogers, <i>Journals</i>, +144.</p> +</div> + +<p>It was the eleventh of October before the miniature navy of Captain +Loring—the floating battery, the brig, and the sloop that had been +begun three weeks too late—was ready for service. They sailed at once +to look for the enemy. The four French vessels made no resistance. One +of them succeeded in reaching Isle-aux-Noix; one was run aground; and +two were sunk by their crews, who escaped to the shore. Amherst, +meanwhile, leaving the provincials to work at the fort, embarked with +the regulars in bateaux, and proceeded on his northern way till, on the +evening of the twelfth, a head-wind began to blow, and, rising to a +storm, drove him for shelter into Ligonier Bay, on the west side of the +lake. <span class="superscript">[750]</span> On the thirteenth, it blew +a gale. The lake raged like an angry sea, and the frail bateaux, fit only +for smooth water, could not have lived a moment. Through all the next night +the gale continued, with floods of driving rain. "I hope it will soon +change," wrote Amherst on the fifteenth, "for I +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252-V2" id="Page_252-V2">252<br />V2</a></span> +have no time to lose." He was right. He had waited till the season of +autumnal storms, when nature was more dangerous than man. On the sixteenth +there was frost, and the wind did not abate. On the next morning it +shifted to the south, but soon turned back with violence to the north, +and the ruffled lake put on a look of winter, "which determined me," +says the General, "not to lose time by striving to get to the Isle-aux-Noix, +where I should arrive too late to force the enemy from their post, but to +return to Crown Point and complete the works there." This he did, and spent +the remnant of the season in the congenial task of finishing the fort, of +which the massive remains still bear witness to his industry.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_750" name="footer_750"></a> + <span class="superscript">[750]</span> +<i>Orderly Book of Commissary Wilson</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>When Lévis heard that the English army had fallen back, he wrote, well +pleased, to Bourlamaque: "I don't know how General Amherst will excuse +himself to his Court, but I am very glad he let us alone, because the +Canadians are so backward that you could count on nobody but the +regulars." <span class="superscript">[751]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_751" name="footer_751"></a> + <span class="superscript">[751]</span> +<i>Lévis à Bourlamaque</i>, 1 <i>Nov</i>. 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>Concerning this year's operations on the Lakes, it may be observed that +the result was not what the French feared, or what the British colonists +had cause to hope. If, at the end of winter, Amherst had begun, as he +might have done, the building of armed vessels at the head of the +navigable waters of Lake Champlain, where Whitehall now stands, he would +have had a navy ready to his hand before August, and would have been +able to follow the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253-V2" id="Page_253-V2">253<br />V2</a></span> +retreating French without delay, and attack them at Isle-aux-Noix before +they had finished their fortifications. And if, at the same time, he had +directed Prideaux, instead of attacking Niagara, to co-operate with him +by descending the St. Lawrence towards Montreal, the prospect was good +that the two armies would have united at the place, and ended the campaign +by the reduction of all Canada. In this case Niagara and all the western +posts would have fallen without a blow.</p> + +<p>Major Robert Rogers, sent in September to punish the Abenakis of St. +Francis, had addressed himself to the task with his usual vigor. These +Indians had been settled for about three quarters of a century on the +River St. Francis, a few miles above its junction with the St. Lawrence. +They were nominal Christians, and had been under the control of their +missionaries for three generations; but though zealous and sometimes +fanatical in their devotion to the forms of Romanism, they remained +thorough savages in dress, habits, and character. They were the scourge +of the New England borders, where they surprised and burned farmhouses +and small hamlets, killed men, women, and children without distinction, +carried others prisoners to their village, subjected them to the torture +of "running the gantlet," and compelled them to witness dances of +triumph around the scalps of parents, children, and friends.</p> + +<p>Amherst's instructions to Rogers contained the following: "Remember the +barbarities that have been committed by the enemy's Indian scoundrels. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254-V2" id="Page_254-V2">254<br />V2</a></span> +Take your revenge, but don't forget that, though those dastardly +villains have promiscuously murdered women and children of all ages, it +is my order that no women or children be killed or hurt."</p> + +<p>Rogers and his men set out in whaleboats, and, eluding the French armed +vessels, then in full activity, came, on the tenth day, to Missisquoi +Bay, at the north end of Lake Champlain. Here he hid his boats, leaving +two friendly Indians to watch them from a distance, and inform him +should the enemy discover them. He then began his march for St. Francis, +when, on the evening of the second day, the two Indians overtook him +with the startling news that a party of about four hundred French had +found the boats, and that half of them were on his tracks in hot +pursuit. It was certain that the alarm would soon be given, and other +parties sent to cut him off. He took the bold resolution of outmarching +his pursuers, pushing straight for St. Francis, striking it before +succors could arrive, and then returning by Lake Memphremagog and the +Connecticut. Accordingly he despatched Lieutenant McMullen by a +circuitous route back to Crown Point, with a request to Amherst that +provisions should be sent up the Connecticut to meet him on the way +down. Then he set his course for the Indian town, and for nine days more +toiled through the forest with desperate energy. Much of the way was +through dense spruce swamps, with no dry resting-place at night. At +length the party reached the River St. Francis, fifteen miles above the +town, and, hooking their +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255-V2" id="Page_255-V2">255<br />V2</a></span> +arms together for mutual support, forded it +with extreme difficulty. Towards evening, Rogers climbed a tree, and +descried the town three miles distant. Accidents, fatigue, and illness +had reduced his followers to a hundred and forty-two officers and men. +He left them to rest for a time, and, taking with him Lieutenant Turner +and Ensign Avery, went to reconnoitre the place; left his two +companions, entered it disguised in an Indian dress, and saw the +unconscious savages yelling and signing in the full enjoyment of a grand +dance. At two o'clock in the morning he rejoined his party, and at three +led them to the attack, formed them in a semicircle, and burst in upon +the town half an hour before sunrise. Many of the warriors were absent, +and the rest were asleep. Some were killed in their beds, and some shot +down in trying to escape. "About seven o'clock in the morning," he says, +"the affair was completely over, in which time we had killed at least +two hundred Indians and taken twenty of their women and children +prisoners, fifteen of whom I let go their own way, and five I brought +with me, namely, two Indian boys and three Indian girls. I likewise +retook five English captives."</p> + +<p>English scalps in hundreds were dangling from poles over the doors of +the houses. <span class="superscript">[752]</span> The town was pillaged +and burned, not excepting the church, where ornaments of some value were +found. On +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256-V2" id="Page_256-V2">256<br />V2</a></span> +the side of the rangers, Captain Ogden and six men were wounded, and a +Mohegan Indian from Stockbridge was killed. Rogers was told by his prisoners +that a party of three hundred French and Indians was encamped on the river +below, and that another party of two hundred and fifteen was not far +distant. They had been sent to cut off the retreat of the invaders, but +were doubtful as to their designs till after the blow was struck. There +was no time to lose. The rangers made all haste southward, up the St. +Francis, subsisting on corn from the Indian town; till, near the eastern +borders of Lake Memphremagog, the supply failed, and they separated into +small parties, the better to sustain life by hunting. The enemy followed +close, attacked Ensign Avery's party, and captured five of them; then +fell upon a band of about twenty, under Lieutenants Dunbar and Turner, +and killed or captured nearly all. The other bands eluded their pursuers, +turned southeastward, reached the Connecticut, some here, some there, and, +giddy with fatigue and hunger, toiled wearily down the wild and lonely +stream to the appointed rendezvous at the mouth of the Amonoosuc.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_752" name="footer_752"></a> + <span class="superscript">[752]</span> +Rogers says "about six hundred." Other accounts say six +or seven hundred. The late Abbé Maurault, missionary of the St. Francis +Indians, and their historian, adopts the latter statement, though it is +probably exaggerated.</p> +</div> + +<p>This was the place to which Rogers had requested that provisions might +be sent; and the hope of finding them there had been the breath of life +to the famished wayfarers. To their horror, the place was a solitude. +There were fires still burning, but those who made them were gone. +Amherst had sent Lieutenant Stephen up +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257-V2" id="Page_257-V2">257<br />V2</a></span> +the river from Charlestown with an abundant supply of food; but finding +nobody at the Amonoosuc, he had waited there two days, and then returned, +carrying the provisions back with him; for which outrageous conduct he was +expelled from the service. "It is hardly possible," says Rogers, "to +describe our grief and consternation." Some gave themselves up to despair. +Few but their indomitable chief had strength to go father. There was +scarcely any game, and the barren wilderness yielded no sustenance but a +few lily bulbs and the tubers of the climbing plant called in New England +the ground-nut. Leaving his party to these miserable resources, and +promising to send them relief within ten days, Rogers made a raft of dry +pine logs, and drifted on it down the stream, with Captain Ogden, a +ranger, and one of the captive Indian boys. They were stopped on the +second day by rapids, and gained the shore with difficulty. At the foot +of the rapids, while Ogden and the ranger went in search of squirrels, +Rogers set himself to making another raft; and, having no strength to use +the axe, he burned down the trees, which he then divided into logs by +the same process. Five days after leaving his party he reached the first +English settlement, Charlestown, or "Number Four," and immediately sent +a canoe with provisions to the relief of the sufferers, following +himself with other canoes two days later. Most of the men were saved, +though some died miserably of famine and exhaustion. Of the few who had +been captured, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258-V2" id="Page_258-V2">258<br />V2</a></span> +we are told by French contemporary that they "became victims of the fury of +the Indian women," from whose clutches the Canadians tried in vain to save +them. <span class="superscript">[753]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_753" name="footer_753"></a> + <span class="superscript">[753]</span> +<i>Événements de la guerre en Canada,</i> 1759, 1760. +Compare <i>N. Y, Colonial Docs</i>., X. 1042.</p> + <p class="double-space-top"> + <a id="footer_26Note" name="footer_26Note"></a> +<span class="smcap">Note</span>.—On the day after he reached +"Number Four," Rogers wrote a report +of his expedition to Amherst. This letter is printed in his <i>Journals</i>, +in which he gives also a supplementary account, containing further +particulars. The <i>New Hampshire Gazette, Boston Evening Post,</i> and other +newspapers of the time recount the story in detail. Hoyt (<i>Indian Wars,</i> +302) repeats it, with a few additions drawn from the recollections of +survivors, long after. There is another account, very short and +unsatisfactory, by Thompson Maxwell, who says that he was of the party, +which is doubtful. Mante (223) gives horrible details of the sufferings +of the rangers. An old chief of the St. Francis Indians, said to be one +of those who pursued Rogers after the town was burned, many years ago +told Mr. Jesse Pennoyer, a government land surveyor, that Rogers laid an +ambush for the pursuers, and defeated them with great loss. This, the +story says, took place near the present town of Sherbrooke; and minute +details are given, with high praise of the skill and conduct of the +famous partisan. If such an incident really took place, it is scarcely +possible that Rogers would not have made some mention of it. On the +other hand, it is equally incredible that the Indians would have +invented the tale of their own defeat. I am indebted for Pennoyer's +puzzling narrative to the kindness of R. A. Ramsay, Esq., of Montreal. It +was printed, in 1869, in the <i>History of the Eastern Townships,</i> by +Mrs. C. M. Day. All things considered, it is probably groundless.</p> + +<p>Vaudreuil describes the destruction of the village in a letter to the +Minister dated October 26, and says that Rogers had a hundred and fifty +men; that St. Francis was burned to ashes; that the head chief and +others were killed; that he (Vaudreuil), hearing of the march of the +rangers, sent the most active of the Canadians to oppose them, and that +Longueuil sent all the Canadians and Indians he could muster to pursue +them on their retreat; that forty-six rangers were killed, and ten +captured; that he thinks all the rest will starve to death; and, +finally, that the affair is very unfortunate.</p> + +<p>I once, when a college student, followed on foot the route of Rogers +from Lake Memphremagog to the Connecticut.</p> +</div> + + + +<hr /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Chapter_27" id="Chapter_27"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259-V2" id="Page_259-V2">259<br />V2</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents27">CHAPTER XXVII.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1759.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader">THE HEIGHTS OF ABRAHAM.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + Elation of the French • Despondency of Wolfe • + The Parishes laid waste • Operations above Quebec • + Illness of Wolfe • A New Plan of Attack • + Faint Hope of Success • Wolfe's Last Despatch • + Confidence of Vaudreuil • Last Letters of Montcalm • + French Vigilance • British Squadron at Cap-Rouge • + Last Orders of Wolfe • Embarkation • + Descent of the St. Lawrence • The Heights scaled • + The British Line • Last Night of Montcalm • The Alarm • + March of French Troops • The Battle • The Rout • + The Pursuit • Fall of Wolfe and of Montcalm. + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> +</div> + + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">Wolfe</span> +was deeply moved by the disaster at the heights of Montmorenci, +and in a General Order on the next day he rebuked the grenadiers for +their precipitation. "Such impetuous, irregular, and unsoldierlike +proceedings destroy all order, make it impossible for the commanders to +form any disposition for an attack, and put it out of the general's +power to execute his plans. The grenadiers could not suppose that they +could beat the French alone."</p> + +<p>The French were elated by their success. "Everybody," says the +commissary Berniers, "thought that the campaign was as good as ended, +gloriously for us." They had been sufficiently confident even before +their victory; and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260-V2" id="Page_260-V2">260<br />V2</a></span> +the bearer of a flag of truce told the English +officers that he had never imagined they were such fools as to attack +Quebec with so small a force. Wolfe, on the other hand, had every reason +to despond. At the outset, before he had seen Quebec and learned the +nature of the ground, he had meant to begin the campaign by taking post +on the Plains of Abraham, and thence laying siege to the town; but he +soon discovered that the Plains of Abraham were hardly more within his +reach than was Quebec itself. Such hope as was left him lay in the +composition of Montcalm's army. He respected the French commander, and +thought his disciplined soldiers not unworthy of the British steel; but +he held his militia in high scorn, and could he but face them in the +open field, he never doubted the result. But Montcalm also distrusted +them, and persisted in refusing the coveted battle.</p> + +<p>Wolfe, therefore, was forced to the conviction that his chances were of +the smallest. It is said that, despairing of any decisive stroke, he +conceived the idea of fortifying Isle-aux-Coudres, and leaving a part of +his troops there when he sailed for home, against another attempt in the +spring. The more to weaken the enemy and prepare his future conquest, he +began at the same time a course of action which for his credit one would +gladly wipe from the record; for, though far from inhuman, he threw +himself with extraordinary intensity into whatever work he had in hand, +and, to accomplish it, spared others scarcely more than +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261-V2" id="Page_261-V2">261<br />V2</a></span> +he spared himself. About the middle of August he issued a third proclamation +to the Canadians, declaring that as they had refused his offers of +protection and "had made such ungrateful returns in practising the most +unchristian barbarities against his troops on all occasions, he could no +longer refrain in justice to himself and his army from chastising them +as they deserved." The barbarities in question consisted in the frequent +scalping and mutilating of sentinels and men on outpost duty, +perpetrated no less by Canadians than by Indians. Wolfe's object was +twofold: first, to cause the militia to desert, and, secondly, to +exhaust the colony. Rangers, light infantry, and Highlanders were sent +to waste the settlements far and wide. Wherever resistance was offered, +farmhouses and villages were laid in ashes, though churches were +generally spared. St. Paul, far below Quebec, was sacked and burned, and +the settlements of the opposite shore were partially destroyed. The +parishes of L'Ange Gardien, Château Richer, and St. Joachim were wasted +with fire and sword. Night after night the garrison of Quebec could see +the light of burning houses as far down as the mountain of Cape +Tourmente. Near St. Joachim there was a severe skirmish, followed by +atrocious cruelties. Captain Alexander Montgomery, of the forty-third +regiment, who commanded the detachment, and who has been most unjustly +confounded with the revolutionary general, Richard Montgomery, ordered +the prisoners to be shot in cold blood, to the indignation +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262-V2" id="Page_262-V2">262<br />V2</a></span> +of his own officers. <span class="superscript">[754]</span> +Robineau de Portneuf, curé of St. Joachim, placed himself +at the head of thirty parishioners and took possession of a large stone +house in the adjacent parish of Château Richer, where for a time he held +the English at bay. At length he and his followers were drawn out into an +ambush, where they were surrounded and killed; and, being disguised as +Indians, the rangers scalped them all. <span class="superscript">[755]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_754" name="footer_754"></a> + <span class="superscript">[754]</span> +Fraser <i>Journal</i>. Fraser was an officer under Montgomery, +of whom he speaks with anger and disgust.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_755" name="footer_755"></a> + <span class="superscript">[755]</span> +Knox, II. 32. Most of the contemporary journals mention +the incident.</p> +</div> + +<p>Most of the French writers of the time mention these barbarities without +much comment, while Vaudreuil loudly denounces them. Yet he himself was +answerable for atrocities incomparably worse, and on a far larger scale. +He had turned loose his savages, red and white, along a frontier of six +hundred miles, to waste, burn, and murder at will. "Women and children," +such were the orders of Wolfe, "are to be treated with humanity; if any +violence is offered to a woman, the offender shall be punished with +death." These orders were generally obeyed. The English, with the single +exception of Montgomery, killed none but armed men in the act of +resistance or attack; Vaudreuil's war-parties spared neither age nor +sex.</p> + +<p>Montcalm let the parishes burn, and still lay fast intrenched in his +lines of Beauport. He would not imperil all Canada to save a few hundred +farmhouses; and Wolfe was as far as ever from the battle that he +coveted. Hitherto, his attacks had been +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263-V2" id="Page_263-V2">263<br />V2</a></span> +made chiefly below the town; but, these having failed, he now changed his +plan and renewed on a larger scale the movements begun above it in July. +With every fair wind, ships and transports passed the batteries of Quebec, +favored by a hot fire from Point Levi, and generally succeeded, with more +or less damage, in gaining the upper river. A fleet of flatboats was also +sent thither, and twelve hundred troops marched overland to embark in them, +under Brigadier Murray. Admiral Holmes took command of the little fleet now +gathered above the town, and operations in that quarter were systematically +resumed.</p> + +<p>To oppose them, Bougainville was sent from the camp at Beauport with +fifteen hundred men. His was a most arduous and exhausting duty. He must +watch the shores for fifteen or twenty miles, divide his force into +detachments, and subject himself and his followers to the strain of +incessant vigilance and incessant marching. Murray made a descent at +Pointe-aux-Trembles, and was repulsed with loss. He tried a second time +at another place, was met before landing by a body of ambushed +Canadians, and was again driven back, his foremost boats full of dead +and wounded. A third time he succeeded, landed at Deschambault, and +burned a large building filled with stores and all the spare baggage of +the French regular officers. The blow was so alarming that Montcalm +hastened from Beauport to take command in person; but when he arrived +the English were gone.</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264-V2" id="Page_264-V2">264<br />V2</a></span> +Vaudreuil now saw his mistake in sending the French frigates up the +river out of harm's way, and withdrawing their crews to serve the +batteries of Quebec. Had these ships been there, they might have +overpowered those of the English in detail as they passed the town. An +attempt was made to retrieve the blunder. The sailors were sent to man +the frigates anew and attack the squadron of Holmes. It was too late. +Holmes was already too strong for them, and they were recalled. Yet the +difficulties of the English still seemed insurmountable. Dysentery and +fever broke out in their camps, the number of their effective men was +greatly reduced, and the advancing season told them that their work must +be done quickly, or not done at all.</p> + +<p>On the other side, the distress of the French grew greater every day. +Their army was on short rations. The operations of the English above the +town filled the camp of Beauport with dismay, for troops and Canadians +alike dreaded the cutting off of their supplies. These were all drawn +from the districts of Three Rivers and Montreal; and, at best, they were +in great danger, since when brought down in boats at night they were apt +to be intercepted, while the difficulty of bringing them by land was +extreme, through the scarcity of cattle and horses. Discipline was relaxed, +disorder and pillage were rife, and the Canadians deserted so fast, that +towards the end of August two hundred of them, it is said, would +sometimes go off in one night. Early in the month the disheartening +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265-V2" id="Page_265-V2">265<br />V2</a></span> +news came of the loss of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, the retreat of +Bourlamaque, the fall of Niagara, and the expected advance of Amherst +on Montreal. It was then that Lévis was despatched to the scene of +danger; and Quebec was deplorably weakened by his absence. About this +time the Lower Town was again set on fire by the English batteries, and +a hundred and sixty-seven houses were burned in a night. In the front of +the Upper Town nearly every building was a ruin. At the General +Hospital, which was remote enough to be safe from the bombardment, every +barn, shed, and garret, and even the chapel itself, were crowded with +sick and wounded, with women and children from the town, and the nuns of +the Ursulines and the Hôtel-Dieu, driven thither for refuge. Bishop +Pontbriand, though suffering from a mortal disease, came almost daily to +visit and console them from his lodging in the house of the curé at +Charlesbourg.</p> + +<p>Towards the end of August the sky brightened again. It became known that +Amherst was not moving on Montreal, and Bourlamaque wrote that his +position at Isle-aux-Noix was impregnable. On the twenty-seventh a +deserter from Wolfe's army brought the welcome assurance that the +invaders despaired of success, and would soon sail for home; while there +were movements in the English camps and fleet that seemed to confirm +what he said. Vaudreuil breathed more freely, and renewed hope and +confidence visited the army of Beauport.</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266-V2" id="Page_266-V2">266<br />V2</a></span> +Meanwhile a deep cloud fell on the English. Since the siege began, Wolfe +had passed with ceaseless energy from camp to camp, animating the +troops, observing everything, and directing everything; but now the pale +face and tall lean form were seen no more, and the rumor spread that the +General was dangerously ill. He had in fact been seized by an access of +the disease that had tortured him for some time past; and fever had +followed. His quarters were at a French farmhouse in the camp at +Montmorenci; and here, as he lay in an upper chamber, helpless in bed, +his singular and most unmilitary features haggard with disease and drawn +with pain, no man could less have looked the hero. But as the needle, +though quivering, points always to the pole, so, through torment and +languor and the heats of fever, the mind of Wolfe dwelt on the capture +of Quebec. His illness, which began before the twentieth of August, had +so far subsided on the twenty-fifth that Knox wrote in his Diary of that +day: "His Excellency General Wolfe is on the recovery, to the +inconceivable joy of the whole army." On the twenty-ninth he was able +to write or dictate a letter to the three brigadiers, Monckton, +Townshend, and Murray: "That the public service may not suffer by the +General's indisposition, he begs the brigadiers will meet and consult +together for the public utility and advantage, and consider of the best +method to attack the enemy." The letter then proposes three plans, all +bold to audacity. The first was to send a part of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267-V2" id="Page_267-V2">267<br />V2</a></span> +army to ford the Montmorenci eight or nine miles above its mouth, march +through the forest, and fall on the rear of the French at Beauport, while +the rest landed and attacked them in front. The second was to cross the +ford at the mouth of the Montmorenci and march along the strand, under the +French intrenchments, till a place could be found where the troops might +climb the heights. The third was to make a general attack from boats at +the Beauport flats. Wolfe had before entertained two other plans, one of +which was to scale the heights at St. Michel, about a league above +Quebec; but this he had abandoned on learning that the French were there +in force to receive him. The other was to storm the Lower Town; but this +also he had abandoned, because the Upper Town, which commanded it, would +still remain inaccessible.</p> + +<p>The brigadiers met in consultation, rejected the three plans proposed in +the letter, and advised that an attempt should be made to gain a footing +on the north shore above the town, place the army between Montcalm and +his base of supply, and so force him to fight or surrender. The scheme +was similar to that of the heights of St. Michel. It seemed desperate, +but so did all the rest; and if by chance it should succeed, the gain +was far greater than could follow any success below the town. Wolfe +embraced it at once.</p> + +<p>Not that he saw much hope in it. He knew that every chance was against +him. Disappointment in the past and gloom in the future, the pain and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268-V2" id="Page_268-V2">268<br />V2</a></span> +exhaustion of disease, toils, and anxieties "too great," in the words of +Burke, "to be supported by a delicate constitution, and a body unequal +to the vigorous and enterprising soul that it lodged," threw him at +times into deep dejection. By those intimate with him he was heard to +say that he would not go back defeated, "to be exposed to the censure +and reproach of an ignorant populace." In other moods he felt that he +ought not to sacrifice what was left of his diminished army in vain +conflict with hopeless obstacles. But his final resolve once taken, he +would not swerve from it. His fear was that he might not be able to +lead his troops in person. "I know perfectly well you cannot cure me," +he said to his physician; "but pray make me up so that I may be without +pain for a few days, and able to do my duty: that is all I want."</p> + +<p>In a despatch which Wolfe had written to Pitt, Admiral Saunders +conceived that he had ascribed to the fleet more than its just share in +the disaster at Montmorenci; and he sent him a letter on the subject. +Major Barré kept it from the invalid till the fever had abated. Wolfe +then wrote a long answer, which reveals his mixed dejection and resolve. +He affirms the justice of what Saunders had said, but adds: "I shall leave +out that part of my letter to Mr. Pitt which you object to. I am +sensible of my own errors in the course of the campaign, see clearly +wherein I have been deficient, and think a little more or less blame to +a man that must necessarily be ruined, of little or no +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269-V2" id="Page_269-V2">269<br />V2</a></span> +consequence. I take the blame of that unlucky day entirely upon my own +shoulders, and I expect to suffer for it." Then, speaking of the new project +of an attack above Quebec, he says despondingly: "My ill state of health +prevents me from executing my own plan; it is of too desperate a nature to +order others to execute." He proceeds, however, to give directions for it. +"It will be necessary to run as many small craft as possible above the town, +with provisions for six weeks, for about five thousand, which is all I +intend to take. My letters, I hope, will be ready to-morrow, and I hope +I shall have strength to lead these men to wherever we can find the +enemy."</p> + +<p>On the next day, the last of August, he was able for the first time to +leave the house. It was on this same day that he wrote his last letter +to his mother: "My writing to you will convince you that no personal +evils worse than defeats and disappointments have fallen upon me. The +enemy puts nothing to risk, and I can't in conscience put the whole army +to risk. My antagonist has wisely shut himself up in inaccessible +intrenchments, so that I can't get at him without spilling a torrent of +blood, and that perhaps to little purpose. The Marquis de Montcalm is at +the head of a great number of bad soldiers, and I am at the head of a +small number of good ones, that wish for nothing so much as to fight +him; but the wary old fellow avoids an action, doubtful of the behavior +of his army. People must be of the profession to understand the +disadvantages and difficulties we labor +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270-V2" id="Page_270-V2">270<br />V2</a></span> +under, arising from the uncommon natural strength of the country."</p> + +<p>On the second of September a vessel was sent to England with his last +despatch to Pitt. It begins thus: "The obstacles we have met with in the +operations of the campaign are much greater than we had reason to expect +or could foresee; not so much from the number of the enemy (though +superior to us) as from the natural strength of the country, which the +Marquis of Montcalm seems wisely to depend upon. When I learned that +succors of all kinds had been thrown into Quebec; that five battalions +of regular troops, completed from the best inhabitants of the country, +some of the troops of the colony, and every Canadian that was able to +bear arms, besides several nations of savages, had taken the field in a +very advantageous situation,—I could not flatter myself that I should +be able to reduce the place. I sought, however, an occasion to attack +their army, knowing well that with these troops I was able to fight, and +hoping that a victory might disperse them." Then, after recounting the +events of the campaign with admirable clearness, he continues: "I found +myself so ill, and am still so weak, that I begged the general officers +to consult together for the general utility. They are all of opinion +that, as more ships and provisions are now got above the town, they +should try, by conveying up a corps of four or five thousand men (which +is nearly the whole strength of the army after the Points of Levi and +Orleans are left in a proper state of defence), to draw the enemy +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271-V2" id="Page_271-V2">271<br />V2</a></span> +from their present situation and bring them to an action. I have acquiesced +in the proposal, and we are preparing to put it into execution." The +letter ends thus: "By the list of disabled officers, many of whom are of +rank, you may perceive that the army is much weakened. By the nature of +the river, the most formidable part of this armament is deprived of the +power of acting; yet we have almost the whole force of Canada to oppose. +In this situation there is such a choice of difficulties that I own +myself at a loss how to determine. The affairs of Great Britain, I know, +require the most vigorous measures; but the courage of a handful of +brave troops should be exerted only when there is some hope of a +favorable event; however, you may be assured that the small part of the +campaign which remains shall be employed, as far as I am able, for the +honor of His Majesty and the interest of the nation, in which I am sure +of being well seconded by the Admiral and by the generals; happy if our +efforts here can contribute to the success of His Majesty's arms in any +other parts of America."</p> + +<p>Some days later, he wrote to the Earl of Holdernesse: "The Marquis of +Montcalm has a numerous body of armed men (I cannot call it an army), +and the strongest country perhaps in the world. Our fleet blocks up the +river above and below the town, but can give no manner of aid in an +attack upon the Canadian army. We are now here [<i>off Cap-Rouge</i>] with +about thirty-six hundred men, waiting to attack them when and wherever they +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272-V2" id="Page_272-V2">272<br />V2</a></span> +can best be got at. I am so far recovered as to do business; but my +constitution is entirely ruined, without the consolation of doing any +considerable service to the state, and without any prospect of it." He +had just learned, through the letter brought from Amherst by Ensign +Hutchins, that he could expect no help from that quarter.</p> + +<p>Perhaps he was as near despair as his undaunted nature was capable of +being. In his present state of body and mind he was a hero without the +light and cheer of heroism. He flattered himself with no illusions, but +saw the worst and faced it all. He seems to have been entirely without +excitement. The languor of disease, the desperation of the chances, and +the greatness of the stake may have wrought to tranquillize him. His +energy was doubly tasked: to bear up his own sinking frame, and to +achieve an almost hopeless feat of arms.</p> + +<p>Audacious as it was, his plan cannot be called rash if we may accept the +statement of two well-informed writers on the French side. They say that +on the tenth of September the English naval commanders held a council on +board the flagship, in which it was resolved that the lateness of the +season required the fleet to leave Quebec without delay. They say +further that Wolfe then went to the Admiral, told him that he had found +a place where the heights could be scaled, that he would send up a +hundred and fifty picked men to feel the way, and that if they gained a +lodgment at the top, the other troops should follow; if, on the other +hand, the French were there in force to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273-V2" id="Page_273-V2">273<br />V2</a></span> +oppose them, he would not sacrifice the army in a hopeless attempt, but +embark them for home, consoled by the thought that all had been done that +man could do. On this, concludes the story, the Admiral and his officers +consented to wait the result. <span class="superscript">[756]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_756" name="footer_756"></a> + <span class="superscript">[756]</span> +This statement is made by the Chevalier Johnstone, and, +with some variation, by the author of the valuable <i>Journal tenu à +l'Armée que commandoit feu M. le Marquis de Montcalm.</i> Bigot says that, +after the battle, he was told by British officers that Wolfe meant to +risk only an advance party of two hundred men, and to reimbark if they +were repulsed.</p> +</div> + +<p>As Wolfe had informed Pitt, his army was greatly weakened. Since the end +of June his loss in killed and wounded was more than eight hundred and +fifty, including two colonels, two majors, nineteen captains, and +thirty-four subalterns; and to these were to be added a greater number +disabled by disease.</p> + +<p>The squadron of Admiral Holmes above Quebec had now increased to +twenty-two vessels, great and small. One of the last that went up was a +diminutive schooner, armed with a few swivels, and jocosely named the +"Terror of France." She sailed by the town in broad daylight, the +French, incensed at her impudence, blazing at her from all their +batteries; but she passed unharmed, anchored by the Admiral's ship, and +saluted him triumphantly with her swivels.</p> + +<p>Wolfe's first move towards executing his plan was the critical one of +evacuating the camp at Montmorenci. This was accomplished on the third +of September. Montcalm sent a strong force to fall on the rear of the +retiring English. Monckton +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274-V2" id="Page_274-V2">274<br />V2</a></span> +saw the movement from Point Levi, embarked two battalions in the boats of +the fleet, and made a feint of landing at Beauport. Montcalm recalled his +troops to repulse the threatened attack; and the English withdrew from +Montmorenci unmolested, some to the Point of Orleans, others to Point Levi. +On the night of the fourth a fleet of flatboats passed above the town with +the baggage and stores. On the fifth, Murray, with four battalions, marched +up to the River Etechemin, and forded it under a hot fire from the French +batteries at Sillery. Monckton and Townshend followed with three more +battalions, and the united force, of about thirty-six hundred men, was +embarked on board the ships of Holmes, where Wolfe joined them on the same +evening.</p> + +<p>These movements of the English filled the French commanders with +mingled perplexity, anxiety, and hope. A deserter told them that Admiral +Saunders was impatient to be gone. Vaudreuil grew confident. "The +breaking up of the camp at Montmorenci," he says, "and the abandonment +of the intrenchments there, the reimbarkation on board the vessels above +Quebec of the troops who had encamped on the south bank, the movements +of these vessels, the removal of the heaviest pieces of artillery from +the batteries of Point Levi,—these and the lateness of the season all +combined to announce the speedy departure of the fleet, several vessels +of which had even sailed down the river already. The prisoners and the +deserters who daily came in told us that this was the common +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275-V2" id="Page_275-V2">275<br />V2</a></span> +report in their army." <span class="superscript">[757]</span> He wrote +to Bourlamaque on the first of September: "Everything proves that the +grand design of the English has failed."</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_757" name="footer_757"></a> + <span class="superscript">[757]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 5 <i>Oct</i>. 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>Yet he was ceaselessly watchful. So was Montcalm; and he, too, on the +night of the second, snatched a moment to write to Bourlamaque from his +headquarters in the stone house, by the river of Beauport: "The night is +dark; it rains; our troops are in their tents, with clothes on, ready +for an alarm; I in my boots; my horses saddled. In fact, this is my +usual way. I wish you were here; for I cannot be everywhere, though I +multiply myself, and have not taken off my clothes since the +twenty-third of June." On the eleventh of September he wrote his last +letter to Bourlamaque, and probably the last that his pen ever traced. +"I am overwhelmed with work, and should often lose temper, like you, if +I did not remember that I am paid by Europe for not losing it. Nothing +new since my last. I give the enemy another month, or something less, to +stay here." The more sanguine Vaudreuil would hardly give them a week.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile, no precaution was spared. The force under Bougainville above +Quebec was raised to three thousand men. <span class="superscript">[758]</span> +He was ordered to watch the shore as far as Jacques-Cartier, and follow with +his main body every movement of Holmes's +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276-V2" id="Page_276-V2">276<br />V2</a></span> +squadron. There was little fear for the heights near the town; they were +thought inaccessible. <span class="superscript">[759]</span> Even Montcalm +believed them safe, and had expressed himself to that effect some time +before. "We need not suppose," he wrote to Vaudreuil, "that the enemy +have wings;" and again, speaking of the very place where Wolfe +afterwards landed, "I swear to you that a hundred men posted there would +stop their whole army." <span class="superscript">[760]</span> +He was right. A hundred watchful and determined men could have held the +position long enough for reinforcements to come up.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_758" name="footer_758"></a> + <span class="superscript">[758]</span> +<i>Journal du Siége</i> (Bibliothêque de Hartwell). <i>Journal +tenu à l'Armée, etc. Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 5 <i>Oct.</i> +1759.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_759" name="footer_759"></a> + <span class="superscript">[759]</span> +Pontbriand, <i>Jugement impartial.</i></p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_760" name="footer_760"></a> + <span class="superscript">[760]</span> +<i>Montcalm à Vaudreuil</i>, 27 <i>Juillet. Ibid.</i>, 29 <i>Juillet</i>, +1759.</p> +</div> + +<p> +The hundred men were there. Captain de Vergor, of the colony +troops, commanded them, and reinforcements were within his call; for the +battalion of Guienne had been ordered to encamp close at hand on the +Plains of Abraham. <span class="superscript">[761]</span> +Vergor's post, called Anse du Foulon, was a mile and a half from Quebec. +A little beyond it, by the brink of the cliffs, was another post, called +Samos, held by seventy men with four cannon; and, beyond this again, the +heights of Sillery were guarded by a hundred and thirty men, also with +cannon. <span class="superscript">[762]</span> These were outposts of +Bougainville, whose headquarters were at Cap-Rouge, six miles above +Sillery, and whose troops were in continual movement along the +intervening shore. Thus all was vigilance; for while the French were +strong in the hope of speedy delivery, they felt that there was no safety +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277-V2" id="Page_277-V2">277<br />V2</a></span> +till the tents of the invader had vanished from their shores and +his ships from their river. "What we knew," says one of them, "of the +character of M. Wolfe, that impetuous, bold, and intrepid warrior, +prepared us for a last attack before he left us."</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_761" name="footer_761"></a> + <span class="superscript">[761]</span> +Foligny, <i>Journal mémoratif. Journal tenu à l'Armée</i>, +etc.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_762" name="footer_762"></a> + <span class="superscript">[762]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 5 <i>Oct.</i> 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>Wolfe had been very ill on the evening of the fourth. The troops knew +it, and their spirits sank; but, after a night of torment, he grew +better, and was soon among them again, rekindling their ardor, and +imparting a cheer that he could not share. For himself he had no pity; +but when he heard of the illness of two officers in one of the ships, he +sent them a message of warm sympathy, advised them to return to Point +Levi, and offered them his own barge and an escort. They thanked him, +but replied that, come what might, they would see the enterprise to an +end. Another officer remarked in his hearing that one of the invalids +had a very delicate constitution. "Don't tell me of constitution," said +Wolfe; "he has good spirit, and good spirit will carry a man through +everything." <span class="superscript">[763]</span> An immense moral +force bore up his own frail body and forced it to its work.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_763" name="footer_763"></a> + <span class="superscript">[763]</span> +Knox, II. 61, 65.</p> +</div> + +<p>Major Robert Stobo, who, five years before, had been given as a hostage +to the French at the capture of Fort Necessity, arrived about this time +in a vessel from Halifax. He had long been a prisoner at Quebec, not +always in close custody, and had used his opportunities to acquaint +himself with the neighborhood. In the spring of this year he +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278-V2" id="Page_278-V2">278<br />V2</a></span> +and an officer of rangers named Stevens had made their escape with +extraordinary skill and daring; and he now returned to give his countrymen +the benefit of his local knowledge. <span class="superscript">[764]</span> +His biographer says that it was he who directed Wolfe in the choice of a +landing-place. <span class="superscript">[765]</span> +Be this as it may, Wolfe in person examined the river and the shores as +far as Pointe-aux-Trembles; till at length, landing on the south side a +little above Quebec, and looking across the water with a telescope, he +descried a path that ran with a long slope up the face of the woody +precipice, and saw at the top a cluster of tents. They were those of +Vergor's guard at the Anse du Foulon, now called Wolfe's Cove. As he +could see but ten or twelve of them, he thought that the guard could not +be numerous, and might be overpowered. His hope would have been stronger +if he had known that Vergor had once been tried for misconduct and +cowardice in the surrender of Beauséjour, and saved from merited +disgrace by the friendship of Bigot and the protection of Vaudreuil. +<span class="superscript">[766]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_764" name="footer_764"></a> + <span class="superscript">[764]</span> +Letters in <i>Boston Post Boy,</i> No. 97, and <i>Boston Evening Post,</i> +No. 1,258.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_765" name="footer_765"></a> + <span class="superscript">[765]</span> +<i>Memoirs of Major Robert Stobo.</i> Curious, but often inexact.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_766" name="footer_766"></a> + <span class="superscript">[766]</span> +See <i>supra</i>, <a href="#Page_253-V1">Vol I. p. 253.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>The morning of the seventh was fair and warm, and the vessels of Holmes, +their crowded decks gay with scarlet uniforms, sailed up the river to +Cap-Rouge. A lively scene awaited them; for here were the headquarters +of Bougainville, and here lay his principal force, while the rest +watched the banks above and below. The cove into which +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279-V2" id="Page_279-V2">279<br />V2</a></span> +the little river runs was guarded by floating batteries; the surrounding +shore was defended by breastworks; and a large body of regulars, militia, +and mounted Canadians in blue uniforms moved to and fro, with restless +activity, on the hills behind. When the vessels came to anchor, the +horsemen dismounted and formed in line with the infantry; then, with +loud shouts, the whole rushed down the heights to man their works at the +shore. That true Briton, Captain Knox, looked on with a critical eye +from the gangway of his ship, and wrote that night in his Diary that +they had made a ridiculous noise. "How different!" he exclaims, "how +nobly awful and expressive of true valor is the customary silence of the +British troops!"</p> + +<p>In the afternoon the ships opened fire, while the troops entered the +boats and rowed up and down as if looking for a landing-place. It was +but a feint of Wolfe to deceive Bougainville as to his real design. A +heavy easterly rain set in on the next morning, and lasted two days +without respite. All operations were suspended, and the men suffered +greatly in the crowded transports. Half of them were therefore landed on +the south shore, where they made their quarters in the village of St. +Nicolas, refreshed themselves, and dried their wet clothing, knapsacks, +and blankets.</p> + +<p>For several successive days the squadron of Holmes was allowed to drift +up the river with the flood tide and down with the ebb, thus passing and +repassing incessantly between the neighborhood +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280-V2" id="Page_280-V2">280<br />V2</a></span> +of Quebec on one hand, and a point high above Cap-Rouge on the other; while +Bougainville, perplexed, and always expecting an attack, followed the ships +to and fro along the shore, by day and by night, till his men were exhausted +with ceaseless forced marches. <span class="superscript">[767]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_767" name="footer_767"></a> + <span class="superscript">[767]</span> +Joannès, Major de Québec, <i>Mémoire sur la Campagne de</i> +1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>At last the time for action came. On Wednesday, the twelfth, the troops +at St. Nicolas were embarked again, and all were told to hold +themselves in readiness. Wolfe, from the flagship "Sutherland," issued +his last general orders. "The enemy's force is now divided, great +scarcity of provisions in their camp, and universal discontent among the +Canadians. Our troops below are in readiness to join us; all the light +artillery and tools are embarked at the Point of Levi; and the troops +will land where the French seem least to expect it. The first body that +gets on shore is to march directly to the enemy and drive them from any +little post they may occupy; the officers must be careful that the +succeeding bodies do not by any mistake fire on those who go before +them. The battalions must form on the upper ground with expedition, and +be ready to charge whatever presents itself. When the artillery and +troops are landed, a corps will be left to secure the landing-place, +while the rest march on and endeavor to bring the Canadians and French +to a battle. The officers and men will remember what their country +expects from them, and what a determined body of soldiers inured to war +is capable +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281-V2" id="Page_281-V2">281<br />V2</a></span> +of doing against five weak French battalions mingled with a disorderly +peasantry."</p> + +<p>The spirit of the army answered to that of its chief. The troops loved +and admired their general, trusted their officers, and were ready for +any attempt. "Nay, how could it be otherwise," quaintly asks honest +Sergeant John Johnson, of the fifty-eighth regiment, "being at the heels +of gentlemen whose whole thirst, equal with their general, was for +glory? We had seen them tried, and always found them sterling. We knew +that they would stand by us to the last extremity."</p> + +<p>Wolfe had thirty-six hundred men and officers with him on board the +vessels of Holmes; and he now sent orders to Colonel Burton at Point +Levi to bring to his aid all who could be spared from that place and the +Point of Orleans. They were to march along the south bank, after +nightfall, and wait further orders at a designated spot convenient for +embarkation. Their number was about twelve hundred, so that the entire +forced destined for the enterprise was at the utmost forty-eight +hundred. <span class="superscript">[768]</span> With these, Wolfe meant +to climb the heights of Abraham in the teeth of an enemy who, though much +reduced, were still twice as numerous as their assailants. +<span class="superscript">[769]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_768" name="footer_768"></a> + <span class="superscript">[768]</span> +See <a href="#footer_27Note">Note</a>, end of chapter.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_769" name="footer_769"></a> + <span class="superscript">[769]</span> +Including Bougainville's command. An escaped prisoner +told Wolfe, a few days before, that Montcalm still had fourteen thousand +men. <i>Journal of an Expedition on the River St. Lawrence.</i> This meant +only those in the town and the camps of Beauport. "I don't believe their +whole army amounts to that number," wrote Wolfe to Colonel Burton, on +the tenth. He knew, however, that if Montcalm could bring all his troops +together, the French would outnumber him more than two to one.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282-V2" id="Page_282-V2">282<br />V2</a></span> +Admiral Saunders lay with the main fleet in the Basin of Quebec. This +excellent officer, whatever may have been his views as to the necessity +of a speedy departure, aided Wolfe to the last with unfailing energy and +zeal. It was agreed between them that while the General made the real +attack, the Admiral should engage Montcalm's attention by a pretended +one. As night approached, the fleet ranged itself along the Beauport +shore; the boats were lowered and filled with sailors, marines, and the +few troops that had been left behind; while ship signalled to ship, +cannon flashed and thundered, and shot ploughed the beach, as if to +clear a way for assailants to land. In the gloom of the evening the +effect was imposing. Montcalm, who thought that the movements of the +English above the town were only a feint, that their main force was +still below it, and that their real attack would be made there, was +completely deceived, and massed his troops in front of Beauport to repel +the expected landing. But while in the fleet of Saunders all was uproar +and ostentatious menace, the danger was ten miles away, where the +squadron of Holmes lay tranquil and silent at its anchorage off +Cap-Rouge.</p> + +<p>It was less tranquil than it seemed. All on board knew that a blow would +be struck that night, though only a few high officers knew where. +Colonel Howe, of the light infantry, called for volunteers to lead the +unknown and desperate venture, promising, in the words of one of them, +"that if any of us survived we might depend on +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283-V2" id="Page_283-V2">283<br />V2</a></span> +being recommended to the General." <span class="superscript">[770]</span> +As many as were wanted—twenty-four in all—soon came +forward. Thirty large bateaux and some boats belonging to the squadron +lay moored alongside the vessels; and late in the evening the troops +were ordered into them, the twenty-four volunteers taking their place in +the foremost. They held in all about seventeen hundred men. The rest +remained on board.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_770" name="footer_770"></a> + <span class="superscript">[770]</span> +<i>Journal of the Particular Transactions during the Siege +of Quebec</i>. The writer, a soldier in the light infantry, says he was one +of the first eight who came forward. See <i>Notes and Queries</i>, XX. 370.</p> +</div> + +<p>Bougainville could discern the movement, and misjudged it, thinking that +he himself was to be attacked. The tide was still flowing; and, the +better to deceive him, the vessels and boats were allowed to drift +upward with it for a little distance, as if to land above Cap-Rouge.</p> + +<p>The day had been fortunate for Wolfe. Two deserters came from the camp +of Bougainville with intelligence that, at ebb tide on the next night, +he was to send down a convoy of provisions to Montcalm. The necessities +of the camp at Beauport, and the difficulties of transportation by land, +had before compelled the French to resort to this perilous means of +conveying supplies; and their boats, drifting in darkness under the +shadows of the northern shore, had commonly passed in safety. Wolfe saw +at once that, if his own boats went down in advance of the convoy, he +could turn the intelligence of the deserters to good account.</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284-V2" id="Page_284-V2">284<br />V2</a></span> +He was still on board the "Sutherland." Every preparation was made, and +every order given; it only remained to wait the turning of the tide. +Seated with him in the cabin was the commander of the sloop-of-war +"Porcupine," his former school-fellow, John Jervis, afterwards Earl St. +Vincent. Wolfe told him that he expected to die in the battle of the +next day; and taking from his bosom a miniature of Miss Lowther, his +betrothed, he gave it to him with a request that he would return it to +her if the presentiment should prove true. +<span class="superscript">[771]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_771" name="footer_771"></a> + <span class="superscript">[771]</span> +Tucker, <i>Life of Earl St. Vincent</i>, I. 19. (London, +1844.)</p> +</div> + +<p>Towards two o'clock the tide began to ebb, and a fresh wind blew down +the river. Two lanterns were raised into the maintop shrouds of the +"Sutherland." It was the appointed signal; the boats cast off and fell +down with the current, those of the light infantry leading the way. The +vessels with the rest of the troops had orders to follow a little later.</p> + +<p>To look for a moment at the chances on which this bold adventure hung. +First, the deserters told Wolfe that provision-boats were ordered to go +down to Quebec that night; secondly, Bougainville countermanded them; +thirdly, the sentries posted along the heights were told of the order, +but not of the countermand; <span class="superscript">[772]</span> +fourthly, Vergor at the Anse du Foulon had permitted most of his men, +chiefly Canadians from Lorette, to go home for a time and work at their +harvesting, on condition, it is said, that they should afterwards work +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285-V2" id="Page_285-V2">285<br />V2</a></span> +in a neighboring field of his own; <span class="superscript">[773]</span> +fifthly, he kept careless watch, and went quietly to bed; sixthly, the +battalion of Guienne, ordered to take post on the Plains of Abraham, +had, for reasons unexplained, remained encamped by the St. Charles; +<span class="superscript">[774]</span> and lastly, when Bougainville +saw Holmes's vessels drift down the stream, he did not tax his weary +troops to follow them, thinking that they would return as usual with the +flood tide. <span class="superscript">[775]</span> But for these +conspiring circumstances New France might have lived a little longer, +and the fruitless heroism of Wolfe would have passed, with countless +other heroisms, into oblivion.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_772" name="footer_772"></a> + <span class="superscript">[772]</span> +<i>Journal tenu à l'Armée</i>, etc.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_773" name="footer_773"></a> + <span class="superscript">[773]</span> +<i>Mémoires sur le Canada</i>, 1749-1760.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_774" name="footer_774"></a> + <span class="superscript">[774]</span> +Foligny, <i>Journal mémoratif. Journal tenu à +l'Armée</i>, etc. +</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_775" name="footer_775"></a> + <span class="superscript">[775]</span> +Johnstone, <i>Dialogue</i>. +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 5 <i>Oct</i>. 1759.</p> +</div> +<p>For full two hours the procession of boats, borne on the current, +steered silently down the St. Lawrence. The stars were visible, but the +night was moonless and sufficiently dark. The General was in one of the +foremost boats, and near him was a young midshipman, John Robison, +afterwards professor of natural philosophy in the University of +Edinburgh. He used to tell in his later life how Wolfe, with a low +voice, repeated Gray's <i>Elegy in a Country Churchyard</i> to the officers +about him. Probably it was to relieve the intense strain of his +thoughts. Among the rest was the verse which his own fate was soon to +illustrate,—</p> + +<div class="poem1 small"> +<p class="poem1 indent30 left-indent10">"The paths of glory lead but to the grave."</p> +</div> + +<p>"Gentlemen," he said, as his recital ended, "I would rather have written +those lines than take +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286-V2" id="Page_286-V2">286<br />V2</a></span> +Quebec." None were there to tell him that the hero is greater than the poet. +</p> + +<p>As they neared their destination, the tide bore them in towards the +shore, and the mighty wall of rock and forest towered in darkness on +their left. The dead stillness was suddenly broken by the sharp <i>Qui +vive!</i> of a French sentry, invisible in the thick gloom. <i>France!</i> +answered a Highland officer of Fraser's regiment from one of the boats +of the light infantry. He had served in Holland, and spoke French +fluently.</p> + +<p><i>À quel régiment?</i></p> + +<p><i>De la Reine</i>, replied the Highlander. He knew that a part of that corps +was with Bougainville. The sentry, expecting the convoy of provisions, +was satisfied, and did not ask for the password.</p> + +<p>Soon after, the foremost boats were passing the heights of Samos, when +another sentry challenged them, and they could see him through the +darkness running down to the edge of the water, within range of a +pistol-shot. In answer to his questions, the same officer replied, in +French: "Provision-boats. Don't make a noise; the English will hear +us." <span class="superscript">[776]</span> +In fact, the sloop-of-war "Hunter" was anchored in the stream +not far off. This time, again, the sentry let them pass. In a few +moments they rounded the headland above the Anse du Foulon. There was no +sentry there. The strong current swept the boats of the light infantry a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287-V2" id="Page_287-V2">287<br />V2</a></span> +little below the intended landing-place. <span class="superscript">[777]</span> +They disembarked on a narrow strand at the foot of heights as steep as a hill +covered with trees can be. The twenty-four volunteers led the way, climbing +with what silence they might, closely followed by a much larger body. When +they reached the top they saw in the dim light a cluster of tents at a short +distance, and immediately made a dash at them. Vergor leaped from bed +and tried to run off, but was shot in the heel and captured. His men, +taken by surprise, made little resistance. One or two were caught, the +rest fled.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_776" name="footer_776"></a> + <span class="superscript">[776]</span> +See a note of Smollett, <i>History of England</i>, V. 56 (ed. +1805). Sergeant Johnson, Vaudreuil, Foligny, and the <i>Journal of +Particular Transactions</i> give similar accounts.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_777" name="footer_777"></a> + <span class="superscript">[777]</span> +<i>Saunders to Pitt</i>, 20 <i>Sept. Journal of Sergeant Johnson</i>. +Compare Knox, II. 67.</p> +</div> + +<p>The main body of troops waited in their boats by the edge of the strand. +The heights near by were cleft by a great ravine choked with forest +trees; and in its depths ran a little brook called Ruisseau St.-Denis, +which, swollen by the late rains, fell plashing in the stillness over a +rock. Other than this no sound could reach the strained ear of Wolfe but +the gurgle of the tide and the cautious climbing of his advance-parties +as they mounted the steeps at some little distance from where he sat +listening. At length from the top came a sound of musket-shots, followed +by loud huzzas, and he knew that his men were masters of the position. +The word was given; the troops leaped from the boats and scaled the +heights, some here, some there, clutching at trees and bushes, their +muskets slung at their backs. Tradition still points out the place, +near the mouth of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288-V2" id="Page_288-V2">288<br />V2</a></span> +ravine, where the foremost reached the top. Wolfe +said to an officer near him: "You can try it, but I don't think you'll +get up." He himself, however, found strength to drag himself up with the +rest. The narrow slanting path on the face of the heights had been made +impassable by trenches and abattis; but all obstructions were soon +cleared away, and then the ascent was easy. In the gray of the morning +the long file of red-coated soldiers moved quickly upward, and formed in +order on the plateau above.</p> + +<p>Before many of them had reached the top, cannon were heard close on the +left. It was the battery at Samos firing on the boats in the rear and +the vessels descending from Cap-Rouge. A party was sent to silence it; +this was soon effected, and the more distant battery at Sillery was next +attacked and taken. As fast as the boats were emptied they returned for +the troops left on board the vessels and for those waiting on the +southern shore under Colonel Burton.</p> + +<p>The day broke in clouds and threatening rain. Wolfe's battalions were +drawn up along the crest of the heights. No enemy was in sight, though a +body of Canadians had sallied from the town and moved along the strand +towards the landing-place, whence they were quickly driven back. He had +achieved the most critical part of his enterprise; yet the success that +he coveted placed him in imminent danger. On one side was the garrison +of Quebec and the army of Beauport, and Bougainville was on the other. +Wolfe's alternative was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289-V2" id="Page_289-V2">289<br />V2</a></span> +victory or ruin; for if he should be overwhelmed by a combined attack, +retreat would be hopeless. His feelings no man can know; but it would be +safe to say that hesitation or doubt had no part in them.</p> + +<p>He went to reconnoitre the ground, and soon came to the Plains of +Abraham, so called from Abraham Martin, a pilot known as Maître Abraham, +who had owned a piece of land here in the early times of the colony. The +Plains were a tract of grass, tolerably level in most parts, patched +here and there with cornfields, studded with clumps of bushes, and +forming a part of the high plateau at the eastern end of which Quebec +stood. On the south it was bounded by the declivities along the St. +Lawrence; on the north, by those along the St. Charles, or rather along +the meadows through which that lazy stream crawled like a writhing +snake. At the place that Wolfe chose for his battle-field the plateau +was less than a mile wide.</p> + +<p>Thither the troops advanced, marched by files till they reached the +ground, and then wheeled to form their line of battle, which stretched +across the plateau and faced the city. It consisted of six battalions +and the detached grenadiers from Louisbourg, all drawn up in ranks three +deep. Its right wing was near the brink of the heights along the St. +Lawrence; but the left could not reach those along the St. Charles. On +this side a wide space was perforce left open, and there was danger of +being outflanked. To prevent this, Brigadier Townshend was stationed +here with two battalions, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290-V2" id="Page_290-V2">290<br />V2</a></span> +drawn up at right angles with the rest, and fronting the St. Charles. The +battalion of Webb's regiment, under Colonel Burton, formed the reserve; +the third battalion of Royal Americans was left to guard the landing; +and Howe's light infantry occupied a wood far in the rear. Wolfe, with +Monckton and Murray, commanded the front line, on which the heavy fighting +was to fall, and which, when all the troops had arrived, numbered less +than thirty-five hundred men. <span class="superscript">[778]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_778" name="footer_778"></a> + <span class="superscript">[778]</span> +See <a href="#footer_27Note">Note</a>, end of chapter.</p> +</div> + +<p>Quebec was not a mile distant, but they could not see it; for a ridge of +broken ground intervened, called Buttes-à-Neveu, about six hundred paces +off. The first division of troops had scarcely come up when, about six +o'clock, this ridge was suddenly thronged with white uniforms. It was +the battalion of Guienne, arrived at the eleventh hour from its camp by +the St. Charles. Some time after there was hot firing in the rear. It +came from a detachment of Bougainville's command attacking a house where +some of the light infantry were posted. The assailants were repulsed, +and the firing ceased. Light showers fell at intervals, besprinkling the +troops as they stood patiently waiting the event.</p> + +<p>Montcalm had passed a troubled night. Through all the evening the cannon +bellowed from the ships of Saunders, and the boats of the fleet hovered +in the dusk off the Beauport shore, threatening every moment to land. +Troops lined the intrenchments till day, while the General walked the field that +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291-V2" id="Page_291-V2">291<br />V2</a></span> +adjoined his headquarters till one in the morning, accompanied by +the Chevalier Johnstone and Colonel Poulariez. Johnstone says that he +was in great agitation, and took no rest all night. At daybreak he heard +the sound of cannon above the town. It was the battery at Samos firing +on the English ships. He had sent an officer to the quarters of +Vaudreuil, which were much nearer Quebec, with orders to bring him word +at once should anything unusual happen. But no word came, and about six +o'clock he mounted and rode thither with Johnstone. As they advanced, +the country behind the town opened more and more upon their sight; till +at length, when opposite Vaudreuil's house, they saw across the St. +Charles, some two miles away, the red ranks of British soldiers on the +heights beyond.</p> + +<p>"This is a serious business," Montcalm said; and sent off Johnstone at +full gallop to bring up the troops from the centre and left of the camp. +Those of the right were in motion already, doubtless by the Governor's +order. Vaudreuil came out of the house. Montcalm stopped for a few words +with him; then set spurs to his horse, and rode over the bridge of the +St. Charles to the scene of danger. <span class="superscript">[779]</span> +He rode with a fixed look, uttering not a word. +<span class="superscript">[780]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_779" name="footer_779"></a> + <span class="superscript">[779]</span> +Johnstone, <i>Dialogue</i>.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_780" name="footer_780"></a> + <span class="superscript">[780]</span> +<i>Malartic à Bourlamaque,—Sept</i>. 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>The army followed in such order as it might, crossed the bridge in hot +haste, passed under the northern rampart of Quebec, entered at the Palace +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292-V2" id="Page_292-V2">292<br />V2</a></span> +Gate, and pressed on in headlong march along the quaint narrow streets of the +warlike town: troops of Indians in scalplocks and war-paint, a savage glitter +in their deep-set eyes; bands of Canadians whose all was at stake,—faith, +country, and home; the colony regulars; the battalions of Old France, a torrent +of white uniforms and gleaming bayonets, La Sarre, Languedoc, Roussillon, +Béarn,—victors of Oswego, William Henry, and Ticonderoga. So they +swept on, poured out upon the plain, some by the gate of St. Louis, and some +by that of St. John, and hurried, breathless, to where the banners of Guienne +still fluttered on the ridge.</p> + +<p>Montcalm was amazed at what he saw. He had expected a detachment, and he +found an army. Full in sight before him stretched the lines of Wolfe: +the close ranks of the English infantry, a silent wall of red, and the +wild array of the Highlanders, with their waving tartans, and bagpipes +screaming defiance. Vaudreuil had not come; but not the less was felt +the evil of a divided authority and the jealousy of the rival chiefs. +Montcalm waited long for the forces he had ordered to join him from the +left wing of the army. He waited in vain. It is said that the Governor +had detained them, lest the English should attack the Beauport shore. +Even if they did so, and succeeded, the French might defy them, could +they but put Wolfe to rout on the Plains of Abraham. Neither did the +garrison of Quebec come to the aid of Montcalm. He sent +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293-V2" id="Page_293-V2">293<br />V2</a></span> +to Ramesay, its commander, for twenty-five field-pieces which were on the +Palace battery. Ramesay would give him only three, saying that he wanted +them for his own defence. There were orders and counter-orders; +misunderstanding, haste, delay, perplexity.</p> + +<p>Montcalm and his chief officers held a council of war. It is said that +he and they alike were for immediate attack. His enemies declare that he +was afraid lest Vaudreuil should arrive and take command; but the +Governor was not a man to assume responsibility at such a crisis. Others +say that his impetuosity overcame his better judgment; and of this +charge it is hard to acquit him. Bougainville was but a few miles +distant, and some of his troops were much nearer; a messenger sent by +way of Old Lorette could have reached him in an hour and a half at most, +and a combined attack in front and rear might have been concerted with +him. If, moreover, Montcalm could have come to an understanding with +Vaudreuil, his own force might have been strengthened by two or three +thousand additional men from the town and the camp of Beauport; but he +felt that there was no time to lose, for he imagined that Wolfe would +soon be reinforced, which was impossible, and he believed that the +English were fortifying themselves, which was no less an error. He has +been blamed not only for fighting too soon, but for fighting at all. In +this he could not choose. Fight he must, for Wolfe was now in a position +to cut off all his supplies. His men were full of ardor, and he resolved +to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294-V2" id="Page_294-V2">294<br />V2</a></span> +attack before their ardor cooled. He spoke a few words to them in his +keen, vehement way. "I remember very well how he looked," one of the +Canadians, then a boy of eighteen, used to say in his old age; "he rode +a black or dark bay horse along the front of our lines, brandishing his +sword, as if to excite us to do our duty. He wore a coat with wide +sleeves, which fell back as he raised his arm, and showed the white +linen of the wristband." <span class="superscript">[781]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_781" name="footer_781"></a> + <span class="superscript">[781]</span> +<i>Recollections of Joseph Trahan</i>, in <i>Revue Canadienne</i>, IV. 856.</p> +</div> + +<p>The English waited the result with a composure which, if not quite real, +was at least well feigned. The three field-pieces sent by Ramesay plied +them with canister-shot, and fifteen hundred Canadians and Indians +fusilladed them in front and flank. Over all the plain, from behind +bushes and knolls and the edge of cornfields, puffs of smoke sprang +incessantly from the guns of these hidden marksmen. Skirmishers were +thrown out before the lines to hold them in check, and the soldiers were +ordered to lie on the grass to avoid the shot. The firing was liveliest +on the English left, where bands of sharpshooters got under the edge of +the declivity, among thickets, and behind scattered houses, whence they +killed and wounded a considerable number of Townshend's men. The light +infantry were called up from the rear. The houses were taken and +retaken, and one or more of them was burned.</p> + +<p>Wolfe was everywhere. How cool he was, and why his followers loved him, +is shown by an incident that happened in the course of the morning. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295-V2" id="Page_295-V2">295<br />V2</a></span> +One of his captains was shot through the lungs; and on recovering +consciousness he saw the General standing at his side. Wolfe pressed his +hand, told him not to despair, praised his services, promised him early +promotion, and sent an aide-de-camp to Monckton to beg that officer to +keep the promise if he himself should fall. +<span class="superscript">[782]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_782" name="footer_782"></a> + <span class="superscript">[782]</span> +Sir Denis Le Marchant, cited by Wright, 579. Le Marchant +knew the captain in his old age. Monckton kept Wolfe's promise.</p> +</div> + +<p>It was towards ten o'clock when, from the high ground on the right of +the line, Wolfe saw that the crisis was near. The French on the ridge +had formed themselves into three bodies, regulars in the centre, +regulars and Canadians on right and left. Two field-pieces, which had +been dragged up the heights at Anse du Foulon, fired on them with +grape-shot, and the troops, rising from the ground, prepared to receive +them. In a few moments more they were in motion. They came on rapidly, +uttering loud shouts, and firing as soon as they were within range. +Their ranks, ill ordered at the best, were further confused by a number +of Canadians who had been mixed among the regulars, and who, after +hastily firing, threw themselves on the ground to reload. +<span class="superscript">[783]</span> The +British advanced a few rods; then halted and stood still. When the +French were within forty paces the word of command rang out, and a crash +of musketry answered all along the line. The volley was delivered with +remarkable precision. In the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296-V2" id="Page_296-V2">296<br />V2</a></span> +battalions of the centre, which had +suffered least from the enemy's bullets, the simultaneous explosion was +afterwards said by French officers to have sounded like a cannon-shot. +Another volley followed, and then a furious clattering fire that lasted +but a minute or two. When the smoke rose, a miserable sight was +revealed: the ground cumbered with dead and wounded, the advancing +masses stopped short and turned into a frantic mob, shouting, cursing, +gesticulating. The order was given to charge. Then over the field rose +the British cheer, mixed with the fierce yell of the Highland slogan. +Some of the corps pushed forward with the bayonet; some advanced +firing. The clansmen drew their broadswords and dashed on, keen and +swift as bloodhounds. At the English right, though the attacking column +was broken to pieces, a fire was still kept up, chiefly, it seems, by +sharpshooters from the bushes and cornfields, where they had lain for an +hour or more. Here Wolfe himself led the charge, at the head of the +Louisbourg grenadiers. A shot shattered his wrist. He wrapped his +handkerchief about it and kept on. Another shot struck him, and he still +advanced, when a third lodged in his breast. He staggered, and sat on +the ground. Lieutenant Brown, of the grenadiers, one Henderson, a +volunteer in the same company, and a private soldier, aided by an +officer of artillery who ran to join them, carried him in their arms to +the rear. He begged them to lay him down. They did so, and asked if he +would have a surgeon. "There's no need," he +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297-V2" id="Page_297-V2">297<br />V2</a></span> +answered; "it's all over with me." A moment after, one of them cried out: +"They run; see how they run!" "Who run?" Wolfe demanded, like a man roused +from sleep. "The enemy, sir. Egad, they give way everywhere!" "Go, one of +you, to Colonel Burton," returned the dying man; "tell him to march Webb's +regiment down to Charles River, to cut off their retreat from the bridge." +Then, turning on his side, he murmured, "Now, God be praised, I will die +in peace!" and in a few moments his gallant soul had fled.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_783" name="footer_783"></a> + <span class="superscript">[783]</span> +"Les Canadiens, qui étaient mêlés dans les bataillons, se +pressèrent de tirer et, dès qu'ils l'eussent fait, de mettre +ventre à terre pour charger, ce qui rompit tout l'ordre." <i>Malartic +à Bourlamaque</i>, 25 <i>Sept.</i> 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>Montcalm, still on horseback, was borne with the tide of fugitives +towards the town. As he approached the walls a shot passed through his +body. He kept his seat; two soldiers supported him, one on each side, +and led his horse through the St. Louis Gate. On the open space within, +among the excited crowd, were several women, drawn, no doubt, by +eagerness to know the result of the fight. One of them recognized him, +saw the streaming blood, and shrieked, "<i>O mon Dieu! mon Dieu! le +Marquis est tué!</i>" "It's nothing, it's nothing," replied the +death-stricken man; "don't be troubled for me, my good friends." <i>("Ce +n'est rien, ce n'est rien; ne vous affligez pas pour moi, mes bonnes +amies.")</i></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="double-space-top"> + <a id="footer_27Note" name="footer_27Note"></a> + <span class="smcap">Note</span>.—There are several +contemporary versions of the dying words of Wolfe. The report of +Knox, given above, is by far the best attested. Knox says that he +took particular pains at the time to learn them accurately from +those who were with Wolfe when they were uttered.<br/> +</p> + +<p>The anecdote of Montcalm is due to the late Hon. Malcolm Fraser, of +Quebec. He often heard it in his youth from an old woman, who, when a +girl, was one of the group who saw the wounded general led by, and to +whom the words were addressed.</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298-V2" id="Page_298-V2">298</a></span> +<i>Force of the English and French at the Battle of Quebec.</i>—The tabular +return given by Knox shows the number of officers and men in each corps +engaged. According to this, the battalions as they stood on the Plains +of Abraham before the battle varied in strength from 322 (Monckton's) to +683 (Webb's), making a total of 4,828, including officers. But another +return, less specific, signed <i>George Townshend, Brigadier</i>, makes the +entire number only 4,441. Townshend succeeded Wolfe in the command; and +this return, which is preserved in the Public Record Office, was sent to +London a few days after the battle. Some French writers present put the +number lower, perhaps for the reason that Webb's regiment and the third +battalion of Royal Americans took no part in the fight, the one being in +the rear as a reserve, and the other also invisible, guarding the landing +place. Wolfe's front line, which alone met and turned the French attack, +was made up as follows, the figures including officers and men:—</p> +</div> + +<table class="quebec" summary="Wolfe's front line at the Battle of Quebec"> +<thead> +<tr> +<th>Regiment</th> +<th>Size</th> +</tr> +</thead> +<tfoot> +<tr> +<td> Making a total of</td> +<td>3,265</td> +</tr> +</tfoot> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td>Thirty-fifth</td> +<td>519</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Fifty-eighth</td> +<td>335</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Seventy-eighth</td> +<td>662</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Louisbourg Grenadiers</td> +<td>241</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Twenty-eighth</td> +<td>421</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Forty-seventh</td> +<td>360</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Forty-third</td> +<td>327</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Light Infantry</td> +<td>400</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> + +<div class="footer"> +<p class="double-space-top"> +The French force engaged cannot be precisely given. Knox, on +information received from "an intelligent Frenchman," states the +number, corps by corps, the aggregate being 7,520. This, on examination, +plainly appears exaggerated. Fraser puts it at 5,000; Townshend +at 4,470, including militia. Bigot says, 3,500, which may +perhaps be as many as actually advanced to the attack, since +some of the militia held back. Including Bougainville's command, +the militia and the artillerymen left in the Beauport camp, the +sailors at the town batteries, and the garrison of Quebec, at least +as many of the French were out of the battle as were in it; and +the numbers engaged on each side seem to have been about equal.</p> + +<p>For authorities of the foregoing chapter, see +<a href="#appendixI">Appendix I</a>.</p> +</div> + +<hr /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Chapter_28" id="Chapter_28"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299-V2" id="Page_299-V2">299<br />V2</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents28">CHAPTER XXVIII.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1759.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader">FALL OF QUEBEC.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + After the Battle • Canadians resist the Pursuit • + Arrival of Vaudreuil • Scene in the Redoubt • Panic • + Movements of the Victors • Vaudreuil's Council of War • + Precipitate Retreat of the French Army • + Last Hours of Montcalm • His Death and Burial • + Quebec abandoned to its Fate • Despair of the Garrison • + Lévis joins the Army • Attempts to relieve the Town • + Surrender • The British occupy Quebec • + Slanders of Vaudreuil • + Reception in England of the News of Wolfe's Victory and Death • + Prediction of Jonathan Mayhew. + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> +</div> + + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">"Never</span> +was rout more complete than that of our army," +says a French official. <span class="superscript">[784]</span> +It was the more so because Montcalm +held no troops in reserve, but launched his whole force at +once against the English. Nevertheless there was some resistance +to the pursuit. It came chiefly from the Canadians, many of whom had +not advanced with the regulars to the attack. Those on the right wing, +instead of doing so, threw themselves into an extensive tract of +bushes that lay in front of the English left; and from this cover +they opened a fire, too distant for much effect, till the victors +advanced in their turn, when the shot of the hidden marksmen told +severely upon them. Two battalions, therefore, deployed before the +bushes, fired volleys into them, and drove their occupants out.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_784" name="footer_784"></a> + <span class="superscript">[784]</span> +<i>Daine au Ministre</i>, 9 <i>Oct</i>. 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300-V2" id="Page_300-V2">300<br />V2</a></span> +Again, those of the Canadians who, before the main battle began, attacked +the English left from the brink of the plateau towards the St. Charles, +withdrew when the rout took place, and ran along the edge of the declivity +till, at the part of it called Côte Ste.-Geneviève, they came +to a place where it was overgrown with thickets. Into these they threw +themselves; and were no sooner under cover than they faced about to fire +upon the Highlanders, who presently came up. As many of these mountaineers, +according to their old custom, threw down their muskets when they charged, +and had no weapons but their broadswords, they tried in vain to dislodge +the marksmen, and suffered greatly in the attempt. Other troops came to +their aid, cleared the thickets, after stout resistance, and drove their +occupants across the meadow to the bridge of boats. The conduct of the +Canadians at the Côte Ste.-Geneviève went far to atone for +the shortcomings of some of them on the battle-field.</p> + +<p>A part of the fugitives escaped into the town by the gates +of St. Louis and St. John, while the greater number fled along +the front of the ramparts, rushed down the declivity to the +suburb of St. Roch, and ran over the meadows to the bridge, +protected by the cannon of the town and the two armed hulks +in the river. The rout had but just begun when Vaudreuil +crossed the bridge from the camp of Beauport. It was four +hours since he first heard the alarm, and his quarters were +not much more than two miles from the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301-V2" id="Page_301-V2">301<br />V2</a></span> +battle-field. He does not explain why he did not come sooner; it is +certain that his coming was well timed to throw the blame on Montcalm +in case of defeat, or to claim some of the honor for himself in case +of victory. "Monsieur the Marquis of Montcalm," he says, +"unfortunately made his attack before I had joined him." +<span class="superscript">[785]</span> His joining him could have done +no good; for though he had at last brought with him the rest of the +militia from the Beauport camp, they had come no farther than the +bridge over the St. Charles, having, as he alleges, been kept there +by an unauthorized order from the chief of staff, Montreuil. +<span class="superscript">[786]</span> He declares that the regulars +were in such a fright that he could not stop them; but that the +Canadians listened to his voice, and that it was he who rallied them +at the Côte Ste.-Geneviève. Of this the evidence is his +own word. From other accounts it would appear that the Canadians +rallied themselves. Vaudreuil lost no time in recrossing the bridge +and joining the militia in the redoubt at the farther end, where a +crowd of fugitives soon poured in after him.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_785" name="footer_785"></a> + <span class="superscript">[785]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 21 <i>Sept</i>. 1759.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_786" name="footer_786"></a> + <span class="superscript">[786]</span> +<i>Ibid</i>., 5 <i>Oct</i>. 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>The aide-de-camp Johnstone, mounted on horseback, had +stopped for a moment in what is now the suburb of St. John +to encourage some soldiers who were trying to save a cannon +that had stuck fast in a marshy hollow; when, on spurring +his horse to the higher ground, he saw within musket-shot +a long line of British troops, who immediately +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302-V2" id="Page_302-V2">302<br />V2</a></span> +fired upon him. The bullets whistled about his ears, tore his clothes, and +wounded his horse; which, however, carried him along the edge of the +declivity to a windmill, near which was a roadway to a bakehouse on the +meadow below. He descended, crossed the meadow, reached the bridge, and +rode over it to the great redoubt or hornwork that guarded its head.</p> + +<p>The place was full of troops and Canadians in a wild panic. +"It is impossible," says Johnstone, "to imagine the disorder +and confusion I found in the hornwork. Consternation was +general. M. de Vaudreuil listened to everybody, and was always +of the opinion of him who spoke last. On the appearance +of the English troops on the plain by the bakehouse, +Montguet and La Motte, two old captains in the regiment of +Béarn, cried out with vehemence to M. de Vaudreuil 'that +the hornwork would be taken in an instant by assault, sword +in hand; that we all should be cut to pieces without quarter; +and that nothing would save us but an immediate and general +capitulation of Canada, giving it up to the English.'" +<span class="superscript">[787]</span> Yet +the river was wide and deep, and the hornwork was protected +on the water side by strong palisades, with cannon. Nevertheless +there rose a general cry to cut the bridge of boats. By +doing so more than half the army, who had not yet crossed, +would have been sacrificed. The +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303-V2" id="Page_303-V2">303<br />V2</a></span> +axemen were already at work, when they were stopped by some officers +who had not lost their wits.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_787" name="footer_787"></a> + <span class="superscript">[787]</span> +Confirmed by <i>Journal tenu à l'Armée,</i> etc. "Divers +officiers des troupes de terre n'hésitèrent point à +dire, tout haut en présence du soldat, qu'il ne nous restoit +d'autre ressource que celle de capituler promptement pour toute la +colonie," etc.</p> +</div> + +<p>"M. de Vaudreuil," pursues Johnstone, "was closeted in a +house in the inside of the hornwork with the Intendant and +some other persons. I suspected they were busy drafting the +articles for a general capitulation, and I entered the house, +where I had only time to see the Intendant, with a pen in his +hand, writing upon a sheet of paper, when M. de Vaudreuil +told me I had no business there. Having answered him that +what he had said was true, I retired immediately, in wrath +to see them intent on giving up so scandalously a dependency +for the preservation of which so much blood and treasure had +been expended." On going out he met Lieutenant-colonels +Dalquier and Poulariez, whom he begged to prevent the apprehended +disgrace; and, in fact, if Vaudreuil really meant to capitulate for +the colony, he was presently dissuaded by firmer spirits than his own.</p> + +<p>Johnstone, whose horse could carry him no farther, set out +on foot for Beauport, and, in his own words, "continued +sorrowfully jogging on, with a very heavy heart for the loss +of my dear friend M. de Montcalm, sinking with weariness, +and lost in reflection upon the changes which Providence had +brought about in the space of three or four hours."</p> + +<p>Great indeed were these changes. Montcalm was dying; +his second in command, the Brigadier Senezergues, was +mortally wounded; the army, routed and demoralized, was +virtually without a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304-V2" id="Page_304-V2">304<br />V2</a></span> +head; and the colony, yesterday cheered as on the eve of deliverance, +was plunged into sudden despair. "Ah, what a cruel day!" cries +Bougainville; "how fatal to all that was dearest to us! My heart is +torn in its most tender parts. We shall be fortunate if the approach +of winter saves the country from total ruin." +<span class="superscript">[788]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_788" name="footer_788"></a> + <span class="superscript">[788]</span> +<i>Bougainville à Bourlamaque</i>, 18 <i>Sept</i>. 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>The victors were fortifying themselves on the field of battle. +Like the French, they had lost two generals; for Monckton, +second in rank, was disabled by a musket-shot, and the command +had fallen upon Townshend at the moment when the enemy were in full +flight. He had recalled the pursuers, and formed them again in line +of battle, knowing that another foe was at hand. Bougainville, in +fact, appeared at noon from Cap-Rouge with about two thousand men; +but withdrew on seeing double that force prepared to receive him. +He had not heard till eight o'clock that the English were on the +Plains of Abraham; and the delay of his arrival was no doubt +due to his endeavors to collect as many as possible of his +detachments posted along the St. Lawrence for many miles +towards Jacques-Cartier.</p> + +<p>Before midnight the English had made good progress in their redoubts +and intrenchments, had brought cannon up the heights to defend them, +planted a battery on the Côte Ste.-Geneviève, descended +into the meadows of the St. Charles, and taken possession of the +General Hospital, with its crowds of sick and wounded. Their +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305-V2" id="Page_305-V2">305<br />V2</a></span> +victory had cost them six hundred and sixty-four of all ranks, killed, +wounded, and missing. The French loss is placed by Vaudreuil at about +six hundred and forty, and by the English official reports at about +fifteen hundred. Measured by the numbers engaged, the battle of Quebec +was but a heavy skirmish; measured by results, it was one of the great +battles of the world.</p> + +<p>Vaudreuil went from the hornwork to his quarters on the +Beauport road and called a council of war. It was a tumultuous +scene. A letter was despatched to Quebec to ask advice of Montcalm. +The dying General sent a brief message to the effect that there was a +threefold choice,—to fight again, retreat to Jacques-Cartier, or give +up the colony. There was much in favor of fighting. When Bougainville +had gathered all his force from the river above, he would have three +thousand men; and these, joined to the garrison of Quebec, the +sailors at the batteries, and the militia and artillerymen of the +Beauport camp, would form a body of fresh soldiers more +than equal to the English then on the Plains of Abraham. +Add to these the defeated troops, and the victors would be +greatly outnumbered. <span class="superscript">[789]</span> +Bigot gave his voice for +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306-V2" id="Page_306-V2">306<br />V2</a></span> +fighting. Vaudreuil expressed himself to the same effect; but he says +that all the officers were against him. "In vain I remarked to these +gentlemen that we were superior to the enemy, and should beat them if +we managed well. I could not at all change their opinion, and my love +for the service and for the colony made me subscribe to the views of +the council. In fact, if I had attacked the English against the advice +of all the principal officers, their ill-will would have exposed me to +the risk of losing the battle and the colony also." +<span class="superscript">[790]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_789" name="footer_789"></a> + <span class="superscript">[789]</span> +Bigot, as well as Vaudreuil, sets Bougainville's force at three thousand. +"En réunissant le corps M. de Bougainville, les bataillons de +Montréal <i>[laissés au camp de Beauport]</i> et la garnison +de la ville, il nous restoit encore près de 5,000 hommes de troupes +fraîches." <i>Journal tenu à l'Armée.</i> Vaudreuil +says that there were fifteen hundred men in garrison at Quebec who did not +take part in the battle. If this is correct, the number of fresh troops +after it was not five thousand, but more than six thousand; to whom the +defeated force is to be added, making, after deducting killed and wounded, +some ten thousand in all.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_790" name="footer_790"></a> + <span class="superscript">[790]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 5 <i>Oct.</i> 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>It was said at the time that the officers voted for retreat +because they thought Vaudreuil unfit to command an army, +and, still more, to fight a battle. <span class="superscript">[791]</span> +There was no need, however, to fight at once. The object of the English +was to take Quebec, and that of Vaudreuil should have been to keep it. +By a march of a few miles he could have joined Bougainville; and by +then intrenching himself at or near Ste.-Foy he would have placed a +greatly superior force in the English rear, where his position might +have been made impregnable. Here he might be easily furnished with +provisions, and from hence he could readily throw men and supplies into +Quebec, which the English were too few to invest. He could harass the +besiegers, or attack them, should opportunity offer, and either raise the +siege or so protract it that they would be forced by approaching winter +to sail homeward, robbed of the fruit of their victory.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_791" name="footer_791"></a> + <span class="superscript">[791]</span> +<i>Mémoires sur le Canada,</i> 1749-1760.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307-V2" id="Page_307-V2">307<br />V2</a></span> +At least he might have taken a night for reflection. He was safe behind the +St. Charles. The English, spent by fighting, toil, and want of sleep, were +in no condition to disturb him. A part of his own men were in deadly need +of rest; the night would have brought refreshment, and the morning might +have brought wise counsel. Vaudreuil would not wait, and orders were given at +once for retreat. <span class="superscript">[792]</span> It began at nine +o'clock that evening. Quebec was abandoned to its fate. The cannon were left +in the lines of Beauport, the tents in the encampments, and provisions enough +in the storehouses to supply the army for a week. "The loss of the Marquis +de Montcalm," says a French officer then on the spot, "robbed his successors +of their senses, and they thought of nothing but flight; such was their fear +that the enemy would attack the intrenchments the next day. The army abandoned +the camp in such disorder that the like was never known." +<span class="superscript">[793]</span> "It was not a retreat," says Johnstone, +who was himself a part of it, "but an abominable flight, with such disorder and +confusion that, had the English known it, three hundred men sent after us would +have been sufficient to cut all our army to pieces. The soldiers were all +mixed, scattered, dispersed, and running as hard as they could, as if the +English army were at their heels." They passed Charlesbourg, Lorette, and St. +Augustin, till, on the fifteenth, they found rest on the impregnable hill +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308-V2" id="Page_308-V2">308<br />V2</a></span> +of Jacques-Cartier, by the brink of the St. Lawrence, thirty miles from danger. +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_792" name="footer_792"></a> + <span class="superscript">[792]</span> +<i>Livre d'Ordres, Ordre du</i> 13 <i>Sept</i>. 1759.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_793" name="footer_793"></a> + <span class="superscript">[793]</span> +Foligny, <i>Journal mémoratif.</i></p> +</div> + +<p>In the night of humiliation when Vaudreuil abandoned +Quebec, Montcalm was breathing his last within its walls. +When he was brought wounded from the field, he was placed +in the house of the Surgeon Arnoux, who was then with Bourlamaque +at Isle-aux-Noix, but whose younger brother, also a surgeon, +examined the wound and pronounced it mortal. "I am glad of it," +Montcalm said quietly; and then asked how long he had to live. +"Twelve hours, more or less," was the reply. "So much the better," +he returned. "I am happy that I shall not live to see the surrender +of Quebec." He is reported to have said that since he had lost the battle +it consoled him to have been defeated by so brave an enemy; +and some of his last words were in praise of his successor, +Lévis, for whose talents and fitness for command he expressed +high esteem. When Vaudreuil sent to ask his opinion, he gave +it; but when Ramesay, commandant of the garrison, came to +receive his orders, he replied: "I will neither give orders nor +interfere any further. I have much business that must be +attended to, of greater moment than your ruined garrison +and this wretched country. My time is very short; therefore +pray leave me. I wish you all comfort, and to be happily extricated +from your present perplexities." Nevertheless he thought to the last +of those who had been under his command, and sent the following note +to Brigadier Townshend: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309-V2" id="Page_309-V2">309<br />V2</a></span> +"Monsieur, the humanity of the English sets my mind at peace concerning +the fate of the French prisoners and the Canadians. Feel towards them +as they have caused me to feel. Do not let them perceive that they have +changed masters. Be their protector as I have been their father." +<span class="superscript">[794]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_794" name="footer_794"></a> + <span class="superscript">[794]</span> +I am indebted to Abbé Bois for a copy of this note. The +last words of Montcalm, as above, are reported partly by Johnstone, +and partly by Knox.</p> +</div> + +<p>Bishop Pontbriand, himself fast sinking with mortal disease, +attended his death-bed and administered the last sacraments. +He died peacefully at four o'clock on the morning of the +fourteenth. He was in his forty-eighth year.</p> + +<p>In the confusion of the time no workman could be found +to make a coffin, and an old servant of the Ursulines, known +as Bonhomme Michel, gathered a few boards and nailed them together +so as to form a rough box. In it was laid the body of the dead +soldier; and late in the evening of the same day he was carried +to his rest. There was no tolling of bells or firing of cannon. +The officers of the garrison followed the bier, and some of the +populace, including women and children, joined the procession as +it moved in dreary silence along the dusky street, shattered with +cannon-ball and bomb, to the chapel of the Ursuline convent. Here +a shell, bursting under the floor, had made a cavity which had been +hollowed into a grave. Three priests of the Cathedral, several nuns, +Ramesay with his officers, and a throng of towns-people were +present at the rite. After the service +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310-V2" id="Page_310-V2">310<br />V2</a></span> +and the chant, the body was lowered into the grave by the light of torches; +and then, says the chronicle, "the tears and sobs burst forth. It seemed +as if the last hope of the colony were buried with the remains of the +General." <span class="superscript">[795]</span> In truth, the funeral of +Montcalm was the funeral of New France. <span class="superscript">[796]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_795" name="footer_795"></a> + <span class="superscript">[795]</span> +<i>Ursulines de Québec,</i> III. 10.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_796" name="footer_796"></a> + <span class="superscript">[796]</span> +See <a href="#appendixJ">Appendix J</a>.</p> +</div> + +<p>It was no time for grief. The demands of the hour were +too exigent and stern. When, on the morning after the battle, +the people of Quebec saw the tents standing in the camp of +Beauport, they thought the army still there to defend them. +<span class="superscript">[797]</span> +Ramesay knew that the hope was vain. On the evening before, +Vaudreuil had sent two hasty notes to tell him of his flight. +"The position of the enemy," wrote the Governor, "becomes stronger +every instant; and this, with other reasons, obliges me to retreat." +"I have received all your letters. As I set out this moment, I pray +you not to write again. You shall hear from me to-morrow. I wish +you good evening." With these notes came the following order: +"M. de Ramesay is not to wait till the enemy carries the town by +assault. As soon as provisions fail, he will raise the white flag." +This order was accompanied by a memorandum of terms which Ramesay +was to ask of the victors. <span class="superscript">[798]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_797" name="footer_797"></a> + <span class="superscript">[797]</span> +<i>Mémoire du Sieur de Ramesay.</i></p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_798" name="footer_798"></a> + <span class="superscript">[798]</span> +<i>Mémoire pour servir d'Instruction à M. de Ramesay</i>, +13 <i>Sept.</i> 1759. Appended, with the foregoing notes, to the +<i>Mémoire de Ramesay.</i></p> +</div> + +<p>"What a blow for me," says the unfortunate commandant, +"to find myself abandoned so soon +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311-V2" id="Page_311-V2">311<br />V2</a></span> +by the army, which alone could defend the town!" His garrison consisted of +between one and two hundred troops of the line, some four or five hundred +colony troops, a considerable number of sailors, and the local militia. +<span class="superscript">[799]</span> These last were in a state of +despair. The inhabitants who, during the siege, had sought refuge in the +suburb of St. Roch, had returned after the battle, and there +were now twenty-six hundred women and children, with about a +housand invalids and other non-combatants to be supported, though +the provisions in the town, even at half rations, would hardly last +a week. Ramesay had not been informed that a good supply was left in +the camps of Beauport; and when he heard at last that it was there, +and sent out parties to get it, they found that the Indians and the +famished country people had carried it off.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_799" name="footer_799"></a> + <span class="superscript">[799]</span> +The English returns give a total of 615 French regulars in +the place besides sailors and militia.</p> +</div> + +<p>"Despondency," he says again, "was complete; discouragement +extreme and universal. Murmurs and complaints against the army that +had abandoned us rose to a general outcry. I could not prevent the +merchants, all of whom were officers of the town militia, from meeting +at the house of M. Daine, the mayor. There they declared for capitulating, +and presented me a petition to that effect, signed by M. Daine and +all the principal citizens."</p> + +<p>Ramesay called a council of war. One officer alone, Fiedmont, +captain of artillery, was for +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312-V2" id="Page_312-V2">312<br />V2</a></span> +reducing the rations still more, and holding out to the last. All the others +gave their voices for capitulation. <span class="superscript">[800]</span> +Ramesay might have yielded without dishonor; but he still held out till an +event fraught with new hope took place at Jacques-Cartier.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_800" name="footer_800"></a> + <span class="superscript">[800]</span> +<i>Copie du Conseil de Guerre tenu par M. de Ramesay à Québec</i>, +15 <i>Sept</i>. 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>This event was the arrival of Lévis. On the afternoon of the battle +Vaudreuil took one rational step; he sent a courier to Montreal to summon that +able officer to his aid. <span class="superscript">[801]</span> Lévis +set out at once, reached Jacques-Cartier, and found his worst fears realized. +"The great number of fugitives that I began to meet at Three Rivers prepared +me for the disorder in which I found the army. I never in my life knew the +like of it. They left everything behind in the camp at Beauport; tents, +baggage, and kettles."</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_801" name="footer_801"></a> + <span class="superscript">[801]</span> +<i>Lévis à Bourlamaque</i>, 15 <i>Sept</i>. 1759. +Lévis, <i>Guerre du Canada.</i></p> +</div> + +<p>He spoke his mind freely; loudly blamed the retreat, and +urged Vaudreuil to march back with all speed to whence he +came. <span class="superscript">[802]</span> +The Governor, stiff at ordinary times, but pliant at +a crisis, welcomed the firmer mind that decided for him, consented +that the troops should return, and wrote afterwards in his despatch +to the Minister: "I was much charmed to find M. de Lévis disposed +to march with the army towards Quebec." <span class="superscript">[803]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_802" name="footer_802"></a> + <span class="superscript">[802]</span> +<i>Bigot au Ministre</i>, 15 <i>Oct</i>. 1759. +<i>Malartic à Bourlamaque</i>, 28 <i>Sept</i>. 1759.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_803" name="footer_803"></a> + <span class="superscript">[803]</span> +"Je fus bien charmé," etc. +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 5 <i>Oct.</i> 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>Lévis, on his part, wrote: "The condition in which I found +the army, bereft of everything, did +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313-V2" id="Page_313-V2">313<br />V2</a></span> +not discourage me, because M. de Vaudreuil told me that Quebec was not taken, +and that he had left there a sufficiently numerous garrison; I therefore +resolved, in order to repair the fault that had been committed, to engage +M. de Vaudreuil to march the army back to the relief of the place. +I represented to him that this was the only way to prevent the complete +defection of the Canadians and Indians; that our knowledge of the country +would enable us to approach very near the enemy, whom we +knew to be intrenching themselves on the heights of Quebec +and constructing batteries to breach the walls; that if we +found their army ill posted, we could attack them, or, at any +rate, could prolong the siege by throwing men and supplies +into the town; and that if we could not save it, we could +evacuate and burn it, so that the enemy could not possibly +winter there." <span class="superscript">[804]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_804" name="footer_804"></a> + <span class="superscript">[804]</span> +<i>Lévis au Ministre</i>, 10 <i>Nov</i>. 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>Lévis quickly made his presence felt in the military chaos +about him. Bigot bestirred himself with his usual vigor to collect +provisions; and before the next morning all was ready. +<span class="superscript">[805]</span> +Bougainville had taken no part in the retreat, but sturdily +held his ground at Cap-Rouge while the fugitive mob swept +by him. A hundred of the mounted Canadians who formed part of his +command were now sent to Quebec, each with a bag of biscuit across +his saddle. They were to circle round to the Beauport side, where +there was no enemy, and whence they could cross the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314-V2" id="Page_314-V2">314<br />V2</a></span> +St. Charles in canoes to the town. Bougainville followed close with a larger +supply. Vaudreuil sent Ramesay a message, revoking his order to surrender if +threatened with assault, telling him to hold out to the last, and assuring +him that the whole army was coming to his relief. Lévis hastened to +be gone; but first he found time to write a few lines to Bourlamaque. "We +have had a very great loss, for we have lost M. de Montcalm. I regret him as +my general and my friend. I found our army here. It is now on the march to +retrieve our fortunes. I can trust you to hold your position; as I have not +M. de Montcalm's talents, I look to you to second me and advise me. Put a +good face on it. Hide this business as long as you can. I am mounting my +horse this moment. Write me all the news." +<span class="superscript">[806]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_805" name="footer_805"></a> + <span class="superscript">[805]</span> +<i>Livre d'Ordres, Ordre du</i> 17-18 <i>Sept</i>. 1759.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_806" name="footer_806"></a> + <span class="superscript">[806]</span> +<i>Lévis a Bourlamaque</i>, 18 <i>Sept</i>. 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>The army marched that morning, the eighteenth. In the +evening it reached St. Augustin; and here it was stopped by +the chilling news that Quebec had surrendered. +</p> +<p> +Utter confusion had reigned in the disheartened garrison. Men deserted +hourly, some to the country, and some to the English camp; while Townshend +pushed his trenches nearer and nearer to the walls, in spite of the cannonade +with which Fiedmont and his artillerymen tried to check them. On the evening +of the seventeenth, the English ships of war moved towards the Lower Town, +and a column of troops was seen approaching over the meadows of the St. +Charles, as if to storm the Palace Gate. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315-V2" id="Page_315-V2">315<br />V2</a></span> +The drums beat the alarm; but the militia refused to fight. Their officers +came to Ramesay in a body; declared that they had no mind to sustain an +assault; that they knew he had orders against it; that they would carry +their guns back to the arsenal; that they were no longer soldiers, but +citizens; that if the army had not abandoned them they would fight with as +much spirit as ever; but that they would not get themselves killed to no +purpose. The town-major, Joannès, in a rage, beat two of them with +the flat of his sword.</p> + +<p>The white flag was raised; Joannès pulled it down, thinking, +or pretending to think, that it was raised without authority; +but Ramesay presently ordered him to go to the English camp and +get what terms he could. He went, through driving rain, to the +quarters of Townshend, and, in hope of the promised succor, spun +out the negotiation to the utmost, pretended that he had no power +to yield certain points demanded, and was at last sent back to confer +with Ramesay, under a promise from the English commander that, if Quebec +were not given up before eleven o'clock, he would take it by +storm. On this Ramesay signed the articles, and Joannès +carried them back within the time prescribed. Scarcely had +he left the town, when the Canadian horsemen appeared with +their sacks of biscuit and a renewed assurance that help was +near; but it was too late. Ramesay had surrendered, and +would not break his word. He dreaded an assault, which he +knew he could not withstand, and he but half believed in the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316-V2" id="Page_316-V2">316<br />V2</a></span> +promised succor. "How could I trust it?" he asks. "The army +had not dared to face the enemy before he had fortified himself; +and could I hope that it would come to attack him in an intrenched +camp, defended by a formidable artillery?" Whatever may be thought +of his conduct, it was to Vaudreuil, and not to him, that the loss +of Quebec was due.</p> + +<p>The conditions granted were favorable, for Townshend +knew the danger of his position, and was glad to have Quebec +on any terms. The troops and sailors of the garrison were +to march out of the place with the honors of war, and to be +carried to France. The inhabitants were to have protection +in person and property, and free exercise of religion. +<span class="superscript">[807]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_807" name="footer_807"></a> + <span class="superscript">[807]</span> +<i>Articles de Capitulation</i>, 18 <i>Sept</i>. 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>In the afternoon a company of artillerymen with a field-piece +entered the town, and marched to the place of arms, followed by a +body of infantry. Detachments took post at all the gates. The +British flag was raised on the heights near the top of Mountain +Street, and the capital of New France passed into the hands of its +hereditary foes. The question remained, should they keep, or destroy +it? It was resolved to keep it at every risk. The marines, the +grenadiers from Louisbourg, and some of the rangers were to reimbark +in the fleet; while the ten battalions, with the artillery and one company +of rangers, were to remain behind, bide the Canadian winter, +and defend the ruins of Quebec against the efforts of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317-V2" id="Page_317-V2">317<br />V2</a></span> +Lévis. Monckton, the oldest brigadier, was disabled by his wound, +and could not stay; while Townshend returned home, to parade his laurels +and claim more than his share of the honors of victory. +<span class="superscript">[808]</span> The command, therefore, rested +with Murray.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_808" name="footer_808"></a> + <span class="superscript">[808]</span> +<i>Letter to an Honourable Brigadier-General</i> [Townshend], +printed in 1760. A <i>Refutation</i> soon after appeared, angry, but +not conclusive. Other replies will be found in the +<i>Imperial Magazine</i> for 1760.</p> +</div> + +<p>The troops were not idle. Levelling their own field-works, +repairing the defences of the town, storing provisions sent +ashore from the fleet, making fascines, and cutting firewood, +busied them through the autumn days bright with sunshine, +or dark and chill with premonition of the bitter months to +come. Admiral Saunders put off his departure longer than he +had once thought possible; and it was past the middle of +October when he fired a parting salute, and sailed down the +river with his fleet. In it was the ship "Royal William," carrying +the embalmed remains of Wolfe.</p> + +<p>Montcalm lay in his soldier's grave before the humble +altar of the Ursulines, never more to see the home for which +he yearned, the wife, mother, and children whom he loved, +the olive-trees and chestnut-groves of his beloved Candiac. +He slept in peace among triumphant enemies, who respected +his memory, though they hardly knew his resting-place. It +was left for a fellow-countryman—a colleague and a brother-in-arms—to +belittle his achievements and blacken his name. The jealous +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318-V2" id="Page_318-V2">318<br />V2</a></span> +spite +of Vaudreuil pursued him even in death. Leaving Lévis to command +at Jacques-Cartier, whither the army had again withdrawn, the +Governor retired to Montreal, whence he wrote a series of despatches +to justify himself at the expense of others, and above all of the +slain general, against whom his accusations were never so bitter as now, +when the lips were cold that could have answered them. First, +he threw on Ramesay all the blame of the surrender of Quebec. Then +he addressed himself to his chief task, the defamation of his unconscious +rival. "The letter that you wrote in cipher, on the tenth of February, +to Monsieur the Marquis of Montcalm and me, in common, +<span class="superscript">[809]</span> flattered his +self-love to such a degree that, far from seeking conciliation, +he did nothing but try to persuade the public that his authority +surpassed mine. From the moment of Monsieur de Montcalm's arrival in this +colony, down to that of his death, he did not cease to sacrifice everything +to his boundless ambition. He sowed dissension among the troops, tolerated +the most indecent talk against the government, attached to himself +the most disreputable persons, used means to corrupt the +most virtuous, and, when he could not succeed, became their +cruel enemy. He wanted to be Governor-General. He privately +flattered with favors and promises of patronage every officer of the +colony troops who adopted his ideas. He spared no pains to gain over +the people of whatever calling, and persuade +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319-V2" id="Page_319-V2">319<br />V2</a></span> +them of his attachment; +while, either by himself or by means of the troops of the line, he +made them bear the most frightful yoke <i>(le joug le plus affreux).</i> +He defamed honest people, encouraged insubordination, and closed his +eyes to the rapine of his soldiers."</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_809" name="footer_809"></a> + <span class="superscript">[809]</span> +See <i>ante</i>, <a href="#Page_319-V2">p. 167</a>.</p> +</div> + +<p>This letter was written to Vaudreuil's official superior and +confidant, the Minister of the Marine and Colonies. In another +letter, written about the same time to the Minister of War, who held +similar relations to his rival, he declares that he "greatly regretted +Monsieur de Montcalm." <span class="superscript">[810]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_810" name="footer_810"></a> + <span class="superscript">[810]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre de la Guerre</i>, 1 <i>Nov</i>. 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>His charges are strange ones from a man who was by turns +the patron, advocate, and tool of the official villains who +cheated the King and plundered the people. Bigot, Cadet, and +the rest of the harpies that preyed on Canada looked to Vaudreuil +for support, and found it. It was but three or four weeks since he +had written to the Court in high eulogy of Bigot and effusive praise +of Cadet, coupled with the request that a patent of nobility should +be given to that notorious public thief. +<span class="superscript">[811]</span> The corruptions which +disgraced his government were rife, not only in the civil +administration, but also among the officers of the colony troops, +over whom he had complete control. They did not, as has been seen +already, extend to the officers of the line, who were outside the circle +of peculation. It was these who were the habitual associates +of Montcalm; and when Vaudreuil +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320-V2" id="Page_320-V2">320<br />V2</a></span> +charges him with "attaching +to himself the most disreputable persons, and using means +to corrupt the most virtuous," the true interpretation of his +words is that the former were disreputable because they disliked +him (the Governor), and the latter virtuous because they were his +partisans.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_811" name="footer_811"></a> + <span class="superscript">[811]</span> +See <i>ante</i>, <a href="#Page_031-V2">p. 31</a>.</p> +</div> + +<p>Vaudreuil continues thus: "I am in despair, Monseigneur, +to be under the necessity of painting you such a portrait after +death of Monsieur the Marquis of Montcalm. Though it contains +the exact truth, I would have deferred it if his personal +hatred to me were alone to be considered; but I feel too +deeply the loss of the colony to hide from you the cause of +it. I can assure you that if I had been the sole master, Quebec +would still belong to the King, and that nothing is so disadvantageous +in a colony as a division of authority and the mingling of troops +of the line with marine <i>[colony]</i> troops. Thoroughly knowing +Monsieur de Montcalm, I did not doubt in the least that unless I +condescended to all his wishes, he would succeed in ruining Canada +and wrecking all my plans."</p> + +<p>He then charges the dead man with losing the battle of +Quebec by attacking before he, the Governor, arrived to take +command; and this, he says, was due to Montcalm's absolute +determination to exercise independent authority, without +caring whether the colony was saved or lost. "I cannot hide +from you, Monseigneur, that if he had had his way in past +years Oswego and Fort George [<i>William Henry</i>] would never +have been attacked or +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321-V2" id="Page_321-V2">321<br />V2</a></span> +taken; and he owed the success at Ticonderoga to the orders I had given +him." <span class="superscript">[812]</span> Montcalm, on the other hand, +declared at the time that Vaudreuil had ordered him not to risk a +battle, and that it was only through his disobedience that +Ticonderoga was saved.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_812" name="footer_812"></a> + <span class="superscript">[812]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre de la Marine,</i> 30 <i>Oct</i>. 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>Ten days later Vaudreuil wrote again: "I have already had +the honor, by my letter written in cipher on the thirteenth of +last month, to give you a sketch of the character of Monsieur +the Marquis of Montcalm; but I have just been informed of +a stroke so black that I think, Monseigneur, that I should +fail in my duty to you if I did not tell you of it." He goes +on to say that, a little before his death, and "no doubt in +fear of the fate that befell him," Montcalm placed in the +hands of Father Roubaud, missionary at St. Francis, two +packets of papers containing remarks on the administration +of the colony, and especially on the manner in which the +military posts were furnished with supplies; that these observations +were accompanied by certificates; and that they involved +charges against him, the Governor, of complicity in peculation. +Roubaud, he continues, was to send these papers to France; "but now, +Monseigneur, that you are informed about them, I feel no anxiety, +and I am sure that the King will receive no impression from them +without acquainting himself with their truth or falsity."</p> + +<p>Vaudreuil's anxiety was natural; and so was the action of +Montcalm in making known to the Court +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322-V2" id="Page_322-V2">322<br />V2</a></span> +the outrageous abuses that threatened the King's service with ruin. His +doing so was necessary, both for his own justification and for the public +good; and afterwards, when Vaudreuil and others were brought to trial at +Paris, and when one of the counsel for the defence charged the late general +with slanderously accusing his clients, the Court ordered the charge to +be struck from the record. <span class="superscript">[813]</span> +The papers the existence of which, if they did exist, so terrified Vaudreuil, +have thus far escaped research. But the correspondence of the two rivals +with the chiefs of the departments on which they severally depended is in +large measure preserved; and while that of the Governor is filled with +defamation of Montcalm and praise of himself, that of the General is neither +egotistic nor abusive. The faults of Montcalm have sufficiently appeared. +They were those of an impetuous, excitable, and impatient nature, by +no means free from either ambition or vanity; but they were +never inconsistent with the character of a man of honor. His +impulsive utterances, reported by retainers and sycophants, +kept Vaudreuil in a state of chronic rage; and, void as he +was of all magnanimity, gnawed with undying jealousy, and +mortally in dread of being compromised by the knaveries to +which he had lent his countenance, he could not contain +himself within the bounds of decency or sense. In another +letter he had the baseness to say that Montcalm met his death +in trying to escape from the English.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_813" name="footer_813"></a> + <span class="superscript">[813]</span> +<i>Procès de Bigot, Cadet, et autres.</i></p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323-V2" id="Page_323-V2">323<br />V2</a></span> +Among the Governor's charges are some which cannot be +flatly denied. When he accuses his rival of haste and precipitation +in attacking the English army, he touches a fair subject +of criticism; but, as a whole, he is as false in his detraction +of Montcalm as in his praises of Bigot and Cadet.</p> + +<p>The letter which Wolfe sent to Pitt a few days before his +death, written in what may be called a spirit of resolute +despair, and representing success as almost hopeless, filled +England with a dejection that found utterance in loud grumblings +against the Ministry. Horace Walpole wrote the bad news to his friend +Mann, ambassador at Florence: "Two days ago came letters from Wolfe, +despairing as much as heroes can despair. Quebec is well victualled, +Amherst is not arrived, and fifteen thousand men are encamped to defend +it. We have lost many men by the enemy, and some by our +friends; that is, we now call our nine thousand only seven +thousand. How this little army will get away from a much +larger, and in this season, in that country, I don't guess: yes, +I do."</p> + +<p>Hardly were these lines written when tidings came that +Montcalm was defeated, Quebec taken, and Wolfe killed. A +flood of mixed emotions swept over England. Even Walpole +grew half serious as he sent a packet of newspapers to his +friend the ambassador. "You may now give yourself what airs you please. +An ambassador is the only man in the world whom bullying becomes. +All precedents are on your side: Persians, Greeks, Romans, always +insulted their neighbors when they took +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324-V2" id="Page_324-V2">324<br />V2</a></span> +Quebec. Think how pert the +French would have been on such an occasion! What a scene! An army in +the night dragging itself up a precipice by stumps of trees +to assault a town and attack an enemy strongly intrenched +and double in numbers! The King is overwhelmed with addresses +on our victories; he will have enough to paper his palace." +<span class="superscript">[814]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_814" name="footer_814"></a> + <span class="superscript">[814]</span> +<i>Letters of Horace Walpole</i>, III. 254, 257 +(ed. Cunningham, 1857).</p> +</div> + + +<p>When, in soberer mood, he wrote the annals of his time, +and turned, not for the better, from the epistolary style to +the historical, he thus described the impression made on the +English public by the touching and inspiring story of Wolfe's +heroism and death: "The incidents of dramatic fiction could +not be conducted with more address to lead an audience from +despondency to sudden exaltation than accident prepared to +excite the passions of a whole people. They despaired, they +triumphed, and they wept; for Wolfe had fallen in the hour +of victory. Joy, curiosity, astonishment, was painted on every +countenance. The more they inquired, the more their admiration +rose. Not an incident but was heroic and affecting." +<span class="superscript">[815]</span> +England blazed with bonfires. In one spot alone all was dark and +silent; for here a widowed mother mourned for a loving and devoted +son, and the people forbore to profane her grief with the clamor +of their rejoicings.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_815" name="footer_815"></a> + <span class="superscript">[815]</span> +Walpole, <i>Memoirs of George II.</i>, II. 384.</p> +</div> + +<p>New England had still more cause of joy than Old, and +she filled the land with jubilation. The +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325-V2" id="Page_325-V2">325<br />V2</a></span> +pulpits resounded with +sermons of thanksgiving, some of which were worthy of the +occasion that called them forth. Among the rest, Jonathan +Mayhew, a young but justly celebrated minister of Boston, +pictured with enthusiasm the future greatness of the British-American +colonies, with the continent thrown open before them, and foretold that, +"with the continued blessing of Heaven, they will become, in another +century or two, a mighty empire;" adding in cautious parenthesis, +"<i>I do not mean an independent one</i>." He read Wolfe's victory aright, +and divined its far-reaching consequence.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="double-space-top"> + <a id="footer_28Note" name="footer_28Note"></a> +<span class="smcap">Note</span>.—The authorities of this +chapter are, in the main, the same as those of the preceding, with some +additions, the principal of which is the <i>Mémoire du Sieur de +Ramezay, Chevalier de l'Ordre royal et militaire de St.-Louis, cy-devant +Lieutenant pour le Roy commandant à Québec, au sujet de la +Reddition de cette Ville, qui a été suivie de la Capitulation +du</i> 18 7<span class="superscript">bre</span>, 1759 (Archives de la Marine). +To this document are appended a number of important "pièces +justificatives." These, with the <i>Mémoire</i>, have been +printed by the Quebec Historical Society. The letters of Vaudreuil +cited in this chapter are chiefly from the Archives Nationales.</p> + +<p>If Montcalm, as Vaudreuil says, really intrusted papers to the +care of the Jesuit missionary Roubaud, he was not fortunate in +his choice of a depositary. After the war Roubaud renounced his +Order, adjured his faith, and went over to the English. He gave +various and contradictory accounts of the documents said to be +in his hands. On one occasion he declared that Montcalm's effects +left with him at his mission of St. Francis had been burned to +prevent their falling into the hands of the enemy (see Verreau, +<i>Report on Canadian Archives</i>, 1874, p. 183). Again, he says that +he had placed in the hands of the King of England certain letters +of Montcalm (see <i>Mr. Roubaud's Deplorable Case, humbly submitted +to Lord North's Consideration</i>, in <i>Historical Magazine</i>, +Second Series, VIII. 283). Yet again, he speaks of these same +letters as "pretended" (Verreau, <i>as above</i>). He complains that +some of them had been published, without his consent, "by a +Lord belonging to His Majesty's household" (<i>Mr. Roubaud's +Deplorable Case</i>).</p> + +<p>The allusion here is evidently to a pamphlet printed in London, +in 1777, in French and English, and entitled, <i>Lettres de Monsieur +le Marquis de Montcalm, Gouverneur-Général en Canada, à +Messieurs de Berryer et de +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326-V2" id="Page_326-V2">326<br />V2</a></span> +la Molé, écrites dans les Années</i> 1757, +1758, et 1759, <i>avec une Version Angloise</i>. They profess to be +observations by Montcalm on the English colonies, their political +character, their trade, and their tendency to independence. They +bear the strongest marks of being fabricated to suit the times, +the colonies being then in revolt. The principal letter is one +addressed to Molé, and bearing date Quebec, Aug. 24, 1759. It +foretells the loss of her colonies as a consequence to England +of her probable conquest of Canada. I laid before the Massachusetts +Historical Society my reasons for believing this letter, like +the rest, an imposture (see the <i>Proceedings</i> of that Society for +1869-1870, pp. 112-128). To these reasons it may be added that +at the date assigned to the letter all correspondence was stopped +between Canada and France. From the arrival of the English fleet, +at the end of spring, till its departure, late in autumn, communication +was completely cut off. It was not till towards the end of +November, when the river was clear of English ships, that the +naval commander Kanon ran by the batteries of Quebec and +carried to France the first news from Canada. Some of the letters +thus sent were dated a month before, and had waited in Canada +till Kanon's departure.</p> + +<p>Abbé Verreau—a high authority on questions of Canadian history—tells +me a comparison of the handwriting has convinced him that these pretended +letters of Montcalm are the work of Roubaud.</p> + +<p>On the burial of Montcalm, see <a href="#appendixJ">Appendix J</a>.</p> +</div> + +<hr /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Chapter_29" id="Chapter_29"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327-V2" id="Page_327-V2">327<br />V2</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents29">CHAPTER XXIX.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1759, 1760.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader">SAINTE-FOY.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + Quebec after the Siege • Captain Knox and the Nuns • + Escape of French Ships • Winter at Quebec • + Threats of Lévis • Attacks • Skirmishes • + Feat of the Rangers • State of the Garrison • + The French prepare to retake Quebec • Advance of Lévis • + The Alarm • Sortie of the English • + Rash Determination of Murray • Battle of Ste.-Foy • + Retreat of the English • Lévis besieges Quebec • + Spirit of the Garrison • Peril of their Situation • + Relief • Quebec saved • Retreat of Lévis • + The News in England. + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> +</div> + + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">The</span> +fleet was gone; the great river was left a solitude; and +the chill days of a fitful November passed over Quebec in +alternations of rain and frost, sunshine and snow. The troops, +driven by cold from their encampment on the Plains, were all +gathered within the walls. Their own artillery had so battered +the place that it was not easy to find shelter. The Lower Town +was a wilderness of scorched and crumbling walls. As you +ascend Mountain Street, the Bishop's Palace, on the right, was +a skeleton of tottering masonry, and the buildings on the left +were a mass of ruin, where ragged boys were playing at see-saw +among the fallen planks and timbers. +<span class="superscript">[816]</span> Even in the Upper +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328-V2" id="Page_328-V2">328<br />V2</a></span> +Town few of the churches and public buildings had escaped. +The Cathedral was burned to a shell. The solid front of the +College of the Jesuits was pockmarked by numberless cannon-balls, +and the adjacent church of the Order was wofully shattered. +The church of the Recollects suffered still more. The bombshells +that fell through the roof had broken into the pavement, and as +they burst had thrown up the bones and skulls of the dead from +the graves beneath. <span class="superscript">[817]</span> +Even the more distant Hôtel-Dieu was pierced by fifteen +projectiles, some of which had exploded in the halls and chambers. +<span class="superscript">[818]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_816" name="footer_816"></a> + <span class="superscript">[816]</span> +Drawings made on the spot by Richard Short. These drawings, +twelve in number, were engraved and published in 1761.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_817" name="footer_817"></a> + <span class="superscript">[817]</span> +Short's <i>Views in Quebec</i>, 1759. Compare Pontbriand, +in <i>N. Y. Col. Docs.</i>, X. 1,057.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_818" name="footer_818"></a> + <span class="superscript">[818]</span> +Casgrain, <i>Hôtel-Dieu de Québec</i>, 445.</p> +</div> + +<p>The Commissary-General, Berniers, thus describes to +Bourlamaque the state of the town: "Quebec is nothing but +a shapeless mass of ruins. Confusion, disorder, pillage reign +even among the inhabitants, for the English make examples of +severity every day. Everybody rushes hither and thither, without +knowing why. Each searches for his possessions, and, not +finding his own, seizes those of other people. English and +French, all is chaos alike. The inhabitants, famished and +destitute, escape to the country. Never was there seen such a +sight." <span class="superscript">[819]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_819" name="footer_819"></a> + <span class="superscript">[819]</span> +<i>Berniers à Bourlamaque</i>, 27 <i>Sept</i>. 1759.</p> +</div> + +<p>Quebec swarmed with troops. There were guard-houses at +twenty different points; sentinels paced the ramparts, squads +of men went the rounds, soldiers off duty strolled the streets, +some in mitre +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329-V2" id="Page_329-V2">329<br />V2</a></span> +caps and some black three-cornered hats; while +a ceaseless rolling of drums and a rigid observance of military +forms betrayed the sense of a still imminent danger. While +some of the inhabitants left town, others remained, having no +refuge elsewhere. They were civil to the victors, but severe +towards their late ruler. "The citizens," says Knox, "particularly +the females, reproach M. Vaudreuil upon every occasion, +and give full scope to bitter invectives." He praises the agreeable +manners and cheerful spirit of the Canadian ladies, concerning +whom another officer also writes: "It is very surprising +with what ease the gayety of their tempers enables them to +bear misfortunes which to us would be insupportable. Families +whom the calamities of war have reduced from the height of +luxury to the want of common necessaries laugh, dance, and +sing, comforting themselves with this reflection—<i>Fortune de +guerre</i>. Their young ladies take the utmost pains to teach our +officers French; with what view I know not, if it is not that +they may hear themselves praised, flattered, and courted without +loss of time." <span class="superscript">[820]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_820" name="footer_820"></a> + <span class="superscript">[820]</span> +<i>Alexander Campbell to John Floyd</i>, 22 <i>Oct</i>. 1759. +Campbell was a lieutenant of the Highlanders; Lloyd was a Connecticut +merchant.</p> +</div> + +<p>Knox was quartered in a small stable, with a hayloft above +and a rack and manger at one end: a lodging better than fell +to the lot of many of his brother officers; and, by means of a +stove and some help from a carpenter, he says that he made +himself tolerably comfortable. The change, however, was an +agreeable one when he was ordered +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330-V2" id="Page_330-V2">330<br />V2</a></span> +for a week to the General +Hospital, a mile out of the town, where he was to command +the guard stationed to protect the inmates and watch the +enemy. Here were gathered the sick and wounded of both armies, +nursed with equal care by the nuns, of whom Knox speaks with gratitude +and respect. "When our poor fellows were ill and ordered to be removed +from their odious regimental hospital to this general receptacle, they +were indeed rendered inexpressibly happy. Each patient has his bed, with +curtains, allotted to him, and a nurse to attend him. Every sick +or wounded officer has an apartment to himself, and is attended +by one of these religious sisters, who in general are young, +handsome, courteous, rigidly reserved, and very respectful. +Their office of nursing the sick furnishes them with opportunities +of taking great latitudes if they are so disposed; but I +never heard any of them charged with the least levity." The +nuns, on their part, were well pleased with the conduct of +their new masters, whom one of them describes as the "most +moderate of all conquerors."</p> + +<p>"I lived here," Knox continues, "at the French King's table, +with an agreeable, polite society of officers, directors, and commissaries. +Some of the gentlemen were married, and their ladies honored us with their +company. They were generally cheerful, except when we discoursed on +the late revolution and the affairs of the campaign; then they seemingly +gave way to grief, uttered by profound sighs, followed by an <i>O mon +Dieu!</i>" He walked in the garden with the French officers, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331-V2" id="Page_331-V2">331<br />V2</a></span> +played at cards with them, and passed the time so pleasantly +that his short stay at the hospital seemed an oasis in his hard +life of camp and garrison.</p> + +<p>Mère de Sainte-Claude, the Superior, a sister of Ramesay, +late commandant of Quebec, one morning sent him a note of +invitation to what she called an English breakfast; and though +the repast answered to nothing within his experience, he says +that he "fared exceedingly well, and passed near two hours +most agreeably in the society of this ancient lady and her +virgin sisters."</p> + +<p>The excellent nuns of the General Hospital are to-day what +their predecessors were, and the scene of their useful labors +still answers at many points to that described by the careful +pen of their military guest. Throughout the war they and the +nuns of the Hôtel-Dieu had been above praise in their assiduous +devotion to the sick and wounded.</p> + +<p>Brigadier Murray, now in command of Quebec, was a gallant +soldier, upright, humane, generous, eager for distinction, +and more daring than prudent. He befriended the Canadians, +issued strict orders against harming them in person or property, +hanged a soldier who had robbed a citizen of Quebec, and +severely punished others for slighter offences of the same sort. +In general the soldiers themselves showed kindness towards the +conquered people; during harvest they were seen helping them +to reap their fields, without compensation, and sharing with +them their tobacco and rations. The inhabitants were disarmed, +and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332-V2" id="Page_332-V2">332<br />V2</a></span> +required to take the oath of allegiance. Murray reported +in the spring that the whole country, from Cap-Rouge downward, +was in subjection to the British Crown. +<span class="superscript">[821]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_821" name="footer_821"></a> + <span class="superscript">[821]</span> +<i>Murray to Pitt</i>, 25 <i>May</i>, 1760. Murray, <i>Journal</i>, +1759, 1760.</p> +</div> + +<p>Late in October it was rumored that some of the French +ships in the river above Quebec were preparing to run by the +batteries. This was the squadron which had arrived in the +spring with supplies, and had lain all summer at Batiscan, in +the Richelieu, and at other points beyond reach of the English. +After nearly a month of expectancy, they at length appeared, +anchored off Sillery on the twenty-first of November, and tried +to pass the town on the dark night of the twenty-fourth. Seven +or eight of them succeeded; four others ran aground and were +set on fire by their crews, excepting one which was stranded +on the south shore and abandoned. Captain Miller, with a lieutenant +and above forty men, boarded her; when, apparently through their +own carelessness, she blew up. <span class="superscript">[822]</span> +Most of the party were killed +by the explosion, and the rest, including the two officers, were +left in a horrible condition between life and death. Thus they +remained till a Canadian, venturing on board in search of plunder, +found them, called his neighbors to his aid, carried them to his +own house, and after applying, with the utmost kindness, what simple +remedies he knew, went over to Quebec and told of the disaster. +Fortunately for themselves, the sufferers soon died.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_822" name="footer_822"></a> + <span class="superscript">[822]</span> +<i>Murray to Amherst</i>, 25 <i>Jan</i>. 1760. Not, as some believed, by +a train laid by the French.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333-V2" id="Page_333-V2">333<br />V2</a></span> +December came, and brought the Canadian winter, with its fierce light and +cold, glaring snowfields, and piercing blasts that scorch the cheek like a +firebrand. The men were frost-bitten as they dug away the dry, powdery +drifts that the wind had piled against the rampart. The sentries were +relieved every hour; yet feet and fingers were continually frozen. The +clothing of the troops was ill-suited to the climate, and, though stoves +had been placed in the guard and barrack rooms, the supply of fuel +constantly fell short. The cutting and dragging of wood was the chief task +of the garrison for many weeks. Parties of axemen, strongly guarded, were +always at work in the forest of Ste.-Foy, four or five miles from Quebec, +and the logs were brought to town on sledges dragged by the soldiers. +Eight of them were harnessed in pairs to each sledge; and as +there was always danger from Indians and bushrangers, every +man carried his musket slung at his back. The labor was prodigious; +for frequent snowstorms made it necessary again and again to beat a +fresh track through the drifts. The men bore their hardships with +admirable good humor; and once a party of them on their return, dragging +their load through the street, met a Canadian, also with a load of wood, +which was drawn by a team of dogs harnessed much like themselves. They +accosted them as yoke-fellows, comrades, and brothers; asked +them what allowance of pork and rum they got; and invited +them and their owner to mess at the regimental barracks.</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334-V2" id="Page_334-V2">334<br />V2</a></span> +The appearance of the troops on duty within the town, as +described by Knox, was scarcely less eccentric. "Our guards +on the grand parade make a most grotesque appearance in +their different dresses; and our inventions to guard us against +the extreme rigor of this climate are various beyond imagination. +The uniformity as well as nicety of the clean, methodical +soldier is buried in the rough, fur-wrought garb of the frozen +Laplander; and we rather resemble a masquerade than a body +of regular troops, insomuch that I have frequently been accosted +by my acquaintances, whom, though their voices were familiar to me, +I could not discover, or conceive who they were. Besides, every man +seems to be in a continual hurry; for instead of walking soberly +through the streets, we are obliged to observe a running or trotting pace."</p> + +<p>Early in January there was a storm of sleet, followed by +severe frost, which glazed the streets with ice. Knox, being +ordered to mount guard in the Lower Town, found the descent +of Mountain Street so slippery that it was impossible to walk +down with safety, especially as the muskets of the men were +loaded; and the whole party, seating themselves on the ground, +slid one after another to the foot of the hill. The Highlanders, +in spite of their natural hardihood, suffered more from the cold +than the other troops, as their national costume was but a +sorry defence against the Canadian winter. A detachment of +these breechless warriors being on guard at the General +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335-V2" id="Page_335-V2">335<br />V2</a></span> +Hospital, the nuns spent their scanty leisure in knitting for +them long woollen hose, which they gratefully accepted, though +at a loss to know whether modesty or charity inspired the gift.</p> + +<p>From the time when the English took possession of Quebec, +reports had come in through deserters that Lévis meant to attack +and recover it. Early in November there was a rumor that he was about +to march upon it with fifteen thousand men. In December word came +that he was on his way, resolved to storm it on or about the twenty-second, +and dine within the walls, under the French flag, on Christmas Day. +He failed to appear; but in January a deserter said that he had prepared +scaling-ladders, and was training his men to use them by assaults +on mock ramparts of snow. There was more tangible evidence +that the enemy was astir. Murray had established two fortified outposts, +one at Ste.-Foy, and the other farther on, at Old Lorette. War-parties +hovered round both, and kept the occupants in alarm. A large body of +French grenadiers appeared at the latter place in February, and drove +off a herd of cattle; when a detachment of rangers, much inferior in +number, set upon them, put them to flight, and recovered the plunder. +At the same time a party of regulars, Canadians, and Indians took up a +strong position near the church at Point Levi, and sent a message to the +English officers that a large company of expert hairdressers were ready +to wait upon them whenever they required their +<ins title="add period after services.">services.</ins> +The allusion was of course +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336-V2" id="Page_336-V2">336<br />V2</a></span> +to the scalp-lifting practices of the Indians and +bushrangers.</p> + +<p>The river being now hard frozen, Murray sent over a detachment +of light infantry under Major Dalling. A sharp fight ensued on the snow, +around the church, and in the neighboring forest, where the English +soldiers, taught to use snow-shoes by the rangers, routed the enemy, and +killed or captured a considerable number. A third post was then established +at the church and the priest's house adjacent. Some days after, the +French came back in large numbers, fortified themselves with +felled trees, and then attacked the English position. The firing +being heard at Quebec, the light infantry went over to the +scene of action, and Murray himself followed on the ice, with +the Highlanders and other troops. Before he came up, the +French drew off and retreated to their breastwork, where they +were attacked and put to flight, the nimble Highlanders capturing +a few, while the greater part made their escape.</p> + +<p>As it became known that the French held a strong post at +Le Calvaire, near St. Augustin, two days' march from Quebec, +Captain Donald MacDonald was sent with five hundred men +to attack it. He found the enemy behind a breastwork of logs +protected by an abattis. The light infantry advanced and +poured in a brisk fire; on which the French threw down their +arms and fled. About eighty of them were captured; but their +commander, Herbin, escaped, leaving to the victors his watch, +hat and feather, wine, liquor-case, and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337-V2" id="Page_337-V2">337<br />V2</a></span> +mistress. The English had six men wounded and nearly a hundred +frost-bitten. <span class="superscript">[823]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_823" name="footer_823"></a> + <span class="superscript">[823]</span> +Knox, II. 275. Murray, <i>Journal</i>. Fraser, <i>Journal</i>. +Vaudreuil, in his usual way, multiplies the English force by three.</p> +</div> + +<p>Captain Hazen and his rangers soon after had a notable +skirmish. They were posted in a house not far from the station +at Lorette. A scout came in with news that a large party of +the enemy was coming to attack them; on which Hazen left a +sergeant and fourteen men in the house, and set out for Lorette +with the rest to ask a reinforcement. On the way he met the +French, who tried to surround him; and he told his men to +fall back to the house. They remonstrated, saying that they +"felt spry," and wanted to show the regulars that provincials +could fight as well as red-coats. Thereupon they charged the +enemy, gave them a close volley of buckshot and bullets, and +put them to flight; but scarcely had they reloaded their guns +when they were fired upon from behind. Another body of assailants had +got into their rear, in order to cut them off. They faced about, +attacked them, and drove them back like the first. The two French +parties then joined forces, left Hazen to pursue his march, and +attacked the fourteen rangers in the house, who met them with a +brisk fire. Hazen and his men heard the noise; and, hastening back, +fell upon the rear of the French, while those in the house sallied +and attacked them in front. They were again routed; and the rangers +chased them two miles, killing six of them and capturing seven. Knox, +in whose eyes provincials usually +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338-V2" id="Page_338-V2">338<br />V2</a></span> +find no favor, launches this time into warm commendation of "our simply +honest New England men."</p> + +<p>Fresh reports came in from time to time that the French +were gathering all their strength to recover Quebec; and late +in February these stories took a definite shape. A deserter from +Montreal brought Murray a letter from an officer of rangers, +who was a prisoner at that place, warning him that eleven +thousand men were on the point of marching to attack him. +Three other deserters soon after confirmed the news, but +added that the scheme had met with a check; for as it was intended +to carry the town by storm, a grand rehearsal had taken +place, with the help of scaling-ladders planted against the wall +of a church; whereupon the Canadians rushed with such zeal +to the assault that numerous broken legs, arms, and heads +ensued, along with ruptures, sprains, bruises, and dislocations; +insomuch, said the story, that they became disgusted with the +attempt. All remained quiet till after the middle of April, when +the garrison was startled by repeated assurances that at the first +breaking-up of the ice all Canada would be upon them. Murray +accordingly ordered the French inhabitants to leave the town +within three days. <span class="superscript">[824]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_824" name="footer_824"></a> + <span class="superscript">[824]</span> +<i>Ordonnance faite à Québec le</i> 21 <i>Avril</i>, 1760, +<i>par son Excellence, Jacques Murray</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>In some respects the temper of the troops was excellent. In +the petty warfare of the past winter they had generally been +successful, proving themselves +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339-V2" id="Page_339-V2">339<br />V2</a></span> +a match for the bushrangers and Indians on their own ground; so that, +as Sergeant Johnson remarks, in his odd way, "Very often a small number +of our men would put to flight a considerable party of those Cannibals." +They began to think themselves invincible; yet they had the deepest +cause for anxiety. The effective strength of the garrison was reduced +to less than half, and of those that remained fit for duty, hardly a +man was entirely free from scurvy. The rank and file had no fresh +provisions; and, in spite of every precaution, this malignant disease, +aided by fever and dysentery, made no less havoc among them than among +the crews of Jacques Cartier at this same place two centuries before. +Of about seven thousand men left at Quebec in the autumn, scarcely more +than three thousand were fit for duty on the twenty-fourth of April. +<span class="superscript">[825]</span> About seven hundred +had found temporary burial in the snowdrifts, as the frozen ground was +impenetrable as a rock.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_825" name="footer_825"></a> + <span class="superscript">[825]</span> +<i>Return of the present State of His Majesty's Forces +in Garrison at Quebec</i>, 24 <i>April</i>, 1760 (Public Record Office).</p> +</div> + +<p>Meanwhile Vaudreuil was still at Montreal, where he says +that he "arrived just in time to take the most judicious measures +and prevent General Amherst from penetrating into the colony." +<span class="superscript">[826]</span> +During the winter some of the French regulars were kept in garrison +at the outposts, and the rest quartered on the inhabitants; while the +Canadians were dismissed to their homes, subject to be +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340-V2" id="Page_340-V2">340<br />V2</a></span> +mustered again at the call of the Governor. Both he and Lévis were +full of the hope of retaking Quebec. He had spies and agents among Murray's +soldiers; and though the citizens had sworn allegiance to King George, +some of them were exceedingly useful to his enemies. Vaudreuil had constant +information of the state of the garrison. He knew that the scurvy was his +active and powerful ally, and that the hospitals and houses of Quebec were +crowded with the sick. At the end of March he was informed that more than +half the British were on the sick-list; and it was presently rumored that +Murray had only two thousand men able to bear arms. +<span class="superscript">[827]</span> With every allowance for +exaggeration in these reports, it was plain that the French could attack +their invaders in overwhelming force.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_826" name="footer_826"></a> + <span class="superscript">[826]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 30 <i>Oct</i>. 1759.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_827" name="footer_827"></a> + <span class="superscript">[827]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 15 <i>Avril</i>, 1760.</p> +</div> + +<p>The difficulty was to find means of transportation. The depth +of the snow and the want of draught animals made it necessary +to wait till the river should become navigable; but preparation +was begun at once. Lévis was the soul of the enterprise. Provisions +were gathered from far and near; cannon, mortars, and munitions of +war were brought from the frontier posts, and butcher-knives were +fitted to the muzzles of guns to serve the Canadians in place of +bayonets. All the workmen about Montreal were busied in making tools +and gun-carriages. Stores were impressed from the merchants; and +certain articles, which could not otherwise be had, were smuggled, +with extraordinary +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341-V2" id="Page_341-V2">341<br />V2</a></span> +address, out of Quebec itself. +<span class="superscript">[828]</span> Early in +spring the militia received orders to muster for the march. There +were doubts and discontent; but, says a contemporary, "sensible +people dared not speak, for if they did they were set down as +English." Some there were who in secret called the scheme +"Lévis' folly;" yet it was perfectly rational, well conceived, +and conducted with vigor and skill. Two frigates, two sloops-of-war, +and a number of smaller craft still remained in the river, under +command of Vauquelin, the brave officer who had distinguished himself +at the siege of Louisbourg. The stores and cannon were placed on +board these vessels, the army embarked in a fleet of bateaux, and on +the twentieth of April the whole set out together for the scene of +action. They comprised eight battalions of troops of the line and +two of colony troops; with the colonial artillery, three thousand +Canadians, and four hundred Indians. When they left Montreal, their +effective strength, besides Indians, is said by Lévis to have been six +thousand nine hundred and ten, a number which was increased +as he advanced by the garrisons of Jacques-Cartier, Déschambault, +and Pointe-aux-Trembles, as well as by the Canadians on both side +of the St. Lawrence below Three Rivers; for Vaudreuil had ordered +the militia captains to join his standard, with all their followers, +armed and equipped, on pain of death. <span class="superscript">[829]</span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342-V2" id="Page_342-V2">342<br />V2</a></span> +These accessions appear +to have raised his force to between eight and nine thousand.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_828" name="footer_828"></a> + <span class="superscript">[828]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 23 <i>Avril</i>, 1760.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_829" name="footer_829"></a> + <span class="superscript">[829]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil aux Capitaines de Milice</i>, 16 <i>Avril</i>, 1760. +I am indebted to Abbé H. R. Casgrain for a copy of this letter. +</p> +</div> + +<p> +The ice still clung to the river banks, the weather was bad, and the +navigation difficult; but on the twenty-sixth the army landed at St. +Augustin, crossed the river of Cap-Rouge on bridges of their own making, +and moved upon the English outpost at Old Lorette. The English abandoned +it and fell back to Ste.-Foy. Lévis followed. Night came on, with +a gale from the southeast, a driving rain, and violent thunder, unusual +at that season. The road, a bad and broken one, led through the marsh +called La Suède. Causeways and bridges broke down under the weight +of the marching columns and plunged the men into water, mud, and +half-thawed ice. "It was a frightful night," says Lévis; "so dark +that but for the flashes of lightning we should have been forced to +stop." The break of day found the vanguard at the edge of the woods +bordering the farther side of the marsh. The storm had abated; and they +saw before them, a few hundred yards distant, through the misty air, a +ridge of rising ground on which stood the parish church of Ste.-Foy, +with a row of Canadian houses stretching far to right and left. This +ridge was the declivity of the plateau of Quebec; the same which as it +approaches the town, some five or six miles towards the left, takes the +names of Côte d'Abraham and Côte Ste.-Geneviève. The +church and the houses were occupied by British troops, who, as the +French debouched from the woods, opened on them with cannon, and compelled +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343-V2" id="Page_343-V2">343<br />V2</a></span> +them to fall back. Though the ridge at this point is not steep, the position +was a strong one; but had Lévis known how few were as yet there to +oppose him, he might have carried it by an assault in front. As it was, he +resolved to wait till night, and then flank the enemy by a march to the right +along the border of the wood.</p> + +<p>It was the morning of Sunday, the twenty-seventh. Till late +in the night before, Murray and the garrison of Quebec were +unaware of the immediate danger; and they learned it at last +through a singular stroke of fortune. Some time after midnight +the watch on board the frigate "Racehorse," which had wintered in +the dock at the Lower Town, heard a feeble cry of distress from the +midst of the darkness that covered the St. Lawrence. Captain Macartney +was at once informed of it; and, through an impulse of humanity, +he ordered a boat to put out amid the drifting ice that was sweeping +up the river with the tide. Guided by the faint cries, the sailors +found a man lying on a large cake of ice, drenched, and half dead +with cold; and, taking him with difficulty into their boat, they +carried him to the ship. It was long before he was able to speak +intelligibly; but at last, being revived by cordials and other remedies, +he found strength to tell his benefactors that he was a sergeant of +artillery in the army that had come to retake Quebec; that in +trying to land a little above Cap-Rouge, his boat had been +overset, his companions drowned, and he himself saved by +climbing upon the cake of ice where they had +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344-V2" id="Page_344-V2">344<br />V2</a></span> +discovered him; +that he had been borne by the ebb tide down to the Island of +Orleans, and then brought up to Quebec by the flow; and, +finally, that Lévis was marching on the town with twelve +thousand men at his back.</p> + +<p>He was placed in a hammock and carried up Mountain +Street to the quarters of the General, who was roused from +sleep at three o'clock in the morning to hear his story. The +troops were ordered under arms; and soon after daybreak +Murray marched out with ten pieces of cannon and more than +half the garrison. His principal object was to withdraw the +advanced posts at Ste.-Foy, Cap-Rouge, Sillery, and Anse du +Foulon. The storm had turned to a cold, drizzling rain, and the +men, as they dragged their cannon through snow and mud, +were soon drenched to the skin. On reaching Ste.-Foy, they +opened a brisk fire from the heights upon the woods which now +covered the whole army of Lévis; and being rejoined by the +various outposts, returned to Quebec in the afternoon, after +blowing up the church, which contained a store of munitions +that they had no means of bringing off. When they entered +Quebec a gill of rum was served out to each man; several +houses in the suburb of St. Roch were torn down to supply +them with firewood for drying their clothes; and they were left +to take what rest they could against the morrow. The French, +meanwhile, took possession of the abandoned heights; and +while some filled the houses, barns, and sheds of Ste.-Foy and +its neighborhood, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345-V2" id="Page_345-V2">345<br />V2</a></span> +others, chiefly Canadians, crossed the plateau to seek shelter in the +village of Sillery.</p> + +<p>Three courses were open to Murray. He could defend Quebec, +fortify himself outside the walls on the Buttes-à-Neveu, +or fight Lévis at all risks. The walls of Quebec could not +withstand a cannonade, and he had long intended to intrench his army +on the Buttes, as a better position of defence; but the ground, +frozen like a rock, had thus far made the plan impracticable. Even +now, though the surface was thawed, the soil beneath was still +frost-bound, making the task of fortification extremely difficult, +if indeed the French would give him time for it. Murray was young +in years, and younger still in impulse. He was ardent, fearless, +ambitious, and emulous of the fame of Wolfe. "The enemy," he soon +after wrote to Pitt, "was greatly superior in number, it is true; +but when I considered that our little army was in the habit of +beating the enemy, and had a very fine train of field artillery; +that shutting ourselves at once within the walls was putting all +upon the single chance of holding out for a considerable time a +wretched fortification, I resolved to give them battle; and, half +an hour after six in the morning, we marched with all the force I +could muster, namely, three thousand men." +<span class="superscript">[830]</span> Some of these had left the +hospitals of their own accord in their eagerness to take part in +the fray.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_830" name="footer_830"></a> + <span class="superscript">[830]</span> +<i>Murray to Pitt</i>, 25 <i>May</i>, 1760.</p> +</div> + +<p>The rain had ceased; but as the column emerged from St. +Louis Gate, the scene before them was a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346-V2" id="Page_346-V2">346<br />V2</a></span> +dismal one. As yet there was no sign of spring. Each leafless bush and +tree was dark with clammy moisture; patches of bare earth lay oozy and +black on the southern slopes: but elsewhere the ground was still covered +with snow, in some places piled in drifts, and everywhere sodden with +rain; while each hollow and depression was full of that half-liquid, +lead-colored mixture of snow and water which New England schoolboys call +"slush," for all drainage was stopped by the frozen subsoil. The troops had +with them two howitzers and twenty field-pieces, which had +been captured when Quebec surrendered, and had formed a +part of that very battery which Ramesay refused to Montcalm +at the battle of the autumn before. As there were no horses, the +cannon were dragged by some of the soldiers, while others +carried picks and spades; for as yet Murray seems not to have +made up his mind whether to fortify or fight. Thus they advanced +nearly half a mile; till reaching the Buttes-à-Neveu, they formed +in order of battle along their farther slopes, on the same ground +that Montcalm had occupied on the morning of his death.</p> + +<p>Murray went forward to reconnoitre. Immediately before +him was a rising ground, and, beyond it, a tract of forest called +Sillery Wood, a mile or more distant. Nearer, on the left, he +could see two blockhouses built by the English in the last +autumn, not far from the brink of the plateau above the Anse +du Foulon where Wolfe climbed the heights. On the right, at +the opposite brink of the plateau, was a house and a fortified +windmill +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347-V2" id="Page_347-V2">347<br />V2</a></span> +belonging to one Dumont. The blockhouses, the mill, +and the rising ground between them were occupied by the +vanguard of Lévis' army; while, behind, he could descry the +main body moving along the road from Ste.-Foy, then turning, +battalion after battalion, and rapidly marching across the +plateau along the edge of Sillery Wood. The two brigades of +the leading column had already reached the blockhouses by +the Anse du Foulon, and formed themselves as the right wing +of the French line of battle; but those behind were not yet in +position.</p> + +<p>Murray, kindling at the sight, thought that so favorable a +moment was not to be lost, and ordered an advance. His line +consisted of eight battalions, numbering a little above two +thousand. In the intervals between them the cannon were +dragged through slush and mud by five hundred men; and, at +a little distance behind, the remaining two battalions followed +as a reserve. The right flank was covered by Dalling's light +infantry; the left by Hazen's company of rangers and a hundred +volunteers under Major MacDonald. They all moved forward +till they were on nearly the same ground where Wolfe's army had +been drawn up. Then the cannon unlimbered, and opened on the French +with such effect that Lévis, who was on horseback in the middle +of the field, sent orders to the corps of his left to fall back +to the cover of the woods. The movement caused some disorder. +Murray mistook it for retreat, and commanded a farther advance. +The whole British line, extending itself +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348-V2" id="Page_348-V2">348<br />V2</a></span> +towards the right, pushed eagerly forward: in doing which it lost the +advantage of the favorable position it had occupied; and the battalions +of the right soon found themselves on low grounds, wading in half-melted +snow, which in some parts was knee deep. Here the cannon could no longer +be worked with effect. Just in front, a small brook ran along the hollow, +through soft mud and saturated snowdrifts, then gurgled down the slope on +the right, to lose itself in the meadows of the St. Charles. A few rods +before this brook stood the house and windmill of Dumont, occupied by five +companies of French grenadiers. The light infantry at once attacked them. +A furious struggle ensued, till at length the French gave way, and the +victors dashed forward to follow up their advantage. Their ardor cost them +dear. The corps on the French left, which had fallen back into the woods, +now advanced again as the cannon ceased to play, rushing on without +order but with the utmost impetuosity, led by a gallant old officer, +Colonel Dalquier, of the battalion of Béarn. A bullet in +the body could not stop him. The light infantry were overwhelmed; +and such of them as were left alive were driven back in confusion +upon the battalions behind them, along the front of which they +remained dispersed for some minutes, preventing the troops from +firing on the advancing French, who thus had time to reform their +ranks. At length the light infantry got themselves out of the way +and retired to the rear, where, having lost nearly all their officers, +they remained during the rest of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349-V2" id="Page_349-V2">349<br />V2</a></span> +fight. Another struggle followed for the house and mill of Dumont, of +which the French again got possession, to be again driven out; and it +remained, as if by mutual consent, unoccupied for some time by either +party. For above an hour more the fight was hot and fierce. "We drove +them back as long as we had ammunition for our cannon," says Sergeant +Johnson; but now it failed, and no more was to be had, because, in the +eccentric phrase of the sergeant, the tumbrils were "bogged in deep +pits of snow."</p> + +<p> +While this was passing on the English right, it fared still worse with +them on the left. The advance of the line was no less disastrous here +than there. It brought the troops close to the woods which circled round +to this point from the French rear, and from which the Canadians, +covered by the trees, now poured on them a deadly fire. Here, as on the +right, Lévis had ordered his troops to fall back for a time; but +when the fire of the English cannon ceased, they advanced again, and their +artillery, though consisting of only three pieces, played its part with +good effect. Hazen's rangers and MacDonald's volunteers attacked and took +the two adjacent blockhouses, but could not hold them. Hazen was wounded, +MacDonald killed, and their party overpowered. The British battalions +held their ground till the French, whose superior numbers enabled them to +extend themselves on both sides beyond the English line, made a furious +attack on the left wing, in front and flank. The reserves were +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350-V2" id="Page_350-V2">350<br />V2</a></span> +ordered up, and the troops stood for a time in sullen +desperation under the storm of bullets; but they were dropping +fast in the blood-stained snow, and the order came at length +to fall back. They obeyed with curses: "Damn it, what is falling +back but retreating?" <span class="superscript">[831]</span> +The right wing, also outflanked, +followed the example of the left. Some of the corps tried to +drag off their cannon; but being prevented by the deep mud +and snow they spiked the pieces and abandoned them. The +French followed close, hoping to cut off the fugitives from +the gates of Quebec; till Lévis, seeing that the retreat, though +precipitate, was not entirely without order, thought best to +stop the pursuit.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_831" name="footer_831"></a> + <span class="superscript">[831]</span> +Knox, II. 295.</p> +</div> + +<p>The fight lasted about two hours, and did credit to both +sides. The Canadians not only showed their usual address and +courage when under cover of woods, but they also fought well +in the open field; and the conduct of the whole French force +proved how completely they had recovered from the panic of +the last autumn. From the first they were greatly superior in +number, and at the middle and end of the affair, when they +had all reached the field, they were more than two against +one. <span class="superscript">[832]</span> +The English, on the other hand, besides the opportunity +of attacking before their enemies had completely formed, had +a vastly superior artillery and a favorable position, both which +advantages they lost after their second advance.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_832" name="footer_832"></a> + <span class="superscript">[832]</span> +See <a href="#appendixK">Appendix K</a>.</p> +</div> + +<p>Some curious anecdotes are told of the retreat. Colonel +Fraser, of the Highlanders, received a bullet +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351-V2" id="Page_351-V2">351<br />V2</a></span> +which was no doubt half spent, and which, with excellent precision, hit +the base of his queue, so deadening the shock that it gave him no +other inconvenience than a stiff neck. Captain Hazen, of the +rangers, badly wounded, was making his way towards the gate, +supported by his servant, when he saw at a great distance +a French officer leading a file of men across a rising ground; +whereupon he stopped and told the servant to give him his +gun. A volunteer named Thompson, who was near by and who +tells the story, thought that he was out of his senses; but Hazen +persisted, seated himself on the ground, took a long aim, fired, +and brought down his man. Thompson congratulated him. "A +chance shot may kill the devil," replied Hazen; and resigning +himself again to the arms of his attendant, he reached the +town, recovered from his wound, and lived to be a general of +the Revolution. <span class="superscript">[833]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_833" name="footer_833"></a> + <span class="superscript">[833]</span> +Thompson, deceived by Hazen's baptismal name, Moses, thought that he was a +Jew. (<i>Revue Canadienne</i>, IV. 865.) He was, however, of an old New +England Puritan family. See the Hazen genealogy in <i>Historic-Genealogical +Register</i>, XXXIII.</p> +</div> + +<p>The English lost above a thousand, or more than a third +of their whole number, killed, wounded, and missing. +<span class="superscript">[834]</span> They +carried off some of their wounded, but left others behind; +and the greater part of these were murdered, scalped, and +mangled by the Indians, all of whom were converts from the +mission villages. English writers put the French loss at two +thousand and upwards, which is no doubt a gross exaggeration. +Lévis declares +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352-V2" id="Page_352-V2">352<br />V2</a></span> +that the number did not exceed six or eight hundred; +but afterwards gives a list which makes it eight hundred and +thirty-three.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_834" name="footer_834"></a> + <span class="superscript">[834]</span> +<i>Return of Killed, Wounded, and Missing</i>, signed J. Murray.</p> +</div> + +<p>Murray had left three or four hundred men to guard Quebec +when the rest marched out; and adding them to those who had returned +scathless from the fight, he now had about twenty-four hundred rank +and file fit for duty. Yet even the troops that were rated as effective +were in so bad a condition that the hyperbolical Sergeant Johnson +calls them "half-starved, scorbutic skeletons." That worthy soldier, +commonly a model of dutiful respect to those above him, this time so +far forgets himself as to criticise his general for the "mad, +enthusiastic zeal" by which he nearly lost the fruits of Wolfe's +victory. In fact, the fate of Quebec trembled in the balance. +"We were too few and weak to stand an assault," continues +Johnson, "and we were almost in as deep a distress as we +could be." At first there was some drunkenness and some +plundering of private houses; but Murray stopped the one by +staving the rum-barrels of the sutlers, and the other by hanging +the chief offender. Within three days order, subordination, +hope, and almost confidence were completely restored. Not +a man was idle. The troops left their barracks and lay in tents +close to their respective alarm posts. On the open space by +St. Louis Gate a crowd of convalescents were busy in filling +sand-bags to strengthen the defences, while the sick and +wounded in the hospitals made wadding for the cannon. The +ramparts +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353-V2" id="Page_353-V2">353<br />V2</a></span> +were faced with fascines, of which a large stock +had been provided in the autumn; <i>chevaux-de-frise</i> were +planted in exposed places; an outwork was built to protect +St. Louis Gate; embrasures were cut along the whole length +of the walls; and the French cannon captured when the town +was taken were planted against their late owners. Every man +was tasked to the utmost of his strength; and the garrison, +gaunt, worn, besmirched with mud, looked less like soldiers +than like overworked laborers.</p> + +<p>The conduct of the officers troubled the spirit of Sergeant +Johnson. It shocked his sense of the fitness of things to see +them sharing the hard work of the private men, and he thus +gives utterance to his feelings: "None but those who were +present on the spot can imagine the grief of heart the soldiers +felt to see their officers yoked in the harness, dragging up +cannon from the Lower Town; to see gentlemen, who were set over them +by His Majesty to command and keep them to their duty, working at +the batteries with the barrow, pickaxe, and spade." The effect, +however, was admirable. The spirit of the men rose to the crisis. +Murray, no less than his officers, had all their confidence; for if +he had fallen into a fatal error, he atoned for it now by unconquerable +resolution and exhaustless fertility of resource. Deserters said that +Lévis would assault the town; and the soldiers replied: "Let him come on; +he will catch a Tartar."</p> + +<p>Lévis and his army were no less busy in digging +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354-V2" id="Page_354-V2">354<br />V2</a></span> +trenches +along the stony back of the Buttes-à-Neveu. Every day the +English fire grew hotter; till at last nearly a hundred and fifty +cannon vomited iron upon them from the walls of Quebec, +and May was well advanced before they could plant a single +gun to reply. Their vessels had landed artillery at the Anse +du Foulon; but their best hope lay in the succors they daily +expected from the river below. In the autumn Lévis, with a +view to his intended enterprise, had sent a request to Versailles +that a ship laden with munitions and heavy siege-guns should be sent +from France in time to meet him at Quebec in April; while he looked +also for another ship, which had wintered at Gaspé, and which therefore +might reach him as soon as navigation opened. The arrival of these +vessels would have made the position of the English doubly critical; and, +on the other hand, should an English squadron appear first, +Lévis would be forced to raise the siege. Thus each side +watched the river with an anxiety that grew constantly more +intense; and the English presently descried signals along the +shore which seemed to say that French ships were moving +up the St. Lawrence. Meantime, while doing their best to +compass each other's destruction, neither side forgot the +courtesies of war. Lévis heard that Murray liked spruce-beer +for his table, and sent him a flag of truce with a quantity of +spruce-boughs and a message of compliment; Murray responded +with a Cheshire cheese, and Lévis rejoined with a present of +partridges.</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355-V2" id="Page_355-V2">355<br />V2</a></span> +Bad and scanty fare, excessive toil, and broken sleep were +telling ominously on the strength of the garrison when, on the +ninth of May, Murray, as he sat pondering over the fire at +his quarters in St. Louis Street, was interrupted by an officer +who came to tell him that there was a ship-of-war in the +Basin beating up towards the town. Murray started from his +revery, and directed that British colors should be raised immediately +on Cape Diamond. <span class="superscript">[835]</span> The halyards +being out of order, a sailor climbed the staff and drew up the flag +to its place. The news had spread; men and officers, divided between +hope and fear, crowded to the rampart by the Château, where +Durham Terrace now overlooks the St. Lawrence, and every eye was +strained on the approaching ship, eager to see whether she would show +the red flag of England or the white one of France. Slowly her colors +rose to the mast-head and unfurled to the wind the red cross of St. +George. It was the British frigate "Lowestoffe." She anchored before +the Lower Town, and saluted the garrison with twenty-one guns. "The +gladness of the troops," says Knox, "is not to be expressed. +Both officers and soldiers mounted the parapet in the face +of the enemy and huzzaed with their hats in the air for almost +an hour. The garrison, the enemy's camp, the bay, and circumjacent +country resounded with our shouts and the thunder of our artillery; +for the gunners were so elated that they did nothing but load and +fire for a considerable time. In short, the general satisfaction +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356-V2" id="Page_356-V2">356<br />V2</a></span> +is not to be conceived, except by a person who had suffered the +extremities of a siege, and been destined, with his brave friends +and countrymen, to the scalping-knives of a faithless conqueror +and his barbarious allies." The "Lowestoffe" brought news that a +British squadron was at the mouth of the St. Lawrence, and would +reach Quebec in a few days.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_835" name="footer_835"></a> + <span class="superscript">[835]</span> +Thompson in <i>Revue Canadienne</i>, IV. 866.</p> +</div> + +<p>Lévis, in ignorance of this, still clung to the hope that +French ships would arrive strong enough to overpower the +unwelcome stranger. His guns, being at last in position, +presently opened fire upon a wall that was not built to bear +the brunt of heavy shot; but an artillery better and more +numerous than his own almost silenced them, and his gunners +were harassed by repeated sallies. The besiegers had now no +real chance of success unless they could carry the place by +storm, to which end they had provided abundant scaling-ladders +as well as petards to burst in the gates. They made, however, no +attempt to use them. A week passed, when, on the evening of the +fifteenth, the ship of the line "Vanguard" and the frigate "Diana" +sailed into the harbor; and on the next morning the "Diana" and +the "Lowestoffe" passed the town to attack the French vessels +in the river above. These were six in all,—two frigates, two +smaller armed ships, and two schooners; the whole under command +of the gallant Vauquelin. He did not belie his reputation; fought +his ship with persistent bravery till his ammunition was spent, +refused even then to strike his flag, and being +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357-V2" id="Page_357-V2">357<br />V2</a></span> +made prisoner, +was treated by his captors with distinguished honor. The +other vessels made little or no resistance. One of them threw +her guns overboard and escaped; the rest ran ashore and +were burned.</p> + +<p>The destruction of his vessels was a death-blow to the +hopes of Lévis, for they contained his stores of food and +ammunition. He had passed the preceding night in great agitation; +and when the cannonade on the river ceased, he hastened to raise the +siege. In the evening deserters from his camp told Murray that the +French were in full retreat; on which all the English batteries +opened, firing at random through the darkness, and sending cannon-balls +<i>en ricochet</i>, bowling by scores together, over the Plains of +Abraham on the heels of the retiring enemy. Murray marched out at +dawn of day to fall upon their rear; but, with a hundred and +fifty cannon bellowing behind them, they had made such speed that, +though he pushed over the marsh to Old Lorette, he could not overtake +them; they had already crossed the river of Cap-Rouge. Why, with +numbers still superior, they went off in such haste, it is hard to +say. They left behind them thirty-four cannon and six mortars, with +petards, scaling-ladders, tents, ammunition, baggage, intrenching +tools, many of their muskets, and all their sick and wounded.</p> + +<p>The effort to recover Quebec did great honor to the enterprise +of the French; but it availed them nothing, served only +to waste resources that seemed already at the lowest ebb, +and gave fresh opportunity +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358-V2" id="Page_358-V2">358<br />V2</a></span> +of plunder to Cadet and his crew, who failed not to make use of it.</p> + +<p>After the battle of Ste.-Foy Murray sent the frigate "Racehorse" +to Halifax with news of his defeat, and from Halifax it was sent +to England. The British public were taken by surprise. "Who the +deuce was thinking of Quebec?" says Horace Walpole. "America was +like a book one has read and done with; but here we are on a +sudden reading our book backwards." Ten days passed, and then +came word that the siege was raised and that the French were gone; +upon which Walpole wrote to General Conway: "Well, Quebec is +come to life again. Last night I went to see the Holdernesses. +I met my Lady in a triumphal car, drawn by a Manx horse, +thirteen little fingers high, with Lady Emily. Mr. Milbank +was walking by himself in ovation after the car, and they +were going to see the bonfire at the alehouse at the corner. +The whole procession returned with me; and from the Countess's +dressing-room we saw a battery fired before the house, the mob crying, +'God bless the good news!' These are all the particulars I know of the +siege. My Lord would have showed me the journal; but we amused ourselves +much better in going to eat peaches from the new Dutch stoves +[<i>hot-houses</i>]."</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent double-space-top"> + <a id="footer_29Note" name="footer_29Note"></a> +<span class="smcap">Note</span>.—On the battle +of Ste.-Foy and the subsequent siege, Lévis, +<i>Guerre du Canada. Relation de la seconde Bataille de Québec et +du Siége de cette Ville</i> (there are several copies of this +paper, with different titles and some variation). <i>Murray to Amherst</i>, +30 <i>April</i>, 1760. Murray, <i>Journal kept at Quebec from Sept</i>. +18, 1759, <i>to May</i> 17, 1760 (Public Record Office, <i>America and +West Indies</i>, XCIX.). <i>Murray to Pitt</i>, 25 <i>May</i>, 1760. +<i>Letter +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359-V2" id="Page_359-V2">359<br />V2</a></span> +from an Officer of the Royal Americans at Quebec</i>, 24 <i>May</i>, 1760 +(in <i>London Magazine</i> and several periodical papers of the time). +Fraser, <i>Journal</i> (Quebec Hist. Soc.); Johnstone, <i>Campaign of</i> +1760 (Ibid.). <i>Relation de ce qui s'est passé au Siége de +Québec, par une Réligieuse de l'Hôpital +Général</i> (Ibid.). <i>Memoirs of the Siege of Quebec</i>, +by Sergeant John Johnson. <i>Mémoires sur le Canada</i>, 1749-1760. +Letters of Lévis, Bourlamaque, and Vaudreuil, May, June, 1760. +Several letters from officers at Quebec in provincial newspapers. +Knox, II. 292-322. <i>Plan of the Battle and Situation of the British and +French on the Heights of Abraham, the </i>28<i>th of April</i>, +1760,—an admirable plan, attached to the great plan of operations +at Quebec before mentioned, and necessary to an understanding of the +position and movements of the two armies (British Museum, King's Maps). +</p> + +<p>The narratives of Mante, Entick, Wynne, Smith, and other +secondary writers give no additional light. On the force engaged +on each side, see <a href="#appendixK">Appendix K</a>.</p> +</div> + +<hr /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Chapter_30" id="Chapter_30"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360-V2" id="Page_360-V2">360<br />V2</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents30">CHAPTER XXX.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1760.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader">FALL OF CANADA.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + Desperate Situation • Efforts of Vaudreuil and Lévis • + Plans of Amherst • A Triple Attack • Advance of Murray • + Advance of Haviland • Advance of Amherst • + Capitulation of Montreal • Protest of Lévis • + Injustice of Louis XV. • Joy in the British Colonies • + Character of the War. + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> +</div> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">The</span> +retreat of Lévis left Canada little hope but in a speedy +peace. This hope was strong, for a belief widely prevailed +that, even if the colony should be subdued, it would be restored +to France by treaty. Its available force did not exceed +eight or ten thousand men, as most of the Canadians below +the district of Three Rivers had sworn allegiance to King +George; and though many of them had disregarded the oath +to join the standard of Lévis, they could venture to do so no +longer. The French had lost the best of their artillery, their +gunpowder was falling short, their provisions would barely +carry them to harvest time, and no more was to be hoped +for, since a convoy of ships which had sailed from France +at the end of winter, laden with supplies of all kinds, had +been captured by the English. The blockade of the St. Lawrence +was complete. The Western Indians would not +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361-V2" id="Page_361-V2">361<br />V2</a></span> +fight, and even those +of the mission villages were wavering and insolent.</p> + +<p>Yet Vaudreuil and Lévis exerted themselves for defence +with an energy that does honor to them both. "Far from +showing the least timidity," says the ever-modest Governor, +"I have taken positions such as may hide our weakness from +the enemy." <span class="superscript">[836]</span> +He stationed Rochbeaucourt with three hundred +men at Pointe-aux-Trembles; Repentigny with two hundred +at Jacques-Cartier; and Dumas with twelve hundred at +Deschambault to watch the St. Lawrence and, if possible, +prevent Murray from moving up the river. Bougainville was +stationed at Isle-aux-Noix to bar the approach from Lake +Champlain, and a force under La Corne was held ready to +defend the rapids above Montreal, should the English attempt +that dangerous passage. Prisoners taken by war parties near +Crown Point gave exaggerated reports of hostile preparation, +and doubled and trebled the forces that were mustering against +Canada.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_836" name="footer_836"></a> + <span class="superscript">[836]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 22 <i>Juin</i>, 1760.</p> +</div> + +<p>These forces were nevertheless considerable. Amherst had +resolved to enter the colony by all its three gates at once, +and, advancing from east, west, and south, unite at Montreal +and crush it as in the jaws of a vice. Murray was to ascend +the St. Lawrence from Quebec, while Brigadier Haviland forced an +entrance by way of Lake Champlain, and Amherst himself led the +main army down the St. Lawrence from Lake Ontario. This last +route was long, circuitous, difficult, and full of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362-V2" id="Page_362-V2">362<br />V2</a></span> +danger from +the rapids that obstructed the river. His choice of it for his +chief line of operation, instead of the shorter and easier way +of Lake Champlain, was meant, no doubt, to prevent the French +army from escaping up the Lakes to Detroit and the other wilderness +posts, where it might have protracted the war for an indefinite +time; while the plan adopted, if successful, would make its capture +certain. The plan was a critical one. Three armies advancing +from three different points, hundreds of miles apart, by routes +full of difficulty, and with no possibility of intercommunication, +were to meet at the same place at the same time, or, failing to do +so, run the risk of being destroyed in detail. If the French troops +could be kept together, and if the small army of Murray or of +Haviland should reach Montreal a few days before the co-operating +forces appeared, it might be separately attacked and overpowered. +In this lay the hope of Vaudreuil and Lévis. +<span class="superscript">[837]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_837" name="footer_837"></a> + <span class="superscript">[837]</span> +<i>Lévis à Bourlamaque, Juillet, Août</i>, 1760.</p> +</div> + +<p>After the siege of Quebec was raised, Murray had an +effective force of about twenty-five hundred rank and file. +<span class="superscript">[838]</span> +As the spring opened the invalids were encamped on the Island of +Orleans, where fresh air, fresh provisions, and the change from +the pestiferous town hospitals wrought such wonders on the scorbutic +patients, that in a few weeks a considerable number of them were +again fit for garrison duty, if not for the field. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363-V2" id="Page_363-V2">363<br />V2</a></span> +Thus it happened +that on the second of July twenty-four hundred and fifty men and +officers received orders to embark for Montreal; and on the fifteenth +they set sail, in thirty-two vessels, with a number of boats and +bateaux. <span class="superscript">[839]</span> + They were followed some time after by Lord Rollo, +with thirteen hundred additional men just arrived from Louisbourg, +the King having ordered that fortress to be abandoned and dismantled. +They advanced slowly, landing from time to time, skirmishing with +detachments of the enemy who followed them along the shore, or +more frequently trading with the farmers who brought them vegetables, +poultry, eggs, and fresh meat. They passed the fortified hill of +Jacques-Cartier, whence they were saluted with shot and shell, +stopped at various parishes, disarmed the inhabitants, administered +oaths of neutrality, which were taken without much apparent reluctance, +and on the fourth of August came within sight of Three Rivers, then +occupied by a body of troops expecting an attack. "But," says Knox, +"a delay here would be absurd, as that wretched place must share the +fate of Montreal. Our fleet sailed this morning. The French +troops, apparently about two thousand, lined their different +works, and were in general clothed as regulars, except a very +few Canadians and about fifty naked Picts or savages, their +bodies being painted of a reddish color and their faces of +different colors, which I plainly discerned with my glass. +Their light cavalry, who +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364-V2" id="Page_364-V2">364<br />V2</a></span> +paraded along shore, seemed to be +well appointed, clothed in blue, faced with scarlet; but their +officers had white uniforms. In fine, their troops, batteries, +fair-looking houses; their situation on the banks of a delightful +river; our fleet sailing triumphantly before them, with our +floating batteries drawn up in line of battle; the country on +both sides interspersed with neat settlements, together with +the verdure of the fields and trees and the clear, pleasant +weather, afforded as agreeable a prospect as the most lively +imagination can conceive."</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_838" name="footer_838"></a> + <span class="superscript">[838]</span> +<i>Return of the Present State of His Majesty's Forces +in Garrison at Quebec</i>, 21 <i>May</i>, 1760.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_839" name="footer_839"></a> + <span class="superscript">[839]</span> +Knox, II. 344, 348.</p> +</div> + +<p>This excellent lover of the picturesque was still more delighted +as the fleet sailed among the islands of St. Peter. "I think nothing +could equal the beauties of our navigation this morning: the meandering +course of the narrow channel; the awfulness and solemnity of the dark +forests with which these islands are covered; the fragrancy of the +spontaneous fruits, shrubs, and flowers; the verdure of the water by +the reflection of the neighboring woods; the wild chirping notes of the +feathered inhabitants; the masts and sails of ships appearing +as if among the trees, both ahead and astern: formed altogether +an enchanting diversity."</p> + +<p>The evening recalled him from dreams to realities; for +towards seven o'clock they reached the village of Sorel, where +they found a large body of troops and militia intrenched +along the strand. Bourlamaque was in command here with two or three +thousand men, and Dumas, with another body, was on the northern shore. +Both had orders +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365-V2" id="Page_365-V2">365<br />V2</a></span> +to keep abreast of the fleet as it advanced; and thus +French and English alike drew slowly towards Montreal, where lay the +main French force under Lévis, ready to unite with Bourlamaque +and Dumas, and fall upon Murray at the first opportunity. +Montreal was now but a few leagues distant, and the situation +was becoming delicate. Murray sent five rangers towards +Lake Champlain to get news of Haviland, and took measures +at the same time to cause the desertion of the Canadians, +who formed the largest part of the opposing force. He sent +a proclamation among the parishes, advising the inhabitants +to remain peacefully at home, promising that those who did +so should be safe in person and property, and threatening to +burn every house from which the men of the family were absent. +These were not idle words. A detachment sent for the purpose destroyed +a settlement near Sorel, the owners of which were in arms under +Bourlamaque. "I was under the cruel necessity of burning the greatest +part of these poor unhappy people's houses," wrote Murray. "I pray God +this example may suffice, for my nature revolts when this becomes +a necessary part of my duty." <span class="superscript">[840]</span> + On the other hand, he treated +with great kindness all who left the army and returned to +their families. The effect was soon felt. The Canadians came +in by scores and by hundreds to give up their arms and take +the oath of neutrality, till, before the end of August, half +Bourlamaque's force had disappeared. Murray encamped on +Isle +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366-V2" id="Page_366-V2">366<br />V2</a></span> +Ste.-Thérèse, just below Montreal, and watched and +waited for Haviland and Amherst to appear. +<span class="superscript">[841]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_840" name="footer_840"></a> + <span class="superscript">[840]</span> +<i>Murray to Pitt</i>, 24 <i>Aug</i>. 1760.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_841" name="footer_841"></a> + <span class="superscript">[841]</span> +Knox, II. 382, 384. Mante, 340.</p> +</div> + +<p> +Vaudreuil on his part was not idle. He sent a counter-proclamation through +the parishes as an antidote to that of Murray. "I have been compelled," +he writes to the Minister, "to decree the pain of death to the Canadians +who are so dastardly as to desert or give up their arms to the enemy, and +to order that the houses of those who do not join our army shall be burned." +<span class="superscript">[842]</span> Execution was to be +summary, without court-martial. <span class="superscript">[843]</span> +Yet desertion increased daily. +The Canadians felt themselves doubly ruined, for it became known that +the Court had refused to redeem the paper that formed the whole +currency of the colony; and, in their desperation, they preferred +to trust the tried clemency of the enemy rather than exasperate him +by persisting in a vain defence. Vaudreuil writes in his usual strain: +"I am taking the most just measures to unite our forces, and, if our +situation permits, fight a battle, or several battles. It is to be +feared that we shall go down before an enemy so numerous and strong; +but, whatever may be the event, we will save the honor of the King's +arms. I have the honor to repeat to you, Monseigneur, that +if any resource were left me, whatever the progress the English +might make, I would maintain myself in some part of the colony with my +remaining troops, after having +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367-V2" id="Page_367-V2">367<br />V2</a></span> +fought with the greatest obstinacy; but I am absolutely without the least +remnant of the necessary means. In these unhappy circumstances I shall +continue to use every manœuvre and device to keep the enemy in check; +but if we succumb in the battles we shall fight, I shall apply myself to +obtaining a capitulation which may avert the total ruin of a people who will +remain forever French, and who could not survive their misfortunes but for +the hope of being restored by the treaty of peace to the rule of His Most +Christian Majesty. It is with this view that I shall remain in this town, +the Chevalier de Lévis having represented to me that it would be +an evil to the colonists past remedy if any accident should happen to me." +Lévis was willing to go very far in soothing the susceptibilities +of the Governor; but it may be suspected this time that he thought him more +useful within four walls than in the open field.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_842" name="footer_842"></a> + <span class="superscript">[842]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 29 <i>Août</i>, 1760.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_843" name="footer_843"></a> + <span class="superscript">[843]</span> +<i>Lévis à Bourlamaque</i>, 25 <i>Août</i>, 1760.</p> +</div> + +<p>There seemed good hope of stopping the advance of Haviland. +To this end Vaudreuil had stationed Bougainville at Isle-aux-Noix +with seventeen hundred men, and Roquemaure at St. John, a few +miles distant, with twelve or fifteen hundred more, besides all +the Indians. <span class="superscript">[844]</span> +Haviland embarked at Crown Point with thirty-four +hundred regulars, provincials, and Indians. +<span class="superscript">[845]</span> Four days brought +him to Isle-aux-Noix; he landed, planted cannon in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368-V2" id="Page_368-V2">368<br />V2</a></span> +the swamp, and opened fire. Major Darby with the light infantry, and Rogers +with the rangers, dragged three light pieces through the forest, and +planted them on the river-bank in the rear of Bougainville's position, +where lay the French naval force, consisting of three armed +vessels and several gunboats. The cannon were turned upon +the principal ship; a shot cut her cable, and a strong west +wind drove her ashore into the hands of her enemies. The +other vessels and gunboats made all sail for St. John, but +stranded in a bend of the river, where the rangers, swimming +out with their tomahawks, boarded and took one of them, +and the rest soon surrendered. It was a fatal blow to Bougainville, +whose communications with St. John were now cut off. In accordance +with instructions from Vaudreuil, he abandoned the island on the +night of the twenty-seventh of August, and, making his way with +infinite difficulty through the dark forest, joined Roquemaure +at St. John, twelve miles below. Haviland followed, the rangers +leading the way. Bougainville and Roquemaure fell back, abandoned +St. John and Chambly, and joined Bourlamaque on the banks of the +St. Lawrence, where the united force at first outnumbered that of +Haviland, though fast melted away by discouragement and desertion. +Haviland opened communication with Murray, and they both +looked daily for the arrival of Amherst, whose approach was +rumored by prisoners and deserters. +<span class="superscript">[846]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_844" name="footer_844"></a> + <span class="superscript">[844]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 29 <i>Août</i>, 1760.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_845" name="footer_845"></a> + <span class="superscript">[845]</span> +<i>A List of the Forces employed in the Expedition against Canada</i>, +1760. Compare Mante, 340, Knox, II. 392, and Rogers, 188. +Chevalier Johnstone, who was with Bougainville, says "about +four thousand," which Vaudreuil multiplies to twelve thousand.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_846" name="footer_846"></a> + <span class="superscript">[846]</span> +Rogers, <i>Journals. Diary of a Sergeant in the Army of Haviland</i>. +Johnstone, <i>Campaign of</i> 1760. +<i>Bigot au Ministre</i>, 29 <i>Août</i>, 1760.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369-V2" id="Page_369-V2">369<br />V2</a></span> +The army of Amherst had gathered at Oswego in July. On the tenth of August +it was all afloat on Lake Ontario, to the number of ten thousand one +hundred and forty-two men, besides about seven hundred Indians under Sir +William Johnson. <span class="superscript">[847]</span> Before the +fifteenth the whole had reached La Présentation, otherwise called +Oswegatchie or La Galette, the seat of Father Piquet's mission. Near +by was a French armed brig, the "Ottawa," with ten cannon and a hundred +men, threatening destruction to Amherst's bateaux and whaleboats. +Five gunboats attacked and captured her. Then the army advanced again, +and were presently joined by two armed vessels of their own which had +lingered behind, bewildered among the channels of the Thousand Islands.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_847" name="footer_847"></a> + <span class="superscript">[847]</span> +<i>A List of the Forces employed in the Expedition against Canada</i>. +Compare Mante, 301, and Knox, II. 403.</p> +</div> + +<p>Near the head of the rapids, a little below La Galette, +stood Fort Lévis, built the year before on an islet in mid-channel. +Amherst might have passed its batteries with slight loss, continuing +his voyage without paying it the honor of a siege; and this was what +the French commanders feared that he would do. "We shall be fortunate," +Lévis wrote to Bourlamaque, "if the enemy amuse themselves with capturing +it. My chief anxiety is lest Amherst should reach Montreal +so soon that we may not have time to unite our forces to attack Haviland +or Murray." If he had better known the English commander, Lévis would +have seen that he was not the man to leave a post of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370-V2" id="Page_370-V2">370<br />V2</a></span> +the enemy in his rear under any circumstances; and Amherst had also another +reason for wishing to get the garrison into his hands, for he expected to +find among them the pilots whom he needed to guide his boats down the +rapids. He therefore invested the fort, and, on the twenty-third, +cannonaded it from his vessels, the mainland, and the neighboring +islands. It was commanded by Pouchot, the late commandant of Niagara, +made prisoner in the last campaign, and since exchanged. As the rocky +islet had but little earth, the defences, though thick and strong, were +chiefly of logs, which flew in splinters under the bombardment. The +French, however, made a brave resistance. The firing lasted all day, +was resumed in the morning, and continued two days more; when Pouchot, +whose works were in ruins, surrendered himself and his garrison. On this, +Johnson's Indians prepared to kill the prisoners; and, being compelled to +desist, three fourths of them went home in a rage. +<span class="superscript">[848]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_848" name="footer_848"></a> + <span class="superscript">[848]</span> +On the capture of Fort Lévis, <i>Amherst to Pitt</i>, 26 <i>Aug</i>. +1760. <i>Amherst to Monckton, same date</i>. +Pouchot, II. 264-282. Knox, II. 405-413. Mante, 303-306. +<i>All Canada in the Hands of the English</i> (Boston, 1760). +<i>Journal of Colonel Nathaniel Woodhull</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>Now began the critical part of the expedition, the descent +of the rapids. The Galops, the Rapide Plat, the Long Saut, +the Côteau du Lac were passed in succession, with little loss, +till they reached the Cedars, the Buisson, and the Cascades, +where the reckless surges dashed and bounded in the sun, +beautiful and terrible as young tigers at play. Boat after boat, +borne on +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371-V2" id="Page_371-V2">371<br />V2</a></span> +their foaming crests, rushed madly down the torrent. Forty-six were +totally wrecked, eighteen were damaged, and eighty-four men were drowned. +<span class="superscript">[849]</span> La Corne was watching the rapids +with a considerable body of Canadians; and it is difficult to see why +this bold and enterprising chief allowed the army to descend undisturbed +through passes so dangerous. At length the last rapid was left behind; +and the flotilla, gliding in peace over the smooth breast of Lake +St. Louis, landed at Isle Perrot, a few leagues from Montreal. In +the morning, September sixth, the troops embarked again, landed +unopposed at La Chine, nine miles from the city, marched on +without delay, and encamped before its walls.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_849" name="footer_849"></a> + <span class="superscript">[849]</span> +<i>Amherst to Pitt</i>, 8 <i>Sept</i>. 1760.</p> +</div> + +<p>The Montreal of that time was a long, narrow assemblage of wooden or +stone houses, one or two stories high, above which rose the peaked towers +of the Seminary, the spires of three churches, the walls of four convents, +with the trees of their adjacent gardens, and, conspicuous at the lower +end, a high mound of earth, crowned by a redoubt, where a few cannon were +mounted. The whole was surrounded by a shallow moat and a bastioned stone +wall, made for defence against Indians, and incapable of resisting cannon. +<span class="superscript">[850]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_850" name="footer_850"></a> + <span class="superscript">[850]</span> +<i>An East View of Montreal, drawn on the Spot by Thomas +Patten</i> (King's Maps, British Museum), <i>Plan of Montreal</i>, 1759. +<i>A Description of Montreal</i>, in several magazines of the time. The +recent Canadian publication called <i>Le Vieux Montréal</i>, is +exceedingly incorrect as to the numbers of the British troops and the +position of their camps.</p> +</div> + +<p>On the morning after Amherst encamped above the place, +Murray landed to encamp below it; and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372-V2" id="Page_372-V2">372<br />V2</a></span> +Vaudreuil, looking across the St. Lawrence, could see the tents of +Haviland's little army on the southern shore. Bourlamaque, Bougainville, +and Roquemaure, abandoned by all their militia, had crossed to Montreal +with the few regulars that remained with them. The town was crowded +with non-combatant refugees. Here, too, was nearly all the remaining +force of Canada, consisting of twenty-two hundred troops of the line +and some two hundred colony troops; for all the Canadians had by this +time gone home. Many of the regulars, especially of the colony troops, +had also deserted; and the rest were so broken in discipline that their +officers were forced to use entreaties instead of commands. The three +armies encamped around the city amounted to seventeen thousand men; +<span class="superscript">[851]</span> Amherst was bringing up his +cannon from La Chine, and the town wall would have crumbled before them +in an hour.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_851" name="footer_851"></a> + <span class="superscript">[851]</span> +<i>A List of the Forces employed in the Expedition against Canada</i>. +See Smith, <i>History of Canada</i>, I. Appendix xix. Vaudreuil writes +to Charles Langlade, on the ninth, that the three armies amount to +twenty thousand, and raises the number to thirty-two thousand in a +letter to the Minister on the next day. Berniers says twenty thousand; +Lévis, for obvious reasons, exaggerates the number to forty +thousand.</p> +</div> + +<p>On the night when Amherst arrived, the Governor called a council of war. +<span class="superscript">[852]</span> It was resolved that since all the +militia and many of the regulars had abandoned the army, and the Indian +allies of France had gone over to the enemy, further resistance was +impossible. Vaudreuil laid before the assembled officers a long paper that +he had drawn up, containing fifty-five articles of capitulation to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373-V2" id="Page_373-V2">373<br />V2</a></span> +be proposed to the English; and these were unanimously approved. +<span class="superscript">[853]</span> In the morning +Bougainville carried them to the tent of Amherst. He granted +the greater part, modified some, and flatly refused others. +That which the French officers thought more important than +all the rest was the provision that the troops should march +out with arms, cannon, and the honors of war; to which it +was replied: "The whole garrison of Montreal and all other +French troops in Canada must lay down their arms, and shall not +serve during the present war." This demand was felt to be intolerable. +The Governor sent Bougainville back to remonstrate; but Amherst was +inflexible. Then Lévis tried to shake his resolution, and sent him an +officer with the following note: "I send your Excellency M. de la +Pause, Assistant Quartermaster-General of the Army, on the subject of +the too rigorous article which you dictate to the troops by the +capitulation, to which it would not be possible for us to subscribe." +Amherst answered the envoy: "I am fully resolved, for the infamous part +the troops of France have acted in exciting the savages to perpetrate the +most horrid and unheard of barbarities in the whole progress of the war, +and for other open treacheries and flagrant breaches of faith, to manifest +to all the world by this capitulation my detestation of such practices;" +and he dismissed La Pause with a short note, refusing to change the +conditions.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_852" name="footer_852"></a> + <span class="superscript">[852]</span> +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 10 <i>Sept</i>. 1760.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_853" name="footer_853"></a> + <span class="superscript">[853]</span> +<i>Procès-verbal de la Déliberation du Conseil de Guerre tenu +à Montréal</i>, 6 <i>Sept</i>. 1760.</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374-V2" id="Page_374-V2">374<br />V2</a></span> +On the next morning, September eighth, Vaudreuil yielded, and signed the +capitulation. By it Canada and all its dependencies passed to the British +Crown. French officers, civil and military, with French troops and sailors, +were to be sent to France in British ships. Free exercise of religion was +assured to the people of the colony, and the religious communities were to +retain their possessions, rights, and privileges. All persons who might +wish to retire to France were allowed to do so, and the Canadians were to +remain in full enjoyment of feudal and other property, including negro and +Indian slaves. <span class="superscript">[854]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_854" name="footer_854"></a> + <span class="superscript">[854]</span> +<i>Articles of Capitulation</i>, 8 <i>Sept</i>. 1760. +<i>Amherst to Pitt, same date</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>The greatest alarm had prevailed among the inhabitants lest they +should suffer violence from the English Indians, and Vaudreuil had +endeavored to provide that these dangerous enemies should be sent +back at once to their villages. This was refused, with the remark: +"There never have been any cruelties committed by the Indians of our +army." Strict precautions were taken at the same time, not only +against the few savages whom the firm conduct of Johnson at Fort +Lévis had not driven away, but also against the late allies +of the French, now become a peril to them. In consequence, not a man, +woman, or child was hurt. Amherst, in general orders, expressed his +confidence "that the troops will not disgrace themselves by the +least appearance of inhumanity, or by any unsoldierlike behavior in +seeking for plunder; and that as the Canadians are now become +British subjects, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375-V2" id="Page_375-V2">375<br />V2</a></span> +they will feel the good effects of His Majesty's protection." They were +in fact treated with a kindness that seemed to surprise them.</p> + +<p>Lévis was so incensed at the demand that the troops should +lay down their arms and serve no longer during the war that, +before the capitulation was signed, he made a formal protest +<span class="superscript">[855]</span> +in his own name and that of the officers from France, and insisted that +the negotiation should be broken off. "If," he added, "the Marquis de +Vaudreuil, through political motives, thinks himself obliged to +surrender the colony at once, we ask his permission to withdraw with +the troops of the line to the Island of St. Helen, in order to uphold +there, on our own behalf, the honor of the King's arms." The proposal +was of course rejected, as Lévis knew that it would be, and he +and his officers were ordered to conform to the capitulation. When +Vaudreuil reached France, three months after, he had the mortification +to receive from the Colonial Minister a letter containing these words: +"Though His Majesty was perfectly aware of the state of Canada, +nevertheless, after the assurances you had given to make the utmost +efforts to sustain the honor of his arms, he did not expect to hear so +soon of the surrender of Montreal and the whole colony. But, granting +that capitulation was a necessity, his Majesty was not the less surprised +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376-V2" id="Page_376-V2">376<br />V2</a></span> +and ill pleased at the conditions, so little honorable, to which you +submitted, especially after the representations made you by the Chevalier +de Lévis." <span class="superscript">[856]</span> The brother of +Vaudreuil complained to the Minister of the terms of this letter, and +the Minister replied: "I see with regret, Monsieur, that you are pained +by the letter I wrote your brother; but I could not help telling him what +the King did me the honor to say to me; and it would have been unpleasant +for him to hear it from anybody else." +<span class="superscript">[857]</span> +</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_855" name="footer_855"></a> + <span class="superscript">[855]</span> +<i>Protêt de M. de Lévis à M. de Vaudreuil contre la Clause +dans les Articles de Capitulation qui exige que les Troupes mettront bas les +Armes, avec l'Ordre de M. de Vaudreuil au Chevalier de Lévis de se +conformer à la Capitulation proposée. Vaudreuil au Ministre de +la Marine</i>, 10 <i>Sept</i>. 1760. <i>Lévis au Ministre de la +Guerre</i>, 27 <i>Nov</i>. 1760.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_856" name="footer_856"></a> + <span class="superscript">[856]</span> +<i>Le Ministre à Vaudreuil</i>, 5 <i>Déc</i>. 1760.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_857" name="footer_857"></a> + <span class="superscript">[857]</span> +<i>Le Ministre au Vicomte de Vaudreuil, Frère du Gouverneur</i>, +21 <i>Déc</i>. 1760.</p> +</div> + +<p>It is true that Vaudreuil had in some measure drawn this +reproach upon himself by his boastings about the battles he +would fight; yet the royal displeasure was undeserved. The +Governor had no choice but to give up the colony; for Amherst had +him in his power, and knew that he could exact what terms he pleased. +Further resistance could only have ended in surrender at the discretion +of the victor, and the protest of Lévis was nothing but a device to save +his own reputation and that of his brother officers from France. +Vaudreuil had served the King and the colony in some respects +with ability, always with an unflagging zeal; and he loved +the land of his birth with a jealous devotion that goes far +towards redeeming his miserable defects. The King himself, +and not the servants whom he abandoned to their fate, was +answerable for the loss of New France.</p> + +<p>Half the continent had changed hands at the scratch of a +pen. Governor Bernard, of Massachusetts, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377-V2" id="Page_377-V2">377<br />V2</a></span> +proclaimed a day of thanksgiving for the great event, and the Boston +newspapers recount how the occasion was celebrated with a parade of the +cadets and other volunteer corps, a grand dinner in Faneuil Hall, music, +bonfires, illuminations, firing of cannon, and, above all, by sermons +in every church of the province; for the heart of early New England +always found voice through her pulpits. Before me lies a bundle of +these sermons, rescued from sixscore years of dust, scrawled on their +title-pages with names of owners dead long ago, worm-eaten, +dingy, stained with the damps of time, and uttering in quaint +old letterpress the emotions of a buried and forgotten past. +Triumph, gratulation, hope, breathe in every line, but no +ill-will against a fallen enemy. Thomas Foxcroft, pastor of +the "Old Church in Boston," preaches from the text, "The +Lord hath done great things for us, whereof we are glad." +"Long," he says, "had it been the common opinion, <i>Delenda +est Carthago</i>, Canada must be conquered, or we could hope +for no lasting quiet in these parts; and now, through the good +hand of our God upon us, we see the happy day of its accomplishment. +We behold His Majesty's victorious troops treading upon the high +places of the enemy, their last fortress delivered up, and their +whole country surrendered to the King of Britain in the person of +his general, the intrepid, the serene, the successful Amherst."</p> + +<p>The loyal John Mellen, pastor of the Second Church in +Lancaster, exclaims, boding nothing of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378-V2" id="Page_378-V2">378<br />V2</a></span> +the tempest to come: "Let us fear God and honor the King, and be peaceable +subjects of an easy and happy government. And may the blessing of Heaven be +ever upon those enemies of our country that have now submitted to the English +Crown, and according to the oath they have taken lead quiet lives in all +godliness and honesty." Then he ventures to predict that America, now thrown +open to British colonists, will be peopled in a century and a half with sixty +million souls: a prophecy likely to be more than fulfilled.</p> + +<p>"God has given us to sing this day the downfall of New +France, the North American Babylon, New England's rival," +cries Eli Forbes to his congregation of sober farmers and +staid matrons at the rustic village of Brookfield. Like many of +his flock, he had been to the war, having served two years +as chaplain of Ruggles's Massachusetts regiment; and something +of a martial spirit breathes through his discourse. He passes in +review the events of each campaign down to their triumphant close. +"Thus God was our salvation and our strength; yet he who directs +the great events of war suffered not our joy to be uninterrupted, +for we had to lament the fall of the valiant and good General Wolfe, +whose death demands a tear from every British eye, a sigh from every +Protestant heart. Is he dead? I recall myself. Such heroes are immortal; +he lives on every loyal tongue; he lives in every grateful +breast; and charity bids me give him a place among the princes +of heaven." Nor does he forget the praises of Amherst, "the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379-V2" id="Page_379-V2">379<br />V2</a></span> +renowned general, worthy of that most honorable of all titles, +the Christian hero; for he loves his enemies, and while he +subdues them he makes them happy. He transplants British +liberty to where till now it was unknown. He acts the General, +the Briton, the Conqueror, and the Christian. What fair hopes +arise from the peaceful and undisturbed enjoyment of this +good land, and the blessing of our gracious God with it! Methinks +I see towns enlarged, settlements increased, and this howling +wilderness become a fruitful field which the Lord hath blessed; +and, to complete the scene, I see churches rise and flourish in +every Christian grace where has been the seat of Satan and Indian +idolatry."</p> + +<p>Nathaniel Appleton, of Cambridge, hails the dawning of a +new era. "Who can tell what great and glorious things God +is about to bring forward in the world, and in this world of +America in particular? Oh, may the time come when these +deserts, which for ages unknown have been regions of darkness +and habitations of cruelty, shall be illuminated with the +light of the glorious Gospel, and when this part of the world, +which till the later ages was utterly unknown, shall be the +glory and joy of the whole earth!"</p> + +<p>On the American continent the war was ended, and the +British colonists breathed for a space, as they drifted unwittingly +towards a deadlier strife. They had learned hard and useful lessons. +Their mutual jealousies and disputes, the quarrels of their governors +and assemblies, the want of any +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380-V2" id="Page_380-V2">380<br />V2</a></span> +general military organization, and +the absence, in most of them, of military habits, joined to narrow +views of their own interest, had unfitted them to the last degree for +carrying on offensive war. Nor were the British troops sent for their +support remarkable in the beginning for good discipline or +efficient command. When hostilities broke out, the army of +Great Britain was so small as to be hardly worth the name. +A new one had to be created; and thus the inexperienced +Shirley and the incompetent Loudon, with the futile Newcastle +behind them, had, besides their own incapacity, the disadvantage of +raw troops and half-formed officers; while against them stood an +enemy who, though weak in numbers, was strong in a centralized military +organization, skilful leaders armed with untrammelled and absolute +authority, practised soldiers, and a population not only brave, but in +good part inured to war.</p> + +<p>The nature of the country was another cause that helped +to protract the contest. "Geography," says Von Moltke, "is +three fourths of military science;" and never was the truth +of his words more fully exemplified. Canada was fortified with +vast outworks of defence in the savage forests, marshes, and +mountains that encompassed her, where the thoroughfares +were streams choked with fallen trees and obstructed by +cataracts. Never was the problem of moving troops, encumbered +with baggage and artillery, a more difficult one. The question was +less how to fight the enemy than how to get at him. If a few +practicable roads had crossed +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381-V2" id="Page_381-V2">381<br />V2</a></span> +this broad tract of wilderness, the war would have been shortened and its +character changed.</p> + +<p>From these and other reasons, the numerical superiority +of the English was to some extent made unavailing. This +superiority, though exaggerated by French writers, was nevertheless +immense if estimated by the number of men called to arms; but only +a part of these could be employed in offensive operations. The rest +garrisoned forts and blockhouses and guarded the far reach of frontier +from Nova Scotia to South Carolina, where a wily enemy, silent and +secret as fate, choosing their own time and place of attack, +and striking unawares at every unguarded spot, compelled thousands +of men, scattered at countless points of defence, to keep unceasing +watch against a few hundred savage marauders. Full half the +levies of the colonies, and many of the regulars, were used +in service of this kind.</p> + +<p>In actual encounters the advantage of numbers was often +with the French, through the comparative ease with which +they could concentrate their forces at a given point. Of the +ten considerable sieges or battles of the war, five, besides the +great bushfight in which the Indians defeated Braddock, were +victories for France; and in four of these—Oswego, Fort +William Henry, Montmorenci, and Ste.-Foy—the odds were +greatly on her side.</p> + +<p>Yet in this the most picturesque and dramatic of American +wars, there is nothing more noteworthy than the skill with +which the French and Canadian +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382-V2" id="Page_382-V2">382<br />V2</a></span> +leaders used their advantages; the indomitable spirit with which, slighted +and abandoned as they were, they grappled with prodigious difficulties, and +the courage with which they were seconded by regulars and militia alike. +In spite of occasional lapses, the defence of Canada deserves a tribute +of admiration.</p> + +<hr /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Chapter_31" id="Chapter_31"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383-V2" id="Page_383-V2">383<br />V2</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents31">CHAPTER XXXI.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1758-1763.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader">THE PEACE OF PARIS.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + Exodus of Canadian Leaders • Wreck of the "Auguste" • + Trial of Bigot and his Confederates • Frederic of Prussia • + His Triumphs • His Reverses • His Peril • + His Fortitude • Death of George II. • Change of Policy • + Choiseul • His Overtures of Peace • The Family Compact • + Fall of Pitt • Death of the Czarina • Frederic saved • + War with Spain • Capture of Havana • Negotiations • + Terms of Peace • Shall Canada be restored? • + Speech of Pitt • The Treaty signed • + End of the Seven Years War. + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> +</div> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">In</span> + accordance with the terms of the capitulation of Montreal, +the French military officers, with such of the soldiers as could +be kept together, as well as all the chief civil officers of the +colony, sailed for France in vessels provided by the conquerors. +They were voluntarily followed by the principal members of the +Canadian <i>noblesse</i>, and by many of the merchants who had +no mind to swear allegiance to King George. The peasants and poorer +colonists remained at home to begin a new life under a new flag.</p> + +<p>Though this exodus of the natural leaders of Canada was +in good part deferred till the next year, and though the number +of persons to be immediately embarked was reduced by the desertion +of many French soldiers who had married +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384-V2" id="Page_384-V2">384<br />V2</a></span> +Canadian wives, yet the English authorities were sorely perplexed to find +vessels enough for the motley crowd of passengers. When at last they were +all on their way, a succession of furious autumnal storms fell upon them. +The ship that carried Lévis barely escaped wreck, and that which bore +Vaudreuil and his wife fared little better. +<span class="superscript">[858]</span> Worst of all was the +fate of the "Auguste," on board of which was the bold but +ruthless partisan, Saint-Luc de la Corne, his brother, his children, +and a party of Canadian officers, together with ladies, +merchants, and soldiers. A worthy ecclesiastical chronicler +paints the unhappy vessel as a floating Babylon, and sees in +her fate the stern judgment of Heaven. +<span class="superscript">[859]</span> +It is true that New France ran riot in the last years of her existence; but +before the "Auguste" was well out of the St. Lawrence she was so tossed and +buffeted, so lashed with waves and pelted with rain, that the most alluring +forms of sin must have lost their charm, and her inmates passed days rather +of penance than transgression. There was a violent storm as the ship +entered the Gulf; then a calm, during which she took fire in the cook's +galley. The crew and passengers subdued the flames after desperate efforts; +but their only food thenceforth was dry biscuit. Off the coast of Cape +Breton another gale rose. They lost their reckoning and lay tossing blindly +amid the tempest. The exhausted sailors took, in despair, to their hammocks, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385-V2" id="Page_385-V2">385<br />V2</a></span> +from which neither commands nor blows could rouse them, +while amid shrieks, tears, prayers, and vows to Heaven, the +"Auguste" drove towards the shore, struck, and rolled over +on her side. La Corne with six others gained the beach; and +towards night they saw the ship break asunder, and counted +a hundred and fourteen corpses strewn along the sand. Aided +by Indians and by English officers, La Corne made his way +on snow-shoes up the St. John, and by a miracle of enduring +hardihood reached Quebec before the end of winter. +<span class="superscript">[860]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_858" name="footer_858"></a> + <span class="superscript">[858]</span> +<i>Lévis à Belleisle</i>, 27 <i>Nov</i>. 1760.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_859" name="footer_859"></a> + <span class="superscript">[859]</span> +Faillon, <i>Vie de Mademoiselle Le Ber</i>, 363-370.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_860" name="footer_860"></a> + <span class="superscript">[860]</span> +<i>Journal du Voyage de M. Saint-Luc de la Corne</i>. +This is his own narrative.</p> +</div> + +<p>The other ships weathered the November gales, and landed +their passengers on the shores of France, where some of them +found a dismal welcome, being seized and thrown into the +Bastille. These were Vaudreuil, Bigot, Cadet, Péan, Bréard, +Varin, Le Mercier, Penisseault, Maurin, Corpron, and others +accused of the frauds and peculations that had helped to ruin +Canada. In the next year they were all put on trial, whether +as an act of pure justice or as a device to turn public indignation +from the Government. In December, 1761, judges commissioned +for the purpose began their sessions at the Châtelet, and a +prodigious mass of evidence was laid before them. Cadet, with +brazen effrontery, at first declared himself innocent, but ended +with full and unblushing confession. Bigot denied everything till +silenced point by point with papers bearing his own signature. +The prisoners defended themselves by accusing each other. Bigot +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386-V2" id="Page_386-V2">386<br />V2</a></span> +and Vaudreuil brought mutual charges, while all agreed in denouncing +Cadet. Vaudreuil, as before mentioned, was acquitted. Bigot was banished +from France for life, his property was confiscated, and he was condemned +to pay fifteen hundred thousand francs by way of restitution. Cadet was +banished for nine years from Paris and required to refund six millions; +while others were sentenced in sums varying from thirty thousand to +eight hundred thousand francs, and were ordered to be held in prison +till the money was paid. Of twenty-one persons brought to trial ten +were condemned, six were acquitted, three received an admonition, +and two were dismissed for want of evidence. Thirty-four failed to appear, +of whom seven were sentenced in default, and judgment was reserved in +the case of the rest. <span class="superscript">[861]</span> Even those +who escaped from justice profited little by their gains, for unless they +had turned them betimes into land or other substantial values, they lost +them in a discredited paper currency and dishonored bills of exchange.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_861" name="footer_861"></a> + <span class="superscript">[861]</span> +<i>Jugement rendu souverainement et en dernier Ressort dans +l'Affaire du Canada</i>. Papers at the Châtelet of Paris, cited by +Dussieux.</p> +</div> + +<p>While on the American continent the last scenes of the war +were drawing to their close, the contest raged in Europe with +unabated violence. England was in the full career of success; +but her great ally, Frederic of Prussia, seemed tottering to his +ruin. In the summer of 1758 his glory was at its height. +French, Austrians, and Russians had all fled before him. But +the autumn brought +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387-V2" id="Page_387-V2">387<br />V2</a></span> +reverses; and the Austrian general, Daun, at the head of an overwhelming +force, gained over him a partial victory, which his masterly strategy +robbed of its fruits. It was but a momentary respite. His kingdom was +exhausted by its own triumphs. His best generals were dead, his best +soldiers killed or disabled, his resources almost spent, the very +chandeliers of his palace melted into coin; and all Europe was in arms +against him. The disciplined valor of the Prussian troops and the +supreme leadership of their undespairing King had thus far held the +invading hosts at bay; but now the end seemed near. Frederic could not +be everywhere at once; and while he stopped one leak the torrent poured +in at another. The Russians advanced again, defeated General Wedell, +whom he sent against them, and made a junction with the Austrians. +In August, 1759, he attacked their united force at Kunersdorf, +broke their left wing to pieces, took a hundred and eighty +cannon, forced their centre to give ground, and after hours of +furious fighting was overwhelmed at last. In vain he tried to +stop the rout. The bullets killed two horses under him, tore his +clothes, and crushed a gold snuff-box in his waistcoat pocket. +"Is there no b—— of a shot that can hit me, then?" he cried +in his bitterness, as his aides-de-camp forced him from the field. +For a few days he despaired; then rallied to his forlorn task, and +with smiles on his lip and anguish at his heart watched, +manœuvred, and fought with cool and stubborn desperation. +To his friend D'Argens he wrote +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388-V2" id="Page_388-V2">388<br />V2</a></span> +soon after his defeat: "Death is sweet in comparison to such a life as +mine. Have pity on me and it; believe that I still keep to myself a great +many evil things, not wishing to afflict or disgust anybody with them, +and that I would not counsel you to fly these unlucky countries if I had +any ray of hope. Adieu, mon cher!" It was well for him and for Prussia +that he had strong allies in the dissensions and delays of his enemies. +But his cup was not yet full. Dresden was taken from him, eight of his +remaining generals and twelve thousand men were defeated and captured +at Maxen, and "this infernal campaign," as he calls it, closed +in thick darkness.</p> + +<p>"I wrap myself in my stoicism as best I can," he writes to +Voltaire. "If you saw me you would hardly know me: I am +old, broken, gray-headed, wrinkled. If this goes on there will +be nothing left of me but the mania of making verses and an +inviolable attachment to my duties and to the few virtuous +men I know. But you will not get a peace signed by my hand +except on conditions honorable to my nation. Your people, +blown up with conceit and folly, may depend on this."</p> + +<p>The same stubborn conflict with overmastering odds, the +same intrepid resolution, the same subtle strategy, the same +skill in eluding the blow and lightning-like quickness in retorting +it, marked Frederic's campaign of 1760. At Liegnitz three +armies, each equal to his own, closed round him, and he put +them all to flight. While he was fighting in Silesia, the Allies +marched upon Berlin, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389-V2" id="Page_389-V2">389<br />V2</a></span> +took it, and held it three days, but +withdrew on his approach. For him there was no peace. "Why +weary you with the details of my labors and my sorrows?" +he wrote again to his faithful D'Argens. "My spirits have +forsaken me; all gayety is buried with the loved noble ones to +whom my heart was bound." He had lost his mother and his +devoted sister Wilhelmina. "You as a follower of Epicurus +put a value upon life; as for me, I regard death from the Stoic +point of view. I have told you, and I repeat it, never shall my +hand sign a humiliating peace. Finish this campaign I will, +resolved to dare all, to succeed, or find a glorious end." Then +came the victory of Torgau, the last and one of the most +desperate of his battles: a success dearly bought, and bringing +neither rest nor safety. Once more he wrote to D'Argens: +"Adieu, dear Marquis; write to me sometimes. Don't forget a +poor devil who curses his fatal existence ten times a day." +"I live like a military monk. Endless business, and a little consolation +from my books. I don't know if I shall outlive this war, but if I do +I am firmly resolved to pass the rest of my life in solitude in the +bosom of philosophy and friendship. Your nation, you see, is blinder +than you thought. These fools will lose their Canada and Pondicherry +to please the Queen of Hungary and the Czarina."</p> + +<p>The campaign of 1761 was mainly defensive on the part of +Frederic. In the exhaustion of his resources he could see no +means of continuing the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390-V2" id="Page_390-V2">390<br />V2</a></span> +struggle. "It is only Fortune," says +the royal sceptic, "that can extricate me from the situation +I am in. I escape out of it by looking at the universe on the +great scale like an observer from some distant planet. All then +seems to be so infinitely small that I could almost pity my +enemies for giving themselves so much trouble about so very +little. I read a great deal, I devour my books. But for them +I think hypochondria would have had me in Bedlam before +now. In fine, dear Marquis, we live in troublous times and +desperate situations. I have all the properties of a stage hero; +always in danger, always on the point of perishing." +<span class="superscript">[862]</span> And in +another mood: "I begin to feel that, as the Italians say, revenge +is a pleasure for the gods. My philosophy is worn out by +suffering. I am no saint, and I will own that I should die content +if only I could first inflict a part of the misery that I +endure."</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_862" name="footer_862"></a> + <span class="superscript">[862]</span> +The above extracts are as translated by Carlyle in his +<i>History of Frederick II. of Prussia</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>While Frederic was fighting for life and crown, an event +took place in England that was to have great influence on the +war. Walpole recounts it thus, writing to George Montagu on +the twenty-fifth of October, 1760: "My man Harry tells me +all the amusing news. He first told me of the late Prince of +Wales's death, and to-day of the King's; so I must tell you all +I know of departed majesty. He went to bed well last night, +rose at six this morning as usual, looked, I suppose, if all his +money was in his purse, and called for his chocolate. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391-V2" id="Page_391-V2">391<br />V2</a></span> +A little after seven he went into the closet; the German +<i>valet-de-chambre</i> heard a noise, listened, heard something like +a groan, ran in, and found the hero of Oudenarde and Dettingen on the +floor with a gash on his right temple by falling against the corner of +a bureau. He tried to speak, could not, and expired. The great ventricle +of the heart had burst. What an enviable death!"</p> + +<p>The old King was succeeded by his grandson, George III., +a mirror of domestic virtues, conscientious, obstinate, narrow. +His accession produced political changes that had been preparing +for some time. His grandfather was German at heart, loved his +Continental kingdom of Hanover, and was eager for all measures that +looked to its defence and preservation. Pitt, too, had of late +vigorously supported the Continental war, saying that he would conquer +America in Germany. Thus with different views the King and the Minister +had concurred in the same measures. But George III. was English by +birth, language, and inclination. His ruling passion was the +establishment and increase of his own authority. He disliked Pitt, the +representative of the people. He was at heart averse to a war, +the continuance of which would make the Great Commoner necessary, +and therefore powerful, and he wished for a peace that would give +free scope to his schemes for strengthening the prerogative. He was +not alone in his pacific inclinations. The enemies of the haughty +Minister, who had ridden rough-shod over men far above him in rank, +were tired of his ascendency, and saw +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392-V2" id="Page_392-V2">392<br />V2</a></span> +no hope of ending it but by ending +the war. Thus a peace party grew up, and the young King became +its real, though not at first its declared, supporter.</p> + +<p>The Tory party, long buried, showed signs of resurrection. +There were those among its members who, even in a king of +the hated line of Hanover, could recognize and admire the +same spirit of arbitrary domination that had marked their +fallen idols, the Stuarts; and they now joined hands with the +discontented Whigs in opposition to Pitt. The horrors of war, +the blessings of peace, the weight of taxation, the growth of +the national debt, were the rallying cries of the new party; but +the mainspring of their zeal was hostility to the great Minister. +Even his own colleagues chafed under his spirit of mastery; +the chiefs of the Opposition longed to inherit his power; and +the King had begun to hate him as a lion in his path. Pitt held +to his purpose regardless of the gathering storm. That purpose, +as proclaimed by his adherents, was to secure a solid and lasting peace, +which meant the reduction of France to so low an estate that she +could no more be a danger to her rival. In this he had the sympathy +of the great body of the nation.</p> + +<p>Early in 1761 the King, a fanatic for prerogative, set his +enginery in motion. The elections for the new Parliament were +manipulated in his interest. If he disliked Pitt as the representative +of the popular will, he also disliked his colleague, the +shuffling and uncertain Newcastle, as the representative of a +too powerful nobility. Elements +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393-V2" id="Page_393-V2">393<br />V2</a></span> +hostile to both were introduced into the Cabinet and the great offices. +The King's favorite, the Earl of Bute, supplanted Holdernesse as +Secretary of State for the Northern Department; Charles Townshend, an +opponent of Pitt, was made Secretary of War; Legge, Chancellor of the +Exchequer, was replaced by Viscount Barrington, who was sure for the +King; while a place in the Cabinet was also given to the Duke of +Bedford, one of the few men who dared face the formidable Minister. +It was the policy of the King and his following to abandon Prussia, +hitherto supported by British subsidies, make friends with Austria and +Russia at her expense, and conclude a separate peace with France.</p> + +<p>France was in sore need of peace. The infatuation that had +turned her from her own true interest to serve the passions +of Maria Theresa and the Czarina Elizabeth had brought military +humiliation and financial ruin. Abbé de Bernis, Minister of Foreign +Affairs, had lost the favor of Madame de Pompadour, and had been +supplanted by the Duc de Choiseul. The new Minister had gained his +place by pleasing the favorite; but he kept it through his own ability +and the necessities of the time. The Englishman Stanley, whom Pitt +sent to negotiate with him, drew this sketch of his character: "Though +he may have his superiors, not only in experience of business, +but in depth and refinement as a statesman, he is a person +of as bold and daring a spirit as any man whatever in our +country or in his own. Madame Pompadour +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394-V2" id="Page_394-V2">394<br />V2</a></span> +has ever been looked upon by all preceding courtiers and ministers as their +tutelary deity, under whose auspices only they could exist, and who was as +much out of their reach as if she were of a superior class of beings; but +this Minister is so far from being in subordination to her influence that +he seized the first opportunity of depriving her not of an equality, +but of any share of power, reducing her to the necessity of applying +to him even for those favors that she wants for herself and her dependents. +He has effected this great change, which every other man would have thought +impossible, in the interior of the Court, not by plausibility, flattery, +and address, but with a high hand, with frequent railleries and sarcasms +which would have ruined any other, and, in short, by a clear superiority of +spirit and resolution." <span class="superscript">[863]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_863" name="footer_863"></a> + <span class="superscript">[863]</span> +<i>Stanley to Pitt</i>, 6 <i>Aug</i>. 1761, in <i>Grenville Correspondence</i>, +I. 367, <i>note</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>Choiseul was vivacious, brilliant, keen, penetrating; believing +nothing, fearing nothing; an easy moralist, an uncertain +ally, a hater of priests; light-minded, inconstant; yet a kind of +patriot, eager to serve France and retrieve her fortunes.</p> + +<p>He flattered himself with no illusions. "Since we do not +know how to make war," he said, "we must make peace;" +<span class="superscript">[864]</span> +and he proposed a congress of all the belligerent Powers at +Augsburg. At the same time, since the war in Germany was +distinct from the maritime and colonial war of France and +England, he proposed a separate negotiation with the British +Court in order to settle the questions +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395-V2" id="Page_395-V2">395<br />V2</a></span> +between them as a preliminary to the general pacification. Pitt consented, +and Stanley went as envoy to Versailles; while M. de Bussy came as envoy +to London and, in behalf of Choiseul, offered terms of peace, the first +of which was the entire abandonment of Canada to England. +<span class="superscript">[865]</span> But the offers were accompanied +by the demand that Spain, which had complaints of its own against +England, should be admitted as a party to the negotiation, and +even hold in some measure the attitude of a mediator. Pitt +spurned the idea with fierce contempt. "Time enough to treat +of all that, sir, when the Tower of London is taken sword in +hand." <span class="superscript">[866]</span> +He bore his part with the ability that never failed him, +and with a supreme arrogance that rose to a climax in his +demand that the fortress of Dunkirk should be demolished, not +because it was any longer dangerous to England, but because +the nation would regard its destruction "as an eternal monument +of the yoke imposed on France." +<span class="superscript">[867]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_864" name="footer_864"></a> + <span class="superscript">[864]</span> +Flassan, <i>Diplomatie Française</i>, V. 376 (Paris, 1809).</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_865" name="footer_865"></a> + <span class="superscript">[865]</span> +See the proposals in Entick, V. 161.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_866" name="footer_866"></a> + <span class="superscript">[866]</span> +Beatson, <i>Military Memoirs</i>, II. 434. <i>The Count de Fuentes +to the Earl of Egremont</i>, 25 <i>Dec</i>. 1761, in Entick, V. 264.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_867" name="footer_867"></a> + <span class="superscript">[867]</span> +On this negotiation, see <i>Mémoire historique sur la Négociation +de la France et de l'Angleterre</i> (Paris, 1761), a French Government +publication containing papers on both sides. The British +Ministry also published such documents as they saw fit, under the +title of <i>Papers relating to the Rupture with Spain</i>. Compare +Adolphus, <i>George III.</i>, I. 31-39.</p> +</div> + +<p>Choiseul replied with counter-propositions less humiliating +to his nation. When the question of accepting or rejecting +them came before the Ministry, the views of Pitt prevailed +by a majority of one, and, to the disappointment of Bute and +the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396-V2" id="Page_396-V2">396<br />V2</a></span> +King, the conferences were broken off. Choiseul, launched +again on the billows of a disastrous war, had seen and provided +against the event. Ferdinand VI. of Spain had died, and +Carlos III. had succeeded to his throne. Here, as in England, +change of kings brought change of policy. While negotiating +vainly with Pitt, the French Minister had negotiated secretly +and successfully with Carlos; and the result was the treaty +known as the Family Compact, having for its object the union +of the various members of the House of Bourbon in common +resistance to the growing power of England. It provided that +in any future war the Kings of France and Spain should act +as one towards foreign Powers, insomuch that the enemy of +either should be the enemy of both; and the Bourbon princes +of Italy were invited to join in the covenant. +<span class="superscript">[868]</span> What was more +to the present purpose, a special agreement was concluded on +the same day, by which Spain bound herself to declare war +against England unless that Power should make peace with +France before the first of May, 1762. For the safety of her +colonies and her trade Spain felt it her interest to join her +sister nation in putting a check on the vast expansion of +British maritime power. She could bring a hundred ships of war +to aid the dilapidated navy of France, and the wealth of the +Indies to aid her ruined treasury.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_868" name="footer_868"></a> + <span class="superscript">[868]</span> +Flassan, <i>Diplomatie Française</i>, V. 317 (Paris, 1809).</p> +</div> + +<p>Pitt divined the secret treaty, and soon found evidence of +it. He resolved to demand at once +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397-V2" id="Page_397-V2">397<br />V2</a></span> +full explanation from +Spain; and, failing to receive a satisfactory reply, attack her +at home and abroad before she was prepared. On the second +of October he laid his plan before a Cabinet Council held at +a house in St. James Street. There were present the Earl of +Bute, the Duke of Newcastle, Earl Granville, Earl Temple, +and others of the Ministry. Pitt urged his views with great +warmth. "This," he exclaimed, "is the time for humbling the +whole House of Bourbon!" <span class="superscript">[869]</span> +His brother-in-law, Temple, supported +him. Newcastle kept silent. Bute denounced the proposal, +and the rest were of his mind. "If these views are to be followed," +said Pitt, "this is the last time I can sit at this board. I was +called to the administration of affairs by the voice of the people; +to them I have always considered myself as accountable for my conduct; +and therefore cannot remain in a situation which makes me responsible +for measures I am no longer allowed to guide." Nothing could be more +offensive to George III. and his adherents.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_869" name="footer_869"></a> + <span class="superscript">[869]</span> +Beatson, II. 438.</p> +</div> + +<p>The veteran Carteret, Earl Granville, replied angrily: "I +find the gentleman is determined to leave us; nor can I say I +am sorry for it, since otherwise he would certainly have compelled +us to leave him. But if he is resolved to assume the office of +exclusively advising His Majesty and directing the operations of the +war, to what purpose are we called to this council? When he talks of +being responsible to the people, he talks the language of the House +of Commons, and forgets that at this +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398-V2" id="Page_398-V2">398<br />V2</a></span> +board he is responsible only +to the King. However, though he may possibly have convinced himself +of his infallibility, still it remains that we should be equally +convinced before we can resign our understandings to his direction, +or join with him in the measure he proposes." +<span class="superscript">[870]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_870" name="footer_870"></a> + <span class="superscript">[870]</span> +<i>Annual Register</i>, 1761, p. 44. Adolphus, <i>George III.</i>, I. 40. +Thackeray, <i>Life of Chatham</i>, I. 592.</p> +</div> + +<p>Pitt resigned, and his colleagues rejoiced. +<span class="superscript">[871]</span> Power fell to +Bute and the Tories; and great was the fall. The mass of the +nation was with the defeated Minister. On Lord Mayor's Day +Bute and Barrington were passing St. Paul's in a coach, which +the crowd mistook for that of Pitt, and cheered lustily; till +one man, looking in at the window, shouted to the rest: "This +isn't Pitt; it's Bute, and be damned to him!" The cheers +turned forthwith to hisses, mixed with cries of "No Bute!" +"No Newcastle salmon!" "Pitt forever!" Handfuls of mud were showered +against the coach, and Barrington's ruffles were besmirched with +it. <span class="superscript">[872]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_871" name="footer_871"></a> + <span class="superscript">[871]</span> +Walpole, <i>George III.</i>, I. 80, and note by Sir Denis Le Marchant, +80-82.</p> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_872" name="footer_872"></a> + <span class="superscript">[872]</span> +<i>Nuthall to Lady Chatham</i>, 12 <i>Nov</i>. 1761, in <i>Chatham +Correspondence</i>, II. 166.</p> +</div> + +<p>The fall of Pitt was like the knell of doom to Frederic of +Prussia. It meant abandonment by his only ally, and the loss +of the subsidy which was his chief resource. The darkness +around him grew darker yet, and not a hope seemed left; +when as by miracle the clouds broke, and light streamed out +of the blackness. The bitterest of his foes, the Czarina Elizabeth, +she whom he had called +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399-V2" id="Page_399-V2">399<br />V2</a></span> +<i>infâme catin du Nord</i>, died, and was +succeeded by her nephew, Peter III. Here again, as in England and +Spain, a new sovereign brought new measures. The young Czar, simple +and enthusiastic, admired the King of Prussia, thought him the +paragon of heroes, and proclaimed himself his friend. No sooner +was he on the throne than Russia changed front. From the foe of +Frederic she became his ally; and in the opening campaign of 1762 +the army that was to have aided in crushing him was ranged on his +side. It was a turn of fortune too sharp and sudden to endure. +Ill-balanced and extreme in all things, Peter plunged into +headlong reforms, exasperated the clergy and the army, and +alienated his wife, Catherine, who had hoped to rule in his +name, and who now saw herself supplanted by his mistress. +Within six months he was deposed and strangled. Catherine, +one of whose lovers had borne part in the murder, reigned +in his stead, conspicuous by the unbridled disorders of her +life, and by powers of mind that mark her as the ablest of +female sovereigns. If she did not share her husband's enthusiasm +for Frederic, neither did she share Elizabeth's hatred of him. +He, on his part, taught by hard experience, conciliated instead of +insulting her, and she let him alone.</p> + +<p>Peace with Russia brought peace with Sweden, and Austria with the Germanic +Empire stood alone against him. France needed all her strength to hold her +own against the mixed English and German force under Ferdinand of Brunswick in +the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400-V2" id="Page_400-V2">400<br />V2</a></span> +Rhine countries. She made spasmodic efforts to seize upon +Hanover, but the result was humiliating defeat.</p> + +<p>In England George III. pursued his policy of strengthening +the prerogative, and, jealous of the Whig aristocracy, attacked +it in the person of Newcastle. In vain the old politician +had played false with Pitt, and trimmed to please his young +master. He was worried into resigning his place in the Cabinet, +and Bute, the obsequious agent of the royal will, succeeded +him as First Lord of the Treasury. Into his weak and unwilling hands +now fell the task of carrying on the war; for the nation, elated +with triumphs and full of fight, still called on its rulers for +fresh efforts and fresh victories. Pitt had proved a true prophet, +and his enemies were put to shame; for the attitude of Spain forced +Bute and his colleagues to the open rupture with her which the great +Minister had vainly urged upon them; and a new and formidable war was +now added to the old. <span class="superscript">[873]</span> +Their counsels were weak and half-hearted; +but the armies and navies of England still felt the impulsion that +the imperial hand of Pitt had given and the unconquerable spirit that +he had roused.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_873" name="footer_873"></a> + <span class="superscript">[873]</span> +<i>Declaration of War against the King of Spain</i>, 4 <i>Jan</i>. 1762.</p> +</div> + +<p>This spirit had borne them from victory to victory. In Asia +they had driven the French from Pondicherry and all their +Indian possessions; in Africa they had wrested from them +Gorée and the Senegal country; in the West Indies they had +taken Guadeloupe and Dominica; in the European +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401-V2" id="Page_401-V2">401<br />V2</a></span> +seas they had captured ship after ship, routed and crippled the great +fleet of Admiral Conflans, seized Belleisle, and defeated a bold +attempt to invade Ireland. The navy of France was reduced +to helplessness. Pitt, before his resignation, had planned a +series of new operations, including an attack on Martinique, +with other West Indian islands still left to France, and then +in turn on the Spanish possessions of Havana, Panama, Manila, and +the Philippines. Now, more than ever before, the war appeared in +its true character. It was a contest for maritime and colonial +ascendency; and England saw herself confronted by both her great +rivals at once.</p> + +<p>Admiral Rodney sailed for Martinique, and Brigadier +Monckton joined him with troops from America. Before the +middle of February the whole island was in their hands; and +Grenada, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent soon shared its fate. The +Earl of Albemarle and Admiral Sir George Pococke sailed in +early spring on a more important errand, landed in June near +Havana with eleven thousand soldiers, and attacked Moro Castle, +the key of the city. The pitiless sun of the tropic midsummer +poured its fierce light and heat on the parched rocks where the men +toiled at the trenches. Earth was so scarce that hardly enough could +be had to keep the fascines in place. The siege works were little +else than a mass of dry faggots; and when, after exhausting toil, +the grand battery opened on the Spanish defences, it presently took +fire, was consumed, and had to be made anew. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402-V2" id="Page_402-V2">402<br />V2</a></span> +Fresh water failed, and the troops died by scores from thirst; fevers set +in, killed many, and disabled nearly half the army. The sea was strewn +with floating corpses, and carrion-birds in clouds hovered over the +populous graveyards and infected camps. Yet the siege went on: a +formidable sally was repulsed; Moro Castle was carried by storm; till at +length, two months and eight days after the troops landed, Havana fell +into their hands. <span class="superscript">[874]</span> +At the same time Spain was attacked at the antipodes, and the loss of +Manila and the Philippines gave her fresh cause to repent her rash +compact with France. She was hardly more fortunate near home; for having +sent an army to invade Portugal, which was in the interest of England, a +small British force, under Brigadier Burgoyne, foiled it, and forced it +to retire.</p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_874" name="footer_874"></a> + <span class="superscript">[874]</span> +<i>Journal of the Siege, by the Chief Engineer</i>, in Beatson, II. 544. +Mante, 398-465. Entick, V. 363-383.</p> +</div> + +<p>The tide of British success was checked for an instant in +Newfoundland, where a French squadron attacked St. John's +and took it, with its garrison of sixty men. The news reached +Amherst at New York; his brother, Lieutenant-Colonel Amherst, +was sent to the scene of the mishap. St. John's was retaken, and +its late conquerers were made prisoners of war.</p> + +<p>The financial condition of France was desperate. Her people were +crushed with taxation; her debt grew apace; and her yearly +expenditure was nearly double her revenue. Choiseul felt the need +of immediate peace; and George III. and Bute were +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403-V2" id="Page_403-V2">403<br />V2</a></span> +hardly less eager for it, to avert the danger of Pitt's return +to power and give free scope to their schemes for strengthening the +prerogative. Therefore, in September, 1762, negotiations were resumed. +The Duke of Bedford was sent to Paris to settle the preliminaries, +and the Duc de Nivernois came to London on the same errand. The +populace were still for war. Bedford was hissed as he passed through +the streets of London, and a mob hooted at the puny figure of Nivernois +as he landed at Dover.</p> + +<p>The great question was, Should Canada be restored? Should +France still be permitted to keep a foothold on the North +American continent? Ever since the capitulation of Montreal +a swarm of pamphlets had discussed the momentous subject. +Some maintained that the acquisition of Canada was not an +original object of the war; that the colony was of little value +and ought to be given back to its old masters; that Guadeloupe +should be kept instead, the sugar trade of that island being worth far +more than the Canadian fur trade; and, lastly, that the British colonists, +if no longer held in check by France, would spread themselves over +the continent, learn to supply all their own wants, grow independent, +and become dangerous. Nor were these views confined to Englishmen. +There were foreign observers who clearly saw that the adhesion +of her colonies to Great Britain would be jeopardized by the extinction +of French power in America. Choiseul warned Stanley that they "would +not fail to shake off their dependence the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404-V2" id="Page_404-V2">404<br />V2</a></span> +moment Canada should be ceded;" while thirteen years before, the Swedish +traveller Kalm declared that the presence of the French in America gave +the best assurance to Great Britain that its own colonies would remain +in due subjection. <span class="superscript">[875]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_875" name="footer_875"></a> + <span class="superscript">[875]</span> +Kalm, <i>Travels in North America</i>, I. 207.</p> +</div> + +<p>The most noteworthy argument on the other side was that +of Franklin, whose words find a strange commentary in the +events of the next few years. He affirmed that the colonies +were so jealous of each other that they would never unite +against England. "If they could not agree to unite against +the French and Indians, can it reasonably be supposed that +there is any danger of their uniting against their own nation, +which it is well known they all love much more than they +love one another? I will venture to say union amongst them +for such a purpose is not merely improbable, it is impossible;" +that is, he prudently adds, without "the most grievous tyranny +and oppression," like the bloody rule of "Alva in the Netherlands." +<span class="superscript">[876]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_876" name="footer_876"></a> + <span class="superscript">[876]</span> +<i>Interest of Great Britain in regard to her Colonies</i> +(London, 1760).</p> + +<p>Lord Bath argues for retaining Canada in <i>A Letter addressed +to Two Great Men on the Prospect of Peace</i> (1759). He is answered +by another pamphlet called <i>Remarks on the Letter to Two Great +Men</i> (1760). The <i>Gentleman's Magazine</i> for 1759 has an ironical +article styled <i>Reasons for restoring Canada to the French</i>; and +in 1761 a pamphlet against the restitution appeared under the +title, <i>Importance of Canada considered in Two Letters to a Noble +Lord</i>. These are but a part of the writings on the question.</p> +</div> + +<p>If Pitt had been in office he would have demanded terms that must ruin +past redemption the maritime and colonial power of France; but +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405-V2" id="Page_405-V2">405<br />V2</a></span> +Bute was less exacting. In November the plenipotentiaries of England, +France, and Spain agreed on preliminaries of peace, in which the following +were the essential points. France ceded to Great Britain Canada and all +her possessions on the North American continent east of the River +Mississippi, except the city of New Orleans and a small adjacent district. +She renounced her claims to Acadia, and gave up to the conqueror the +Island of Cape Breton, with all other islands in the Gulf and River of St. +Lawrence. Spain received back Havana, and paid for it by the cession of +Florida, with all her other possessions east of the Mississippi. France, +subject to certain restrictions, was left free to fish in the Gulf of St. +Lawrence and off a part of the coast of Newfoundland; and the two little +islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon were given her as fishing stations on +condition that she should not fortify or garrison them. In the West +Indies, England restored the captured islands of Guadeloupe, Marigalante, +Désirade, and Martinique, and France ceded Grenada and the Grenadines; +while it was agreed that of the so-called neutral islands, St. Vincent, +Dominica, and Tobago should belong to England, and St. Lucia to France. +In Europe, each side promised to give no more help to its allies in the +German war. France restored Minorca, and England restored Belleisle; +France gave up such parts of Hanoverian territory as she had occupied, and +evacuated certain fortresses belonging to Prussia, pledging herself at the +same time to demolish, under the inspection +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406-V2" id="Page_406-V2">406<br />V2</a></span> +of English engineers, her own maritime fortress +of Dunkirk. In Africa France ceded Senegal, and received +back the small Island of Gorée. In India she lost everything +she had gained since the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle; recovered +certain trading stations, but renounced the right of building +forts or maintaining troops in Bengal.</p> + +<p>On the day when the preliminaries were signed, France +made a secret agreement with Spain, by which she divested +herself of the last shred of her possessions on the North +American continent. As compensation for Florida, which her +luckless ally had lost in her quarrel, she made over to the +Spanish Crown the city of New Orleans, and under the name +of Louisiana gave her the vast region spreading westward +from the Mississippi towards the Pacific.</p> + +<p>On the ninth of December the question of approving the +preliminaries came up before both Houses of Parliament. +There was a long debate in the Commons. Pitt was not present, +confined, it was said, by gout; till late in the day the +House was startled by repeated cheers from the outside. The +doors opened, and the fallen Minister entered, carried in the +arms of his servants, and followed by an applauding crowd. +His bearers set him down within the bar, and by the help of +a crutch he made his way with difficulty to his seat. "There +was a mixture of the very solemn and the theatric in this apparition," +says Walpole, who was present. "The moment was so well timed, the +importance of the man and his services, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407-V2" id="Page_407-V2">407<br />V2</a></span> +the languor of his emaciated countenance, and the study bestowed on his +dress were circumstances that struck solemnity into a patriot mind, and +did a little furnish ridicule to the hardened and insensible. He was +dressed in black velvet, his legs and thighs wrapped in flannel, his +feet covered with buskins of black cloth, and his hands with thick +gloves." Not for the first time, he was utilizing his maladies for +purposes of stage effect. He spoke for about three hours, sometimes +standing, and sometimes seated; sometimes with a brief burst of power, +more often with the accents of pain and exhaustion. He highly commended +the retention of Canada, but denounced the leaving to France a share in +the fisheries, as well as other advantages tending to a possible revival +of her maritime power. But the Commons listened coldly, and by a great +majority approved the preliminaries of peace.</p> + +<p>These preliminaries were embodied in the definitive treaty +concluded at Paris on the tenth of February, 1763. Peace between +France and England brought peace between the warring nations of the +Continent. Austria, bereft of her allies, and exhausted by vain efforts +to crush Frederic, gave up the attempt in despair, and signed the treaty +of Hubertsburg. The Seven Years War was ended.</p> + +<hr /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Chapter_32" id="Chapter_32"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408-V2" id="Page_408-V2">408<br />V2</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents32">CHAPTER XXXII.</a><br /> + <span class="med">1763-1884.</span> + </h2> + <p class="smcapheader">CONCLUSION.</p> + <p class="smcap noindent space-bottom"> + Results of the War • Germany • France • England • + Canada • The British Provinces. + </p> + <p class="break1"></p> +</div> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">"This,"</span> +said Earl Granville on his deathbed, "has been the +most glorious war and the most triumphant peace that England +ever knew." Not all were so well pleased, and many held +with Pitt that the House of Bourbon should have been forced +to drain the cup of humiliation to the dregs. Yet the fact +remains that the Peace of Paris marks an epoch than which +none in modern history is more fruitful of grand results. With +it began a new chapter in the annals of the world. To borrow +the words of a late eminent writer, "It is no exaggeration to +say that three of the many victories of the Seven Years War +determined for ages to come the destinies of mankind. With +that of Rossbach began the re-creation of Germany, with that +of Plassey the influence of Europe told for the first time since +the days of Alexander on the nations of the East; with the +triumph of Wolfe on the Heights of Abraham began the history of +the United States." <span class="superscript">[877]</span></p> + +<div class="footer"> + <p class="noindent"> + <a id="footer_877" name="footer_877"></a> + <span class="superscript">[877]</span> +Green, <i>History of the English People</i>, IV. 193 (London, 1880).</p> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409-V2" id="Page_409-V2">409<br />V2</a></span> +So far, however, as concerns the war in the Germanic +countries, it was to outward seeming but a mad debauch of +blood and rapine, ending in nothing but the exhaustion of the +combatants. The havoc had been frightful. According to the +King of Prussia's reckoning, 853,000 soldiers of the various +nations had lost their lives, besides hundreds of thousands of +non-combatants who had perished from famine, exposure, disease, or +violence. And with all this waste of life not a boundary line had been +changed. The rage of the two empresses and the vanity and spite of the +concubine had been completely foiled. Frederic had defied them all, +and had come out of the strife intact in his own hereditary dominions +and master of all that he had snatched from the Empress-Queen; +while Prussia, portioned out by her enemies as their spoil, lay depleted +indeed, and faint with deadly striving, but crowned with glory, and with +the career before her which, through tribulation and adversity, was to +lead her at last to the headship of a united Germany.</p> + +<p>Through centuries of strife and vicissitude the French +monarchy had triumphed over nobles, parliaments, and people, +gathered to itself all the forces of the State, beamed with +illusive splendors under Louis the Great, and shone with the +phosphorescence of decay under his contemptible successor; +till now, robbed of prestige, burdened with debt, and mined +with corruption, it was moving swiftly and more swiftly towards +the abyss of ruin.</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410-V2" id="Page_410-V2">410<br />V2</a></span> +While the war hastened the inevitable downfall of the +French monarchy, it produced still more notable effects. +France under Colbert had embarked on a grand course of maritime +and colonial enterprise, and followed it with an activity and vigor +that promised to make her a great and formidable ocean power. It was +she who led the way in the East, first trained the natives to fight +her battles, and began that system of mixed diplomacy and war which, +imitated by her rival, enabled a handful of Europeans to master all +India. In North America her vast possessions dwarfed those of every +other nation. She had built up a powerful navy and created an extensive +foreign trade. All this was now changed. In India she was reduced to +helpless inferiority, with total ruin in the future; and of all her +boundless territories in North America nothing was left but the two +island rocks on the coast of Newfoundland that the victors had given +her for drying her codfish. Of her navy scarcely forty ships remained; +all the rest were captured or destroyed. She was still great on the +continent of Europe, but as a world power her grand opportunities +were gone.</p> + +<p>In England as in France the several members of the State +had battled together since the national life began, and the +result had been, not the unchecked domination of the Crown, +but a system of balanced and adjusted forces, in which King, +Nobility, and Commons all had their recognized places and +their share of power. Thus in the war just ended two great +conditions of success had been +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411-V2" id="Page_411-V2">411<br />V2</a></span> +supplied: a people instinct +with the energies of ordered freedom, and a masterly leadership +to inspire and direct them.</p> + +<p>All, and more than all, that France had lost England had +won. Now, for the first time, she was beyond dispute the +greatest of maritime and colonial Powers. Portugal and Holland, +her precursors in ocean enterprise, had long ago fallen +hopelessly behind. Two great rivals remained, and she had +humbled the one and swept the other from her path. Spain, +with vast American possessions, was sinking into the decay +which is one of the phenomena of modern history; while France, of +late a most formidable competitor, had abandoned the contest in +despair. England was mistress of the seas, and the world was thrown +open to her merchants, explorers, and colonists. A few years after +the Peace the navigator Cook began his memorable series of voyages, +and surveyed the strange and barbarous lands which after times were +to transform into other Englands, vigorous children of this great +mother of nations. It is true that a heavy blow was soon to fall +upon her; her own folly was to alienate the eldest and greatest +of her offspring. But nothing could rob her of the glory of +giving birth to the United States; and, though politically +severed, this gigantic progeny were to be not the less a source +of growth and prosperity to the parent that bore them, joined +with her in a triple kinship of laws, language, and blood. The +war or series of wars that ended with the Peace of Paris +secured the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412-V2" id="Page_412-V2">412<br />V2</a></span> +opportunities and set in action the forces that have +planted English homes in every clime, and dotted the earth +with English garrisons and posts of trade.</p> + +<p>With the Peace of Paris ended the checkered story of New +France; a story which would have been a history if faults of +constitution and the bigotry and folly of rulers had not dwarfed +it to an episode. Yet it is a noteworthy one in both its lights +and its shadows: in the disinterested zeal of the founder of +Quebec, the self-devotion of the early missionary martyrs, and +the daring enterprise of explorers; in the spiritual and temporal +vassalage from which the only escape was to the savagery +of the wilderness; and in the swarming corruptions which were +the natural result of an attempt to rule, by the absolute hand +of a master beyond the Atlantic, a people bereft of every +vestige of civil liberty. Civil liberty was given them by the +British sword; but the conqueror left their religious system untouched, +and through it they have imposed upon themselves a weight of +ecclesiastical tutelage that finds few equals in the most Catholic +countries of Europe. Such guardianship is not without certain +advantages. When faithfully exercised it aids to uphold some of the +tamer virtues, if that can be called a virtue which needs the constant +presence of a sentinel to keep it from escaping: but it is fatal to +mental robustness and moral courage; and if French Canada would fulfil +its aspirations it must cease to be one of the most priest-ridden +communities of the modern world.</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413-V2" id="Page_413-V2">413<br />V2</a></span> +Scarcely were they free from the incubus of France when +the British provinces showed symptoms of revolt. The measures +on the part of the mother-country which roused their resentment, +far from being oppressive, were less burdensome than the navigation +laws to which they had long submitted; and they resisted taxation by +Parliament simply because it was in principle opposed to their rights +as freemen. They did not, like the American provinces of Spain at a +later day, sunder themselves from a parent fallen into decrepitude; but +with astonishing audacity they affronted the wrath of England +in the hour of her triumph, forgot their jealousies and quarrels, +joined hands in the common cause, fought, endured, and won. The disunited +colonies became the United States. The string of discordant communities +along the Atlantic coast has grown to a mighty people, joined in a union +which the earthquake of civil war served only to compact and consolidate. +Those who in the weakness of their dissensions needed help +from England against the savage on their borders have become +a nation that may defy every foe but that most dangerous +of all foes, herself, destined to a majestic future if she will +shun the excess and perversion of the principles that made her +great, prate less about the enemies of the past and strive more +against the enemies of the present, resist the mob and the +demagogue as she resisted Parliament and King, rally her +powers from the race for gold and the delirium of prosperity +to make firm the foundations on which that +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414-V2" id="Page_414-V2">414<br />V2</a></span> +prosperity rests, +and turn some fair proportion of her vast mental forces to +other objects than material progress and the game of party +politics. She has tamed the savage continent, peopled the +solitude, gathered wealth untold, waxed potent, imposing, redoubtable; +and now it remains for her to prove, if she can, that the rule of the +masses is consistent with the highest growth of the individual; that +democracy can give the world a civilization as mature and pregnant, +ideas as energetic and vitalizing, and types of manhood as lofty and +strong, as any of the systems which it boasts to supplant.</p> +<p><br /></p> + + + +<hr /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /><a name="Appendix" id="Appendix"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415-V2" id="Page_415-V2">415<br />V2</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents31">APPENDIX.</a></h2> +</div> + +<div> + <br /><br /> + <a id="appendixA" name="appendixA"></a> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417-V2" id="Page_417-V2">417<br />V2</a></span> + <br /> +</div> + + +<div id="appx"> + +<h3><a href="#Appendix">Appendix A.</a></h3> +<p class="center noindent caps">Chapter III. Conflict for the West.</p> + +<p class="double-space-top"><i>Piquet and his War-Party</i>.—"Ce +parti [<i>de guerre</i>] pour lequel M. le Général a +donné son consentement, sera de plus de 3,800 hommes…. +500 hommes de nos domiciliés, 700 des Cinq nations à l'exclusion +des Agniers [<i>Mohawks</i>] qui ne sont plus regardés que comme des +anglais, 600 tant Iroquois que d'autres nations le long de la Belle +Rivière d'où ils espèrent chasser les anglais qui y +forment des Établissemens contraires au bien des guerriers, 2,000 +hommes qu'ils doivent prendre aux têtes plates [<i>Choctaws</i>] où +ils s'arresteront, c'est la où les deux chefs de guerre doivent proposer +à l'armée l'expédition des Miamis au retour de celle contre +la Nation du Chien [<i>Cherokees</i>]. Un vieux levain, quelques anciennes +querelles leur feront tout entreprendre contre les anglais +de la Virginie s'ils donnent encore quelques secours à cette +derniere nation, ce qui ne manquera pas d'arriver….</p> + +<p>"C'est un grand miracle que malgré l'envie, les contradictions, +l'opposition presque générale de tous les Villages sauvages, j'aye +formé en moins de 3 ans une des plus florissantes missions du +Canada…. Je me trouve donc, Messieurs, dans l'occasion de +pouvoir étendre l'empire de Jésus Christ et du Roy mes bons +maitres jusqu'aux extrémités de ce nouveau monde, et de plus +faire avec quelques secours que vous me procurerez que la France +et l'angleterre ne pourraient faire avec plusieurs millions et +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_418-V2" id="Page_418-V2">418<br />V2</a></span> +toutes leur troupes." <i>Copie de la Lettre écrite par M. l'Abbé +Picquet, dattée à la Présentation du</i> 8 +<i>Fév</i>. 1752 (Archives de la Marine).</p> + +<p>I saw in the possession of the late Jacques Viger, of Montreal, +an illuminated drawing of one of Piquet's banners, said to be still +in existence, in which the cross, the emblems of the Virgin and +the Saviour, the fleur-de-lis, and the Iroquois totems are all embroidered +and linked together by strings of wampum beads wrought into the silk.</p> + +<p><i>Directions of the French Colonial Minister for the Destruction +of Oswego</i>.—"La seule voye dont on puisse faire usage en temps +de paix pour une pareille opération est celle des Iroquois des cinq +nations. Les terres sur lesquelles le poste à été +établi leur appartiennent et ce n'est qu'avec leur consentement que +les anglois s'y sont placés. Si en faisant regarder à ces +sauvages un pareil établissement comme contraire à leur +liberté et comme une usurpation dont les anglois prétendent +faire usage pour acquérir la propriété de leur terre on +pourrait les déterminer à entreprendre de les détruire, +une pareille opération ne seroit pas à négliger; mais M. +le Marquis de la Jonquière doit sentir avec quelle circonspection une +affaire de cette espèce doit être conduite et il faut en +effêt qu'il y travaille de façon à ne se point compromettre." +<i>Le Ministre à MM. de la Jonquière et Bigot</i>, 15 +<i>Avril</i>, 1750 (Archives de la Marine).</p> + +<p><br /><a id="appendixB" name="appendixB"></a> +<br /></p> +<h3><a href="#Appendix">Appendix B.</a></h3> + +<p class="center noindent caps">Chapter IV. Acadia.</p> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<i>English Treatment of Acadians.</i>—"Les Anglois dans la vue de +la Conquête du Canada ont voulu donner aux peuples françois de +ces Colonies un exemple frappant de la douceur de leur gouvernement +dans leur conduite à l'égard des Accadiens.</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419-V2" id="Page_419-V2">419<br />V2</a></span> +"Ils leur ont fourni pendant plus de 35 ans le simple nécessaire, +sans élever la fortune d'aucun, ils leur ont fourni ce nécessaire +souvent à crédit, avec un excès de confiance, sans fatiguer +les débiteurs, sans les presser, sans vouloir les forcer au payement. +</p> + +<p> +"Ils leur ont laissé une apparence de liberté si excessive qu'ils +n'ont voulu prendre aucune différence [<i>sic</i>] de leur +différents, pas même pour les crimes…. Ils ont souffert que +les accadiens leur refusassent insolemment certains rentes de grains, modiques +& très-légitimement dues.</p> + +<p>"Ils ont dissimulé le refus méprisant que les accadiens ont +fait de prendre d'eux des concessions pour les nouveaux terreins +qu'ils voulaient occuper.</p> + +<p>"Les fruits que cette conduite a produit dans la dernière guerre +nous le savons [<i>sic</i>] et les anglois n'en ignorent rien. Qu'on juge +là-dessus de leur ressentiment et des vues de vengeance de cette +nation cruelle…. Je prévois notamment la dispersion des jeunes +accadiens sur les vaisseaux de guerre anglois, où la seule règle +pour la ration du pain suffit pour les detruire jusqu'au dernier." +<i>Roma, Officier à l'Isle Royale à</i>——, 1750.</p> + +<p><i>Indians, directed by Missionaries, to attack the English in Time +of Peace.</i>—"La lettre de M. l'Abbé Le Loutre me paroit si +intéressante que j'ay l'honneur de vous en envoyer Copie…. +Les trois sauvages qui m'ont porté ces dépêches m'ont +parlé relativement à ce que M. l'Abbé Le Loutre marque +dans sa lettre; je n'ay eu garde de leur donner aucun Conseil là-dessus +et je me suis borné à leur promettre que je ne les +abandonnerai point, aussy ai-je pourvu à tout, soit pour les armes, +munitions de guerre et de bouche, soit pour les autres choses +nécessaires.</p> + +<p>"Il seroit à souhaiter que ces Sauvages rassemblés pussent +parvenir à traverser les anglois dans leurs entreprises, même dans +celle de Chibouctou [<i>Halifax</i>], ils sont dans cette résolution et +s'ils peuvent mettre à execution ce qu'ils ont projetté il est +assuré qu'ils seront fort incommodes aux +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_420-V2" id="Page_420-V2">420<br />V2</a></span> +Anglois et que les vexations qu'ils exerceront sur eux leur seront un +très grand obstacle. +</p> +<p> +"Ces sauvages doivent agir seuls, il n'y aura ny soldat ny habitant, tout se +fera de leur pur mouvement, et sans qu'il paraisse que j'en eusse +connoissance.</p> + +<p>"Cela est très essentiel, aussy ai-je écrit au +S<span class="superscript">r</span>. de Boishébert d'observer +beaucoup de prudence dans ses démarches et de les faire très +secrètement pour que les Anglois ne puissent pas s'apercevoir que nous +pourvoyons aux besoins des dits sauvages.</p> + +<p>"Ce seront les missionnaires qui feront toutes les négociations +et qui dirigeront les pas des dits sauvages, ils sont en très bonnes +mains, le R. P. Germain et M. l'Abbé Le Loutre étant fort +au fait d'en tirer tout le party possible et le plus avantageux pour nos +interêts, ils ménageront leur intrigue de façon +à n'y pas paroitre….</p> + +<p>"Je sens, Monseigneur, toute la delicatesse de cette negociation, +soyez persuadé que je la conduirai avec tant de précautions que +les anglois ne pourront pas dire que mes ordres y ont eu part." +<i>La Jonquière au Ministre</i>, 9 <i>Oct</i>. 1749.</p> + +<p><i>Missionaries to be encouraged in their Efforts to make the Indians +attack the English.</i>—"Les sauvages … se distinguent, +depuis la paix, dans les mouvements qu'il y a du côté de l'Acadie, +et sur lesquels Sa Majesté juge à propos d'entrer dans quelques +details avec le Sieur de Raymond….</p> + +<p>"Sa Majesté luy a déjà observé que les +sauvages ont été jusqu'à présent dans les +dispositions les plus favorables. Il est de la plus grande importance, et +pour le présent et pour l'avenir, de ne rien négliger pour +les y maintenir. Les missionnaires qui sont auprès d'eux sont +plus à portés d'y contribuer que personne, et Sa Majesté +a lieu d'être satisfaite des soins qu'ils y donnent. Le +S<span class="superscript">r</span>. de Raymond doit exciter ces missionnaires +à ne point se relacher sur cela; mais en même temps il doit les +avertir de contenir leur zèle de manière qu'ils ne se +compromettent pas mal à propos avec les anglois et qu'ils ne donnent +point de justes sujets +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_421-V2" id="Page_421-V2">421<br />V2</a></span> +de plaintes." <i>Mémoire du Roy pour servir d'Instruction au Comte de +Raymond</i>, 24 <i>Avril</i>, 1751.</p> + +<p><i>Acadians to join the Indians in attacking the English.</i>—"Pour +que ces Sauvages agissent avec beaucoup de Courage, quelques accadiens +habillés et matachés comme les Sauvages pourront se joindre +à eux pour faire coup sur les Anglois. Je ne puis éviter de +consentir à ce que ces Sauvages feront puisque nous avons les bras +liés et que nous ne pouvons rien faire par nous-mêmes, au +surplus je ne crois pas qu'il y ait de l'inconvenient de laisser +mêler les accadiens parmi les Sauvages, parceque s'ils sont pris, +nous dirons qu'ils ont agi de leur propre mouvement." <i>La Jonquière +au Ministre</i>, 1 <i>Mai</i>, 1751.</p> + +<p><i>Cost of Le Loutre's Intrigues.</i>—"J'ay déjà +fait payer a M. Le Loutre depuis l'année dernière la somme de +11183<i>l</i>. 18s. pour acquitter les dépenses qu'il fait journellement +et je ne cesse de luy recommander de s'en tenir aux indispensables en evitant +toujours de rien compromettre avec le gouvernement anglois." <i>Prévost +au Ministre</i>, 22 <i>Juillet</i>, 1750.</p> + +<p><i>Payment for English Scalps in Time of Peace.</i>—"Les Sauvages +ont pris, il y a un mois, 18 chevelures angloises [<i>English scalps</i>], +et M. Le Loutre a été obligé de les payer 1800<i>l</i>., +argent de l'Acadie, dont je luy ay fait le remboursement." <i>Ibid</i>., 16 +<i>Août</i>, 1753.</p> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +Many pages might be filled with extracts like the above. These, +with most of the other French documents used in Chapter IV., are +taken from the Archives de la Marine et des Colonies.</p> + +<p><br /><a id="appendixC" name="appendixC"></a><br /></p> +<h3><a href="#Appendix">Appendix C.</a></h3> + +<p class="center noindent caps">Chapter V. Washington.</p> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<i>Washington and the Capitulation at Fort Necessity</i>.—Villiers, +in his Journal, boasts that he made Washington sign a virtual +admission that he had assassinated Jumonville. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_422-V2" id="Page_422-V2">422<br />V2</a></span> +In regard to this point, a letter, of which the following is an extract, +is printed in the provincial papers of the time. It is from Captain Adam +Stephen, an officer in the action, writing to a friend five weeks +after.</p> + +<p>"When Mr. Vanbraam returned with the French proposals, we +were obliged to take the sense of them from his mouth; it rained +so heavy that he could not give us a written translation of them; +we could scarcely keep the candle lighted to read them by; they +were written in a bad hand, on wet and blotted paper, so that +no person could read them but Vanbraam, who had heard them +from the mouth of the French officer. Every officer there is +ready to declare that there was no such word as <i>assassination</i> +mentioned. The terms expressed were, <i>the death of Jumonville</i>. If +it had been mentioned we would by all means have had it altered, +as the French, during the course of the interview, seemed very +condescending, and desirous to bring things to an issue." He then +gives several other points in which Vanbraam had misled them.</p> + +<p>Dinwiddie, recounting the affair to Lord Albemarle, says that +Washington, being ignorant of French, was deceived by the +interpreter, who, through poltroonery, suppressed the word assassination.</p> + +<p>Captain Mackay, writing to Washington in September, after a +visit to Philadelphia, says: "I had several disputes about our +capitulation; but I satisfied every person that mentioned the subject +as to the articles in question, that they were owing to a bad +interpreter, and contrary to the translation made to us when we +signed them."</p> + +<p>At the next meeting of the burgesses they passed a vote of thanks +for gallant conduct to Washington and all his officers by name, +except Vanbraam and the major of the regiment, the latter being +charged with cowardice, and the former with treacherous misinterpretation +of the articles.</p> + +<p>Sometime after, Washington wrote to a correspondent who had +questioned him on the subject: "That we were wilfully or ignorantly +deceived by our interpreter in regard +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_423-V2" id="Page_423-V2">423<br />V2</a></span> +to the word <i>assassination</i> +I do aver, and will to my dying moment; so will every officer +that was present. The interpreter was a Dutchman little acquainted +with the English tongue, therefore might not advert to the tone and +meaning of the word in English; but, whatever his motives for so doing, +certain it is that he called it the <i>death</i> or the <i>loss</i> of +the Sieur Jumonville. So we received and so we understood it, until, to +our great surprise and mortification, we found it otherwise in a +literal translation." Sparks, <i>Writings of Washington</i>, II. 464, 465.</p> + +<p><br /><a id="appendixD" name="appendixD"></a><br /></p> +<h3><a href="#Appendix">Appendix D.</a></h3> + +<p class="center noindent caps">Chapter VII. Braddock.</p> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">It</span> +has been said that Beaujeu, and not Contrecœur, commanded +at Fort Duquesne at the time of Braddock's expedition. Some +contemporaries, and notably the chaplain of the fort, do, in fact, +speak of him as in this position; but their evidence is overborne +by more numerous and conclusive authorities, among them Vaudreuil, +governor of Canada, and Contrecœur himself, in an official +report. Vaudreuil says of him: "Ce commandant s'occupa le 8 +[<i>Juillet</i>] à former un parti pour aller au devant des Anglois;" and +adds that this party was commanded by Beaujeu and consisted of +250 French and 650 Indians (<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 5 <i>Août</i>, +1755). In the autumn of 1756 Vaudreuil asked the Colonial Minister +to procure a pension for Contrecœur and Ligneris. He says: +"Le premier de ces Messieurs a commandé longtemps au fort +Duquesne; c'est luy qui a ordonné et dirigé tous les mouvements +qui se sont faits dans cette partie, soit pour faire abandonner le +premier établissement des Anglois, soit pour les forcer à se +retirer du fort Nécessité, et soit enfin pour aller au devant de +l'armée du Général Braddock qui a été +entièrement défaite" +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_424-V2" id="Page_424-V2">424<br />V2</a></span> +(<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 8 <i>Nov</i>. 1756.) Beaujeu, who had lately +arrived with a reinforcement, had been named to relieve Contrecœur +(<i>Dumas au Ministre</i>, 24 <i>Juillet</i>, 1756), but had not yet done so. +</p> + +<p>As the report of Contrecœur has never been printed, I give an +extract from it (<i>Contrecœur à Vaudreuil</i>, 14 <i>Juillet</i>, +1755, in Archives de la Marine):—</p> + +<p> +"Le même jour [8 <i>Juillet</i>] je formai un party de tout ce que +je pouvois mettre hors du fort pour aller à leur rencontre. Il +étoit composé de 250 François et de 650 sauvages, +ce qui faisoit 900 hommes. M. de Beaujeu, capitaine, le commandoit. +Il y avoit deux capitaines qui estoient M<span class="superscript">rs</span>. +Dumas et Ligneris et plusieurs autres officiers subalternes. Ce parti se +mit en marche le 9 à 8 heures du matin, et se trouva à midi et +demie en présence des Anglois à environ 3 lieues du fort. On +commença à faire feu de part et d'autre. Le feu de +l'artillerie ennemie fit reculer un peu par deux fois notre parti. +M. de Beaujeu fut tué à la troisième décharge. +M. Dumas prit le commandement et s'en acquitta au mieux. Nos +François, pleins de courage, soutenus par les sauvages, quoiqu'ils +n'eussent point d'artillerie, firent à leur tour plier les Anglois qui +se battirent en ordre de bataille et en bonne contenance. Et ces +derniers voyant l'ardeur de nos gens qui fonçoient avec une vigeur +infinie furent enfin obligés de plier tout à fait après +4 heures d'un grand feu. M<span class="superscript">rs</span>. Dumas et +Ligneris qui n'avoient plus avec eux q'une vingtaine de François ne +s'engagerent point dans la poursuite. Ils rentrerent dans le fort, +parceq'une grande partie des Canadiens qui n'estoient malheureusement que +des enfants s'estoient retirés à la première +décharge."</p> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +The letter of Dumas cited in the text has been equally unknown. +It was written a year after the battle in order to draw the attention +of the minister to services which the writer thought had not been +duly recognized. The following is an extract (<i>Dumas au Ministre</i>, +24 <i>Juillet</i>, 1756, in Archives de la Marine):—</p> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_425-V2" id="Page_425-V2">425<br />V2</a></span> +"M. de Beaujeu marcha donc, et sous ses ordres M. de Ligneris +et moi. Il attaqua avec beaucoup d'audace mais sans nulle disposition; +notre première décharge fut faite hors de portée; +l'ennemi fit la sienne de plus près, et dans le premier instant +du combat, cent miliciens, qui faisaient la moitié de nos +Français lâcherent honteusement le pied en criant +'Sauve qui peut.' Deux cadets qui depuis ont été faits +officiers autorisaient cette fuite par leur exemple. Ce mouvement en +arrière ayant encouragé l'ennemi, il fit retentir ses cris +de Vive le Roi et avança sur nous à grand pas. Son artillerie +s'étant preparée pendant ce temps là commença +à faire feu ce qui épouvanta tellement les Sauvages que tout prit +la fuite; l'ennemi faisait sa troisième décharge de mousqueterie +quand M. de Beaujeu fut tué.</p> + +<p> +"Notre déroute se présenta a mes yeux sous le plus +désagréable point de vue, et pour n'être point +chargé de la mauvaise manœuvre d'autrui, je ne songeai plus +qu'à me faire tuer. Ce fut alors, Monseigneur, qu'excitant de la +voix et du geste le peu de soldats qui restait, je m'avançai avec +la contenance qui donne le désespoir. Mon peloton fit un feu si +vif que l'ennemi en parut étonné; il grossit insensiblement +et les Sauvages voyant que mon attaque faisait cesser les cris de l'ennemi +revinrent à moi. Dans ce moment j'envoyai M. le +Chev<span class="superscript">r</span>. Le Borgne et M. de Rocheblave dire +aux officiers qui étaient à la tête des Sauvages de +prendre l'ennemi en flanc. Le canon qui battit en tête donna faveur +à mes ordres. L'ennemi, pris de tous cotés, combattit avec la +fermeté la plus opiniâtre. Des rangs entiers tombaient à +la fois; presque tous les officiers périrent; et le désordre +s'étant mis par là dans cette colonne, tout prit la fuite."</p> + +<p>Whatever may have been the conduct of the Canadian militia, the French +officers behaved with the utmost courage, and shared with the Indians the +honors of the victory. The partisan chief Charles Langlade seems also to +have been especially prominent. His grandson, the aged Pierre Grignon, +declared that it was he who led the attack +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_426-V2" id="Page_426-V2">426<br />V2</a></span> +(Draper, <i>Recollections of Grignon</i>, in the +<i>Collections of the Wisconsin Historical Society,</i> III.). Such evidence, +taken alone, is of the least possible weight; but both the +traveller Anbury and General John Burgoyne, writing many years +after the event, speak of Langlade, who was then alive, as the +author of Braddock's defeat. Hence there can be little doubt that +he took an important part in it, though the contemporary writers +do not mention his name. Compare Tassé, <i>Notice sur Charles +Langlade</i>. The honors fell to Contrecœur, Dumas, and Ligneris, +all of whom received the cross of the Order of St Louis (<i>Ordres +du Roy et Dépêches des Ministres</i>, 1755).</p> + +<p><br /><a id="appendixE" name="appendixE"></a><br /></p> +<h3><a href="#Appendix">Appendix E.</a></h3> +<p class="center noindent caps">Chapter XIV. Montcalm.</p> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +To show the style of Montcalm's familiar letters, I give a few +examples. Literal translation is often impossible.</p> + +<h4>À Madame de Montcalm, à Montréal, 16 Artil, 1757.</h4> + +<p class="center italic small noindent">(Extrait.)</p> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +"Ma santé assez bonne, malgré beaucoup de travail, surtout +d'ecriture. Estève, mon secretaire, se marie. Beau caractère. +Bon autographe, écrivant vite. Je lui procure un emploi et le moyen +de faire fortune s'il veut. Il fait un meilleur mariage que ne lui +appartient; malgré cela je crains qu'il ne la fasse pas comme un +autre; fat, frivole, joueur, glorieux, petit-maître, dépensier. +J'ai toujours Marcel, des soldats copistes dans le besoin…. Tous les +soldats de Montpellier se portants bien, hors le fils de Pierre mort chez +moi. Tout est hors de prix. Il faut vivre honorablement et je le fais, tous +les jours seize personnes. Une fois tous les quinze jours chez M. le +Gouverneur général et M<span class="superscript">r</span>. +le Chev. de Lévis qui vit aussi très +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_427-V2" id="Page_427-V2">427<br />V2</a></span> +bien. Il a donné trois beaux grands bals. Pour moi jusqu'au +carême, outre les diners, de grands soupers de dames trois +fois la semaine. Le jour des devotes prudes, des concerts. Les jours des +jeûnes des violons d'hazard, parcequ'on me les demandait, cela ne +menait que jusqu'à deux heures du matin et il se joignait +l'après-souper compagnie dansante sans être priée, +mais sure d'être bien reçue à celle qui avait +soupé. Fort cher, peu amusant, et souvent ennuyeux…. Vous +connaissiez ma maison, je l'ai augmentée d'un cocher, d'un frotteur, +un garçon de cuisine, et j'ai marié mon aide de cuisine; car +je travaille à peupler la colonie: 80 mariages de soldats cet hiver +et deux d'officiers. Germain a perdu sa fille. Il a epousé +mieux que lui; bonne femme mais sans bien, comme toutes…."</p> + +<h4>À Madame de Montcalm, à Montréal, 6 Juin, 1757.</h4> + +<p class="center italic small noindent">(Extrait.)</p> + +<p class="double-space-top" > +"J'addresse la première de cette lettre à ma mère. Il n'y +a pas une heure dans la journée que je ne songe à vous, à +elle, et à mes enfants. J'embrasse ma fille; je vous adore, ma +très chère, ainsi que ma mère. Mille choses à mes +sœurs. Je n'ai pas le temps de leur écrire, ni à Naujac, ni +aux abbesses…. Des compliments au château d'Arbois, aux Du Cayla, +et aux Givard. P. S. N'oubliez pas d'envoyer une douzaine de bouteilles +d'Angleterre de pinte d'eau de lavande; vous en mettrez quatre pour chaque +envoi."</p> + +<h4>À Bourlamaque, à Montréal, 20 Février, 1757.</h4> + +<p class="center italic small noindent">(Extrait.)</p> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +"Dimanche j'avais rassemblé les dames de France hors Mad. +de Parfouru qui m'a fait l'honneur de me venir voir il y a trois jours +et en la voyant je me suis apperçu que l'amour avait des traits de +puissance dont on ne pouvait pas rendre raison, non pas par l'impression +qu'elle a faite +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_428-V2" id="Page_428-V2">428<br />V2</a></span> +sur mon cœur, mais bien par celle qu'elle a faite sur celui de son +époux. Mercredi une assemblée chez Mad. Varin. Jeudi un bal +chez le Chev. de Lévis qui avait prié 65 Dames ou demoiselles; +Il n'y en avait que trente—autant d'hommes qu'à la guerre. Sa +salle bien éclairée, aussi grand que celle de l'Intendance, +beaucoup d'ordre, beaucoup d'attention, des rafraichissements en +abondance toute la nuit de tout genre et de toute espèce et on ne se +retira qu'à sept heures du matin. Pour moi qui ay quitté le +séjour de Québec, Je me couchai de bonne heure. J'avais eu ce +jour-là huit dames à souper et ce souper était +dedié à Mad. Varin. Demain j'en aurai une demi douzaine. +Je ne scai encore a qui il est dedié, Je suis tenté de croire +que c'est à La Roche Beaucourt Le galant +Chev<span class="superscript">r</span>. nous donne encore un bal."</p> + +<p><br /><a id="appendixF" name="appendixF"></a><br /></p> +<h3><a href="#Appendix">Appendix F.</a></h3> +<p class="center noindent caps">Chapter XV. Fort William Henry.</p> + +<h4>Webb to Loudon, Fort Edward, 11 Aug. 1757.</h4> + +<p class="center italic small noindent">Public Record Office. (Extract.)</p> + +<p class="double-space-top" > +<span class="smcap">"On</span> +leaving the Camp Yesterday Morning they [<i>the English +soldiers</i>] were stript by the Indians of everything they had both +Officers and Men the Women and Children drag'd from among +them and most inhumanly butchered before their faces, the party +of about three hundred Men which were given them as an escort +were during this time quietly looking on, from this and other circumstances +we are too well convinced these barbarities must have been connived at by +the French, After having destroyed the women and children they fell upon +the rear of our Men who running in upon the Front soon put the whole +to a most precipitate flight in which confusion part of them came into +this Camp about two o'Clock yesterday morning +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_429-V2" id="Page_429-V2">429<br />V2</a></span> +in a most distressing +situation, and have continued dropping in ever since, a great many men and +we are afraid several Officers were massacred."</p> + +<p>The above is independent of the testimony of Frye, who did +not reach Fort Edward till the day after Webb's letter was written.</p> + +<h4>Frye to Thomas Hubbard, Speaker of the House of Representatives of +Massachusetts, Albany, 16 Aug. 1757.</h4> + +<p class="center italic small noindent">Public Record Office. (Extract.)</p> + +<p class="double-space-top" > +"We did not march till ye 10th at which time the Savages were +let loose upon us, Strips, Kills, & Scalps our people drove them +into Disorder Rendered it impossible to Rally, the French Gaurds +we were promised shou'd Escort us to Fort Edward Could or +would not protect us so that there Opened the most horrid Scene +of Barbarity immaginable, I was strip'd myself of my Arms & +Cloathing that I had nothing left but Briches Stockings Shoes & +Shirt, the Indians round me with their Tomehawks Spears &c +threatening Death I flew to the Officers of the French Gaurds for +Protection but they would afford me none, therefore was Oblig'd +to fly and was in the woods till the 12th in the Morning of which +I arriv'd at Fort Edward almost Famished … with what of +Fatigue Starving &c I am obliged to break off but as soon as I +can Recollect myself shall write to you more fully."</p> + +<h4>Frye, Journal of the Attack of Fort William Henry.</h4> + +<p class="center italic small noindent">Public Record Office. (Extract.)</p> + +<p class="double-space-top" > +"<i>Wednesday, August 10th</i>.—Early this morning we were ordered +to prepare for our march, but found the Indians in a worse +temper (if possible) than last night, every one having a tomahawk, +hatchett or some other instrument of death, and Constantly +plundering from the officers their arms &ca this +Col<span class="superscript">o</span>. Monro Complained of, as a breach of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_430-V2" id="Page_430-V2">430<br />V2</a></span> +the Articles of Capitulation +but to no effect, the french officers however told us that if +we would give up the baggage of the officers and men, to the +Indians, they thought it would make them easy, which at last +Col<span class="superscript">o</span>. Monro Consented to but +this was no sooner done, then they began to take the Officers Hatts, +Swords, guns & Cloaths, stripping them all to their Shirts, and +on some officers, left no +shirt at all, while this was doing they killed and scalp'd all the +sick and wounded before our faces and then took out from our +troops, all the Indians and negroes, and Carried them off, one of +the former they burnt alive afterwards.</p> + +<p>"At last with great difficulty the troops gott from the Retrenchment, +but they were no sooner out, then the savages fell upon the +rear, killing & scalping, which Occasioned an order for a halt, +which at last was done in great Confusion but as soon as those +in the front knew what was doing in the rear they again pressed +forward, and thus the Confusion continued & encreased till we +came to the Advanc'd guard of the French, the savages still carrying +away Officers, privates, Women and Children, some of which +latter they kill'd & scalpt in the road. This horrid scene of blood +and slaughter obliged our officers to apply to the Officers of the +French Guard for protection, which they refus'd & told them they +must take to the woods and shift for themselves which many did, +and in all probability many perish't in the woods, many got into +Fort Edward that day and others daily Continued coming in, but +vastly fatigued with their former hardships added to this last, +which threw several of them into Deliriums."</p> + +<h4>Affidavit of Miles Whitworth, Surgeon of the Massachusetts Regiment, +taken before Governor Pownall 17 Oct. 1757.</h4> + +<p class="center italic small">Public Record Office. (Extract.)</p> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +"Being duly sworn on the Holy Evangelists doth declare … that +there were also seventeen Men of the Massachusetts Regiment +wounded unable to March under his immediate +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_431-V2" id="Page_431-V2">431<br />V2</a></span> +Care in the +Intrenched Camp, that according to the Capitulation he did deliver +them over to the French Surgeon on the ninth of August at two in the +Afternoon … that the French Surgeon received them into his Custody +and placed Centinals of the French Troops upon the said seventeen +wounded. That the French Surgeon going away to the French Camp, the +said Miles Whitworth continued with the said wounded Men till five +O'clock on the Morn of the tenth of August, That the Centinals were +taken off and that he the said Whitworth saw the French Indians about +5 O'clock in the Morn of the 10th of August dragg the said seventeen +wounded men out of their Hutts, Murder them with their Tomohawks and +scalp them, That the French Troops posted round the lines were not further +than forty feet from the Hutts where the said wounded Men lay, that several +Canadian Officers particularly one Lacorne were present and that none, +either Officer or Soldier, protected the said wounded Men.</p> + +<p class="right smcap no-space-bottom">"Miles Whitworth.</p> +<p class="no-space-top noindent"><i>"Sworn before me</i> +<span class="smcap">T. Pownall.</span>"</p> + +<p><br /><a id="appendixG" name="appendixG"></a><br /></p> +<h3><a href="#Appendix">Appendix G.</a></h3> + +<p class="center noindent caps double-space-top">Chapter XX. Ticonderoga.</p> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">The</span> +French accounts of the battle at Ticonderoga are very +numerous, and consist of letters and despatches of Montcalm, +Lévis, Bougainville, Doreil, and other officers, besides several +anonymous narratives, one of which was printed in pamphlet +form at the time. Translations of many of them may be found in +<i>N. Y. Colonial Documents,</i> X. There are, however, various others +preserved in the archives of the War and Marine Departments at +Paris which have not seen the light. I have carefully examined +and collated them all. The English accounts are by no +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_432-V2" id="Page_432-V2">432<br />V2</a></span> +means so +numerous or so minute. Among those not already cited, may be +mentioned a letter of Colonel Woolsey of the New York provincials, +and two letters from British officers written just after the +battle and enclosed in a letter from Alexander Colden to Major +Halkett, 17 July. (<i>Bouquet and Haldimand Papers.</i>)</p> + +<p>The French greatly exaggerated the force of the English and +their losses in the battle. They place the former at from twenty +thousand to thirty-one thousand, and the latter at from four +thousand to six thousand. Prisoners taken at the end of the battle +told them that the English had lost four thousand,—a statement +which they readily accepted, though the prisoners could have +known little more about the matter than they themselves. And +these figures were easily magnified. The number of dead lying +before the lines is variously given at from eight hundred to three +thousand. Montcalm himself, who was somewhat elated by his +victory, gives this last number in one of his letters, though he +elsewhere says two thousand; while Lévis, in his <i>Journal de la +Guerre,</i> says "about eight hundred." The truth is that no pains +were taken to ascertain the exact number, which, by the English +returns, was a little above five hundred, the total of killed, +wounded, and missing being nineteen hundred and forty-four. A +friend of Knox, writing to him from Fort Edward three weeks +after the battle, gives a tabular statement which shows nineteen +hundred and fifty in all, or six more than the official report. As +the name of every officer killed or wounded, with the corps to +which he belonged, was published at the time (<i>London Magazine</i>, +1758), it is extremely unlikely that the official return was +falsified. Abercromby's letter to Pitt, of July 12, says that he +retreated "with the loss of four hundred and sixty-four regulars +killed, twenty-nine missing eleven hundred and seventeen wounded; +and eighty-seven provincials killed, eight missing, and two hundred +and thirty-nine wounded, officers of both included." In a +letter to Viscount Barrington, of the same date (Public Record +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_433-V2" id="Page_433-V2">433<br />V2</a></span> +Office), Abercromby encloses a full detail of losses, regiment by +regiment and company by company, being a total of nineteen +hundred and forty-five. Several of the French writers state correctly +that about fourteen thousand men (including reserves) were engaged in +the attack; but they add erroneously that there were thirteen thousand +more at the Falls. In fact there was only a small provincial regiment +left there, and a battalion of the New York regiment, under Colonel +Woolsey, at the landing.</p> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">A Legend of Ticonderoga</span>.—Mention has +been made of the death of Major Duncan Campbell of Inverawe. The following +family tradition relating to it was told me in 1878 by the late +Dean Stanley, to whom I am also indebted for various papers on +the subject, including a letter from James Campbell, Esq., the +present laird of Inverawe, and great-nephew of the hero of the +tale. The same story is told, in an amplified form and with some +variations, in the <i>Legendary Tales of the Highlands</i> of Sir Thomas +Dick Lauder. As related by Dean Stanley and approved by Mr. +Campbell, it is this:—</p> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +The ancient castle of Inverawe stands by the banks of the Awe, +in the midst of the wild and picturesque scenery of the western +Highlands. Late one evening, before the middle of the last century, +as the laird, Duncan Campbell, sat alone in the old hall, +there was a loud knocking at the gate; and, opening it, he saw +a stranger, with torn clothing and kilt besmeared with blood, who +in a breathless voice begged for asylum. He went on to say that +he had killed a man in a fray, and that the pursuers were at his +heels. Campbell promised to shelter him. "Swear on your dirk!" +said the stranger; and Campbell swore. He then led him to a secret +recess in the depths of the castle. Scarcely was he hidden when +again there was a loud knocking at the gate, and two armed men +appeared. "Your cousin Donald has been murdered, and we are +looking for the murderer!" +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_434-V2" id="Page_434-V2">434<br />V2</a></span> +Campbell, remembering his oath, +professed to have no knowledge of the fugitive; and the men went +on their way. The laird, in great agitation, lay down to rest in +a large dark room, where at length he fell asleep. Waking suddenly +in bewilderment and terror, he saw the ghost of the murdered +Donald standing by his bedside, and heard a hollow voice +pronounce the words: <i>"Inverawe! Inverawe! blood has been shed. +Shield not the murderer!"</i> In the morning Campbell went to the +hiding-place of the guilty man and told him that he could harbor +him no longer. "You have sworn on your dirk!" he replied; and +the laird of Inverawe, greatly perplexed and troubled, made a +compromise between conflicting duties, promised not to betray +his guest, led him to the neighboring mountain, and hid him in +a cave.</p> + +<p>In the next night, as he lay tossing in feverish slumbers, the +same stern voice awoke him, the ghost of his cousin Donald stood +again at his bedside, and again he heard the same appalling words: +<i>"Inverawe! Inverawe! blood has been shed. Shield not the murderer!"</i> +At break of day he hastened, in strange agitation, to the +cave; but it was empty, the stranger was gone. At night, as he +strove in vain to sleep, the vision appeared once more, ghastly +pale, but less stern of aspect than before. <i>"Farewell, Inverawe!"</i> +it said; <i>"Farewell, till we meet at TICONDEROGA!"</i></p> + +<p>The strange name dwelt in Campbell's memory. He had joined +the Black Watch, or Forty-second Regiment, then employed +in keeping order in the turbulent Highlands. In time he became +its major; and, a year or two after the war broke out, he went +with it to America. Here, to his horror, he learned that it was +ordered to the attack of Ticonderoga. His story was well known +among his brother officers. They combined among themselves to +disarm his fears; and when they reached the fatal spot they told +him on the eve of the battle, "This is not Ticonderoga; we are not +there yet; this is Fort George." But in the morning he came to +them with haggard looks. "I have seen +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_435-V2" id="Page_435-V2">435<br />V2</a></span> +him! You have deceived me! He came to my tent last night! This is Ticonderoga! +I shall die to-day!" and his prediction was fulfilled.</p> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +Such is the tradition. The indisputable facts are that Major +Duncan Campbell of Inverawe, his arm shattered by a bullet, +was carried to Fort Edward, where, after amputation, he died and +was buried. (<i>Abercromby to Pitt</i>, 19 <i>August</i>, 1758.) The stone +that marks his grave may still be seen, with this inscription: <i>"Here +lyes the Body of Duncan Campbell of Inverawe, +Esq<span class="superscript">re</span>., Major to the old Highland Regiment, +aged</i> 55 <i>Years, who died the</i> 17<i><span class="superscript">th</span> +July</i>, 1758, <i>of the Wounds he received in the Attack of the Retrenchment +of Ticonderoga or Carrillon, on the</i> 8<i><span class="superscript">th</span> +July</i>, 1758."</p> + +<p>His son, Lieutenant Alexander Campbell, was severely wounded +at the same time, but reached Scotland alive, and died in Glasgow. +</p> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +Mr. Campbell, the present Inverawe, in the letter mentioned above, says +that forty-five years ago he knew an old man whose grandfather was +foster-brother to the slain major of the forty-second, and who told +him the following story while carrying a salmon for him to an inn near +Inverawe. The old man's grandfather was sleeping with his son, then a +lad, in the same room, but in another bed. This son, father of the +narrator, "was awakened," to borrow the words of Mr. Campbell, "by some +unaccustomed sound, and behold there was a bright light in the room, +and he saw a figure, in full Highland regimentals, cross over the room +and stoop down over his father's bed and give him a kiss. He was too +frightened to speak, but put his head under his coverlet and went to +sleep. Once more he was roused in like manner, and saw the same sight. +In the morning he spoke to his father about it, who told him that it +was Macdonnochie <i>[the Gaelic patronymic of the laird of +Inverawe]</i> whom he had seen, and who came to tell him that he had +been killed in a great battle in America. Sure enough, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_436-V2" id="Page_436-V2">436<br />V2</a></span> +said my informant, it was on the very day that the +battle of Ticonderoga was fought and the laird was killed."</p> + +<p>It is also said that two ladies of the family of Inverawe saw a +battle in the clouds, in which the shadowy forms of Highland +warriors were plainly to be descried; and that when the fatal +news came from America, it was found that the time of the +vision answered exactly to that of the battle in which the head +of the family fell.</p> + +<p>The legend of Inverawe has within a few years found its way +into an English magazine, and it has also been excellently told +in the <i>Atlantic Monthly</i> of September of this year, 1884, by Miss +C. F. Gordon Cumming. Her version differs a little from that +given above from the recital of Dean Stanley and the present laird +of Inverawe, but the essential points are the same. Miss Gordon +Cumming, however, is in error when she says that Duncan Campbell +was wounded in the breast, and that he was first buried at +Ticonderoga. His burial-place was near Fort Edward, where he +died, and where his remains still lie, though not at the same spot, +as they were long after removed by a family named Gilchrist, +who claimed kinship with the Campbells of Inverawe.</p> + +<p><br /><a id="appendixH" name="appendixH"></a><br /></p> +<h3><a href="#Appendix">Appendix H.</a></h3> +<p class="center noindent caps double-space-top">Chapter XXV. Wolfe at Quebec.</p> + +<p class="center smcap noindent double-space-top">Force of the French + and English at the Siege of Quebec.</p> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">"Les</span> +retranchemens que j'avois fait tracer depuis la rivière St. +Charles jusqu'au saut Montmorency furent occupés par plus de +14,000 hommes, 200 cavaliers dont je formai un corps aux ordres +de M. de la Rochebeaucour, environ 1,000 sauvages Abenakis et +des différentes nations du nord des pays d'en haut. M. de +Boishébert arriva ensuite +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_437-V2" id="Page_437-V2">437<br />V2</a></span> +avec les Acadiens et sauvages qu'il avoit rassemblés. +Je réglai la garnison de Québec à 2,000 hommes." +<i>Vaudreuil au Ministre</i>, 5 <i>Oct</i>. 1759.</p> + +<p>The commissary Berniers says that the whole force was about +fifteen thousand men, besides Indians, which is less than the number +given by Vaudreuil.</p> + +<p>Bigot says: "Nous avions 13,000 hommes et mille à 1,200 sauvages, +sans compter 2,000 hommes de garnison dans la ville." <i>Bigot au Ministre</i>, +25 <i>Oct</i>. 1759.</p> + +<p>The Hartwell <i>Journal du Siége</i> says: "II fut +décidé qu'on ne laisseroit dans la place que 1,200 hommes, et +que tout le reste marcheroit au camp, où l'on comptoit se trouver plus +de 15,000 hommes, y compris les sauvages."</p> + +<p>Rigaud, Vaudreuil's brother, writing from Montreal to Bourlamaque +on the 23d of June, says: "Je compte que l'armée campée +sous Québec sera de 17,000 hommes bien effectifs, sans les sauvages." +He then gives a list of Indians who have joined the army, +or are on the way, amounting to thirteen hundred.</p> + +<p>At the end of June Wolfe had about eight thousand six hundred +effective soldiers. Of these the ten battalions, commonly mentioned +as regiments, supplied six thousand four hundred; detached +grenadiers from Louisbourg, three hundred; artillery, three hundred; +rangers, four hundred; light infantry, two hundred; marines, +one thousand. The complement of the battalions was in some cases +seven hundred and in others one thousand (Knox, II. 25); but +their actual strength varied from five hundred to eight hundred, +except the Highlanders, who mustered eleven hundred, their ranks +being more than full. Fraser, in his <i>Journal of the Siege</i>, gives a +tabular view of the whole. At the end of the campaign Lévis +reckons the remaining English troops at about six thousand (<i>Lévis +au Ministre</i>, 10 <i>Nov</i>. 1759), which answers to the report of General +Murray: "The troops will amount to six thousand" (<i>Murray +to Pitt</i>, 12 <i>Oct</i>. 1759). The precise number is given in the <i>Return +of the State of His Majesty's Forces left in Garrison at Quebec</i>, +dated 12 +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_438-V2" id="Page_438-V2">438<br />V2</a></span> +<i>Oct</i>. 1759, and signed, Robert Monckton (Public Record +Office, <i>America and West Indies</i>, XCIX.). This shows the total +of rank and file to have been 6,214, which the addition of officers, +sergeants, and drummers raises to about seven thousand, besides +171 artillerymen.</p> + +<p><br /><a id="appendixI" name="appendixI"></a><br /></p> +<h3><a href="#Appendix">Appendix I.</a></h3> + +<p class="center noindent caps double-space-top">Chapter XXVII. The Heights of Abraham.</p> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">One</span> +of the most important unpublished documents on Wolfe's +operations against Quebec is the long and elaborate <i>Journal +mémoratif de ce qui s'est passé de plus remarquable pendant qu'a +duré le Siége de la Ville de Québec</i> (Archives de la +Marine). The writer, M. de Foligny, was a naval officer who during the siege +commanded one of the principal batteries of the town. The official +correspondence of Vaudreuil for 1759 (Archives Nationales) +gives the events of the time from his point of view; and various +manuscript letters of Bigot, Lévis, Montreuil, and others (Archives +de la Marine, Archives de la Guerre) give additional particulars. +The letters, generally private and confidential, written to Bourlamaque +by Montcalm, Lévis, Vaudreuil, Malartic, Berniers, and others during +the siege contain much that is curious and interesting.</p> + +<p> +<i>Siége de Québec en</i> 1759, <i>d'après un Manuscrit +déposé à la Bibliothêque de Hartwell en +Angleterre.</i> A very valuable diary, by a citizen of Quebec; it was +brought from England in 1834 by the Hon. D. B. Viger, and a few +copies were printed at Quebec in 1836. <i>Journal tenu à l'Armée +que commandoit feu M. le Marquis de Montcalm.</i> A minute diary of an officer +under Montcalm (printed by the Quebec Historical Society). <i>Mémoire +sur la Campagne de</i> 1759, <i>par M. de Joannès, Major de +Québec</i> (Archives de la Guerre). <i>Lettres +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_439-V2" id="Page_439-V2">439<br />V2</a></span> +et Dépêches de Montcalm</i> (Ibid.). These touch chiefly +the antecedents of the siege. <i>Mémoires sur le Canada depuis</i> +1749 <i>jusqu'à</i> 1760 (Quebec Historical Society). <i>Journal du +Siége de Québec en</i> 1759, <i>par M. Jean Claude Panet, +notaire</i> (Ibid.). The writer of this diary was in Quebec at the time. +Several other journals and letters of persons present at the siege have been +printed by the Quebec Historical Society, under the title +<i>Événements de la Guerre en Canada durant les +Années</i> 1759 <i>et</i> 1760. <i>Relation de ce qui s'est +passé au Siége de Québec, par une Réligieuse de +l'Hôpital Général de Québec</i> (Quebec Historical +Society). <i>Jugement impartial sur les Opérations militaires de la +Campagne, par M<span class="superscript">gr</span>. de Pontbriand, +Évêque de Québec</i> (Ibid.). <i>Memoirs of the Siege of +Quebec, from the Journal of a French Officer on board the Chezine Frigate, +taken by His Majesty's Ship Rippon, by Richard Gardiner, Esq., Captain of +Marines in the Rippon,</i> London, 1761.</p> + +<p><i>General Wolfe's Instructions to Young Officers,</i> Philadelphia, +1778. This title is misleading, the book being a collection of military +orders. <i>General Orders in Wolfe's Army</i> (Quebec Historical +Society). This collection is much more full than the foregoing, +so far as concerns the campaign of 1759. <i>Letters of Wolfe</i> (in +Wright's <i>Wolfe</i>), <i>Despatches of Wolfe, Saunders, Monckton, and +Townshend</i> (in contemporary magazines). <i>A Short Authentic +Account of the Expedition against Quebec, by a Volunteer upon +that Expedition,</i> Quebec, 1872. This valuable diary is ascribed to +James Thompson, a volunteer under Wolfe, who died at Quebec +in 1830 at the age of ninety-eight, after holding for many years +the position of overseer of works in the Engineer Department. +Another manuscript, for the most part identical with this, was +found a few years ago among old papers in the office of the +Royal Engineers at Quebec. <i>Journal of the Expedition on the +River St. Lawrence</i>. Two entirely distinct diaries bear this name. +One is printed in the <i>New York Mercury</i> for December, 1759; +the other was found among the papers of George Alsopp, secretary +to Sir Guy +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_440-V2" id="Page_440-V2">440<br />V2</a></span> +Carleton, who served under Wolfe (Quebec Historical +Society). Johnstone, <i>A Dialogue in Hades</i> (Ibid.). The Scotch +Jacobite, Chevalier Johnstone, as aide-de-camp to Lévis, and afterwards +to Montcalm, had great opportunities of acquiring information during +the campaign; and the results, though produced in the fanciful form +of a dialogue between the ghosts of Wolfe and Montcalm, are of +substantial historical value. The <i>Dialogue</i> is followed by a +plain personal narrative. Fraser, <i>Journal of the Siege of Quebec</i> +(Ibid.). Fraser was an officer in the Seventy-eighth Highlanders. +<i>Journal of the Siege of Quebec, by a Gentleman in an Eminent Station +on the Spot</i>, Dublin, 1759. <i>Journal of the Particular Transactions +during the Siege of Quebec</i> (<i>Notes and Queries</i>, XX.). The writer +was a soldier or non-commissioned officer serving in the light infantry.</p> + +<p><i>Memoirs of the Siege of Quebec and Total Reduction of Canada, +by John Johnson, Clerk and Quarter-master Sergeant to the +Fifty-eighth Regiment</i>. A manuscript of 176 pages, written when +Johnson was a pensioner at Chelsea (England). The handwriting +is exceedingly neat and clear; and the style, though often grandiloquent, +is creditable to a writer in his station. This curious production +was found among the papers of Thomas McDonough, Esq., formerly British +Consul at Boston, and is in possession of his grandson, my relative, +George Francis Parkman, Esq., who, by inquiries at the Chelsea Hospital, +learned that Johnson was still living in 1802.</p> + +<p>I have read and collated with extreme care all the above authorities, +with others which need not be mentioned.</p> + +<p>Among several manuscript maps and plans showing the operations +of the siege may be mentioned one entitled, <i>Plan of the +Town and Basin of Quebec and Part of the Adjacent Country, +shewing the principal Encampments and Works of the British +Army commanded by Major Gen<span class="superscript">l</span>. Wolfe, +and those of the French Army by Lieut. +Gen<span class="superscript">l</span>. the Marquis of Montcalm</i>. +It is the work of three engineers of Wolfe's army, and is on a scale +of eight hundred feet to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_441-V2" id="Page_441-V2">441<br />V2</a></span> +an inch. A fac-simile from the original in possession +of the Royal Engineers is before me.</p> + +<p>Among the "King's Maps," British Museum (CXIX. 27), is a +very large colored plan of operations at Quebec in 1759, 1760, +superbly executed in minute detail.</p> + +<p><br /><a id="appendixJ" name="appendixJ"></a><br /></p> +<h3><a href="#Appendix">Appendix J.</a></h3> +<p class="center noindent caps double-space-top">Chapter XXVIII. Fall of Quebec.</p> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<i>Death and Burial of Montcalm</i>.—Johnstone, who had every +means of knowing the facts, says that Montcalm was carried after +his wound to the house of the surgeon Arnoux. Yet it is not quite +certain that he died there. According to Knox, his death took +place at the General Hospital; according to the modern author +of the <i>Ursulines de Québec</i>, at the Château St.-Louis. But the +General Hospital was a mile out of the town, and in momentary +danger of capture by the English; while the Château had been +made untenable by the batteries of Point Levi, being immediately +exposed to their fire. Neither of these places was one to which the +dying general was likely to be removed, and it is probable that he +was suffered to die in peace at the house of the surgeon.</p> + +<p>It has been said that the story of the burial of Montcalm in a +grave partially formed by the explosion of a bomb, rests only +on the assertion in his epitaph, composed in 1761 by the Academy +of Inscriptions at the instance of Bougainville. There is, however, +other evidence of the fact. The naval captain Foligny, writing +on the spot at the time of the burial, says in his Diary, under the +date of September 14: "A huit heures du soir, dans l'église des +Ursulines, fut enterré dans une fosse faite sous la chaire <i>par le +travail de la Bombe</i>, M. le Marquis de Montcalm, +décédé du matin à +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_442-V2" id="Page_442-V2">442<br />V2</a></span> +4 heures après avoir reçu tous les Sacrements. Jamais +Général n'avoit été plus aimé de +sa troupe et plus universellement regretté. Il étoit +d'un esprit supérieur, doux, gracieux, affable, familier +à tout le monde, ce qui lui avoit fait gagner la confiance +de toute la Colonie: <i>requiescat in pace</i>."</p> + +<p>The author of <i>Les Ursulines de Québec</i> says: "Un des +projectiles ayant fait une large ouverture dans le plancher de bas, +on en profita pour creuser la fosse du général."</p> + +<p>The <i>Boston Post Boy and Advertiser</i>, in its issue of Dec. 3, +1759, contains a letter from "an officer of distinction" at Quebec +to Messrs. Green and Russell, proprietors of the newspaper. This +letter contains the following words: "He [<i>Montcalm</i>] died the +next day; and, with a little Improvement, one of our 13-inch Shell-Holes +served him for a Grave."</p> + +<p>The particulars of his burial are from the <i>Acte Mortuaire du +Marquis de Montcalm</i> in the registers of the Church of Notre +Dame de Québec, and from that valuable chronicle, <i>Les Ursulines +de Québec</i>, composed by the Superior of the convent. A nun of +the sisterhood, Mère Aimable Dubé de Saint-Ignace, was, when a +child, a witness of the scene, and preserved a vivid memory of +it to the age of eighty-one.</p> + +<p><br /><a id="appendixK" name="appendixK"></a><br /></p> +<h3><a href="#Appendix">Appendix K.</a></h3> +<p class="center noindent caps">Chapter XXIX. Sainte-Foy.</p> + +<p class="center smcap noindent double-space-top"> +Strength of the French and English at the Battle of Ste.-Foy.</p> + +<p class="double-space-top"> +<span class="smcap">In</span> +the Public Record Office (<i>America and West Indies</i>, XCIX.) +are preserved the tabular returns of the garrison of Quebec for +1759, 1760, sent by Murray to the War Office. They show the +exact condition of each regiment, in all +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_443-V2" id="Page_443-V2">443<br />V2</a></span> +ranks, for every month of the autumn, winter, and spring. The return made +out on the 24th of April, four days before the battle, shows that the total +number of rank and file, exclusive of non-commissioned officers and drummers, +was 6,808, of whom 2,612 were fit for duty in Quebec, and 654 at other places +in Canada; that is, at Ste.-Foy, Old Lorette, and the other outposts. This +gives a total of 3,266 rank and file fit for duty at or near Quebec; besides +which there were between one hundred and two hundred artillerymen, and a +company of rangers. This was Murray's whole available force at the time. Of +the rest of the 6,808 who appear in the return, 2,299 were invalids at Quebec, +and 669 in New York; 538 were on service in Halifax and New York, and 36 were +absent on furlough. These figures nearly answer to the condensed statement of +Fraser, and confirm the various English statements of the numbers that took +part in the battle; namely, 3,140 (Knox), 3,000 (John Johnson), 3,111, and +elsewhere, in round numbers, 3,000 (Murray). Lévis, with natural +exaggeration, says 4,000. Three or four hundred were left in Quebec to guard +the walls when the rest marched out.</p> + +<p>I have been thus particular because a Canadian writer, Garneau, says: +"Murray sortit de la ville le 28 au matin à la tête de toute +la garnison, dont les seules troupes de la ligne comptaient encore +7,714 combattants, non compris les officiers." To prove this, he +cites the pay-roll of the garrison; which, in fact, corresponds to +the returns of the same date, if non-commissioned officers, drummers, +and artillerymen are counted with the rank and file. But +Garneau falls into a double error. He assumes, first, that there +were no men on the sick list; and secondly, that there were none +absent from Quebec; when in reality, as the returns show, considerably +more than half were in one or the other of these categories. +The pay-rolls were made out at the headquarters of each +corps, and always included the entire number of men enlisted in +it, whether sick or well, present or absent. On the same fallacious +premises Garneau affirms +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_444-V2" id="Page_444-V2">444<br />V2</a></span> +that Wolfe, at the battle on the Plains of Abraham, had eight thousand +soldiers, or a little less than double his actual force.</p> + +<p>Having stated, as above, that Murray marched out of Quebec with at least +7,714 effective troops, Garneau, not very consistently, goes on to say that +he advanced against Lévis with six thousand or seven thousand men; +and he adds that the two armies were about equal, because Lévis had +left some detachments behind to guard his boats and artillery. The number of +the French, after they had all reached the field, was, in truth, about seven +thousand; at the beginning of the fight it seems not to have exceeded five +thousand. The <i>Relation de la seconde Bataille de Québec</i> says: +"Notre petite armée consistoit <i>au moment de l'action</i> en 3,000 +hommes de troupes reglées et 2,000 Canadiens ou sauvages." A large +number of Canadians came up from Sillery while the affair went on; and as +the whole French army, except the detachments mentioned by Garneau, had +passed the night at no greater distance from the field than Ste.-Foy and +Sillery, the last man must have reached it before the firing was half over. +</p> +</div> + + + <hr /> + + + <div class="chapterhead"> + <a name="indexChapter" id="indexChapter"></a> + <br /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_447-V2" id="Page_447-V2">447<br />V2</a></span> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents">INDEX</a></h2> + <p><br /></p> + </div> + <div id="index"> + <h3>A.</h3> + <p> +Abenakis, the I. <a href="#Page_023-V1">23</a>, <a href="#Page_040-V1">40</a>, + <a href="#Page_209-V1">209</a>, <a href="#Page_480-V1">480</a>; + settled in Canada, I. <a href="#Page_023-V1">23</a>; + at Fort Duquesne, I. <a href="#Page_154-V1">154</a>; + assist the Canadian militia, I. <a href="#Page_371-V1">371</a>, + <a href="#Page_372-V1">372</a>; + called to a council of war by Montcalm, I. + <a href="#Page_485-V1">485</a>-<a href="#Page_489-V1">489</a>; + position of the English at Fort William Henry, I. + <a href="#Page_499-V1">499</a>; + the massacre at Fort William Henry + (see <a href="#fortWilliamHenry">William Henry, Fort</a>), I. + <a href="#Page_510-V1">510</a>-<a href="#Page_513-V1">513</a>, + II. <a href="#Page_428-V2">428</a>-<a href="#Page_431-V2">431</a>; + evidence concerning the massacre, I. + <a href="#footer_526">514 <i>note</i></a>; + their conversion to Christianity, I. + <a href="#footer_526">514 <i>note</i></a>; + seize the messengers of Amherst, II. <a href="#Page_251-V2">251</a>; + Rogers sent to destroy one of their towns, II. + <a href="#Page_251-V2">251</a>, + <a href="#Page_253-V2">253</a>-<a href="#footer_26Note">258 <i>note</i></a>; + their cruelty, II. <a href="#Page_253-V2">253</a>, + <a href="#Page_255-V2">255</a>; + the St. Francis settlement, II. <a href="#Page_253-V2">253</a>, + <a href="#Page_254-V2">254</a>; + statistics of warriors at the siege of Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_436-V2">436</a>, <a href="#Page_437-V2">437</a>.<br /> + +Abercromby, General James, I. <a href="#footer_164">165 <i>note</i></a>; + to supersede Webb in command of the army, I. <a href="#Page_383-V1">383</a>; + to resign in favor of Earl Loudon, I. <a href="#Page_383-V1">383</a>; + arrives at Albany, I. <a href="#Page_399-V1">399</a>; + sends a letter of approbation to Rogers, I. <a href="#Page_445-V1">445</a>; + Loudon recalled from office, II. <a href="#Page_048-V2">48</a>; + succeeds Loudon in command, II. <a href="#Page_048-V2">48</a>; + to lead the expedition against Louisbourg, II. <a href="#Page_048-V2">48</a>; + Amherst prevented from co-operation with, II. <a href="#Page_075-V2">75</a>; + the rejoicing at the fall of Louisbourg, II. + <a href="#Page_076-V2">76</a>, <a href="#Page_077-V2">77</a>; + Amherst plans to assist him at Lake George, II. <a href="#Page_080-V2">80</a>; + expedition led by, against Ticonderoga, II. + <a href="#Page_085-V2">85</a>-<a href="#footer_638">113 <i>note</i></a>; + his camp at Lake George, II. <a href="#Page_088-V2">88</a>; + his leadership, II. <a href="#Page_089-V2">89</a>, + <a href="#Page_240-V2">240</a>; + number of his troops, II. + <a href="#Page_088-V2">88</a>, <a href="#Page_089-V2">89</a>; + his opinion of Lord Howe, II. <a href="#Page_089-V2">89</a>; + statistics of the expedition against Ticonderoga, II. + <a href="#Page_091-V2">91</a>, <a href="#Page_092-V2">92</a>, + <a href="#Page_431-V2">431</a>-<a href="#Page_433-V2">433</a>; + the passage of Lake George, II. + <a href="#Page_092-V2">92</a>-<a href="#Page_094-V2">94</a>; + the army lost in the woods, II. <a href="#Page_095-V2">95</a>; + effect of the death of Lord Howe upon his army, II. + <a href="#Page_097-V2">97</a>, <a href="#Page_098-V2">98</a>; + the army reaches the Falls, II. + <a href="#Page_098-V2">98</a>, <a href="#Page_099-V2">99</a>; + statements concerning the French defences, II. + <a href="#Page_100-V2">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101-V2">101</a>; + different courses of action open to, II. + <a href="#Page_101-V2">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102-V2">102</a>; + the eve of battle, II. + <a href="#Page_103-V2">103</a>, <a href="#Page_104-V2">104</a>; + order of the assault, II. + <a href="#Page_105-V2">105</a>-<a href="#Page_107-V2">107</a>; + his encounter with Montcalm at Ticonderoga, II. + <a href="#Page_106-V2">106</a>-<a href="#Page_110-V2">110</a>; + his retreat, II. + <a href="#Page_110-V2">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111-V2">111</a>, + <a href="#Page_114-V2">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115-V2">115</a>, + <a href="#Page_165-V2">165</a>, <a href="#Page_238-V2">238</a>; + his losses, II. <a href="#Page_110-V2">110</a>, + <a href="#Page_432-V2">432</a>, <a href="#Page_433-V2">433</a>; + a disgraceful order sent to Colonel Cummings, II. + <a href="#Page_114-V2">114</a>; + nickname given to, by the Provincials, II. <a href="#Page_115-V2">115</a>; + visited by the chaplains, II. <a href="#Page_117-V2">117</a>; + sends a war-party into the woods, II. + <a href="#Page_121-V2">121</a>-<a href="#Page_123-V2">123</a>; + despatches Bradstreet to capture Fort Frontenac, II. + <a href="#Page_127-V2">127</a>; + receives news of the fall of Fort Frontenac, II. + <a href="#Page_127-V2">127</a>; + joined by Amherst, II. + <a href="#Page_129-V2">129</a>; + Fort Frontenac dismantled, II. <a href="#Page_129-V2">129</a>; + his camp broken up, II. <a href="#Page_130-V2">130</a>; + neglects to assist Forbes's army, II. <a href="#Page_157-V2">157</a>; + Amherst's superior leadership, II. <a href="#Page_240-V2">240</a>; + his letter to Pitt, II. <a href="#Page_432-V2">432</a>.<br /> +<a name="abraham" id="abraham"></a> +Abraham an Indian, I. <a href="#Page_174-V1">174</a>.<br /> +Abraham Martin, his name given to the Heights of Abraham, II. + <a href="#Page_289-V2">289</a>.<br /> +Abraham, the Heights of, II. + <a href="#Page_259-V2">259</a>, <a href="#Page_408-V2">408</a>, + <a href="#Page_438-V2">438</a>-<a href="#Page_441-V2">441</a>; + Wolfe discovers a path ascending the cliff, II. + <a href="#Page_272-V2">272</a>, <a href="#Page_273-V2">273</a>; + general belief in the safety of the heights, II. + <a href="#Page_275-V2">275</a>, <a href="#Page_276-V2">276</a>; + ascent of the troops under Wolfe's direction, II. + <a href="#Page_281-V2">281</a>, <a href="#Page_287-V2">287</a>; + statistics concerning Wolfe's army, and the action upon, II. + <a href="#Page_438-V2">438</a>-<a href="#Page_441-V2">441</a>.<br /> +Abraham, the Plains of, II. <a href="#Page_200-V2">200</a>, + <a href="#footer_27Note">298 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_327-V2">327</a>, <a href="#Page_357-V2">357</a>; + inaccessibility of, II. <a href="#Page_260-V2">260</a>; + Guienne's troops not at their post, II. <a href="#Page_285-V2">285</a>; + origin of the name, and description of, II. <a href="#Page_289-V2">289</a>; + the fall of Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_302-V2">302</a>-<a href="#Page_324-V2">324</a>, + <a href="#footer_28Note">325 <i>note</i>, 326 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_444-V2">444</a>.<br /> +<a name="acadia" id="acadia"></a> +Acadia, I. <a href="#Page_178-V1">178</a>, <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>; + population of, I. <a href="#Page_020-V1">20</a>, + <a href="#Page_094-V1">94</a>, <a href="#Page_124-V1">124</a>, + <a href="#Page_264-V1">264</a>, <a href="#Page_284-V1">284</a>; + attacks made on New England, I. <a href="#Page_028-V2">28</a>; + questions of boundary, I. <a href="#Page_090-V1">90</a>, + <a href="#Page_122-V1">122</a>-<a href="#Page_128-V1">128</a>, + <a href="#Page_184-V1">184</a>, + <a href="#Page_236-V1">236</a>-<a href="#Page_238-V1">238</a>, + <a href="#Page_259-V1">259</a>; + conquest of, by Nicholson in 1710, I. <a href="#Page_090-V1">90</a>; + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_448-V2" id="Page_448-V2">448<br />V2</a></span> + + conditions of residence for French subjects, I. + <a href="#Page_090-V1">90</a>, <a href="#Page_091-V1">91</a>; + conflict for, I. + <a href="#Page_090-V1">90</a>-<a href="#Page_127-V1">127</a>; + English power in, I. <a href="#Page_092-V1">92</a>; + the naval station at Chebucto, I. + <a href="#Page_092-V1">92</a>, <a href="#Page_093-V1">93</a>; + ceded to England by France, I. + <a href="#Page_093-V1">93</a>, <a href="#Page_094-V1">94</a>; + determination of the French to recover it, I. + <a href="#Page_093-V1">93</a>-<a href="#Page_095-V1">95</a>; + six principal parishes of, I. <a href="#Page_094-V1">94</a>; + documents on the affairs of, I. + <a href="#Page_094-V1">94</a>-<a href="#Page_096-V1">96</a>; + religion, priests, and government of, I. + <a href="#Page_094-V1">94</a>, <a href="#Page_099-V1">99</a>, + <a href="#Page_100-V1">100</a>, <a href="#Page_107-V1">107</a>, + <a href="#Page_259-V1">259</a>, <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>; + attention given by Count Raymond to the affairs of, I. + <a href="#Page_102-V1">102</a>; + wretched condition of the emigrants from, I. + <a href="#Page_109-V1">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110-V1">110</a>; + Joseph Le Loutre, the vicar-general of, I. <a href="#Page_113-V1">113</a>; + Beaubassin occupied by the English, I. + <a href="#Page_115-V1">115</a>-<a href="#Page_120-V1">120</a>; + emigration encouraged by the French, I. <a href="#Page_116-V1">116</a>; + the question of French or English ownership, I. + <a href="#Page_123-V1">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124-V1">124</a>, + <a href="#Page_184-V1">184</a>, <a href="#Page_236-V1">236</a>, + <a href="#Page_239-V1">239</a>, II. <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>; + need of communication between Quebec and Cape Breton, I. + <a href="#Page_123-V1">123</a>; + the census of, I. <a href="#Page_124-V1">124</a>; + expedition against, to be led by Lieutenant-Colonel Monckton, I. + <a href="#Page_194-V1">194</a>; + sad condition of the people of, I. + <a href="#Page_234-V1">234</a>, <a href="#Page_235-V1">235</a>; + the French use the inhabitants to carry on their war-parties, I. + <a href="#Page_235-V1">235</a>; + questions of policy for the French and English in Acadia, I. + <a href="#Page_236-V1">236</a>-<a href="#Page_241-V1">241</a>; + probability of French invasion, I. <a href="#Page_237-V1">237</a>; + importance of her harbors, I. <a href="#Page_237-V1">237</a>; + arrival of the English troops, I. + <a href="#Page_246-V1">246</a>, <a href="#Page_247-V1">247</a>; + conditions leading to the expulsion of the inhabitants from, I. + <a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>-<a href="#Page_266-V1">266</a>; + removal of the inhabitants from their homes, I. + <a href="#Page_255-V1">255</a>, + <a href="#Page_266-V1">266</a>-<a href="#Page_284-V1">284</a>; + encampment of the New England troops, I. + <a href="#Page_269-V1">269</a>, <a href="#Page_270-V1">270</a>; + tour of inspection made by Winslow, I. <a href="#Page_271-V1">271</a>; + arrival of the vessels of transport at Nova Scotia, I. + <a href="#Page_276-V1">276</a>; + arrival of Saul with provisions, I. + <a href="#Page_278-V1">278</a>, <a href="#Page_279-V1">279</a>; + embarkation of the Acadians, I. + <a href="#Page_279-V1">279</a>-<a href="#Page_281-V1">281</a>; + return of a portion of the exiles, I. <a href="#Page_283-V1">283</a>; + the act of expatriation criticised, I. <a href="#Page_284-V1">284</a>; + families of British stock settle in, I. <a href="#Page_284-V1">284</a>; + capture of forts by the English, I. <a href="#Page_328-V1">328</a>; + plans of Vaudreuil for conquest, II. <a href="#Page_178-V2">178</a>.<br /> +<a name="acadians" id="acadians"></a> +Acadians, the I. <a href="#Page_093-V1">93</a>; + religious privileges accorded to, by the treaty of Utrecht, I. + <a href="#Page_091-V1">91</a>, <a href="#Page_256-V1">256</a>; + required to take the oath of allegiance to England, I. + <a href="#Page_091-V1">91</a>, <a href="#Page_092-V1">92</a>, + <a href="#Page_235-V1">235</a>, <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>; + influence of the French upon, I. <a href="#Page_091-V1">91</a>, + <a href="#Page_093-V1">93</a>-<a href="#Page_124-V1">124</a>, + <a href="#Page_235-V1">235</a>-<a href="#Page_237-V1">237</a>, + <a href="#Page_242-V1">242</a>-<a href="#Page_245-V1">245</a>; + their religion, I. <a href="#Page_091-V1">91</a>, + <a href="#Page_095-V1">95</a>, <a href="#Page_259-V1">259</a>, + <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>, <a href="#Page_281-V1">281</a>; + their hostility to the English encouraged by the French priests, I. + <a href="#Page_091-V1">91</a>, + <a href="#Page_098-V1">98</a>-<a href="#Page_107-V1">107</a>, + <a href="#Page_109-V1">109</a>, <a href="#Page_113-V1">113</a>, + <a href="#Page_114-V1">114</a>, <a href="#Page_121-V1">121</a>, + <a href="#Page_122-V1">122</a>, <a href="#Page_235-V1">235</a>, + <a href="#Page_236-V1">236</a>, <a href="#Page_238-V1">238</a>, + <a href="#Page_257-V1">257</a>, <a href="#Page_259-V1">259</a>, + <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>, <a href="#Page_262-V1">262</a>, + <a href="#Page_264-V1">264</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_419-V2">419</a>-<a href="#Page_421-V2">421</a>; + the war of 1745, I. <a href="#Page_092-V1">92</a>; + form of the oath of allegiance, I. + <a href="#footer_073">92 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_265-V1">265</a>; + their condition and numbers from 1748 to 1752, I. + <a href="#Page_093-V1">93</a>, <a href="#Page_094-V1">94</a>; + official papers relating to, I. + <a href="#Page_094-V1">94</a>-<a href="#Page_096-V1">96</a>; + taught to love France, and to call themselves French subjects, I. + <a href="#Page_094-V1">94</a>, <a href="#Page_235-V1">235</a>, + <a href="#Page_237-V1">237</a>, <a href="#Page_243-V1">243</a>, + <a href="#Page_245-V1">245</a>, <a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>, + <a href="#Page_257-V1">257</a>; + treatment received from the English, and mildness of their rule, I. + <a href="#Page_095-V1">95</a>-<a href="#Page_097-V1">97</a>, + <a href="#Page_235-V1">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236-V1">236</a>, + <a href="#Page_261-V1">261</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_418-V2">418</a>, <a href="#Page_419-V2">419</a>; + quotations from Roma, alluding to, I. + <a href="#Page_096-V1">96</a>, <a href="#Page_097-V1">97</a>; + their fear of the Indians, I. + <a href="#Page_096-V1">96</a>, <a href="#Page_108-V1">108</a>, + <a href="#Page_114-V1">114</a>, <a href="#Page_235-V1">235</a>; + join the Indian war-parties of the French against the English, I. + <a href="#Page_097-V1">97</a>, <a href="#Page_103-V1">103</a>, + <a href="#Page_104-V1">104</a>, <a href="#Page_262-V1">262</a>, + <a href="#Page_264-V1">264</a>, <a href="#Page_275-V1">275</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_419-V2">419</a>-<a href="#Page_421-V2">421</a>; + their neutrality, I. + <a href="#Page_097-V1">97</a>, <a href="#Page_258-V1">258</a>; + their oath of allegiance to be made more binding, I. + <a href="#Page_097-V1">97</a>, <a href="#Page_098-V1">98</a>; + deputies sent to meet Cornwallis at Halifax, I. + <a href="#Page_097-V1">97</a>, <a href="#Page_098-V1">98</a>; + their refusal to take an unqualified oath of allegiance to George II., I. + <a href="#Page_097-V1">97</a>, <a href="#Page_098-V1">98</a>; + promise good behavior and a reasonable compliance, I. + <a href="#Page_098-V1">98</a>; + order of Cornwallis issued to, concerning the oath, I. + <a href="#Page_098-V1">98</a>, <a href="#Page_099-V1">99</a>; + plans of the French to recover their possessions, I. + <a href="#Page_098-V1">98</a>-<a href="#Page_100-V1">100</a>; + their covert war, I. + <a href="#Page_099-V1">99</a>-<a href="#Page_105-V1">105</a>; + advised by Desherbiers and others to refuse the oath of allegiance, I. + <a href="#Page_101-V1">101</a>, <a href="#Page_106-V1">106</a>; + letters from French officials showing + their secret work against the English, I. <a href="#Page_101-V1">101</a>; + encouraged by the French to emigrate to French lands, I. + <a href="#Page_102-V1">102</a>, + <a href="#Page_108-V1">108</a>-<a href="#Page_110-V1">110</a>; + testimony of Prévost concerning, I. + <a href="#Page_105-V1">105</a>; + cruelly and dishonorably treated by the priest Le Loutre, I. + <a href="#Page_108-V1">108</a>-<a href="#Page_110-V1">110</a>, + <a href="#Page_113-V1">113</a>-<a href="#Page_122-V1">122</a>, + <a href="#Page_235-V1">235</a>-<a href="#Page_238-V1">238</a>, + <a href="#Page_242-V1">242</a>-<a href="#Page_245-V1">245</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_420-V2">420</a>, <a href="#Page_421-V2">421</a>; + wretchedness of the emigrants after leaving their English farms, I. + <a href="#Page_109-V1">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110-V1">110</a>, + <a href="#Page_119-V1">119</a>, + <a href="#Page_120-V1">120</a>-<a href="#Page_122-V1">122</a>, + <a href="#Page_235-V1">235</a>-<a href="#Page_238-V1">238</a>, + <a href="#Page_243-V1">243</a>-<a href="#Page_245-V1">245</a>, + <a href="#Page_265-V1">265</a>, <a href="#Page_266-V1">266</a>; + speech of Cornwallis to the deputies, I. <a href="#Page_110-V1">110</a>, + <a href="#Page_111-V1">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112-V1">112</a>; + treatment received from Hopson, I. + <a href="#Page_112-V1">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113-V1">113</a>; + French method of terrifying, by using the Micmacs, I. + <a href="#Page_113-V1">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114-V1">114</a>; + occupation of Beaubassin by the English, I. + <a href="#Page_115-V1">115</a>-<a href="#Page_120-V1">120</a>; + disaffection among, I. <a href="#Page_116-V1">116</a>; + forcibly removed by the French from Beaubassin, + and obliged to live on French ground, I. <a href="#Page_116-V1">116</a>; + the murder of Captain Howe, I. + <a href="#Page_118-V1">118</a>, <a href="#Page_119-V1">119</a>; + a French fort to be built on Beauséjour, I. + <a href="#Page_119-V1">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120-V1">120</a>; + ordered to swear allegiance to France, I. + <a href="#Page_120-V1">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121-V1">121</a>; + contest between French and English, I. + <a href="#Page_120-V1">120</a>-<a href="#Page_122-V1">122</a>; + proclamation of Lawrence concerning, I. <a href="#Page_121-V1">121</a>; + absurd demands of Le Loutre, I. <a href="#Page_121-V1">121</a>; + a portion of the inhabitants cross the French lines, I. + <a href="#Page_121-V1">121</a>; + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_449-V2" id="Page_449-V2">449<br />V2</a></span> + + their suffering inside the French lines, I. + <a href="#Page_121-V1">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122-V1">122</a>, + <a href="#Page_244-V1">244</a>, <a href="#Page_245-V1">245</a>; + plans of Shirley to send away from Acadia all French settlers, + <a href="#Page_234-V1">234</a>, <a href="#Page_257-V1">257</a>; + a portion of the people transported to French settlements, I. + <a href="#Page_235-V1">235</a>, <a href="#footer_240">235 <i>note</i></a>; + fears of the English, I. + <a href="#Page_239-V1">239</a>-<a href="#Page_241-V1">241</a>; + supplies sent to the emigrants, I. <a href="#Page_242-V1">242</a>; + their supplies stolen by the officials, I. <a href="#Page_242-V1">242</a>; + plans of Le Loutre for the emigrants, I. + <a href="#Page_243-V1">243</a>, <a href="#Page_244-V1">244</a>; + false statements of Le Loutre, I. <a href="#Page_244-V1">244</a>; + prevented by Le Loutre from appealing to Duquesne, I. + <a href="#Page_244-V1">244</a>; + harsh treatment received from Governor Duquesne, I. + <a href="#Page_244-V1">244</a>, <a href="#Page_245-V1">245</a>; + desire of, to return to their English allegiance, I. + <a href="#Page_244-V1">244</a>, <a href="#Page_245-V1">245</a>; + an annoyance to the English, I. <a href="#Page_245-V1">245</a>; + dealt with by the French with heartlessness, I. + <a href="#Page_245-V1">245</a>; + their terror upon the arrival of the English troops, I. + <a href="#Page_247-V1">247</a>; + disloyalty of, I. <a href="#Page_248-V1">248</a>, + <a href="#Page_257-V1">257</a>, <a href="#Page_258-V1">258</a>; + join the French garrison, I. <a href="#Page_248-V1">248</a>; + the siege of Beauséjour by the English, I. + <a href="#Page_248-V1">248</a>-<a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>, + <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>; + assisted by Le Loutre at Beauséjour, I. + <a href="#Page_250-V1">250</a>; + capitulation of Beauséjour, I. <a href="#Page_251-V1">251</a>; + condition leading to the expulsion of, from Acadia, I. + <a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>-<a href="#Page_266-V1">266</a>; + ordered by Monckton to meet him at Beauséjour, I. + <a href="#Page_254-V1">254</a>; + sentence pronounced upon, by Monckton, + and prisoners taken at Fort Cumberland, I. <a href="#Page_254-V1">254</a>, + <a href="#Page_255-V1">255</a>, <a href="#Page_266-V1">266</a>; + explanation of the imprisonment of, I. + <a href="#Page_255-V1">255</a>-<a href="#Page_266-V1">266</a>; + prevented by the priests from joining the English, I. + <a href="#Page_255-V1">255</a>; + again ordered to take the oath of allegiance, I. + <a href="#Page_255-V1">255</a>; + demands made by the priests with regard to their return to their home, I. + <a href="#Page_255-V1">255</a>, <a href="#Page_256-V1">256</a>; + refuse to take the oath of allegiance to England, I. + <a href="#Page_256-V1">256</a>; + instruction sent to Governor Lawrence with regard to, I. + <a href="#Page_257-V1">257</a>; + to be compelled to take the oath of allegiance, I. + <a href="#Page_257-V1">257</a>; + desire of Shirley to expel from the county, I. + <a href="#Page_257-V1">257</a>; + their country commonly considered an Arcadia, I. + <a href="#Page_258-V1">258</a>; + depicted by Abbé Raynal, I. <a href="#Page_258-V1">258</a>; + their means and mode of living, I. + <a href="#Page_258-V1">258</a>-<a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>; + their population, I. <a href="#Page_259-V1">259</a>; + their houses, I. + <a href="#Page_259-V1">259</a>, <a href="#Page_268-V1">268</a>; + their food, I. <a href="#Page_259-V1">259</a>; + their furniture, I. <a href="#Page_259-V1">259</a>; + their animals, I. <a href="#Page_259-V1">259</a>; + their clothing, I. <a href="#Page_259-V1">259</a>; + marriages among, I. <a href="#Page_259-V1">259</a>, + <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>; + their village life, I. <a href="#Page_259-V1">259</a>, + <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>; + their priests, religion, and government, I. <a href="#Page_259-V1">259</a>, + <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>; + only a few take the required oath, I. <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>; + the priests assist the French Bishop and Governor of Canada, I. + <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>; + loyal to Louis XV., and untrue to George II., + <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>, <a href="#Page_264-V1">264</a>; + described by Dieréville, I. + <a href="#footer_270">260 <i>note</i></a>; + the oath of allegiance administered by Governor Lawrence, I. + <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>; + emigration of a small number of, to Cape Breton, I. + <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>; + they return, and take the oath of allegiance, I. + <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>; + kind treatment vouchsafed to the loyal inhabitants, I. + <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>; + memorial bought by, to Captain Murray, I. + <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>-<a href="#Page_263-V1">263</a>; + contents of their memorial sent to Governor Lawrence, I. + <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>-<a href="#Page_263-V1">263</a>; + their insolence, I. <a href="#Page_261-V1">261</a>; + ordered to take the oath of allegiance to England, + or to leave the country, I. + <a href="#Page_263-V1">263</a>, <a href="#Page_264-V1">264</a>; + again refuse the oath of allegiance, I. <a href="#Page_264-V1">264</a>; + declare their preference to lose their lands, I. + <a href="#Page_264-V1">264</a>; + plans of removal discussed by the English, I. + <a href="#Page_265-V1">265</a>, <a href="#Page_266-V1">266</a>; + resolution to remove the people from their country, I. + <a href="#Page_265-V1">265</a>, <a href="#Page_266-V1">266</a>; + instructions quoted with regard to the removal of, I. + <a href="#Page_266-V1">266</a>, <a href="#Page_267-V1">267</a>; + instrumentality of the priests in the expulsion of, I. + <a href="#Page_265-V1">265</a>, <a href="#Page_266-V1">266</a>, + <a href="#footer_275">266 <i>note</i></a>; + removal of, by the English, from their homes, I. + <a href="#Page_266-V1">266</a>-<a href="#Page_284-V1">284</a>; + summoned to meet Winslow to hear the orders of George II., I. + <a href="#Page_271-V1">271</a>-<a href="#Page_274-V1">274</a>; + meet Winslow in the church at Grand Pré, I. + <a href="#Page_272-V1">272</a>-<a href="#Page_274-V1">274</a>, + <a href="#Page_276-V1">276</a>; + declared prisoners of the King, I. <a href="#Page_274-V1">274</a>; + unite with the Indians to attack the English, I. + <a href="#Page_275-V1">275</a>; + number in charge of Winslow, I. <a href="#Page_276-V1">276</a>; + arrival of the transports, I. <a href="#Page_276-V1">276</a>; + detention of, on the vessels, I. <a href="#Page_276-V1">276</a>, + <a href="#Page_277-V1">277</a>, <a href="#footer_278">277 <i>note</i></a>; + supplies for the prisoners delayed, I. + <a href="#Page_278-V1">278</a>, <a href="#Page_279-V1">279</a>; + cases of the separation of families, I. + <a href="#Page_279-V1">279</a>, <a href="#Page_280-V1">280</a>; + removal of, described, I. + <a href="#Page_279-V1">279</a>-<a href="#Page_282-V1">282</a>; + effort of the prisoners to escape, I. <a href="#Page_280-V1">280</a>; + number of, embarked for the colonies, I. + <a href="#Page_280-V1">280</a>-<a href="#Page_282-V1">282</a>; + guerilla warfare against the English, I. <a href="#Page_282-V1">282</a>; + distribution of the exiles, I. <a href="#Page_282-V1">282</a>; + treatment received in the colonies, I. <a href="#Page_282-V1">282</a>; + heartless outrages practised upon, in Canada, I. + <a href="#Page_282-V1">282</a>, <a href="#Page_283-V1">283</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_026-V2">26</a>; + exiles on one of the vessels escape to the St. John, I. + <a href="#Page_282-V1">282</a>; + sent to France, I. <a href="#Page_283-V1">283</a>; + sent to England, I. <a href="#Page_283-V1">283</a>; + progenitors of the present race, I. <a href="#Page_283-V1">283</a>; + death of, I. <a href="#Page_283-V1">283</a>; + arrival of the exiles in Louisiana, I. <a href="#Page_283-V1">283</a>; + at the siege of Louisbourg, II. <a href="#Page_062-V2">62</a>, + <a href="#Page_066-V2">66</a>; + false dealing of, Boishébert, II. <a href="#Page_170-V2">170</a>; + their hostility to the English, II. <a href="#Page_181-V2">181</a>.<br /> +Achilles, I. <a href="#Page_353-V1">353</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_184-V2">184</a>.<br /> +Acts of Parliament. See <a href="#parliament">Parliament</a>.<br /> +Adams, a wagoner, carries a letter of warning to Fort Lyman, I. + <a href="#Page_296-V1">296</a>; + shot by the Indians, I. <a href="#Page_299-V1">299</a>.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_450-V2" id="Page_450-V2">450<br />V2</a></span> + +Adams, Captain, I. <a href="#Page_249-V1">249</a>, + <a href="#Page_270-V1">270</a>, <a href="#Page_272-V1">272</a>; + removal of the Acadians, I. + <a href="#Page_267-V1">267</a>, <a href="#Page_270-V1">270</a>, + <a href="#Page_276-V1">276</a>, <a href="#Page_277-V1">277</a>, + <a href="#footer_283">280 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Adams, Parson, I. <a href="#Page_006-V1">6</a>.<br /> +Adirondacks, I. <a href="#Page_453-V1">453</a>.<br /> +Admiralty, the position held by Anson, I. <a href="#Page_179-V1">179</a>.<br /> +Admiralty, Lords of the, + citation from letters to, I. <a href="#Page_181-V1">181</a>.<br /> +Africa, II. <a href="#Page_044-V2">44</a>, <a href="#Page_049-V2">49</a>; + the French driven from Guinea, II. <a href="#Page_047-V2">47</a>; + the power of England over, II. <a href="#Page_400-V2">400</a>; + France cedes Senegal, II. <a href="#Page_406-V2">406</a>.<br /> +Aigues Mortes, dungeons of, I. <a href="#Page_021-V1">21</a>.<br /> +Aix-la-Chapelle, the treaty of, I. <a href="#Page_009-V1">9</a>, + <a href="#Page_019-V1">19</a>, <a href="#Page_036-V1">36</a>, + <a href="#Page_043-V1">43</a>, <a href="#Page_094-V1">94</a>, + <a href="#Page_359-V1">359</a>, <a href="#Page_360-V1">360</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_053-V2">53</a>, <a href="#Page_406-V2">406</a>; + questions of boundary to be settled by commissioners, I. + <a href="#Page_122-V1">122</a>-<a href="#Page_128-V1">128</a>.<br /> +Alais, I. <a href="#Page_455-V1">455</a>.<br /> +Albany, I. <a href="#Page_028-V1">28</a>, + <a href="#Page_065-V1">65</a>, <a href="#Page_171-V1">171</a>, + <a href="#Page_233-V1">233</a>, <a href="#Page_289-V1">289</a>, + <a href="#Page_290-V1">290</a>, <a href="#Page_298-V1">298</a>, + <a href="#Page_310-V1">310</a>, <a href="#Page_326-V1">326</a>, + <a href="#Page_403-V1">403</a>, <a href="#Page_421-V1">421</a>, + <a href="#Page_435-V1">435</a>, <a href="#Page_452-V1">452</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_091-V2">91</a>, <a href="#Page_093-V2">93</a>; + conservatism of, in the eighteenth century, I. <a href="#Page_033-V1">33</a>; + meeting of Indians and commissioners, I. <a href="#Page_061-V1">61</a>; + news sent to, of the death of Lord Howe, II. <a href="#Page_098-V2">98</a>; + advance of Bradstreet, II. <a href="#Page_129-V2">129</a>; + congress of Indians and English held, I. + <a href="#Page_172-V1">172</a>-<a href="#Page_176-V1">176</a>; + plan of Franklin for colonial union, I. <a href="#Page_175-V1">175</a>; + the Dutch at, I. <a href="#Page_193-V1">193</a>, + <a href="#Page_320-V1">320</a>; + decisions of the council, I. + <a href="#Page_194-V1">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>; + described by Mrs. Grant, I. + <a href="#Page_319-V1">319</a>, <a href="#Page_320-V1">320</a>; + the base of military operations, I. + <a href="#Page_319-V1">319</a>, <a href="#Page_320-V1">320</a>; + headquarters of Shirley, I. <a href="#Page_384-V1">384</a>, + <a href="#Page_393-V1">393</a>; + the Indians mislead by the traders, I. <a href="#Page_390-V1">390</a>; + plans of Vaudreuil, I. + <a href="#Page_393-V1">393</a>, <a href="#Page_394-V1">394</a>; + return of Bradstreet, I. + <a href="#Page_395-V1">395</a>, <a href="#Page_396-V1">396</a>; + arrival of Webb and Abercromby, I. <a href="#Page_399-V1">399</a>; + rumors of danger from the enemy, I. + <a href="#Page_415-V1">415</a>, <a href="#Page_475-V1">475</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_003-V2">3</a>.<br /> +Albemarle, Lord, Governor of Virginia, I. + <a href="#footer_092">105 <i>note</i></a>, <a href="#Page_137-V1">137</a>; + English ambassador at Versailles, I. <a href="#Page_180-V1">180</a>; + his death, I. <a href="#Page_184-V1">184</a>.<br /> +Albemarle, Earl of, expedition of, II. <a href="#Page_401-V2">401</a>, + <a href="#Page_402-V2">402</a>.<br /> +"Alcide," the, I. <a href="#Page_185-V1">185</a>.<br /> +Alembert, D', I. <a href="#Page_016-V1">16</a>.<br /> +Alequippa, Queen, I. <a href="#Page_151-V1">151</a>; + flies from her possessions, I. <a href="#Page_045-V1">45</a>.<br /> +Alexander, II. <a href="#Page_408-V2">408</a>.<br /> +Alexandria, I. <a href="#Page_142-V1">142</a>, + <a href="#Page_162-V1">162</a>, <a href="#Page_247-V1">247</a>; + camp of Braddock at, I. <a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>; + council held at the camp, I. <a href="#footer_199">196 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_234-V1">234</a>, <a href="#Page_241-V1">241</a>, + <a href="#Page_286-V1">286</a>.<br /> +Algonquins, or Algonkins, the, I. <a href="#Page_074-V1">74</a>; + at Fort Duquesne, I. <a href="#Page_154-V1">154</a>; + assist the Canadian militia, I. <a href="#Page_372-V1">372</a>; + their means of divination, I. <a href="#footer_463">438 <i>note</i></a>; + called to a council by Montcalm, I. + <a href="#Page_485-V1">485</a>-<a href="#Page_489-V1">489</a>.<br /> +Alleghany Mountains, the, I. <a href="#Page_020-V1">20</a>, + <a href="#Page_040-V1">40</a>, <a href="#Page_059-V1">59</a>, + <a href="#Page_124-V1">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125-V1">125</a>, + <a href="#Page_127-V1">127</a>, <a href="#Page_145-V1">145</a>, + <a href="#Page_148-V1">148</a>, <a href="#Page_161-V1">161</a>, + <a href="#Page_372-V1">372</a>, II. <a href="#Page_130-V2">130</a>, + <a href="#Page_133-V2">133</a>, <a href="#Page_141-V2">141</a>; + crossed by the English traders, I. <a href="#Page_042-V1">42</a>; + road made through, by Braddock's forces, I. <a href="#Page_205-V1">205</a>, + II. <a href="#Page_138-V2">138</a>, <a href="#Page_141-V2">141</a>; + condition of the settlers, I. <a href="#Page_335-V1">335</a>.<br /> +Alleghany River, the, I. <a href="#Page_039-V1">39</a>, + <a href="#Page_128-V1">128</a>, <a href="#Page_133-V1">133</a>, + <a href="#Page_136-V1">136</a>, <a href="#Page_143-V1">143</a>, + <a href="#Page_207-V1">207</a>, <a href="#Page_222-V1">222</a>, + <a href="#Page_233-V1">233</a>, <a href="#Page_423-V1">423</a>, + <a href="#Page_424-V1">424</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_149-V2">149</a>, <a href="#Page_152-V2">152</a>, + <a href="#Page_154-V2">154</a>, <a href="#Page_159-V2">159</a>; + work of Céloron de Bienville, I. <a href="#Page_043-V1">43</a>; + settlement of Shenango, I. <a href="#Page_046-V1">46</a>; + a fort planned, I. <a href="#Page_130-V1">130</a>.<br /> +Allen, Ensign, to train the Provincials in Braddock's expedition, I. + <a href="#Page_200-V1">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201-V1">201</a>.<br /> +Allen, Chief Justice, letter from Bouquet quoted, II. + <a href="#Page_161-V2">161</a>, + <a href="#footer_668">161 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Alsopp, George, II. <a href="#Page_439-V2">439</a>.<br /> +Alva, II. <a href="#Page_404-V2">404</a>.<br /> +Amalek, II. <a href="#Page_089-V2">89</a>.<br /> +<a name="america" id="america"></a> +America, I. <a href="#Page_202-V1">202</a>, + <a href="#footer_226">219 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#footer_237">230 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_251-V1">251</a>, <a href="#Page_295-V1">295</a>, + <a href="#Page_360-V1">360</a>, <a href="#Page_369-V1">369</a>, + <a href="#Page_383-V1">383</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_045-V2">45</a>, <a href="#Page_049-V2">49</a>, + <a href="#Page_191-V2">191</a>, <a href="#Page_271-V2">271</a>, + <a href="#Page_391-V2">391</a>, <a href="#Page_401-V2">401</a>; + conditions during, and results following, the Seven Years War in Europe, I. + <a href="#Page_001-V1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_020-V1">20</a>; + complication of political interests, I. <a href="#Page_001-V1">1</a>, + <a href="#Page_003-V1">3</a>, <a href="#Page_004-V1">4</a>; + the War of Independence, I. <a href="#Page_001-V1">1</a>; + the British and French possessions compared, I. + <a href="#Page_001-V1">1</a>-<a href="#Page_003-V1">3</a>; + British soldiers in, I. <a href="#Page_009-V1">9</a>; + number of French and English inhabitants in the middle + of the eighteenth century, I. <a href="#Page_020-V1">20</a>; + towns and colonies compared and contrasted, I. + <a href="#Page_025-V1">25</a>-<a href="#Page_036-V1">36</a>; + plan for the increase of French settlements, I. + <a href="#Page_037-V1">37</a>; + questions of boundaries, I. <a href="#Page_037-V1">37</a>, + <a href="#Page_043-V1">43</a>, <a href="#Page_076-V1">76</a>, + <a href="#Page_079-V1">79</a>, <a href="#Page_086-V1">86</a>, + <a href="#Page_122-V1">122</a>-<a href="#Page_128-V1">128</a>; + commissioners appointed to decide upon French and English possessions in, I. + <a href="#Page_123-V1">123</a>-<a href="#Page_127-V1">127</a>; + the balance of power, I. <a href="#Page_126-V1">126</a>; + conditions in the English colonies, I. + <a href="#Page_160-V1">160</a>-<a href="#Page_171-V1">171</a>; + results of the meeting of the colonial Assemblies with their governors, I. + <a href="#Page_163-V1">163</a>-<a href="#Page_169-V1">169</a>; + France and England compared, I. <a href="#Page_181-V1">181</a>; + the policy of England, I. <a href="#Page_181-V1">181</a>; + regiments ordered to, from England, I. + <a href="#Page_181-V1">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182-V1">182</a>; + expedition ordered to, from France, I. + <a href="#Page_182-V1">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183-V1">183</a>; + council of American governors held with Braddock, I. + <a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>-<a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>; + the democracy of Pennsylvania, I. <a href="#Page_338-V1">338</a>; + holds a secondary place in the interests of France, I. + <a href="#Page_355-V1">355</a>; + conflict of the eighteenth century, I. <a href="#Page_355-V1">355</a>; + French power in, to be sustained, I. + <a href="#Page_356-V1">356</a>, <a href="#Page_414-V1">414</a>; + money granted by Parliament to the colonies, I. + <a href="#Page_382-V1">382</a>, <a href="#footer_388">382 <i>note</i></a>; + usefulness of Indian warriors, I. <a href="#Page_484-V1">484</a>; + the power of Pitt, II. + <a href="#Page_043-V2">43</a>, <a href="#Page_044-V2">44</a>; + interest felt for, by Pitt, II. + <a href="#Page_047-V2">47</a>-<a href="#Page_049-V2">49</a>; + prophecy of John Mellen, II. <a href="#Page_378-V2">378</a>; + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_451-V2" id="Page_451-V2">451<br />V2</a></span> + + and of the French and English War, II., + <a href="#Page_378-V2">378</a>-<a href="#Page_382-V2">382</a>, + <a href="#Page_386-V2">386</a>; + predictions concerning the future of the British colonies, II. + <a href="#Page_403-V2">403</a>, <a href="#Page_404-V2">404</a>.<br /> +American Antiquarian Society, the, I. <a href="#Page_048-V1">48</a>; + plate buried by the French in possession of, I. <a href="#Page_048-V1">48</a>; + Transactions of, I. <a href="#Page_048-V1">48</a>.<br /> +Amherst, Lieutenant-Colonel, recaptures St. John's, II. + <a href="#Page_402-V2">402</a>.<br /> +Amherst, Jeffrey, II. <a href="#footer_24Note">194 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_231-V2">231</a>, <a href="#Page_339-V2">339</a>; + recalled from the German war, II. <a href="#Page_048-V2">48</a>; + his character, II. <a href="#Page_048-V2">48</a>; + promoted to be major-general, II. <a href="#Page_048-V2">48</a>; + takes command of the expedition against Louisbourg, II. + <a href="#Page_048-V2">48</a>, <a href="#Page_049-V2">49</a>, + <a href="#Page_051-V2">51</a>, + <a href="#Page_056-V2">56</a>-<a href="#Page_081-V2">81</a>; + plans of attack, II. + <a href="#Page_057-V2">57</a>, <a href="#Page_058-V2">58</a>; + lands his troops at Freshwater Cove, II. + <a href="#Page_057-V2">57</a>-<a href="#Page_060-V2">60</a>; + his camp, II. <a href="#Page_061-V2">61</a>; + roads made through marshes, II. + <a href="#Page_061-V2">61</a>, <a href="#Page_062-V2">62</a>; + courtesies between the commanders, II. + <a href="#Page_064-V2">64</a>, <a href="#Page_065-V2">65</a>; + his humanity, II. + <a href="#Page_070-V2">70</a>, <a href="#footer_587">70 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_374-V2">374</a>; + terms of capitulation extended to Louisbourg, II. + <a href="#Page_071-V2">71</a>, <a href="#Page_072-V2">72</a>; + capitulation of Louisbourg, II. <a href="#Page_074-V2">74</a>, + <a href="#Page_075-V2">75</a>, <a href="#footer_591">75 <i>note</i></a>; + prevented from uniting with Abercromby, II. <a href="#Page_075-V2">75</a>; + increases his conquests, II. <a href="#Page_078-V2">78</a>; + action after the reduction of Louisbourg, II. + <a href="#Page_079-V2">79</a>, <a href="#Page_080-V2">80</a>; + orders issued to Wolfe, II. <a href="#Page_080-V2">80</a>, + <a href="#Page_081-V2">81</a>; + evidences concerning the siege of Louisbourg, II. + <a href="#footer_19Note">81 <i>note</i></a>; + joins Abercromby at Lake George, II. <a href="#Page_129-V2">129</a>; + letter sent to, from General Forbes, II. <a href="#Page_161-V2">161</a>; + his army moves against Ticonderoga, II. <a href="#Page_197-V2">197</a>, + <a href="#Page_210-V2">210</a>, <a href="#Page_222-V2">222</a>; + his ability to render aid to Wolfe, II. + <a href="#Page_210-V2">210</a>, <a href="#Page_212-V2">212</a>; + commander-in-chief of the troops in America, II. + <a href="#Page_235-V2">235</a>; + plans of Pitt for his movements, II. + <a href="#Page_235-V2">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236-V2">236</a>; + deputes Prideaux to take charge of the expedition against Niagara, II. + <a href="#Page_235-V2">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236-V2">236</a>; + the capture of Ticonderoga, II. + <a href="#Page_235-V2">235</a>-<a href="#Page_241-V2">241</a>; + on Lake George, II. + <a href="#Page_235-V2">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236-V2">236</a>; + forts built by, II. <a href="#Page_237-V2">237</a>; + Bourlamaque retires before, II. + <a href="#Page_238-V2">238</a>, <a href="#Page_239-V2">239</a>; + Ticonderoga blown up by the French, II. <a href="#Page_239-V2">239</a>; + advances upon Crown Point, II. + <a href="#Page_240-V2">240</a>, <a href="#Page_241-V2">241</a>; + his delay in joining Wolfe, II. + <a href="#Page_240-V2">240</a>-<a href="#Page_242-V2">242</a>, + <a href="#Page_249-V2">249</a>, <a href="#Page_250-V2">250</a>, + <a href="#Page_272-V2">272</a>, <a href="#Page_323-V2">323</a>; + Crown Point rebuilt by, II. + <a href="#Page_240-V2">240</a>, <a href="#Page_241-V2">241</a>; + roads built by, across Vermont, II. <a href="#Page_241-V2">241</a>; + his navy, II. + <a href="#Page_241-V2">241</a>, <a href="#Page_242-V2">242</a>, + <a href="#Page_251-V2">251</a>, <a href="#Page_252-V2">252</a>; + at Crown Point, II. <a href="#Page_249-V2">249</a>; + tries to pacify the Abenakis, II. <a href="#Page_251-V2">251</a>; + sends Major Rogers to destroy the Abenakis' town, II. + <a href="#Page_251-V2">251</a>, <a href="#Page_253-V2">253</a>; + unsuccessful attempt to reach Isle-aux-Noix, II. + <a href="#Page_251-V2">251</a>, <a href="#Page_252-V2">252</a>; + the result of his campaign, II. + <a href="#Page_252-V2">252</a>, <a href="#Page_253-V2">253</a>; + desired to send supplies to Rogers, II. <a href="#Page_254-V2">254</a>, + <a href="#Page_256-V2">256</a>, <a href="#Page_257-V2">257</a>; + Lieutenant Stephan sent to meet Rogers' rangers, II. + <a href="#Page_256-V2">256</a>, <a href="#Page_257-V2">257</a>; + letter from Rogers, II. <a href="#footer_26Note">258 note</a>; + defers his advance upon Montreal, II. <a href="#Page_265-V2">265</a>; + his plans, II. <a href="#Page_361-V2">361</a>; + the fall of Canada, II. + <a href="#Page_361-V2">361</a>-<a href="#Page_382-V2">382</a>; + his army embarks for Montreal, II. <a href="#Page_369-V2">369</a>; + the "Ottawa" captured, II. <a href="#Page_369-V2">369</a>; + attacks Fort Lévis, II. + <a href="#Page_369-V2">369</a>, <a href="#Page_370-V2">370</a>; + passage of the rapids, II. + <a href="#Page_370-V2">370</a>, <a href="#Page_371-V2">371</a>; + encamps near Montreal, II. <a href="#Page_371-V2">371</a>; + number of his troops, II. <a href="#Page_372-V2">372</a>, + <a href="#footer_851">372 <i>note</i></a>; + a council of war held by Vaudreuil, II. <a href="#Page_372-V2">372</a>; + articles of capitulation insisted upon by Amherst, II. + <a href="#Page_372-V2">372</a>-<a href="#Page_374-V2">374</a>; + his detestation of French cruelty, II. <a href="#Page_373-V2">373</a>; + Vaudreuil obliged to surrender Montreal, II. <a href="#Page_376-V2">376</a>; + the news of his victory received in Boston, II. + <a href="#Page_377-V2">377</a>-<a href="#Page_379-V2">379</a>; + sends his brother to recapture St. John's, II. + <a href="#Page_402-V2">402</a>.<br /> +Amonoosuc River, the, II. <a href="#Page_256-V2">256</a>, + <a href="#Page_257-V2">257</a>.<br /> +Anastase, I. <a href="#Page_209-V1">209</a>.<br /> +Anastase, Father, I. <a href="#Page_209-V1">209</a>.<br /> +Anbury, the traveller, II. <a href="#Page_426-V2">426</a>.<br /> +Ange, Gardien L', + landing of the English before, II. <a href="#Page_217-V2">217</a>; + burned by the order of Wolfe, II. <a href="#Page_261-V2">261</a>.<br /> +Anglican Church, the, in New York, I. <a href="#Page_032-V1">32</a>.<br /> +Anglicans, the, I. <a href="#Page_029-V1">29</a>.<br /> +Anglo-Saxon race, the, I. <a href="#Page_025-V1">25</a>.<br /> +Annapolis, Acadia, I. <a href="#Page_092-V1">92</a>, + <a href="#Page_106-V1">106</a>, <a href="#Page_178-V1">178</a>, + <a href="#Page_241-V1">241</a>, <a href="#Page_279-V1">279</a>; + garrison at, I. <a href="#Page_092-V1">92</a>, <a href="#Page_093-V1">93</a>; + parish of, I. <a href="#Page_094-V1">94</a>; + Acadians encouraged to emigrate from, I. <a href="#Page_108-V1">108</a>, + <a href="#Page_109-V1">109</a>; + the inhabitants of the valley, I. <a href="#Page_235-V1">235</a>; + French feeling in the hearts of the inhabitants, I. + <a href="#Page_237-V1">237</a>; + arrival of the English force, I. <a href="#Page_247-V1">247</a>; + means of living practised by the Acadians, I. + <a href="#Page_258-V1">258</a>, <a href="#Page_259-V1">259</a>; + number of Acadians sent away in the vessels, I. + <a href="#Page_280-V1">280</a>; + isolation of the garrison at, II. <a href="#Page_077-V2">77</a>; + rejoicing at the fall of Louisbourg, II. + <a href="#Page_077-V2">77</a>, <a href="#Page_078-V2">78</a>.<br /> +Anne, Fort, II. <a href="#Page_121-V2">121</a>.<br /> +Anse de Foulon, II. <a href="#Page_276-V2">276</a>, + <a href="#Page_284-V2">284</a>, <a href="#Page_286-V2">286</a>, + <a href="#Page_344-V2">344</a>, <a href="#Page_346-V2">346</a>, + <a href="#Page_347-V2">347</a>, <a href="#Page_354-V2">354</a>; + now called Wolfe's Cove, II. <a href="#Page_278-V2">278</a>.<br /> +Anson, First Lord of the Admiralty, I. <a href="#Page_179-V1">179</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_050-V2">50</a>.<br /> +Anthonay, D', lieutenant-colonel, + sent to the English concerning the terms of capitulation + for Louisbourg, II. <a href="#Page_071-V2">71</a>; + empowered to accept the capitulation for Louisbourg, II. + <a href="#Page_073-V2">73</a>, <a href="#Page_074-V2">74</a>.<br /> +"Apollon," the number of her guns, II. + <a href="#footer_579">54 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Appendix A., II. + <a href="#Page_417-V2">417</a>, <a href="#Page_418-V2">418</a>; + references to, I. <a href="#footer_033">67 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#footer_034">68 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#footer_050">78 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Appendix B., II. <a href="#Page_418-V2">418</a>-<a href="#Page_421-V2">421</a>; + references to, I. <a href="#footer_080">100 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#footer_088">104 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#footer_126">127 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_452-V2" id="Page_452-V2">452<br />V2</a></span> + +Appendix C., II. + <a href="#Page_421-V2">421</a>-<a href="#Page_423-V2">423</a>; + references to, I. + <a href="#footer_156">158 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#footer_160">161 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Appendix D., II. + <a href="#Page_423-V2">423</a>-<a href="#Page_426-V2">426</a>; + references to, I. + <a href="#footer_215">208 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#footer_224">215 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Appendix E., II. + <a href="#Page_426-V2">426</a>-<a href="#Page_428-V2">428</a>.<br /> +Appendix F., II. + <a href="#Page_428-V2">428</a>-<a href="#Page_431-V2">431</a>.<br /> +Appendix G., II. + <a href="#Page_431-V2">431</a>-<a href="#Page_436-V2">436</a>; + references to, II. + <a href="#footer_616">93 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#footer_638">113 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Appendix H., II. + <a href="#Page_436-V2">436</a>-<a href="#Page_438-V2">438</a>.<br /> +Appendix I., II. <a href="#Page_438-V2">438</a>; + reference to, II. + <a href="#footer_27Note">298 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Appendix J., II. + <a href="#Page_438-V2">438</a>-<a href="#Page_441-V2">441</a>, + <a href="#Page_442-V2">442</a>; + reference to, II. <a href="#footer_28Note">326 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Appendix K., II. + <a href="#Page_442-V2">442</a>-<a href="#Page_444-V2">444</a>; + reference to, II. + <a href="#footer_29Note">359 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Appleton, Nathaniel, his utterance after the fall of Canada, II. + <a href="#Page_379-V2">379</a>.<br /> +Apthorp, a Boston merchant, I. <a href="#Page_245-V1">245</a>; + furnishes money for the English troops, I. + <a href="#Page_245-V1">245</a>.<br /> +Arbuthnot, William, his attestation, I. + <a href="#footer_519">505 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Arcadia, I. <a href="#Page_258-V1">258</a>.<br /> +"Aréthuse," the, II. <a href="#Page_063-V2">63</a>; + number of her guns, II. <a href="#footer_579">54 <i>note</i></a>; + fires upon the English, II. <a href="#Page_064-V2">64</a>; + withdrawn from her position, II. <a href="#Page_065-V2">65</a>.<br /> +Argens, D', letters from Frederick II., II. + <a href="#Page_387-V2">387</a>-<a href="#Page_389-V2">389</a>.<br /> +Argenson, D', Minister of War, 1743-1747, I. <a href="#Page_015-V1">15</a>, + <a href="#Page_355-V1">355</a>, <a href="#Page_367-V1">367</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_044-V2">44</a>; + writes to Montcalm of his appointment, I. <a href="#Page_360-V1">360</a>; + letter to, from Montcalm, I. <a href="#Page_377-V1">377</a>; + reinforcements sent to Canada, I. <a href="#Page_467-V1">467</a>, + <a href="#Page_468-V1">468</a>.<br /> +Armstrong, Colonel George, I. <a href="#Page_423-V1">423</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_158-V2">158</a>; + the attack upon Kittanning, I. + <a href="#Page_423-V1">423</a>-<a href="#Page_427-V1">427</a>; + receives a medal from the Council of Philadelphia, I. + <a href="#Page_426-V1">426</a>.<br /> +<a name="army" id="army"></a> +Army, the English, matters pertaining to the troops, I. + <a href="#Page_383-V1">383</a>-<a href="#Page_387-V1">387</a>; + discipline in, II. <a href="#Page_119-V2">119</a>. + See <a href="#english">English</a>.<br /> +Army, the French, description of French troops, I. + <a href="#Page_368-V1">368</a>-<a href="#Page_373-V1">373</a>; + number of troops in Canada, I. <a href="#Page_368-V1">368</a>, I. + <a href="#footer_371">368 <i>note</i></a>. + See <a href="#french">French</a>.<br /> +Army, the Provincial, I. + <a href="#Page_290-V1">290</a>, <a href="#Page_291-V1">291</a>; + manners and morals of, I. <a href="#Page_292-V1">292</a>; + preaching on Sunday to, I. + <a href="#Page_295-V1">295</a>, <a href="#Page_296-V1">296</a>.<br /> +Army chaplains, II. + <a href="#Page_116-V2">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117-V2">117</a>.<br /> +Arnoux, Surgeon, II. <a href="#Page_308-V2">308</a>; + Montcalm carried to his house, II. + <a href="#Page_308-V2">308</a>, <a href="#Page_441-V2">441</a>.<br /> +Arthur's Club, I. <a href="#Page_007-V1">7</a>.<br /> +Artillery Cove, I. <a href="#Page_498-V1">498</a>.<br /> +Artois, batallion of, I. <a href="#Page_368-V1">368</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_054-V2">54</a>, <a href="#Page_073-V2">73</a>; + ordered to America, I. <a href="#Page_182-V1">182</a>.<br /> +Ashley, Dr., his death, II. <a href="#Page_120-V2">120</a>.<br /> +Ashley, John, difficulties among the war committees, I. + <a href="#Page_387-V1">387</a>.<br /> +Asia, diplomatic and political position of France and England towards, I. + <a href="#Page_003-V2">3</a>, <a href="#Page_004-V2">4</a>; + the power of England over, II. <a href="#Page_400-V2">400</a>.<br /> +Assemblies of the English colonies, the, neglect their own interests, I. + <a href="#Page_086-V2">86</a>; + instructions from the Lords of Trade, I. + <a href="#Page_172-V1">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173-V1">173</a>; + matters to be laid before, I. <a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>.<br /> +<a name="assemblyMassachusetts" id="assemblyMassachusetts"></a> +Assembly of Massachusetts, the, + dealings of Governor Shirley with, I. + <a href="#Page_168-V1">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169-V1">169</a>; + grants money to aid the English in Maine, I. <a href="#Page_169-V1">169</a>; + plans of Shirley laid before, I. <a href="#Page_241-V1">241</a>; + money and supplies voted by, for the expedition against Crown Point, I. + <a href="#Page_285-V1">285</a>, <a href="#Page_286-V1">286</a>.<br /> +Assembly of New York, the, I. <a href="#Page_059-V1">59</a>; + quotation from Governor Clinton concerning their neglect + in protecting Indian trade, II. + <a href="#Page_061-V2">61</a>, <a href="#Page_062-V2">62</a>; + apathy of, I. <a href="#Page_073-V1">73</a>; + address of, to Lieutenant-Governor Delancey, cited, I. + <a href="#Page_168-V1">168</a>; + results of the meeting of, with the Governor of New York, I. + <a href="#Page_168-V1">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169-V1">169</a>; + its hostility to Johnson, I. <a href="#Page_328-V1">328</a>; + political difficulties, I. <a href="#Page_350-V1">350</a>.<br /> +Assembly of Pennsylvania, the, I. <a href="#Page_059-V1">59</a>, + <a href="#Page_141-V1">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142-V1">142</a>, + <a href="#Page_426-V1">426</a>; + refuses the request of the Indians to build a trading-house on the Ohio, I. + <a href="#Page_060-V1">60</a>; + unwilling to aid Dinwiddie, I. <a href="#Page_142-V1">142</a>; + letter from the Earl of Holdernesse laid before, I. + <a href="#Page_165-V1">165</a>; + persons composing, I. + <a href="#Page_165-V1">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166-V1">166</a>; + result of the meeting with the Governor, I. + <a href="#Page_165-V1">165</a>-<a href="#Page_168-V1">168</a>; + quarrels with the Governor, I. <a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>, + <a href="#Page_340-V1">340</a>-<a href="#Page_342-V1">342</a>, + <a href="#Page_348-V1">348</a>, <a href="#Page_349-V1">349</a>, + <a href="#footer_360">350 <i>note</i>, 351 <i>note</i></a>, II. + <a href="#Page_131-V2">131</a>, <a href="#Page_135-V2">135</a>; + needs of the people laid before, I. <a href="#Page_336-V1">336</a>; + causes of military paralysis, I. + <a href="#Page_337-V1">337</a>, <a href="#Page_338-V1">338</a>; + question of taxing proprietary lands, I. + <a href="#Page_337-V1">337</a>-<a href="#Page_341-V1">341</a>, + <a href="#Page_344-V1">344</a>-<a href="#Page_347-V1">347</a>; + Benjamin Franklin leader in, I. <a href="#Page_338-V1">338</a>; + relations of, with the people, I. + <a href="#Page_339-V1">339</a>-<a href="#Page_350-V1">350</a>; + relations of, with Governor Morris, I. + <a href="#Page_339-V1">339</a>-<a href="#Page_350-V1">350</a>; + contentions with the Quakers and the Governor, I. + <a href="#Page_340-V1">340</a>, <a href="#Page_341-V1">341</a>; + desires to issue bills of credit, I. + <a href="#Page_344-V1">344</a>-<a href="#Page_346-V1">346</a>; + the paper called a "Representation" sent to the House, I. + <a href="#Page_346-V1">346</a>; + anger of the Quakers, I. + <a href="#Page_346-V1">346</a>, <a href="#Page_347-V1">347</a>; + deputations from the people and from friendly Indians seeking aid, I. + <a href="#Page_347-V1">347</a>; + growing unpopularity of, I. + <a href="#Page_347-V1">347</a>, <a href="#Page_348-V1">348</a>; + a militia law passed, I. <a href="#Page_348-V1">348</a>; + the proprietaries of Pennsylvania offer to raise money for defence, I. + <a href="#Page_349-V1">349</a>; + difficulties in quartering the troops, I. + <a href="#Page_439-V1">439</a>, <a href="#Page_440-V1">440</a>.<br /> +<a name="assemblyVirginia" id="assemblyVirginia"></a> +Assembly of Virginia, I. <a href="#Page_137-V1">137</a>; + efforts of Dinwiddie to repel the French in the West, I. + <a href="#Page_137-V1">137</a>-<a href="#Page_140-V1">140</a>; + aid voted to Dinwiddie, i, <a href="#Page_139-V1">139</a>, + <a href="#Page_140-V1">140</a>, <a href="#Page_233-V1">233</a>; + slowness of movement of, I. <a href="#Page_144-V1">144</a>; + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_453-V2" id="Page_453-V2">453<br />V2</a></span> + + speech of Dinwiddie to, I. <a href="#Page_163-V1">163</a>, + <a href="#Page_164-V1">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165-V1">165</a>; + result of the meeting with Dinwiddie, I. + <a href="#Page_165-V1">165</a>, <a href="#Page_233-V1">233</a>; + the distress of the people, I. + <a href="#Page_332-V1">332</a>, <a href="#Page_333-V1">333</a>; + the needs of Washington, I. + <a href="#Page_332-V1">332</a>, <a href="#Page_333-V1">333</a>; + needs of the people laid before, I. <a href="#Page_336-V1">336</a>.<br /> +Atlantic Ocean, the, I. <a href="#Page_004-V1">4</a>, + <a href="#Page_087-V1">87</a>, <a href="#Page_123-V1">123</a>, + <a href="#Page_205-V1">205</a>, <a href="#Page_469-V1">469</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_176-V2">176</a>, <a href="#Page_412-V2">412</a>; + the United States, II. <a href="#Page_412-V2">413</a>; + English possessions bordering on, I. <a href="#Page_020-V1">20</a>.<br /> +Attiqué, village of, I. <a href="#Page_045-V1">45</a>; + French name of Kittanning, I. <a href="#Page_426-V1">426</a>. + See <a href="#kittanning">Kittanning</a>.<br /> +Aubry, II. <a href="#Page_244-V2">244</a>; + the engagement at Niagara, II. + <a href="#Page_244-V2">244</a>-<a href="#Page_249-V2">249</a>; + taken prisoner, II. <a href="#Page_248-V2">248</a>.<br /> +Augsburg, II. <a href="#Page_394-V2">394</a>.<br /> +Augusta, Fort, II. <a href="#Page_147-V2">147</a>.<br /> +"Auguste," fate of the, II. <a href="#Page_384-V2">384</a>, + <a href="#Page_385-V2">385</a>.<br /> +Augustus the Strong, I. <a href="#Page_010-V1">10</a>.<br /> +Aulac, inhabitants removed from, I. <a href="#Page_255-V1">255</a>; + the declaration of Monckton, I. <a href="#Page_254-V1">254</a>.<br /> +Austria, effects of the French alliance, I. <a href="#Page_002-V1">2</a>; + succession of Maria Theresa, I. <a href="#Page_018-V1">18</a>; + political alliances sought, I. + <a href="#Page_353-V1">353</a>, <a href="#Page_354-V1">354</a>; + a Catholic country, I. <a href="#Page_355-V1">355</a>; + troops sent against, I. <a href="#Page_363-V1">363</a>; + position of affairs in Europe, II. + <a href="#Page_038-V2">38</a>, <a href="#Page_039-V2">39</a>; + policy of George III., II. <a href="#Page_393-V2">393</a>; + hostile to Prussia, II. <a href="#Page_399-V2">399</a>; + the treaty of Hubertsburg, II. <a href="#Page_407-V2">407</a>.<br /> +Austria, House of, its rule, I. <a href="#Page_016-V1">16</a>, + <a href="#Page_017-V1">17</a>; + enmity of France towards, I. <a href="#Page_019-V1">19</a>.<br /> +Austrian Succession, the war of, I. <a href="#Page_019-V1">19</a>.<br /> +Austrians, the, II. <a href="#Page_040-V2">40</a>; + the battle of Prague, II. <a href="#Page_039-V2">39</a>; + routed at Leuthen, II. <a href="#Page_046-V2">46</a>; + fly before Frederic, II. <a href="#Page_386-V2">386</a>.<br /> +Auxerrois, I. <a href="#Page_359-V1">359</a>.<br /> +Avery, Ensign, + the expedition against the Abenakis, II. + <a href="#Page_255-V2">255</a>-<a href="#Page_257-V2">257</a>.<br /> +Avon River, the former name of, I. <a href="#Page_268-V1">268</a>.<br /> +Awe River, the, II. <a href="#Page_433-V2">433</a>.<br /> +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h3>B.</h3> +<p> +Babiole, I. <a href="#Page_354-V1">354</a>.<br /> +Baby, a Canadian officer, I. <a href="#footer_333">330 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Babylon, II. <a href="#Page_089-V2">89</a>, + <a href="#Page_378-V2">378</a>, <a href="#Page_384-V2">384</a>.<br /> +Bagley, Colonel Jonathan, II. <a href="#Page_076-V2">76</a>, + <a href="#Page_077-V2">77</a>, <a href="#Page_115-V2">115</a>, + <a href="#Page_117-V2">117</a>; + commands at Fort William Henry, I. <a href="#Page_388-V1">388</a>; + preparations for attacking Ticonderoga, I. + <a href="#Page_388-V1">388</a>, <a href="#Page_389-V1">389</a>; + extracts from his letters, I. <a href="#Page_389-V1">389</a>.<br /> +Bahama Islands, the, I. <a href="#Page_421-V1">421</a>.<br /> +Baker, a soldier, I. <a href="#Page_424-V1">424</a>.<br /> +Bald Mountain, I. <a href="#Page_477-V1">477</a>.<br /> +Ball, a dog, II. <a href="#Page_189-V2">189</a>.<br /> +Ballads, II. <a href="#footer_25Note">233 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Barachois, II. <a href="#Page_063-V2">63</a>, <a href="#Page_067-V2">67</a>; + approach of the English, II. <a href="#Page_064-V2">64</a>.<br /> +Barbadoes, Island of, II. <a href="#Page_190-V2">190</a>.<br /> +Barnsley, Thomas, II. <a href="#footer_644">124 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Barré, II. <a href="#Page_046-V2">46</a>, + <a href="#Page_268-V2">268</a>.<br /> +Barrington, Viscount, II. <a href="#Page_398-V2">398</a>, + <a href="#Page_432-V2">432</a>; + replaces Chancellor Legge, II. <a href="#Page_393-V2">393</a>.<br /> +Bassignac, De, + curious incident in the attack on Montcalm, at Ticonderoga, II. + <a href="#Page_107-V2">107</a>.<br /> +Bastille, the, I. <a href="#Page_015-V1">15</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_385-V2">385</a>.<br /> +Bath, Lady, I. <a href="#Page_189-V1">189</a>.<br /> +Bath, Lord, II. <a href="#footer_876">404 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Bath, England, I. <a href="#Page_007-V1">7</a>, <a href="#Page_188-V1">188</a>, + <a href="#Page_311-V1">311</a>, II. <a href="#Page_190-V2">190</a>.<br /> +Batiscan, I. <a href="#Page_371-V1">371</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_332-V2">332</a>.<br /> +Bavaria, the Elector of, I. <a href="#Page_019-V1">19</a>.<br /> +Béarn, the battalion of, I. <a href="#Page_374-V1">374</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_104-V2">104</a>, <a href="#Page_109-V2">109</a>, + <a href="#Page_230-V2">230</a>; + ordered to America, I. <a href="#Page_182-V1">182</a>; + uniform of the battalion of, I. <a href="#footer_372">368 <i>note</i></a>; + encamped before Niagara, I. <a href="#Page_376-V1">376</a>; + capture of Oswego, I. <a href="#Page_408-V1">408</a>; + preparations to attack Fort William Henry, I. <a href="#Page_477-V1">477</a>; + advance of Montcalm upon Fort William Henry, I. <a href="#Page_491-V1">491</a>; + mutiny at Montreal, II. <a href="#Page_010-V2">10</a>; + attack upon Quebec, II. <a href="#Page_292-V2">292</a>.<br /> +Beaubassin, Madame de, suppers given by, I. + <a href="#Page_458-V1">458</a>.<br /> +Beaubassin, I. <a href="#Page_094-V1">94</a>; + English occupation of, I. <a href="#Page_115-V1">115</a>, + <a href="#Page_116-V1">116</a>-<a href="#Page_120-V1">120</a>; + the parish fired by Le Loutre, I. <a href="#Page_116-V1">116</a>; + departure of Major Lawrence from, and return of, I. + <a href="#Page_116-V1">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117-V1">117</a>.<br /> +Beauce, I. <a href="#Page_076-V1">76</a>.<br /> +Beauchamp, merchant, I. <a href="#Page_271-V1">271</a>.<br /> +Beaucour, La Roche, I. <a href="#Page_457-V1">457</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_428-V1">428</a>.<br /> +Beaujeu, Captain, at Fort Duquesne, I. <a href="#Page_208-V1">208</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_423-V1">423</a>; + encounter of the French with the English, I. + <a href="#Page_210-V1">210</a>-<a href="#Page_227-V1">227</a>; + death of, I. <a href="#Page_215-V1">215</a>.<br /> +Beaumont, II. <a href="#Page_225-V2">225</a>.<br /> +Beauport, the village of, II. <a href="#Page_200-V2">200</a>, + <a href="#Page_212-V2">212</a>, <a href="#Page_228-V2">228</a>, + <a href="#Page_265-V2">265</a>, <a href="#Page_274-V2">274</a>, + <a href="#Page_303-V2">303</a>; + Montcalm stations his camp here at the siege of Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_200-V2">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201-V2">201</a>, + <a href="#Page_208-V2">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209-V2">209</a>, + <a href="#Page_292-V2">292</a>, + <a href="#footer_27Note">298 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_305-V2">305</a>; + attack of Wolfe on the French camp, II. + <a href="#Page_230-V2">230</a>-<a href="#Page_233-V2">233</a>; + approach of Wolfe's fleet, II. + <a href="#Page_282-V2">282</a>, <a href="#Page_288-V2">288</a>; + flight of the French army, II. + <a href="#Page_300-V2">300</a>-<a href="#Page_302-V2">302</a>, + <a href="#Page_307-V2">307</a>; + the French supplies plundered, II. <a href="#Page_311-V2">311</a>; + return of the army to Quebec, II. <a href="#Page_313-V2">313</a>.<br /> +Beauport, River of, II. <a href="#Page_201-V2">201</a>, + <a href="#Page_208-V2">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209-V2">209</a>.<br /> +<a name="beausejour" id="beausejour"></a> +Beauséjour, Fort, I. <a href="#Page_122-V2">122</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_181-V2">181</a>; + erected by the French, I. <a href="#Page_119-V1">119</a>, + <a href="#Page_120-V1">120</a>, <a href="#Page_235-V1">235</a>; + an attack upon, planned by the English, I. + <a href="#Page_192-V1">192</a>-<a href="#Page_194-V1">194</a>, + <a href="#Page_196-V1">196</a>, <a href="#Page_236-V1">236</a>, + <a href="#Page_239-V1">239</a>, <a href="#Page_241-V1">241</a>, + <a href="#Page_245-V1">245</a>; + strength of the fort, I. + <a href="#Page_238-V1">238</a>, <a href="#Page_241-V1">241</a>; + M. Vergor commandant of, I. + <a href="#Page_239-V1">239</a>, <a href="#Page_241-V1">241</a>, + <a href="#Page_242-V1">242</a>; + official corruption at, I. <a href="#Page_242-V1">242</a>, + <a href="#Page_243-V1">243</a>, <a href="#Page_245-V1">245</a>, + <a href="#Page_250-V1">250</a>, <a href="#Page_251-V1">251</a>; + encounter of the French with the English, I. + <a href="#Page_247-V1">247</a>-<a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>, + <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_454-V2" id="Page_454-V2">454<br />V2</a></span> + + capitulation offered by the French, I. <a href="#Page_251-V1">251</a>; + escape of Le Loutre, I. <a href="#Page_252-V1">252</a>; + capture of, I. <a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>, + <a href="#Page_256-V1">256</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_193-V2">193</a>, <a href="#Page_278-V2">278</a>; + became Fort Cumberland, I. <a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>; + encampment of Monckton, I. <a href="#Page_254-V1">254</a>; + the declaration of Monckton, I. <a href="#Page_254-V1">254</a>; + inhabitants removed from, I. <a href="#Page_255-V1">255</a>; + departure of Winslow from, I. <a href="#Page_267-V1">267</a>.<br /> +Beauséjour, hill, I. + <a href="#Page_116-V1">116</a>, <a href="#Page_118-V1">118</a>.<br /> +Beaver, King, Indian chief, II. <a href="#Page_145-V2">145</a>.<br /> +Beaver. See <a href="#furTrade">Fur-trade</a>.<br /> +Beaver Creek, II. <a href="#Page_145-V2">145</a>.<br /> +Becancour, M. de, I. <a href="#Page_071-V1">71</a>.<br /> +Becancour, I. <a href="#Page_485-V1">485</a>.<br /> +Bedford, Duke of, II. <a href="#Page_393-V2">393</a>; + sent to Paris to negotiate for peace, II. + <a href="#Page_403-V2">403</a>.<br /> +Bedford, Fort, erection of, II. <a href="#Page_141-V2">141</a>.<br /> +Bedford, town of, II. <a href="#Page_133-V2">133</a>.<br /> +Belcher, Governor of New Jersey, I. <a href="#Page_392-V1">392</a>; + declares war against the Indians, I. <a href="#Page_392-V1">392</a>; + postpones his action, I. <a href="#Page_393-V1">393</a>.<br /> +Belêtre conducts a war-party, I. <a href="#Page_074-V1">74</a>; + the attack at German Flats, II. <a href="#Page_006-V2">6</a>, + <a href="#Page_007-V2">7</a>.<br /> +Belknap, his "History of New Hampshire" cited, I. + <a href="#footer_525">510 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Bellamy, George Anne, story of Braddock in regard to, I. + <a href="#Page_190-V1">190</a>, + <a href="#footer_195">190 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Bellaston, Lady, I. <a href="#Page_006-V2">6</a>.<br /> +Belleisle, Maréchal de, minister of war, 1758-1761, II. + <a href="#Page_035-V2">35</a>, <a href="#Page_176-V2">176</a>; + double-dealing and boasting of Vaudreuil, II. + <a href="#Page_171-V2">171</a>-<a href="#Page_173-V2">173</a>, + <a href="#Page_198-V2">198</a>; + his letter to Montcalm, II. + <a href="#Page_176-V2">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177-V2">177</a>; + plans of war enjoined upon Montcalm, II. + <a href="#Page_177-V2">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178-V2">178</a>; + letter from Vaudreuil to, II. <a href="#Page_319-V2">319</a>.<br /> +Belleisle, II. + <a href="#Page_401-V2">401</a>, <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>.<br /> +Bellona, I. <a href="#Page_480-V1">480</a>.<br /> +Bengal, II. <a href="#Page_406-V2">406</a>.<br /> +Bennington, I. <a href="#Page_291-V1">291</a>.<br /> +Benoît, II. <a href="#Page_028-V2">28</a>.<br /> +Berkeley, Sir William, his opinion of education for the people, I. + <a href="#Page_029-V1">29</a>.<br /> +Berks, I. <a href="#Page_347-V1">347</a>.<br /> +Berlin, II. <a href="#Page_388-V2">388</a>.<br /> +Bernard, Governor of Massachusetts, II. + <a href="#Page_376-V2">376</a>, <a href="#Page_377-V2">377</a>.<br /> +Bernès, II. <a href="#Page_099-V2">99</a>.<br /> +Berniers, commissary-general, II. <a href="#Page_259-V2">259</a>, + <a href="#Page_260-V2">260</a>, <a href="#Page_438-V2">438</a>; + the state of Quebec described after the siege, II. + <a href="#Page_328-V2">328</a>.<br /> +Bernis, Abbé de, minister of foreign affairs, II. + <a href="#Page_393-V2">393</a>.<br /> +Berry, battalion of, II. + <a href="#Page_087-V2">87</a>, <a href="#Page_088-V2">88</a>, + <a href="#Page_099-V2">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100-V2">100</a>, + <a href="#Page_104-V2">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105-V2">105</a>.<br /> +Berryer, minister of marine and colonies, 1758-1761, II. + <a href="#Page_175-V2">175</a>; + official corruption in Canada, II. + <a href="#Page_031-V2">31</a>-<a href="#Page_033-V2">33</a>; + ministerial rebukes sent to officials in Canada, II. + <a href="#Page_031-V2">31</a>-<a href="#Page_037-V2">37</a>; + letters from Vaudreuil, II. <a href="#Page_141-V2">141</a>, + <a href="#Page_142-V2">142</a>, <a href="#Page_173-V2">173</a>, + <a href="#Page_318-V2">318</a>, <a href="#Page_319-V2">319</a>; + boasting and jealousy of Vaudreuil, II. <a href="#Page_164-V2">164</a>, + <a href="#Page_171-V2">171</a>; + prepossessed against Bouganville, II. <a href="#Page_173-V2">173</a>, + <a href="#Page_175-V2">175</a>; + reproof given to Vaudreuil, II. <a href="#Page_375-V2">375</a>.<br /> +Biddle, Edward, letter from Reading, I. <a href="#Page_344-V1">344</a>.<br /> +"Biche" number of her guns, II. <a href="#footer_579">54 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +"Bienfaisant," II. <a href="#Page_067-V2">67</a>; + number of her guns, II. <a href="#footer_579">54 <i>note</i></a>; + seized by the English, II. <a href="#Page_068-V2">68</a>, + <a href="#Page_069-V2">69</a>.<br /> +Bienville, Céloron de. See <a href="#celoron">Céloron</a>.<br /> +Bigot, François, Intendant of Canada, I. + <a href="#footer_030">65 <i>note</i></a>, <a href="#Page_067-V1">67</a>, + <a href="#footer_037">67 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#footer_045">77 <i>note</i></a>, <a href="#Page_080-V1">80</a>, + <a href="#Page_081-V1">81</a>, <a href="#Page_242-V1">242</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_009-V2">9</a>, <a href="#Page_017-V2">17</a>; + his official corruption, I. + <a href="#Page_080-V1">80</a>, <a href="#Page_081-V1">81</a>, + <a href="#Page_087-V1">87</a>, <a href="#Page_088-V1">88</a>, + <a href="#Page_242-V1">242</a>, <a href="#Page_462-V1">462</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_022-V2">22</a>-<a href="#Page_038-V2">38</a>; + his plans against the English, I. <a href="#Page_101-V1">101</a>; + the Indians encouraged to butcher the English, I. + <a href="#Page_103-V1">103</a>; + sails for Europe, I. <a href="#Page_242-V1">242</a>; + returns to Canada, I. <a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>; + defends Vergor, I. <a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_278-V1">278</a>; + his character and office, I. <a href="#Page_376-V1">376</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_017-V2">17</a>, <a href="#Page_018-V2">18</a>, + <a href="#Page_032-V2">32</a>, <a href="#Page_033-V2">33</a>; + his popularity, I. <a href="#Page_466-V1">466</a>; + relates the cruelties of the Indians, II. + <a href="#Page_004-V2">4</a>, <a href="#Page_005-V2">5</a>; + his relations with Vaudreuil, II. <a href="#Page_018-V2">18</a>, + <a href="#Page_319-V2">319</a>, <a href="#Page_323-V2">323</a>; + his birth, II. <a href="#Page_018-V2">18</a>; + his official journeys and pleasure-excursions, II. + <a href="#Page_018-V2">18</a>-<a href="#Page_021-V2">21</a>; + his manner of life, II. + <a href="#Page_018-V2">18</a>-<a href="#Page_022-V2">22</a>, + <a href="#Page_028-V2">28</a>-<a href="#Page_030-V2">30</a>, + <a href="#Page_203-V2">203</a>; + his houses and palace, II. + <a href="#Page_021-V2">21</a>, <a href="#Page_022-V2">22</a>; + his gambling, and frauds in trade, II. <a href="#Page_021-V2">21</a>, + <a href="#Page_022-V2">22</a>-<a href="#Page_028-V2">28</a>; + his circle of friends, II. + <a href="#Page_022-V2">22</a>-<a href="#Page_030-V2">30</a>; + the lover of Madame Péan, II. <a href="#Page_028-V2">28</a>; + receives ministerial rebukes, II. + <a href="#Page_031-V2">31</a>-<a href="#Page_037-V2">37</a>; + promissory notes issued, II. <a href="#Page_032-V2">32</a>; + revelations of his stealings, II. + <a href="#Page_034-V2">34</a>-<a href="#Page_037-V2">37</a>, + <a href="#footer_17Note">37 <i>note</i></a>; + breaks with Cadet, II. <a href="#Page_036-V2">36</a>; + statistics concerning the rations at Fort Duquesne, II. + <a href="#footer_660">152 <i>note</i></a>; + the dissensions between Montcalm and Vaudreuil, II. + <a href="#Page_167-V2">167</a>; + the siege and reduction of Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_202-V2">202</a>, <a href="#Page_234-V2">234</a>, + <a href="#Page_259-V2">259</a>, + <a href="#footer_28Note">326 <i>note</i></a>; + Vaudreuil holds a council of war, II. + <a href="#Page_218-V2">218</a>, <a href="#Page_219-V2">219</a>, + <a href="#Page_305-V2">305</a>, <a href="#Page_306-V2">306</a>; + forces at Quebec, II. <a href="#footer_27Note">298 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_437-V2">437</a>; + French troops available after the battle, II. + <a href="#footer_789">305 <i>note</i></a>; + returns with the army to Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_313-V2">313</a>, <a href="#Page_314-V2">314</a>; + arrested, and thrown into the Bastille, II. <a href="#Page_385-V2">385</a>; + his trial, II. + <a href="#Page_385-V2">385</a>, <a href="#Page_386-V2">386</a>; + his sentence, II. <a href="#Page_386-V2">386</a>; + his letters, II. <a href="#Page_438-V2">438</a>.<br /> +"Billy" assists Surgeon Williams, I. <a href="#Page_306-V1">306</a>; + sickness in the army, II. <a href="#Page_120-V2">120</a>.<br /> +"Bizarre," number of her guns, II. + <a href="#footer_579">54 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Black Hole of Calcutta, the, II. <a href="#Page_045-V2">45</a>.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_455-V2" id="Page_455-V2">455<br />V2</a></span> + +Black Hunter, the, I. <a href="#Page_204-V1">204</a>.<br /> +Black Mountain, I. <a href="#Page_430-V1">430</a>.<br /> +Black Point, II. <a href="#Page_053-V2">53</a>.<br /> +Black Rifle, the, I. <a href="#Page_204-V1">204</a>.<br /> +Blanchard, Colonel, defends Fort Lyman, I. <a href="#Page_294-V1">294</a>; + a letter of warning sent to, I. <a href="#Page_296-V1">296</a>.<br /> +Blodget, Samuel, I. <a href="#footer_308">301 <i>note</i></a>; + his view of the battle at Lake George, I. <a href="#Page_306-V1">306</a>; + prospective plan, etc., of the battle near Lake George, etc., I. + <a href="#footer_318">316 <i>note</i>, 317 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Blomedon, Cape, I. <a href="#Page_268-V1">268</a>, + <a href="#Page_269-V1">269</a>.<br /> +"Bloody morning scout," the, I. <a href="#Page_303-V1">303</a>.<br /> +Bloody Pond, origin of its name, I. <a href="#Page_309-V1">309</a>.<br /> +Blue Ridge, panic among the settlers, I. <a href="#Page_331-V1">331</a>.<br /> +Bœufs, Rivière aux, I. <a href="#Page_128-V1">128</a>.<br /> +Boishébert, a French officer, I. <a href="#Page_265-V1">265</a>, + <a href="#Page_266-V1">266</a>, <a href="#Page_420-V1">420</a>, + <a href="#Page_436-V1">436</a>; + to induce the Acadians to leave their home, I. <a href="#Page_099-V1">99</a>; + troops sent to watch the English frontier, I. + <a href="#Page_116-V1">116</a>; + letter to Manach quoted, I. <a href="#Page_266-V1">266</a>; + leads the attack at Peticodiac, I. <a href="#Page_276-V1">276</a>; + forces of, I. <a href="#footer_277">276 <i>note</i></a>; + approaches Louisbourg, II. <a href="#Page_066-V2">66</a>; + tried for peculation, II. <a href="#Page_170-V2">170</a>; + his dealings with the Acadians, II. <a href="#Page_170-V2">170</a>.<br /> +Bolling, a Virginia gentleman, I. <a href="#Page_226-V1">226</a>, + <a href="#footer_231">226 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Bolton, I. <a href="#footer_505">492 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Bonaventure, I. <a href="#Page_125-V1">125</a>.<br /> +Bond, Dr., I. <a href="#Page_228-V1">228</a>.<br /> +Bonhomme, Michel, II. <a href="#Page_309-V2">309</a>.<br /> +Bonnecamp, Father, a Jesuit priest, I. <a href="#Page_052-V1">52</a>, + <a href="#Page_053-V1">53</a>; + extract from his journal, I. <a href="#Page_039-V1">39</a>, + <a href="#Page_045-V1">45</a>, <a href="#footer_02Note">62 <i>note</i></a>; + his map, I. <a href="#footer_02Note">62 <i>note</i></a>; + at Detroit, I. <a href="#Page_076-V1">76</a>; + his opinion of Céloron, I. <a href="#Page_077-V1">77</a>.<br /> +Bordeaux, I. <a href="#Page_457-V1">457</a>, II. <a href="#Page_018-V2">18</a>, + <a href="#Page_023-V2">23</a>.<br /> +Boscawen, Admiral, ordered to intercept the French fleet, I. + <a href="#Page_184-V1">184</a>-<a href="#Page_186-V1">186</a>; + takes charge of the fleet sent against Louisbourg, II. + <a href="#Page_049-V2">49</a>, <a href="#Page_051-V2">51</a>, + <a href="#Page_056-V2">56</a>-<a href="#Page_074-V2">74</a>; + at Halifax, II. <a href="#Page_056-V2">56</a>, + <a href="#Page_057-V2">57</a>; + siege and capitulation of Louisbourg, II. + <a href="#Page_057-V2">57</a>-<a href="#Page_075-V2">75</a>; + the correspondence with Drucour, II. <a href="#Page_071-V2">71</a>, + <a href="#Page_072-V2">72</a>, <a href="#Page_074-V2">74</a>, + <a href="#footer_060">81 <i>note</i></a>; + unwilling to follow Amherst's wishes, II. + <a href="#Page_079-V2">79</a>.<br /> +Boston, I. <a href="#Page_239-V1">239</a>, <a href="#Page_245-V1">245</a>, + <a href="#footer_319">317 <i>note</i></a>, II. + <a href="#Page_077-V2">77</a>, <a href="#Page_079-V2">79</a>; + relative size of, I. <a href="#Page_031-V1">31</a>; + rules laid down for the soldiers on the Sabbath Day, I. + <a href="#Page_246-V1">246</a>; + departure of the English troops for Nova Scotia, I. + <a href="#Page_247-V1">247</a>; + transport-vessels to be hired to convey the Acadians from Nova Scotia, I. + <a href="#Page_266-V1">266</a>, <a href="#Page_276-V1">276</a>; + treatment received by the Acadian exiles, I. <a href="#Page_282-V1">282</a>; + winter-quarters found for the troops, I. + <a href="#Page_439-V1">439</a>, <a href="#Page_440-V1">440</a>; + rejoicing at the fall of Louisbourg, II. <a href="#Page_078-V2">78</a>; + taxes levied to pay the war-debt, II. <a href="#Page_085-V2">85</a>; + news of the fall of Canada, II. <a href="#Page_377-V2">377</a>.<br /> +"Boston Evening Post," article upon provincial soldiery, II. + <a href="#Page_118-V2">118</a>, <a href="#Page_119-V2">119</a>.<br /> +Botwood, Edward, killed, II. <a href="#footer_25Note">233 <i>note</i></a>; + "Hot Stuff," II. <a href="#footer_25Note">234 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Bougainville, I. <a href="#Page_376-V1">376</a>, + <a href="#Page_407-V1">407</a>, <a href="#Page_454-V1">454</a>; + aide-de-camp to Montcalm, I. + <a href="#Page_282-V1">282</a>, <a href="#Page_361-V1">361</a>; + his description of the Acadian exiles, I. + <a href="#Page_282-V1">282</a>, <a href="#Page_283-V1">283</a>; + his youth, I. <a href="#Page_363-V1">363</a>; + friendly relations with Montcalm, I. <a href="#Page_363-V1">363</a>, + <a href="#Page_456-V1">456</a>, <a href="#Page_465-V1">465</a>; + terms of capitulation proposed to the English, at Oswego, I. + <a href="#Page_413-V1">413</a>; + joins the war-party of Perière, I. + <a href="#Page_429-V1">429</a>-<a href="#Page_431-V1">431</a>; + his description of the Indians and their cruelties, I. + <a href="#Page_430-V1">430</a>, <a href="#Page_431-V1">431</a>, + <a href="#Page_465-V1">465</a>, <a href="#Page_478-V1">478</a>, + <a href="#Page_479-V1">479</a>, <a href="#Page_483-V1">483</a>, + <a href="#Page_484-V1">484</a>, <a href="#Page_506-V1">506</a>, + <a href="#Page_507-V1">507</a>, II. <a href="#Page_004-V2">4</a>, + <a href="#Page_005-V2">5</a>, <a href="#Page_010-V2">10</a>, + <a href="#Page_011-V2">11</a>, <a href="#footer_656">145 <i>note</i></a>; + perplexity at finding the boats of Rogers, I. <a href="#Page_437-V1">437</a>; + praised by Bourlamaque, I. <a href="#Page_455-V1">455</a>; + life during Lent, I. <a href="#Page_458-V1">458</a>; + the ships-of-war at Louisbourg, I. <a href="#footer_492">473 <i>note</i></a>; + seeks to gain Indian allies, I. + <a href="#Page_475-V1">475</a>, <a href="#Page_476-V1">476</a>; + sings the war-song, I. <a href="#Page_476-V1">476</a>; + the "St. Bartholomew of the oxen," I. <a href="#Page_479-V1">479</a>; + his diary quoted, I. <a href="#Page_503-V1">503</a>, + <a href="#footer_526">513 <i>note</i></a>; + sent as a messenger to Montreal from Fort William Henry, I. + <a href="#Page_508-V1">508</a>; + evidence concerning the massacre at Fort William Henry, I. + <a href="#footer_526">514 <i>note</i></a>; + official knavery commented upon, II. <a href="#Page_027-V2">27</a>; + double-dealing of Vaudreuil, II. <a href="#Page_173-V2">173</a>; + extract from, concerning Vaudreuil's plans, II. + <a href="#Page_086-V2">86</a>, <a href="#Page_087-V2">87</a>; + slightly wounded, II. <a href="#Page_110-V2">110</a>; + expedition of, to France, II. + <a href="#Page_173-V2">173</a>-<a href="#Page_176-V2">176</a>; + his efforts to gain aid for Canada, II. + <a href="#Page_173-V2">173</a>-<a href="#Page_175-V2">175</a>; + his promotion, II. <a href="#Page_174-V2">174</a>; + to negotiate the marriages of the children of Montcalm, II. + <a href="#Page_176-V2">176</a>; + return to Canada, II. + <a href="#Page_176-V2">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177-V2">177</a>, + <a href="#Page_197-V2">197</a>, <a href="#Page_198-V2">198</a>; + sad news brought to Montcalm, II. <a href="#Page_179-V2">179</a>; + his opinion of the strength of Quebec, II. <a href="#Page_209-V2">209</a>; + sent from Beauport to oppose the English, II. <a href="#Page_263-V2">263</a>; + precautions taken to watch the shore of Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_275-V2">275</a>, <a href="#Page_276-V2">276</a>; + at Cap-Rouge, II. <a href="#Page_276-V2">276</a>; + Holmes's vessels sail up the river, II. + <a href="#Page_278-V2">278</a>, <a href="#Page_279-V2">279</a>; + deceived by a feint of Wolfe, II. + <a href="#Page_279-V2">279</a>, <a href="#Page_280-V2">280</a>; + deceived by the movement of Holmes's vessels, II. + <a href="#Page_283-V2">283</a>; + supply-boats to be sent to Montcalm, II. + <a href="#Page_283-V2">283</a>, <a href="#Page_286-V2">286</a>; + neglects to follow Holmes's vessels, II. <a href="#Page_285-V2">285</a>; + danger of Wolfe's position, II. <a href="#Page_288-V2">288</a>, + <a href="#Page_289-V2">289</a>; + attacks the light infantry, II. <a href="#Page_290-V2">290</a>; + repulsed, II. <a href="#Page_290-V2">290</a>; + statistics of the forces at Quebec, II. + <a href="#footer_27Note">298 <i>note</i></a>; + the fall of his friends, II. <a href="#Page_304-V2">304</a>; + council of war held, II. <a href="#Page_305-V2">305</a>; + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_456-V2" id="Page_456-V2">456<br />V2</a></span> + + his forces, II. <a href="#Page_305-V2">305</a>, + <a href="#footer_789">305 <i>note</i></a>; + question of capitulation for Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_305-V2">305</a>-<a href="#Page_307-V2">307</a>; + remains at Cap-Rouge, II. <a href="#Page_313-V2">313</a>, + <a href="#Page_314-V2">314</a>; + follows the army to Quebec, II. <a href="#Page_314-V2">314</a>; + the fall of Canada, II. + <a href="#Page_360-V2">360</a>-<a href="#Page_382-V2">382</a>; + at Isle-aux-Noix, II. <a href="#Page_361-V2">361</a>; + ordered to stop Haviland's progress, II. <a href="#Page_367-V2">367</a>; + at Montreal, II. <a href="#Page_372-V2">372</a>; + articles of capitulation carried to Amherst, II. + <a href="#Page_372-V2">372</a>-<a href="#Page_373-V2">373</a>; + Montreal capitulates, II. + <a href="#Page_372-V2">372</a>-<a href="#Page_374-V2">374</a>.<br /> +Boundary, questions of, I. <a href="#Page_037-V1">37</a>, + <a href="#Page_061-V1">61</a>, <a href="#Page_079-V1">79</a>, + <a href="#Page_122-V1">122</a>, + <a href="#Page_123-V1">123</a>-<a href="#Page_128-V1">128</a>, + <a href="#Page_168-V1">168</a>, <a href="#Page_184-V1">184</a>, + <a href="#Page_236-V1">236</a>-<a href="#Page_238-V1">238</a>, + <a href="#Page_259-V1">259</a>; + the matter discussed at Paris, I. <a href="#Page_086-V1">86</a>.<br /> +Bouquet, Lieutenant-Colonel Henry, II. <a href="#Page_133-V2">133</a>; + serves in reducing Fort Duquesne, II. + <a href="#Page_133-V2">133</a>, <a href="#Page_163-V2">163</a>; + interview with Washington, II. <a href="#Page_133-V2">133</a>; + his soldiers, II. <a href="#Page_133-V2">133</a>; + the expedition against Fort Duquesne, II. + <a href="#Page_133-V2">133</a>-<a href="#Page_163-V2">163</a>; + justice of his opinion of Washington, II. <a href="#Page_134-V2">134</a>; + relations with Forbes, II. + <a href="#Page_134-V2">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135-V2">135</a>; + extracts from his correspondence with Forbes, II. + <a href="#Page_136-V2">136</a>-<a href="#Page_138-V2">138</a>, + <a href="#Page_142-V2">142</a>, <a href="#Page_154-V2">154</a>, + <a href="#Page_155-V2">155</a>; + his tact with the Indians, II. + <a href="#Page_139-V2">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140-V2">140</a>; + forward movement of, II. <a href="#Page_141-V2">141</a>; + the road over Alleghanies, II. <a href="#Page_141-V2">141</a>; + Grant's expedition, II. + <a href="#Page_151-V2">151</a>-<a href="#Page_155-V2">155</a>; + retreat of Major Grant, II. <a href="#Page_154-V2">154</a>; + sufferings of Forbes's troops, II. <a href="#Page_157-V2">157</a>; + letter to Chief Justice Allen quoted, II. <a href="#Page_161-V2">161</a>, + <a href="#footer_668">161 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Bourbon, house of, I. <a href="#Page_009-V1">9</a>, + <a href="#Page_041-V1">41</a>, <a href="#Page_042-V1">42</a>, + <a href="#Page_076-V1">76</a>, <a href="#Page_453-V1">453</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_397-V2">397</a>, <a href="#Page_408-V2">408</a>; + triumphs of, I. <a href="#Page_010-V1">10</a>; + the Family Compact, II. <a href="#Page_396-V2">396</a>.<br /> +Bourbon, Island of, I. <a href="#Page_010-V1">10</a>.<br /> +Bourgogne, battalion of, I. <a href="#Page_368-V1">368</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_054-V1">54</a>; + ordered to America, I. <a href="#Page_182-V1">182</a>.<br /> +Bourlamaque, Chevalier de, I. <a href="#Page_373-V1">373</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_096-V2">96</a>, <a href="#Page_212-V2">212</a>, + <a href="#Page_308-V2">308</a>; + named as the third officer of Montcalm, I. + <a href="#Page_360-V1">360</a>, II. <a href="#Page_087-V2">87</a>; + embarks for America, I. + <a href="#Page_363-V1">363</a>, <a href="#Page_364-V1">364</a>; + extracts from his correspondence with Montcalm, I. + <a href="#Page_454-V1">454</a>, <a href="#Page_455-V1">455</a>, + <a href="#Page_457-V1">457</a>-<a href="#Page_459-V1">459</a>, + <a href="#Page_466-V1">466</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_007-V2">7</a>, <a href="#Page_008-V2">8</a>, + <a href="#Page_167-V2">167</a>-<a href="#Page_169-V2">169</a>, + <a href="#Page_275-V2">275</a>, <a href="#Page_427-V2">427</a>, + <a href="#Page_428-V2">428</a>, <a href="#Page_438-V2">438</a>; + encampment of, I. <a href="#Page_477-V1">477</a>; + preparations to attack Fort William Henry, I. <a href="#Page_477-V1">477</a>; + his efforts to save the English, I. <a href="#Page_510-V1">510</a>; + Montcalm's position near Ticonderoga, II. <a href="#Page_099-V2">99</a>; + the battle of Ticonderoga, II. <a href="#Page_104-V2">104</a>; + wounded, II. <a href="#Page_110-V2">110</a>; + his promotion, II. <a href="#Page_174-V2">174</a>; + ordered to hold Ticonderoga, II. <a href="#Page_195-V2">195</a>; + troops ordered to Quebec, II. <a href="#Page_198-V2">198</a>; + letter from Vaudreuil, II. <a href="#Page_233-V2">233</a>; + Amherst attacks him, II. + <a href="#Page_237-V2">237</a>, <a href="#Page_238-V2">238</a>; + retires before Amherst, II. <a href="#Page_238-V2">238</a>; + at Isle-aux-Noix, II. + <a href="#Page_238-V2">238</a>, <a href="#Page_239-V2">239</a>, + <a href="#Page_249-V2">249</a>, <a href="#Page_265-V2">265</a>; + letter from Lévis quoted, II. <a href="#Page_252-V2">252</a>; + retreat of, II. <a href="#Page_265-V2">265</a>; + letter from Vaudreuil, II. <a href="#Page_275-V2">275</a>; + his troops advance upon Montreal, II. <a href="#Page_364-V2">364</a>, + <a href="#Page_365-V2">365</a>; + his troops thinning out, II. + <a href="#Page_365-V2">365</a>, <a href="#Page_366-V2">366</a>; + joined by the French, II. <a href="#Page_368-V2">368</a>; + movements of Amherst, II. <a href="#Page_369-V2">369</a>, + <a href="#Page_370-V2">370</a>; + at Montreal, II. <a href="#Page_372-V2">372</a>; + letter from Montcalm given in the original, II. + <a href="#Page_427-V2">427</a>, <a href="#Page_428-V2">428</a>.<br /> +Braddock, Major-General, I. <a href="#Page_181-V1">181</a>, + <a href="#Page_286-V1">286</a>, <a href="#Page_318-V1">318</a>; + ordered to America with regiments, I. + <a href="#Page_181-V1">181</a>-<a href="#Page_183-V1">183</a>; + his arrival at Hampton, I. <a href="#Page_187-V1">187</a>; + opinion of, expressed by Dinwiddie, I. <a href="#Page_187-V1">187</a>, + <a href="#Page_188-V1">188</a>; + opinions of, held by different persons, I. + <a href="#Page_187-V1">187</a>-<a href="#Page_190-V1">190</a>; + characteristics of, I. + <a href="#Page_187-V1">187</a>-<a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>; + anecdotes of, I. + <a href="#Page_188-V1">188</a>-<a href="#Page_190-V1">190</a>; + story told of duel with Colonel Gumley, I. <a href="#Page_189-V1">189</a>; + beloved as Governor of Gibraltar, I. + <a href="#Page_189-V1">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190-V1">190</a>; + interview with Dury, I. <a href="#Page_190-V1">190</a>; + parting visit to George Anne Bellamy, I. <a href="#Page_190-V1">190</a>; + doubts concerning the office held at Gibraltar, I. + <a href="#footer_194">190 <i>note</i></a>; + position held by, in the Coldstream Guards, I. + <a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>; + arrival of the regiments at Hampton, I. <a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>; + opinion of, held by Horace Walpole, I. <a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>; + sends for the governors of the colonies to meet in council, I. + <a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>-<a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>; + his instructions laid before the council at Albany, I. + <a href="#Page_193-V1">193</a>, <a href="#Page_194-V1">194</a>; + in sympathy with Shirley's plans, I. + <a href="#Page_193-V1">193</a>, <a href="#Page_194-V1">194</a>; + to lead the expedition against Fort Duquesne, I. + <a href="#Page_194-V1">194</a>; + decisions of the Council at Albany, I. + <a href="#Page_194-V1">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>; + suggestions of, approved by the Council at Albany, I. + <a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>; + matters to be laid before the colonial Assemblies, I. + <a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>; + suggestions of, with regard to ship-building, I. + <a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>; + error in regard to his campaign, I. <a href="#Page_196-V1">196</a>; + lands in Virginia, I. <a href="#Page_196-V1">196</a>; + supplies scarce, I. + <a href="#Page_197-V1">197</a>-<a href="#Page_199-V1">199</a>; + aided by Franklin, I. <a href="#Page_198-V1">198</a>, + <a href="#Page_199-V1">199</a>; + his expedition against Fort Duquesne, I. <a href="#Page_198-V1">198</a>, + <a href="#Page_227-V1">227</a>-<a href="#Page_233-V1">233</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_423-V2">423</a>-<a href="#Page_426-V2">426</a>; + need of wagons, I. <a href="#Page_199-V1">199</a>; + his troops, I. <a href="#Page_200-V1">200</a>, + <a href="#Page_214-V1">214</a>, + <a href="#footer_226">220 <i>note</i></a>; + his estimate of the provincial troops, I. <a href="#Page_200-V1">200</a>, + <a href="#Page_201-V1">201</a>; + relations with Washington, I. <a href="#Page_201-V1">201</a>; + his horses and wagons, I. + <a href="#Page_199-V1">199</a>, <a href="#Page_201-V1">201</a>; + invites Washington to become his aide-de-camp, I. + <a href="#Page_203-V1">203</a>; + tries to secure the aid of Indians, I. <a href="#Page_203-V1">203</a>, + <a href="#Page_204-V1">204</a>; + his reception of Captain Jack and his company, I. + <a href="#Page_204-V1">204</a>; + departure of his expedition for the scene of action, I. + <a href="#Page_204-V1">204</a>, <a href="#Page_205-V1">205</a>; + his scorn of Indians, I. + <a href="#Page_204-V1">204</a>, <a href="#Page_205-V1">205</a>; + road made for his expedition, I. + <a href="#Page_204-V1">204</a>-<a href="#Page_206-V1">206</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_133-V2">133</a>, <a href="#Page_137-V2">137</a>, + <a href="#Page_161-V2">161</a>; + difficulties of the march, I. <a href="#Page_205-V1">205</a>, + <a href="#Page_206-V1">206</a>; + consultation with Washington, I. <a href="#Page_206-V1">206</a>; + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_457-V2" id="Page_457-V2">457<br />V2</a></span> + + + his forces reach Little Meadows, I. <a href="#Page_206-V1">206</a>; + illness among his men, I. <a href="#Page_206-V1">206</a>; + his mode of advance, I. <a href="#Page_206-V1">206</a>, + <a href="#Page_207-V1">207</a>; + fords the Monongahela, I. <a href="#Page_207-V1">207</a>, + <a href="#Page_212-V1">212</a>; + rumors of his approach reach Fort Duquesne, I. + <a href="#Page_210-V1">210</a>, <a href="#Page_211-V1">211</a>; + nature of the country through which he passed, + <a href="#Page_213-V1">213</a>-<a href="#Page_216-V1">216</a>; + destructive fire of the French and Indians, I. + <a href="#Page_216-V1">216</a>, <a href="#Page_217-V1">217</a>; + confusion among the English troops, I. + <a href="#Page_216-V1">216</a>, <a href="#Page_218-V1">218</a>; + his ignorance of American warfare, I. <a href="#Page_217-V1">217</a>; + horrors of the battle, I. + <a href="#Page_217-V1">217</a>-<a href="#Page_219-V1">219</a>; + number of his army lost in the battle of the Monongahela, I. + <a href="#Page_219-V1">219</a>, <a href="#Page_220-V1">220</a>, + <a href="#footer_226">220 <i>note</i></a>; + shot in the lungs, I. <a href="#Page_220-V1">220</a>; + his papers left to the Indians, I. <a href="#Page_220-V1">220</a>; + retreat of his troops, I. + <a href="#Page_220-V1">220</a>-<a href="#Page_227-V1">227</a>; + his defeat, I. + <a href="#Page_220-V1">220</a>-<a href="#Page_227-V1">227</a>, + <a href="#footer_228">221 <i>note</i></a>, <a href="#Page_293-V1">293</a>, + <a href="#Page_322-V1">322</a>, <a href="#Page_323-V1">323</a>, + <a href="#Page_329-V1">329</a>, <a href="#Page_340-V1">340</a>, + <a href="#Page_414-V1">414</a>, II. <a href="#Page_221-V2">221</a>, + <a href="#Page_423-V2">423</a>-<a href="#Page_426-V2">426</a>; + plans drawn by Mackellar for his expedition, I. + <a href="#footer_228">221 <i>note</i></a>; + condition of, I. <a href="#Page_223-V1">223</a>; + his sufferings, I. <a href="#Page_224-V1">224</a>; + reinforcements for, under Dunbar, I. <a href="#Page_223-V1">223</a>, + <a href="#Page_224-V1">224</a>; + confusion in his camp, I. <a href="#Page_225-V1">225</a>; + panic among the troops, I. <a href="#Page_225-V1">225</a>; + his death, I. + <a href="#Page_225-V1">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226-V1">226</a>, + <a href="#Page_323-V1">323</a>, <a href="#Page_328-V1">328</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_134-V2">134</a>; + remarks concerning the soldiery, I. + <a href="#Page_225-V1">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226-V1">226</a>; + buried in the road, I. <a href="#Page_226-V1">226</a>; + mentioned in Campbell's letter, I. <a href="#Page_227-V1">227</a>; + letter from Washington quoted, concerning, I. <a href="#Page_230-V1">230</a>; + Shirley made commander-in-chief, I. <a href="#Page_233-V1">233</a>; + the Council at Alexandria, I. <a href="#Page_234-V1">234</a>, + <a href="#Page_286-V1">286</a>; + letters of, warn Dieskau of danger, I. <a href="#Page_288-V1">288</a>, + <a href="#Page_289-V1">289</a>; + his dead soldiers left to the wolves, but afterwards buried, I. + <a href="#Page_312-V1">312</a>, II. <a href="#Page_159-V2">159</a>, + <a href="#Page_160-V2">160</a>; + his captured papers reveal the plans of the English, I. + <a href="#Page_324-V1">324</a>; + his instructions to Major-General Shirley, I. + <a href="#footer_327">326 <i>note</i></a>; + his roads used by the invaders, I. <a href="#Page_331-V1">331</a>; + his battalions, I. <a href="#Page_382-V1">382</a>; + journal of his expedition, I. <a href="#footer_199">196 <i>note</i></a>; + compared with Forbes, II. <a href="#Page_134-V2">134</a>.<br /> +Braddock, Fanny, stories of, I. + <a href="#Page_188-V1">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189-V1">189</a>; + her death, I. + <a href="#Page_188-V1">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189-V1">189</a>.<br /> +Bradstreet, Lieutentant-Colonel John, men placed under, by Shirley, I. + <a href="#Page_393-V1">393</a>; + his boatmen carry provisions to Oswego, I. + <a href="#Page_393-V1">393</a>, <a href="#Page_394-V1">394</a>; + action with Villiers' forces, I. + <a href="#Page_394-V1">394</a>-<a href="#Page_396-V1">396</a>; + his success, I. + <a href="#Page_395-V1">395</a>-<a href="#Page_397-V1">397</a>; + his boatmen sent to Oswego, I. <a href="#Page_405-V1">405</a>; + serves under Abercromby, II. <a href="#Page_093-V2">93</a>; + reconnoitres the landing, II. <a href="#Page_094-V2">94</a>; + his action after the death of Lord Howe, II. <a href="#Page_098-V2">98</a>; + his armed boatmen, II. <a href="#Page_105-V2">105</a>; + troops given him to conquer Fort Frontenac, II. + <a href="#Page_127-V2">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128-V2">128</a>; + conquest of Fort Frontenac, II. + <a href="#Page_127-V2">127</a>-<a href="#Page_129-V2">129</a>; + mercy shown to his prisoners, II. + <a href="#Page_128-V2">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129-V2">129</a>; + advances towards Albany, II. <a href="#Page_129-V2">129</a>; + his return to Oswego, II. <a href="#Page_129-V2">129</a>; + Fort Frontenac dismantled, II. <a href="#Page_129-V2">129</a>; + importance of his conquest, II. <a href="#Page_129-V2">129</a>; + supplies destroyed by, II. <a href="#Page_155-V2">155</a>; + reported to advance upon Lake Ontario, II. + <a href="#Page_197-V2">197</a>.<br /> +Brandenburg, House of, promoted to royalty, I. + <a href="#Page_017-V1">17</a>.<br /> +Brest, I. <a href="#Page_182-V1">182</a>, <a href="#Page_184-V1">184</a>, + <a href="#Page_288-V1">288</a>, <a href="#Page_362-V1">362</a>; + embarkation of Dieskau's expedition, I. + <a href="#Page_182-V1">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183-V1">183</a>; + French armament at, I. <a href="#Page_183-V1">183</a>.<br /> +Bréard, his official knavery, II. <a href="#Page_023-V2">23</a>, + <a href="#Page_024-V2">24</a>; + accused of fraud in Canada, II. <a href="#Page_385-V2">385</a>.<br /> +"Britannia," ship, II. <a href="#Page_033-V2">33</a>; + captured by privateers, II. <a href="#Page_033-V2">33</a>.<br /> +British colonies. See <a href="#englishColonies">English colonies</a>.<br /> +<a name="britishMinistry" id="britishMinistry"></a> +British ministry, the, I. + <a href="#Page_199-V1">199</a>, <a href="#Page_285-V1">285</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_040-V2">40</a>, <a href="#Page_397-V2">397</a>; + the plan for building a naval station at Chebucto, I. + <a href="#Page_092-V1">92</a>, <a href="#Page_093-V1">93</a>; + attitude of, toward the Indians, I. <a href="#Page_171-V1">171</a>; + the French forts to be attacked, I. + <a href="#Page_240-V1">240</a>, <a href="#Page_241-V1">241</a>; + hostility to Shirley in New York, I. <a href="#Page_328-V1">328</a>; + the removal of Shirley from his command, I. + <a href="#Page_383-V1">383</a>, <a href="#Page_384-V1">384</a>; + ill effect of a letter from Wolfe, II. <a href="#Page_323-V2">323</a>; + changes in, II. <a href="#Page_393-V2">393</a>; + Newcastle resigns his position, II. <a href="#Page_400-V2">400</a>; + plans of Pitt laid before, II. <a href="#Page_397-V2">397</a>.<br /> +British Museum, the, I. + <a href="#footer_124">126 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_202-V1">202</a>.<br /> +British Provinces, the, I. <a href="#Page_283-V1">283</a>.<br /> +Britons, II. <a href="#Page_208-V2">208</a>.<br /> +Broadway, II. <a href="#Page_076-V2">76</a>.<br /> +Broglie, I. <a href="#Page_010-V1">10</a>.<br /> +Brown, Lieutenant, the attack on Louisbourg, II. + <a href="#Page_059-V2">59</a>-<a href="#Page_061-V2">61</a>; + aids Wolfe when shot, II. <a href="#Page_296-V2">296</a>.<br /> +Brunswick, II. <a href="#Page_047-V2">47</a>.<br /> +Brunswick, Ferdinand of, II. + <a href="#Page_399-V2">399</a>, <a href="#Page_400-V2">400</a>.<br /> +<a name="buchanan" id="buchanan"></a> +Buchanan, letter to, from John Campbell, I. + <a href="#Page_227-V1">227</a>.<br /> +Buchannon. <i>See</i> <a href="#buchanan">Buchanan</a>.<br /> +Buffaloes, I. <a href="#Page_056-V1">56</a>.<br /> +Buisson, the, II. <a href="#Page_370-V2">370</a>.<br /> +Bull, Fort, I. <a href="#Page_374-V1">374</a>; + attacked and reduced by Léry, I. <a href="#Page_374-V1">374</a>, + <a href="#Page_375-V1">375</a>.<br /> +Bullitt, Captain, expedition of Major Grant, II. + <a href="#Page_152-V2">152</a>, <a href="#Page_154-V2">154</a>.<br /> +Burd, Colonel, his mode of warfare, II. <a href="#Page_135-V2">135</a>; + interview with Forbes, II. <a href="#Page_138-V2">138</a>; + Indian allies join the army, II. + <a href="#Page_139-V2">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140-V2">140</a>.<br /> +Burgesses slow to enforce obedience among the Virginia troops, I. + <a href="#Page_331-V1">331</a>.<br /> +Burghers, the, of France, I. <a href="#Page_014-V1">14</a>.<br /> +Burgoyne, John, II. <a href="#Page_102-V2">102</a>; + his expedition, II. <a href="#Page_402-V2">402</a>; + mention made of Langlade, in connection with Braddock's defeat, II. + <a href="#Page_426-V2">426</a>.<br /> +Burke, Captain, cruelly treated by Indians, I. <a href="#Page_511-V1">511</a>; + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_458-V2" id="Page_458-V2">458<br />V2</a></span> + + his remarks concerning Wolfe quoted, II. <a href="#Page_267-V2">267</a>, + <a href="#Page_268-V2">268</a>.<br /> +Burnaby, "Travels in North America" cited, I. + <a href="#footer_162">163 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Burned Camp, I. <a href="#Page_490-V1">490</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_094-V2">94</a>; + origin of name, I. <a href="#Page_489-V1">489</a>.<br /> +Burney, Thomas, escapes from Indians, I. <a href="#Page_085-V1">85</a>.<br /> +Burton, Lieutenant-Colonel, + his encounter with the French in Braddock's expedition, I. + <a href="#Page_218-V2">218</a>; + his report concerning the provincial camp, I. + <a href="#Page_401-V1">401</a>, <a href="#Page_402-V1">402</a>; + orders given to bring his men to the Point of Orleans, II. + <a href="#Page_281-V2">281</a>; + his men embark for the heights, II. <a href="#Page_288-V2">288</a>; + dying command of Wolfe, II. <a href="#Page_297-V2">297</a>.<br /> +Bury, Viscount, his charges against Massachusetts refuted, II. + <a href="#Page_084-V2">84</a>, <a href="#Page_085-V2">85</a>; + his "Exodus of the Western Nations" cited, II. + <a href="#footer_599">84 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Bussy, M. de, comes to London as envoy, II. + <a href="#Page_395-V2">395</a>.<br /> +Bute, Earl of, II. <a href="#Page_393-V2">393</a>, + <a href="#Page_397-V2">397</a>; + made secretary of state, II. <a href="#Page_393-V2">393</a>; + propositions made by Choiseul to Pitt, II. <a href="#Page_395-V2">395</a>; + comes into power, II. <a href="#Page_398-V2">398</a>; + anecdote for the dislike of the people for, II. + <a href="#Page_398-V2">398</a>; + succeeds Newcastle as First Lord of the Treasury, II. + <a href="#Page_400-V2">400</a>; + desires peace with France, II. <a href="#Page_402-V2">402</a>, + <a href="#Page_403-V2">403</a>; + peace made between France and England, II. + <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>.<br /> +Buttes-à-Neveu, II. <a href="#Page_290-V2">290</a>, + <a href="#Page_345-V2">345</a>, <a href="#Page_354-V2">354</a>.<br /> +Byng, Admiral, I. <a href="#Page_036-V1">36</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_046-V2">46</a>.<br /> +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h3>C.</h3> +<p> +Cabinet, the. See <a href="#britishMinistry">British Ministry</a>.<br /> +Cadet, Joseph, II. <a href="#Page_175-V2">175</a>; + official knavery, II. + <a href="#Page_022-V2">22</a>-<a href="#Page_028-V2">28</a>, + <a href="#Page_030-V2">30</a>, <a href="#Page_319-V2">319</a>, + <a href="#Page_358-V2">358</a>, <a href="#Page_385-V2">385</a>; + ministerial rebukes administered to, II. + <a href="#Page_031-V2">31</a>-<a href="#Page_033-V2">33</a>; + oppresses the Canadians, II. <a href="#Page_169-V2">169</a>, + <a href="#Page_170-V2">170</a>; + supply-boats sent to Quebec, II. <a href="#Page_198-V2">198</a>; + relations with Vaudreuil, II. <a href="#Page_199-V2">199</a>, + <a href="#Page_319-V2">319</a>, <a href="#Page_323-V2">323</a>; + his manner of living, II. <a href="#Page_203-V2">203</a>; + thrown into the Bastille, II. <a href="#Page_385-V2">385</a>; + his trial, II. <a href="#Page_385-V2">385</a>, + <a href="#Page_386-V2">386</a>.<br /> +Cæsar, dog owned by Wolfe, II. <a href="#Page_189-V2">189</a>.<br /> +Cahokia, French settlement at, I. <a href="#Page_041-V1">41</a>.<br /> +Caldwell, site of, I. <a href="#Page_498-V1">498</a>.<br /> +Calvin, John, I. <a href="#Page_027-V1">27</a>; + his doctrines preached to the army, I. + <a href="#Page_295-V2">295</a>, <a href="#Page_296-V2">296</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_120-V2">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121-V2">121</a>.<br /> +Cambis, batallion of, II. <a href="#Page_054-V2">54</a>.<br /> +Campbell, Lieutenant Alexander, II. <a href="#Page_435-V2">435</a>.<br /> +Campbell, Major Colin, + sent for news by Dinwiddie, I. <a href="#Page_229-V1">229</a>.<br /> +Campbell, Donald, II. <a href="#Page_433-V2">433</a>.<br /> +Campbell, Duncan, II. <a href="#Page_093-V2">93</a>; + his premonitions of death, II. <a href="#Page_093-V2">93</a>, + <a href="#Page_435-V2">435</a>; + his death and burial, II. + <a href="#Page_109-V2">109</a>, <a href="#Page_433-V2">433</a>, + <a href="#Page_435-V2">435</a>, <a href="#Page_436-V2">436</a>; + the legend of Inverawe, II. + <a href="#Page_433-V2">433</a>-<a href="#Page_436-V2">436</a>; + vision of the child, II. + <a href="#Page_435-V2">435</a>, <a href="#Page_436-V2">436</a>.<br /> +Campbell, James, II. <a href="#Page_433-V2">433</a>; + vision seen by the child, II. <a href="#Page_435-V2">435</a>, + <a href="#Page_436-V2">436</a>.<br /> +Campbell, John, letter from, to Buchanan, quoted, I. + <a href="#Page_227-V1">227</a>.<br /> +Campbell, Captain John, his death, II. <a href="#Page_109-V2">109</a>.<br /> +<a name="canada" id="canada"></a> +Canada, I. <a href="#Page_024-V1">24</a>, + <a href="#Page_038-V1">38</a>, <a href="#Page_039-V1">39</a>, + <a href="#footer_033">67 <i>note</i></a>, <a href="#Page_076-V1">76</a>, + <a href="#Page_091-V1">91</a>, <a href="#Page_111-V1">111</a>, + <a href="#Page_239-V1">239</a>, <a href="#Page_319-V1">319</a>, + <a href="#Page_326-V1">326</a>, <a href="#Page_376-V1">376</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_023-V2">23</a>, <a href="#Page_389-V2">389</a>; + conquest of, by England, I. <a href="#Page_002-V1">2</a>, + <a href="#Page_003-V1">3</a>; + plans and political intentions of England with regard to, I. + <a href="#Page_001-V1">1</a>-<a href="#Page_003-V1">3</a>; + censuses of, I. <a href="#Page_020-V1">20</a>, + <a href="#footer_074">94 <i>note</i></a>; + French possessions in, I. <a href="#Page_020-V1">20</a>; + difference in the political and religious systems, + from those of the English colonies, I. <a href="#Page_020-V1">20</a>, + <a href="#Page_021-V1">21</a>; + Catholicism in, I. <a href="#Page_021-V1">21</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_412-V2">412</a>; + aspects of, under the Church and King, I. + <a href="#Page_022-V1">22</a>-<a href="#Page_024-V1">24</a>; + lack of popular legislation in, I. <a href="#Page_035-V1">35</a>; + the governors largely naval officers, I. <a href="#Page_036-V1">36</a>; + line of military posts connecting with Louisiana, I. + <a href="#Page_036-V1">36</a>-<a href="#Page_040-V1">40</a>, + <a href="#Page_080-V1">80</a>; + methods of warfare and organization, I. <a href="#Page_062-V1">62</a>, + <a href="#Page_143-V1">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144-V1">144</a>; + mission of Piquet, I. <a href="#Page_067-V1">67</a>; + method of building up a town, I. <a href="#Page_077-V1">77</a>; + La Jonquière succeeds La Galissonière as governor of, I. + <a href="#Page_082-V1">82</a>; + importance of Fort Chartres, I. <a href="#Page_084-V1">84</a>; + internal disorders of, I. + <a href="#Page_086-V1">86</a>, <a href="#Page_087-V1">87</a>; + official knavery and stealing, I. <a href="#Page_087-V1">87</a>, + <a href="#Page_088-V1">88</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_022-V2">22</a>-<a href="#Page_038-V2">38</a>, + <a href="#Page_171-V2">171</a>, <a href="#Page_319-V2">319</a>, + <a href="#Page_321-V2">321</a>, <a href="#Page_322-V2">322</a>, + <a href="#Page_358-V2">358</a>, <a href="#Page_385-V2">385</a>, + <a href="#Page_386-V2">386</a>; + confines of, I. <a href="#Page_125-V1">125</a>; + enmity towards New England, I. <a href="#Page_169-V1">169</a>, + <a href="#Page_170-V1">170</a>, <a href="#Page_176-V1">176</a>; + Governor de Vaudreuil despatched to, I. <a href="#Page_182-V1">182</a>; + French expedition sails for, under Dieskau, I. + <a href="#Page_182-V1">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183-V1">183</a>; + plans of Shirley in regard to, I. + <a href="#Page_192-V1">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193-V1">193</a>; + plans of the English to repel the French in, I. + <a href="#Page_234-V1">234</a>; + importance of the possession of Acadia, I. <a href="#Page_237-V1">237</a>; + return of Bigot, I. <a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>; + conditions leading to the removal of the Acadians, I. + <a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>-<a href="#Page_266-V1">266</a> + (see <a href="#acadia">Acadia</a> and <a href="#acadians">Acadians</a>); + the governor of, depends on the priests for aid, I. + <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>; + the Great Company, I. <a href="#Page_283-V1">283</a>; + the English victorious, I. + <a href="#Page_307-V1">307</a>-<a href="#Page_309-V1">309</a>; + importance of the position of Niagara, I. <a href="#Page_318-V1">318</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_249-V1">249</a>; + the fur-trade, I. <a href="#Page_320-V1">320</a>; + growth of political parties in, I. <a href="#Page_367-V1">367</a>, + <a href="#Page_368-V1">368</a>, <a href="#Page_466-V1">466</a>; + the French troops and the militia, I. + <a href="#Page_368-V1">368</a>, + <a href="#footer_369">368 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_370-V1">370</a>, <a href="#Page_371-V1">371</a>, + <a href="#Page_372-V1">372</a>, <a href="#Page_467-V1">467</a>, + <a href="#Page_468-V1">468</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_178-V2">178</a>, <a href="#Page_360-V2">360</a>; + descriptions given by Montcalm, I. + <a href="#Page_372-V1">372</a>, <a href="#Page_373-V1">373</a>; + descriptions given by Duchat, I. + <a href="#Page_379-V1">379</a>, <a href="#Page_380-V1">380</a>; + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_459-V2" id="Page_459-V2">459<br />V2</a></span> + + causes of the English losses, I. + <a href="#Page_417-V1">417</a>-<a href="#Page_420-V1">420</a>; + life at Montreal, I. <a href="#Page_453-V1">453</a>; + its government, II. <a href="#Page_017-V2">17</a>, + <a href="#Page_018-V2">18</a>; + social and official life, II. + <a href="#Page_018-V2">18</a>-<a href="#Page_022-V2">22</a>, + <a href="#Page_028-V2">28</a>-<a href="#Page_030-V2">30</a>; + financial condition, II. + <a href="#Page_031-V2">31</a>-<a href="#Page_033-V2">33</a>; + efforts of Massachusetts to subdue, II. <a href="#Page_084-V2">84</a>, + <a href="#Page_085-V2">85</a>, <a href="#Page_115-V2">115</a>; + mission settlements of the Jesuits, I. <a href="#Page_144-V2">144</a>, + <a href="#Page_145-V2">145</a>; + appeal made to court for assistance and troops, II. + <a href="#Page_173-V2">173</a>-<a href="#Page_177-V2">177</a>; + fall of Quebec, + <a href="#Page_195-V2">195</a>-<a href="#Page_234-V2">234</a>, + <a href="#Page_259-V2">259</a>-<a href="#Page_326-V2">326</a> + (see <a href="#quebec">Quebec</a>); + effect of losing Fort Niagara, II. <a href="#Page_249-V2">249</a>; + the result of Amherst's campaign, II. <a href="#Page_252-V2">252</a>, + <a href="#Page_253-V2">253</a>; + Montcalm's position, II. <a href="#Page_262-V2">262</a>; + authorities concerning the history of, II. + <a href="#footer_28Note">325 <i>note</i>, 326 <i>note</i></a>; + English rule, II. <a href="#Page_332-V2">332</a>; its winter, II. + <a href="#Page_333-V2">333</a>; + passes to the British crown, II. + <a href="#Page_360-V2">360</a>-<a href="#Page_382-V2">382</a>, + <a href="#Page_395-V2">395</a>; + Montreal capitulates, II. + <a href="#Page_372-V2">372</a>-<a href="#Page_374-V2">374</a>; + return of the troops to France, II. <a href="#Page_374-V2">374</a>, + <a href="#Page_383-V2">383</a>, <a href="#Page_384-V2">384</a>; + utterances from the pulpits after the fall of, II. + <a href="#Page_377-V2">377</a>-<a href="#Page_379-V2">379</a>; + her natural defences, II. <a href="#Page_380-V2">380</a>; + end of the war, II. + <a href="#Page_378-V2">378</a>-<a href="#Page_382-V2">382</a>; + aided by Indians, II. + <a href="#Page_381-V2">381</a>, <a href="#Page_382-V2">382</a>; + question of restoration to France, II. + <a href="#Page_403-V2">403</a>, <a href="#Page_407-V2">407</a>; + predictions of Choiseul, II. + <a href="#Page_403-V2">403</a>, <a href="#Page_404-V2">404</a>; + retention of, by England, approved by Pitt, II. + <a href="#Page_407-V2">407</a>; + the peace signed at Paris, II. <a href="#Page_407-V2">407</a>.<br /> +Canadians, the, I. + <a href="#Page_022-V1">22</a>, <a href="#Page_023-V1">23</a>, + <a href="#Page_068-V1">68</a>, <a href="#Page_079-V1">79</a>; + their missions and religion, I. <a href="#Page_022-V1">22</a>, + <a href="#Page_023-V1">23</a>, <a href="#Page_064-V1">64</a>, + <a href="#Page_067-V1">67</a>, <a href="#Page_072-V1">72</a>; + sent to watch the English frontier, I. <a href="#Page_116-V1">116</a>; + join the expedition of Duquesne to the Ohio, I. + <a href="#Page_128-V1">128</a>-<a href="#Page_135-V1">135</a>, + <a href="#Page_143-V1">143</a>-<a href="#Page_161-V1">161</a>; + at Fort Duquesne, I. <a href="#Page_208-V1">208</a>; + number of, fighting under the French flag, I. <a href="#Page_211-V1">211</a>; + their cowardly action, I. <a href="#Page_215-V1">215</a>; + losses of, at the battle of the Monongahela, I. + <a href="#Page_223-V1">223</a>, <a href="#footer_229">223 <i>note</i></a>; + a litigious race, I. <a href="#Page_259-V1">259</a>; + rapacity of, I. <a href="#Page_283-V1">283</a>; + harsh treatment of the Acadians, I. <a href="#Page_283-V1">283</a>; + under Dieskau, I. <a href="#Page_296-V1">296</a>, + <a href="#Page_299-V1">299</a>, <a href="#Page_303-V1">303</a>, + <a href="#Page_304-V1">304</a>, <a href="#Page_307-V1">307</a>; + the battle of Lake George, I. <a href="#Page_299-V1">299</a>, + <a href="#Page_304-V1">304</a>-<a href="#Page_317-V1">317</a>; + attacked by a party from Fort Lyman, I. + <a href="#Page_308-V1">308</a>, <a href="#Page_309-V1">309</a>; + troops at Fort Frontenac, I. <a href="#Page_324-V1">324</a>; + political parties among, I. <a href="#Page_367-V1">367</a>, + <a href="#Page_368-V1">368</a>; + join the expedition of Léry, I. + <a href="#Page_374-V1">374</a>, <a href="#Page_375-V1">375</a>; + guard Fort Frontenac, I. <a href="#Page_376-V1">376</a>; + mode of fighting, I. <a href="#Page_377-V1">377</a>; + at Ticonderoga, I. <a href="#Page_378-V1">378</a>, + <a href="#Page_442-V1">442</a>; + harass the English, I. <a href="#Page_388-V1">388</a>, + <a href="#Page_393-V1">393</a>; + evils of long encampments, I. <a href="#Page_402-V1">402</a>; + under Rigaud, I. <a href="#Page_408-V1">408</a>; + capture of Oswego, I. + <a href="#Page_409-V1">409</a>-<a href="#Page_420-V1">420</a>; + under Montcalm, I. <a href="#Page_421-V1">421</a>; + join the war-party of Perière, I. + <a href="#Page_429-V1">429</a>-<a href="#Page_431-V1">431</a>; + disguised as Indians, I. <a href="#Page_429-V1">429</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_221-V2">221</a>; + fight with Rogers' rangers, I. <a href="#Page_445-V1">445</a>; + the attack upon Fort William Henry, I. <a href="#Page_447-V1">447</a>, + <a href="#Page_448-V1">448</a>, <a href="#Page_476-V1">476</a>, + <a href="#Page_477-V1">477</a>, + <a href="#Page_490-V1">490</a>-<a href="#Page_513-V1">513</a>, + <a href="#footer_526">514 <i>note</i></a>; + exaggerated praise given by Vaudreuil, I. + <a href="#Page_460-V1">460</a>-<a href="#Page_462-V1">462</a>; + their sentiment towards Montcalm, I. + <a href="#Page_463-V1">463</a>, <a href="#Page_464-V1">464</a>; + fortified camps of, I. <a href="#Page_477-V1">477</a>; + dash at Fort Edward, I. <a href="#Page_485-V1">485</a>; + orders of Vaudreuil in relation to the return of, II. + <a href="#Page_003-V2">3</a>, <a href="#Page_004-V2">4</a>; + the fight at German Flats, II. + <a href="#Page_006-V2">6</a>, <a href="#Page_007-V2">7</a>; + join Hebecourt, II. <a href="#Page_012-V2">12</a>; + official knavery, II. + <a href="#Page_022-V2">22</a>-<a href="#Page_038-V2">38</a>; + outrages practised upon the Acadians, II. <a href="#Page_026-V2">26</a>; + loss of Louisbourg, II. + <a href="#Page_052-V2">52</a>-<a href="#Page_081-V2">81</a>; + under Montcalm at Ticonderoga, II. <a href="#Page_104-V2">104</a>; + under Lévis, II. <a href="#Page_109-V2">109</a>; + meet the war-party of Rogers, II. <a href="#Page_124-V2">124</a>; + encounter with Major Grant, II. + <a href="#Page_152-V2">152</a>-<a href="#Page_154-V2">154</a>; + sent to Montcalm, II. + <a href="#Page_165-V2">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166-V2">166</a>; + comments of Montcalm concerning, II. + <a href="#Page_168-V2">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169-V2">169</a>; + their sufferings, II. + <a href="#Page_169-V2">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170-V2">170</a>; + their loyalty and courage, II. + <a href="#Page_169-V2">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170-V2">170</a>; + their alarm and discontent, II. + <a href="#Page_171-V2">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172-V2">172</a>; + siege and fall of Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_195-V2">195</a>-<a href="#Page_234-V2">234</a>, + <a href="#Page_259-V2">259</a>-<a href="#Page_326-V2">326</a>; + first proclamation issued by Wolfe, II. + <a href="#Page_213-V2">213</a>, <a href="#Page_214-V2">214</a>; + desert the French, II. + <a href="#Page_219-V2">219</a>, <a href="#Page_222-V2">222</a>, + <a href="#Page_223-V2">223</a>, <a href="#Page_264-V2">264</a>, + <a href="#Page_265-V2">265</a>, <a href="#Page_365-V2">365</a>, + <a href="#Page_366-V2">366</a>; + fight like Indians, II. <a href="#Page_221-V2">221</a>; + coureurs-de-bois, II. <a href="#Page_221-V2">221</a>; + their dread of the Indians, <a href="#Page_222-V2">222</a>, + <a href="#Page_223-V2">223</a>; + Wolfe's second proclamation, II. <a href="#Page_225-V2">225</a>, + <a href="#Page_226-V2">226</a>; + the siege of Niagara, II. + <a href="#Page_243-V2">243</a>-<a href="#Page_249-V2">249</a>; + the third proclamation of Wolfe to, II. <a href="#Page_261-V2">261</a>; + dread of losing their supplies, II. <a href="#Page_264-V2">264</a>; + defend Cap-Rouge, II. <a href="#Page_279-V2">279</a>; + last movement of Wolfe, II. + <a href="#Page_280-V2">280</a>-<a href="#Page_297-V2">297</a>; + rally at Côte Ste.-Geneviève, II. + <a href="#Page_300-V2">300</a>, <a href="#Page_301-V2">301</a>; + panic stricken, II. <a href="#Page_302-V2">302</a>; + the army to return to Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_310-V2">310</a>-<a href="#Page_314-V2">314</a>; + bring news to Quebec of promised help, II. <a href="#Page_315-V2">315</a>, + <a href="#Page_316-V2">316</a>; + the capitulation of Quebec, II. <a href="#Page_316-V2">316</a>; + the ladies, II. <a href="#Page_329-V2">329</a>; + befriended by Murray, II. <a href="#Page_331-V2">331</a>; + kindness to some wounded officers, II. <a href="#Page_332-V2">332</a>; + threatened the English, II. + <a href="#Page_335-V2">335</a>, <a href="#Page_336-V2">336</a>; + encounter with Major Dalling, II. <a href="#Page_336-V2">336</a>; + fresh efforts to attack Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_338-V2">338</a>, <a href="#Page_340-V2">340</a>, + <a href="#Page_341-V2">341</a>-<a href="#Page_358-V2">358</a>; + the winter, II. + <a href="#Page_339-V2">339</a>, <a href="#Page_340-V2">340</a>; + at Sainte-Foy, II. <a href="#Page_342-V2">342</a>, + <a href="#Page_442-V2">442</a>-<a href="#Page_444-V2">444</a>; + the fall of Canada, II. + <a href="#Page_360-V2">360</a>-<a href="#Page_382-V2">382</a>; + Murray advances upon Montreal, II. + <a href="#Page_363-V2">363</a>-<a href="#Page_366-V2">366</a>; + proclamation of Vaudreuil, II. <a href="#Page_366-V2">366</a>; + their privileges as set down in the capitulation of Canada, II. + <a href="#Page_374-V2">374</a>; + kindly treated by the English, II. + <a href="#Page_374-V2">374</a>, <a href="#Page_375-V2">375</a>; + skilful leadership of, II. <a href="#Page_381-V2">381</a>.<br /> +Canard River, I. <a href="#Page_268-V1">268</a>; + reconnoissance of, I. <a href="#Page_272-V1">272</a>; + the inhabitants summoned by Winslow to hear the King's orders, I. + <a href="#Page_271-V1">271</a>, <a href="#Page_272-V1">272</a>.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_460-V2" id="Page_460-V2">460<br />V2</a></span> + +Candiac, château of, I. <a href="#Page_356-V1">356</a>, + <a href="#Page_453-V1">453</a>; + family seat of Montcalm, I. <a href="#Page_356-V1">356</a>, + <a href="#Page_359-V1">359</a>, II. <a href="#Page_317-V2">317</a>; + departure of Montcalm from, I. <a href="#Page_360-V1">360</a>.<br /> +Canidia, I. <a href="#Page_438-V1">438</a>.<br /> +Cannibalism among the Indians, I. <a href="#Page_085-V1">85</a>, + <a href="#Page_478-V1">478</a>, <a href="#Page_480-V1">480</a>, + <a href="#Page_483-V1">483</a>, <a href="#Page_484-V1">484</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_339-V2">339</a>.<br /> +Canseau, garrison at, I. <a href="#Page_092-V1">92</a>; + destroyed by the French, I. <a href="#Page_093-V1">93</a>.<br /> +Canseau, Straits of, I. <a href="#Page_109-V1">109</a>.<br /> +Cap-Rouge, II. <a href="#Page_209-V2">209</a>, + <a href="#Page_224-V2">224</a>, <a href="#Page_271-V2">271</a>, + <a href="#Page_276-V2">276</a>, <a href="#Page_278-V2">278</a>, + <a href="#Page_288-V2">288</a>, <a href="#Page_332-V2">332</a>, + <a href="#Page_342-V2">342</a>, <a href="#Page_357-V2">357</a>; + held by Dumas, II. <a href="#Page_228-V2">228</a>; + defended by the French, II. + <a href="#Page_279-V2">279</a>, <a href="#Page_280-V2">280</a>, + <a href="#Page_282-V2">282</a>, <a href="#Page_283-V2">283</a>; + the fall of Quebec, II. <a href="#Page_304-V2">304</a>; + expedition of Lévis, II. <a href="#Page_343-V2">343</a>, + <a href="#Page_344-V2">344</a>.<br /> +Cap-Santé, II. <a href="#Page_019-V2">19</a>.<br /> +Cape Breton, I. <a href="#Page_028-V1">28</a>, + <a href="#Page_091-V1">91</a>, <a href="#footer_075">95 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_098-V1">98</a>, <a href="#Page_105-V1">105</a>, + <a href="#Page_108-V1">108</a>, <a href="#Page_178-V1">178</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_384-V2">384</a>, <a href="#Page_385-V2">385</a>; + restoration of, by England to France, I. <a href="#Page_002-V1">2</a>, + <a href="#Page_003-V1">3</a>; + the Acadians transported to, I. <a href="#Page_235-V1">235</a>, + <a href="#footer_241">235 <i>note</i></a>; + importance of the possession of Acadia to the French, I. + <a href="#Page_237-V1">237</a>; + papers and writings relating to, I. <a href="#footer_249">243 <i>note</i></a>; + plans of the English with regard to the Acadians, I. + <a href="#Page_264-V1">264</a>, <a href="#Page_265-V1">265</a> + (see <a href="#acadia">Acadia</a> and <a href="#acadians">Acadians</a>); + description of, II. + <a href="#Page_052-V2">52</a>-<a href="#Page_054-V2">54</a>; + arrival of Boscawen's expedition, II. <a href="#Page_056-V2">56</a>; + the capitulation of Louisbourg, II. <a href="#Page_074-V2">74</a>, + <a href="#Page_075-V2">75</a>; + given up to England, II. <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>.<br /> +"Capricieux," the, II. <a href="#footer_19Note">81 <i>note</i></a>; + number of her guns, II. <a href="#footer_579">54 <i>note</i></a>; + burned at anchor, II. <a href="#Page_067-V2">67</a>.<br /> +Card-playing, I. <a href="#Page_270-V1">270</a>.<br /> +Carillon (see <a href="#ticonderoga">Ticonderoga</a>), II. + <a href="#Page_435-V2">435</a>.<br /> +Carleton, Sir Guy, II. <a href="#Page_190-V2">190</a>, + <a href="#Page_440-V2">440</a>; + lands at Point-aux-Trembles, II. <a href="#Page_224-V2">224</a>; + drives the Indians from Point-aux-Trembles, II. + <a href="#Page_225-V2">225</a>.<br /> +Carlisle, <ins title="Add period after Penn.">Penn.,</ins> I. + <a href="#Page_227-V1">227</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_135-V2">135</a>; + village of, II. <a href="#Page_136-V2">136</a>; + departure of Forbes, II. <a href="#Page_136-V2">136</a>.<br /> +Carlos III., secret negotiations of Choiseul with, II. + <a href="#Page_396-V2">396</a>; + succeeds to the throne of Spain, II. <a href="#Page_396-V2">396</a>; + the Family Compact, II. <a href="#Page_396-V2">396</a>.<br /> +Carter, Colonel Charles, letter to, cited, I. + <a href="#Page_229-V1">229</a>.<br /> +Carter, Landon, quoted, concerning the service of the country, I. + <a href="#Page_331-V1">331</a>.<br /> +Carteret, Earl Granville. See <a href="#granville">Granville</a>.<br /> +Carthage, I. <a href="#Page_192-V1">192</a>, <a href="#Page_419-V1">419</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_377-V2">377</a>.<br /> +Carthagena, attack on, I. <a href="#Page_245-V1">245</a>.<br /> +Cartier, Jacques, II. <a href="#Page_339-V2">339</a>.<br /> +Carver, Jonathan, his version of the massacre at Fort William Henry, I. + <a href="#Page_511-V1">511</a>; + his narrow escape, I. + <a href="#Page_511-V1">511</a>, <a href="#Page_512-V1">512</a>; + his "Travels," I. <a href="#footer_526">514 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Cascades, the, II. <a href="#Page_370-V2">370</a>.<br /> +Casgrain, Abbé, cited, I. <a href="#footer_333">330 <i>note</i></a>, II. + <a href="#footer_829">341 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Castor, Isle au, II. <a href="#Page_020-V2">20</a>.<br /> +Caswell, Jonathan, his letter concerning the expedition sent + against Crown Point, I. <a href="#Page_292-V1">292</a>.<br /> +Catawbas, their service sought by the English army, II. + <a href="#Page_139-V2">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140-V2">140</a>.<br /> +Catherine II., reigns in Russia, II. <a href="#Page_399-V2">399</a>; + conciliated by Frederic, II. <a href="#Page_399-V2">399</a>.<br /> +<a name="catholicism" id="catholicism"></a> +Catholicism, I. + <a href="#Page_064-V1">64</a>, <a href="#Page_359-V1">359</a>; II. + <a href="#Page_412-V2">412</a>; + the tithes of, I. <a href="#Page_013-V1">13</a>; + policy of rule held by, I. + <a href="#Page_021-V1">21</a>, <a href="#Page_022-V1">22</a>; + in Maryland, I. <a href="#Page_033-V1">33</a>; + freedom of, accorded to the Acadians, I. + <a href="#Page_091-V1">91</a>, <a href="#Page_112-V1">112</a>; + evil influence of the priests upon the Acadians, II. + <a href="#Page_091-V2">91</a>, <a href="#Page_094-V2">94</a>, + <a href="#Page_098-V2">98</a>, <a href="#Page_102-V2">102</a>, + <a href="#Page_103-V2">103</a>, <a href="#Page_106-V2">106</a>, + <a href="#Page_107-V2">107</a>, <a href="#Page_243-V2">243</a>, + <a href="#Page_244-V2">244</a>, <a href="#Page_257-V2">257</a>, + <a href="#Page_260-V2">260</a>-<a href="#Page_266-V2">266</a>, + <a href="#Page_283-V2">283</a>; + in the English colonies, I. <a href="#Page_193-V1">193</a>; + in Pennsylvania, I. <a href="#Page_339-V1">339</a>; + in Europe, I. <a href="#Page_355-V1">355</a>; + influence over the Indians, I. <a href="#Page_479-V1">479</a>, + <a href="#Page_480-V1">480</a>.<br /> +Caughnawaga, I. <a href="#Page_485-V1">485</a>; + Indian mission at, I. <a href="#Page_064-V1">64</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_144-V2">144</a>.<br /> +Caughnawagas, the, I. <a href="#Page_023-V1">23</a>, + <a href="#Page_209-V1">209</a>, <a href="#Page_476-V1">476</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_123-V2">123</a>, <a href="#Page_126-V2">126</a>.<br /> +Cavaliers, the, I. <a href="#Page_029-V1">29</a>.<br /> +Cayugas, I. <a href="#Page_391-V1">391</a>; + efforts of the French to convert, I. + <a href="#Page_065-V1">65</a>.<br /> +"Célèbre," the, number of her guns, II. + <a href="#footer_579">54 <i>note</i></a>; + burned by the English, II. <a href="#Page_066-V2">66</a>.<br /> +<a name="celoron" id="celoron"></a> +Céloron de Bienville, I. <a href="#Page_037-V1">37</a>, + <a href="#footer_045">77 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#footer_064">84 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_128-V1">128</a>, <a href="#Page_133-V1">133</a>; + despatched to the West to hold the land for France, I. + <a href="#Page_037-V1">37</a>-<a href="#Page_062-V1">62</a>; + at Ogdensburg and Niagara, I. <a href="#Page_038-V1">38</a>; + leaden plates buried by, I. <a href="#Page_043-V1">43</a>, + <a href="#Page_048-V1">48</a>, <a href="#Page_050-V1">50</a>, + <a href="#footer_02Note">62 <i>note</i></a>; + inscription on the plates, I. <a href="#Page_043-V1">43</a>, + <a href="#Page_048-V1">48</a>, + <a href="#footer_02Note">62 <i>note</i></a>; + the plates discovered, I. <a href="#Page_048-V1">48</a>, + <a href="#footer_02Note">62 <i>note</i></a>; + visits the Senecas, I. <a href="#Page_044-V1">44</a>, + <a href="#Page_045-V1">45</a>; + drives out the English from the West, I. + <a href="#Page_044-V1">44</a>-<a href="#Page_046-V1">46</a>; + extract from his writings, I. <a href="#footer_006">45 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_050-V1">50</a>-<a href="#Page_053-V1">53</a>, + <a href="#footer_02Note">62 <i>note</i></a>; + encounter with Indians at Scioto, I. <a href="#Page_048-V1">48</a>, + <a href="#Page_049-V1">49</a>; + name given by, to the Kenawha River, I. + <a href="#footer_010">48 <i>note</i></a>; + failure of his plans with regard to La Demoiselle, I. + <a href="#Page_051-V1">51</a>, <a href="#Page_052-V1">52</a>; + return of his party to Canada, I. <a href="#Page_052-V1">52</a>, + <a href="#Page_053-V1">53</a>; + journey to the Ohio, I. <a href="#Page_065-V1">65</a>; + visits the mission of Father Piquet, I. <a href="#Page_065-V1">65</a>; + at Detroit, I. <a href="#Page_076-V1">76</a>, <a href="#Page_077-V1">77</a>; + his character, I. <a href="#Page_077-V1">77</a>; + ordered to attack Pickawillany, I. <a href="#Page_081-V1">81</a>; + orders from La Jonquière, I. <a href="#Page_084-V1">84</a>.<br /> +Celts in Pennsylvania, I. <a href="#Page_031-V1">31</a>.<br /> +Census, the, taken in Acadia and Canada, I. <a href="#Page_020-V1">20</a>, + <a href="#footer_001">20 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#footer_074">94 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_124-V1">124</a>, II. <a href="#Page_178-V2">178</a>.<br /> +"Centurion," the, II. <a href="#Page_229-V2">229</a>, + <a href="#Page_231-V2">231</a>-<a href="#Page_233-V2">233</a>.<br /> +Cerberus, dog belonging to Piquet, I. <a href="#Page_069-V1">69</a>.<br /> +Chambly, Fort, I. <a href="#Page_453-V1">453</a>; abandoned by the French, II. + <a href="#Page_368-V2">368</a>.<br /> +Chambord, I. <a href="#Page_010-V1">10</a>.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_461-V2" id="Page_461-V2">461<br />V2</a></span> + +Champlain, Lake, I. <a href="#Page_002-V1">2</a>, + <a href="#Page_023-V1">23</a>, <a href="#Page_192-V1">192</a>, + <a href="#Page_289-V1">289</a>, <a href="#Page_294-V1">294</a>, + <a href="#Page_298-V1">298</a>, <a href="#Page_321-V1">321</a>, + <a href="#Page_378-V1">378</a>, <a href="#Page_398-V1">398</a>, + <a href="#Page_399-V1">399</a>, <a href="#Page_407-V1">407</a>, + <a href="#Page_418-V1">418</a>, <a href="#Page_428-V1">428</a>, + <a href="#Page_435-V1">435</a>, <a href="#Page_442-V1">442</a>, + <a href="#Page_448-V1">448</a>, <a href="#Page_453-V1">453</a>, + <a href="#Page_476-V1">476</a>, <a href="#Page_477-V1">477</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_088-V2">88</a>, + <a href="#Page_099-V2">99</a>, <a href="#Page_121-V2">121</a>, + <a href="#Page_178-V2">178</a>, <a href="#Page_196-V2">196</a>, + <a href="#Page_238-V2">238</a>, <a href="#Page_249-V2">249</a>, + <a href="#Page_250-V2">250</a>, <a href="#Page_252-V2">252</a>, + <a href="#Page_361-V2">361</a>, <a href="#Page_362-V2">362</a>.<br /> +Chandler, a chaplain, his diary quoted concerning the camp + at Lake George, I. <a href="#Page_314-V1">314</a>, + <a href="#Page_315-V1">315</a>.<br /> +Chaplains, II. <a href="#Page_116-V2">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117-V2">117</a>; + their pay, I. <a href="#Page_386-V1">386</a>; + their accommodations, I. <a href="#footer_420">405 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Charles VI., his will, I. <a href="#Page_018-V1">18</a>; + death of, I. <a href="#Page_018-V1">18</a>; + his will set aside, I. <a href="#Page_018-V1">18</a>, + <a href="#Page_019-V1">19</a>.<br /> +Charles River, II. <a href="#Page_297-V2">297</a>.<br /> +Charlesbourg, II. <a href="#Page_021-V2">21</a>, <a href="#Page_022-V2">22</a>, + <a href="#Page_265-V2">265</a>, <a href="#Page_307-V2">307</a>.<br /> +Charlestown, II. <a href="#Page_256-V2">256</a>, + <a href="#Page_257-V2">257</a>; + road built by Amherst, II. <a href="#Page_241-V2">241</a>.<br /> +Charlevoix, I. <a href="#Page_360-V1">360</a>.<br /> +Charters, I. <a href="#Page_025-V1">25</a>.<br /> +Chartres, Fort, I. <a href="#Page_040-V1">40</a>, + <a href="#Page_041-V1">41</a>, <a href="#Page_076-V1">76</a>; + increasing power of the English, I. <a href="#Page_083-V1">83</a>.<br /> +Château battery, the, II. <a href="#Page_208-V2">208</a>.<br /> +Châtelet, the, II. <a href="#Page_385-V2">385</a>.<br /> +Chaudière River, the, I. <a href="#Page_169-V1">169</a>, + <a href="#Page_381-V1">381</a>; + fortifications on, I. <a href="#Page_192-V1">192</a>.<br /> +Chautauqua Lake, I. <a href="#Page_039-V1">39</a>.<br /> +Chebucto, plan for making a naval station by the English, I. + <a href="#Page_092-V1">92</a>; + harbor of, I. <a href="#Page_092-V1">92</a>. + See <a href="#halifax">Halifax</a>.<br /> +Chenitou (Chignecto), I. <a href="#footer_111">117 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Cherbourg, II. <a href="#Page_047-V2">47</a>.<br /> +Cherokees, the, I. <a href="#Page_068-V1">68</a>, + <a href="#Page_139-V1">139</a>, <a href="#Page_466-V1">466</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_417-V2">417</a>; + their service sought by the English army, I. + <a href="#Page_139-V1">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140-V1">140</a>.<br /> +Chester County, I. <a href="#Page_347-V1">347</a>.<br /> +Chesterfield, Lord, I. <a href="#Page_008-V1">8</a>; + his opinion of Lord Albemarle, I. <a href="#Page_180-V1">180</a>; + acts as mediator, II. <a href="#Page_041-V2">41</a>; + his despondency, II. <a href="#Page_045-V2">45</a>.<br /> +"Chèvre," the number of her guns, II. + <a href="#footer_579">54 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Chew, Ensign, II. <a href="#footer_653">140 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Chickasaws, the, I. <a href="#Page_139-V1">139</a>.<br /> +Chignecto, I. <a href="#footer_111">117 <i>note</i></a>; + preparations of the French to attack, I. <a href="#Page_239-V1">239</a>; + proposal to give the land to English settlers, I. + <a href="#Page_257-V1">257</a>.<br /> +Chignecto Bay, I. <a href="#Page_094-V1">94</a>, + <a href="#Page_120-V1">120</a>.<br /> +Chignecto Channel, I. <a href="#Page_267-V1">267</a>.<br /> +Chiningué, I. <a href="#Page_046-V1">46</a>, + <a href="#Page_053-V1">53</a>, <a href="#Page_133-V1">133</a>.<br /> +Chinodahichetha, name given by Céloron to the Kenawha River, + I. <a href="#footer_010">48 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Chipody, I. <a href="#Page_120-V1">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121-V1">121</a>, + <a href="#Page_247-V1">247</a>, <a href="#Page_254-V1">254</a>; + news of disaster, I. <a href="#Page_275-V1">275</a>.<br /> +Choctaws, the, I. <a href="#Page_068-V1">68</a>, + <a href="#Page_466-V1">466</a>.<br /> +Choiseul, Duc de, II. <a href="#Page_393-V2">393</a>; + made minister of foreign affairs, II. <a href="#Page_393-V2">393</a>; + sketch of, by Stanley, II. <a href="#Page_393-V2">393</a>, + <a href="#Page_394-V2">394</a>; + his character, II. <a href="#Page_394-V2">394</a>; + propositions made to Pitt, II. + <a href="#Page_394-V2">394</a>, <a href="#Page_395-V2">395</a>; + terms of peace offered to England, II. <a href="#Page_395-V2">395</a>; + his forethought, II. <a href="#Page_396-V2">396</a>; + the Family Compact, II. <a href="#Page_396-V2">396</a>; + his negotiation with Pitt proves fruitless, II. + <a href="#Page_396-V2">396</a>; + desires peace with England, II. <a href="#Page_402-V2">402</a>, + <a href="#Page_403-V2">403</a>; + his predictions concerning American possessions, II. + <a href="#Page_403-V2">403</a>, <a href="#Page_404-V2">404</a>.<br /> +Christ Church, Philadelphia, II. <a href="#Page_162-V2">162</a>.<br /> +Christianity, Indian followers of, I. <a href="#Page_041-V1">41</a>, + <a href="#Page_042-V1">42</a>, <a href="#Page_485-V1">485</a>, + <a href="#Page_487-V1">487</a>.<br /> +Christmas Day, II. <a href="#Page_335-V2">335</a>.<br /> +Church of Notre Dame de Quebec, II. <a href="#Page_442-V2">442</a>.<br /> +Church of Rome. See <a href="#catholicism">Catholicism</a>.<br /> +Church of the Jesuits, the, after the siege, II. + <a href="#Page_328-V2">328</a>.<br /> +Clare River, I. <a href="#Page_283-V1">283</a>.<br /> +Claverie, La Friponne, II. <a href="#Page_024-V2">24</a>.<br /> +Cleaveland, Miss Abby E., II. <a href="#footer_641">117 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Cleaveland, John, chaplain of Bagley's Massachusetts regiment, II. + <a href="#Page_076-V2">76</a>, <a href="#Page_115-V2">115</a>; + extract from his diary, II. <a href="#Page_115-V2">115</a>, + <a href="#footer_641">117 <i>note</i></a>, <a href="#Page_127-V2">127</a>; + report concerning the defences of Abercromby, II. + <a href="#Page_115-V2">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116-V2">116</a>; + extract from letters to his wife, II. <a href="#Page_116-V2">116</a>, + <a href="#footer_641">117 <i>note</i></a>; + preaching on Sunday, II. <a href="#Page_117-V2">117</a>; his illness, II. + <a href="#Page_120-V2">120</a>.<br /> +Clergy, the, how considered during the reign of George II., I. + <a href="#Page_007-V1">7</a>; + the condition of, in France, I. <a href="#Page_012-V1">12</a>, + <a href="#Page_013-V1">13</a>, <a href="#Page_014-V1">14</a>, + <a href="#Page_015-V1">15</a>; + corruption of, I. <a href="#Page_012-V1">12</a>; + influence of, in regard to the oath of allegiance + for the Acadians, <ins title="Changed 106 note to 106.">I. </ins> + <a href="#Page_106-V1">106</a>. + See <a href="#acadians">Acadians</a>.<br /> +Clergy battery, the, II. <a href="#Page_208-V2">208</a>.<br /> +Clerk, engineer under Abercromby, II. <a href="#Page_103-V2">103</a>; + reconnoitres the French works, II. <a href="#Page_103-V2">103</a>.<br /> +Clermont, I. <a href="#Page_010-V1">10</a>; + recalled, II. <a href="#Page_047-V2">47</a>.<br /> +Clinker, Humphrey, I. <a href="#Page_178-V1">178</a>.<br /> +Clinton, George, Governor of New York, I. + <a href="#footer_070">88 <i>note</i></a>; + desirability of an Indian alliance, I. <a href="#Page_059-V1">59</a>; + invites commissioners from the provinces to meet the Indians at Albany, I. + <a href="#Page_061-V1">61</a>; + quotation from, concerning the neglect of New York + to protect Indian trade, I. <a href="#Page_061-V1">61</a>, + <a href="#Page_062-V1">62</a>; + Johnson's complaints of the French dealings with the Indians, I. + <a href="#Page_064-V1">64</a>; + quarrels with the Assembly of New York, I. <a href="#Page_073-V1">73</a>; + complaints concerning invasions of territory by the French, I. + <a href="#Page_079-V1">79</a>.<br /> +Clive, the victory of Plassey, II. <a href="#Page_045-V2">45</a>.<br /> +Cobequid, I. <a href="#Page_106-V1">106</a>; + formerly the name of Truro, I. <a href="#Page_094-V1">94</a>; + Acadian emigration from, I. <a href="#Page_109-V1">109</a>; + mountains of, I. <a href="#Page_269-V1">269</a>; + failure of the expedition to, I. <a href="#Page_280-V1">280</a>, + <a href="#Page_281-V1">281</a>.<br /> +Cocquard, Father Claude Godefroy, I. <a href="#Page_413-V1">413</a>; + his remarks concerning the fall of Oswego, I. + <a href="#Page_413-V1">413</a>.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_462-V2" id="Page_462-V2">462<br />V2</a></span> + +Cod, Cape, I. <a href="#Page_246-V1">246</a>; + soldiers from, for the French campaigns, I. + <a href="#Page_246-V1">246</a>.<br /> +Coffen, Stephen, deposition of, I. + <a href="#footer_132">131 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Colbert, II. <a href="#Page_410-V2">410</a>.<br /> +Colden, Alexander, II. <a href="#Page_432-V2">432</a>.<br /> +Coldfoot, a Miami chief, I. <a href="#Page_082-V1">82</a>.<br /> +Coldstream Guards, the, I. <a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>.<br /> +College of the Jesuits, the, after the siege, II. + <a href="#Page_003-V2">3</a>-<a href="#Page_008-V2">8</a>.<br /> +"Comète," number of her guns, II. + <a href="#footer_579">54 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Commissioners of boundary, I. <a href="#Page_122-V1">122</a>, + <a href="#Page_123-V1">123</a>-<a href="#Page_128-V1">128</a>, + <a href="#Page_236-V1">236</a>-<a href="#Page_238-V1">238</a>; + commissioners of Indian affairs, I. + <a href="#Page_172-V1">172</a>-<a href="#Page_176-V1">176</a>, + <a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>.<br /> +Condé, I. <a href="#Page_010-V1">10</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_184-V2">184</a>.<br /> +Conflans, Admiral, II. <a href="#Page_401-V2">401</a>.<br /> +Congregationalists in the army, II. <a href="#Page_117-V2">117</a>.<br /> +Congress at Albany, of Indians and English, I. + <a href="#Page_172-V1">172</a>-<a href="#Page_176-V1">176</a>.<br /> +Connecticut, I. <a href="#Page_061-V1">61</a>, <a href="#Page_246-V1">246</a>, + <a href="#Page_286-V1">286</a>, <a href="#Page_291-V1">291</a>, + <a href="#Page_304-V1">304</a>, <a href="#Page_402-V1">402</a>; + appointment of the governor of, I. <a href="#Page_025-V1">25</a>; + extent of the New England border, I. <a href="#Page_028-V1">28</a>; + soldiers in the expedition against Crown Point, I. + <a href="#Page_290-V1">290</a>, <a href="#Page_291-V1">291</a>; + recruits sent to Johnson, I. + <a href="#Page_313-V1">313</a>, <a href="#Page_314-V1">314</a>; + to provide an officer for the English garrison, I. + <a href="#Page_315-V1">315</a>; + money granted to, from Parliament, I. + <a href="#footer_388">382 <i>note</i></a>; + her sacrifices in times of war, II. + <a href="#Page_086-V2">86</a>; + provincials under Abercromby, II. <a href="#Page_093-V2">93</a>; + men serving under Putnam, II. <a href="#Page_122-V2">122</a>.<br /> +Connecticut River, the, II. <a href="#Page_254-V2">254</a>, + <a href="#Page_256-V2">256</a>.<br /> +Conner, James, English scout, I. <a href="#Page_415-V1">415</a>; + visits Oswego, I. <a href="#Page_415-V1">415</a>; + the news of the loss carried to Fort Johnson, I. + <a href="#Page_416-V1">416</a>.<br /> +Contades, I. <a href="#Page_010-V1">10</a>; + appointed to command, II. <a href="#Page_047-V2">47</a>.<br /> +Contrecœur, I. <a href="#Page_429-V1">429</a>; + succeeds Saint-Pierre in command, I. + <a href="#Page_143-V1">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144-V1">144</a>; + commandant at Fort Duquesne, I. + <a href="#Page_147-V1">147</a>, <a href="#Page_208-V1">208</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_423-V1">423</a>; + Jumonville sent on an expedition to warn the English to leave the West, I. + <a href="#Page_148-V1">148</a>; + harangues the Indians, I. <a href="#Page_154-V1">154</a>; + consults with Beaujeu, I. + <a href="#Page_210-V1">210</a>, <a href="#Page_211-V1">211</a>; + his resolution to despatch forces to meet Braddock, I. + <a href="#Page_210-V1">210</a>, <a href="#Page_211-V1">211</a>; + waits at Fort Duquesne, I. + <a href="#Page_211-V1">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212-V1">212</a>; + return of the troops after defeating Braddock, I. + <a href="#Page_221-V1">221</a>, <a href="#Page_222-V1">222</a>; + Dumas succeeds at Fort Duquesne, I. + <a href="#Page_329-V1">329</a>, <a href="#Page_330-V1">330</a>; + orders concerning prisoners, I. <a href="#footer_333">330 <i>note</i></a>; + receives the cross of the Order of St. Louis, II. + <a href="#Page_426-V2">426</a>.<br /> +Conway, General, letter from Walpole, II. <a href="#Page_358-V2">358</a>.<br /> +Cook, his voyages, II. <a href="#Page_411-V2">411</a>.<br /> +Cork, I. <a href="#Page_182-V1">182</a>.<br /> +Cope, Major Jean-Baptiste, Indian chief, I. <a href="#Page_104-V1">104</a>; + signs a treaty of peace with the English, I. + <a href="#Page_104-V1">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105-V1">105</a>; + the murder of Capt. Howe, I. <a href="#Page_118-V1">118</a>, + <a href="#Page_119-V1">119</a>.<br /> +Corbière, Colonel Parker's company taken, I. + <a href="#Page_484-V1">484</a>.<br /> +Corlaer, Indian word for the English, I. <a href="#Page_487-V1">487</a>.<br /> +Corneille, II. <a href="#Page_009-V2">9</a>.<br /> +Cornier, Madame, I. <a href="#Page_455-V1">455</a>.<br /> +Cornwallis, Lord, I. <a href="#Page_093-V1">93</a>.<br /> +Cornwallis, Edward, uncle of Lord Cornwallis, I. <a href="#Page_093-V1">93</a>; + made governor of Acadia, I. <a href="#Page_093-V1">93</a>; + opinions of Wolfe and Horace Walpole concerning, I. + <a href="#Page_093-V1">93</a>, <a href="#Page_110-V1">110</a>; + makes the oath of allegiance more strict for the Acadians, I. + <a href="#Page_097-V1">97</a>-<a href="#Page_099-V1">99</a>; + his successor, I. <a href="#Page_104-V1">104</a>; + efforts of, to compel the Acadians to swear fidelity to England, I. + <a href="#Page_105-V1">105</a>; + discovers the treachery of the French, I. <a href="#Page_107-V1">107</a>; + misplaced confidence in the French crown, I. <a href="#Page_111-V1">111</a>; + angry letter written to the Bishop of Quebec, I. + <a href="#Page_107-V1">107</a>; + relations with the French and Acadians, I. + <a href="#Page_107-V1">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108-V1">108</a>, + <a href="#Page_110-V1">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111-V1">111</a>; + his speech to the Acadians, I. + <a href="#Page_110-V1">110</a>-<a href="#Page_112-V1">112</a>; + mild rule of, in Nova Scotia, I. <a href="#Page_113-V1">113</a>, + <a href="#Page_257-V1">257</a>; + his opinion of Le Loutre, I. <a href="#Page_114-V1">114</a>.<br /> +Corpron, II. <a href="#Page_030-V2">30</a>; + his official knavery, II. + <a href="#Page_022-V2">22</a>-<a href="#Page_024-V2">24</a>; + thrown into the Bastille, II. <a href="#Page_385-V2">385</a>.<br /> +Cortland, manor of, I. <a href="#Page_032-V1">32</a>.<br /> +Cosnan, Captain, II. <a href="#Page_221-V2">221</a>.<br /> +Côte d'Abraham, II. <a href="#Page_342-V2">342</a>.<br /> +Côte Ste.-Geneviève, II. <a href="#Page_300-V2">300</a>, + <a href="#Page_301-V2">301</a>, <a href="#Page_342-V2">342</a>.<br /> +Côteau du Lac, the, II. <a href="#Page_370-V2">370</a>.<br /> +Coudres, Isle aux, II. <a href="#Page_198-V2">198</a>, + <a href="#Page_260-V2">260</a>; + ordered to be evacuated, II. <a href="#Page_199-V2">199</a>; + Admiral Durell, at, II. <a href="#Page_203-V2">203</a>.<br /> +Coureurs-de-bois, II. <a href="#Page_178-V2">178</a>, + <a href="#Page_221-V2">221</a>.<br /> +Courserac, II. <a href="#footer_19Note">81 <i>note</i></a>; + sent to the English camp from Louisbourg, II. <a href="#Page_073-V2">73</a>, + <a href="#Page_074-V2">74</a>.<br /> +Courtemanche, his advance upon Fort William Henry, I. + <a href="#Page_491-V1">491</a>.<br /> +Courts-martial in the English army, II. <a href="#Page_236-V2">236</a>.<br /> +Courval, the French firerafts commanded by, II. + <a href="#Page_227-V2">227</a>.<br /> +Crawford, Chaplain William, letter to Timothy Paine, I. + <a href="#Page_404-V1">404</a>; + his account of the provincial camp, I. + <a href="#Page_404-V1">404</a>, <a href="#Page_405-V1">405</a>.<br /> +Croghan, George, I. <a href="#Page_042-V1">42</a>, + <a href="#Page_203-V1">203</a>; + Indian trader, I. <a href="#Page_054-V1">54</a>; + expedition of, to the Ohio, I. + <a href="#Page_054-V1">54</a>-<a href="#Page_059-V1">59</a>; + sent to the Miamis to promote friendly feelings, I. + <a href="#Page_059-V1">59</a>, <a href="#Page_060-V1">60</a>, + <a href="#footer_019">60 <i>note</i></a>; + reward offered for his scalp, I. <a href="#Page_079-V1">79</a>; + accusations against, I. <a href="#Page_080-V1">80</a>; + brings Indians to Braddock's camp, I. <a href="#Page_203-V1">203</a>.<br /> +Crown Point, I. <a href="#Page_024-V1">24</a>, <a href="#Page_174-V1">174</a>, + <a href="#Page_289-V1">289</a>, <a href="#Page_327-V1">327</a>, + <a href="#Page_378-V1">378</a>, <a href="#Page_453-V1">453</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_087-V2">87</a>, <a href="#Page_102-V2">102</a>; + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_463-V2" id="Page_463-V2">463<br />V2</a></span> + + capture of, planned, I. + <a href="#Page_192-V1">192</a>-<a href="#Page_194-V1">194</a>, + <a href="#Page_285-V1">285</a>; + expedition against, led by Colonel William Johnson, I. + <a href="#Page_194-V1">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196-V1">196</a>, + <a href="#Page_285-V1">285</a>-<a href="#Page_317-V1">317</a>, + <a href="#Page_374-V1">374</a>, <a href="#Page_382-V1">382</a>; + French designs in relation to, I. <a href="#Page_289-V1">289</a>, + <a href="#Page_293-V1">293</a>, <a href="#Page_295-V1">295</a>; + reached by Dieskau, I. <a href="#Page_296-V1">296</a>; + the battle, I. <a href="#Page_303-V1">303</a>-<a href="#Page_316-V1">316</a>; + result of the expedition, I. + <a href="#Page_313-V1">313</a>, <a href="#Page_314-V1">314</a>; + importance of, I. <a href="#Page_378-V1">378</a>; + plan of capture by Shirley, I. + <a href="#Page_381-V1">381</a>, <a href="#Page_382-V1">382</a>, + <a href="#Page_384-V1">384</a>, <a href="#Page_398-V1">398</a>; + expeditions of Rogers' rangers, I. + <a href="#Page_433-V1">433</a>-<a href="#Page_437-V1">437</a>; + Winslow's regret at the failures of the English, I. + <a href="#Page_439-V1">439</a>; + the scouting-party of Rogers, I. + <a href="#Page_441-V1">441</a>-<a href="#Page_445-V1">445</a>; + captured by Amherst, II. + <a href="#Page_235-V2">235</a>-<a href="#Page_240-V1">240</a>, + <a href="#Page_265-V2">265</a>; + retreat of the French, II. + <a href="#Page_238-V2">238</a>, <a href="#Page_239-V2">239</a>; + new fort built by Amherst, II. <a href="#Page_240-V2">240</a>, + <a href="#Page_241-V1">241</a>, <a href="#Page_252-V2">252</a>; + the situation between French and English, II. + <a href="#Page_361-V2">361</a>.<br /> +Cruger, Mayor, difficulty in quartering the troops in New York, I. + <a href="#Page_440-V1">440</a>.<br /> +Cruikshank, Captain, affront given to a provincial regiment, II. + <a href="#Page_119-V2">119</a>.<br /> +Culloden, battle of, I. + <a href="#Page_006-V1">6</a>, <a href="#Page_008-V1">8</a>, + <a href="#Page_019-V1">19</a>, II. <a href="#Page_185-V2">185</a>.<br /> +Cumberland, Duke of, I. + <a href="#Page_194-V1">194</a>, <a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_040-V2">40</a>, <a href="#Page_041-V2">41</a>; + his place as a soldier, I. <a href="#Page_179-V1">179</a>; + his opinion of Major-General Braddock, I. + <a href="#Page_181-V1">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182-V1">182</a>; + military plans of, I. <a href="#Page_234-V1">234</a>; + his prejudice against Shirley, I. <a href="#Page_421-V1">421</a>; + miscarriage of his plans, II. <a href="#Page_045-V2">45</a>; + recalled from Germany, II. <a href="#Page_047-V2">47</a>.<br /> +Cumberland, Nova Scotia, I. <a href="#Page_268-V1">268</a>.<br /> +Cumberland, Penn., I. <a href="#Page_423-V1">423</a>.<br /> +Cumberland County laid waste, I. <a href="#Page_344-V1">344</a>.<br /> +Cumberland Fort, I. <a href="#Page_203-V1">203</a>, + <a href="#Page_225-V1">225</a>-<a href="#Page_229-V1">229</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_133-V2">133</a>; + erection of, I. <a href="#Page_200-V1">200</a>; + distance from Little Meadows, I. <a href="#Page_206-V1">206</a>; + Colonel James Innes, commander of, I. <a href="#Page_226-V1">226</a>; + Indians attack the frontier, and murder the settlers, I. + <a href="#Page_329-V1">329</a>-<a href="#Page_331-V1">331</a>, + <a href="#Page_342-V1">342</a>; + name given to Beauséjour, I. <a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>, + <a href="#Page_255-V1">255</a> + (see <a href="#beausejour">Beauséjour</a>), + <a href="#Page_267-V1">267</a>, <a href="#Page_281-V1">281</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_181-V2">181</a>; + St. Patrick's Day celebrated, II. <a href="#Page_182-V2">182</a>.<br /> +Cummings, C. F. Gordon, II. <a href="#Page_436-V2">436</a>.<br /> +Cummings, Colonel, disgraceful order of Abercromby to, II. + <a href="#Page_114-V2">114</a>.<br /> +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h3>D.</h3> +<p> +Daine, Mayor of Quebec, II. <a href="#Page_311-V2">311</a>.<br /> +Dalling, Major, sent to occupy Port Espagnol, II. <a href="#Page_078-V2">78</a>; + Canadians taken prisoners, II. <a href="#Page_225-V2">225</a>, + <a href="#Page_226-V2">226</a>; + encounter with Canadians and Indians, II. <a href="#Page_336-V2">336</a>; + his light infantry, II. <a href="#Page_347-V2">347</a>.<br /> +Dalquier, Lieutentant-Colonel, II. <a href="#Page_303-V2">303</a>; + his leadership and bravery, II. <a href="#Page_348-V2">348</a>.<br /> +Dalzell, Captain, skirmish in the woods, II. <a href="#Page_122-V2">122</a>; + his death, II. <a href="#Page_122-V2">122</a>.<br /> +Daniel, II. <a href="#Page_149-V2">149</a>.<br /> +Danvers, II. <a href="#Page_116-V2">116</a>.<br /> +Darby, Major, II. <a href="#Page_368-V2">368</a>.<br /> +Daudin, priest of Pisiquid, I. <a href="#Page_244-V1">244</a>.<br /> +Daun, the Austrian general, II. <a href="#Page_387-V2">387</a>; + his victory, II. + <a href="#Page_387-V2">387</a>.<br /> +"Dauphin," escape of the, I. <a href="#Page_185-V1">185</a>, + <a href="#Page_186-V1">186</a>.<br /> +Dauphin's Bastion, the, II. <a href="#Page_055-V2">55</a>; + approach of Wolfe, II. <a href="#Page_066-V2">66</a>; + condition of the besieged, II. <a href="#Page_069-V2">69</a>; + the white flag, II. <a href="#Page_071-V2">71</a>; + to be opened to British troops, II. <a href="#Page_074-V2">74</a>, + <a href="#Page_075-V2">75</a>.<br /> +Dauphin's Battery, the, II. <a href="#Page_208-V2">208</a>.<br /> +Davison, a trader, I. <a href="#Page_133-V1">133</a>.<br /> +De Cosne, I. <a href="#Page_184-V1">184</a>.<br /> +Defiance, Mount, II. + <a href="#Page_102-V2">102</a>-<a href="#Page_104-V2">104</a>.<br /> +Déjean, I. <a href="#Page_361-V1">361</a>.<br /> +Delancey, Lieutenant-Governor of New York, I. <a href="#Page_316-V1">316</a>, + <a href="#Page_328-V1">328</a>, <a href="#Page_440-V1">440</a>; + asked to aid in repelling the French on the Ohio, I. + <a href="#Page_141-V1">141</a>; + council of governors held with Braddock, I. + <a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>-<a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>; + questions at issue in New York, I. <a href="#Page_350-V1">350</a>; + the cabal against Shirley, I. <a href="#Page_328-V1">328</a>, + <a href="#Page_383-V1">383</a>; + orders to fire upon deserters, II. <a href="#Page_003-V2">3</a>.<br /> +Delancey, Oliver, soldiers sent to lodge with, I. + <a href="#Page_440-V1">440</a>.<br /> +Delaware, George, Indian chief, I. <a href="#Page_145-V1">145</a>.<br /> +Delaware, colony of, I. <a href="#Page_033-V1">33</a>.<br /> +Delaware River, the, I. <a href="#Page_040-V1">40</a>, + <a href="#Page_045-V1">45</a>.<br /> +Delawares, the, I. <a href="#Page_046-V1">46</a>, <a href="#Page_057-V1">57</a>, + <a href="#Page_060-V1">60</a>, <a href="#Page_130-V1">130</a>; + attitude towards the English, I. <a href="#Page_059-V1">59</a>; + efforts of the English to obtain allies from, I. + <a href="#Page_150-V1">150</a>; + instigated to fight against the English, I. + <a href="#Page_203-V1">203</a>, <a href="#Page_329-V1">329</a>, + <a href="#Page_343-V1">343</a>, <a href="#Page_344-V1">344</a>; + at Fort Duquesne, I. <a href="#Page_154-V1">154</a>; + council held with Johnson, I. <a href="#Page_391-V1">391</a>, + <a href="#Page_392-V1">392</a>; + attack and reduction of Kittanning, I. + <a href="#Page_423-V2">423</a>-<a href="#Page_427-V2">427</a>; + convention of Indians, II. + <a href="#Page_142-V2">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143-V2">143</a>; + wavering allies, II. <a href="#Page_143-V2">143</a>; + declare themselves allies of the English, II. + <a href="#Page_147-V2">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148-V2">148</a>, + <a href="#Page_150-V1">150</a>.<br /> +Delouche commands the fireships, II. + <a href="#Page_210-V2">210</a>, <a href="#Page_211-V1">211</a>.<br /> +De Monts, commission of, I. <a href="#footer_121">123 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Denmark, I. <a href="#Page_010-V1">10</a>.<br /> +Denny, Governor, I. <a href="#footer_447">426 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +De Noyan, commandant at Fort Frontenac, II. + <a href="#Page_128-V2">128</a>.<br /> +Desandrouin, French engineer, II. + <a href="#Page_100-V2">100</a>-<a href="#Page_102-V2">102</a>.<br /> +Desauniers, Demoiselles, I. <a href="#Page_064-V1">64</a>.<br /> +Deschambault, II. + <a href="#Page_008-V2">8</a>, <a href="#Page_263-V1">263</a>, + <a href="#Page_341-V2">341</a>, <a href="#Page_361-V1">361</a>.<br /> +Deschamps, Chief Justice, diary found in his house, II. + <a href="#footer_19Note">82 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Deschenaux, official corruption, II. <a href="#Page_030-V2">30</a>.<br /> +Descombles, French engineer, I. <a href="#Page_408-V1">408</a>; + reconnoitres the fort at Oswego, I. <a href="#Page_409-V1">409</a>; + shot by an Indian, I. <a href="#Page_409-V1">409</a>.<br /> +Desgouttes withdraws the "Aréthuse," II. <a href="#Page_065-V2">65</a>; + considerations in regard to capitulation, II. + <a href="#Page_071-V2">71</a>-<a href="#Page_073-V2">73</a>; + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_464-V2" id="Page_464-V2">464<br />V2</a></span> + + correspondence with Drucour, II. + <a href="#footer_19Note">81 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Des Habitants River, the, I. <a href="#Page_268-V1">268</a>; + reconnoissance of, I. <a href="#Page_272-V1">272</a>.<br /> +Desherbiers, commandant at Louisbourg, I. <a href="#Page_101-V1">101</a>; + instructions in regard to the Acadians, I. + <a href="#Page_101-V1">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102-V1">102</a>; + his treachery, I. + <a href="#Page_102-V1">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103-V1">103</a>; + medals sent to, I. <a href="#Page_102-V1">102</a>.<br /> +Désirade Island, restored by England, II. + <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>.<br /> +Desméloizes, Mademoiselle, wife of M. Péan, II. + <a href="#Page_028-V2">28</a>.<br /> +Des Moines, I. <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>.<br /> +De Soto, I. <a href="#Page_024-V1">24</a>.<br /> +Detroit, I. + <a href="#Page_082-V1">82</a>, <a href="#Page_209-V1">209</a>, + <a href="#Page_219-V1">219</a>, <a href="#Page_485-V1">485</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_122-V2">122</a>, <a href="#Page_142-V2">142</a>, + <a href="#Page_244-V2">244</a>; + importance of the post, I. <a href="#Page_075-V1">75</a>, + <a href="#Page_076-V1">76</a>, <a href="#Page_080-V1">80</a>; + population of, I. <a href="#Page_076-V1">76</a>, + <a href="#footer_046">77 <i>note</i></a>; + Céloron visits, with a royal commission, I. + <a href="#Page_076-V1">76</a>, <a href="#Page_077-V1">77</a>; + plan of, I. <a href="#footer_044">76 <i>note</i></a>; + efforts to build up, by the French, I. <a href="#Page_077-V1">77</a>; + small-pox at, I. <a href="#Page_083-V1">83</a>; + the English to be attacked, I. <a href="#Page_084-V1">84</a>; + danger to Fort Duquesne, II. <a href="#Page_160-V2">160</a>; + the coureurs-de-bois, II. <a href="#Page_178-V2">178</a>; + retreat to, of the French forces, II. <a href="#Page_247-V2">247</a>; + injured by the loss of Niagara, II. <a href="#Page_248-V2">248</a>, + <a href="#Page_249-V2">249</a>.<br /> +Dettingen, I. <a href="#Page_019-V1">19</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_185-V2">185</a>, <a href="#Page_391-V2">391</a>.<br /> +Devonshire, Duke of, II. <a href="#Page_041-V2">41</a>.<br /> +Diamond, Cape, II. + <a href="#Page_208-V2">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209-V2">209</a>, + <a href="#Page_212-V2">212</a>, <a href="#Page_355-V2">355</a>.<br /> +"Diana," the, II. <a href="#Page_356-V2">356</a>.<br /> +Diderot, I. <a href="#Page_016-V1">16</a>, <a href="#Page_288-V1">288</a>, + <a href="#footer_313">309 <i>note</i></a>; + meeting with Dieskau, + <a href="#footer_312">308 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#footer_313">309 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_311-V1">311</a>.<br /> +Dieskau, Baron, I. <a href="#Page_285-V1">285</a>, + <a href="#Page_373-V1">373</a>, <a href="#Page_376-V1">376</a>; + made general in Canada, I. <a href="#Page_182-V1">182</a>; + letter of, quoted, I. + <a href="#Page_182-V1">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183-V1">183</a>; + his forces, I. <a href="#Page_288-V1">288</a>, + <a href="#Page_296-V1">296</a>, <a href="#Page_368-V1">368</a>; + a letter of Braddock found, I. + <a href="#Page_288-V1">288</a>, <a href="#Page_289-V1">289</a>; + plans of, in regard to the French campaign, I. + <a href="#Page_288-V1">288</a>, <a href="#Page_289-V1">289</a>; + prepares an ambush for Johnson, I. + <a href="#Page_296-V1">296</a>, <a href="#Page_300-V1">300</a>, + <a href="#Page_302-V1">302</a>, <a href="#Page_303-V1">303</a>; + advances through the forest, I. + <a href="#Page_297-V1">297</a>-<a href="#Page_299-V1">299</a>; + news of the approach of the English, I. <a href="#Page_300-V1">300</a>; + success of the action against Whiting and Williams, I. + <a href="#Page_303-V1">303</a>; + the battle of Lake George, I. + <a href="#Page_304-V1">304</a>-<a href="#Page_317-V1">317</a>; + badly wounded, I. <a href="#Page_307-V1">307</a>, + <a href="#Page_308-V1">308</a>, <a href="#Page_311-V1">311</a>; + carried to the English camp, and kindly cared for, I. + <a href="#Page_308-V1">308</a>, <a href="#Page_309-V1">309</a>; + his defeat, I. <a href="#Page_308-V1">308</a>, + <a href="#Page_498-V1">498</a>, II. <a href="#Page_088-V2">88</a>; + his remarks concerning his surrender, and Johnson's soldiers, I. + <a href="#Page_308-V1">308</a>, <a href="#footer_312">308 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_310-V1">310</a>, <a href="#Page_311-V1">311</a>; + his interview with Diderot, I. + <a href="#footer_312">308 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#footer_313">309 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_311-V1">311</a>; + his life threatened by the Mohawks, I. <a href="#Page_309-V1">309</a>, + <a href="#Page_310-V1">310</a>; + his life saved by Johnson, I. <a href="#Page_309-V1">309</a>; + carried to Fort Lyman, I. <a href="#Page_310-V1">310</a>; + his service under Saxe, I. <a href="#Page_310-V1">310</a>; + his death, I. <a href="#Page_311-V1">311</a>; + his Indians tomahawk the Englishmen, I. <a href="#Page_312-V1">312</a>; + succeeded by Montcalm, I. <a href="#Page_356-V1">356</a>; + his salary, I. <a href="#Page_361-V1">361</a>.<br /> +Diet at Presburg, I. <a href="#Page_019-V1">19</a>.<br /> +Dinwiddie, Robert, Lieutenant-Governor of Virginia, I. + <a href="#Page_042-V1">42</a>, <a href="#Page_136-V1">136</a>, + <a href="#Page_137-V1">137</a>; + letter to Hamilton quoted, I. <a href="#footer_005">42 <i>note</i></a>; + desirability of an Indian alliance, I. <a href="#Page_059-V1">59</a>; + difficulties of boundary, I. <a href="#Page_061-V1">61</a>; + letter from, to Saint-Pierre, introducing George Washington, I. + <a href="#Page_132-V1">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134-V1">134</a>, + <a href="#Page_135-V1">135</a>; + tries to repel the French aggression in the West, I. + <a href="#Page_132-V1">132</a>, <a href="#Page_137-V1">137</a>, + <a href="#Page_139-V1">139</a>, <a href="#Page_142-V1">142</a>, + <a href="#Page_176-V1">176</a>, <a href="#Page_193-V1">193</a>; + answer sent to, from Saint-Pierre, I. <a href="#Page_135-V1">135</a>; + report of Washington made to, I. <a href="#Page_136-V1">136</a>; + orders received from the King, I. + <a href="#Page_137-V1">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138-V1">138</a>; + his dependence on the Assembly of Virginia, I. + <a href="#Page_137-V1">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138-V1">138</a>, + <a href="#Page_163-V1">163</a>; + Virginia refuses to pay certain fees, I. <a href="#Page_138-V1">138</a>; + sends Washington with a party to resist the French at Fort Duquesne, I. + <a href="#Page_138-V1">138</a>-<a href="#Page_161-V1">161</a>; + orders sent to Indian tribes on the Ohio, I. <a href="#Page_139-V1">139</a>; + seeks aid from other colonies, I. <a href="#Page_139-V1">139</a>; + letter to Lord Fairfax, I. <a href="#Page_139-V1">139</a>; + a fort to be built on the Ohio, I. <a href="#Page_139-V1">139</a>; + letters to Hanbury quoted, I. + <a href="#Page_140-V1">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141-V1">141</a>, + <a href="#Page_144-V1">144</a>, <a href="#footer_146">144 <i>note</i></a>; + invites the Indians to meet him at Winchester, I. + <a href="#Page_141-V1">141</a>; + the governor's palace, I. + <a href="#Page_142-V1">142</a>, <a href="#Page_163-V1">163</a>; + seeks to raise regiments, I. + <a href="#Page_142-V1">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143-V1">143</a>; + plans of the English blighted, I. + <a href="#Page_143-V1">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144-V1">144</a>; + good news from Washington, I. <a href="#Page_145-V1">145</a>; + letters from Druillon, I. <a href="#Page_149-V1">149</a>; + the defeat of Washington, I. <a href="#Page_162-V1">162</a>; + letter to a London correspondent quoted, I. <a href="#Page_163-V1">163</a>; + speech to the Assembly of Virginia, + <a href="#Page_164-V1">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165-V1">165</a>; + exasperated at the French, I. + <a href="#Page_170-V1">170</a>, <a href="#Page_171-V1">171</a>; + letter to Lord Granville quoted, I. <a href="#Page_176-V1">176</a>; + correspondence with Glen, I. + <a href="#Page_176-V1">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177-V1">177</a>; + desired aid from the home government, I. <a href="#Page_177-V1">177</a>; + taxes recommended, I. <a href="#Page_177-V1">177</a>; + his opinion of Braddock, I. + <a href="#Page_187-V1">187</a>, <a href="#Page_188-V1">188</a>; + accompanies Braddock to Alexandria, I. <a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>; + council of governors held with Braddock, I. + <a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>-<a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>; + defends taxation by Parliament, I. <a href="#Page_193-V1">193</a>; + praises of the New England colonies, I. <a href="#Page_197-V1">197</a>; + supplies for the army scarce, I. + <a href="#Page_197-V1">197</a>, <a href="#Page_198-V1">198</a>; + greatly disturbed at the losses of the English, I. + <a href="#Page_228-V1">228</a>-<a href="#Page_235-V1">235</a>; + correspondence with Orme quoted, I. + <a href="#Page_229-V1">229</a>-<a href="#Page_233-V1">233</a>; + correspondence with Washington, I. + <a href="#Page_229-V1">229</a>, <a href="#Page_231-V1">231</a>; + letter to Lord Halifax, I. <a href="#Page_229-V1">229</a>; + sends Major Colin Campbell for news, I. + <a href="#Page_229-V1">229</a>, <a href="#Page_231-V1">231</a>; + letter to Dunbar quoted, I. + <a href="#Page_231-V1">231</a>, <a href="#Page_232-V1">232</a>; + desires to renew offensive operations, I. + <a href="#Page_232-V1">232</a>, <a href="#Page_233-V1">233</a>; + his fears realized, I. <a href="#Page_233-V1">233</a>; + his view of Dunbar's conduct justified, I. + <a href="#footer_238">233 <i>note</i></a>; + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_465-V2" id="Page_465-V2">465<br />V2</a></span> + + his plans of war, I. <a href="#Page_332-V1">332</a>; + relations with Washington, II. + <a href="#Page_131-V2">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132-V2">132</a>; + removed from office, II. <a href="#Page_132-V2">132</a>; + matters pertaining to the "assassination" of Jumonville, II. + <a href="#Page_421-V2">421</a>-<a href="#Page_423-V2">423</a>.<br /> +Dobbs, Governor of North Carolina, I. <a href="#Page_187-V1">187</a>; + council of governors held with Braddock, I. + <a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>-<a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>.<br /> +Dobson, Captain, I. <a href="#Page_229-V1">229</a>.<br /> +Dog tribe, the, I. <a href="#Page_068-V1">68</a>.<br /> +Dominica taken by England, II. <a href="#Page_400-V2">400</a>; + to belong to England, II. <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>.<br /> +Doreil, commissary of war, embarks with Dieskau, I. + <a href="#Page_182-V1">182</a>; + letter from Montcalm to, II. + <a href="#Page_111-V2">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112-V2">112</a>; + letter to the minister of war, II. + <a href="#Page_162-V2">162</a>, <a href="#Page_163-V2">163</a>; + letter concerning the state of Canada, II. + <a href="#Page_171-V2">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172-V2">172</a>; + double-dealing of Vaudreuil, II. <a href="#Page_173-V2">173</a>; + appeal made to France, II. + <a href="#Page_173-V2">173</a>-<a href="#Page_175-V2">175</a>; + matters pertaining to Ticonderoga, II. + <a href="#Page_431-V2">431</a>-<a href="#Page_436-V2">436</a>.<br /> +Douville, orders concerning prisoners, I. + <a href="#footer_333">330 <i>note</i></a>; + killed, I. <a href="#Page_423-V1">423</a>.<br /> +Dover, II. <a href="#Page_403-V2">403</a>.<br /> +Dresden taken from Frederic, II. <a href="#Page_388-V2">388</a>.<br /> +Drowned Lands, the, I. + <a href="#Page_298-V1">298</a>, <a href="#Page_302-V1">302</a>.<br /> +Drucour, Governor at Louisbourg, II. <a href="#Page_056-V2">56</a>; + the siege and reduction of Louisbourg, II. + <a href="#Page_056-V2">56</a>-<a href="#Page_081-V2">81</a>, + <a href="#footer_19Note">81 <i>note</i></a>; + statistics of troops, II. <a href="#footer_584">59 <i>note</i></a>; + his effort to protect the harbor of Louisbourg, II. + <a href="#Page_064-V2">64</a>; + courtesies between the commanders, II. + <a href="#Page_064-V2">64</a>, <a href="#Page_065-V2">65</a>; + his lodgings in flames, II. <a href="#Page_067-V2">67</a>; + Amherst promises to spare the sick, II. + <a href="#footer_587">70 <i>note</i></a>; + terms of capitulation extended to, II. + <a href="#Page_071-V2">71</a>-<a href="#Page_074-V2">74</a>; + signs the capitulation, II. <a href="#Page_075-V2">75</a>.<br /> +Drucour, Madame, her heroism, II. <a href="#Page_065-V2">65</a>.<br /> +Druillon, letters sent to Dinwiddie, I. <a href="#Page_149-V1">149</a>.<br /> +"Dublin," the ship, Amherst embarks in her, II. <a href="#Page_051-V2">51</a>.<br /> +Dublin, I. <a href="#footer_435">419 <i>note</i></a>, II. + <a href="#Page_190-V2">190</a>.<br /> +Dubrowski, II. <a href="#footer_17Note">37 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Du Cayla, II. <a href="#Page_427-V2">427</a>.<br /> +Duchat, Captain, his description of Canadian life, I. + <a href="#Page_379-V1">379</a>, <a href="#Page_380-V1">380</a>.<br /> +Duchesnaye, II. <a href="#Page_020-V2">20</a>.<br /> +Dufferin, Lord, II. <a href="#footer_17Note">37 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Dumas has charge of the youth of Montcalm, I. <a href="#Page_356-V1">356</a>; + letter of, concerning Montcalm's education, I. + <a href="#Page_357-V1">357</a>, <a href="#Page_358-V1">358</a>.<br /> +Dumas, Captain, I. <a href="#Page_208-V1">208</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_361-V2">361</a>; + at Fort Duquesne, I. <a href="#Page_208-V1">208</a>; + encounter with Braddock, I. + <a href="#Page_215-V1">215</a>-<a href="#Page_227-V1">227</a>; + returns to Fort Duquesne, I. <a href="#Page_220-V1">220</a>, + <a href="#Page_221-V1">221</a>; + the border warfare encouraged by, I. <a href="#Page_329-V1">329</a>, + <a href="#Page_330-V1">330</a>; + quoted concerning his influence over the Indians, I. + <a href="#Page_329-V1">329</a>, <a href="#Page_330-V1">330</a>; + succeeds Contrcœur at Fort Duquesne, I. + <a href="#Page_329-V1">329</a>, <a href="#Page_426-V1">426</a>; + efforts of the French to prevent the torture of prisoners, I. + <a href="#Page_330-V1">330</a>; + commands the party to attack the English at Point Levi, II. + <a href="#Page_215-V2">215</a>; + his failure to dislodge the English, II. <a href="#Page_219-V2">219</a>; + holds Cap-Rouge, II. <a href="#Page_228-V2">228</a>; + to prevent Murray moving up the St. Lawrence, II. + <a href="#Page_361-V2">361</a>; + advances upon Montreal, II. <a href="#Page_364-V2">364</a>, + <a href="#Page_365-V2">365</a>; + matters relating to a pension for, II. + <a href="#Page_423-V2">423</a>, <a href="#Page_424-V2">424</a>; + receives the cross of the Order of St. Louis, II. + <a href="#Page_426-V2">426</a>.<br /> +Dumont, II. <a href="#Page_347-V2">347</a>, + <a href="#Page_348-V2">348</a>.<br /> +Dunbar, Colonel Thomas, his troops, I. <a href="#Page_200-V1">200</a>, + <a href="#footer_227">220 <i>note</i></a>, II. + <a href="#Page_256-V1">256</a>; + to take command of the rear division of Braddock's expedition, I. + <a href="#Page_206-V1">206</a>; + reinforcements for Braddock, I. <a href="#Page_223-V1">223</a>, + <a href="#Page_224-V1">224</a>; + arrival at his camp, of a portion of Braddock's army, I. + <a href="#Page_224-V1">224</a>, <a href="#Page_225-V1">225</a>; + his course of action blamed by the colonies, I. + <a href="#Page_225-V1">225</a>; + encamped at Great Meadows, I. <a href="#Page_226-V1">226</a>; + retreat of, I. <a href="#Page_226-V1">226</a>, + <a href="#Page_329-V1">329</a>; + arrival of his train at Fort Cumberland, I. <a href="#Page_227-V1">227</a>; + letter to, from Dinwiddie, quoted, I. + <a href="#Page_231-V1">231</a>, <a href="#Page_232-V1">232</a>; + exhorted to retrieve the English losses, I. + <a href="#Page_231-V1">231</a>, <a href="#Page_232-V1">232</a>; + his conduct wanting in courage, and condemned by Dinwiddie, I. + <a href="#Page_231-V1">231</a>-<a href="#Page_233-V1">233</a>, + <a href="#footer_238">233 <i>note</i></a>; + instructions from his superior officers neglected, I. + <a href="#Page_233-V1">233</a>.<br /> +"Dunkirk," the, chases the French vessels, I. <a href="#Page_185-V1">185</a>, + <a href="#Page_186-V1">186</a>.<br /> +Dunkirk, II. <a href="#Page_395-V2">395</a>; + fortress of, II. <a href="#Page_395-V2">395</a>; + the fortress to be destroyed, II. <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>, + <a href="#Page_406-V2">406</a>.<br /> +"Dunkirk of America," the, II. <a href="#Page_052-V2">52</a>.<br /> +Duquesne, Marquis, Governor of Canada, I. + <a href="#footer_003">41 <i>note</i></a>, <a href="#Page_239-V1">239</a>; + his opinion of Piquet, I. <a href="#footer_033">67 <i>note</i></a>; + his character and personal appearance, I. <a href="#Page_085-V1">85</a>, + <a href="#Page_086-V1">86</a>; + prepares to secure the upper part of the Ohio Valley, I. + <a href="#Page_086-V1">86</a>, <a href="#Page_087-V1">87</a>; + influenced by unworthy motives, I. <a href="#Page_088-V1">88</a>; + landing of his force at Presquisle, I. <a href="#Page_128-V1">128</a>; + instructions to Marin, I. <a href="#Page_129-V1">129</a>; + a fort to be built on French Creek, I. <a href="#Page_130-V1">130</a>; + plans of the expedition thwarted, I. + <a href="#Page_130-V1">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131-V1">131</a>; + return of a part of the expedition to Montreal, I. + <a href="#Page_131-V1">131</a>; + letters of, compared with other writings, I. + <a href="#footer_131">131 <i>note</i></a>; + Contrecœur succeeds Saint-Pierre, I. + <a href="#Page_143-V1">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144-V1">144</a>; + succeeded by De Vaudreuil, I. + <a href="#Page_182-V1">182</a>, <a href="#Page_288-V1">288</a>; + orders sent to, from France, I. + <a href="#Page_183-V1">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184-V1">184</a>; + letter to Le Loutre concerning Acadia, I. <a href="#Page_239-V1">239</a>; + relations with Le Loutre, I. + <a href="#Page_239-V1">239</a>, <a href="#Page_242-V1">242</a>; + his harsh treatment of the Acadians, I. + <a href="#Page_244-V1">244</a>, <a href="#Page_245-V1">245</a>; + resigns his government, I. <a href="#Page_288-V1">288</a>; + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_466-V2" id="Page_466-V2">466<br />V2</a></span> + + his discipline over troops, I. <a href="#Page_369-V1">369</a>.<br /> +Duquesne, Fort, I. + <a href="#Page_147-V1">147</a>, <a href="#Page_325-V1">325</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_131-V2">131</a>; + built by the French, I. + <a href="#Page_143-V1">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144-V1">144</a>, + <a href="#footer_340">337 <i>note</i></a>; + expedition of Jumonville, I. <a href="#Page_148-V1">148</a>; + reinforcements sent to, I. + <a href="#Page_152-V1">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153-V1">153</a>; + French force at, I. + <a href="#Page_159-V1">159</a>, <a href="#Page_206-V1">206</a>; + exultant return of Villiers to, I. <a href="#Page_161-V1">161</a>; + Braddock to lead the expedition against, I. + <a href="#Page_194-V1">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196-V1">196</a>; + parties sent out to interrupt General Braddock's march, I. + <a href="#Page_205-V1">205</a>, <a href="#Page_206-V1">206</a>; + Braddock's expedition against, I. + <a href="#Page_206-V1">206</a>-<a href="#Page_209-V1">209</a>, + <a href="#Page_214-V1">214</a>-<a href="#Page_233-V1">233</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_423-V2">423</a>-<a href="#Page_426-V2">426</a>; + situation and appearance of, I. + <a href="#Page_207-V1">207</a>, <a href="#Page_208-V1">208</a>; + command held by Contrecœur, I. <a href="#Page_208-V1">208</a>; + number of Indians and Canadians at, I. + <a href="#Page_208-V1">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209-V1">209</a>; + Indians and French depart from, to fight with Braddock's expedition, I. + <a href="#Page_210-V1">210</a>-<a href="#Page_213-V1">213</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_423-V2">423</a>-<a href="#Page_426-V2">426</a>; + return of the French troops, I. <a href="#Page_221-V1">221</a>; + desire to attack a second time, I. <a href="#Page_233-V1">233</a>; + Dumas succeeds Contrecœur in command, I. + <a href="#Page_329-V1">329</a>; + plan of capture, I. <a href="#Page_381-V1">381</a>; + the attack abandoned, I. <a href="#Page_382-V1">382</a>; + report of the affair of Kittanning, I. + <a href="#Page_426-V1">426</a>, <a href="#Page_427-V1">427</a>; + the war-policy of Pitt, II. <a href="#Page_048-V2">48</a>, + <a href="#Page_131-V2">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132-V2">132</a>; + importance of position, II. <a href="#Page_048-V2">48</a>; + expedition against, fitted out by the English, II. + <a href="#Page_049-V2">49</a>, <a href="#Page_129-V2">129</a>; + approached by General Forbes's army, II. + <a href="#Page_130-V2">130</a>-<a href="#Page_134-V2">134</a>, + <a href="#Page_138-V2">138</a>, <a href="#Page_140-V2">140</a>, + <a href="#Page_141-V2">141</a>; + M. de Ligneris, commandant of, II. <a href="#Page_141-V2">141</a>; + French reinforcements sent to, II. + <a href="#Page_141-V2">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142-V2">142</a>; + Indians near, sought as allies by English and French, II. + <a href="#Page_142-V2">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143-V2">143</a>; + the missions of Frederic Post, II. + <a href="#Page_144-V2">144</a>-<a href="#Page_151-V2">151</a>; + Post invited to go thither, II. <a href="#Page_145-V2">145</a>; + Grant's expedition, II. + <a href="#Page_151-V2">151</a>-<a href="#Page_155-V2">155</a>; + statistics concerning the daily rations, II. + <a href="#footer_660">152 <i>note</i></a>; + desperate condition of the French, II. + <a href="#Page_155-V2">155</a>, <a href="#Page_156-V2">156</a>; + evacuated by the French, II. + <a href="#Page_158-V2">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159-V2">159</a>; + garrison left by the English under Lieutenant-Colonel Mercer, II. + <a href="#Page_160-V2">160</a>; + effect of the English victory, II. + <a href="#Page_162-V2">162</a>, <a href="#Page_235-V2">235</a>; + letter from Montcalm referring to matters there, II. + <a href="#Page_168-V2">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169-V2">169</a>.<br /> +Durell, Admiral, II. + <a href="#Page_192-V2">192</a>, <a href="#Page_198-V2">198</a>; + at Isle-aux-Coudres, II. <a href="#Page_203-V2">203</a>; + arrival of his fleet in the St. Lawrence, II. + <a href="#Page_203-V2">203</a>-<a href="#Page_206-V2">206</a>; + ruse to obtain a pilot, II. <a href="#Page_204-V2">204</a>.<br /> +Dürer, I. <a href="#Page_433-V2">433</a>.<br /> +Durham Terrace, II. <a href="#Page_355-V2">355</a>.<br /> +Dury, interview with Braddock, I. <a href="#Page_190-V1">190</a>.<br /> +Dussieux, I. <a href="#footer_526">514 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Dutch, the, I. <a href="#Page_287-V1">287</a>; + in Pennsylvania, I. <a href="#Page_031-V1">31</a>; + trading interests at Albany, I. + <a href="#Page_032-V1">32</a>, <a href="#Page_033-V1">33</a>, + <a href="#Page_065-V1">65</a>, <a href="#Page_193-V1">193</a>, + <a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>, <a href="#Page_319-V1">319</a>, + <a href="#Page_320-V1">320</a>, <a href="#Page_327-V1">327</a>; + alienate the Mohawks, I. <a href="#Page_171-V1">171</a>; + their language, I. <a href="#Page_221-V1">221</a>; + at Schenectady, I. <a href="#Page_321-V1">321</a>; + hostile to Johnson, I. <a href="#Page_328-V1">328</a>.<br /> +Dutch Reformed Church, the, I. <a href="#Page_032-V1">32</a>.<br /> +Duvivier to accept the terms of capitulation for Louisbourg, II. + <a href="#Page_073-V2">73</a>, <a href="#Page_074-V2">74</a>.<br /> +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h3>E.</h3> +<p> +Easton, Indian convention at, II. <a href="#Page_143-V2">143</a>, + <a href="#Page_147-V2">147</a>-<a href="#Page_150-V2">150</a>, + <a href="#Page_161-V2">161</a>.<br /> +"Écho," the, number of her guns, II. + <a href="#footer_579">54 <i>note</i></a>; + captured by the English, II. <a href="#Page_063-V2">63</a>.<br /> +Edinburgh, the University of, II. <a href="#Page_285-V2">285</a>.<br /> +Edward, grandson of George II., name given to Fort Edward, I. + <a href="#Page_315-V1">315</a>.<br /> +Edward, Fort, in Nova Scotia, I. <a href="#Page_268-V1">268</a>, + <a href="#Page_270-V1">270</a>, <a href="#Page_272-V1">272</a>, + <a href="#Page_275-V1">275</a>, <a href="#Page_280-V1">280</a>.<br /> +Edward, Fort, in New York, I. + <a href="#Page_388-V1">388</a>, <a href="#Page_406-V1">406</a>, + <a href="#Page_441-V1">441</a>, <a href="#Page_452-V1">452</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_121-V2">121</a>, <a href="#Page_432-V2">432</a>, + <a href="#Page_435-V2">435</a>; + name given to Fort Lyman, I. <a href="#Page_294-V1">294</a>, + <a href="#Page_315-V1">315</a>; + winter life of the garrison, I. <a href="#Page_350-V1">350</a>; + difficulties of carrying stores to, I. <a href="#Page_388-V1">388</a>; + forces stationed here, I. <a href="#Page_401-V1">401</a>; + its condition, I. <a href="#Page_401-V1">401</a>, + <a href="#Page_402-V1">402</a>, <a href="#Page_403-V1">403</a>; + Earl Loudon stationed at, I. <a href="#Page_421-V1">421</a>; + exposed condition of, I. <a href="#Page_474-V1">474</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_003-V2">3</a>; + attacked by a party under Marin, I. <a href="#Page_485-V1">485</a>; + position of General Webb, I. + <a href="#Page_496-V1">496</a>, <a href="#Page_497-V1">497</a>, + <a href="#Page_501-V1">501</a>, II. <a href="#Page_002-V2">2</a>; + arrival of soldiers escaping from Fort William Henry, I. + <a href="#Page_511-V1">511</a>-<a href="#Page_513-V1">513</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_428-V2">428</a>, <a href="#Page_431-V2">431</a>; + mutiny among the troops, II. + <a href="#Page_002-V2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_003-V2">3</a>; + arrival of troops to aid Monro, II. + <a href="#Page_002-V2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_003-V2">3</a>; + omission of Montcalm to attack, after his success at Fort William Henry, II. + <a href="#Page_004-V2">4</a>, <a href="#Page_167-V2">167</a>, + <a href="#Page_168-V2">168</a>; + commanded by Captain Haviland, II. <a href="#Page_011-V2">11</a>; + expedition of Rogers' rangers, II. + <a href="#Page_011-V2">11</a>-<a href="#Page_016-V2">16</a>, + <a href="#Page_124-V2">124</a>; + fortified by the English, II. <a href="#Page_237-V2">237</a>.<br /> +Edwards, Jonathan, I. <a href="#Page_027-V1">27</a>.<br /> +Egmont, Cape, II. <a href="#Page_194-V2">194</a>.<br /> +Elder, John, letter from, quoted, I. <a href="#Page_344-V1">344</a>.<br /> +Elizabeth of Russia, I. <a href="#Page_018-V1">18</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_389-V2">389</a>, + <a href="#Page_393-V2">393</a>, <a href="#Page_409-V2">409</a>; + her hatred of Frederic the Great, I. <a href="#Page_353-V1">353</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_389-V2">389</a>, <a href="#Page_399-V2">399</a>; + her death, II. <a href="#Page_399-V2">399</a>.<br /> +Elizabeth Castle, I. <a href="#Page_252-V1">252</a>.<br /> +Emerson, Rev. Mr., II. <a href="#Page_120-V2">120</a>.<br /> +England, I. <a href="#Page_067-V1">67</a>, <a href="#Page_310-V1">310</a>; + her possessions in America, and questions of boundary, I. + <a href="#Page_001-V1">1</a>-<a href="#Page_003-V1">3</a>, + <a href="#Page_020-V1">20</a>-<a href="#Page_037-V1">37</a>, + <a href="#Page_056-V1">56</a>, <a href="#Page_079-V1">79</a>, + <a href="#Page_090-V1">90</a>-<a href="#Page_092-V1">92</a>, + <a href="#Page_122-V1">122</a>-<a href="#Page_128-V1">128</a>, + <a href="#Page_132-V1">132</a>, <a href="#Page_161-V1">161</a>, + <a href="#Page_168-V1">168</a>, <a href="#Page_184-V1">184</a>, + <a href="#Page_236-V1">236</a>-<a href="#Page_238-V1">238</a>, + <a href="#Page_243-V1">243</a>; + restoration of Cape Breton, by, I. <a href="#Page_002-V1">2</a>, + <a href="#Page_003-V1">3</a>; + result of the subjection of Canada, I. <a href="#Page_003-V1">3</a>; + her commerce, I. <a href="#Page_003-V1">3</a>, <a href="#Page_004-V1">4</a>; + influence of the Seven Years War, I. <a href="#Page_003-V1">3</a>, + <a href="#Page_004-V1">4</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_038-V2">38</a>-<a href="#Page_040-V2">40</a>, + <a href="#Page_386-V2">386</a>, + <a href="#Page_408-V2">408</a>-<a href="#Page_414-V2">414</a>; + religion, morals, and society under George II., I. + <a href="#Page_005-V1">5</a>-<a href="#Page_011-V1">11</a>; + decline of the Tory power, I. <a href="#Page_006-V1">6</a>; + fall of the Stuarts, I. <a href="#Page_006-V1">6</a>; + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_467-V2" id="Page_467-V2">467<br />V2</a></span> + + service rendered by Pitt, I. <a href="#Page_009-V1">9</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_040-V2">40</a>-<a href="#Page_047-V2">47</a>, + <a href="#Page_395-V2">395</a>-<a href="#Page_398-V2">398</a>, + <a href="#Page_400-V2">400</a>, <a href="#Page_401-V2">401</a>; + the army and navy, I. <a href="#Page_009-V1">9</a>, + <a href="#Page_180-V1">180</a>, <a href="#Page_181-V1">181</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_380-V2">380</a>, <a href="#Page_381-V2">381</a>, + <a href="#Page_400-V2">400</a>, <a href="#Page_411-V2">411</a>; + conditions of, after the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, I. + <a href="#Page_009-V1">9</a>; + question of the mastery of India, I. <a href="#Page_010-V1">10</a>; + action taken by, at the time of the succession of Maria Theresa, I. + <a href="#Page_019-V1">19</a> + French and English population in America in 1754, compared, I. + <a href="#Page_020-V1">20</a>; + success of, in establishing her colonies, and their condition, I. + <a href="#Page_022-V1">22</a>, <a href="#Page_025-V1">25</a>, + <a href="#Page_029-V1">29</a>, <a href="#Page_030-V1">30</a>, + <a href="#Page_033-V1">33</a>, <a href="#Page_056-V1">56</a>, + <a href="#Page_126-V1">126</a>, <a href="#Page_127-V1">127</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_175-V2">175</a>-<a href="#Page_177-V2">177</a>, + <a href="#Page_401-V2">401</a>, <a href="#Page_403-V2">403</a>, + <a href="#Page_411-V2">411</a>; + importance of Pique Town and of Oswego, I. + <a href="#Page_052-V1">52</a>, <a href="#Page_068-V1">68</a>, + <a href="#Page_070-V1">70</a>, <a href="#Page_072-V1">72</a>, + <a href="#Page_325-V1">325</a>, <a href="#Page_398-V1">398</a>, + <a href="#Page_399-V1">399</a>, <a href="#Page_415-V1">415</a>; + seeks to repel the French aggressions in the West, I. + <a href="#Page_053-V1">53</a>, + <a href="#Page_132-V1">132</a>-<a href="#Page_142-V1">142</a>; + importance of securing the Iroquois Indians as allies, I. + <a href="#Page_063-V1">63</a>-<a href="#Page_065-V1">65</a>, + <a href="#Page_125-V1">125</a>, <a href="#Page_372-V1">372</a>, + <a href="#Page_374-V1">374</a>; + neglect of the British Assemblies, of their interests, I. + <a href="#Page_086-V1">86</a>, + the possession of Acadia, I. + <a href="#Page_090-V1">90</a>, <a href="#Page_093-V1">93</a>, + <a href="#Page_094-V1">94</a>, <a href="#Page_123-V1">123</a>, + <a href="#Page_236-V1">236</a>, <a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>; + conditions imposed on French inhabitants of Acadia, I. + <a href="#Page_090-V1">90</a>, <a href="#Page_091-V1">91</a>; + hostility of the Acadians and Indians encouraged by the French, I. + <a href="#Page_091-V1">91</a>, <a href="#Page_094-V1">94</a>, + <a href="#Page_098-V1">98</a>-<a href="#Page_108-V1">108</a>, + <a href="#Page_235-V1">235</a>-<a href="#Page_240-V1">240</a>, + <a href="#Page_242-V1">242</a>-<a href="#Page_245-V1">245</a>, + <a href="#Page_264-V1">264</a>; + the oath of allegiance to be taken by the Acadians, I. + <a href="#Page_091-V1">91</a>, <a href="#Page_092-V1">92</a>, + <a href="#Page_097-V1">97</a>, <a href="#Page_098-V1">98</a>, + <a href="#Page_106-V1">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107-V1">107</a>, + <a href="#Page_235-V1">235</a>, <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>, + <a href="#Page_265-V1">265</a>; + bound by treaty to allow the Acadians freedom in religion, I. + <a href="#Page_095-V1">95</a>, <a href="#Page_107-V1">107</a>; + mildness of her rule over the Acadians, I. + <a href="#Page_095-V1">95</a>, <a href="#Page_096-V1">96</a>, + <a href="#Page_121-V1">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122-V1">122</a>, + <a href="#Page_261-V1">261</a>, <a href="#Page_262-V1">262</a>; + pretended peace made by the Indians, I. + <a href="#Page_104-V1">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105-V1">105</a>; + relations of Cornwallis with the Acadians, I. + <a href="#Page_107-V1">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108-V1">108</a>; + commissioners appointed to decide upon the boundaries + of possessions in America, I. + <a href="#Page_123-V1">123</a>-<a href="#Page_127-V1">127</a>; + the question of the pistole fee, I. + <a href="#Page_138-V1">138</a>, <a href="#Page_140-V1">140</a>; + attitude and policy of the home government, I. + <a href="#Page_171-V1">171</a>, + <a href="#Page_177-V1">177</a>-<a href="#Page_181-V1">181</a>; + the southern department held by Sir Thomas Robinson, I. + <a href="#Page_179-V1">179</a>; + regiments ordered to America, I. + <a href="#Page_181-V1">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182-V1">182</a>; + diplomatic correspondence of, I. <a href="#Page_183-V1">183</a>; + warlike intentions concealed from France, I. <a href="#Page_183-V1">183</a>, + <a href="#Page_184-V1">184</a>; + the plans of France known to, I. + <a href="#Page_184-V1">184</a>-<a href="#Page_186-V1">186</a>; + Braddock despatched to America to take military command, I. + <a href="#Page_189-V1">189</a>-<a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>; + plans of Shirley laid before the government, I. + <a href="#Page_192-V1">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193-V1">193</a>; + supplies for Braddock's campaign scarce, I. + <a href="#Page_197-V1">197</a>, <a href="#Page_198-V1">198</a>; + questions of policy for the French and English in Acadia, I. + <a href="#Page_236-V1">236</a>-<a href="#Page_241-V1">241</a>; + desire of the Acadians to return to their allegiance, I. + <a href="#Page_238-V1">238</a>, <a href="#Page_244-V1">244</a>, + <a href="#Page_245-V1">245</a>; + conditions leading to the removal of the Acadians from their home, I. + <a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>-<a href="#Page_266-V1">266</a>, + <a href="#Page_284-V1">284</a> (see <a href="#acadians">Acadians</a>); + results of the campaign of 1755, I. + <a href="#Page_328-V1">328</a>, <a href="#Page_329-V1">329</a>; + attitude of the population + of Pennsylvania towards, I. <a href="#Page_339-V1">339</a>; + preys on French commerce, I. <a href="#Page_352-V1">352</a>; + declares war, I. <a href="#Page_352-V1">352</a>; + political outlook, I. + <a href="#Page_353-V1">353</a>, <a href="#Page_354-V1">354</a>; + Protestant country, I. <a href="#Page_355-V1">355</a>; + money granted by Parliament to the colonies, I. + <a href="#Page_382-V1">382</a>, <a href="#footer_388">382 <i>note</i></a>; + an armament fitted out for the reduction of Louisbourg, I. + <a href="#Page_469-V1">469</a>, <a href="#Page_470-V1">470</a>, + <a href="#Page_472-V1">472</a>; + the fleet of Holbourne wrecked, I. <a href="#Page_472-V1">472</a>; + disasters and victories in Europe, II. + <a href="#Page_045-V2">45</a>-<a href="#Page_047-V2">47</a>; + preparations to attack Louisbourg, II. <a href="#Page_049-V2">49</a>; + prisoners of war sent to, II. <a href="#Page_076-V2">76</a>; + rejoicing at the fall of Louisbourg, II. + <a href="#Page_076-V2">76</a>, <a href="#Page_077-V2">77</a>; + preparations made to attack Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_176-V2">176</a>, <a href="#Page_178-V2">178</a>, + <a href="#Page_193-V2">193</a>, <a href="#Page_194-V2">194</a>; + siege of Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_195-V2">195</a>-<a href="#Page_233-V2">233</a>, + <a href="#Page_259-V2">259</a>-<a href="#Page_325-V2">325</a>, + <a href="#footer_28Note">325 <i>note</i>, 326 <i>note</i></a>; + news of Wolfe's death and his heroism, II. + <a href="#Page_323-V2">323</a>, <a href="#Page_324-V2">324</a>; + the fall of Canada, II. + <a href="#Page_360-V2">360</a>-<a href="#Page_382-V2">382</a>; + end of the war in America, II. + <a href="#Page_379-V2">379</a>-<a href="#Page_382-V2">382</a>; + death of George II., II. + <a href="#Page_390-V2">390</a>, <a href="#Page_391-V2">391</a>; + succession of George III., II. <a href="#Page_391-V2">391</a>; + growth of a peace party, II. + <a href="#Page_391-V2">391</a>, <a href="#Page_392-V2">392</a>; + changes among the officials, II. + <a href="#Page_392-V2">392</a>, <a href="#Page_393-V2">393</a>; + the policy of George III., II. + <a href="#Page_393-V2">393</a>-<a href="#Page_395-V2">395</a>, + <a href="#Page_400-V2">400</a>; + terms of peace offered to, II. <a href="#Page_395-V2">395</a>; + the negotiations of Choiseul with Pitt, II. + <a href="#Page_395-V2">395</a>, <a href="#Page_396-V2">396</a>; + need of a peace with France, II. <a href="#Page_396-V2">396</a>; + the Family Compact, II. <a href="#Page_396-V2">396</a>; + the secret treaty made by Choiseul, II. + <a href="#Page_396-V2">396</a>, <a href="#Page_397-V2">397</a>; + the policy of Bute, II. <a href="#Page_400-V2">400</a>; + victories gained through the influence of Pitt, II. + <a href="#Page_400-V2">400</a>-<a href="#Page_402-V2">402</a>; + the conflict for colonial ascendancy, II. + <a href="#Page_401-V2">401</a>, <a href="#Page_403-V2">403</a>; + expedition against Havana, II. + <a href="#Page_401-V2">401</a>, <a href="#Page_402-V2">402</a>; + negotiations with France for peace, II. + <a href="#Page_403-V2">403</a>-<a href="#Page_407-V2">407</a>; + cessions made by France, II. <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>; + restores Belleisle II. <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>; + the treaty of peace signed at Paris, II. + <a href="#Page_407-V2">407</a>, <a href="#Page_408-V2">408</a>; + results of the war, II. + <a href="#Page_408-V2">408</a>-<a href="#Page_414-V2">414</a>; + the growth of the United States, II. + <a href="#Page_411-V2">411</a>-<a href="#Page_413-V2">413</a>.<br /> +<a name="english" id="english"></a> +English, the, I. <a href="#Page_052-V1">52</a>, <a href="#Page_054-V1">54</a>; + driven from the West by the French, I. + <a href="#Page_044-V1">44</a>-<a href="#Page_047-V1">47</a>, + <a href="#Page_059-V1">59</a>, + <a href="#Page_063-V1">63</a>-<a href="#Page_089-V1">89</a>; + the French combine with the Indians to injure, I. <a href="#Page_047-V1">47</a>, + <a href="#Page_064-V1">64</a>, <a href="#Page_067-V1">67</a>, + <a href="#Page_068-V1">68</a>, <a href="#Page_070-V1">70</a>, + <a href="#Page_072-V1">72</a>, <a href="#Page_082-V1">82</a>, + <a href="#Page_083-V1">83</a>, <a href="#Page_099-V1">99</a>, + <a href="#Page_100-V1">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101-V1">101</a>, + <a href="#Page_104-V1">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105-V1">105</a>, + <a href="#Page_113-V1">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114-V1">114</a>, + <a href="#Page_130-V1">130</a>, <a href="#Page_161-V1">161</a>, + <a href="#Page_171-V1">171</a>, <a href="#Page_184-V1">184</a>, + <a href="#Page_203-V1">203</a>, <a href="#Page_235-V1">235</a>, + <a href="#Page_236-V1">236</a>-<a href="#Page_239-V1">239</a>, + <a href="#Page_243-V1">243</a>-<a href="#Page_245-V1">245</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_421-V2">421</a>; + matters of interest concerning trade and traders, I. + <a href="#Page_050-V1">50</a>, <a href="#Page_069-V1">69</a>, + <a href="#Page_070-V1">70</a>, + <a href="#Page_072-V1">72</a>-<a href="#Page_074-V1">74</a>, + <a href="#Page_079-V1">79</a>, <a href="#Page_086-V1">86</a>, + <a href="#Page_087-V1">87</a>; + orders given to the French governor with regard to, I. + <a href="#Page_078-V1">78</a>-<a href="#Page_082-V1">82</a>; + attacked at Pickawillany, I. <a href="#Page_084-V1">84</a>, + <a href="#Page_085-V1">85</a>; + treatment of the Acadians, I. <a href="#Page_091-V1">91</a>, + <a href="#Page_092-V1">92</a>, <a href="#Page_095-V1">95</a> + (see <a href="#acadians">Acadia</a> and + <a href="#acadians">Acadians</a>); + the fortress of Louisbourg restored to France, I. + <a href="#Page_092-V1">92</a>; + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_468-V2" id="Page_468-V2">468<br />V2</a></span> + + occupation of Beaubassin, I. + <a href="#Page_115-V1">115</a>-<a href="#Page_120-V1">120</a>; + successful encounter with the French, I. + <a href="#Page_147-V1">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148-V1">148</a>; + the fight at Great Meadows, I. + <a href="#Page_156-V1">156</a>-<a href="#Page_161-V1">161</a>; + results of the meeting of the colonial Assemblies with their governors, I. + <a href="#Page_163-V1">163</a>-<a href="#Page_169-V1">169</a>; + rights of, on the Ohio River, I. <a href="#Page_177-V1">177</a>; + to intercept the French fleet, I. + <a href="#Page_185-V1">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186-V1">186</a>; + arrival of Braddock in America, I. <a href="#Page_187-V1">187</a>, + <a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>; + matters pertaining to Braddock's expedition, I. + <a href="#Page_187-V1">187</a>, <a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>, + <a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>, + <a href="#Page_197-V1">197</a>-<a href="#Page_200-V1">200</a>, + <a href="#Page_204-V1">204</a>-<a href="#Page_216-V1">216</a>; + expedition given in charge to Johnson, I. <a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>; + the battle of the Monongahela, I. + <a href="#Page_215-V1">215</a>-<a href="#Page_220-V1">220</a>, + <a href="#Page_223-V1">223</a>, + <a href="#footer_229">223 <i>note</i></a>; + defeat of Braddock, and retreat of his troops, I. + <a href="#Page_220-V1">220</a>-<a href="#Page_235-V1">235</a>; + death and burial of Braddock, I. <a href="#Page_220-V1">220</a>, + <a href="#Page_224-V1">224</a>-<a href="#Page_226-V1">226</a>; + Shirley made commander-in-chief of the army, I. + <a href="#Page_233-V1">233</a>; + loyalty of the troops, I. <a href="#Page_238-V1">238</a>, + <a href="#Page_239-V1">239</a>; + plans of, in regard to the French, I. <a href="#Page_239-V1">239</a>, + <a href="#Page_240-V1">240</a>; + capture of Fort Beauséjour, I. + <a href="#Page_240-V1">240</a>-<a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>; + surrender of French forts, I. <a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>; + removal of the Acadians from their homes, I. + <a href="#Page_254-V1">254</a>, <a href="#Page_255-V1">255</a>, + <a href="#Page_265-V1">265</a>-<a href="#Page_284-V1">284</a> + (see <a href="#acadians">Acadians</a>); + plan to increase the English population in Acadia, I. + <a href="#Page_257-V1">257</a>; + disaster at Peticodiac, I. <a href="#Page_275-V1">275</a>; + expedition against Crown Point, I. + <a href="#Page_285-V1">285</a>-<a href="#Page_317-V1">317</a>; + character of the army in the expedition, I. + <a href="#Page_290-V1">290</a>-<a href="#Page_292-V1">292</a>; + preaching on Sunday to the army, I. <a href="#Page_295-V1">295</a>, + <a href="#Page_296-V1">296</a>; + an ambush prepared for, by Dieskau, I. <a href="#Page_300-V1">300</a>; + the battle of Lake George, I. + <a href="#Page_302-V1">302</a>-<a href="#Page_317-V1">317</a>; + expedition of Shirley against Niagara, I. + <a href="#Page_318-V1">318</a>-<a href="#Page_329-V1">329</a>; + arrive at Fort Oswego, I. <a href="#Page_322-V1">322</a>; + lack of supplies, I. <a href="#Page_325-V1">325</a>, + <a href="#Page_326-V1">326</a>; + Shirley leaves Oswego, I. <a href="#Page_326-V1">326</a>; + results of the campaign against the French, I. + <a href="#Page_328-V1">328</a>, <a href="#Page_329-V1">329</a>; + border warfare encouraged by the French, I. + <a href="#Page_329-V1">329</a>-<a href="#Page_350-V1">350</a>; + conditions in Pennsylvania, I. + <a href="#Page_336-V1">336</a>-<a href="#Page_350-V1">350</a>; + forts built to guard the Great Carrying Place, I. + <a href="#Page_374-V1">374</a>; + prepare to attack Ticonderoga, I. + <a href="#Page_377-V1">377</a>-<a href="#Page_380-V1">380</a>, + <a href="#Page_387-V1">387</a>, <a href="#Page_388-V1">388</a>; + receive discouraging reports from Ticonderoga, I. + <a href="#Page_389-V1">389</a>, <a href="#Page_390-V1">390</a>; + the appointment of Earl Loudon as commander-in-chief, I. + <a href="#Page_383-V1">383</a>; + payment of troops, and other matters pertaining to soldiers, I. + <a href="#Page_384-V1">384</a>-<a href="#Page_388-V1">388</a>; + forest war, I. <a href="#Page_389-V1">389</a>; + action between Villiers and Bradstreet, I. + <a href="#Page_394-V1">394</a>-<a href="#Page_396-V1">396</a>; + royal orders concerning provincial officers, I. + <a href="#Page_399-V1">399</a>, <a href="#Page_400-V1">400</a>; + condition of the New England troops, I. <a href="#Page_401-V1">401</a>, + <a href="#Page_402-V1">402</a>; + the loss of Oswego, I. + <a href="#Page_405-V1">405</a>-<a href="#Page_420-V1">420</a>; + the Indians butcher the prisoners, I. <a href="#Page_413-V1">413</a>, + <a href="#Page_414-V1">414</a>, <a href="#footer_432">414 <i>note</i></a>; + difficulties in the French war, I. + <a href="#Page_414-V1">414</a>-<a href="#Page_417-V1">417</a>; + number of men under Earl Loudon, I. <a href="#Page_421-V1">421</a>; + the attack made on Kittanning, + <a href="#Page_423-V1">423</a>-<a href="#Page_427-V1">427</a>; + despatches sent by Vaudreuil to France, concerning, I. + <a href="#Page_427-V1">427</a>; + scouting-parties, I. <a href="#Page_428-V1">428</a>, + <a href="#Page_429-V1">429</a>; + at Fort William Henry, I. <a href="#Page_428-V1">428</a>; + the war-party of Perière, I. + <a href="#Page_429-V1">429</a>-<a href="#Page_431-V1">431</a>; + exploits of Rogers' rangers, I. + <a href="#Page_433-V1">433</a>-<a href="#Page_437-V1">437</a> + (see <a href="#rogers">Rogers</a>); + the difficulty in quartering the troops in winter, I. + <a href="#Page_439-V1">439</a>, <a href="#Page_440-V1">440</a>; + party sent by Vaudreuil to attack Fort William Henry, I. + <a href="#Page_447-V1">447</a>-<a href="#Page_451-V1">451</a>; + capture French stores, I. <a href="#Page_457-V1">457</a>; + number of their antagonists, I. <a href="#Page_468-V1">468</a>; + plan for the reduction of Louisbourg, I. <a href="#Page_468-V1">468</a>; + delay in starting the fleet for Halifax, I. <a href="#Page_469-V1">469</a>, + <a href="#Page_470-V1">470</a>, <a href="#Page_472-V1">472</a>; + fleet of Holbourne wrecked, I. <a href="#Page_472-V1">472</a>; + the attack and massacre of, at Fort William Henry, I. + <a href="#Page_474-V1">474</a>-<a href="#Page_478-V1">478</a>, + <a href="#Page_485-V1">485</a>-<a href="#Page_513-V1">513</a>, + <a href="#footer_526">514 <i>note</i></a>, II. + <a href="#Page_004-V2">4</a>, <a href="#Page_005-V2">5</a>, + <a href="#Page_237-V2">237</a>, + <a href="#Page_428-V2">428</a>-<a href="#Page_431-V2">431</a>; + the tide turning, II. <a href="#Page_046-V2">46</a>; + Loudon succeeded by Abercromby, in office, II. <a href="#Page_048-V2">48</a>; + the Scotch Highlanders join the army, II. <a href="#Page_049-V2">49</a>; + the typical British naval officer, II. <a href="#Page_050-V2">50</a>; + the siege and reduction of Louisbourg, II. <a href="#Page_048-V2">48</a>, + <a href="#Page_049-V2">49</a>, <a href="#Page_051-V2">51</a>, + <a href="#Page_055-V2">55</a>-<a href="#footer_19Note">82 <i>note</i></a> + (see <a href="#louisbourg">Louisbourg</a>); + expedition fitted out against, to serve under Abercromby, II. + <a href="#Page_083-V2">83</a>-<a href="#footer_638">113 <i>note</i></a>; + reforms in the army introduced by Lord Howe, II. + <a href="#Page_090-V2">90</a>; + effect of the death of Lord Howe, II. <a href="#Page_097-V2">97</a>, + <a href="#Page_098-V2">98</a>; + the assault at Ticonderoga, II. + <a href="#Page_103-V2">103</a>-<a href="#Page_107-V2">107</a>, + <a href="#Page_110-V2">110</a>-<a href="#Page_113-V2">113</a>; + matters pertaining to life in the army, II. + <a href="#Page_116-V2">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117-V2">117</a>, + <a href="#Page_119-V2">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120-V2">120</a>, + <a href="#Page_264-V2">264</a>, <a href="#Page_334-V2">334</a>, + <a href="#Page_335-V2">335</a>, <a href="#Page_339-V2">339</a>, + <a href="#Page_366-V2">366</a>; + gain possession of Fort Frontenac, II. + <a href="#Page_127-V2">127</a>-<a href="#Page_129-V2">129</a>; + the reduction of Fort Duquesne, II. + <a href="#Page_131-V2">131</a>-<a href="#Page_163-V2">163</a>; + need of Indian allies, II. + <a href="#Page_139-V2">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140-V2">140</a>, + <a href="#Page_142-V2">142</a>-<a href="#Page_148-V2">148</a>; + use of Western lands, II. <a href="#Page_146-V2">146</a>; + expedition of Major Grant, II. + <a href="#Page_151-V2">151</a>-<a href="#Page_155-V2">155</a>; + burial of Braddock's slain, II. + <a href="#Page_159-V2">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160-V2">160</a>; + Lieutenant-Colonel Mercer to hold Fort Duquesne, II. + <a href="#Page_160-V2">160</a>, <a href="#Page_161-V2">161</a>; + the situation in 1758, II. <a href="#Page_162-V2">162</a>; + expedition fitted out to serve under General Wolfe, II. + <a href="#Page_182-V2">182</a>-<a href="#Page_184-V2">184</a>, + <a href="#Page_192-V2">192</a>-<a href="#Page_207-V2">207</a>; + the siege and reduction of Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_207-V2">207</a>-<a href="#Page_234-V2">234</a>, + <a href="#Page_259-V2">259</a>-<a href="#footer_28Note">326 <i>note</i></a> + (see <a href="#wolfe">Wolfe</a> and <a href="#quebec">Quebec</a>); + statistics concerning the army at the battle of Quebec, II. + <a href="#footer_27Note">298 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_305-V2">305</a>, + <a href="#footer_789">305 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_442-V2">442</a>, <a href="#Page_443-V2">443</a>, + <a href="#Page_436-V2">436</a>-<a href="#Page_438-V2">438</a>; + bravery of the sailors, II. + <a href="#Page_227-V2">227</a>, <a href="#Page_228-V2">228</a>; + capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point by Amherst, II. + <a href="#Page_235-V2">235</a>-<a href="#Page_240-V2">240</a>; + spruce beer made in the army, II. <a href="#Page_236-V2">236</a>, + <a href="#Page_237-V2">237</a>; + Fort Edward fortified, II. <a href="#Page_237-V2">237</a>; + their general humanity, II. <a href="#Page_261-V2">261</a>, + <a href="#Page_262-V2">262</a>, <a href="#Page_309-V2">309</a>; + council of war held, II. <a href="#Page_272-V2">272</a>, + <a href="#Page_273-V2">273</a>; + action of Holmes's squadron, II. + <a href="#Page_278-V2">278</a>-<a href="#Page_280-V2">280</a>; + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_469-V2" id="Page_469-V2">469<br />V2</a></span> + + love of the soldiers for their officers, II. <a href="#Page_281-V2">281</a>, + <a href="#Page_294-V2">294</a>, <a href="#Page_295-V2">295</a>; + loss of General Wolfe, II. + <a href="#Page_294-V2">294</a>-<a href="#Page_297-V2">297</a>; + the precision of their fire, II. + <a href="#Page_295-V2">295</a>, <a href="#Page_296-V2">296</a>; + rule in Canada, II. <a href="#Page_332-V2">332</a>; + skirmish at Lorette, II. <a href="#Page_337-V2">337</a>, + <a href="#Page_338-V2">338</a>; + the battle of Sainte-Foy, II. <a href="#Page_342-V2">342</a>, + <a href="#Page_347-V2">347</a>-<a href="#Page_359-V2">359</a>, + <a href="#Page_442-V2">442</a>-<a href="#Page_444-V2">444</a>; + the fall of Canada, II. + <a href="#Page_360-V2">360</a>-<a href="#Page_382-V2">382</a>; + embark for Montreal, II. + <a href="#Page_363-V2">363</a>-<a href="#Page_366-V2">366</a>; + passage of the rapids, II. + <a href="#Page_370-V2">370</a>, <a href="#Page_371-V2">371</a>; + numerical superiority of their troops, II. <a href="#Page_381-V2">381</a>; + recapture St. John's, II. <a href="#Page_402-V2">402</a>.<br /> +<a name="englishColonies" id="englishColonies"></a> +English colonies, the, + condition of, as compared with French possessions, I. + <a href="#Page_001-V1">1</a>-<a href="#Page_003-V1">3</a>, + <a href="#Page_020-V1">20</a>, <a href="#Page_021-V1">21</a>; + inhabitants of, I. + <a href="#Page_020-V1">20</a>-<a href="#Page_022-V1">22</a>, + <a href="#Page_025-V1">25</a>; + government of, I. + <a href="#Page_025-V1">25</a>, <a href="#Page_026-V1">26</a>, + <a href="#Page_170-V1">170</a>, <a href="#Page_171-V1">171</a>, + <a href="#Page_349-V1">349</a>, <a href="#Page_350-V1">350</a>, + <a href="#Page_419-V1">419</a>; + compared and examined, I. + <a href="#Page_025-V1">25</a>-<a href="#Page_036-V1">36</a>, + <a href="#Page_062-V1">62</a>, <a href="#Page_126-V1">126</a>, + <a href="#Page_127-V1">127</a>; + means of travel, I. <a href="#Page_033-V1">33</a>; + politics and religion in, I. + <a href="#Page_033-V1">33</a>-<a href="#Page_035-V1">35</a>, + <a href="#Page_137-V1">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139-V1">139</a>, + <a href="#Page_170-V1">170</a>, <a href="#Page_171-V1">171</a>, + <a href="#Page_349-V1">349</a>, <a href="#Page_350-V1">350</a>, + <a href="#Page_419-V1">419</a>; + plan of France to unite Louisiana and Canada against, I. + <a href="#Page_036-V1">36</a>, <a href="#Page_037-V1">37</a>; + hampered by the Assemblies, I. + <a href="#Page_137-V1">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139-V1">139</a>; + efforts to repel the French in the West, I. + <a href="#Page_137-V1">137</a>-<a href="#Page_141-V1">141</a>, + <a href="#Page_169-V1">169</a>, <a href="#Page_175-V1">175</a>; + plan of union of Franklin, I. <a href="#Page_175-V1">175</a>; + council of governors held with Braddock, I. + <a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>-<a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>; + slaves in, I. <a href="#Page_193-V1">193</a>; + the frontier left unguarded, I. <a href="#Page_227-V1">227</a>, + <a href="#Page_231-V1">231</a>, <a href="#Page_232-V1">232</a>; + distribution of the exiled Acadians, I. <a href="#Page_282-V1">282</a>; + mode of life of the frontier settler, I. + <a href="#Page_334-V1">334</a>-<a href="#Page_336-V1">336</a>; + united against Canada, II. <a href="#Page_175-V2">175</a>; + prediction of Mayhew for, II. <a href="#Page_325-V2">325</a>; + predictions of several persons concerning their future in America, II. + <a href="#Page_403-V2">403</a>, <a href="#Page_404-V2">404</a>; + symptoms of revolt shown, II. <a href="#Page_413-V2">413</a>.<br /> +English ministry. See <a href="#britishMinistry">British Ministry</a>.<br /> +"Entreprenant," the number of her guns, II. + <a href="#footer_579">54 <i>note</i></a>; + burned at anchor, II. <a href="#Page_066-V2">66</a>.<br /> +Epicurus, II. <a href="#Page_389-V2">389</a>.<br /> +Episcopalians in the army, II. <a href="#Page_117-V2">117</a>.<br /> +Erie, town of, I. <a href="#Page_089-V1">89</a>.<br /> +Erie, Lake, I. <a href="#Page_038-V1">38</a>, + <a href="#Page_052-V1">52</a>, <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_247-V2">247</a>; + the passage to Lake Huron, I. <a href="#Page_075-V1">75</a>; + desirability of erecting forts near, I. <a href="#Page_080-V1">80</a>, + <a href="#Page_132-V1">132</a>.<br /> +Esopus, I. <a href="#footer_443">422 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Espagnol, Port, II. <a href="#Page_078-V2">78</a>.<br /> +Espineuse, Madame, d', II. <a href="#Page_176-V2">176</a>.<br /> +Estève, secretary of Montcalm, I. <a href="#Page_361-V1">361</a>; + his voyage, I. <a href="#Page_364-V1">364</a>; + his marriage, II. <a href="#Page_426-V2">426</a>.<br /> +Etechemin River, the, II. <a href="#Page_274-V1">274</a>.<br /> +Etechémins, the, I. <a href="#Page_023-V1">23</a>.<br /> +Eugene, Prince, I. <a href="#Page_018-V1">18</a>; + remark of, concerning the result of Charles VI.'s death, I. + <a href="#Page_018-V1">18</a>.<br /> +Europe, I. <a href="#Page_479-V1">479</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_133-V2">133</a>, <a href="#Page_186-V2">186</a>; + complication of political interests, I. + <a href="#Page_001-V1">1</a>-<a href="#Page_004-V1">4</a>, + <a href="#Page_353-V1">353</a>-<a href="#Page_355-V1">355</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_175-V2">175</a>; + the Seven Years War, I. <a href="#Page_001-V1">1</a>, + <a href="#Page_018-V1">18</a>, II. <a href="#Page_038-V2">38</a>, + <a href="#Page_039-V2">39</a>, <a href="#Page_386-V2">386</a>, + <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>, <a href="#Page_406-V2">406</a>; + power of the House of Bourbon, I. <a href="#Page_009-V1">9</a>; + power of Frederic II. of Prussia, I. <a href="#Page_017-V1">17</a>; + rule of the House of Austria, I. + <a href="#Page_016-V1">16</a>, <a href="#Page_017-V1">17</a>; + the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, I. <a href="#Page_019-V1">19</a>; + power and influence of Peter the Great, I. + <a href="#Page_017-V1">17</a>, <a href="#Page_018-V1">18</a>; + the princes pledged to sustain the will of Charles VI., I. + <a href="#Page_018-V1">18</a>, <a href="#Page_019-V1">19</a>; + the balance of power, I. + <a href="#Page_018-V1">18</a>, <a href="#Page_126-V1">126</a>; + grains and fruit of, growing in America, I. <a href="#Page_076-V1">76</a>; + question of American boundary, I. + <a href="#Page_123-V1">123</a>-<a href="#Page_128-V1">128</a>; + war commenced between the powers of, I. <a href="#Page_186-V1">186</a>; + the peace of Paris, II. + <a href="#Page_383-V2">383</a>-<a href="#Page_408-V2">408</a>; + the conflict for colonial ascendancy, II. <a href="#Page_401-V2">401</a>; + results of the victory of Plassey, II. <a href="#Page_408-V2">408</a>; + the mastery of India, II. <a href="#Page_410-V2">410</a>; + Catholicism in, II. <a href="#Page_412-V2">412</a>.<br /> +Exchequer, the, II. <a href="#Page_393-V2">393</a>.<br /> +Eyre, Major, occupies Fort William Henry, I. + <a href="#Page_439-V1">439</a>-<a href="#Page_441-V1">441</a>; + party sent by Vaudreuil to reduce the fort, I. + <a href="#Page_447-V1">447</a>-<a href="#Page_451-V1">451</a>; + requested to give up Fort William Henry, I. <a href="#Page_449-V1">449</a>; + his answer, and the result thereof, I. + <a href="#Page_449-V1">449</a>-<a href="#Page_451-V1">451</a>.<br /> +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h3>F.</h3> +<p> +Fabius, II. <a href="#Page_209-V2">209</a>.<br /> +Fairfax, Lord, letter from Dinwiddie, I. <a href="#Page_139-V1">139</a>; + letters from Colonel Innes, I. <a href="#Page_226-V1">226</a>, + <a href="#Page_228-V1">228</a>.<br /> +Falmouth, I. <a href="#Page_169-V1">169</a>, + <a href="#Page_310-V1">310</a>.<br /> +Falstaff, I. <a href="#Page_142-V1">142</a>.<br /> +Family Compact, the, I. <a href="#Page_396-V1">396</a>.<br /> +Faneuil Hall, II. <a href="#Page_377-V2">377</a>.<br /> +Fare, Marquis de la, I. <a href="#Page_358-V1">358</a>.<br /> +Feather dance, a, description of, I. <a href="#Page_058-V1">58</a>.<br /> +Ferdinand, Price of Brunswick, appointed to command, II. + <a href="#Page_047-V2">47</a>; + generalship of, II. <a href="#Page_047-V2">47</a>; + action with Clermont, II. <a href="#Page_047-V2">47</a>.<br /> +Ferdinand VI. of Spain, death of, II. <a href="#Page_396-V2">396</a>.<br /> +Ferguson, II. <a href="#Page_057-V2">57</a>.<br /> +Feudalism, I. <a href="#Page_010-V1">10</a>; + in Canada and in the British colonies, I. <a href="#Page_022-V1">22</a>, + <a href="#Page_031-V1">31</a>-<a href="#Page_033-V1">33</a>.<br /> +"Fidèle," the, number of her guns, II. + <a href="#footer_579">54 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Fiedmont, II. <a href="#Page_314-V2">314</a>.<br /> +Fielding, I. <a href="#Page_006-V1">6</a>, + <a href="#Page_189-V1">189</a>.<br /> +Fifty-eighth Regiment, the, II. + <a href="#footer_27Note">298 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Fireships, II. <a href="#Page_201-V2">201</a>, <a href="#Page_203-V2">203</a>; + descend upon the English, II. + <a href="#Page_210-V2">210</a>-<a href="#Page_212-V2">212</a>.<br /> +First Lord of the Treasury, the, II. <a href="#Page_400-V2">400</a>.<br /> +Fish, Jane. See <a href="#pompadour">Pompadour</a>.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_470-V2" id="Page_470-V2">470<br />V2</a></span> + +Fisheries, the, II. + <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>, + <a href="#Page_407-V2">407</a>, <a href="#Page_410-V2">410</a>.<br /> +Fitch, Colonel, letter to Winslow, I. <a href="#Page_388-V1">388</a>; + his regiment, II. <a href="#Page_094-V2">94</a>; + encounter with Langy in the woods, II. <a href="#Page_097-V2">97</a>.<br /> +Five Mile Point, I. <a href="#Page_442-V1">442</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_102-V2">102</a>.<br /> +<a name="fiveNations" id="fiveNations"></a> +Five Nations, the, I. <a href="#Page_038-V1">38</a>, + <a href="#Page_040-V1">40</a>, <a href="#Page_045-V1">45</a>, + <a href="#Page_049-V1">49</a>, <a href="#Page_067-V1">67</a>, + <a href="#Page_068-V1">68</a>, <a href="#Page_130-V1">130</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_007-V2">7</a>, <a href="#Page_086-V2">86</a>; + dialects of, I. <a href="#Page_044-V1">44</a>; + adopt Catharine Montour, I. <a href="#Page_054-V1">54</a>; + efforts of the French to gain as allies, + and to cause the destruction of the English, I. + <a href="#Page_059-V1">59</a>, <a href="#Page_064-V1">64</a>, + <a href="#Page_078-V1">78</a>, <a href="#Page_203-V1">203</a>, + <a href="#Page_371-V1">371</a>, <a href="#Page_372-V1">372</a>, + <a href="#Page_466-V1">466</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_143-V2">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144-V2">144</a>; + their influence and position, I. + <a href="#Page_063-V1">63</a>-<a href="#Page_065-V1">65</a>, + <a href="#Page_125-V1">125</a>, <a href="#Page_372-V1">372</a>, + <a href="#Page_374-V1">374</a>; + power of Johnson over, I. <a href="#Page_064-V1">64</a>, + <a href="#Page_172-V1">172</a>, <a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>, + <a href="#Page_287-V1">287</a>, <a href="#Page_288-V1">288</a>, + <a href="#Page_390-V1">390</a>-<a href="#Page_393-V1">393</a>; + their missionary, I. <a href="#Page_068-V1">68</a>, + <a href="#Page_487-V1">487</a>, II. <a href="#Page_418-V2">418</a>; + their country disposed of in the treaty of Utrecht, I. + <a href="#Page_079-V1">79</a>, <a href="#Page_125-V1">125</a>, + <a href="#footer_124">126 <i>note</i></a>; + range of their war-parties, I. <a href="#Page_125-V1">125</a>; + orders sent from Dinwiddie, I. <a href="#Page_139-V1">139</a>; + at Fort Duquesne, I. <a href="#Page_154-V1">154</a>; + the congress at Albany, I. + <a href="#Page_173-V1">173</a>-<a href="#Page_176-V1">176</a>; + Indian commissioners treated by, I. <a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>; + Johnson made Indian superintendent, I. <a href="#Page_287-V1">287</a>, + <a href="#Page_288-V1">288</a>, <a href="#Page_390-V1">390</a>; + homes of, I. <a href="#Page_319-V1">319</a>; + the fur trade, I. <a href="#Page_320-V1">320</a>; + conferences held with, by Shirley, I. <a href="#Page_327-V1">327</a>; + border warfare, I. <a href="#Page_329-V1">329</a>; + the spies, I. <a href="#Page_374-V1">374</a>; + council called by Montcalm, I. + <a href="#Page_485-V1">485</a>-<a href="#Page_489-V1">489</a>; + join in the attack upon Fort William Henry, I. + <a href="#Page_490-V1">490</a>; + Indian convention, II. <a href="#Page_142-V2">142</a>, + <a href="#Page_143-V2">143</a>; + declare their alliance with the English, II. + <a href="#Page_148-V2">148</a>, <a href="#Page_244-V2">244</a>; + the fight at Niagara, II. <a href="#Page_247-V2">247</a>; + their totems on a flag at Piquet, II. <a href="#Page_418-V2">418</a>.<br /> +Flanders, II. <a href="#Page_184-V2">184</a>.<br /> +Flat Point, II. <a href="#Page_057-V2">57</a>.<br /> +Flat Point Cove, II. <a href="#Page_061-V2">61</a>.<br /> +Flatheads, the, I. <a href="#Page_068-V1">68</a>.<br /> +Fleurimont, I. <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>.<br /> +Flogging, II. <a href="#Page_236-V2">236</a>.<br /> +Florence, II. <a href="#Page_323-V2">323</a>.<br /> +Florida, I. <a href="#Page_020-V1">20</a>; + ceded by Spain to England, II. + <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>, <a href="#Page_406-V2">406</a>.<br /> +Foligny, M. de, his journal, II. <a href="#Page_438-V2">438</a>, + <a href="#Page_441-V2">441</a>; + matters relating to the death of Montcalm, II. + <a href="#Page_441-V2">441</a>, <a href="#Page_442-V2">442</a>.<br /> +Folsom, Captain, I. <a href="#Page_308-V1">308</a>, + <a href="#Page_309-V1">309</a>.<br /> +Fontbrune, aide-de-camp of General Montcalm, I. + <a href="#Page_498-V1">498</a>.<br /> +Fontenoy, battle of, I. + <a href="#Page_008-V1">8</a>, <a href="#Page_019-V1">19</a>.<br /> +Forbes, Rev. Eli, pastor at Brookfield, II. + <a href="#Page_378-V2">378</a>, <a href="#Page_379-V2">379</a>; + his sermon on the fall of Canada, II. <a href="#Page_378-V2">378</a>, + <a href="#Page_379-V2">379</a>.<br /> +Forbes, Brigadier John, II. <a href="#Page_049-V2">49</a>; + the reduction of Fort Duquesne, II. <a href="#Page_049-V2">49</a>, + <a href="#Page_130-V2">130</a>-<a href="#Page_163-V2">163</a>; + his early life, II. <a href="#Page_132-V2">132</a>; + his route and plan of attack, II. + <a href="#Page_133-V2">133</a>-<a href="#Page_147-V2">147</a>, + <a href="#Page_156-V2">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157-V2">157</a>; + compared with Braddock, II. <a href="#Page_134-V2">134</a>; + his relations with Washington, II. <a href="#Page_134-V2">134</a>, + <a href="#Page_137-V2">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138-V2">138</a>; + his relations with Bouquet, II. <a href="#Page_134-V2">134</a>, + <a href="#Page_135-V2">135</a>; + letter to Pitt concerning his provincials, II. + <a href="#Page_135-V2">135</a>; + his sickness, II. + <a href="#Page_135-V2">135</a>-<a href="#Page_137-V2">137</a>, + <a href="#Page_157-V2">157</a>, <a href="#Page_161-V2">161</a>, + <a href="#Page_162-V2">162</a>; + his letters to Bouquet quoted, II. + <a href="#Page_136-V2">136</a>-<a href="#Page_138-V2">138</a>, + <a href="#Page_142-V2">142</a>, <a href="#Page_157-V2">157</a>; + erects Fort Bedford, II. <a href="#Page_141-V2">141</a>; + messages of peace sent to the Indians, II. + <a href="#Page_144-V2">144</a>-<a href="#Page_151-V2">151</a>; + Grant's expedition, II. + <a href="#Page_151-V2">151</a>-<a href="#Page_155-V2">155</a>; + names the settlement of Pittsburg, II. + <a href="#Page_159-V2">159</a>, <a href="#Page_244-V2">244</a>; + finds Fort Duquesne evacuated, II. <a href="#Page_159-V2">159</a>; + letter to Amherst, II. <a href="#Page_161-V2">161</a>; + leaves Fort Duquesne, II. <a href="#Page_161-V2">161</a>; + the homeward march retarded by illness, II. <a href="#Page_161-V2">161</a>, + <a href="#Page_162-V2">162</a>; + effect of his expedition, II. <a href="#Page_162-V2">162</a>; + his death and burial, II. <a href="#Page_162-V2">162</a>.<br /> +Forests in the West, the, I. <a href="#Page_205-V1">205</a>.<br /> +Fort Hill, II. <a href="#Page_076-V2">76</a>.<br /> +Forty-fourth Regiment, the, I. <a href="#footer_225">219 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Forty-seventh Regiment, the, II. + <a href="#footer_27Note">298 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Forty-third Regiment, the, II. <a href="#Page_182-V2">182</a>, + <a href="#footer_27Note">298 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +"Foudroyant," the, captured by the English, II. + <a href="#Page_049-V2">49</a>, <a href="#Page_050-V2">50</a>.<br /> +Fox, Henry, I. <a href="#Page_008-V1">8</a>, + <a href="#Page_179-V1">179</a>.<br /> +Foxcroft, Thomas, pastor of the "Old Church" in Boston, II. + <a href="#Page_377-V2">377</a>; + his sermon on the occasion of the fall of Canada, II. + <a href="#Page_377-V2">377</a>.<br /> +Foxes, the, called to a council by Montcalm, I. + <a href="#Page_486-V2">486</a>-<a href="#Page_489-V2">489</a>.<br /> +<a name="france" id="france"></a> +France, I. <a href="#Page_009-V1">9</a>, <a href="#Page_067-V1">67</a>, + <a href="#Page_148-V1">148</a>, <a href="#Page_243-V1">243</a>, + <a href="#Page_353-V1">353</a>, <a href="#Page_365-V1">365</a>, + <a href="#Page_377-V1">377</a>, <a href="#Page_456-V1">456</a>, + <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>, <a href="#Page_491-V1">491</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_029-V2">29</a>, <a href="#Page_043-V2">43</a>, + <a href="#Page_049-V2">49</a>, <a href="#Page_286-V2">286</a>, + <a href="#Page_401-V2">401</a>, <a href="#Page_402-V2">402</a>; + alliance with Austria, I. <a href="#Page_002-V1">2</a>; + her possessions in America, I. + <a href="#Page_001-V1">1</a>-<a href="#Page_003-V1">3</a>, + <a href="#Page_020-V1">20</a>, <a href="#Page_024-V1">24</a>, + <a href="#Page_025-V1">25</a>, <a href="#Page_037-V1">37</a>, + <a href="#Page_040-V1">40</a>, <a href="#Page_041-V1">41</a>, + <a href="#Page_043-V1">43</a>, <a href="#Page_045-V1">45</a>, + <a href="#Page_059-V1">59</a>, + <a href="#Page_062-V1">62</a>-<a href="#Page_067-V1">67</a>, + <a href="#Page_076-V1">76</a>, + <a href="#footer_047">79 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_122-V1">122</a>-<a href="#Page_128-V1">128</a>, + <a href="#Page_318-V1">318</a>, II. <a href="#Page_403-V2">403</a>, + <a href="#Page_404-V2">404</a>, <a href="#Page_410-V2">410</a>; + influence of the Seven Years War upon, I. <a href="#Page_003-V1">3</a>, + <a href="#Page_004-V1">4</a>, II. <a href="#Page_410-V2">410</a>; + condition of, under Louis XV., I. + <a href="#Page_009-V1">9</a>-<a href="#Page_016-V1">16</a>; + her commanders, I. <a href="#Page_010-V1">10</a>; + her army and navy, I. <a href="#Page_010-V1">10</a>, + <a href="#Page_180-V1">180</a>, <a href="#Page_181-V1">181</a>, + <a href="#Page_368-V1">368</a>-<a href="#Page_373-V1">373</a>, + <a href="#Page_461-V1">461</a>, <a href="#Page_462-V1">462</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_380-V2">380</a>, <a href="#Page_381-V2">381</a>, + <a href="#Page_401-V2">401</a>, <a href="#Page_410-V2">410</a>; + the persecution of the Huguenots, I. <a href="#Page_014-V1">14</a>, + <a href="#Page_021-V1">21</a>, <a href="#Page_022-V1">22</a>; + growing disrespect for the clergy and ministry, I. + <a href="#Page_015-V1">15</a>; + takes part with Bavaria, I. <a href="#Page_019-V1">19</a>; + French and English populations in America in 1754 compared, I. + <a href="#Page_020-V1">20</a>, <a href="#Page_021-V1">21</a>; + rule established by, in Canada, I. <a href="#Page_022-V1">22</a>; + forts held by, in America, I. <a href="#Page_040-V1">40</a>, + <a href="#Page_041-V1">41</a>, <a href="#Page_075-V1">75</a>, + <a href="#Page_076-V1">76</a>, <a href="#Page_318-V1">318</a>; + leaden plates given to Céloron to bury in America, I. + <a href="#Page_043-V1">43</a>, <a href="#Page_045-V1">45</a>, + <a href="#Page_048-V1">48</a>, + <a href="#footer_02Note">62 <i>note</i></a>; + missions established by, among the Indians, I. + <a href="#Page_064-V1">64</a>-<a href="#Page_067-V1">67</a>; + the treaty of Utrecht, I. <a href="#Page_079-V1">79</a>; + cession of Acadia to England, I. <a href="#Page_090-V1">90</a>, + <a href="#Page_093-V1">93</a>, <a href="#Page_094-V1">94</a>; + French maxims of duty to the King, I. <a href="#Page_106-V1">106</a>; + the Acadians ordered to swear allegiance to, I. + <a href="#Page_120-V1">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121-V1">121</a>; + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_471-V2" id="Page_471-V2">471<br />V2</a></span> + + balance of power, I. <a href="#Page_127-V1">127</a>; + the marine and colonial department, I. <a href="#Page_179-V1">179</a>; + conditions of rule in, I. <a href="#Page_179-V1">179</a>, + <a href="#Page_180-V1">180</a>; + diplomatic representatives of, I. <a href="#Page_179-V1">179</a>, + <a href="#Page_180-V1">180</a>, <a href="#Page_183-V1">183</a>; + expedition of war ordered to America, I. <a href="#Page_182-V1">182</a>; + her naval and military plans, I. + <a href="#Page_183-V1">183</a>-<a href="#Page_186-V1">186</a>; + the Acadians French at heart, I. + <a href="#Page_235-V1">235</a>-<a href="#Page_237-V1">237</a>; + questions of policy for the French and English in Acadia, I. + <a href="#Page_236-V1">236</a>-<a href="#Page_241-V1">241</a>; + corruption among the officials, I. <a href="#Page_242-V1">242</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_022-V2">22</a>-<a href="#Page_028-V2">28</a>, + <a href="#Page_044-V2">44</a>, + <a href="#Page_385-V2">385</a>, <a href="#Page_386-V2">386</a>; + conditions leading to the expulsion of the Acadians from their home, I. + <a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>-<a href="#Page_266-V1">266</a> + (see <a href="#acadians">Acadians</a>); + expedition fitted out against Crown Point, I. + <a href="#Page_285-V1">285</a>, <a href="#Page_286-V1">286</a>; + expedition sent to America under Dieskau, I. <a href="#Page_288-V1">288</a>; + results of the campaign, I. + <a href="#Page_328-V1">328</a>, <a href="#Page_329-V1">329</a>; + attitude of Pennsylvania towards, I. <a href="#Page_339-V1">339</a>; + war declared between England and, I. <a href="#Page_352-V1">352</a>, + <a href="#Page_353-V1">353</a>; + political combinations in Europe, I. + <a href="#Page_353-V1">353</a>-<a href="#Page_356-V1">356</a>; + alliance sought by Maria Theresa, I. <a href="#Page_354-V1">354</a>; + Montcalm to succeed Dieskau, I. <a href="#Page_356-V1">356</a>; + paucity of troops sent to America, I. <a href="#Page_363-V1">363</a>; + troops sent against Austria, I. <a href="#Page_363-V1">363</a>; + attitude of Governor Vaudreuil towards, I. + <a href="#Page_366-V1">366</a>-<a href="#Page_368-V1">368</a>; + growth of political parties in Canada, I. <a href="#Page_367-V1">367</a>, + <a href="#Page_368-V1">368</a>; + Indian allies, I. <a href="#Page_372-V1">372</a>, + <a href="#Page_466-V1">466</a>, <a href="#Page_467-V1">467</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_142-V2">142</a>-<a href="#Page_145-V1">145</a>, + <a href="#Page_162-V2">162</a>, <a href="#Page_381-V2">381</a>; + her communication with the West, I. <a href="#Page_415-V1">415</a>; + causes of the English losses, I. + <a href="#Page_417-V1">417</a>-<a href="#Page_419-V1">419</a>; + information from England obtained through Florence Hensey, I. + <a href="#Page_469-V1">469</a>; + the war with England subordinate to personal politics, I. + <a href="#Page_469-V1">469</a>; + prospects at the time of Pitt, II. <a href="#Page_045-V2">45</a>; + loss of Louisbourg, II. + <a href="#Page_071-V2">71</a>-<a href="#Page_075-V2">75</a>; + inhabitants of Louisbourg sent to, II. <a href="#Page_076-V2">76</a>; + victory of Montcalm at Ticonderoga, II. <a href="#Page_111-V2">111</a>, + <a href="#Page_112-V2">112</a>; + appeals made in behalf of Canada, II. + <a href="#Page_173-V2">173</a>-<a href="#Page_176-V2">176</a>; + promotions of Montcalm and others, II. <a href="#Page_174-V2">174</a>; + scant assistance given to Canada, II. <a href="#Page_175-V2">175</a>; + the loss of Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_195-V2">195</a>-<a href="#Page_234-V2">234</a>, + <a href="#Page_259-V2">259</a>-<a href="#footer_28Note">326 <i>note</i></a>; + funeral of Montcalm, II. <a href="#Page_309-V2">309</a>, + <a href="#Page_310-V2">310</a>; + Lévis sends for aid, II. <a href="#Page_354-V2">354</a>; + loss of Montreal and Canada, II. <a href="#Page_373-V2">373</a>, + <a href="#Page_374-V2">374</a>; + return of the troops, II. <a href="#Page_374-V2">374</a>, + <a href="#Page_383-V2">383</a>, <a href="#Page_384-V2">384</a>; + end of the war in America, II. + <a href="#Page_379-V2">379</a>-<a href="#Page_382-V2">382</a>; + her victories, II. <a href="#Page_381-V2">381</a>; + trial of those accused of peculation in Canada, II. + <a href="#Page_385-V2">385</a>, <a href="#Page_386-V2">386</a>; + political situation in 1761, II. + <a href="#Page_393-V2">393</a>-<a href="#Page_395-V2">395</a>; + terms of peace offered to England, II. <a href="#Page_395-V2">395</a>; + the negotiations of Choiseul, II. <a href="#Page_395-V2">395</a>, + <a href="#Page_396-V2">396</a>; + provisions of the Family Compact, II. <a href="#Page_396-V2">396</a>; + her enemies in Europe, II. <a href="#Page_399-V2">399</a>, + <a href="#Page_400-V2">400</a>; + her financial condition in 1762, II. <a href="#Page_402-V2">402</a>, + <a href="#Page_403-V2">403</a>; + negotiations with England for peace, II. + <a href="#Page_403-V2">403</a>-<a href="#Page_407-V2">407</a>; + possessions ceded by, II. <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>; + privileges of fishing, II. <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>, + <a href="#Page_407-V2">407</a>; + the fortress of Dunkirk to be destroyed, II. <a href="#Page_406-V2">406</a>; + a secret agreement made with Spain, II. <a href="#Page_406-V2">406</a>; + the treaty of peace signed at Paris, II. <a href="#Page_407-V2">407</a>; + her influence in the East, II. <a href="#Page_410-V2">410</a>; + under Colbert, II. <a href="#Page_410-V2">410</a>; + her power on the continent of Europe, II. <a href="#Page_410-V2">410</a>, + <a href="#Page_411-V2">411</a>.<br /> +Franklin, Benjamin, I. <a href="#Page_027-V1">27</a>; + his plan of union for the colonies, I. <a href="#Page_175-V1">175</a>; + his relations with Braddock, I. <a href="#Page_188-V1">188</a>, + <a href="#Page_198-V1">198</a>, <a href="#Page_199-V1">199</a>; + his position in the Assembly of Pennsylvania, I. + <a href="#Page_198-V1">198</a>, <a href="#Page_199-V1">199</a>, + <a href="#Page_338-V1">338</a>; + account of Braddock's death, I. + <a href="#Page_225-V1">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226-V1">226</a>; + the defeat of the English, I. <a href="#Page_228-V1">228</a>; + bill drawn by, I. <a href="#footer_358">348 <i>note</i></a>; + his policy, I. <a href="#Page_349-V1">349</a>; + his opinion of Shirley and of Loudon, I. <a href="#Page_421-V1">421</a>, + <a href="#Page_470-V1">470</a>; + remark of, concerning the union of the British colonies, II. + <a href="#Page_404-V2">404</a>.<br /> +Franquet, II. <a href="#Page_070-V2">70</a>, <a href="#Page_071-V2">71</a>; + sent to strengthen Louisbourg, II. <a href="#Page_018-V2">18</a>; + his journal, II. <a href="#Page_018-V2">18</a>; + his account of a travelling party in Canada, II. + <a href="#Page_018-V2">18</a>-<a href="#Page_021-V2">21</a>.<br /> +Fraser, his trading-house, I. <a href="#footer_134">133 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_213-V1">213</a>; + Washington at his house, I. <a href="#Page_136-V1">136</a>.<br /> +Fraser, Colonel, + his Highlanders serve under Wolfe, II. <a href="#Page_059-V2">59</a>, + <a href="#Page_231-V2">231</a>, + <a href="#footer_27Note">298 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_443-V2">443</a>; + Canadian prisoners, II. <a href="#Page_226-V2">226</a>.<br /> +Fraser, Hon. Malcolm, anecdote of Montcalm, II. + <a href="#footer_27Note">297 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Frederic William of Prussia, I. <a href="#Page_017-V1">17</a>.<br /> +Frederic II. of Prussia, I. <a href="#Page_002-V1">2</a>, + <a href="#Page_017-V1">17</a>, II. <a href="#Page_038-V2">38</a>; + his youth and training, I. <a href="#Page_017-V1">17</a>; + seizes the province of Silesia, I. <a href="#Page_019-V1">19</a>; + political conditions in his realm, I. + <a href="#Page_353-V1">353</a>, <a href="#Page_354-V1">354</a>; + combination against, I. <a href="#Page_355-V1">355</a>, + <a href="#Page_356-V1">356</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_038-V2">38</a>-<a href="#Page_040-V2">40</a>; + the Seven Years War, II. + <a href="#Page_038-V2">38</a>-<a href="#Page_040-V2">40</a>, + <a href="#Page_409-V2">409</a>; + the battle of Prague, II. <a href="#Page_039-V2">39</a>; + confidence felt in Pitt, II. <a href="#Page_046-V2">46</a>; + his glory in 1758, II. <a href="#Page_386-V2">386</a>; + his reverses and trials, II. + <a href="#Page_387-V2">387</a>-<a href="#Page_389-V2">389</a>, + <a href="#Page_398-V2">398</a>, <a href="#Page_399-V2">399</a>; + his letters to D'Argens, II. + <a href="#Page_387-V2">387</a>-<a href="#Page_389-V2">389</a>, + <a href="#Page_390-V2">390</a>; + the campaigns of 1760 and 1761, II. + <a href="#Page_387-V2">387</a>-<a href="#Page_390-V2">390</a>; + letter to Voltaire, II. <a href="#Page_388-V2">388</a>; + Russia becomes the ally of, II. <a href="#Page_399-V2">399</a>; + the treaty of Hubertsburg, II. <a href="#Page_407-V2">407</a>; + his dominions intact, II. <a href="#Page_409-V2">409</a>; + numbers lost in the Seven Years War, II. + <a href="#Page_409-V2">409</a>.<br /> +Frederic, Fort, I. <a href="#Page_024-V1">24</a>, + <a href="#Page_378-V1">378</a>.<br /> +<a name="french" id="french"></a> +French, the, I. <a href="#Page_028-V1">28</a>; + effect of the Seven Years War upon, I. <a href="#Page_001-V1">1</a>, + <a href="#Page_003-V1">3</a>, II. <a href="#Page_040-V2">40</a>, + <a href="#Page_409-V2">409</a>; + their efforts to gain and retain Indian allies, I. + <a href="#Page_028-V1">28</a>, <a href="#Page_041-V1">41</a>, + <a href="#Page_042-V1">42</a>, <a href="#Page_047-V1">47</a>, + <a href="#Page_048-V1">48</a>, <a href="#Page_057-V1">57</a>, + <a href="#Page_063-V1">63</a>, <a href="#Page_065-V1">65</a>, + <a href="#Page_130-V1">130</a>, <a href="#Page_135-V1">135</a>, + <a href="#Page_161-V1">161</a>, <a href="#Page_171-V1">171</a>, + <a href="#Page_175-V1">175</a>, + <a href="#Page_328-V1">328</a>-<a href="#Page_330-V1">330</a>, + <a href="#Page_374-V1">374</a>, <a href="#Page_423-V1">423</a>, + <a href="#Page_425-V1">425</a>, <a href="#Page_467-V1">467</a>, + <a href="#Page_478-V1">478</a>, <a href="#Page_479-V1">479</a>, + <a href="#Page_484-V1">484</a>-<a href="#Page_487-V1">487</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_004-V2">4</a>, <a href="#Page_005-V2">5</a>, + <a href="#Page_143-V2">143</a>, + <a href="#Page_149-V2">149</a>-<a href="#Page_151-V2">151</a>; + attacks made on New England, I. <a href="#Page_028-V1">28</a>, + <a href="#Page_168-V1">168</a>; + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_472-V2" id="Page_472-V2">472<br />V2</a></span> + + fur-trade, the, I. <a href="#Page_037-V1">37</a>; + New France connected by forts, I. <a href="#Page_040-V1">40</a>, + <a href="#Page_041-V1">41</a>; + desire to control the West, I. + <a href="#Page_016-V1">16</a>, <a href="#Page_053-V1">53</a>, + <a href="#Page_072-V1">72</a>, <a href="#Page_073-V1">73</a>, + <a href="#Page_086-V1">86</a>-<a href="#Page_088-V1">88</a>, + <a href="#Page_169-V1">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170-V1">170</a>, + <a href="#Page_176-V1">176</a>, <a href="#Page_197-V1">197</a>, + <a href="#Page_233-V1">233</a>, II. <a href="#Page_146-V2">146</a>; + missions among the Indians, I. <a href="#Page_041-V1">41</a>, + <a href="#Page_042-V1">42</a>, <a href="#Page_064-V1">64</a>, + <a href="#Page_065-V1">65</a>-<a href="#Page_067-V1">67</a>; + matters relating to trade, I. <a href="#Page_064-V1">64</a>, + <a href="#Page_065-V1">65</a>, + <a href="#Page_069-V1">69</a>-<a href="#Page_073-V1">73</a>, + <a href="#Page_086-V1">86</a>, <a href="#Page_399-V1">399</a>; + methods of warfare and organization, I. <a href="#Page_073-V1">73</a>, + <a href="#Page_143-V1">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144-V1">144</a>, + <a href="#Page_409-V1">409</a>, <a href="#Page_472-V1">472</a>; + the attack at Pickawillany, I. <a href="#Page_084-V1">84</a>, + <a href="#Page_085-V1">85</a>; + conditions of residence of, in Acadia, I. <a href="#Page_090-V1">90</a>, + <a href="#Page_091-V1">91</a>; + injurious influence of, upon the Acadians, I. <a href="#Page_091-V1">91</a>, + <a href="#Page_096-V1">96</a>, <a href="#Page_097-V1">97</a>, + <a href="#Page_099-V1">99</a>-<a href="#Page_108-V1">108</a>, + <a href="#Page_109-V1">109</a>, <a href="#Page_121-V1">121</a>, + <a href="#Page_235-V1">235</a>-<a href="#Page_238-V1">238</a>, + <a href="#Page_243-V1">243</a>-<a href="#Page_245-V1">245</a>, + <a href="#Page_248-V1">248</a>, <a href="#Page_257-V1">257</a>, + <a href="#Page_258-V1">258</a>, <a href="#Page_265-V1">265</a>, + <a href="#Page_266-V1">266</a>, <a href="#footer_275">266 <i>note</i></a>; + officials and priests aid the Indians to destroy the English, I. + <a href="#Page_098-V1">98</a>-<a href="#Page_108-V1">108</a>, + <a href="#Page_113-V1">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114-V1">114</a>, + <a href="#Page_168-V1">168</a>, <a href="#Page_236-V1">236</a>, + <a href="#Page_329-V1">329</a>-<a href="#Page_350-V1">350</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_248-V2">248</a>, <a href="#Page_374-V2">374</a>, + <a href="#Page_421-V2">421</a>; + double-dealing, I. + <a href="#Page_103-V1">103</a>, <a href="#Page_104-V1">104</a>, + <a href="#footer_092">105 <i>note</i>, 106 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_115-V1">115</a>; + relations with Cornwallis, I. + <a href="#Page_107-V1">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108-V1">108</a>; + occupation of Beaubassin by the English, I. + <a href="#Page_115-V1">115</a>-<a href="#Page_120-V1">120</a>; + the murder of Captain Howe, I. + <a href="#Page_118-V1">118</a>, <a href="#Page_119-V1">119</a>; + questions of boundary, I. + <a href="#Page_122-V1">122</a>-<a href="#Page_127-V1">127</a>, + <a href="#Page_184-V1">184</a>, + <a href="#Page_236-V1">236</a>-<a href="#Page_238-V1">238</a>; + forts erected by, I. <a href="#Page_128-V1">128</a>, + <a href="#Page_130-V1">130</a>, <a href="#Page_143-V1">143</a>; + expedition of Duquesne to the Ohio, I. + <a href="#Page_128-V1">128</a>-<a href="#Page_135-V1">135</a>, + <a href="#Page_143-V1">143</a>-<a href="#Page_161-V1">161</a>; + efforts of Dinwiddie to repel, in the West, I. + <a href="#Page_132-V1">132</a>-<a href="#Page_161-V1">161</a>; + prepare for war, I. + <a href="#Page_143-V1">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144-V1">144</a>, + <a href="#Page_150-V1">150</a>, <a href="#Page_154-V1">154</a>, + <a href="#Page_155-V1">155</a>, <a href="#Page_169-V1">169</a>; + alleged causes of Jumonville's expedition, I. + <a href="#Page_147-V1">147</a>-<a href="#Page_149-V1">149</a>; + fight between Washington and Villiers, I. + <a href="#Page_153-V1">153</a>-<a href="#Page_161-V1">161</a>; + opinions expressed by the Indians concerning, I. + <a href="#Page_173-V1">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174-V1">174</a>; + aid to be expected from the Catholics, I. <a href="#Page_193-V1">193</a>; + try to interrupt Braddock's march, I. + <a href="#Page_205-V1">205</a>, <a href="#Page_206-V1">206</a>; + the encounter with Braddock's forces, I. + <a href="#Page_210-V1">210</a>-<a href="#Page_227-V1">227</a>; + their method of warfare, I. + <a href="#Page_215-V1">215</a>-<a href="#Page_219-V1">219</a>; + death of Braddock, I. <a href="#Page_220-V1">220</a>, + <a href="#Page_225-V1">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226-V1">226</a>; + return of the troops, I. <a href="#Page_221-V1">221</a>; + treatment of their prisoners, I. <a href="#Page_222-V1">222</a>, + <a href="#Page_223-V1">223</a>; + losses of, in the battle of the Monongahela, I. + <a href="#Page_223-V1">223</a>; + their standard planted on Beauséjour, I. + <a href="#Page_235-V1">235</a>, <a href="#Page_247-V1">247</a>; + matters pertaining to the army, I. + <a href="#Page_238-V1">238</a>, <a href="#Page_241-V1">241</a>, + <a href="#Page_247-V1">247</a>, <a href="#Page_368-V1">368</a>, + <a href="#footer_371">368 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_421-V1">421</a>, <a href="#Page_439-V1">439</a>, + <a href="#Page_461-V1">461</a>-<a href="#Page_465-V1">465</a>, + <a href="#Page_468-V1">468</a>, II. <a href="#Page_054-V2">54</a>, + <a href="#Page_055-V2">55</a>, <a href="#Page_364-V2">364</a>, + <a href="#Page_373-V2">373</a>, <a href="#Page_374-V2">374</a>, + <a href="#Page_383-V2">383</a>, <a href="#Page_384-V2">384</a>; + hostile designs of, I. <a href="#Page_243-V1">243</a>; + encounter with the English at Beauséjour, I. + <a href="#Page_248-V1">248</a>-<a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>; + burn Fort St. John, I. <a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>; + conditions leading to the expulsion of the Acadians, examined, I. + <a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>-<a href="#Page_266-V1">266</a> + (see <a href="#acadia">Acadia</a> and <a href="#acadians">Acadians</a>); + expedition fitted out against Crown Point, I. + <a href="#Page_285-V1">285</a>, <a href="#Page_286-V1">286</a>; + prepare to defend Crown Point, I. <a href="#Page_288-V1">288</a>, + <a href="#Page_289-V1">289</a>, <a href="#Page_293-V1">293</a>; + advance of Dieskau's forces to meet Johnson, I. + <a href="#Page_296-V1">296</a>, <a href="#Page_297-V1">297</a>, + <a href="#Page_299-V1">299</a>; + the battle of Lake George, I. + <a href="#Page_304-V1">304</a>-<a href="#Page_317-V1">317</a>; + their losses, I. <a href="#Page_312-V1">312</a>, + <a href="#footer_316">312 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_313-V1">313</a>; + occupy Ticonderoga, I. <a href="#Page_313-V1">313</a>, + <a href="#Page_389-V1">389</a>, <a href="#Page_390-V1">390</a>, + <a href="#Page_442-V1">442</a>, <a href="#Page_478-V1">478</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_104-V2">104</a>; + strength of their position at Niagara, I. + <a href="#Page_318-V1">318</a>, <a href="#Page_325-V1">325</a>; + expedition of Shirley against Niagara, I. + <a href="#Page_318-V1">318</a>-<a href="#Page_329-V1">329</a>; + the troops at Fort Frontenac, I. <a href="#Page_324-V1">324</a>, + <a href="#Page_408-V1">408</a>; + results of the campaign, I. + <a href="#Page_328-V1">328</a>, <a href="#Page_329-V1">329</a>; + building of Fort Duquesne, I. <a href="#footer_340">337 <i>note</i></a>; + their settlements on the Ohio molested, I. <a href="#Page_340-V1">340</a>; + on the march against Virginia, I. <a href="#Page_343-V1">343</a>; + arrival of Montcalm, I. <a href="#Page_365-V1">365</a>, + <a href="#Page_366-V1">366</a>; + camps of Montcalm, I. <a href="#Page_373-V1">373</a>; + Fort Bull taken by, I. <a href="#Page_374-V1">374</a>, + <a href="#Page_375-V1">375</a>; + letter of Montreuil quoted, I. <a href="#Page_376-V1">376</a>, + <a href="#Page_377-V1">377</a>; + expedition fitted out to defend Ticonderoga, I. + <a href="#Page_377-V1">377</a>, <a href="#Page_378-V1">378</a>; + preparations of Shirley for war, I. <a href="#Page_384-V1">384</a>; + action between Villiers and Bradstreet, I. + <a href="#Page_394-V1">394</a>-<a href="#Page_396-V1">396</a>; + the capture of Oswego, I. + <a href="#Page_397-V1">397</a>-<a href="#Page_420-V1">420</a>; + their losses, I. <a href="#Page_414-V1">414</a>; + rumors of attack at Lake George, I. <a href="#Page_422-V1">422</a>; + reduction of Fort Granville, I. <a href="#Page_423-V1">423</a>; + their war-parties, I. + <a href="#Page_429-V1">429</a>-<a href="#Page_431-V1">431</a>, + <a href="#Page_437-V1">437</a>, <a href="#Page_438-V1">438</a>; + dealings of Rogers' rangers with, I. + <a href="#Page_431-V1">431</a>, <a href="#Page_432-V1">432</a>, + <a href="#Page_443-V1">443</a>, <a href="#Page_444-V1">444</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_122-V2">122</a>-<a href="#Page_124-V2">124</a>, + <a href="#Page_256-V2">256</a>, <a href="#Page_257-V2">257</a>; + a war-party sent to attack Fort William Henry, I. + <a href="#Page_446-V1">446</a>-<a href="#Page_451-V1">451</a>; + the seat of war, I. + <a href="#Page_453-V1">453</a>, <a href="#Page_454-V1">454</a>; + their ships-of-war, I. <a href="#footer_492">473 <i>note</i></a>; + the capture of Fort William Henry, I. + <a href="#Page_474-V1">474</a>-<a href="#Page_513-V1">513</a>, + <a href="#footer_526">514 <i>note</i></a>, II. + <a href="#Page_428-V2">428</a>-<a href="#Page_431-V2">431</a>; + officers of the Indians, I. <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>; + circular letter sent by Montcalm to the officers, I. + <a href="#Page_489-V1">489</a>; + official knavery, II. <a href="#Page_022-V2">22</a>-<a href="#Page_038-V2">38</a>; + routed at Rossbach, II. <a href="#Page_046-V2">46</a>; + change of commanders, II. <a href="#Page_047-V2">47</a>; + the siege and reduction of Louisbourg, II. + <a href="#Page_048-V2">48</a>, <a href="#Page_049-V2">49</a>, + <a href="#Page_051-V2">51</a>-<a href="#footer_19Note">82 <i>note</i></a> + (see <a href="#louisbourg">Louisbourg</a>); + their ships burned off Louisbourg, II. <a href="#Page_066-V2">66</a>, + <a href="#Page_067-V2">67</a>, <a href="#Page_069-V2">69</a>; + treatment received by prisoners from the English, II. + <a href="#Page_081-V2">81</a>, <a href="#Page_128-V2">128</a>; + expedition against Ticonderoga, II. + <a href="#Page_086-V2">86</a>-<a href="#footer_638">113 <i>note</i></a> + (see <a href="#ticonderoga">Ticonderoga</a>); + losses of, II. <a href="#Page_110-V2">110</a>; + mistake occurring from the waving of a handkerchief, II. + <a href="#Page_107-V2">107</a>; + serve under Marin, II. <a href="#Page_122-V2">122</a>; + loss of Fort Frontenac, II. + <a href="#Page_127-V2">127</a>-<a href="#Page_129-V2">129</a>; + vessels on Lake Ontario taken by the British, II. + <a href="#Page_128-V2">128</a>; + loss of the command of Lake Ontario, II. <a href="#Page_129-V2">129</a>; + loss of Fort Duquesne, II. + <a href="#Page_131-V2">131</a>-<a href="#Page_163-V2">163</a>; + reinforcements sent to Fort Duquesne, II. <a href="#Page_141-V2">141</a>, + <a href="#Page_142-V2">142</a>; + loss of Indian allies, II. <a href="#Page_143-V2">143</a>, + <a href="#Page_149-V2">149</a>-<a href="#Page_151-V2">151</a>; + encounter with Major Grant, II. + <a href="#Page_151-V2">151</a>-<a href="#Page_155-V2">155</a>; + retreat from Fort Duquesne, II. + <a href="#Page_158-V2">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159-V2">159</a>; + effect of the Indian conference at Easton, II. <a href="#Page_161-V2">161</a>; + effect of the loss of Fort Duquesne, II. <a href="#Page_162-V2">162</a>; + the situation in 1758, II. <a href="#Page_162-V2">162</a>; + letter from Doreil to the minister of war, II. + <a href="#Page_162-V2">162</a>, <a href="#Page_163-V2">163</a>; + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_473-V2" id="Page_473-V2">473<br />V2</a></span> + + Montcalm desires his recall, II. <a href="#Page_164-V2">164</a>; + alarming condition of Canada, II. + <a href="#Page_169-V2">169</a>-<a href="#Page_173-V2">173</a>; + danger to the shipping, II. <a href="#Page_172-V2">172</a>; + siege and reduction of Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_195-V2">195</a>-<a href="#Page_234-V2">234</a>, + <a href="#Page_259-V2">259</a>-<a href="#Page_299-V2">299</a>, + <a href="#Page_325-V2">325</a>, + <a href="#footer_28Note">326 <i>note</i></a> + (see <a href="#quebec">Quebec</a> and <a href="#wolfe">Wolfe</a>); + measures of defence taken by Montcalm, II. + <a href="#Page_198-V2">198</a>-<a href="#Page_203-V2">203</a>; + the camp, II. <a href="#Page_208-V2">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209-V2">209</a>; + the fireships let loose upon the enemy, II. + <a href="#Page_210-V2">210</a>-<a href="#Page_212-V2">212</a>; + opposition to the work at Point Levi, II. <a href="#Page_215-V2">215</a>; + Dumas' expedition unsuccessful, II. <a href="#Page_215-V2">215</a>; + preserve the defensive, II. <a href="#Page_219-V2">219</a>; + the Canadians desert their cause, II. <a href="#Page_219-V2">219</a>, + <a href="#Page_222-V2">222</a>, <a href="#Page_223-V2">223</a>, + <a href="#Page_366-V2">366</a>; + Niagara attacked and captured, II. <a href="#Page_222-V2">222</a>, + <a href="#Page_238-V2">238</a>, + <a href="#Page_242-V2">242</a>-<a href="#Page_249-V2">249</a>; + affair of the Montmorenci, II. <a href="#Page_228-V2">228</a>, + <a href="#Page_233-V2">233</a>, <a href="#Page_259-V2">259</a>; + at Isle-aix-Noix, II. <a href="#Page_238-V2">238</a>, + <a href="#Page_239-V2">239</a>, <a href="#Page_241-V2">241</a>, + <a href="#Page_249-V2">249</a>, <a href="#Page_250-V2">250</a>; + loss of Ticonderoga, II. + <a href="#Page_239-V2">239</a>, <a href="#Page_265-V2">265</a>; + Crown Point abandoned, II. <a href="#Page_240-V2">240</a>, + <a href="#Page_241-V2">241</a>, <a href="#Page_265-V2">265</a>; + effort to recover Pittsburg, II. <a href="#Page_244-V2">244</a>; + their fear of the Indians, II. <a href="#Page_248-V2">248</a>, + <a href="#Page_374-V2">374</a>; + parishes laid waste, II. <a href="#Page_260-V2">260</a>, + <a href="#Page_261-V2">261</a>; + barbarities of Vaudreuil, II. <a href="#Page_262-V2">262</a>; + fear of losing supplies, II. <a href="#Page_264-V2">264</a>, + <a href="#Page_293-V2">293</a>; + Montcalm poorly supported, II. <a href="#Page_281-V2">281</a>, + <a href="#footer_768">281 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_292-V2">292</a>, <a href="#Page_293-V2">293</a>; + the army routed, II. + <a href="#Page_297-V2">297</a>-<a href="#Page_302-V2">302</a>, + <a href="#Page_307-V2">307</a>, <a href="#Page_308-V2">308</a>; + statistics concerning the army at the Battle of Quebec, II. + <a href="#footer_27Note">298 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_305-V2">305</a>, + <a href="#Page_436-V2">436</a>-<a href="#Page_438-V2">438</a>; + the protecting care of Montcalm, II. <a href="#Page_309-V2">309</a>; + the death and burial of Montcalm, II. <a href="#Page_309-V2">309</a>, + <a href="#Page_310-V2">310</a>; + confusion in the army, II. <a href="#Page_312-V2">312</a>; + Lévis assumes command, II. <a href="#Page_313-V2">313</a>; + the army to retrace their steps, II. <a href="#Page_313-V2">313</a>, + <a href="#Page_314-V2">314</a>; + the campaign and its actors misrepresented by Vaudreuil, II. + <a href="#Page_318-V2">318</a>-<a href="#Page_323-V2">323</a>; + the English threatened, I. <a href="#Page_335-V2">335</a>, + <a href="#Page_336-V2">336</a>; + at Le Calvaire, II. <a href="#Page_336-V2">336</a>; + encounter with the English under Major Dalling, II. + <a href="#Page_336-V2">336</a>; + skirmish at Lorette, II. <a href="#Page_337-V2">337</a>; + efforts to renew the conflict at Quebec, II. <a href="#Page_338-V2">338</a>; + the troops during the winter, II. <a href="#Page_339-V2">339</a>, + <a href="#Page_340-V2">340</a>; + Lévis's expedition to attack Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_341-V2">341</a>-<a href="#Page_358-V2">358</a>; + occupy Sainte-Foy, II. + <a href="#Page_344-V2">344</a>, <a href="#Page_345-V2">345</a>, + <a href="#Page_442-V2">442</a>-<a href="#Page_444-V2">444</a>; + the battle between Murray and Lévis, II. + <a href="#Page_347-V2">347</a>-<a href="#Page_350-V2">350</a>; + the English retreat, II. + <a href="#Page_350-V2">350</a>-<a href="#Page_352-V2">352</a>; + available force of fighting men, II. <a href="#Page_360-V2">360</a>; + small resources left in Canada, II. <a href="#Page_360-V2">360</a>; + fall of Canada, II. + <a href="#Page_360-V2">360</a>-<a href="#Page_382-V2">382</a>; + plans of Amherst, II. <a href="#Page_361-V2">361</a>, + <a href="#Page_362-V2">362</a>; + the English fleet sails for Montreal, II. + <a href="#Page_363-V2">363</a>-<a href="#Page_366-V2">366</a>; + advance upon Montreal, II. <a href="#Page_365-V2">365</a>; + Fort Lévis captured, II. + <a href="#Page_369-V2">369</a>, <a href="#Page_370-V2">370</a>; + the articles of capitulation for Montreal, II. + <a href="#Page_372-V2">372</a>, <a href="#Page_373-V2">373</a>; + cruelties of the Indians encouraged by, II. <a href="#Page_373-V2">373</a>; + Canada passes to the crown of England, II. <a href="#Page_374-V2">374</a>; + return of the troops to France, II. <a href="#Page_374-V2">374</a>, + <a href="#Page_383-V2">383</a>, <a href="#Page_384-V2">384</a>; + fly before Frederic, II. <a href="#Page_386-V2">386</a>; + driven from Pondicherry, II. <a href="#Page_400-V2">400</a>; + capture St. John's, and lose it again, II. <a href="#Page_402-V2">402</a>; + payment offered for English scalps, II. <a href="#Page_421-V2">421</a>.<br /> +French Academy, the, I. <a href="#Page_357-V1">357</a>.<br /> +French Catharine's Town, I. <a href="#footer_015">54 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +French Creek, I. <a href="#Page_045-V1">45</a>, <a href="#Page_130-V1">130</a>, + <a href="#Page_133-V1">133</a>, <a href="#Page_168-V1">168</a>; + former name of, I. <a href="#Page_128-V1">128</a>.<br /> +French Indians, I. <a href="#Page_058-V1">58</a>; + narrow escape of Washington, I. <a href="#Page_136-V1">136</a>.<br /> +French Mountain, I. <a href="#Page_300-V1">300</a>, + <a href="#Page_309-V1">309</a>, II. <a href="#Page_092-V2">92</a>.<br /> +French Revolution, the, I. <a href="#Page_018-V1">18</a>.<br /> +Freshwater Cove, II. <a href="#Page_057-V2">57</a>, + <a href="#Page_058-V2">58</a>; + attacked and taken by the English, II. + <a href="#Page_058-V2">58</a>-<a href="#Page_061-V2">61</a>; + known by other names, II. <a href="#footer_584">59 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Friponne, La, II. <a href="#Page_024-V2">24</a>.<br /> +Frontenac, Fort, I. <a href="#Page_038-V1">38</a>, + <a href="#Page_068-V1">68</a>, II. <a href="#Page_114-V2">114</a>, + <a href="#Page_155-V2">155</a>; + return of Céloron de Bienville, I. <a href="#Page_052-V1">52</a>; + action of the French in regard to ship-building, I. + <a href="#Page_072-V1">72</a>, <a href="#Page_073-V1">73</a>; + reception offered to Father Piquet, I. <a href="#Page_074-V1">74</a>; + proposed capture of, I. <a href="#Page_323-V1">323</a>, + <a href="#Page_324-V1">324</a>, <a href="#Page_374-V1">374</a>, + <a href="#Page_381-V1">381</a>, <a href="#Page_393-V1">393</a>; + position of, I. <a href="#Page_324-V1">324</a>; + held by the French, I. <a href="#Page_374-V1">374</a>, + <a href="#Page_376-V1">376</a>, <a href="#Page_415-V1">415</a>; + the attack abandoned, I. <a href="#Page_399-V1">399</a>; + arrival of Montcalm, I. <a href="#Page_407-V1">407</a>; + taken by the British, II. + <a href="#Page_127-V2">127</a>-<a href="#Page_130-V2">130</a>; + dismantled, II. <a href="#Page_129-V2">129</a>, + <a href="#Page_162-V2">162</a>.<br /> +Fry, Joshua, Colonel, I. <a href="#Page_142-V1">142</a>, + <a href="#Page_145-V1">145</a>; + despatches from Washington, I. <a href="#Page_151-V1">151</a>; + illness of, I. <a href="#Page_151-V1">151</a>; + his death, I. <a href="#Page_151-V1">151</a>.<br /> +Frye, Colonel, I. <a href="#footer_420">405 <i>note</i></a>; + disaster to the English, I. <a href="#Page_275-V1">275</a>; + number killed at Fort Edward, I. <a href="#footer_499">485 <i>note</i></a>; + sent with a detachment to Fort William Henry, I. + <a href="#Page_496-V1">496</a>; + the massacre at Fort William Henry, I. + <a href="#Page_508-V1">508</a>-<a href="#Page_513-V1">513</a>, + <a href="#footer_526">513 <i>note</i>, 514 <i>note</i></a>, II. + <a href="#Page_429-V2">429</a>, <a href="#Page_430-V2">430</a>.<br /> +Fundy, Bay of, I. <a href="#Page_237-V1">237</a>, + <a href="#Page_239-V1">239</a>, <a href="#Page_247-V1">247</a>, + <a href="#Page_261-V1">261</a>, <a href="#Page_268-V1">268</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_078-V2">78</a>, <a href="#Page_087-V2">87</a>; + dikes on, I. <a href="#Page_258-V1">258</a>.<br /> +<a name="furTrade" id="furTrade"></a> +Fur-trade, the, I. + <a href="#Page_037-V1">37</a>, <a href="#Page_041-V1">41</a>, + <a href="#Page_050-V1">50</a>, <a href="#Page_064-V1">64</a>, + <a href="#Page_072-V1">72</a>, <a href="#Page_076-V1">76</a>, + <a href="#Page_103-V1">103</a>, <a href="#Page_320-V1">320</a>, + <a href="#Page_369-V1">369</a>, II. <a href="#Page_024-V2">24</a>, + <a href="#Page_027-V2">27</a>, <a href="#Page_403-V2">403</a>.<br /> +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h3>G.</h3> +<p> +Gabarus Bay, II. <a href="#Page_057-V2">57</a>.<br /> +Gage, Lieutenant-Colonel, I. <a href="#Page_212-V1">212</a>; + in Braddock's expedition, I. <a href="#Page_214-V1">214</a>, + <a href="#Page_216-V1">216</a>; + in the battle of the Monongahela, I. <a href="#Page_219-V1">219</a>; + rallies his troops, I. <a href="#Page_224-V1">224</a>; + his infantry under Abercromby, II. <a href="#Page_093-V2">93</a>; + letter from Amherst, II. <a href="#Page_240-V2">240</a>, + <a href="#Page_241-V2">241</a>; + sent to supersede Johnson, II. <a href="#Page_249-V2">249</a>.<br /> +Galissonière, Comte de la, governor of Canada, I. + <a href="#Page_043-V1">43</a>, <a href="#Page_045-V1">45</a>, + <a href="#footer_012">53 <i>note</i></a>; + effort to have the population of Canada increased, I. + <a href="#Page_021-V1">21</a>; + his plans for uniting Canada and Louisiana, I. + <a href="#Page_036-V1">36</a>, <a href="#Page_037-V1">37</a>; + his personal appearance, I. <a href="#Page_036-V1">36</a>; + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_474-V2" id="Page_474-V2">474<br />V2</a></span> + + message given to the Indians, I. <a href="#Page_047-V1">47</a>; + soldiers sent to protect Piquet's mission, I. + <a href="#Page_066-V1">66</a>, <a href="#Page_068-V1">68</a>; + honorably recalled from office, I. <a href="#Page_077-V1">77</a>; + persons induced to settle at Detroit, I. + <a href="#footer_046">77 <i>note</i></a>; + questions of boundary, I. <a href="#Page_122-V1">122</a>, + <a href="#Page_123-V1">123</a>.<br /> +Ganouskie Bay, I. <a href="#Page_490-V1">490</a>.<br /> +Gardiner, Captain, + captures the ship "Foudroyant," II. <a href="#Page_049-V2">49</a>, + <a href="#Page_050-V2">50</a>; + mortally wounded, II. <a href="#Page_050-V2">50</a>.<br /> +Gardner, I. <a href="#Page_443-V1">443</a>.<br /> +Garneau, II. <a href="#Page_443-V2">443</a>, +<a href="#Page_444-V2">444</a>.<br /> +Gasconade, II. <a href="#Page_171-V2">171</a>, + <a href="#footer_24Note">194 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_204-V2">204</a>.<br /> +Gaspé, I. <a href="#Page_125-V1">125</a>, + <a href="#Page_491-V1">491</a>, II. <a href="#Page_080-V2">80</a>, + <a href="#Page_081-V2">81</a>, <a href="#Page_354-V2">354</a>.<br /> +Gaspereau, Fort, at Baye Verte, I. <a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>; + surrender of, to the English, I. <a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>.<br /> +Gates wounded in battle, I. <a href="#Page_219-V1">219</a>.<br /> +General Court of Massachusetts, the, I. <a href="#Page_026-V1">26</a>, + <a href="#Page_290-V1">290</a>, <a href="#Page_404-V1">404</a>; + method of raising troops, I. + <a href="#Page_384-V1">384</a>-<a href="#Page_387-V1">387</a>.<br /> +General Hospital of Quebec, the, II. <a href="#Page_441-V2">441</a>, + crowded with sick, II. <a href="#Page_265-V2">265</a>, + <a href="#Page_304-V2">304</a>, <a href="#Page_305-V2">305</a>; + the nuns care for the sick, II. <a href="#Page_330-V2">330</a>, + <a href="#Page_331-V2">331</a>-<a href="#Page_335-V2">335</a>.<br /> +Genesee, I. <a href="#Page_071-V1">71</a>.<br /> +Genesee Falls, I. <a href="#Page_071-V1">71</a>.<br /> +George II., King of England, I. <a href="#Page_288-V1">288</a>, + <a href="#Page_316-V1">316</a>, <a href="#Page_320-V1">320</a>, + <a href="#Page_321-V1">321</a>, <a href="#Page_332-V1">332</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_040-V2">40</a>, <a href="#Page_081-V2">81</a>, + <a href="#Page_191-V2">191</a>; + society, morals, and religion during his reign, I. + <a href="#Page_005-V1">5</a>-<a href="#Page_009-V1">9</a>; + his possessions in the West, I. + <a href="#Page_053-V1">53</a>, <a href="#Page_133-V1">133</a>, + <a href="#Page_134-V1">134</a>, <a href="#Page_141-V1">141</a>; + the oath of allegiance to be taken by the Acadians, I. + <a href="#Page_091-V1">91</a>, + <a href="#Page_092-V1">92</a>-<a href="#Page_098-V1">98</a>, + <a href="#Page_265-V1">265</a>; + forts to be erected on the Ohio, I. <a href="#Page_137-V1">137</a>; + plans of colonial union, I. + <a href="#Page_175-V1">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176-V1">176</a>; + his speech concerning America, I. <a href="#Page_181-V1">181</a>; + American regiments to be taken into his pay, I. + <a href="#Page_194-V1">194</a>; + remark concerning Governor Sharpe, I. + <a href="#Page_201-V1">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202-V1">202</a>; + his orders to the Acadians, I. <a href="#Page_270-V1">270</a>, + <a href="#Page_273-V1">273</a>, <a href="#Page_274-V1">274</a>; + the Acadians disloyal to, I. <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>; + the Acadians declared prisoners, I. <a href="#Page_274-V1">274</a>; + his name given to Lake George, I. + <a href="#Page_295-V1">295</a>, <a href="#Page_315-V1">315</a>; + the rank of provincial officers, I. <a href="#Page_399-V1">399</a>; + the fall of Louisbourg, II. <a href="#Page_076-V2">76</a>; + troops called for, II. <a href="#Page_083-V2">83</a>; + secret instructions to Wolfe, II. + <a href="#footer_24Note">194 <i>note</i></a>; + the victory at Quebec, II. <a href="#Page_323-V2">323</a>, + <a href="#Page_324-V2">324</a>, <a href="#Page_340-V2">340</a>; + the fall of Canada, II. <a href="#Page_360-V2">360</a>; + Louisbourg to be abandoned, II. <a href="#Page_363-V2">363</a>; + his death, II. <a href="#Page_390-V2">390</a>, + <a href="#Page_391-V2">391</a>.<br /> +George III., succeeds to the throne of England, II. + <a href="#Page_391-V2">391</a>; + his character and opinions, II. + <a href="#Page_391-V2">391</a>-<a href="#Page_394-V2">394</a>, + <a href="#Page_397-V2">397</a>; + growth of a peace-party, II. <a href="#Page_391-V2">391</a>, + <a href="#Page_392-V2">392</a>; + the negotiation with France broken off, II. <a href="#Page_396-V2">396</a>; + quarrels with Newcastle, II. <a href="#Page_400-V2">400</a>; + desires peace with France, II. <a href="#Page_402-V2">402</a>; + resistance of the British colonies, II. + <a href="#Page_413-V2">413</a>.<br /> +George, Fort, II. <a href="#Page_076-V2">76</a>, <a href="#Page_237-V2">237</a>; + erection of, I. <a href="#Page_295-V2">295</a>; + condition of, I. <a href="#Page_411-V1">411</a>.<br /> +George, Lake, I. <a href="#Page_294-V1">294</a>, + <a href="#Page_296-V1">296</a>, <a href="#Page_380-V1">380</a>, + <a href="#Page_388-V1">388</a>, <a href="#Page_401-V1">401</a>, + <a href="#Page_421-V1">421</a>, <a href="#Page_441-V1">441</a>, + <a href="#Page_446-V1">446</a>, <a href="#Page_448-V1">448</a>, + <a href="#Page_452-V1">452</a>, II. <a href="#Page_012-V2">12</a>, + <a href="#Page_014-V2">14</a>, <a href="#Page_015-V2">15</a>, + <a href="#Page_076-V2">76</a>, <a href="#Page_080-V2">80</a>, + <a href="#Page_115-V2">115</a>, <a href="#Page_129-V2">129</a>; + its beauty of scenery, I. <a href="#Page_295-V2">295</a>; + the name given to, by Johnson, I. + <a href="#Page_295-V1">295</a>, <a href="#Page_315-V1">315</a>; + advance of Dieskau's army, I. <a href="#Page_299-V1">299</a>; + conditions at the camp of, I. + <a href="#Page_314-V1">314</a>, <a href="#Page_315-V1">315</a>; + its former name, <a href="#Page_315-V1">315</a>; + winter life of the garrisons, I. <a href="#Page_350-V1">350</a>; + scouting-party sent out, I. + <a href="#Page_427-V1">427</a>-<a href="#Page_429-V1">429</a>; + exploits of Rogers' rangers, I. + <a href="#Page_433-V1">433</a>-<a href="#Page_437-V1">437</a>; + the French camp, I. <a href="#Page_438-V1">438</a>, + <a href="#Page_477-V1">477</a>, <a href="#Page_478-V1">478</a>; + the English camp, I. <a href="#Page_440-V1">440</a>, + <a href="#Page_441-V1">441</a>; + exposed condition of the forts, I. <a href="#Page_474-V1">474</a>, + <a href="#Page_475-V1">475</a>; + position of Ticonderoga, I. <a href="#Page_477-V1">477</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_099-V2">99</a>; + advance of Montcalm's forces upon Fort William Henry, I. + <a href="#Page_485-V1">485</a>-<a href="#Page_491-V1">491</a>; + voyage of the troops on their way to attack Ticonderoga, II. + <a href="#Page_086-V2">86</a>-<a href="#Page_088-V2">88</a>, + <a href="#Page_092-V2">92</a>, <a href="#Page_094-V2">94</a>; + arrangement of Montcalm's troops, II. <a href="#Page_104-V2">104</a>; + mustering-place of the armies at the head of, II. + <a href="#Page_236-V2">236</a>.<br /> +George, Lake, the battle of, I. <a href="#footer_298">291 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_304-V1">304</a>-<a href="#Page_317-V1">317</a>, + <a href="#Page_328-V1">328</a>.<br /> +Georgia, I. <a href="#Page_033-V1">33</a>; + English possessions, I. <a href="#Page_020-V1">20</a>; + distribution of the exiled Acadians, I. <a href="#Page_282-V1">282</a>.<br /> +Germain, Father, efforts against the English, I. <a href="#Page_100-V1">100</a>, + <a href="#Page_101-V1">101</a>, <a href="#Page_103-V1">103</a>; + the fight at Beaubassin, I. <a href="#Page_117-V1">117</a>.<br /> +German Flats, I. <a href="#Page_321-V1">321</a>, <a href="#Page_406-V1">406</a>; + attacked by Vaudreuil, II. <a href="#Page_006-V2">6</a>, + <a href="#Page_007-V2">7</a>.<br /> +German States, the, II. <a href="#Page_038-V2">38</a>, + <a href="#Page_039-V2">39</a>.<br /> +German War, the, II. <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>.<br /> +Germanic Empire, the, I. <a href="#Page_016-V1">16</a>, + <a href="#Page_017-V1">17</a>, II. <a href="#Page_038-V2">38</a>; + decay of, I. <a href="#Page_017-V1">17</a>; + hostile to Frederic II., II. <a href="#Page_399-V2">399</a>.<br /> +Germans, the, II. + <a href="#Page_006-V2">6</a>, <a href="#Page_045-V2">45</a>, + <a href="#Page_047-V2">47</a>, <a href="#Page_132-V2">132</a>; + in Pennsylvania, I. + <a href="#Page_031-V1">31</a>, <a href="#Page_166-V1">166</a>, + <a href="#Page_193-V1">193</a>, <a href="#Page_339-V1">339</a>, + <a href="#Page_347-V1">347</a>, <a href="#Page_348-V1">348</a>; + their language spoken in New York, I. <a href="#Page_032-V1">32</a>.<br /> +Germany, II. <a href="#Page_117-V2">117</a>; + destiny of, involved with that of Prussia, I. <a href="#Page_017-V1">17</a>; + intrigue formed by France, concerning, I. <a href="#Page_019-V1">19</a>; + the convention of Kloster-Zeven, II. <a href="#Page_045-V2">45</a>; + political situation in 1761, II. + <a href="#Page_391-V2">391</a>-<a href="#Page_395-V2">395</a>; + recreation of, II. <a href="#Page_408-V2">408</a>; + results of the Seven Year War, II. <a href="#Page_409-V2">409</a>.<br /> +Gethan, Captain, I. <a href="#Page_227-V1">227</a>.<br /> +Gibraltar, garrisons of, I. <a href="#Page_009-V1">9</a>; + governorship of General Braddock, I. + <a href="#Page_189-V2">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190-V2">190</a>, + <a href="#footer_194">190 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Gibraltar, Straits of, II. <a href="#Page_049-V2">49</a>.<br /> +Giddings, Captain, II. <a href="#footer_643">123 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Gilchrist, II. <a href="#Page_435-V2">435</a>, + <a href="#Page_436-V2">436</a>.<br /> +Gilson, George, I. <a href="#Page_227-V1">227</a>.<br /> +Girard, priest at Cobequid, I. <a href="#Page_106-V1">106</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_427-V2">427</a>; + oath required of, I. <a href="#Page_106-V1">106</a>, + <a href="#Page_107-V1">107</a>; + his honorable action, I. <a href="#Page_107-V1">107</a>; + correspondence with Longueuil, I. <a href="#Page_107-V1">107</a>; + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_475-V2" id="Page_475-V2">475<br />V2</a></span> + +quotation from, concerning the Acadian emigrants, I. + <a href="#Page_109-V1">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110-V1">110</a>.<br /> + +Gist, Christopher, I. <a href="#Page_042-V1">42</a>, + <a href="#Page_133-V1">133</a>; + sent to select land for settlers, I. <a href="#Page_053-V1">53</a>, + <a href="#Page_054-V1">54</a>-<a href="#Page_059-V1">59</a>; + his expedition to Ohio, I. <a href="#Page_053-V1">53</a>; + his description of a feather dance, I. <a href="#Page_058-V1">58</a>; + adventure with Indians, I. <a href="#Page_136-V1">136</a>; + his journal, I. <a href="#footer_137">136 <i>note</i></a>; + joins Washington, I. <a href="#Page_146-V1">146</a>, + <a href="#Page_151-V1">151</a>; + his settlement, I. <a href="#Page_151-V1">151</a>, + <a href="#Page_157-V1">157</a>; + council held by Washington, I. <a href="#Page_153-V1">153</a>; + his buildings burned, I. <a href="#Page_161-V1">161</a>; + reached by the retreating troops of Braddock, I. + <a href="#Page_224-V1">224</a>; + orders given by Braddock to, I. <a href="#Page_226-V1">226</a>.<br /> +Gladwin, wounded in the battle of the Monongahela, I. + <a href="#Page_219-V1">219</a>.<br /> +Glasgow, II. <a href="#Page_185-V2">185</a>.<br /> +Glasier, Colonel, I. <a href="#Page_404-V1">404</a>.<br /> +Glen, Governor of South Carolina, I. <a href="#Page_176-V1">176</a>; + correspondence with Dinwiddie, I. <a href="#Page_176-V1">176</a>, + <a href="#Page_177-V1">177</a>.<br /> +Gnadenhütten settlement destroyed by the Indians, I. + <a href="#Page_347-V1">347</a>.<br /> +Goat Island, II. <a href="#Page_053-V2">53</a>.<br /> +Goldsmith, his Life of Nash, I. <a href="#Page_188-V1">188</a>.<br /> +"Goodwill," the, II. <a href="#Page_204-V2">204</a>.<br /> +Gordon, Mr., I. <a href="#Page_403-V1">403</a>; + engineer in Braddock's expedition, I. <a href="#Page_215-V1">215</a>.<br /> +Gorée II. <a href="#Page_400-V2">400</a>; + Island of, restored to France, II. <a href="#Page_406-V2">406</a>.<br /> +Gorham, Captain, reconnoitres Louisbourg, I. + <a href="#Page_471-V1">471</a>.<br /> +Governor's Palace, the, I. <a href="#Page_142-V1">142</a>, + <a href="#Page_163-V1">163</a>.<br /> +Governors of America, the, position of, I. <a href="#Page_170-V1">170</a>, + <a href="#Page_171-V1">171</a>, <a href="#Page_282-V1">282</a>; + matter of raising money for the campaigns, I. <a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>; + council held with Braddock, I. + <a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>-<a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>; + jealousies between the Assemblies and, I. <a href="#Page_419-V1">419</a>, + <a href="#Page_420-V1">420</a>.<br /> +Gradis and Son, II. <a href="#Page_023-V2">23</a>; + official knavery, II. <a href="#Page_023-V2">23</a>, + <a href="#Page_024-V2">24</a>.<br /> +Graham, Rev. John of Suffield, Conn., I. <a href="#Page_402-V1">402</a>; + his accounts of the condition of the provincial camp, I. + <a href="#Page_402-V1">402</a>-<a href="#Page_404-V1">404</a>; + his Diary quoted, I. <a href="#Page_403-V1">403</a>, + <a href="#Page_404-V1">404</a>.<br /> +Grand Battery, the, II. <a href="#Page_055-V2">55</a>; + abandoned by the French, II. <a href="#Page_061-V2">61</a>.<br /> +Grand Menan, the, II. <a href="#Page_183-V2">183</a>.<br /> +Grand Pré, the, I. + <a href="#Page_094-V1">94</a>, <a href="#Page_106-V1">106</a>, + <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>, <a href="#Page_263-V1">263</a>; + its inhabitants, I. <a href="#Page_264-V1">264</a>, + <a href="#Page_269-V1">269</a>, <a href="#Page_270-V1">270</a>; + meadows of, I. <a href="#Page_268-V1">268</a>; + origin of its name, I. <a href="#Page_269-V1">269</a>; + encampment of Winslow, I. <a href="#Page_269-V1">269</a>; + the inhabitants summoned to hear the King's orders, I. + <a href="#Page_271-V1">271</a>, + <a href="#Page_272-V1">272</a>-<a href="#Page_276-V1">276</a>; + the removal of the Acadians, I. + <a href="#Page_277-V1">277</a>-<a href="#Page_279-V1">279</a>.<br /> +Grant, Ensign, the attack upon Louisbourg, II. + <a href="#Page_059-V2">59</a>.<br /> +Grant, Major, his expedition, II. + <a href="#Page_151-V2">151</a>-<a href="#Page_155-V2">155</a>; + surrounded and captured, II. + <a href="#Page_153-V2">153</a>-<a href="#Page_155-V2">155</a>.<br /> +Grant, Mrs. Anne, recollections of Albany, I. <a href="#Page_320-V1">320</a>; + her "Memoirs of an American Lady," cited, I. + <a href="#Page_320-V1">320</a>, II. + <a href="#footer_614">91 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Grant's Hill, II. <a href="#Page_140-V2">140</a>; + origin of the name, II. <a href="#Page_151-V2">151</a>.<br /> +<a name="granville" id="granville"></a> +Granville, Earl, I. <a href="#Page_008-V1">8</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_397-V2">397</a>; + letter from Dinwiddie to, quoted, I. <a href="#Page_176-V1">176</a>; + angry reply given to Pitt, II. + <a href="#Page_397-V2">397</a>, <a href="#Page_398-V2">398</a>; + remarks on his death-bed, II. <a href="#Page_408-V2">408</a>.<br /> +Granville, Fort, attacked by the French and Indians, I. + <a href="#Page_423-V1">423</a>.<br /> +Gray, words of Wolfe concerning the Elegy, II. <a href="#Page_285-V2">285</a>, + <a href="#Page_286-V2">286</a>.<br /> +Gray, Sergeant James, letter to his brother quoted, I. + <a href="#Page_321-V1">321</a>.<br /> +Gray, John, letter from James Gray, I. <a href="#Page_321-V1">321</a>.<br /> +Great Carrying Place, the, I. <a href="#Page_293-V1">293</a>, + <a href="#Page_321-V1">321</a>, <a href="#Page_393-V1">393</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_242-V1">242</a>; + guarded by the English, I. <a href="#Page_374-V1">374</a>; + fort rebuilt by Shirley, I. <a href="#Page_384-V1">384</a>; + the fort burned, I. <a href="#Page_406-V1">406</a>; + new fort to be erected, II. <a href="#Page_129-V2">129</a>.<br /> +Great Company, the, in Canada, I. <a href="#Page_283-V1">283</a>.<br /> +Great Cove, the settlement destroyed, I. <a href="#Page_343-V1">343</a>.<br /> +Great Kenawha, the, I. <a href="#Page_048-V1">48</a>; + plate buried by the French near, I. <a href="#Page_048-V1">48</a>.<br /> +Great Lakes, the, I. <a href="#Page_075-V1">75</a>, + <a href="#Page_124-V1">124</a>.<br /> +Great Meadows, the, I. <a href="#Page_145-V1">145</a>; + Washington assembles his force, I. <a href="#Page_146-V1">146</a>, + <a href="#Page_151-V1">151</a>, <a href="#Page_153-V1">153</a>; + the fight at, I. + <a href="#Page_157-V1">157</a>-<a href="#Page_159-V1">159</a>, + <a href="#Page_161-V1">161</a>; + encampment of Dunbar, I. <a href="#Page_226-V1">226</a>.<br /> +Great Miami, the, I. <a href="#Page_050-V1">50</a>, + <a href="#Page_055-V1">55</a>; + neighboring country described, I. <a href="#Page_055-V1">55</a>, + <a href="#Page_056-V1">56</a>.<br /> +Great Savage Mountain, the, I. <a href="#Page_205-V1">205</a>.<br /> +Greeks, the, I. <a href="#Page_407-V1">407</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_323-V2">323</a>.<br /> +Green and Russell, Messrs., II. <a href="#Page_442-V2">442</a>.<br /> +Green, his "History of the English People" cited, II. + <a href="#Page_408-V1">408</a>, + <a href="#footer_877">408 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Green Bay, I. <a href="#Page_084-V1">84</a>; + fraudulent trade, II. <a href="#Page_027-V2">27</a>.<br /> +Green Mountains, I. <a href="#Page_453-V1">453</a>.<br /> +Grenada, II. <a href="#Page_401-V2">401</a>; + ceded by France, II. <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>.<br /> +Grenadines, the, II. <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>.<br /> +Grenville, Mr., II. <a href="#footer_24Note">194 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Gridley, Colonel, I. <a href="#Page_401-V1">401</a>.<br /> +Grignon, Pierre, II. <a href="#Page_425-V2">425</a>.<br /> +Guadeloupe, II. <a href="#Page_400-V2">400</a>; + question of its comparative value with that of Canada, II. + <a href="#Page_403-V2">403</a>; + restored by England, II. <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>.<br /> +Guienne, the battalion of, I. <a href="#Page_182-V1">182</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_104-V2">104</a>, <a href="#Page_109-V2">109</a>, + <a href="#Page_230-V2">230</a>, <a href="#Page_232-V2">232</a>; + advances upon Fort William Henry, I. <a href="#Page_491-V1">491</a>; + guards Fort Frontenac, I. <a href="#Page_376-V1">376</a>; + the capture of Oswego, I. <a href="#Page_408-V1">408</a>; + camp of, I. <a href="#Page_477-V1">477</a>; + ordered to encamp on the Plains of Abraham, II. <a href="#Page_276-V1">276</a>; + encamps by the St. Charles, II. <a href="#Page_285-V2">285</a>, + <a href="#Page_290-V2">290</a>, <a href="#Page_292-V2">292</a>.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_476-V2" id="Page_476-V2">476<br />V2</a></span> + +Guinea, the French driven from, II. <a href="#Page_047-V2">47</a>.<br /> +Gumley, Colonel, I. <a href="#Page_189-V1">189</a>.<br /> + + +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h3>H.</h3> +<p> +Hague, I. <a href="#Page_428-V1">428</a>.<br /> +Hainaut, I. <a href="#Page_358-V1">358</a>.<br /> +Haldimand, Colonel, II. <a href="#Page_242-V2">242</a>; + attacked by the French, II. <a href="#Page_242-V2">242</a>, + <a href="#Page_243-V2">243</a>.<br /> +Hale, George S., I. <a href="#footer_419">404 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Half-King, chief of the Indians on the Ohio, I. <a href="#Page_130-V1">130</a>; + aids and accompanies Washington, I. <a href="#Page_133-V1">133</a>, + <a href="#Page_145-V1">145</a>, <a href="#Page_146-V1">146</a>, + <a href="#Page_151-V1">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152-V1">152</a>, + <a href="#Page_160-V1">160</a>; + efforts of Saint-Pierre to entice away his Indians, I. + <a href="#Page_135-V1">135</a>; + council held with Half-King by Washington, I. + <a href="#Page_146-V1">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147-V1">147</a>; + boast concerning the death of Jumonville, I. + <a href="#footer_152">151 <i>note</i></a>; + his comments on the fight at Great Meadows, I. + <a href="#Page_160-V1">160</a>.<br /> +Half-Moon, I. + <a href="#Page_384-V1">384</a>, <a href="#Page_452-V1">452</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_119-V2">119</a>.<br /> +Haliburton, statement from, I. <a href="#footer_278">277 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Halifax, Lord, on the Board of Trade, I. <a href="#Page_179-V1">179</a>; + letter from Dinwiddie to, I. <a href="#Page_229-V1">229</a>; + letter from Winslow, I. <a href="#Page_278-V1">278</a>.<br /> +<a name="halifax" id="halifax"></a> +Halifax, I. <a href="#Page_093-V1">93</a>, + <a href="#Page_101-V1">101</a>, <a href="#Page_104-V1">104</a>, + <a href="#Page_106-V1">106</a>, <a href="#Page_113-V1">113</a>, + <a href="#Page_115-V1">115</a>, <a href="#Page_196-V1">196</a>, + <a href="#Page_239-V1">239</a>, <a href="#Page_243-V1">243</a>, + <a href="#Page_255-V1">255</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_001-V2">1</a>, <a href="#Page_277-V2">277</a>; + foundation and growth of, I. + <a href="#Page_092-V1">92</a>, <a href="#Page_093-V1">93</a>; + meeting of deputies from Acadia with Cornwallis, I. + <a href="#Page_097-V1">97</a>, <a href="#Page_098-V1">98</a>; + questions of ownership, I. <a href="#Page_124-V2">124</a>; + hearing given to the Acadians, I. + <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>-<a href="#Page_265-V1">265</a>; + destined port of the English fleet, I. + <a href="#Page_469-V1">469</a>, <a href="#Page_470-V1">470</a>; + fleet sails for, under Admiral Boscawen, II. <a href="#Page_051-V2">51</a>; + departure of Boscawen's ships, II. <a href="#Page_056-V2">56</a>; + arrival of Admiral Saunders, II. <a href="#Page_192-V2">192</a>.<br /> +Halifax, Fort, I. <a href="#Page_183-V1">183</a>, + <a href="#footer_185">184 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Halket, Sir Peter, attacked by the French, I. + <a href="#Page_216-V1">216</a>-<a href="#Page_219-V1">219</a>; + shot in battle, I. + <a href="#Page_219-V1">219</a>, <a href="#Page_227-V1">227</a>; + burial of his remains, II. <a href="#Page_160-V2">160</a>.<br /> +Halket, son of Sir Peter, shot in battle, I. <a href="#Page_219-V1">219</a>; + his remains discovered, II. <a href="#Page_160-V2">160</a>.<br /> +Halket, Major, II. <a href="#Page_432-V2">432</a>; + discovers his father's body, II. <a href="#Page_160-V2">160</a>; + letter from Tomahawk Camp, II. + <a href="#Page_161-V2">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162-V2">162</a>.<br /> +Hamilton, James, Governor of Pennsylvania, I. <a href="#Page_042-V1">42</a>, + <a href="#Page_054-V1">54</a>, <a href="#Page_056-V1">56</a>; + his opinion of English traders, I. <a href="#Page_042-V1">42</a>; + correspondence with Dinwiddie, I. + <a href="#footer_005">42 <i>note</i></a>, <a href="#Page_141-V1">141</a>; + receives a message from the Miamis and Hurons, I. + <a href="#footer_017">57 <i>note</i></a>; + desirability of an Indian alliance, I. <a href="#Page_059-V1">59</a>; + tries to build a trading-house on the Ohio, I. + <a href="#Page_059-V1">59</a>, <a href="#Page_060-V1">60</a>; + result of the meeting of, with the Assembly of Pennsylvania, I. + <a href="#Page_165-V1">165</a>-<a href="#Page_168-V1">168</a>; + succeeded by Governor Morris, I. <a href="#Page_167-V1">167</a>.<br /> +Hampton, arrival of Braddock, I. <a href="#Page_187-V1">187</a>; + arrival of regiments at, I. <a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>.<br /> +Hanbury, John, I. <a href="#Page_140-V1">140</a>; + stockholder in the Ohio Company, I. <a href="#Page_053-V1">53</a>, + <a href="#Page_196-V1">196</a>; + extracts from his correspondence with Dinwiddie, I. + <a href="#Page_140-V1">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141-V1">141</a>, + <a href="#Page_144-V1">144</a>; + error ascribed to, I. <a href="#Page_196-V1">196</a>.<br /> +Hanbury, Mrs., I. <a href="#Page_144-V1">144</a>.<br /> +Hancock, a Boston merchant, I. <a href="#Page_245-V1">245</a>; + furnishes money for the English troops, I. + <a href="#Page_245-V1">245</a>.<br /> +Handfield, Major, in command at Annapolis, I. <a href="#Page_267-V1">267</a>; + instructions to expel the Acadians, I. <a href="#Page_267-V1">267</a>; + letter from, to Winslow, I. <a href="#Page_274-V1">274</a>, + <a href="#Page_275-V1">275</a>; + letter of Winslow concerning the removal of the Acadians, I. + <a href="#Page_277-V1">277</a>, + <a href="#footer_278">277 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Hannibal, II. <a href="#Page_209-V2">209</a>.<br /> +Hanover, I. <a href="#Page_005-V1">5</a>, + <a href="#Page_008-V1">8</a>, <a href="#Page_353-V1">353</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_040-V2">40</a>, <a href="#Page_047-V2">47</a>, + <a href="#Page_049-V2">49</a>, <a href="#Page_391-V2">391</a>, + <a href="#Page_392-V2">392</a>, <a href="#Page_400-V2">400</a>; + possessions of England in, I. <a href="#Page_019-V1">19</a>; + restorations made by France, II. <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>.<br /> +Hardy, Major, to hold the Point of Orleans, II. <a href="#Page_216-V2">216</a>, + <a href="#Page_217-V2">217</a>, <a href="#Page_219-V2">219</a>.<br /> +Hardy, Sir Charles, Governor of New York, I. <a href="#Page_383-V1">383</a>, + <a href="#Page_470-V1">470</a>; + opposition to Shirley, I. <a href="#Page_383-V1">383</a>; + orders issued to scatter the Nova Scotia settlers, II. + <a href="#Page_080-V2">80</a>, <a href="#Page_081-V2">81</a>.<br /> +Harris, John, sufferings of the settlers, I. + <a href="#Page_343-V1">343</a>.<br /> +Harris, Mary, story of, I. <a href="#Page_055-V1">55</a>.<br /> +Harris, Thomas, English scout, I. <a href="#Page_415-V1">415</a>, + <a href="#Page_416-V1">416</a>.<br /> +Harry, II. <a href="#Page_390-V2">390</a>.<br /> +Hartwell Library, the, II. <a href="#footer_718">219 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Hauteur-de-la-Potence, II. <a href="#Page_066-V2">66</a>.<br /> +Havana, expedition of Pococke, II. <a href="#Page_401-V2">401</a>; + conquered, II. <a href="#Page_402-V2">402</a>; + returned to Spain, II. <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>.<br /> +Haviland, Colonel, commander at Fort Edward, II. <a href="#Page_011-V2">11</a>; + the fall of Canada, II. + <a href="#Page_361-V2">361</a>-<a href="#Page_382-V2">382</a>; + opens communication with Murray, II. <a href="#Page_368-V2">368</a>; + encamped near Montreal, II. <a href="#Page_372-V2">372</a>.<br /> +Hawke, Sir Edward, II. <a href="#Page_050-V2">50</a>; + his character, II. + <a href="#Page_050-V2">50</a>, <a href="#Page_051-V2">51</a>.<br /> +Hawley, Elisha, his wounds, I. + <a href="#Page_302-V1">302</a>, <a href="#Page_311-V1">311</a>; + his last letter to his brother quoted, I. + <a href="#Page_302-V1">302</a>.<br /> +Hawley, Joseph, I. <a href="#Page_302-V1">302</a>.<br /> +Hay, Ensign, killed at Beauséjour, I. + <a href="#Page_250-V1">250</a>.<br /> +Hay, Sir Charles, I. <a href="#Page_471-V1">471</a>.<br /> +Hazen, Captain Moses, II. <a href="#Page_351-V2">351</a>; + the encounter at Beauséjour, I. <a href="#Page_249-V1">249</a>; + his courage, I. <a href="#Page_428-V1">428</a>; + skirmish at Lorette, II. <a href="#Page_337-V2">337</a>; + the battle between Lévis and Murray, II. + <a href="#Page_347-V2">347</a>-<a href="#Page_350-V2">350</a>.<br /> +Hebecourt, Captain, stationed at Ticonderoga, II. <a href="#Page_011-V2">11</a>; + receives a reinforcement of Indians, II. <a href="#Page_012-V2">12</a>; + Bourlamaque leaves him in charge, II. <a href="#Page_238-V2">238</a>, + <a href="#Page_239-V2">239</a>.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_477-V2" id="Page_477-V2">477<br />V2</a></span> + +Helots, I. <a href="#Page_465-V1">465</a>.<br /> +Henderson, II. <a href="#Page_296-V2">296</a>.<br /> +Hendrick, chief of the Mohawks, I. <a href="#Page_301-V1">301</a>; + his arrival at New York, I. + <a href="#Page_171-V1">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172-V1">172</a>; + speech made at Albany, I. + <a href="#Page_173-V1">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174-V1">174</a>; + his advice to Johnson, I. <a href="#Page_301-V1">301</a>; + encounter with Dieskau, I. + <a href="#Page_301-V1">301</a>, <a href="#Page_302-V1">302</a>; + killed in battle, I. <a href="#Page_302-V1">302</a>, + <a href="#Page_303-V1">303</a>, <a href="#Page_309-V1">309</a>.<br /> +Henry IV., II. <a href="#Page_009-V2">9</a>.<br /> +Hensey, Florence, a spy at London, I. <a href="#Page_469-V1">469</a>.<br /> +Herbin, I. <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>; + skirmish with Captain MacDonald, II. <a href="#Page_336-V2">336</a>, + <a href="#Page_337-V2">337</a>.<br /> +Herkimer, Fort, II. <a href="#Page_007-V2">7</a>.<br /> +Hermitage, the, II. <a href="#Page_021-V2">21</a>.<br /> +"Héros," the, ship, I. <a href="#Page_362-V1">362</a>.<br /> +Hertel, I. <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>.<br /> +Highlanders, the, II. <a href="#Page_093-V2">93</a>, + <a href="#Page_151-V2">151</a>, <a href="#Page_185-V2">185</a>; + their bravery, II. + <a href="#Page_109-V2">109</a>, <a href="#Page_232-V2">232</a>; + serve under Forbes, II. + <a href="#Page_132-V2">132</a>-<a href="#Page_163-V2">163</a>; + their comrades exposed on poles, II. <a href="#Page_159-V2">159</a>; + action at Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_232-V2">232</a>, <a href="#Page_233-V2">233</a>, + <a href="#Page_261-V2">261</a>, <a href="#Page_262-V2">262</a>, + <a href="#Page_286-V2">286</a>, <a href="#Page_437-V2">437</a>; + the slogan, II. <a href="#Page_296-V2">296</a>; + encounter with the Canadians, II. <a href="#Page_300-V2">300</a>; + their costume insufficient in Canada, II. <a href="#Page_334-V2">334</a>, + <a href="#Page_335-V2">335</a>; + encounter with the French, II. <a href="#Page_336-V2">336</a>.<br /> +Hobbs, Captain, I. <a href="#Page_270-V1">270</a>, + <a href="#Page_272-V1">272</a>.<br /> +Hocquart, Captain, fate of the "Alcide," I. + <a href="#Page_185-V1">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186-V1">186</a>; + encounter with Captain Howe, I. <a href="#Page_186-V1">186</a>.<br /> +Hocquart, Intendant, financial condition of Canada, II. + <a href="#Page_032-V2">32</a>.<br /> +Hodges, Captain, I. <a href="#Page_429-V1">429</a>.<br /> +Hogarth, I. <a href="#Page_006-V1">6</a>.<br /> +Holbourne, Admiral Francis, + ordered to intercept the French fleet, I. + <a href="#Page_184-V1">184</a>, <a href="#Page_185-V1">185</a>; + commands the English fleet to sail for America, I. + <a href="#Page_469-V1">469</a>, <a href="#Page_470-V1">470</a>; + his arrival at Halifax, I. <a href="#Page_470-V1">470</a>; + approaches Louisbourg, I. <a href="#Page_471-V1">471</a>; + his fleet wrecked, I. <a href="#Page_472-V1">472</a>.<br /> +Holdernesse, Earl of, I. <a href="#Page_310-V1">310</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_358-V2">358</a>; + letter laid before the Assembly of Pennsylvania, I. + <a href="#Page_165-V1">165</a>; + letter from Wolfe concerning Quebec, II. <a href="#Page_271-V2">271</a>, + <a href="#Page_272-V2">272</a>; + visited by Walpole, II. <a href="#Page_358-V2">358</a>; + supplanted by the Earl of Bute, II. <a href="#Page_393-V2">393</a>.<br /> +Holdernesse, Lady Emily, II. <a href="#Page_358-V2">358</a>.<br /> +Holland, Lieutenant, his report of Duquesne's war-party, I. + <a href="#Page_088-V1">88</a>, <a href="#Page_089-V1">89</a>.<br /> +Holland, II. <a href="#Page_286-V2">286</a>; + her rank in maritime enterprise, II. <a href="#Page_411-V2">411</a>.<br /> +Holmes, Admiral, sails for New York, II. <a href="#Page_192-V2">192</a>; + his squadron, II. <a href="#Page_263-V2">263</a>, + <a href="#Page_273-V2">273</a>; + attacked by the French, II. <a href="#Page_264-V2">264</a>; + the ships carefully watched by the French, II. + <a href="#Page_274-V2">274</a>-<a href="#Page_276-V2">276</a>; + his fleet prepares for service, II. + <a href="#Page_278-V2">278</a>-<a href="#Page_282-V2">282</a>; + feint to deceive Bougainville, II. + <a href="#Page_279-V2">279</a>, <a href="#Page_280-V2">280</a>; + the final attack on Quebec, II. <a href="#Page_281-V2">281</a>.<br /> +Hopkins, Lieutenant, the attack on Louisbourg, II. + <a href="#Page_059-V2">59</a>-<a href="#Page_061-V2">61</a>.<br /> +Hopson, Governor of Acadia, I. + <a href="#Page_104-V1">104</a>, <a href="#Page_112-V1">112</a>, + <a href="#Page_113-V1">113</a>, <a href="#Page_257-V1">257</a>; + succeeded by Lawrence, I. <a href="#Page_113-V1">113</a>.<br /> +Horseflesh eaten at Montreal, II. <a href="#Page_010-V2">10</a>.<br /> +Hospital battery, the, II. <a href="#Page_208-V2">208</a>.<br /> +"Hot Stuff," II. <a href="#footer_25Note">234 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Hôtel-Dieu, II. <a href="#Page_265-V2">265</a>; + its condition after the siege, II. <a href="#Page_328-V2">328</a>; + care of the sick, II. <a href="#Page_331-V2">331</a>.<br /> +Houllière, commander of French regulars, II. + <a href="#Page_071-V2">71</a>.<br /> +House of Burgesses, the, I. + <a href="#Page_137-V1">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138-V1">138</a>.<br /> +House of Commons, the, II. <a href="#Page_041-V2">41</a>, + <a href="#Page_410-V2">410</a>; + influence of the Duke of Newcastle in, I. <a href="#Page_179-V1">179</a>; + debate concerning the peace between France and England, II. + <a href="#Page_406-V2">406</a>, <a href="#Page_407-V2">407</a>.<br /> +Howard the philanthropist, I. <a href="#Page_007-V1">7</a>.<br /> +Howe, Captain, II. <a href="#Page_127-V2">127</a>; + the encounter with Hocquart, I. <a href="#Page_185-V1">185</a>, + <a href="#Page_186-V1">186</a>.<br /> +Howe, Captain, + the Heights of Abraham scaled by his men, II. <a href="#Page_282-V2">282</a>, + <a href="#Page_283-V2">283</a>, <a href="#Page_290-V2">290</a>.<br /> +Howe, Brigadier-Lord, II. <a href="#Page_048-V2">48</a>; + effort made to assist the settlement at German Flats, II. + <a href="#Page_007-V2">7</a>; + united with Abercromby in command, II. + <a href="#Page_048-V2">48</a>; + the expedition against Ticonderoga, II. + <a href="#Page_089-V2">89</a>-<a href="#Page_097-V2">97</a>; + his leadership, II. + <a href="#Page_089-V2">89</a>, <a href="#Page_090-V2">90</a>; + reforms introduced into the army by, II. <a href="#Page_090-V2">90</a>; + his characteristics, II. + <a href="#Page_090-V2">90</a>, <a href="#Page_091-V2">91</a>; + tablet erected to, in Westminster Abbey, II. <a href="#Page_091-V2">91</a>; + passage of the expedition across Lake George, II. + <a href="#Page_092-V2">92</a>-<a href="#Page_094-V2">94</a>; + reconnoitres the landing, II. <a href="#Page_094-V2">94</a>; + the meeting of the forces in the woods, II. <a href="#Page_096-V2">96</a>; + effect of his death on the army, II. <a href="#Page_097-V2">97</a>, + <a href="#Page_103-V2">103</a>.<br /> +Howe, Captain Edward, an English officer, I. <a href="#Page_118-V1">118</a>; + treacherously murdered, I. <a href="#Page_118-V1">118</a>, + <a href="#Page_119-V1">119</a>.<br /> +Hubbard, Thomas, II. <a href="#Page_429-V2">429</a>.<br /> +Hubertsburg, the treaty of, II. <a href="#Page_407-V2">407</a>.<br /> +Hudson Bay, English possessions near, I. <a href="#Page_020-V1">20</a>.<br /> +Hudson River, the, I. + <a href="#Page_028-V1">28</a>, <a href="#Page_032-V1">32</a>, + <a href="#Page_193-V1">193</a>, <a href="#Page_289-V1">289</a>, + <a href="#Page_319-V1">319</a>, <a href="#Page_321-V1">321</a>, + <a href="#Page_384-V1">384</a>, <a href="#Page_387-V1">387</a>, + <a href="#Page_391-V1">391</a>, <a href="#Page_452-V1">452</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_002-V2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_116-V2">116</a>, + <a href="#Page_119-V2">119</a>, <a href="#Page_165-V2">165</a>; + Dutch proprietors on the, I. + <a href="#Page_032-V1">32</a>, <a href="#Page_033-V1">33</a>; + parties sent to explore, II. <a href="#Page_241-V2">241</a>.<br /> +Huguenots, the, persecution of, I. <a href="#Page_014-V1">14</a>, + <a href="#Page_022-V1">21</a>, <a href="#Page_022-V1">22</a>; + the language of, spoken in New York, I. <a href="#Page_032-V1">32</a>.<br /> +Hugues, plan of defence proposed by, II. + <a href="#Page_099-V2">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100-V1">100</a>.<br /> +Hungary, appeal made to the nobles of, by Maria Theresa, I. + <a href="#Page_019-V1">19</a>; + action of the nobles, I. <a href="#Page_019-V1">19</a>.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_478-V2" id="Page_478-V2">478<br />V2</a></span> + +Hungary, the Queen of, II. <a href="#Page_389-V2">389</a>.<br /> +"Hunter," the, II. <a href="#Page_286-V2">286</a>.<br /> +Hurons, the, I. <a href="#Page_125-V1">125</a>, + <a href="#Page_154-V1">154</a>, <a href="#Page_209-V1">209</a>; + their Christianity, I. <a href="#Page_041-V1">41</a>; + assist the French, I. <a href="#Page_371-V1">371</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_142-V2">142</a>; + called to a council by Montcalm, I. + <a href="#Page_485-V1">485</a>-<a href="#Page_489-V1">489</a>; + their savagery, II. <a href="#footer_656">145 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Huske, map of North America, I. <a href="#footer_124">126 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Hutchins, Ensign, II. <a href="#Page_250-V2">250</a>, + <a href="#Page_272-V2">272</a>.<br /> +Hutchinson, Indian cruelties, II. <a href="#footer_531">5 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> + +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h3>I.</h3> +<p> +Illinois, I. <a href="#Page_125-V1">125</a>, <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_142-V2">142</a>; + French claims in, I. <a href="#Page_040-V1">40</a>, + <a href="#Page_041-V1">41</a>; + two maps of, I. <a href="#Page_041-V1">41</a>.<br /> +Illinois Indians, home of, I. <a href="#Page_040-V1">40</a>.<br /> +Illinois River, the, I. <a href="#Page_056-V1">56</a>, + <a href="#Page_083-V1">83</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_155-V2">155</a>, <a href="#Page_244-V2">244</a>; + French interests, II. + <a href="#Page_248-V2">248</a>, <a href="#Page_249-V2">249</a>.<br /> +"Illustre," the, I. <a href="#Page_362-V1">362</a>.<br /> +Independents, the, I. <a href="#Page_032-V1">32</a>.<br /> +India, I. <a href="#Page_004-V1">4</a>, II. <a href="#Page_396-V2">396</a>; + results of the Seven Years War, I. <a href="#Page_004-V1">4</a>; + the mastery of, I. <a href="#Page_010-V1">10</a>; + French colonies in, I. <a href="#Page_356-V1">356</a>; + the power of Pitt, II. <a href="#Page_043-V2">43</a>, + <a href="#Page_044-V2">44</a>; + losses to be sustained by France, II. <a href="#Page_406-V2">406</a>, + <a href="#Page_410-V2">410</a>.<br /> +Indians, the, I. + <a href="#Page_093-V1">93</a>, II. <a href="#Page_086-V2">86</a>; + influenced by the French to fight the English, I. + <a href="#Page_028-V1">28</a>, <a href="#Page_037-V1">37</a>, + <a href="#Page_047-V1">47</a>, <a href="#Page_048-V1">48</a>, + <a href="#Page_084-V1">84</a>, + <a href="#Page_099-V1">99</a>-<a href="#Page_108-V1">108</a>, + <a href="#Page_110-V1">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111-V1">111</a>, + <a href="#Page_115-V1">115</a>, <a href="#Page_119-V1">119</a>, + <a href="#Page_152-V1">152</a>, <a href="#Page_161-V1">161</a>, + <a href="#Page_171-V1">171</a>, <a href="#Page_175-V1">175</a>, + <a href="#Page_184-V1">184</a>, + <a href="#Page_211-V1">211</a>-<a href="#Page_213-V1">213</a>, + <a href="#Page_236-V1">236</a>, <a href="#Page_238-V1">238</a>, + <a href="#Page_239-V1">239</a>-<a href="#Page_241-V1">241</a>, + <a href="#Page_325-V1">325</a>, <a href="#Page_371-V1">371</a>, + <a href="#Page_372-V1">372</a>, <a href="#Page_392-V1">392</a>, + <a href="#Page_434-V1">434</a>, <a href="#Page_467-V1">467</a>, + <a href="#Page_475-V1">475</a>, <a href="#Page_476-V1">476</a>, + <a href="#Page_478-V1">478</a>, <a href="#Page_479-V1">479</a>, + <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>, II. <a href="#Page_142-V2">142</a>, + <a href="#Page_144-V2">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145-V2">145</a>, + <a href="#Page_381-V2">381</a>; + population in the Ohio Valley, I. <a href="#Page_040-V1">40</a>, + <a href="#Page_050-V1">50</a>, <a href="#Page_060-V1">60</a>, + <a href="#Page_130-V1">130</a>, <a href="#Page_139-V1">139</a>; + allies of the English, I. + <a href="#Page_042-V1">42</a>, <a href="#Page_392-V1">392</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_139-V2">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140-V2">140</a>, + <a href="#Page_143-V2">143</a>, <a href="#Page_147-V2">147</a>, + <a href="#Page_148-V2">148</a>, <a href="#Page_150-V2">150</a>, + <a href="#Page_151-V2">151</a>, <a href="#Page_162-V2">162</a>, + <a href="#Page_371-V2">372</a>; + visited by Bienville, I. + <a href="#Page_044-V1">44</a>, <a href="#Page_045-V1">45</a>; + hostile encounter with Bienville, I. <a href="#Page_048-V1">48</a>, + <a href="#Page_049-V1">49</a>; + village of, on Loramie Creek, I. <a href="#Page_051-V1">51</a>; + importance of Pique Town, I. <a href="#Page_052-V1">52</a>; + matters pertaining to trade and missions, I. <a href="#Page_054-V1">54</a>, + <a href="#Page_062-V1">62</a>-<a href="#Page_071-V1">71</a>, + <a href="#Page_485-V1">485</a>, <a href="#Page_487-V1">487</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_027-V2">27</a>, <a href="#Page_144-V2">144</a>, + <a href="#Page_145-V2">145</a>; + councils held with Gist by Old Britain and his followers, I. + <a href="#Page_056-V1">56</a>, <a href="#Page_057-V1">57</a>; + invite the English to a feather dance, I. <a href="#Page_058-V1">58</a>; + power of Sir William Johnson over, I. <a href="#Page_064-V1">64</a>, + <a href="#Page_172-V1">172</a>-<a href="#Page_175-V1">175</a>, + <a href="#Page_194-V1">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>, + <a href="#Page_287-V1">287</a>, <a href="#Page_295-V1">295</a>, + <a href="#Page_390-V1">390</a>-<a href="#Page_392-V1">392</a>; + at Oswego, I. <a href="#Page_072-V1">72</a>; + their treachery, I. <a href="#Page_080-V1">80</a>; + rumors of plots among, I. + <a href="#Page_082-V1">82</a>-<a href="#Page_084-V1">84</a>; + attacked at Pickawillany, I. + <a href="#Page_084-V1">84</a>, <a href="#Page_085-V1">85</a>; + cannibalism among, I. <a href="#Page_085-V1">85</a>, + <a href="#Page_478-V1">478</a>, <a href="#Page_480-V1">480</a>, + <a href="#Page_483-V1">483</a>, <a href="#Page_484-V1">484</a>; + relations with the Acadians, I. <a href="#Page_096-V1">96</a>, + <a href="#Page_097-V1">97</a>-<a href="#Page_108-V1">108</a>, + <a href="#Page_264-V1">264</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_420-V2">420</a>, <a href="#Page_421-V2">421</a>; + plans of the French in Duquesne's expedition, thwarted, I. + <a href="#Page_130-V1">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131-V1">131</a>; + parleys, held with Washington, I. <a href="#Page_133-V1">133</a>; + assist Washington, <a href="#Page_145-V1">145</a>, + <a href="#Page_146-V1">146</a>, <a href="#Page_151-V1">151</a>; + account of the conduct of Washington's band, I. + <a href="#Page_149-V1">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150-V1">150</a>; + at Great Meadows, I. <a href="#Page_151-V1">151</a>; + under Coulon de Villiers, I. <a href="#Page_153-V1">153</a>, + <a href="#Page_155-V1">155</a>; + harangued by Contrecœur, I. <a href="#Page_154-V1">154</a>; + tribes at Fort Duquesne, I. <a href="#Page_154-V1">154</a>; + sent out as scouts by the French, I. <a href="#Page_156-V1">156</a>; + attack Washington, I. <a href="#Page_156-V1">156</a>, + <a href="#Page_157-V1">157</a>-<a href="#Page_161-V1">161</a>; + attitude of the British cabinet towards, I. <a href="#Page_171-V1">171</a>; + complaints of the Mohawks, I. <a href="#Page_172-V1">172</a>; + forces under Sir William Johnson, I. <a href="#Page_301-V1">301</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_104-V2">104</a>, <a href="#Page_369-V2">369</a>; + commissioners at Albany, I. <a href="#Page_172-V1">172</a>; + their opinions of the French, I. + <a href="#Page_173-V1">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174-V1">174</a>; + meeting at Albany for conference, I. + <a href="#Page_173-V1">173</a>-<a href="#Page_176-V1">176</a>; + estimate of, held by Braddock, I. <a href="#Page_188-V1">188</a>; + Johnson made sole superintendent of the Northern Tribes, I. + <a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>, <a href="#Page_390-V1">390</a>; + joins Braddock's expedition, I. + <a href="#Page_203-V1">203</a>, <a href="#Page_204-V1">204</a>; + try to interrupt General Braddock's march, I. + <a href="#Page_205-V1">205</a>, <a href="#Page_206-V1">206</a>; + tribes at Fort Duquesne, I. + <a href="#Page_208-V1">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209-V1">209</a>; + cruelties practised by, on prisoners and others, I. + <a href="#Page_209-V1">209</a>, <a href="#Page_210-V1">210</a>, + <a href="#Page_221-V1">221</a>-<a href="#Page_223-V1">223</a>, + <a href="#Page_330-V1">330</a>; + cruelties of, I. <a href="#Page_331-V1">331</a>, + <a href="#Page_339-V1">339</a>, <a href="#Page_342-V1">342</a>, + <a href="#Page_343-V1">343</a>, <a href="#Page_347-V1">347</a>, + <a href="#Page_373-V1">373</a>, <a href="#Page_380-V1">380</a>, + <a href="#Page_422-V1">422</a>, <a href="#Page_423-V1">423</a>, + <a href="#Page_482-V1">482</a>, <a href="#Page_483-V1">483</a>, + <a href="#Page_505-V1">505</a>-<a href="#Page_513-V1">513</a>, + <a href="#footer_526">514 <i>note</i></a>, II. + <a href="#Page_004-V2">4</a>, <a href="#Page_005-V2">5</a>, + <a href="#Page_014-V2">14</a>, <a href="#Page_171-V2">171</a>, + <a href="#Page_218-V2">218</a>, + <a href="#Page_124-V2">124</a>-<a href="#Page_126-V2">126</a>, + <a href="#Page_222-V2">222</a>, <a href="#Page_223-V2">223</a>, + <a href="#Page_232-V2">232</a>, <a href="#Page_248-V2">248</a>, + <a href="#Page_258-V2">258</a>, <a href="#Page_262-V2">262</a>, + <a href="#Page_333-V2">333</a>-<a href="#Page_336-V2">336</a>, + <a href="#Page_351-V2">351</a>, <a href="#Page_352-V2">352</a>, + <a href="#Page_370-V2">370</a>, <a href="#Page_373-V2">373</a>, + <a href="#Page_374-V2">374</a>, + <a href="#Page_428-V2">428</a>-<a href="#Page_431-V2">431</a>; + depart from Fort Duquesne to fight the English, I. + <a href="#Page_211-V1">211</a>-<a href="#Page_213-V1">213</a>; + their mode of warfare, I. + <a href="#Page_215-V1">215</a>-<a href="#Page_219-V1">219</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_134-V2">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135-V2">135</a>; + the encounter with Braddock, I. + <a href="#Page_215-V1">215</a>-<a href="#Page_227-V1">227</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_381-V2">381</a>; + the battle at Beauséjour, I. <a href="#Page_248-V1">248</a>; + attack the English at Peticodiac, I. + <a href="#Page_275-V1">275</a>, <a href="#Page_276-V1">276</a>; + speeches made by, I. <a href="#Page_288-V1">288</a>; + sent as scouts to Canada, I. <a href="#Page_293-V1">293</a>; + under Dieskau, I. + <a href="#Page_296-V1">296</a>, <a href="#Page_299-V1">299</a>; + demands made by, I. <a href="#Page_297-V1">297</a>; + the battle of Lake George, I. + <a href="#Page_303-V1">303</a>-<a href="#Page_317-V1">317</a>; + the fur-trade, I. <a href="#Page_320-V1">320</a>; + under Governor Shirley, I. <a href="#Page_325-V1">325</a>, + <a href="#Page_326-V1">326</a>; + efforts of the French to prevent the prisoners being tortured, I. + <a href="#Page_330-V1">330</a>; + feelings of the Quakers towards, I. <a href="#Page_337-V1">337</a>, + <a href="#Page_339-V1">339</a>, <a href="#Page_344-V1">344</a>; + petition sent to the Assembly of Pennsylvania, I. + <a href="#Page_347-V1">347</a>; + policy of Franklin, I. <a href="#Page_349-V1">349</a>; + described by Montcalm, I. <a href="#Page_372-V1">372</a>, + <a href="#Page_373-V1">373</a>, <a href="#Page_456-V1">456</a>, + <a href="#Page_463-V1">463</a>-<a href="#Page_465-V1">465</a>; + relations of Montcalm with, I. <a href="#Page_372-V1">372</a>, + <a href="#Page_373-V1">373</a>, <a href="#Page_379-V1">379</a>, + <a href="#Page_463-V1">463</a>-<a href="#Page_465-V1">465</a>, + <a href="#Page_474-V1">474</a>-<a href="#Page_476-V1">476</a>; + join the expedition of Léry, I. <a href="#Page_374-V1">374</a>, + <a href="#Page_375-V1">375</a>; + bring to the French rumors of the attack upon Ticonderoga, I. + <a href="#Page_377-V1">377</a>; + their ways described by Duchat, I. + <a href="#Page_379-V1">379</a>, <a href="#Page_380-V1">380</a>; + trouble by the English in their transportation of stores, I. + <a href="#Page_388-V1">388</a>; + sent to harass Oswego, I. + <a href="#Page_393-V1">393</a>, <a href="#Page_394-V1">394</a>; + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_479-V2" id="Page_479-V2">479<br />V2</a></span> + + + join the French at Montreal, I. <a href="#Page_407-V1">407</a>; + capture of Oswego, I. + <a href="#Page_408-V1">408</a>-<a href="#Page_420-V1">420</a>; + the attack upon Kittanning, I. + <a href="#Page_423-V1">423</a>-<a href="#Page_427-V1">427</a>; + assist the English at Fort William Henry, I. <a href="#Page_428-V1">428</a>; + join the war-party of Perière, I. + <a href="#Page_429-V1">429</a>-<a href="#Page_431-V1">431</a>; + sent to Ticonderoga, I. <a href="#Page_437-V1">437</a>, + <a href="#Page_438-V1">438</a>, <a href="#Page_442-V1">442</a>; + with Rogers' rangers, I. <a href="#Page_443-V1">443</a>, + <a href="#Page_445-V1">445</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_122-V2">122</a>-<a href="#Page_124-V2">124</a>; + join Vaudreuil's war-parties, I. <a href="#Page_447-V1">447</a>, + <a href="#Page_448-V1">448</a>; + exaggerated accounts of Vaudreuil in relation to, I. + <a href="#Page_461-V1">461</a>, <a href="#Page_462-V1">462</a>; + ceremony of the war-song, I. <a href="#Page_476-V1">476</a>; + fortified camps of, I. <a href="#Page_477-V1">477</a>; + described by Bouganville, I. + <a href="#Page_478-V1">478</a>, <a href="#Page_479-V1">479</a>; + their ornaments and dress, I. + <a href="#Page_478-V1">478</a>, <a href="#Page_480-V1">480</a>; + their Manitou, I. <a href="#Page_479-V1">479</a>; + their rations, I. <a href="#Page_479-V1">479</a>; + their religion, I. <a href="#Page_479-V1">479</a>; + their war-feast described, I. + <a href="#Page_480-V1">480</a>-<a href="#Page_482-V1">482</a>; + capture of Colonel Parker's company, I. <a href="#Page_484-V1">484</a>; + scalping-party at Fort Edward, I. <a href="#Page_485-V1">485</a>; + a council called by Montcalm, I. + <a href="#Page_485-V1">485</a>-<a href="#Page_489-V1">489</a>; + French officers having command of, I. <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>; + speeches made by the chiefs, I. <a href="#Page_487-V1">487</a>; + their interpreters, I. <a href="#Page_487-V1">487</a>; + the attack and massacre at Fort William Henry, I. + <a href="#Page_490-V1">490</a>-<a href="#Page_513-V1">513</a>, + <a href="#footer_526">514 <i>note</i></a>, II. + <a href="#Page_428-V2">428</a>-<a href="#Page_431-V2">431</a>; + encounter on Lake George, I. <a href="#Page_492-V1">492</a>, + <a href="#Page_493-V1">493</a>; + death and burial of a chief, I. <a href="#Page_493-V1">493</a>, + <a href="#Page_494-V1">494</a>; + interview with Montcalm, I. + <a href="#Page_499-V1">499</a>-<a href="#Page_501-V1">501</a>; + prisoners bought from, II. <a href="#Page_006-V2">6</a>; + the fight at German Flats, II. <a href="#Page_006-V2">6</a>, + <a href="#Page_007-V2">7</a>; + brutal murder of Lieutenant Phillips, II. <a href="#Page_014-V2">14</a>; + sent to guard Louisbourg, II. <a href="#Page_056-V2">56</a>; + serve under Marin, II. <a href="#Page_122-V2">122</a>; + carry off Major Putnam, II. <a href="#Page_123-V2">123</a>; + Bradstreet forbids cruelty, II. <a href="#Page_128-V1">128</a>, + <a href="#Page_129-V2">129</a>; + effect of the French victory at Ticonderoga, II. + <a href="#Page_128-V1">128</a>; + serve under Forbes, II. <a href="#Page_139-V2">139</a>, + <a href="#Page_140-V2">140</a>, <a href="#Page_142-V2">142</a>; + convention of, II. + <a href="#Page_142-V2">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143-V2">143</a>, + <a href="#Page_147-V2">147</a>-<a href="#Page_150-V2">150</a>, + <a href="#Page_161-V2">161</a>; + influence and visit of Post the Moravian, II. + <a href="#Page_144-V2">144</a>-<a href="#Page_150-V2">150</a>; + effect of the victory at Fort Duquesne, I. <a href="#Page_162-V1">162</a>; + sent to Montcalm, II. <a href="#Page_165-V1">165</a>, + <a href="#Page_166-V1">166</a>; + Vaudreuil's admiration for, II. <a href="#Page_171-V2">171</a>; + number ready to defend Canada, II. <a href="#Page_178-V2">178</a>; + resolutions of Vaudreuil, II. <a href="#Page_180-V2">180</a>; + assist in the defence of Quebec, II. <a href="#Page_201-V2">201</a>, + <a href="#Page_202-V2">202</a>, <a href="#Page_215-V2">215</a>, + <a href="#Page_218-V2">218</a>, <a href="#Page_294-V2">294</a>, + <a href="#Page_312-V2">312</a>-<a href="#Page_314-V2">314</a>; + complaints of British soldiers, II. <a href="#Page_221-V2">221</a>; + encounter with Carleton, II. <a href="#Page_225-V2">225</a>; + the siege of Niagara, II. + <a href="#Page_243-V2">243</a>-<a href="#Page_249-V2">249</a>; + expedition of Rogers against the village of St. Francis, II. + <a href="#Page_253-V2">253</a>-<a href="#Page_258-V2">258</a>; + expedition of Lévis against Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_341-V2">341</a>-<a href="#Page_358-V2">358</a>; + the attack on Montreal, II. + <a href="#Page_367-V2">367</a>, <a href="#Page_371-V2">371</a>.<br /> +Indian corn, I. <a href="#Page_208-V1">208</a>, + <a href="#Page_335-V1">335</a>.<br /> +Innes, Colonel James, I. + <a href="#Page_162-V1">162</a>, <a href="#Page_227-V1">227</a>, + <a href="#Page_228-V1">228</a>, <a href="#Page_470-V1">470</a>; + commander at Fort Cumberland, I. <a href="#Page_226-V1">226</a>; + plans of Dinwiddie, I. <a href="#Page_332-V1">332</a>.<br /> +Inverawe, II. <a href="#Page_093-V2">93</a>, <a href="#Page_109-V2">109</a>; + castle of, II. <a href="#Page_433-V2">433</a>; + legend of, II. + <a href="#Page_433-V2">433</a>-<a href="#Page_436-V2">436</a>.<br /> +Inverness, II. <a href="#Page_185-V2">185</a>.<br /> +Iowas, the, their language, I. <a href="#Page_478-V1">478</a>; + called to a council by Montcalm, I. + <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>-<a href="#Page_489-V1">489</a>.<br /> +Ipswich, II. <a href="#Page_115-V2">115</a>.<br /> +Ireland, II. <a href="#Page_401-V2">401</a>; + the regiments arrive at Hampton, I. <a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>.<br /> +Irish, the, in Pennsylvania, I. <a href="#Page_031-V1">31</a>, + <a href="#Page_054-V1">54</a>, <a href="#Page_339-V1">339</a>, + <a href="#Page_446-V1">446</a>, <a href="#Page_447-V1">447</a>.<br /> +Iroquois Indians, the. See <a href="#fiveNations">Five Nations</a>.<br /> +Iroquois mission, the, I. <a href="#Page_064-V1">64</a>, + <a href="#Page_065-V1">65</a>.<br /> +Irwin, Lieutenant, serves with Rogers, II. <a href="#Page_122-V2">122</a>.<br /> +Island Battery, the, II. <a href="#Page_055-V2">55</a>, + <a href="#Page_062-V2">62</a>, <a href="#Page_063-V2">63</a>.<br /> +Italy, the Family Compact, II. <a href="#Page_396-V2">396</a>.<br /> + +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h3>J.</h3> +<p> +Jack, Captain, story of, I. <a href="#Page_204-V1">204</a>.<br /> +Jacobites, the, I. <a href="#Page_005-V1">5</a>, + <a href="#Page_193-V1">193</a>.<br /> +Jacobs, Captain, Indian chief, I. <a href="#Page_423-V1">423</a>; + the reduction of Kittanning, I. + <a href="#Page_423-V1">423</a>-<a href="#Page_427-V1">427</a>.<br /> +Jacques-Cartier, II. <a href="#Page_275-V1">275</a>, + <a href="#Page_304-V1">304</a>, <a href="#Page_305-V1">305</a>, + <a href="#Page_308-V1">308</a>, <a href="#Page_312-V1">312</a>, + <a href="#Page_318-V1">318</a>, <a href="#Page_341-V1">341</a>, + <a href="#Page_361-V1">361</a>, <a href="#Page_363-V1">363</a>.<br /> +James II., + plan for uniting the northern colonies in America, I. + <a href="#Page_034-V1">34</a>.<br /> +James River, I. <a href="#footer_443">422 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Jefferson, I. <a href="#Page_163-V1">163</a>.<br /> +Jersey, Island of, I. <a href="#Page_252-V1">252</a>.<br /> +"Jersey Blues," the, I. <a href="#Page_320-V1">320</a>, + <a href="#Page_382-V1">382</a>.<br /> +Jervis, John, + with Wolfe in the "Sutherland," II. <a href="#Page_284-V2">284</a>.<br /> +Jesuits, the, I. <a href="#Page_064-V1">64</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_144-V2">144</a>, <a href="#Page_208-V2">208</a>; + settlements of, II. <a href="#Page_144-V2">144</a>.<br /> +Joannès, his efforts to save Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_315-V2">315</a>, <a href="#Page_316-V2">316</a>.<br /> +Johnson, Sergeant John, + loyalty of the British soldiers, II. + <a href="#Page_281-V1">281</a>, <a href="#Page_339-V1">339</a>, + <a href="#Page_352-V1">352</a>, <a href="#Page_353-V1">353</a>; + fight of Murray with, I. <a href="#Page_349-V1">349</a>, + <a href="#Page_443-V1">443</a>; + the assault on Quebec made by Lévis, II. + <a href="#Page_352-V1">352</a>-<a href="#Page_359-V1">359</a>; + his writings on Quebec, II. <a href="#Page_440-V2">440</a>.<br /> +Johnson, Sir William, I. <a href="#footer_02Note">62 <i>note</i></a>; + <a href="#Page_319-V1">319</a>, <a href="#Page_325-V1">325</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_104-V2">104</a>; + his influence over the Indians, I. + <a href="#Page_064-V1">64</a>, <a href="#Page_172-V1">172</a>, + <a href="#Page_174-V1">174</a>, <a href="#Page_194-V1">194</a>, + <a href="#Page_287-V1">287</a>, <a href="#Page_288-V1">288</a>, + <a href="#Page_390-V1">390</a>-<a href="#Page_393-V1">393</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_142-V2">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143-V2">143</a>, + <a href="#Page_244-V2">244</a>; + Indian treachery, I. <a href="#Page_080-V1">80</a>; + appointed leader of the expedition against Crown Point, I. + <a href="#Page_194-V1">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196-V1">196</a>, + <a href="#Page_286-V1">286</a>, <a href="#Page_288-V1">288</a>; + made Indian commissioner, I. <a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>, + <a href="#Page_288-V1">288</a>, <a href="#Page_390-V1">390</a>; + his birth and characteristics, I. <a href="#Page_286-V1">286</a>, + <a href="#Page_287-V1">287</a>, <a href="#Page_294-V1">294</a>; + his troops, I. <a href="#Page_286-V1">286</a>-<a href="#Page_290-V1">290</a>, + <a href="#Page_294-V1">294</a>, <a href="#Page_295-V1">295</a>, + <a href="#Page_301-V1">301</a>, <a href="#footer_308">301 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_310-V1">310</a>, <a href="#Page_384-V1">384</a>; + encamps near Albany, I. <a href="#Page_289-V1">289</a>; + the expedition marches on to Lake George, I. + <a href="#Page_294-V1">294</a>, <a href="#Page_295-V1">295</a>; + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_480-V2" id="Page_480-V2">480<br />V2</a></span> + + gives the name to Lake George, I. <a href="#Page_295-V1">295</a>; + ambush prepared for, by Dieskau, I. + <a href="#Page_296-V1">296</a>, <a href="#Page_300-V1">300</a>; + sends letter of warning to Colonel Blanchard, I. + <a href="#Page_296-V1">296</a>; + movements of Dieskau, I. + <a href="#Page_296-V1">296</a>-<a href="#Page_300-V1">300</a>; + forces sent in advance repelled by Dieskau, I. + <a href="#Page_301-V1">301</a>-<a href="#Page_305-V1">305</a>; + the battle of Lake George, I. + <a href="#Page_304-V1">304</a>-<a href="#Page_317-V1">317</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_088-V2">88</a>; + wounded, I. <a href="#Page_306-V1">306</a>, <a href="#Page_308-V1">308</a>; + Dieskau brought into camp, and kindly treated, I. + <a href="#Page_308-V1">308</a>, <a href="#Page_309-V1">309</a>; + the English and French losses, I. <a href="#footer_316">312 <i>note</i></a>; + his camp at Lake George, I. <a href="#Page_313-V1">313</a>, + <a href="#Page_314-V1">314</a>; + fails to capture Crown Point, I. + <a href="#Page_313-V1">313</a>-<a href="#Page_316-V1">316</a>, + <a href="#Page_382-V1">382</a>; + a council of war held, I. <a href="#Page_314-V1">314</a>; + urged to attack Ticonderoga, I. <a href="#Page_314-V1">314</a>; + raised to the rank of baron, I. <a href="#Page_316-V1">316</a>, + <a href="#Page_390-V1">390</a>; + eulogies of, I. <a href="#Page_316-V1">316</a>; + cause of the quarrel with Shirley, I. <a href="#Page_327-V1">327</a>; + his letter to the Lords of Trade, I. <a href="#Page_327-V1">327</a>; + the loss of Fort Bull, I. <a href="#Page_375-V1">375</a>; + difficulties thrown in his path, I. + <a href="#Page_392-V1">392</a>, <a href="#Page_393-V1">393</a>; + joins Webb at Fort Edward, II. <a href="#Page_002-V2">2</a>; + money expended by Massachusetts on his expedition, II. + <a href="#Page_084-V2">84</a>, <a href="#Page_085-V2">85</a>; + Indian convention at Easton, II. <a href="#Page_147-V2">147</a>, + <a href="#Page_148-V2">148</a>; + takes command in Prideaux's place, II. <a href="#Page_245-V2">245</a>; + Pouchot's allies cut to pieces, II. <a href="#Page_246-V2">246</a>, + <a href="#Page_247-V2">247</a>; + his fight at Niagara, II. <a href="#Page_247-V2">247</a>, + <a href="#Page_248-V2">248</a>; + restrains the Indians from cruelty, II. <a href="#Page_248-V2">248</a>, + <a href="#Page_370-V2">370</a>, <a href="#Page_374-V2">374</a>; + superseded by Gage, II. <a href="#Page_249-V2">249</a>; + the army embarks for Montreal, II. <a href="#Page_369-V2">369</a>.<br /> +Johnson, Fort, I. <a href="#Page_288-V1">288</a>, + <a href="#Page_321-V1">321</a>, <a href="#Page_391-V1">391</a>, + <a href="#Page_415-V1">415</a>, <a href="#Page_416-V1">416</a>.<br /> +Johnstone, II. <a href="#footer_19Note">81 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_102-V2">102</a>; + aide-de-camp to Lévis, II. <a href="#Page_217-V2">217</a>; + description of the attack on the French camp, II. + <a href="#Page_232-V2">232</a>; + despatched to assemble the troops, II. <a href="#Page_291-V2">291</a>; + fired upon by the British, II. <a href="#Page_301-V2">301</a>, + <a href="#Page_302-V2">302</a>; + the general disorder of the troops at Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_302-V2">302</a>, <a href="#Page_303-V2">303</a>; + the death of Montcalm, II. + <a href="#Page_303-V2">303</a>, <a href="#Page_304-V2">304</a>, + <a href="#Page_309-V2">309</a>, <a href="#Page_310-V2">310</a>, + <a href="#Page_441-V2">441</a>, <a href="#Page_442-V2">442</a>; + his opinion of the French retreat, II. <a href="#Page_307-V2">307</a>; + his opportunities for observation, II. <a href="#Page_440-V2">440</a>; + his "Dialogue in Hades," II. <a href="#Page_440-V2">440</a>.<br /> +Joncaire-Chabert, I. <a href="#Page_392-V1">392</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_244-V2">244</a>; + able to converse in the Indian dialects, I. <a href="#Page_044-V1">44</a>; + discovers an intended Indian attack, I. + <a href="#Page_046-V1">46</a>, <a href="#Page_047-V1">47</a>; + sent as a messenger by Céloron, I. + <a href="#Page_048-V1">48</a>, <a href="#Page_049-V1">49</a>; + meets with hostile treatment, I. <a href="#Page_049-V1">49</a>, + <a href="#Page_050-V1">50</a>; + his influence over the Indians, I. + <a href="#Page_059-V1">59</a>, <a href="#Page_063-V1">63</a>, + <a href="#Page_064-V1">64</a>, <a href="#Page_171-V1">171</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_143-V2">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144-V2">144</a>; + anti-English speeches made to the Ohio Indians, I. + <a href="#footer_019">59 <i>note</i></a>; + leaden plate stolen from, I. <a href="#footer_02Note">62 <i>note</i></a>; + at Niagara, I. <a href="#Page_070-V1">70</a>; + assists Father Piquet, I. <a href="#Page_070-V1">70</a>, + <a href="#Page_071-V1">71</a>, <a href="#Page_075-V1">75</a>; + report concerning the Ohio Indians, I. <a href="#Page_083-V1">83</a>; + in command at Venango, I. <a href="#Page_133-V1">133</a>; + invites Washington to supper, I. <a href="#Page_133-V1">133</a>, + <a href="#Page_134-V1">134</a>.<br /> +Joncaire-Clauzonne, II. <a href="#Page_244-V1">244</a>.<br /> +Jonquière, Marquis de la, governor of Canada, I. + <a href="#Page_077-V1">77</a>, <a href="#Page_117-V1">117</a>; + illegal trade of Tournois stopped, I. + <a href="#footer_028">65 <i>note</i></a>; + his character and description of, I. <a href="#Page_077-V1">77</a>, + <a href="#Page_078-V1">78</a>, <a href="#Page_081-V1">81</a>; + his instructions with regard to injuring the English, I. + <a href="#Page_078-V1">78</a>-<a href="#Page_081-V1">81</a>; + his unhappiness, sickness, and death, I. + <a href="#Page_081-V1">81</a>, <a href="#footer_058">81 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_082-V1">82</a>; + orders given to Céloron, I. <a href="#Page_084-V1">84</a>; + report of, concerning the Acadians, I. <a href="#Page_095-V1">95</a>, + <a href="#Page_103-V1">103</a>, <a href="#Page_104-V1">104</a>; + a despatch sent to the colonial minister, I. + <a href="#Page_098-V1">98</a>, <a href="#Page_099-V1">99</a>; + assists the Indians to harass the English, I. <a href="#Page_100-V1">100</a>, + <a href="#Page_103-V1">103</a>, <a href="#Page_104-V1">104</a>; + his efforts to regain the Acadians for French subjects, I. + <a href="#Page_103-V1">103</a>, <a href="#Page_104-V1">104</a>; + issues a proclamation, I. <a href="#Page_120-V1">120</a>.<br /> +Joseph, I. <a href="#Page_361-V1">361</a>; + his voyage, I. <a href="#Page_364-V1">364</a>.<br /> +Jumonville, Coulon de, I. <a href="#Page_147-V1">147</a>; + matters pertaining to his alleged assassination, I. + <a href="#Page_147-V1">147</a>, + <a href="#Page_148-V1">148</a>-<a href="#Page_150-V1">150</a>, + <a href="#Page_153-V1">153</a>, <a href="#Page_158-V1">158</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_421-V2">421</a>-<a href="#Page_423-V2">423</a>; + his summons and instructions, I. <a href="#Page_148-V1">148</a>, + <a href="#footer_148">148 <i>note</i></a>, <a href="#Page_149-V1">149</a>; + his widow receives a pension, I. + <a href="#footer_152">151 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Jumonville, Charlotte, I. <a href="#footer_152">151 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Juniata River, the, I. <a href="#Page_204-V1">204</a>, + <a href="#Page_423-V1">423</a>.<br /> +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h3>K.</h3> +<p> +Kalm, II. <a href="#Page_404-V2">404</a>; + his prediction concerning the British colonies in America, II. + <a href="#Page_404-V2">404</a>.<br /> +Kanaouagon, the, I. <a href="#Page_043-V1">43</a>.<br /> +Kanon, II. <a href="#Page_197-V2">197</a>, + <a href="#Page_198-V2">198</a>, <a href="#footer_28Note">326 <i>note</i></a>; + his fleet, II. <a href="#Page_201-V2">201</a>.<br /> +Karl, Prince, II. <a href="#Page_040-V2">40</a>.<br /> +Kaskaskia, French settlement at, I. <a href="#Page_041-V1">41</a>.<br /> +Kaunitz, I. <a href="#Page_354-V1">354</a>.<br /> +Kenawha River, the, I. + <a href="#Page_048-V1">48</a>, <a href="#Page_050-V1">50</a>.<br /> +Kennebec River, the, I. + <a href="#Page_028-V1">28</a>, <a href="#Page_184-V1">184</a>, + <a href="#Page_192-V1">192</a>, <a href="#Page_245-V1">245</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_250-V1">250</a>; + forts to be built upon, by the English, I. + <a href="#Page_169-V1">169</a>.<br /> +Kennedy, Lieutenant, consults with Captain Murray, I. + <a href="#Page_271-V1">271</a>, <a href="#Page_272-V1">272</a>; + his exploits against the French, I. <a href="#Page_428-V1">428</a>; + adventures of a scouting-party of Rogers, I. + <a href="#Page_441-V1">441</a>-<a href="#Page_445-V1">445</a>; + killed by the French, I. <a href="#Page_443-V1">443</a>.<br /> +Kennedy, Captain, sent to the Abenakis of St. Francis, II. + <a href="#Page_251-V2">251</a>.<br /> +Kennington Cove, II. <a href="#footer_584">59 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Keppel, Commodore, his arrival at Hampton, I. <a href="#Page_187-V1">187</a>; + accompanies Braddock to Alexandria, I. <a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>; + sailors furnished by, for Braddock, I. <a href="#Page_201-V1">201</a>.<br /> +Kikensick, chief of the Nipissings, speech of, I. + <a href="#Page_487-V1">487</a>, <a href="#Page_488-V1">488</a>.<br /> +Kilgore, Ralph, I. <a href="#footer_054">79 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_481-V2" id="Page_481-V2">481<br />V2</a></span> + +Killick, master of an English transport, II. <a href="#Page_205-V2">205</a>; + passage of the Traverse, II. + <a href="#Page_204-V2">204</a>-<a href="#Page_206-V2">206</a>.<br /> +King's Bastion, the, II. + <a href="#Page_053-V2">53</a>, <a href="#Page_055-V2">55</a>; + the Governor's dwelling, II. + <a href="#Page_067-V2">67</a>-<a href="#Page_069-V2">69</a>.<br /> +Kingston, I. <a href="#Page_068-V1">68</a>.<br /> +Kirkland, Dr., a surgeon, I. + <a href="#Page_394-V1">394</a>, <a href="#Page_395-V1">395</a>.<br /> +<a name="kittanning" id="kittanning"></a> +Kittanning, I. <a href="#Page_024-V1">24</a>, <a href="#Page_423-V1">423</a>; + attack upon, I. + <a href="#Page_423-V1">423</a>-<a href="#Page_427-V1">427</a>.<br /> +Kloster-Zeven, convention of, II. <a href="#Page_045-V2">45</a>.<br /> +Knox, Captain John, II. <a href="#footer_582">56 <i>note</i></a>; + character of Le Loutre described, I. + <a href="#footer_260">252 <i>note</i></a>; + at Annapolis, II. <a href="#Page_077-V2">77</a>; + rejoicing at the fall of Louisbourg, II. + <a href="#Page_077-V2">77</a>, <a href="#Page_078-V2">78</a>; + his regiment ordered to Louisbourg, II. + <a href="#Page_181-V2">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182-V2">182</a>; + his impressions of Wolfe, II. <a href="#Page_184-V2">184</a>; + account of the Canadian coasts, II. <a href="#Page_205-V2">205</a>; + description of the scenery on the St. Lawrence River, II. + <a href="#Page_207-V2">207</a>; + visits the Church of Saint-Laurent, II. + <a href="#Page_207-V2">207</a>, <a href="#Page_208-V2">208</a>; + description of the fireships, II. <a href="#Page_211-V2">211</a>, + <a href="#Page_212-V2">212</a>, <a href="#Page_227-V2">227</a>; + his view of Quebec from Point Levi, II. <a href="#Page_214-V2">214</a>; + visits the falls, II. <a href="#Page_220-V2">220</a>; + reports obtained from a Canadian, II. <a href="#Page_222-V2">222</a>, + <a href="#Page_223-V2">223</a>; + his account of Canadian prisoners, II. <a href="#Page_226-V2">226</a>; + losses reported, II. <a href="#Page_233-V2">233</a>; + the illness of Wolfe, II. <a href="#Page_266-V2">266</a>, + <a href="#Page_267-V2">267</a>; + the defence of Cap-Rouge, II. <a href="#Page_279-V2">279</a>; + the dying words of Wolfe, II. <a href="#footer_27Note">297 <i>note</i></a>; + describes Quebec after the siege, II. <a href="#Page_329-V2">329</a>, + <a href="#Page_330-V2">330</a>; + his stay in the General Hospital, II. + <a href="#Page_330-V2">330</a>, <a href="#Page_331-V2">331</a>; + the troops described by, II. + <a href="#Page_333-V2">333</a>, <a href="#Page_334-V2">334</a>; + skirmish at Lorette, II. + <a href="#Page_337-V2">337</a>, <a href="#Page_338-V2">338</a>; + action between Lévis and Murray, II. + <a href="#Page_347-V2">347</a>-<a href="#Page_350-V2">350</a>; + arrival of aid, II. <a href="#Page_355-V2">355</a>, + <a href="#Page_356-V2">356</a>; + the troops of Murray sail for Montreal, II. + <a href="#Page_363-V2">363</a>-<a href="#Page_366-V2">366</a>; + death of Montcalm, II. <a href="#Page_441-V2">441</a>.<br /> +Kolin, II. <a href="#Page_039-V2">39</a>.<br /> +Kunersdorf, the allies attacked, II. <a href="#Page_387-V2">387</a>.<br /> +Kushkushkee, II. <a href="#Page_145-V2">145</a>.<br /> +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h3>L.</h3> +<p> +La Barolon, I. <a href="#Page_458-V1">458</a>.<br /> +La Chine, I. <a href="#Page_038-V1">38</a>, <a href="#Page_458-V1">458</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_006-V2">6</a>, <a href="#Page_009-V2">9</a>, + <a href="#Page_371-V2">371</a>, <a href="#Page_372-V2">372</a>.<br /> +La Clue, Admiral, II. <a href="#Page_049-V2">49</a>; + imprisoned by Osborn, II. <a href="#Page_049-V2">49</a>, + <a href="#Page_050-V2">50</a>.<br /> +La Corne, Saint-Luc de, I. + <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>, <a href="#Page_503-V1">503</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_121-V2">121</a>, <a href="#Page_431-V2">431</a>; + sent to Acadia to watch the frontier, I. <a href="#Page_103-V1">103</a>, + <a href="#Page_116-V1">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117-V1">117</a>; + circumstances attending the massacre at Fort William Henry, I. + <a href="#Page_498-V1">498</a>, <a href="#Page_507-V1">507</a>, + <a href="#Page_509-V1">509</a>; + ordered to Quebec, II. <a href="#Page_195-V2">195</a>, + <a href="#Page_198-V2">198</a>, <a href="#Page_242-V2">242</a>; + to defend the rapids, II. <a href="#Page_361-V2">361</a>, + <a href="#Page_371-V2">371</a>; + shipwrecked, II. <a href="#Page_384-V2">384</a>, + <a href="#Page_385-V2">385</a>.<br /> +<a name="laDemoiselle" id="laDemoiselle"></a> +La Demoiselle (Old Britain), an Indian chief, I. + <a href="#Page_051-V1">51</a>, <a href="#Page_083-V1">83</a>; + his course of action with Céloron, I. + <a href="#Page_051-V1">51</a>, <a href="#Page_052-V1">52</a>; + his village, I. <a href="#Page_056-V1">56</a>; + councils held with Gist, I. <a href="#Page_056-V1">56</a>, + <a href="#Page_057-V1">57</a>; + the English invited to a feather dance, I. + <a href="#Page_057-V1">57</a>, <a href="#Page_058-V1">58</a>; + devoured by the Indians, I. <a href="#Page_084-V1">84</a>, + <a href="#Page_085-V1">85</a>.<br /> +La Galette, II. <a href="#Page_369-V2">369</a>.<br /> +Lainé, II. <a href="#Page_028-V2">28</a>.<br /> +Lalerne, fight at Beaubassin, I. <a href="#Page_117-V1">117</a>.<br /> +"La Liberté" ship, I. <a href="#Page_457-V1">457</a>.<br /> +La Motte, Dubois de, French admiral, I. <a href="#Page_469-V1">469</a>, + <a href="#Page_471-V1">471</a>-<a href="#footer_492">473 <i>note</i></a>; + commands the French fleet for America, I. <a href="#Page_182-V1">182</a>, + <a href="#Page_183-V1">183</a>; + effort of Boscawen to intercept his fleet, I. <a href="#Page_185-V1">185</a>; + the English fleet wrecked, I. <a href="#Page_471-V1">471</a>, + <a href="#Page_472-V1">472</a>.<br /> +La Motte, Captain, II. <a href="#Page_302-V2">302</a>.<br /> +"La Mutine," frigate, I. <a href="#Page_102-V1">102</a>.<br /> +<a name="lauder" id="lauder"></a> +Lauder, Sir Thomas Dick, II. <a href="#Page_433-V2">433</a>.<br /> +Langlade, Charles, a French trader, I. <a href="#Page_062-V1">62</a>, + <a href="#Page_084-V1">84</a>, II. <a href="#Page_218-V2">218</a>, + <a href="#footer_851">372 <i>note</i></a>, <a href="#Page_425-V2">425</a>; + to receive a pension, I. <a href="#Page_085-V1">85</a>; + the Ojibwas led to attack the Miamis, I. <a href="#Page_209-V1">209</a>; + his Indian wife, I. <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>; + matters in relation to Braddock's defeat, II. <a href="#Page_425-V2">425</a>, + <a href="#Page_426-V2">426</a>.<br /> +Languedoc, I. <a href="#Page_456-V1">456</a>; + battalion of, I. <a href="#Page_182-V1">182</a>, + <a href="#Page_186-V1">186</a>, <a href="#Page_298-V1">298</a>, + <a href="#Page_379-V1">379</a>, <a href="#Page_477-V1">477</a>; + stationed at Ticonderoga, I. <a href="#Page_376-V1">376</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_104-V2">104</a>; + the advance upon Fort William Henry, I. <a href="#Page_491-V1">491</a>; + the fall of Quebec, II. <a href="#Page_292-V2">292</a>.<br /> +Langy, rangers captured by, II. <a href="#Page_087-V2">87</a>; + reports the approach of the English, II. + <a href="#Page_087-V2">87</a>, <a href="#Page_088-V2">88</a>; + meeting with the English in the woods, II. + <a href="#Page_094-V2">94</a>-<a href="#Page_097-V2">97</a>; + detachment of, II. <a href="#Page_110-V2">110</a>.<br /> +La Paille Coupée, village of, I. <a href="#Page_043-V1">43</a>.<br /> +La Pause, M. de, II. <a href="#Page_373-V2">373</a>.<br /> +La Perade, Chevalier de, I. <a href="#Page_210-V1">210</a>.<br /> +La Plante, I. <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>.<br /> +La Prairie, I. <a href="#Page_457-V1">457</a>.<br /> +La Présentation, I. + <a href="#Page_070-V1">70</a>, <a href="#Page_154-V1">154</a>, + <a href="#Page_372-V1">372</a>, <a href="#Page_485-V1">485</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_369-V2">369</a>; + description of, I. + <a href="#Page_065-V1">65</a>-<a href="#Page_067-V1">67</a>; + effort of Piquet to gain converts, I. + <a href="#Page_070-V1">70</a>, <a href="#Page_071-V1">71</a>, + <a href="#Page_074-V1">74</a>, <a href="#Page_075-V1">75</a>; + Jesuit influence, II. <a href="#Page_144-V2">144</a>.<br /> +La Reine, battalion of, I. + <a href="#Page_182-V1">182</a>, <a href="#Page_186-V1">186</a>, + <a href="#Page_298-V1">298</a>, <a href="#Page_477-V1">477</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_104-V2">104</a>; + to defend Ticonderoga, I. <a href="#Page_376-V1">376</a>; + the advance upon Fort William Henry, I. <a href="#Page_491-V1">491</a>.<br /> +La Sarre, battalion of, I. <a href="#Page_363-V1">363</a>, + <a href="#Page_408-V1">408</a>, <a href="#Page_477-V1">477</a>; + encamped at Fort Frontenac, I. <a href="#Page_376-V1">376</a>; + advances upon Fort William Henry, I. <a href="#Page_491-V1">491</a>; + serves under Montcalm, II. <a href="#Page_104-V2">104</a>; + the fall of Quebec, II. <a href="#Page_292-V2">292</a>.<br /> +Lascelles' regiment, II. <a href="#footer_25Note">233 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +La Suède, II. <a href="#Page_342-V2">342</a>.<br /> +"La Superbe," ship, I. <a href="#Page_457-V1">457</a>.<br /> +Laurel Hill, I. <a href="#Page_145-V1">145</a>, + <a href="#Page_146-V1">146</a>, <a href="#Page_151-V1">151</a>, + <a href="#Page_155-V1">155</a>, II. <a href="#Page_141-V2">141</a>.<br /> +Lawrence, Brigadier, Governor of Nova Scotia, I. + <a href="#Page_239-V1">239</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_048-V2">48</a>, <a href="#footer_24Note">194 <i>note</i></a>; + succeeds Hopson in office, I. <a href="#Page_113-V1">113</a>; + his treatment of the Acadians, I. <a href="#Page_113-V1">113</a>; + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_482-V2" id="Page_482-V2">482<br />V2</a></span> + + the occupation of Beaubassin, I. + <a href="#Page_115-V1">115</a>-<a href="#Page_120-V1">120</a>; + the attack on Beauséjour, I. + <a href="#Page_192-V1">192</a>, <a href="#Page_239-V1">239</a>, + <a href="#Page_240-V1">240</a>, <a href="#Page_245-V1">245</a>; + his characteristics, I. <a href="#Page_257-V1">257</a>; + quoted concerning the Acadians, I. + <a href="#Page_257-V1">257</a>, <a href="#Page_263-V1">263</a>, + <a href="#Page_264-V1">264</a>, <a href="#Page_269-V1">269</a>, + <a href="#Page_270-V1">270</a>, <a href="#Page_282-V1">282</a>; + exacts the oath of allegiance from the Acadians, I. + <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>; + a memorial sent to, from the Acadians, I. + <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>-<a href="#Page_263-V1">263</a>; + matters pertaining to the expulsion of the Acadians, I. + <a href="#Page_263-V1">263</a>-<a href="#Page_267-V1">267</a>, + <a href="#Page_273-V1">273</a>, <a href="#Page_274-V1">274</a>, + <a href="#Page_282-V1">282</a>; + serves in the expedition against Louisbourg, II. + <a href="#Page_048-V2">48</a>, <a href="#Page_057-V2">57</a>.<br /> +Lawrence, Fort, + erected, I. <a href="#Page_118-V1">118</a>, <a href="#Page_239-V1">239</a>, + <a href="#Page_241-V1">241</a>, <a href="#Page_243-V1">243</a>; + demands of Le Loutre, I. <a href="#Page_121-V1">121</a>; + encampment of the English, I. <a href="#Page_248-V1">248</a>.<br /> +Le Bâtard, Étienne, + the murder of Captain Howe, I. <a href="#Page_118-V1">118</a>, + <a href="#Page_119-V1">119</a>.<br /> +Le Bœuf, Fort, I. + <a href="#Page_130-V1">130</a>, <a href="#Page_213-V1">213</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_160-V2">160</a>, <a href="#Page_244-V2">244</a>; + erection of, I. <a href="#Page_128-V1">128</a>; + garrison at, I. <a href="#Page_131-V1">131</a>; + arrival of Washington, I. <a href="#Page_133-V1">133</a>, + <a href="#Page_134-V1">134</a>, <a href="#Page_297-V1">297</a>; + burned, II. <a href="#Page_247-V2">247</a>.<br /> +Le Borgne, II. <a href="#Page_028-V2">28</a>, + <a href="#Page_425-V2">425</a>.<br /> +Le Brun, I. <a href="#Page_011-V1">11</a>.<br /> +Le Calvaire, II. <a href="#Page_336-V2">336</a>.<br /> +Legge, chancellor of the exchequer, II. <a href="#Page_393-V2">393</a>.<br /> +Le Guerne, a priest, I. <a href="#Page_281-V1">281</a>; + his description of the embarkation of the Acadians, I. + <a href="#Page_281-V1">281</a>.<br /> +<a name="leLoutre" id="leLoutre"></a> +Le Loutre, Joseph Louis, + vicar-general of Acadia, I. <a href="#Page_099-V1">99</a>, + <a href="#Page_104-V1">104</a>, <a href="#Page_113-V1">113</a>; + instigates the Indians to murder the English, I. + <a href="#Page_099-V1">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100-V1">100</a>, + <a href="#Page_103-V1">103</a>-<a href="#Page_105-V1">105</a>, + <a href="#Page_235-V1">235</a>; + injures the Acadians by his machinations, I. <a href="#Page_101-V1">101</a>, + <a href="#Page_113-V1">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114-V1">114</a>, + <a href="#Page_122-V1">122</a>, <a href="#Page_238-V1">238</a>, + <a href="#Page_243-V1">243</a>; + letter of, concerning Halifax, I. <a href="#Page_101-V1">101</a>; + pension received by, I. <a href="#Page_105-V1">105</a>; + his dealings discovered by Cornwallis, I. <a href="#Page_107-V1">107</a>; + encourages the Acadians to leave their farms, I. + <a href="#Page_108-V1">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109-V1">109</a>, + <a href="#Page_110-V1">110</a>, <a href="#Page_120-V1">120</a>, + <a href="#Page_243-V1">243</a>, <a href="#Page_244-V1">244</a>, + <a href="#Page_250-V1">250</a>, <a href="#Page_255-V1">255</a>, + <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>; + his double-dealing and cruelty, I. <a href="#Page_114-V1">114</a>, + <a href="#Page_243-V1">243</a>, + <a href="#footer_260">252 <i>note</i></a>, II. + <a href="#Page_421-V2">421</a>; + arrival of, at Beaubassin, I. <a href="#Page_116-V1">116</a>; + treacherous murder of Captain Howe, I. + <a href="#Page_118-V1">118</a>, <a href="#Page_119-V1">119</a>; + his letter in answer to Lawrence's proclamation, I. + <a href="#Page_121-V1">121</a>; + letters from officials, urging dishonest conduct, I. + <a href="#Page_239-V1">239</a>, <a href="#Page_242-V1">242</a>; + relations with Vergor, I. + <a href="#Page_242-V1">242</a>-<a href="#Page_244-V1">244</a>; + siege and capitulation of Beauséjour, I. + <a href="#Page_244-V1">244</a>-<a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>; + imprisoned by the English, I. <a href="#Page_252-V1">252</a>; + departs for France, I. <a href="#Page_252-V1">252</a>.<br /> +Le Marchant, Sir Denis, II. <a href="#footer_782">295 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Le Mercier, Chevalier, I. <a href="#Page_157-V1">157</a>, + <a href="#Page_158-V1">158</a>, <a href="#Page_461-V1">461</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_020-V2">20</a>, <a href="#Page_087-V2">87</a>; + plans of, to attack the English, I. + <a href="#Page_153-V1">153</a>-<a href="#Page_155-V1">155</a>; + serves as messenger between the French and English, I. + <a href="#Page_449-V1">449</a>; + his fraudulent contracts, II. <a href="#Page_035-V2">35</a>, + <a href="#Page_036-V1">36</a>, <a href="#Page_385-V2">385</a>.<br /> +Lenisse, Madame de, I. <a href="#Page_458-V1">458</a>.<br /> +"Léopard," the, ship, I. <a href="#Page_362-V1">362</a>.<br /> +Lepaon, I. <a href="#Page_012-V1">12</a>.<br /> +"Le Prudent," II. <a href="#footer_579">54 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Léry, a French officer, I. <a href="#Page_374-V1">374</a>, + <a href="#Page_375-V1">375</a>; + his plan of Detroit, I. <a href="#footer_044">76 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Leslie, Lieutenant, I. <a href="#footer_225">219 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Les Mines, I. <a href="#Page_108-V1">108</a>.<br /> +Leuthen, II. <a href="#Page_040-V2">40</a>.<br /> +Le Verrier, in command at Michillimackinac, II. + <a href="#Page_031-V2">31</a>.<br /> +Levi, Point, II. + <a href="#Page_213-V2">213</a>-<a href="#Page_216-V2">216</a>, + <a href="#Page_220-V2">220</a>, <a href="#Page_222-V2">222</a>, + <a href="#Page_224-V2">224</a>, <a href="#Page_229-V2">229</a>, + <a href="#Page_274-V2">274</a>, <a href="#Page_277-V2">277</a>, + <a href="#Page_281-V2">281</a>; + position of Wolfe's army, II. + <a href="#Page_219-V2">219</a>, <a href="#Page_228-V2">228</a>, + <a href="#Page_230-V2">230</a>-<a href="#Page_233-V2">233</a>; + held by the English at, II. <a href="#Page_263-V2">263</a>, + <a href="#Page_270-V2">270</a>; + embarkation of the artillery, II. <a href="#Page_274-V2">274</a>, + <a href="#Page_275-V2">275</a>, <a href="#Page_280-V2">280</a>.<br /> +Lévis, Chevalier de, I. <a href="#Page_150-V1">150</a>, + <a href="#Page_360-V1">360</a>, <a href="#Page_482-V1">482</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_360-V2">360</a>; + opinion of, in regard to the killing of Jumonville, I. + <a href="#Page_150-V1">150</a>; + beloved by Montcalm, I. <a href="#Page_363-V1">363</a>, + <a href="#Page_378-V1">378</a>, <a href="#Page_379-V1">379</a>, + <a href="#Page_455-V1">455</a>, II. <a href="#Page_308-V2">308</a>; + embarks for America, I. <a href="#Page_363-V1">363</a>, + <a href="#Page_364-V1">364</a>; + joins Montcalm, I. <a href="#Page_373-V1">373</a>; + at Montreal, I. <a href="#Page_376-V1">376</a>; + his command at Ticonderoga, I. + <a href="#Page_377-V1">377</a>-<a href="#Page_379-V1">379</a>, + <a href="#Page_407-V1">407</a>; + his description of Montcalm, I. <a href="#Page_379-V1">379</a>; + his manner of life at Montreal, I. <a href="#Page_455-V1">455</a>, + <a href="#Page_457-V1">457</a>, II. <a href="#Page_029-V2">29</a>, + <a href="#Page_426-V2">426</a>-<a href="#Page_428-V2">428</a>; + treatment received from Vaudreuil, I. <a href="#Page_463-V1">463</a>, + <a href="#Page_464-V1">464</a>, II. <a href="#Page_010-V2">10</a>, + <a href="#Page_312-V2">312</a>, <a href="#Page_375-V2">375</a>; + his characteristics and popularity, I. <a href="#Page_466-V1">466</a>, + <a href="#Page_478-V1">478</a>, II. <a href="#Page_312-V2">312</a>, + <a href="#Page_353-V2">353</a>, <a href="#Page_361-V2">361</a>; + encampment of, I. <a href="#Page_477-V1">477</a>; + matters pertaining to the attack of Fort William Henry, I. + <a href="#Page_485-V1">485</a>, + <a href="#Page_490-V1">490</a>-<a href="#Page_499-V1">499</a>, + <a href="#Page_510-V1">510</a>, <a href="#Page_512-V1">512</a>, + <a href="#footer_526">514 <i>note</i></a>; + his account of the slaughter at German Flats, II. + <a href="#footer_536">7 <i>note</i></a>; + quiets the mutiny at Montreal, II. <a href="#Page_010-V2">10</a>; + statements concerning the fight at Rogers Rock, II. + <a href="#footer_543">16 <i>note</i></a>; + the victory at Ticonderoga, II. + <a href="#Page_086-V2">86</a>-<a href="#Page_089-V2">89</a>, + <a href="#Page_103-V2">103</a>-<a href="#Page_113-V2">113</a>, + <a href="#Page_431-V2">431</a>-<a href="#Page_436-V2">436</a>; + his promotion, II. <a href="#Page_174-V2">174</a>; + the siege and fall of Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_216-V2">216</a>-<a href="#Page_233-V2">233</a>, + <a href="#Page_259-V2">259</a>-<a href="#Page_325-V2">325</a>; + attacked by Wolfe, II. + <a href="#Page_230-V2">230</a>-<a href="#Page_233-V2">233</a>; + sent to protect Montreal, II. <a href="#Page_250-V2">250</a>, + <a href="#Page_251-V2">251</a>, <a href="#Page_265-V2">265</a>; + assumes the command after Montcalm's death, II. + <a href="#Page_308-V2">308</a>, <a href="#Page_312-V2">312</a>, + <a href="#Page_313-V2">313</a>, <a href="#Page_318-V2">318</a>, + <a href="#Page_335-V2">335</a>; + letter to Bourlamaque, II. <a href="#Page_314-V2">314</a>; + his scaling-ladders, II. <a href="#Page_338-V2">338</a>, + <a href="#Page_356-V2">356</a>, <a href="#Page_357-V2">357</a>; + his expedition to attack Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_341-V2">341</a>-<a href="#Page_358-V2">358</a>; + the encounter at Ste.-Foy, II. + <a href="#Page_342-V2">342</a>-<a href="#Page_347-V2">347</a>, + <a href="#Page_442-V2">442</a>-<a href="#Page_444-V2">444</a>; + the courtesies of war, II. <a href="#Page_354-V2">354</a>; + the terms of capitulation for Montreal, II. + <a href="#Page_372-V2">372</a>-<a href="#Page_374-V2">374</a>; + tries to preserve the honor of France, II. + <a href="#Page_373-V2">373</a>, <a href="#Page_375-V2">375</a>; + escapes from shipwreck, II. <a href="#Page_384-V2">384</a>; + his letters, II. <a href="#Page_438-V2">438</a>.<br /> +Lévis, Fort, II. <a href="#Page_369-V2">369</a>, + <a href="#Page_374-V2">374</a>; + attacked by Amherst, II. <a href="#Page_369-V2">369</a>, + <a href="#Page_370-V2">370</a>.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_483-V2" id="Page_483-V2">483<br />V2</a></span> + +Lewis, Major, II. <a href="#Page_139-V2">139</a>; + the expedition of Major Grant, II. + <a href="#Page_151-V2">151</a>-<a href="#Page_155-V2">155</a>.<br /> +"Licorne," the, ship, I. <a href="#Page_363-V1">363</a>.<br /> +Liegnitz, successes of Frederic, II. <a href="#Page_388-V2">388</a>.<br /> +Lighthouse Point, II. + <a href="#Page_053-V2">53</a>, <a href="#Page_062-V2">62</a>.<br /> +Ligneris, Captain, II. <a href="#Page_244-V2">244</a>, + <a href="#Page_245-V2">245</a>; + at Fort Duquesne, I. <a href="#Page_208-V2">208</a>; + encounter with the English under Braddock, I. <a href="#Page_216-V2">216</a>; + orders concerning prisoners, I. <a href="#footer_333">330 <i>note</i></a>; + attack expected from Forbes, II. <a href="#Page_141-V2">141</a>; + danger of starvation at the fort, II. <a href="#Page_155-V2">155</a>, + <a href="#Page_156-V2">156</a>; + Fort Duquesne abandoned, II. <a href="#Page_159-V2">159</a>; + at Venango, II. <a href="#Page_161-V2">161</a>; + letter of Montcalm concerning, II. <a href="#Page_169-V2">169</a>; + departs from Presquisle, II. <a href="#Page_245-V2">245</a>; + taken prisoner, II. <a href="#Page_248-V2">248</a>; + matters pertaining to a pension for, II. <a href="#Page_423-V2">423</a>, + <a href="#Page_424-V2">424</a>; + receives the cross of the Order of St. Louis, II. + <a href="#Page_426-V2">426</a>.<br /> +Ligonier, General, I. <a href="#Page_178-V1">178</a>.<br /> +Ligonier Bay, II. <a href="#Page_251-V2">251</a>.<br /> +"Lis," the, fate of, I. <a href="#Page_185-V1">185</a>.<br /> +L'Isle-Dieu, Abbé de, I. <a href="#Page_106-V1">106</a>; + assertion concerning Jumonville, I. + <a href="#footer_152">151 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Lismahago, I. <a href="#Page_159-V1">159</a>.<br /> +Little Meadows, arrival of Braddock's army at, I. + <a href="#Page_206-V1">206</a>.<br /> +Little Niagara, Fort, II. <a href="#Page_243-V2">243</a>, + <a href="#Page_244-V2">244</a>.<br /> +Livingston, William, I. <a href="#Page_419-V1">419</a>; + manor of, I. <a href="#Page_032-V1">32</a>.<br /> +Logstown, I. <a href="#Page_046-V1">46</a>, + <a href="#Page_047-V1">47</a>, <a href="#Page_053-V1">53</a>, + <a href="#Page_060-V1">60</a>, <a href="#Page_133-V1">133</a>.<br /> +"London Chronicle," the article upon provincial soldiery, II. + <a href="#Page_118-V2">118</a>.<br /> +Long Saut, the, II. <a href="#Page_370-V2">370</a>.<br /> +Longueuil, Baron de, Governor of Canada, I. <a href="#Page_082-V1">82</a>, + <a href="#Page_103-V1">103</a>, <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_086-V2">86</a>, + <a href="#footer_26Note">258 <i>note</i></a>; + complains of English traders, I. + <a href="#Page_083-V1">83</a>, <a href="#Page_084-V1">84</a>; + correspondence with Girard, I. + <a href="#Page_106-V1">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107-V1">107</a>; + paper drawn up by, I. + <a href="#Page_154-V1">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155-V1">155</a>; + seeks to secure Indian allies, I. + <a href="#Page_475-V1">475</a>, <a href="#Page_476-V1">476</a>.<br /> +Loppinot, sent from Louisbourg for terms of capitulation, II. + <a href="#Page_071-V2">71</a>-<a href="#Page_074-V2">74</a>.<br /> +Loramie Creek, the, I. <a href="#Page_051-V1">51</a>.<br /> +Lords of Trade, the, instructions to the colonial Assemblies, I. + <a href="#Page_172-V1">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173-V1">173</a>; + leadership of Lord Halifax, I. <a href="#Page_179-V1">179</a>; + quoted concerning the Acadians and their want of loyalty, I. + <a href="#Page_257-V1">257</a>, <a href="#Page_258-V1">258</a>; + complaints of Johnson, I. <a href="#Page_327-V1">327</a>.<br /> +Lorette, I. <a href="#Page_209-V1">209</a>, + <a href="#Page_371-V1">371</a>, <a href="#Page_485-V1">485</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_284-V2">284</a>, <a href="#Page_293-V2">293</a>, + <a href="#Page_307-V2">307</a>, <a href="#Page_342-V2">342</a>, + <a href="#Page_357-V2">357</a>; + mission of, II. <a href="#footer_656">145 <i>note</i></a>; + English outpost at, II. <a href="#Page_335-V2">335</a>; + skirmish at, II. <a href="#Page_337-V2">337</a>.<br /> +Lorimier, I. <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>.<br /> +Loring, Captain, the navy built by order of Amherst, II. + <a href="#Page_241-V2">241</a>, <a href="#Page_242-V2">242</a>, + <a href="#Page_251-V2">251</a>, <a href="#Page_252-V2">252</a>.<br /> +Lotbinière, a Canadian engineer, I. <a href="#Page_374-V1">374</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_087-V2">87</a>; + his work at Ticonderoga, I. <a href="#Page_378-V1">378</a>.<br /> +Loudon, Earl, to be the commander-in-chief of the American troops, I. + <a href="#Page_383-V1">383</a>; + difficulties in providing for the soldiers, I. + <a href="#Page_387-V1">387</a>, <a href="#Page_439-V1">439</a>, + <a href="#Page_440-V1">440</a>; + arrives at Albany, I. <a href="#Page_399-V1">399</a>; + royal orders concerning military rank, I. <a href="#Page_399-V1">399</a>, + <a href="#Page_400-V1">400</a>; + the provincial forces examined, I. <a href="#Page_401-V1">401</a>; + sends reinforcements to Oswego, I. <a href="#Page_405-V1">405</a>; + orders Winslow to abandon Ticonderoga expedition, I. + <a href="#Page_406-V1">406</a>; + his charges against Shirley, I. <a href="#footer_432">413 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_420-V1">420</a>; + English losses, I. <a href="#Page_419-V1">419</a>, + <a href="#Page_420-V1">420</a>; + his campaign, I. <a href="#Page_421-V1">421</a>, + <a href="#Page_422-V1">422</a>; + his orders to Winslow, I. <a href="#Page_438-V1">438</a>; + exaggeration of Vaudreuil, I. <a href="#Page_460-V1">460</a>, + <a href="#Page_461-V1">461</a>; + his plans for reducing Louisbourg, I. + <a href="#Page_468-V1">468</a>-<a href="#Page_471-V1">471</a>, + <a href="#footer_492">473 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_496-V1">496</a>, II. <a href="#Page_131-V2">131</a>; + soldiers drawn from New York, I. <a href="#Page_474-V1">474</a>, + <a href="#Page_475-V1">475</a>; + frontier exposed to attack, I. <a href="#Page_496-V2">496</a>; + letters sent from Webb, I. <a href="#footer_512">498 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_501-V2">501</a>; + despatches sent to Webb, II. <a href="#Page_001-V2">1</a>; + his plan of action, II. <a href="#Page_002-V2">2</a>; + plans an attack upon Ticonderoga, II. <a href="#Page_011-V2">11</a>; + his failures, II. <a href="#Page_045-V2">45</a>; + recalled from his command, II. <a href="#Page_048-V2">48</a>, + <a href="#Page_083-V2">83</a>; + money expended by Massachusetts on this expedition, II. + <a href="#Page_084-V2">84</a>; + consulted by Bradstreet, II. <a href="#Page_127-V2">127</a>; + his influence on the army, II. <a href="#Page_380-V2">380</a>; + letters concerning the massacre at Fort William Henry, II. + <a href="#Page_428-V2">428</a>, <a href="#Page_429-V2">429</a>.<br /> +Louis XIII., I. + <a href="#Page_014-V1">14</a>, <a href="#Page_015-V1">15</a>.<br /> +Louis XIV., I. <a href="#footer_289">284 <i>note</i></a>, II. + <a href="#Page_409-V2">409</a>.<br /> +Louis XV., I. <a href="#Page_043-V1">43</a>, <a href="#Page_066-V1">66</a>, + <a href="#Page_067-V1">67</a>, <a href="#Page_070-V1">70</a>, + <a href="#Page_071-V1">71</a>, <a href="#Page_075-V1">75</a>, + <a href="#Page_129-V1">129</a>, <a href="#Page_361-V1">361</a>; + possibility of the conquest of Canada, I. <a href="#Page_002-V1">2</a>, + <a href="#Page_003-V1">3</a>; + condition of France during his reign, I. + <a href="#Page_009-V1">9</a>-<a href="#Page_016-V1">16</a>; + scenes at Versailles, I. <a href="#Page_011-V1">11</a>, + <a href="#Page_012-V1">12</a>; + adornments given to Paris, I. <a href="#Page_013-V1">13</a>, + <a href="#Page_014-V1">14</a>; + feeling towards, I. <a href="#Page_014-V1">14</a>; + position of Madame de Pompadour, I. <a href="#Page_015-V1">15</a>, + <a href="#Page_179-V1">179</a>; + subjects of, in Acadia, I. <a href="#Page_091-V1">91</a>, + <a href="#Page_094-V1">94</a>-<a href="#Page_096-V1">96</a>, + <a href="#Page_102-V1">102</a>, <a href="#Page_105-V1">105</a>, + <a href="#Page_235-V1">235</a>, <a href="#Page_238-V1">238</a>, + <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>, <a href="#Page_284-V1">284</a>; + the English denounced by, I. <a href="#Page_115-V1">115</a>; + political alliances with, I. <a href="#Page_354-V1">354</a>; + his detestation of Frederic the Great, I. <a href="#Page_355-V1">355</a>; + the promotion of Montcalm, I. <a href="#Page_360-V1">360</a>; + troops sent against Austria, I. <a href="#Page_363-V1">363</a>; + troops sent to reinforce New France, I. <a href="#Page_363-V1">363</a>; + instructions sent to Vaudreuil, I. <a href="#Page_367-V1">367</a>, + <a href="#Page_368-V1">368</a>; + expenses in Canada, I. <a href="#Page_370-V1">370</a>, + <a href="#Page_372-V1">372</a>, <a href="#Page_453-V1">453</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_017-V2">17</a>-<a href="#Page_038-V2">38</a>, + <a href="#Page_169-V2">169</a>-<a href="#Page_172-V2">172</a>, + <a href="#Page_321-V2">321</a>, <a href="#Page_322-V2">322</a>; + sends the <i>cordon rouge</i> to Montcalm, I. <a href="#Page_454-V1">454</a>; + his portrait on Indian medals, I. <a href="#Page_480-V1">480</a>; + promises of the Indians, I. <a href="#Page_488-V1">488</a>; + corruption at court, II. + <a href="#Page_044-V2">44</a>, <a href="#Page_045-V2">45</a>; + Vaudreuil's efforts to slander Montcalm, II. + <a href="#Page_164-V2">164</a>-<a href="#Page_167-V2">167</a>, + <a href="#Page_321-V2">321</a>, <a href="#Page_322-V2">322</a>; + the refusal of forces from France to Canada, II. + <a href="#Page_174-V2">174</a>-<a href="#Page_178-V2">178</a>; + the loss of New France, II. + <a href="#Page_375-V2">375</a>, <a href="#Page_376-V2">376</a>.<br /> +<a name="louisbourg" id="louisbourg"></a> +Louisbourg, I. <a href="#Page_029-V1">29</a>, <a href="#Page_105-V1">105</a>, + <a href="#Page_107-V1">107</a>, <a href="#Page_109-V1">109</a>, + <a href="#Page_185-V1">185</a>, <a href="#Page_239-V1">239</a>, + <a href="#Page_242-V1">242</a>, <a href="#Page_251-V1">251</a>, + <a href="#Page_290-V1">290</a>, <a href="#Page_291-V1">291</a>; + fortress of, I. <a href="#Page_092-V1">92</a>, <a href="#Page_093-V1">93</a>, + <a href="#Page_368-V1">368</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_052-V2">52</a>-<a href="#Page_055-V2">55</a>; + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_484-V2" id="Page_484-V2">484<br />V2</a></span> + + restored to the French, I. <a href="#Page_092-V1">92</a>; + commanders at, I. <a href="#Page_101-V1">101</a>, + <a href="#Page_102-V1">102</a>, <a href="#Page_104-V1">104</a>; + aid refused to Beauséjour, I. <a href="#Page_250-V1">250</a>; + plan of Loudon for the reduction of, I. + <a href="#Page_468-V1">468</a>, <a href="#Page_469-V1">469</a>, + <a href="#Page_471-V1">471</a>, <a href="#Page_474-V1">474</a>; + the English fleet wrecked, I. <a href="#Page_472-V1">472</a>; + policy of Pitt regarding, II. <a href="#Page_047-V2">47</a>, + <a href="#Page_048-V2">48</a>; + the siege and reduction of, + by the English, II. <a href="#Page_048-V2">48</a>, + <a href="#Page_049-V2">49</a>, + <a href="#Page_051-V2">51</a>-<a href="#footer_19Note">82 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_112-V2">112</a>, <a href="#Page_129-V2">129</a>, + <a href="#Page_162-V2">162</a>, <a href="#Page_177-V2">177</a>, + <a href="#Page_190-V2">190</a>; + inhabitants of the town, II. <a href="#Page_054-V2">54</a>; + the batteries silenced by the enemy, II. <a href="#Page_061-V2">61</a>, + <a href="#Page_062-V2">62</a>; + Drucour's efforts to protect the harbor, II. <a href="#Page_064-V2">64</a>; + the shipping burned, II. + <a href="#Page_065-V2">65</a>-<a href="#Page_067-V2">67</a>, + <a href="#Page_069-V2">69</a>; + the Governor's lodgings in flames, II. <a href="#Page_067-V2">67</a>, + <a href="#Page_068-V2">68</a>; + position of the besieged, II. + <a href="#Page_069-V2">69</a>, <a href="#Page_070-V2">70</a>; + the terms of capitulation finally accepted, II. + <a href="#Page_071-V2">71</a>-<a href="#Page_074-V2">74</a>, + <a href="#footer_591">75 <i>note</i></a>; + statistics of prisoners, cannon, etc., II. <a href="#Page_075-V2">75</a>, + <a href="#Page_076-V2">76</a>; + Governor Drucour succeeded by Governor Whitmore, II. + <a href="#Page_076-V2">76</a>; + rejoicing at the fall of, II. + <a href="#Page_076-V2">76</a>-<a href="#Page_078-V2">78</a>; + Wolfe ordered to scatter the neighboring settlers, II. + <a href="#Page_080-V2">80</a>, <a href="#Page_081-V2">81</a>; + arrival of 43d Regiment, II. <a href="#Page_183-V2">183</a>; + departure of the fleet with Gen. Wolfe, II. <a href="#Page_193-V2">193</a>; + dismantled and abandoned, II. <a href="#Page_363-V2">363</a>.<br /> +Louisbourg Grenadiers, the, at Quebec, II. + <a href="#footer_27Note">298 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Louisiana, I. <a href="#Page_072-V1">72</a>, + <a href="#Page_073-V1">73</a>, <a href="#Page_366-V1">366</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_002-V2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_155-V2">155</a>; + French possessions in, I. <a href="#Page_020-V1">20</a>, + <a href="#Page_024-V1">24</a>, <a href="#Page_039-V2">39</a>; + communication with Canada, I. + <a href="#Page_036-V1">36</a>, <a href="#Page_037-V1">37</a>, + <a href="#Page_039-V1">39</a>, <a href="#Page_040-V2">40</a>, + <a href="#Page_080-V1">80</a>, <a href="#Page_083-V1">83</a>; + arrival of the exiles from Acadia, I. <a href="#Page_283-V1">283</a>; + proposal of Montcalm concerning, II. <a href="#Page_179-V2">179</a>; + given to Spain, II. <a href="#Page_406-V2">406</a>.<br /> +Louisville, I. <a href="#Page_058-V1">58</a>.<br /> +Louvigny, I. <a href="#Page_458-V1">458</a>.<br /> +Lowendal, I. <a href="#Page_010-V1">10</a>.<br /> +"Lowestoffe," the, II. <a href="#Page_355-V2">355</a>, + <a href="#Page_356-V2">356</a>.<br /> +Lowry, I. <a href="#Page_079-V1">79</a>.<br /> +Lowther, Miss Katherine, II. <a href="#Page_190-V2">190</a>; + Wolfe's last message to, II. <a href="#Page_284-V2">284</a>.<br /> +Loyalhannon, II. + <a href="#Page_149-V2">149</a>, <a href="#Page_151-V2">151</a>, + <a href="#Page_154-V2">154</a>-<a href="#Page_156-V2">156</a>.<br /> +Loyalhannon Creek, II. <a href="#Page_141-V2">141</a>.<br /> +Lusignan, commandant at Ticonderoga, I. <a href="#Page_445-V1">445</a>.<br /> +Lutherans, the, I. <a href="#Page_031-V1">31</a>, + <a href="#Page_032-V1">32</a>.<br /> +Lutterberg, battle of, II. <a href="#Page_047-V2">47</a>.<br /> +Lycurgus, II. <a href="#Page_091-V2">91</a>.<br /> +Lydius, a trader, I. <a href="#Page_435-V1">435</a>.<br /> +Lyman, Phineas, in the expedition against Crown Point, I. + <a href="#Page_290-V1">290</a>, <a href="#Page_313-V1">313</a>, + <a href="#Page_314-V1">314</a>; + origin of Fort Lyman, I. <a href="#Page_294-V1">294</a>; + takes command of Johnson's troops, I. <a href="#Page_306-V1">306</a>; + conflicting reports concerning, I. <a href="#Page_316-V1">316</a>; + at Fort Edward, I. <a href="#Page_401-V1">401</a>, + <a href="#Page_402-V1">402</a>; + his chaplain, I. <a href="#Page_402-V1">402</a>; + report concerning the camp, I. <a href="#Page_403-V1">403</a>, + <a href="#Page_404-V1">404</a>; + regiment of, II. <a href="#Page_095-V2">95</a>; + meeting with Langy in the woods, II. <a href="#Page_097-V2">97</a>.<br /> +Lyman, Fort, I. + <a href="#Page_295-V1">295</a>-<a href="#Page_297-V1">297</a>, + <a href="#Page_300-V1">300</a>, <a href="#Page_301-V1">301</a>, + <a href="#Page_308-V1">308</a>-<a href="#Page_310-V1">310</a>; + building of, I. <a href="#Page_294-V1">294</a>; + afterwards called Fort Edward, I. <a href="#Page_294-V1">294</a>, + <a href="#Page_315-V1">315</a>.<br /> +Lyon's Cove, I. <a href="#Page_268-V1">268</a>.<br /> +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h3>M.</h3> +<p> +Macartney, Captain, his humanity, II. <a href="#Page_343-V2">343</a>, + <a href="#Page_344-V2">344</a>.<br /> +McBryer, Andrew, I. <a href="#Page_085-V1">85</a>.<br /> +Macdonald, Captain, + serves in the expedition of Major Grant, II. <a href="#Page_152-V2">152</a>; + his death, II. <a href="#Page_153-V2">153</a>.<br /> +MacDonald, Captain Donald, + sent to attack the French at Le Calvaire, II. + <a href="#Page_336-V2">336</a>; + his death, II. <a href="#Page_349-V2">349</a>.<br /> +McDonough, Thomas, II. <a href="#Page_440-V2">440</a>.<br /> +McGinnis, Captain, I. <a href="#Page_308-V1">308</a>, + <a href="#Page_309-V1">309</a>.<br /> +Machault d'Arnouville, + minister of marine and colonies (1754-1757), I. + <a href="#Page_013-V1">13</a>, <a href="#Page_015-V1">15</a>, + <a href="#Page_179-V1">179</a>, <a href="#Page_367-V1">367</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_044-V2">44</a>.<br /> +Machault, Fort, II. <a href="#Page_159-V2">159</a>.<br /> +Mackay, Captain, I. <a href="#Page_152-V1">152</a>; + at Great Meadows, I. <a href="#Page_152-V1">152</a>, + <a href="#Page_159-V1">159</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_421-V2">421</a>-<a href="#Page_423-V2">423</a>.<br /> +Mackellar, Patrick, + serves as an engineer under Braddock and Wolfe, I. + <a href="#footer_228">221 <i>note</i></a>, II. + <a href="#Page_208-V1">208</a>; + to strengthen Fort Ontario, I. <a href="#Page_420-V1">420</a>, + <a href="#footer_420">420 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Mackenzie, Captain, II. + <a href="#Page_152-V2">152</a>-<a href="#Page_155-V2">155</a>.<br /> +Macleane, Allan, II. <a href="#footer_741">245 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +McMullen, Lieutenant, sent to Crown Point, II. + <a href="#Page_254-V2">254</a>.<br /> +Macnamara, Admiral, + accompanies La Motte's expedition, I. <a href="#Page_182-V1">182</a>, + <a href="#Page_183-V1">183</a>.<br /> +MacVicar, Anne, recollections of Albany, I. <a href="#Page_319-V1">319</a>, + <a href="#Page_320-V1">320</a>.<br /> +Madawaska, I. <a href="#Page_283-V1">283</a>.<br /> +Madeira, I. <a href="#Page_287-V1">287</a>.<br /> +Mahon, Lord, I. <a href="#Page_179-V1">179</a>.<br /> +Maillard, missionary at Cape Breton, I. <a href="#Page_105-V1">105</a>, + <a href="#Page_119-V1">119</a>.<br /> +Maillebois, I. + <a href="#Page_010-V1">10</a>, <a href="#Page_359-V1">359</a>.<br /> +Maine, English possessions in, I. + <a href="#Page_020-V1">20</a>, <a href="#Page_124-V1">124</a>.<br /> +Maître Abraham, II. <a href="#Page_289-V2">289</a>.<br /> +Manach, Father, I. <a href="#Page_252-V1">252</a>; + letter of Boishébert to, quoted, I. + <a href="#Page_265-V1">265</a>, <a href="#Page_266-V1">266</a>.<br /> +Manila, II. <a href="#Page_401-V2">401</a>, + <a href="#Page_402-V2">402</a>.<br /> +Manitou, the, I. <a href="#Page_479-V1">479</a>, + <a href="#Page_487-V1">487</a>, <a href="#Page_489-V1">489</a>.<br /> +Mann, Sir Horace, + letters from Horace Walpole quoted, I. <a href="#Page_188-V1">188</a>; + ambassador at Florence, II. <a href="#Page_323-V2">323</a>.<br /> +Mansfield, I. <a href="#Page_008-V1">8</a>.<br /> +Mante, Major Thomas, II. + <a href="#footer_19Note">82 <i>note</i></a>, <a href="#Page_097-V1">97</a>; + statistics of the force sent against Louisbourg, II. + <a href="#footer_582">56 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Maps of the Illinois colony, I. <a href="#footer_003">41 <i>note</i></a>; + map of Bonnecamp, I. <a href="#footer_02Note">62 <i>note</i></a>; + of French and British dominion in North America, I. + <a href="#footer_124">126 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Maria Theresa, her inheritance from Charles VI., I. + <a href="#Page_018-V1">18</a>; + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_485-V2" id="Page_485-V2">485<br />V2</a></span> + + her heritage taken from her, I. <a href="#Page_019-V1">19</a>, + <a href="#Page_353-V1">353</a>, <a href="#Page_354-V1">354</a>; + the enemy of Frederic the Great, I. <a href="#Page_353-V1">353</a>; + flatters Pompadour, I. <a href="#Page_354-V1">354</a>, + <a href="#Page_355-V1">355</a>; + the war in Europe, II. + <a href="#Page_038-V2">38</a>-<a href="#Page_040-V2">40</a>, + <a href="#Page_409-V2">409</a>; + condition of France, II. <a href="#Page_393-V2">393</a>.<br /> +Marietta, I. <a href="#Page_048-V1">48</a>.<br /> +Marigalante Island, restored by England, II. + <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>.<br /> +Marin, I. <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>, II. <a href="#Page_020-V2">20</a>, + <a href="#Page_030-V2">30</a>, <a href="#Page_122-V2">122</a>, + <a href="#Page_244-V2">244</a>; + promotion of, I. <a href="#Page_088-V1">88</a>; + commander of Duquesne's expedition to the Ohio, I. + <a href="#Page_129-V1">129</a>-<a href="#Page_131-V1">131</a>, + <a href="#Page_137-V1">137</a>; + his sickness and death, I. + <a href="#Page_129-V1">129</a>-<a href="#Page_131-V1">131</a>.<br /> +Marin joins the war-party of Perière, I. + <a href="#Page_429-V1">429</a>-<a href="#Page_431-V1">431</a>; + the slaughter at Fort Edward, I. <a href="#Page_485-V1">485</a>; + official knavery, II. <a href="#Page_027-V2">27</a>; + victory over, II. + <a href="#Page_122-V2">122</a>-<a href="#Page_127-V2">127</a>; + taken prisoner, II. <a href="#Page_248-V2">248</a>.<br /> +Marin, Madame, II. <a href="#Page_020-V2">20</a>.<br /> +Marlborough, Duke of, I. <a href="#Page_316-V1">316</a>.<br /> +Marolles, correspondence of, II. + <a href="#footer_19Note">81 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Martel, the King's storekeeper, II. <a href="#Page_020-V2">20</a>, + <a href="#Page_030-V2">30</a>.<br /> +Martin, Father, + evidence in relation to the massacre at Fort William Henry, I. + <a href="#footer_526">514 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Martin, Abraham. See <a href="#abraham">Abraham</a>.<br /> +Martin, Sergeant Joshua, one of Rogers' rangers, I. + <a href="#Page_444-V1">444</a>.<br /> +Martinique, II. <a href="#Page_401-V2">401</a>, +<a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>.<br /> +Maryland, I. <a href="#Page_332-V1">332</a>, II. <a href="#Page_132-V2">132</a>; + government and characteristics of, I. <a href="#Page_025-V1">25</a>, + <a href="#Page_033-V1">33</a>; + aid asked from, by Dinwiddie, I. <a href="#Page_139-V1">139</a>; + aids Virginia, I. <a href="#Page_168-V1">168</a>; + commissioners sent to Albany for an Indian congress, I. + <a href="#Page_173-V1">173</a>-<a href="#Page_176-V1">176</a>; + council of governors held with Braddock, I. + <a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>-<a href="#Page_196-V1">196</a>; + sufferings caused by Indian warfare, I. + <a href="#Page_329-V1">329</a>, <a href="#Page_330-V1">330</a>, + <a href="#Page_422-V1">422</a>.<br /> +Massachusetts, I. + <a href="#Page_168-V1">168</a>, <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>, + <a href="#Page_315-V1">315</a>, <a href="#Page_480-V1">480</a>, + II. <a href="#Page_093-V2">93</a>; + religion, finance, and politics of, I. + <a href="#Page_025-V1">25</a>-<a href="#Page_029-V1">29</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_084-V2">84</a>, <a href="#Page_085-V2">85</a> + (see <a href="#assemblyMassachusetts">Assembly of Massachusetts</a>); + commissioners sent to meet the Indians at Albany, I. + <a href="#Page_061-V1">61</a>; + council of governors held with Braddock, I. + <a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>-<a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>; + characteristics of the officers from, I. + <a href="#Page_272-V1">272</a>, <a href="#Page_273-V1">273</a>; + distribution of the exiled Acadians, I. <a href="#Page_282-V1">282</a>; + the Crown Point expedition fitted out, I. + <a href="#Page_285-V1">285</a>, <a href="#Page_286-V1">286</a>, + <a href="#Page_291-V1">291</a>, <a href="#Page_292-V1">292</a>, + <a href="#Page_313-V1">313</a>, <a href="#Page_314-V1">314</a>; + money received from Parliament, I. + <a href="#footer_388">382 <i>note</i></a>, II. + <a href="#Page_085-V2">85</a>; + method of raising and paying troops, I. + <a href="#Page_384-V1">384</a>-<a href="#Page_387-V1">387</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_084-V2">84</a>, <a href="#Page_085-V2">85</a>; + tablet erected to Lord Howe, in Westminster Abbey, II. + <a href="#Page_091-V2">91</a>; + utterances from the pulpits after the fall of Canada, II. + <a href="#Page_377-V2">377</a>-<a href="#Page_379-V2">379</a>.<br /> +Massachusetts Historical Society, the, I. + <a href="#footer_319">316 <i>note</i></a>; + portrait of Captain Winslow in, I. + <a href="#footer_276">273 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Massey, Colonel, II. <a href="#Page_247-V2">247</a>.<br /> +Mathevet missionary for the Nipissings, I. <a href="#Page_487-V1">487</a>.<br /> +Maumee River, the, I. <a href="#Page_040-V1">40</a>, + <a href="#Page_051-V1">51</a>, <a href="#Page_052-V1">52</a>, + <a href="#Page_082-V1">82</a>, <a href="#Page_084-V1">84</a>.<br /> +Maurault, Abbé, II. <a href="#footer_752">255 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Maurepas, Comte de, I. <a href="#footer_269">259 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Maurin, François, II. <a href="#Page_020-V2">20</a>; + official knavery, II. + <a href="#Page_022-V2">22</a>-<a href="#Page_024-V2">24</a>, + <a href="#Page_030-V2">30</a>; + thrown into the Bastille, II. <a href="#Page_385-V2">385</a>.<br /> +Mauritius, Island of, I. <a href="#Page_010-V1">10</a>.<br /> +Maxen, II. <a href="#Page_388-V2">388</a>.<br /> +Maxwell, Thomas, II. <a href="#footer_26Note">258 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Mayhew, Jonathan, his prediction for the American colonies, II. + <a href="#Page_325-V2">325</a>.<br /> +Maynard, Captain, II. <a href="#footer_643">123 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Mazade, Madame, I. <a href="#Page_361-V1">361</a>.<br /> +Mediterranean Sea, the, II. <a href="#Page_049-V2">49</a>.<br /> +Meech, Lieutenant, his encounter with the enemy, II. + <a href="#Page_207-V2">207</a>.<br /> +Mellen, Reverend John, + pastor of the Second Church in Lancaster, II. <a href="#Page_377-V2">377</a>; + his sermon on the fall of Canada, II. <a href="#Page_378-V2">378</a>.<br /> +Memeramcook, I. <a href="#Page_120-V1">120</a>, + <a href="#Page_122-V1">122</a>.<br /> +Memphremagog, Lake, II. <a href="#Page_254-V2">254</a>, + <a href="#Page_256-V2">256</a>.<br /> +Menomonies, the, I. <a href="#Page_407-V1">407</a>; + called to council by Montcalm, I. + <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>-<a href="#Page_489-V1">489</a>.<br /> +Mercer, Colonel, commandant at Oswego, I. + <a href="#Page_397-V1">397</a>, <a href="#Page_410-V1">410</a>; + his death, I. <a href="#Page_412-V1">412</a>, + <a href="#Page_413-V1">413</a>.<br /> +Mercer, Lieutenant-Colonel, to hold the new Fort Duquesne, II. + <a href="#Page_160-V2">160</a>.<br /> +"Mermaid," the, I. <a href="#Page_247-V1">247</a>.<br /> +Messalina, I. <a href="#Page_353-V1">353</a>.<br /> +Mexico, I. <a href="#Page_020-V1">20</a>.<br /> +Mexico, Gulf of, I. <a href="#Page_040-V1">40</a>, +<a href="#Page_205-V1">205</a>.<br /> +Miami confederacy, the, I. <a href="#Page_040-V1">40</a>, +<a href="#Page_052-V1">52</a>.<br /> +Miami Indians, the, I. + <a href="#Page_051-V1">51</a>, <a href="#Page_079-V1">79</a>, + <a href="#Page_083-V1">83</a>, <a href="#Page_209-V1">209</a>; + their chief (see <a href="#laDemoiselle">La Demoiselle</a>), + home of, I. <a href="#Page_040-V1">40</a>, + <a href="#Page_051-V1">51</a>, <a href="#Page_052-V1">52</a>, + <a href="#Page_055-V1">55</a>, <a href="#Page_056-V1">56</a>, + <a href="#Page_058-V1">58</a>, <a href="#Page_084-V1">84</a>; + visited by Céloron, I. <a href="#Page_051-V1">51</a>, + <a href="#Page_052-V1">52</a>; + visited by Gist, I. + <a href="#Page_055-V1">55</a>-<a href="#Page_058-V1">58</a>; + their feeling towards the English, I. + <a href="#Page_059-V1">59</a>, <a href="#Page_130-V1">130</a>; + attacked and killed at Pickawillany, I. <a href="#Page_084-V1">84</a>, + <a href="#Page_085-V1">85</a>, <a href="#Page_130-V1">130</a>; + called to a council by Montcalm, I. + <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>-<a href="#Page_489-V1">489</a>; + become allies of the French, I. <a href="#Page_130-V1">130</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_142-V2">142</a>.<br /> +Miami River, the, I. + <a href="#Page_040-V1">40</a>, <a href="#Page_051-V1">51</a>, + <a href="#Page_056-V1">56</a>, <a href="#Page_083-V1">83</a>.<br /> +Michigan Lake, I. + <a href="#Page_075-V1">75</a>, <a href="#Page_407-V1">407</a>, + <a href="#Page_437-V1">437</a>, <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>.<br /> +Michillimackinac, I. <a href="#Page_075-V1">75</a>, + <a href="#Page_084-V1">84</a>, <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_248-V2">248</a>, <a href="#Page_249-V2">249</a>.<br /> +Micmacs, the, I. <a href="#Page_023-V1">23</a>, + <a href="#Page_107-V1">107</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_181-V2">181</a>, <a href="#Page_194-V2">194</a>; + their missionary, I. <a href="#Page_113-V1">113</a>, + <a href="#Page_121-V1">121</a> (see <a href="#leLoutre">Le Loutre</a>); + disposition and characteristics of, I. <a href="#Page_113-V1">113</a>; + at Beaubassin, I. <a href="#Page_116-V1">116</a>; + murder of Captain Howe, I. <a href="#Page_118-V1">118</a>, + <a href="#Page_119-V1">119</a>; + chief of, killed, I. <a href="#Page_252-V1">252</a>; + called to a council by Montcalm, I. + <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>-<a href="#Page_489-V1">489</a>; + under Boishébert, II. <a href="#Page_066-V2">66</a>.<br /> +Middle Ages, the, I. <a href="#Page_017-V1">17</a>.<br /> +Milbank, Mr., II. <a href="#Page_358-V2">358</a>.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_486-V2" id="Page_486-V2">486<br />V2</a></span> + +Mildmay, questions of boundary, I. <a href="#Page_123-V1">123</a>.<br /> +Miller, Captain, I. <a href="#Page_428-V1">428</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_332-V2">332</a>.<br /> +Mines, district of, I. <a href="#Page_235-V1">235</a>; + population of, I. <a href="#Page_264-V1">264</a>; + the people summoned to hear the mandate of the King, I. + <a href="#Page_271-V1">271</a>, <a href="#Page_272-V1">272</a>. + See <a href="#acadians">Acadians</a>.<br /> +Mines, basin of, I. <a href="#Page_094-V1">94</a>, + <a href="#Page_237-V1">237</a>, <a href="#Page_240-V1">240</a>, + <a href="#Page_241-V1">241</a>, <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>, + <a href="#Page_267-V1">267</a>-<a href="#Page_269-V1">269</a>, + <a href="#Page_276-V1">276</a>.<br /> +Mingoes, the, I. <a href="#Page_040-V1">40</a>, <a href="#Page_046-V1">46</a>, + <a href="#Page_060-V1">60</a>, <a href="#Page_209-V1">209</a>; + attitude towards the English, I. <a href="#Page_059-V1">59</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_150-V2">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151-V2">151</a>; + border warfare of, I. <a href="#Page_329-V1">329</a>.<br /> +Minorca, I. <a href="#Page_036-V1">36</a>, II. <a href="#Page_040-V1">40</a>; + garrisons of, I. <a href="#Page_009-V1">9</a>; + restored by France, II. <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>.<br /> +Miquelon Island given to France, II. <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>.<br /> +Miramichi, II. <a href="#Page_025-V2">25</a>, + <a href="#Page_080-V2">80</a>.<br /> +Mirepoix, French ambassador at London, I. <a href="#Page_180-V1">180</a>; + correspondence of, I. <a href="#Page_183-V1">183</a>.<br /> +Missaguash River, the, I. + <a href="#Page_116-V1">116</a>, <a href="#Page_118-V1">118</a>, + <a href="#Page_120-V1">120</a>, <a href="#Page_235-V1">235</a>, + <a href="#Page_241-V1">241</a>, <a href="#Page_248-V1">248</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_181-V2">181</a>.<br /> +Mission Indians, + the illegal traffic carried on by the French, by means of, I. + <a href="#Page_065-V2">65</a>; + allies of the French, I. <a href="#Page_371-V1">371</a>, + <a href="#Page_372-V1">372</a>, <a href="#Page_475-V1">475</a>, + <a href="#Page_479-V1">479</a>, <a href="#Page_480-V1">480</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_012-V2">12</a>; + their ferocity, II. <a href="#Page_144-V2">144</a>, + <a href="#Page_145-V2">145</a>.<br /> +Missionaries, + their work among the Indians, I. <a href="#Page_025-V2">25</a>, + <a href="#Page_064-V2">64</a>, <a href="#Page_065-V2">65</a>, + <a href="#Page_075-V2">75</a>, + <a href="#Page_243-V2">243</a>-<a href="#Page_245-V2">245</a>, + <a href="#Page_429-V2">429</a>, II. <a href="#Page_412-V2">412</a>; + intrigues with regard to the Indians, Acadians, and English, I. + <a href="#Page_099-V1">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100-V1">100</a>, + <a href="#Page_102-V1">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103-V1">103</a>, + <a href="#Page_243-V1">243</a>-<a href="#Page_245-V1">245</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_420-V2">420</a>, <a href="#Page_421-V2">421</a>.<br /> +Missisqui, I. <a href="#Page_485-V1">485</a>.<br /> +Missisquoi Bay, II. <a href="#Page_254-V2">254</a>.<br /> +Mississagas, the, I. <a href="#Page_070-V1">70</a>, + <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>.<br /> +Mississippi, the, I. <a href="#Page_020-V1">20</a>, + <a href="#Page_024-V1">24</a>, <a href="#Page_040-V1">40</a>, + <a href="#Page_042-V1">42</a>, <a href="#Page_124-V1">124</a>, + <a href="#Page_125-V1">125</a>, <a href="#Page_130-V1">130</a>, + <a href="#Page_170-V1">170</a>, <a href="#Page_335-V1">335</a>, + <a href="#Page_372-V1">372</a>, II. <a href="#Page_179-V2">179</a>, + <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>, <a href="#Page_406-V2">406</a>.<br /> +Mitchell, + his map of the British and French Dominions, I. + <a href="#footer_124">126 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Moccasons, I. <a href="#Page_259-V1">259</a>.<br /> +Mohawk River, the, I. <a href="#Page_028-V1">28</a>, + <a href="#Page_032-V1">32</a>, <a href="#footer_02Note">62 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_064-V1">64</a>, <a href="#Page_080-V1">80</a>, + <a href="#Page_287-V1">287</a>, <a href="#Page_319-V1">319</a>, + <a href="#Page_321-V1">321</a>, <a href="#Page_374-V1">374</a>, + <a href="#Page_375-V1">375</a>, <a href="#Page_393-V1">393</a>, + <a href="#Page_406-V1">406</a>, II. <a href="#Page_006-V2">6</a>, + <a href="#Page_086-V2">86</a>, <a href="#Page_116-V2">116</a>, + <a href="#Page_128-V2">128</a>, <a href="#Page_240-V2">240</a>.<br /> +Mohawks, the, I. <a href="#Page_028-V1">28</a>, + <a href="#Page_065-V1">65</a>, <a href="#Page_073-V1">73</a>, + <a href="#Page_088-V1">88</a>, <a href="#Page_287-V1">287</a>, + <a href="#Page_296-V1">296</a>, <a href="#Page_321-V1">321</a>, + <a href="#Page_327-V1">327</a>, <a href="#Page_467-V1">467</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_002-V2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_417-V2">417</a>; + complaints of the tribe, I. + <a href="#Page_171-V1">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172-V1">172</a>; + joins Johnson's expedition, I. <a href="#Page_289-V1">289</a>, + <a href="#Page_295-V1">295</a>-<a href="#Page_310-V1">310</a>; + their chief, I. <a href="#Page_301-V1">301</a>, + <a href="#Page_303-V1">303</a>, <a href="#Page_309-V1">309</a>; + their bravery and ferocity, I. <a href="#Page_303-V1">303</a>, + <a href="#Page_309-V1">309</a>, <a href="#Page_310-V1">310</a>; + council held with Johnson, I. <a href="#Page_391-V1">391</a>, + <a href="#Page_392-V1">392</a>.<br /> +Mohegans, the, I. <a href="#Page_391-V1">391</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_256-V2">256</a>; + council held with Johnson, I. <a href="#Page_392-V1">392</a>; + ally themselves with the English, II. <a href="#Page_148-V2">148</a>.<br /> +Mollwitz, battle of, I. <a href="#Page_019-V1">19</a>.<br /> +Monckton, Robert, I. <a href="#Page_246-V1">246</a>; + appointed leader of the expedition against Acadia, I. + <a href="#Page_194-V1">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196-V1">196</a>; + the capture of Beauséjour, I. <a href="#Page_196-V1">196</a>, + <a href="#Page_239-V1">239</a>, <a href="#Page_248-V1">248</a>, + <a href="#Page_254-V1">254</a>, <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_193-V2">193</a>; + the Acadians removed from their homes, I. <a href="#Page_254-V1">254</a>, + <a href="#Page_266-V1">266</a>-<a href="#Page_284-V1">284</a> + (see <a href="#acadians">Acadians</a>); + despatched to the Bay of Fundy, II. <a href="#Page_078-V2">78</a>; + serves under Wolfe, at the siege of Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_193-V2">193</a>, <a href="#Page_213-V2">213</a>, + <a href="#Page_226-V2">226</a>, + <a href="#Page_231-V2">231</a>-<a href="#Page_233-V2">233</a>, + <a href="#Page_266-V2">266</a>, <a href="#Page_267-V2">267</a>, + <a href="#Page_274-V2">274</a>, <a href="#Page_290-V2">290</a>, + <a href="#Page_295-V2">295</a>, <a href="#footer_782">295 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#footer_27Note">298 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_309-V2">309</a>, <a href="#Page_438-V2">438</a>; + disabled by his wounds, II. <a href="#Page_309-V2">309</a>, + <a href="#Page_317-V2">317</a>; + joins Rodney, II. <a href="#Page_401-V2">401</a>.<br /> +"Monmouth," the, II. <a href="#Page_049-V2">49</a>, + <a href="#Page_050-V2">50</a>.<br /> +Monongahela River, the, I. <a href="#Page_136-V2">136</a>, + <a href="#Page_144-V2">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145-V2">145</a>, + <a href="#Page_155-V2">155</a>, <a href="#Page_207-V2">207</a>, + <a href="#Page_208-V2">208</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_138-V2">138</a>, <a href="#Page_152-V2">152</a>, + <a href="#Page_159-V2">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160-V2">160</a>.<br /> +Monongahela River, the battle of the, I. + <a href="#Page_210-V1">210</a>-<a href="#Page_213-V1">213</a>, + <a href="#Page_221-V1">221</a>, <a href="#footer_228">221 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_223-V1">223</a>, <a href="#footer_229">223 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_328-V1">328</a>.<br /> +Monro, Lieutenant-Colonel, + commandant at Fort William Henry, I. <a href="#Page_495-V1">495</a>, + <a href="#Page_496-V1">496</a>; + his danger, I. <a href="#Page_496-V1">496</a>-<a href="#Page_498-V1">498</a>; + his correspondence with Webb concerning aid, I. + <a href="#Page_497-V1">497</a>, <a href="#Page_502-V1">502</a>, + <a href="#Page_503-V1">503</a>; + his correspondence with Montcalm, I. <a href="#Page_493-V1">493</a>, + <a href="#Page_499-V1">499</a>; + his brave resistance, I. + <a href="#Page_502-V1">502</a>-<a href="#Page_505-V1">505</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_088-V2">88</a>; + the garrison capitulates, I. + <a href="#Page_505-V1">505</a>-<a href="#Page_507-V1">507</a>; + the massacre, I. <a href="#Page_505-V1">505</a>, + <a href="#Page_507-V1">507</a>-<a href="#Page_513-V1">513</a>, + <a href="#footer_526">513 <i>note</i>, 514 <i>note</i></a>, II. + <a href="#Page_428-V2">428</a>-<a href="#Page_431-V2">431</a>.<br /> +Montagu, George, letter from Walpole, II. <a href="#Page_390-V2">390</a>, + <a href="#Page_391-V2">391</a>.<br /> +Montcalm, + father of Louis, the Marquis, I. <a href="#Page_357-V1">357</a>; + death of, I. <a href="#Page_358-V1">358</a>.<br /> +Montcalm, brother of Louis, + his prodigious knowledge and early death, I. + <a href="#Page_358-V1">358</a>.<br /> +Montcalm, Chevalier de, son of the Marquis, + appointed to command a regiment in France, I. <a href="#Page_360-V1">360</a>; + his marriage, II. <a href="#Page_176-V2">176</a>.<br /> +Montcalm, Marquis de (1884), I. <a href="#footer_365">366 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +<a name="montcalm" id="montcalm"></a> +Montcalm-Gozon de Saint-Véran, + Louis Joseph, Marquis de, I. <a href="#Page_150-V1">150</a>, + <a href="#Page_356-V1">356</a>, <a href="#Page_489-V1">489</a>; + his aides-de-camp, I. <a href="#Page_282-V1">282</a>, + <a href="#Page_363-V1">363</a>; + succeeds Dieskau in command, I. <a href="#Page_356-V1">356</a>; + birth, education, and traits of character, I. + <a href="#Page_356-V1">356</a>-<a href="#Page_358-V1">358</a>, + <a href="#Page_366-V1">366</a>, <a href="#Page_367-V1">367</a>, + <a href="#Page_413-V1">413</a>, <a href="#Page_414-V1">414</a>, + <a href="#Page_465-V1">465</a>, <a href="#Page_466-V1">466</a>, + <a href="#Page_483-V1">483</a>, <a href="#Page_489-V1">489</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_167-V2">167</a>, + <a href="#Page_318-V2">318</a>-<a href="#Page_322-V2">322</a>; + the letter from D'Argenson, I. <a href="#Page_360-V1">360</a>; + his wife and family, I. <a href="#Page_359-V1">359</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_317-V2">317</a>; + his military service, I. + <a href="#Page_358-V1">358</a>-<a href="#Page_360-V1">360</a>; + his letters to his mother quoted, I. + <a href="#Page_360-V1">360</a>-<a href="#Page_362-V1">362</a>, + <a href="#Page_372-V1">372</a>, <a href="#Page_373-V1">373</a>, + <a href="#Page_453-V1">453</a>-<a href="#Page_457-V1">457</a>, + <a href="#Page_464-V1">464</a>, II. + <a href="#footer_638">112 <i>note</i>, 113 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_164-V2">164</a>, <a href="#Page_174-V2">174</a>, + <a href="#Page_176-V2">176</a>, <a href="#Page_275-V2">275</a>, + <a href="#Page_426-V2">426</a>-<a href="#Page_428-V2">428</a>; + his salary, I. <a href="#Page_361-V1">361</a>; + letters to his wife quoted, I. <a href="#Page_362-V1">362</a>, + <a href="#Page_364-V1">364</a>-<a href="#Page_366-V1">366</a>, + <a href="#Page_453-V1">453</a>-<a href="#Page_456-V1">456</a>, + <a href="#Page_474-V1">474</a>, II. <a href="#Page_111-V2">111</a>, + <a href="#Page_179-V2">179</a>; + embarks for America, I. + <a href="#Page_362-V1">362</a>-<a href="#Page_365-V1">365</a>; + his relations with Bougainville, I. <a href="#Page_363-V1">363</a>; + his opinion of Lévis, I. + <a href="#Page_363-V1">363</a>, <a href="#Page_378-V1">378</a>, + <a href="#Page_379-V1">379</a>, <a href="#Page_455-V1">455</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_308-V2">308</a>; + his arrival in Canada, I. <a href="#Page_365-V1">365</a>, + <a href="#Page_366-V1">366</a>; + his relations with Vaudreuil, I. + <a href="#Page_366-V1">366</a>-<a href="#Page_368-V1">368</a>, + <a href="#Page_377-V1">377</a>, <a href="#Page_460-V1">460</a>, + <a href="#Page_462-V1">462</a>-<a href="#Page_466-V1">466</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_003-V2">3</a>, <a href="#Page_004-V2">4</a>, + <a href="#Page_008-V2">8</a>-<a href="#Page_010-V2">10</a>, + <a href="#Page_164-V2">164</a>-<a href="#Page_175-V2">175</a>, + <a href="#Page_179-V2">179</a>, + <a href="#Page_180-V2">180</a>, <a href="#Page_197-V2">197</a>, + <a href="#Page_202-V2">202</a>, <a href="#Page_203-V2">203</a>, + <a href="#Page_293-V2">293</a>, <a href="#Page_301-V2">301</a>, + <a href="#Page_317-V2">317</a>-<a href="#Page_323-V2">323</a>; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_487-V2" id="Page_487-V2">487<br />V2</a></span> + + his relations with his troops, I. <a href="#Page_368-V1">368</a>, + <a href="#Page_369-V1">369</a>, <a href="#Page_421-V1">421</a>, + <a href="#Page_464-V1">464</a>, <a href="#Page_465-V1">465</a>, + <a href="#Page_502-V1">502</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_121-V2">121</a>, <a href="#Page_208-V2">208</a>, + <a href="#Page_209-V2">209</a>, <a href="#Page_228-V2">228</a>, + <a href="#Page_260-V2">260</a>, <a href="#Page_281-V2">281</a>; + his relations with the Indians, I. + <a href="#Page_372-V1">372</a>, <a href="#Page_373-V1">373</a>, + <a href="#Page_379-V1">379</a>, <a href="#Page_456-V1">456</a>, + <a href="#Page_463-V1">463</a>-<a href="#Page_465-V1">465</a>, + <a href="#Page_474-V1">474</a>-<a href="#Page_476-V1">476</a>, + <a href="#Page_487-V1">487</a>, <a href="#Page_488-V1">488</a>, + <a href="#Page_499-V1">499</a>-<a href="#Page_501-V1">501</a>; + life at Montreal and Quebec, I. <a href="#Page_376-V1">376</a>, + <a href="#Page_407-V1">407</a>, <a href="#Page_453-V1">453</a>, + <a href="#Page_455-V1">455</a>-<a href="#Page_459-V1">459</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_007-V2">7</a>, <a href="#Page_008-V2">8</a>; + letters to the minister of war, I. <a href="#Page_377-V1">377</a>, + <a href="#Page_463-V1">463</a>-<a href="#Page_465-V1">465</a>; + hastens to the defence of Ticonderoga, I. <a href="#Page_378-V1">378</a>; + his victory at Oswego, I. + <a href="#Page_405-V1">405</a>-<a href="#Page_416-V1">416</a>, + <a href="#Page_419-V1">419</a>, <a href="#Page_420-V1">420</a>, + <a href="#Page_460-V1">460</a>-<a href="#Page_465-V1">465</a>, + <a href="#Page_467-V1">467</a>, <a href="#Page_475-V1">475</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_127-V2">127</a>, <a href="#Page_292-V2">292</a>, + <a href="#Page_320-V2">320</a>; + his situation at Ticonderoga, I. + <a href="#Page_421-V1">421</a>, <a href="#Page_422-V1">422</a>; + his descriptions of men and things, I. + <a href="#Page_453-V1">453</a>-<a href="#Page_456-V1">456</a>; + receives the <i>cordon rouge</i>, I. <a href="#Page_454-V1">454</a>; + letters to Bourlamaque quoted, I. + <a href="#Page_454-V1">454</a>, <a href="#Page_455-V1">455</a>, + <a href="#Page_457-V1">457</a>-<a href="#Page_459-V1">459</a>, + <a href="#Page_466-V1">466</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_007-V2">7</a>-<a href="#Page_009-V2">9</a>, + <a href="#Page_167-V2">167</a>-<a href="#Page_169-V2">169</a>, + <a href="#Page_212-V2">212</a>, <a href="#Page_275-V2">275</a>; + plans a new attack, I. <a href="#Page_472-V1">472</a>; + the French troops at Ticonderoga, I. + <a href="#Page_477-V1">477</a>, <a href="#Page_478-V1">478</a>; + calls a council of Indians, I. + <a href="#Page_485-V1">485</a>-<a href="#Page_489-V1">489</a>; + joined by Lévis, I. <a href="#Page_492-V1">492</a>; + prisoners taken on the lake, I. + <a href="#Page_492-V1">492</a>, <a href="#Page_493-V1">493</a>; + his letter to Monro, I. + <a href="#Page_498-V1">498</a>, <a href="#Page_499-V1">499</a>; + the attack and conquest of Fort William Henry, I. + <a href="#Page_499-V1">499</a>-<a href="#Page_513-V1">513</a>, + <a href="#footer_526">514 <i>note</i></a>, II. + <a href="#Page_167-V2">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168-V2">168</a>, + <a href="#Page_428-V2">428</a>-<a href="#Page_431-V2">431</a>; + his position in relation to Fort Edward, II. + <a href="#Page_003-V2">3</a>, <a href="#Page_004-V2">4</a>, + <a href="#Page_167-V2">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168-V2">168</a>; + retires to Quebec, II. <a href="#Page_007-V2">7</a> + meeting at Montreal, II. <a href="#Page_010-V2">10</a>; + reveals the frauds in trade, II. + <a href="#Page_035-V2">35</a>, <a href="#Page_036-V2">36</a>, + <a href="#Page_321-V2">321</a>, <a href="#Page_322-V2">322</a>; + expedition against Ticonderoga, II. + <a href="#Page_086-V2">86</a>-<a href="#footer_638">113 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_238-V2">238</a>, <a href="#Page_240-V2">240</a>, + <a href="#Page_431-V2">431</a>-<a href="#Page_436-V2">436</a>; + joined by Lévis, II. <a href="#Page_103-V2">103</a>; + the fight with Abercromby, II. + <a href="#Page_105-V2">105</a>-<a href="#Page_112-V2">112</a>; + letter to Doreil, II. + <a href="#Page_111-V2">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112-V2">112</a>; + the cross planted on the battlefield, II. <a href="#Page_112-V2">112</a>; + parties sent to harass Abercromby, I. + <a href="#Page_121-V2">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122-V2">122</a>; + questions Major Putnam, II. <a href="#Page_126-V2">126</a>; + his camp broken up, II. <a href="#Page_130-V2">130</a>, + <a href="#Page_167-V2">167</a>-<a href="#Page_169-V2">169</a>, + <a href="#Page_175-V2">175</a>; + his condition after the battle of Ticonderoga, II. + <a href="#Page_164-V2">164</a>-<a href="#Page_169-V2">169</a>; + resolves to stand by Canada, II. + <a href="#Page_172-V2">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173-V2">173</a>; + his promotion, II. <a href="#Page_174-V2">174</a>; + the refusal of forces from France, II. + <a href="#Page_174-V2">174</a>-<a href="#Page_178-V2">178</a>; + marriage of his children, II. <a href="#Page_176-V2">176</a>; + letter from Belleisle, II. <a href="#Page_176-V2">176</a>, + <a href="#Page_177-V2">177</a>; + his plans for a final effort for Canada, II. + <a href="#Page_178-V2">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179-V2">179</a>; + death of a child of, II. <a href="#Page_179-V2">179</a>; + his arrival at Quebec, II. <a href="#Page_198-V2">198</a>, + <a href="#Page_199-V2">199</a>; + the siege and reduction of Quebec by Wolfe, II. + <a href="#Page_199-V2">199</a>-<a href="#Page_233-V2">233</a>, + <a href="#Page_259-V2">259</a>-<a href="#Page_325-V2">325</a>, + <a href="#footer_28Note">325 <i>note</i>, 326 <i>note</i></a>; + his headquarters and camp, II. + <a href="#Page_200-V2">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201-V2">201</a>, + <a href="#Page_208-V2">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209-V2">209</a>; + his plan of battle and course of action, II. <a href="#Page_209-V2">209</a>, + <a href="#Page_210-V2">210</a>, <a href="#Page_218-V2">218</a>, + <a href="#Page_219-V2">219</a>, <a href="#Page_222-V2">222</a>, + <a href="#Page_224-V2">224</a>, <a href="#Page_228-V2">228</a>, + <a href="#Page_260-V2">260</a>, + <a href="#Page_262-V2">262</a>-<a href="#Page_270-V2">270</a>; + condition of Canadians, II. <a href="#Page_225-V2">225</a>, + <a href="#Page_226-V2">226</a>; + Montmorenci evacuated, II. <a href="#Page_273-V2">273</a>, + <a href="#Page_274-V2">274</a>; + deceived as to Wolfe's movements, II. + <a href="#Page_282-V2">282</a>-<a href="#Page_285-V2">285</a>; + the English army ascends the Heights, I. + <a href="#Page_286-V2">286</a>-<a href="#Page_290-V2">290</a>; + the night before the battle, II. <a href="#Page_290-V2">290</a>, + <a href="#Page_291-V2">291</a>; + his last words to the army, and the final attack, II. + <a href="#Page_291-V2">291</a>-<a href="#Page_300-V2">300</a>, + <a href="#Page_346-V2">346</a>; + his wounds, II. <a href="#Page_297-V2">297</a>, + <a href="#Page_303-V2">303</a>, <a href="#Page_304-V2">304</a>; + his remarks to the people, II. <a href="#Page_297-V2">297</a>, + <a href="#footer_783">297 <i>note</i></a>; + his death and burial, II. + <a href="#Page_305-V2">305</a>-<a href="#Page_307-V2">307</a>, + <a href="#Page_309-V2">309</a>, <a href="#Page_310-V2">310</a>, + <a href="#Page_317-V2">317</a>, + <a href="#footer_28Note">326 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_441-V2">441</a>, <a href="#Page_442-V2">442</a>; + his protecting care for the Canadians and French, II. + <a href="#Page_309-V2">309</a>; + his last letter to Townshend, II. <a href="#Page_309-V2">309</a>; + papers given to Roubaud, II. + <a href="#Page_321-V2">321</a>, <a href="#Page_322-V2">322</a>, + <a href="#footer_28Note">325 <i>note</i>, 326 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Montcalm, Madame de, mother of the Marquis. + See <a href="#saintVeran">Saint-Véran</a>.<br /> +Montcalm, Madame de, wife of the Marquis, I. <a href="#Page_361-V1">361</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_168-V2">168</a>; + her family, I. <a href="#Page_358-V1">358</a>; + letters from her husband quoted, I. <a href="#Page_362-V1">362</a>, + <a href="#Page_454-V1">454</a>, <a href="#Page_474-V1">474</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_111-V2">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112-V2">112</a>, + <a href="#Page_426-V2">426</a>, <a href="#Page_427-V2">427</a>.<br /> +Montcalm, Mademoiselle de, + daughter of the Marquis, her marriage, II. + <a href="#Page_176-V2">176</a>.<br /> +Montcalm, Mirète de, II. <a href="#Page_179-V2">179</a>.<br /> +Montesquieu, I. <a href="#Page_016-V1">16</a>.<br /> +Montgomery, Captain Alexander, II. <a href="#Page_261-V2">261</a>.<br /> +Montgomery, Colonel, his regiment, II. <a href="#Page_132-V2">132</a>; + advance of Forbes's army, II. <a href="#Page_158-V2">158</a>.<br /> +Montgomery, General Richard, II. <a href="#Page_261-V2">261</a>.<br /> +Montguet, II. <a href="#Page_302-V2">302</a>.<br /> +Montguy, II. <a href="#Page_099-V2">99</a>.<br /> +Montigny, taken prisoner, II. <a href="#Page_248-V2">248</a>.<br /> +Montmorenci, the heights of, II. + <a href="#Page_200-V2">200</a>, <a href="#Page_209-V2">209</a>; + the cataract, II. <a href="#Page_207-V2">207</a>, + <a href="#Page_220-V2">220</a>, <a href="#Page_436-V2">436</a>; + position occupied by Wolfe, II. + <a href="#Page_216-V2">216</a>-<a href="#Page_221-V2">221</a>; + the disaster and evacuation of, II. + <a href="#Page_228-V2">228</a>-<a href="#Page_233-V2">233</a>, + <a href="#Page_259-V2">259</a>, <a href="#Page_268-V2">268</a>, + <a href="#Page_269-V2">269</a>, <a href="#Page_273-V2">273</a>, + <a href="#Page_274-V2">274</a>, <a href="#Page_381-V2">381</a>.<br /> +Montour, Andrew, the expedition with Gist, I. + <a href="#Page_054-V1">54</a>-<a href="#Page_059-V1">59</a>.<br /> +Montour, Catharine, I. <a href="#Page_054-V1">54</a>.<br /> +Montpellier, I. <a href="#Page_366-V1">366</a>, + <a href="#Page_457-V1">457</a>.<br /> +Montreal, I. + <a href="#Page_052-V1">52</a>, <a href="#Page_064-V1">64</a>, + <a href="#Page_066-V1">66</a>, <a href="#Page_088-V1">88</a>, + <a href="#Page_129-V1">129</a>, <a href="#Page_131-V1">131</a>, + <a href="#Page_366-V1">366</a>, <a href="#Page_407-V1">407</a>, + <a href="#Page_414-V1">414</a>, <a href="#Page_418-V1">418</a>, + <a href="#Page_428-V1">428</a>, <a href="#Page_453-V1">453</a>, + <a href="#Page_467-V1">467</a>, <a href="#Page_474-V1">474</a>, + <a href="#Page_483-V1">483</a>, <a href="#Page_513-V1">513</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_004-V2">4</a>-<a href="#Page_007-V2">7</a>, + <a href="#Page_087-V2">87</a>, <a href="#Page_126-V2">126</a>, + <a href="#Page_251-V2">251</a>, <a href="#Page_318-V2">318</a>, + <a href="#Page_338-V2">338</a>; + social life among the officials, I. <a href="#Page_453-V1">453</a>, + <a href="#Page_457-V1">457</a>, <a href="#Page_458-V1">458</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_018-V2">18</a>-<a href="#Page_022-V2">22</a>; + scarcity of flour, II. <a href="#Page_010-V2">10</a>; + La Friponne, II. <a href="#Page_024-V2">24</a>; + census of, II. <a href="#Page_178-V2">178</a>; + call to arms, II. + <a href="#Page_195-V2">195</a>, <a href="#Page_198-V2">198</a>; + approach of Amherst, II. + <a href="#Page_236-V2">236</a>, <a href="#Page_265-V2">265</a>, + <a href="#Page_361-V2">361</a>-<a href="#Page_371-V2">371</a>; + Lévis sent to protect, II. <a href="#Page_250-V2">250</a>; + supplies sent to Quebec, II. <a href="#Page_264-V2">264</a>; + Lévis departs for Quebec, II. <a href="#Page_312-V2">312</a>; + preparations to attack Quebec, II. <a href="#Page_340-V2">340</a>; + the fall of Canada, II. + <a href="#Page_360-V2">360</a>-<a href="#Page_382-V2">382</a>; + the city described, II. + <a href="#Page_371-V2">371</a>, <a href="#Page_372-V2">372</a>; + capitulation of, II. + <a href="#Page_372-V2">372</a>, <a href="#Page_373-V2">373</a>, + <a href="#Page_383-V2">383</a>, <a href="#Page_403-V2">403</a>; + the French soldiers return to France, II. + <a href="#Page_374-V2">374</a>, <a href="#Page_383-V2">383</a>.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_488-V2" id="Page_488-V2">488<br />V2</a></span> + +Montreuil, Adjutant-General, I. <a href="#Page_376-V1">376</a>; + aids Dieskau, I. <a href="#Page_307-V1">307</a>; + his letter concerning Montcalm, quoted, I. <a href="#Page_376-V1">376</a>, + <a href="#Page_377-V1">377</a>; + delay in sending aid to Montcalm, II. <a href="#Page_301-V1">301</a>; + his letters, II. <a href="#Page_438-V2">438</a>.<br /> +Moore, Colonel William, letter to Governor Morris, I. + <a href="#Page_347-V1">347</a>.<br /> +Moravian brotherhood, the, II. <a href="#Page_144-V2">144</a>.<br /> +Moravians, the, I. <a href="#Page_031-V1">31</a>, + <a href="#Page_054-V1">54</a>, <a href="#Page_347-V1">347</a>; + mission of Frederic Post, II. + <a href="#Page_144-V2">144</a>-<a href="#Page_149-V2">149</a>.<br /> +Moro Castle, II. <a href="#Page_401-V2">401</a>, + <a href="#Page_402-V2">402</a>.<br /> +Morris, Robert Hunter, + Governor of Pennsylvania, I. + <a href="#Page_167-V1">167</a>, <a href="#Page_228-V1">228</a>, + <a href="#footer_238">233 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_439-V1">439</a>, <a href="#Page_440-V1">440</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_131-V2">131</a>, <a href="#Page_144-V2">144</a>; + correspondence with the younger Shirley quoted, I. + <a href="#Page_188-V1">188</a>, <a href="#Page_201-V1">201</a>, + <a href="#Page_202-V1">202</a>, <a href="#Page_323-V1">323</a>, + <a href="#Page_324-V1">324</a>, <a href="#Page_340-V1">340</a>, + <a href="#Page_343-V1">343</a>; + council of governors held with Braddock, I. + <a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>-<a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>; + relations of the Penns with, I. <a href="#Page_338-V1">338</a>; + question of taxing proprietary lands, I. + <a href="#Page_337-V1">337</a>-<a href="#Page_341-V1">341</a>, + <a href="#Page_344-V1">344</a>-<a href="#Page_347-V1">347</a>, + <a href="#Page_349-V1">349</a>; + his relations with the Assembly, I. + <a href="#Page_339-V1">339</a>-<a href="#Page_350-V1">350</a>; + letter to, from William Moore, I. <a href="#Page_347-V1">347</a>; + declares war against the Indians, I. <a href="#Page_392-V1">392</a>; + sends Colonel Armstrong to attack Kittanning, I. + <a href="#Page_423-V1">423</a>; + Indian convention held at Easton, II. + <a href="#Page_147-V2">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148-V2">148</a>.<br /> +Morris, Captain Roger, aide-de-camp to General Braddock, I. + <a href="#Page_202-V1">202</a>, <a href="#Page_203-V1">203</a>; + wounded in the battle of the Monongahela, I. + <a href="#Page_219-V1">219</a>, <a href="#Page_229-V1">229</a>.<br /> +Murdering Town, hamlet of, I. <a href="#Page_229-V1">136</a>.<br /> +Murray Captain Alexander, I. <a href="#Page_268-V1">268</a>; + a memorial sent to, from the Acadians, I. + <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>-<a href="#Page_263-V1">263</a>; + his relations and correspondence with Colonel Winslow, I. + <a href="#Page_268-V1">268</a>-<a href="#Page_271-V1">271</a>, + <a href="#Page_278-V1">278</a>; + the removal of the Acadians, from their homes, I. + <a href="#Page_269-V1">269</a>-<a href="#Page_272-V1">272</a>, + <a href="#Page_275-V1">275</a>, + <a href="#Page_278-V1">278</a>-<a href="#Page_281-V1">281</a>. + See <a href="#acadians">Acadians</a>.<br /> +Murray, James, II. <a href="#Page_351-V2">351</a>; + serves under Wolfe at the reduction of Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_193-V2">193</a>, <a href="#Page_216-V2">216</a>, + <a href="#Page_217-V2">217</a>, <a href="#Page_263-V2">263</a>, + <a href="#Page_266-V2">266</a>, <a href="#Page_267-V2">267</a>, + <a href="#Page_274-V2">274</a>, <a href="#Page_290-V2">290</a> + (see <a href="#quebec">Quebec</a>); + his character, II. <a href="#Page_193-V2">193</a>, + <a href="#Page_331-V2">331</a>, <a href="#Page_332-V2">332</a>, + <a href="#Page_345-V2">345</a>, <a href="#Page_346-V2">346</a>; + remains in command at Quebec, II. <a href="#Page_317-V2">317</a>, + <a href="#Page_331-V2">331</a>, <a href="#Page_332-V2">332</a>; + an attack expected from the French, II. + <a href="#Page_335-V2">335</a>-<a href="#Page_338-V2">338</a>; + expedition of Lévis against Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_340-V2">340</a>-<a href="#Page_358-V2">358</a>, + <a href="#Page_442-V2">442</a>-<a href="#Page_444-V2">444</a>; + his relations with his soldiers, II. <a href="#Page_351-V2">351</a>, + <a href="#Page_352-V2">352</a>, <a href="#Page_365-V2">365</a>; + the courtesies of war, II. <a href="#Page_354-V2">354</a>; + the fall of Canada, II. + <a href="#Page_360-V2">360</a>-<a href="#Page_382-V2">382</a>; + ascends the St. Lawrence to Montreal, II. + <a href="#Page_361-V2">361</a>-<a href="#Page_366-V2">366</a>, + <a href="#Page_368-V2">368</a>, <a href="#Page_371-V2">371</a>, + <a href="#Page_372-V2">372</a>.<br /> +Muskingum River, the, I. <a href="#Page_048-V1">48</a>, + <a href="#Page_055-V1">55</a>.<br /> +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h3>N.</h3> +<p> +Naples, I. <a href="#Page_009-V1">9</a>.<br /> +Napoleon I., I. <a href="#Page_001-V1">1</a>.<br /> +Narrows, of Lake George, the, I. + <a href="#Page_430-V1">430</a>, <a href="#Page_434-V1">434</a>, + <a href="#Page_441-V1">441</a>, <a href="#Page_491-V1">491</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_092-V2">92</a>, <a href="#Page_093-V2">93</a>.<br /> +Necessity, Fort, I. <a href="#Page_151-V1">151</a>, + <a href="#Page_156-V1">156</a>, II. <a href="#Page_277-V2">277</a>; + retreat of Washington's forces, I. <a href="#Page_160-V1">160</a>, + <a href="#Page_161-V1">161</a>; + matters pertaining to the capitulation of, II. + <a href="#Page_421-V2">421</a>-<a href="#Page_423-V2">423</a>.<br /> +Negroes, I. <a href="#Page_029-V1">29</a>, <a href="#Page_193-V1">193</a>, + <a href="#Page_228-V1">228</a>-<a href="#Page_230-V1">230</a>.<br /> +"Neptune," the, II. <a href="#Page_192-V2">192</a>.<br /> +Netherlands, the, II. <a href="#Page_404-V2">404</a>.<br /> +New Brunswick, I. <a href="#Page_090-V1">90</a>, + <a href="#Page_123-V1">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124-V1">124</a>.<br /> +New England, I. <a href="#Page_055-V1">55</a>, + <a href="#Page_123-V1">123</a>, <a href="#Page_291-V1">291</a>; + characteristics of her colonies, I. + <a href="#Page_025-V1">25</a>-<a href="#Page_029-V1">29</a>, + <a href="#Page_031-V1">31</a>, <a href="#Page_033-V1">33</a>, + <a href="#Page_246-V1">246</a>, <a href="#Page_273-V1">273</a>, + <a href="#Page_284-V1">284</a>, <a href="#Page_286-V1">286</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_089-V2">89</a>, <a href="#Page_116-V2">116</a>, + <a href="#Page_117-V2">117</a>, <a href="#Page_377-V2">377</a>; + confederation of the colonies, I. <a href="#Page_034-V1">34</a>; + the provincial troops, I. + <a href="#Page_384-V1">384</a>-<a href="#Page_387-V1">387</a>, + <a href="#Page_399-V1">399</a>-<a href="#Page_402-V1">402</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_338-V2">338</a>; + rejoicing at the fall of Louisbourg, II. + <a href="#Page_076-V2">76</a>-<a href="#Page_078-V2">78</a>; + her joy over the victories in Canada, II. + <a href="#Page_324-V2">324</a>, <a href="#Page_325-V2">325</a>, + <a href="#Page_377-V2">377</a>-<a href="#Page_379-V2">379</a>.<br /> +New France, character of the country with regard to attack and defence, I. + <a href="#Page_023-V1">23</a>, <a href="#Page_024-V1">24</a>; + extent of, in America, I. + <a href="#Page_023-V1">23</a>, <a href="#Page_024-V1">24</a>, + <a href="#Page_039-V1">39</a>-<a href="#Page_043-V1">43</a>, + <a href="#Page_053-V1">53</a>, <a href="#Page_071-V1">71</a>, + <a href="#Page_072-V1">72</a>, <a href="#Page_075-V1">75</a>, + <a href="#Page_079-V1">79</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_129-V2">129</a>, <a href="#Page_316-V2">316</a>; + the downfall of, II. + <a href="#Page_378-V2">378</a>-<a href="#Page_382-V2">382</a>. + See <a href="#canada">Canada</a>.<br /> +New Hampshire, II. <a href="#Page_120-V2">120</a>; + invaded by parties from Canada, I. <a href="#Page_176-V1">176</a>; + the expedition sent against Crown Point, I. <a href="#Page_286-V1">286</a>, + <a href="#Page_290-V1">290</a>, <a href="#Page_291-V1">291</a>; + money granted to, by Parliament, I. + <a href="#footer_387">382 <i>note</i></a>; + Rogers' rangers, I. <a href="#Page_431-V1">431</a>, + <a href="#Page_432-V1">432</a>; + her sacrifices in time of war, II. <a href="#Page_086-V2">86</a>.<br /> +New Haven, I. <a href="#Page_291-V1">291</a>.<br /> +New Jersey, I. <a href="#Page_139-V1">139</a>, <a href="#Page_327-V1">327</a>, + <a href="#Page_419-V1">419</a>, II. <a href="#Page_093-V2">93</a>; + characteristics of, I. <a href="#Page_033-V1">33</a>; + aids Virginia, I. <a href="#Page_168-V1">168</a>; + Crown Point to be seized, I. <a href="#Page_194-V1">194</a>; + the "Jersey Blues," I. <a href="#Page_320-V1">320</a>; + money granted to, by Parliament, I. + <a href="#footer_387">382 <i>note</i></a>; + Indian warfare, I. <a href="#Page_422-V1">422</a>, + <a href="#Page_484-V1">484</a>.<br /> +New Orleans, II. <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>; + chain of forts connecting the city with Quebec, I. + <a href="#Page_036-V1">36</a>, + <a href="#Page_039-V1">39</a>-<a href="#Page_041-V1">41</a>; + in the possession of France, II. <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>; + given to Spain, II. <a href="#Page_406-V2">406</a>.<br /> +New Oswego, I. <a href="#Page_398-V1">398</a>, +<a href="#Page_411-V1">411</a>.<br /> +New York, I. <a href="#Page_040-V1">40</a>, <a href="#Page_124-V1">124</a>, + <a href="#Page_141-V1">141</a>, <a href="#Page_292-V1">292</a>, + <a href="#Page_310-V1">310</a>, <a href="#Page_315-V1">315</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_002-V2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_003-V2">3</a>, + <a href="#Page_079-V2">79</a>, <a href="#Page_162-V2">162</a>, + <a href="#Page_248-V2">248</a>, <a href="#Page_402-V2">402</a>; + questions of boundary, I. <a href="#Page_028-V1">28</a>, + <a href="#Page_079-V1">79</a>, <a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>; + matters of interest concerning the people and the place, I. + <a href="#Page_032-V1">32</a>-<a href="#Page_035-V1">35</a>, + <a href="#Page_059-V1">59</a>, <a href="#Page_061-V1">61</a>, + <a href="#Page_328-V1">328</a>, <a href="#Page_349-V1">349</a>, + <a href="#Page_350-V1">350</a>; + expeditions of war fitted out by, I. <a href="#Page_142-V1">142</a>, + <a href="#Page_144-V1">144</a>, <a href="#Page_162-V1">162</a>, + <a href="#Page_173-V1">173</a>, <a href="#Page_286-V1">286</a>, + <a href="#Page_292-V1">292</a>, <a href="#Page_383-V1">383</a>, + <a href="#Page_474-V1">474</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_093-V2">93</a>, <a href="#Page_192-V2">192</a>; + Indian complaints, I. <a href="#Page_172-V1">172</a>, + <a href="#Page_176-V1">176</a>; + council of governors held with Braddock, I. + <a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>-<a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>; + plans of Shirley to repel French invasion, I. + <a href="#Page_193-V1">193</a> (see <a href="#shirley">Shirley</a>); + orders for the removal of the Protestant population of, I. + <a href="#footer_289">284 <i>note</i></a>; + attitude of the Five Nations in time of war, I. <a href="#Page_372-V1">372</a>; + council of war held, I. <a href="#Page_381-V1">381</a>; + money granted to, by Parliament, I. + <a href="#footer_387">382 <i>note</i></a>; + expeditions of war planned, I. <a href="#Page_384-V1">384</a>, + <a href="#Page_469-V1">469</a>, <a href="#Page_470-V1">470</a>; + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_489-V2" id="Page_489-V2">489<br />V2</a></span> + + Indian warfare, I. <a href="#Page_422-V1">422</a>; + difficulty in quartering the troops in winter, I. + <a href="#Page_439-V1">439</a>, <a href="#Page_440-V1">440</a>; + exposed condition of the forts, I. + <a href="#Page_474-V1">474</a>, <a href="#Page_475-V1">475</a>; + rejoicing at the fall of Louisbourg, II. <a href="#Page_076-V2">76</a>.<br /> +Newcastle, Duke of, I. <a href="#Page_008-V1">8</a>, + <a href="#Page_194-V1">194</a>, II. <a href="#Page_040-V2">40</a>, + <a href="#Page_041-V2">41</a>, <a href="#Page_397-V2">397</a>; + at the head of the English government, I. + <a href="#Page_177-V1">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178-V1">178</a>; + error in Braddock's campaign, I. + <a href="#Page_196-V1">196</a>, <a href="#Page_197-V1">197</a>; + his influence over England, II. <a href="#Page_041-V2">41</a>, + <a href="#Page_043-V2">43</a>; + blight of his administration, II. <a href="#Page_046-V2">46</a>; + his idea of promotion in the army, II. <a href="#Page_191-V2">191</a>; + influence upon the army, II. + <a href="#Page_380-V2">380</a>-<a href="#Page_382-V2">382</a>; + disliked by George III., II. <a href="#Page_392-V2">392</a>, + <a href="#Page_400-V2">400</a>.<br /> +Newell, Chaplain, preached to the army before Lake George, I. + <a href="#Page_296-V1">296</a>.<br /> +Newfoundland, I. <a href="#Page_185-V1">185</a>, + <a href="#Page_471-V1">471</a>, II. <a href="#Page_402-V2">402</a>; + the fisheries, II. <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>, + <a href="#Page_410-V2">410</a>.<br /> +Niagara, Fort, I. + <a href="#Page_070-V1">70</a>, <a href="#Page_075-V1">75</a>, + <a href="#Page_080-V1">80</a>, II. <a href="#Page_010-V2">10</a>, + <a href="#Page_127-V2">127</a>, <a href="#Page_142-V2">142</a>, + <a href="#Page_160-V2">160</a>, <a href="#Page_242-V2">242</a>, + <a href="#Page_370-V2">370</a>; + situation and importance of the post, I. <a href="#Page_075-V1">75</a>, + <a href="#Page_076-V1">76</a>, <a href="#Page_079-V1">79</a>, + <a href="#Page_318-V1">318</a>, <a href="#Page_324-V1">324</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_243-V2">243</a>, <a href="#Page_244-V2">244</a>, + <a href="#Page_248-V2">248</a>, <a href="#Page_249-V2">249</a>; + expedition against, I. + <a href="#Page_192-V1">192</a>, <a href="#Page_194-V1">194</a>, + <a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>, <a href="#Page_233-V1">233</a>, + <a href="#Page_318-V1">318</a>-<a href="#Page_329-V1">329</a>, + <a href="#Page_373-V1">373</a>-<a href="#Page_376-V1">376</a>, + <a href="#Page_399-V1">399</a>, II. <a href="#Page_222-V2">222</a>, + <a href="#Page_381-V2">381</a>, <a href="#Page_393-V2">393</a>; + capture of, by Prideaux, II. + <a href="#Page_242-V2">242</a>-<a href="#Page_249-V2">249</a>, + <a href="#Page_253-V2">253</a>.<br /> +Niagara River, the, II. <a href="#Page_243-V2">243</a>.<br /> +Niaouré Bay, I. <a href="#Page_408-V1">408</a>, + <a href="#Page_409-V1">409</a>.<br /> +Nicholson, conquest of Acadia, I. <a href="#Page_090-V1">90</a>.<br /> +Nîmes, I. <a href="#Page_356-V1">356</a>.<br /> +Nipissing Lake, I. <a href="#Page_485-V1">485</a>.<br /> +Nipissings, the, I. <a href="#Page_040-V1">40</a>, + <a href="#Page_074-V1">74</a>, <a href="#Page_154-V1">154</a>, + <a href="#Page_485-V1">485</a>-<a href="#Page_489-V1">489</a>; + their missionary, I. <a href="#Page_487-V1">487</a>; + death of a chief, I. + <a href="#Page_493-V2">493</a>, <a href="#Page_494-V2">494</a>.<br /> +Nivernois, Duc de, sent to London to negotiate for peace, II. + <a href="#Page_403-V2">403</a>.<br /> +Niverville, I. <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>.<br /> +Noix, Isle aux, II. <a href="#Page_178-V2">178</a>, + <a href="#Page_195-V2">195</a>, <a href="#Page_308-V2">308</a>, + <a href="#Page_367-V2">367</a>; + the French entrenched at, II. <a href="#Page_238-V2">238</a>, + <a href="#Page_239-V2">239</a>, <a href="#Page_241-V2">241</a>, + <a href="#Page_249-V2">249</a>, <a href="#Page_265-V2">265</a>; + the French retreat from, II. + <a href="#Page_251-V2">251</a>-<a href="#Page_253-V2">253</a>.<br /> +Normanville, brothers, I. <a href="#Page_210-V1">210</a>.<br /> +North America, I. <a href="#Page_010-V1">10</a>. + See <a href="#america">America</a>.<br /> +North Carolina, I. <a href="#Page_033-V1">33</a>, + <a href="#Page_187-V1">187</a>, <a href="#Page_382-V1">382</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_132-V2">132</a>; + answers the appeal of Dinwiddie, I. <a href="#Page_139-V1">139</a>, + <a href="#Page_142-V1">142</a>; + condition of forces from, I. <a href="#Page_162-V1">162</a>, + <a href="#Page_163-V1">163</a>; + council of governors held with Braddock, I. + <a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>-<a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>; + effect of the victory at Fort Duquesne, II. + <a href="#Page_162-V2">162</a>.<br /> +North pole, the, I. <a href="#Page_020-V1">20</a>.<br /> +Northampton, I. <a href="#Page_290-V1">290</a>.<br /> +Northern Department, the, II. <a href="#Page_393-V2">393</a>.<br /> +Northwest Bay, I. <a href="#Page_490-V1">490</a>.<br /> +Nova Scotia, I. <a href="#Page_239-V1">239</a>, + <a href="#Page_249-V1">249</a>, II. <a href="#Page_001-V2">1</a>, + <a href="#Page_181-V2">181</a>, <a href="#Page_183-V2">183</a>, + <a href="#Page_192-V2">192</a>, <a href="#Page_381-V2">381</a>; + matters pertaining to Acadia, I. + <a href="#Page_090-V1">90</a> + (see <a href="#acadia">Acadia</a> and <a href="#acadians">Acadians</a>); + rejoicing at the fall of Louisbourg, II. <a href="#Page_077-V2">77</a>; + solitude of the forts, II. <a href="#Page_077-V2">77</a>, + <a href="#Page_078-V2">78</a>.<br /> +Nuns, the, at Quebec, II. <a href="#Page_330-V2">330</a>. + See <a href="#ursulines">Ursulines</a>. +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h3>O.</h3> +<p> +Oath of allegiance. See <a href="#acadians">Acadians</a>.<br /> +Obadiah, name used in New England, I. <a href="#Page_246-V1">246</a>.<br /> +O'Callaghan, I. <a href="#footer_526">514 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Ochterlony, Captain, + escapes from Indians' cruelty, II. <a href="#Page_232-V2">232</a>.<br /> +Œdipus, II. <a href="#Page_009-V2">9</a>.<br /> +Ogden, Captain, II. <a href="#Page_256-V1">256</a>; + sufferings of the rangers, II. <a href="#Page_257-V2">257</a>.<br /> +Ogdensburg, I. <a href="#Page_038-V1">38</a>.<br /> +Ohio Company, the, I. + <a href="#Page_053-V1">53</a>, <a href="#Page_142-V1">142</a>, + <a href="#Page_155-V1">155</a>, <a href="#Page_196-V1">196</a>; + their trading-houses, I. <a href="#Page_059-V1">59</a>, + <a href="#Page_132-V1">132</a>, <a href="#Page_144-V1">144</a>, + <a href="#Page_145-V1">145</a>, <a href="#Page_200-V1">200</a>.<br /> +Ohio Indians, the, I. <a href="#footer_019">59 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_150-V1">150</a>, <a href="#Page_153-V1">153</a>.<br /> +Ohio River, the, I. + <a href="#Page_021-V1">21</a>, <a href="#Page_024-V1">24</a>, + <a href="#Page_037-V1">37</a>, <a href="#Page_039-V1">39</a>, + <a href="#Page_042-V1">42</a>, <a href="#Page_043-V1">43</a>, + <a href="#Page_050-V1">50</a>, <a href="#Page_060-V1">60</a>, + <a href="#Page_061-V1">61</a>, <a href="#Page_063-V1">63</a>, + <a href="#Page_065-V1">65</a>, <a href="#Page_086-V1">86</a>, + <a href="#Page_127-V1">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128-V1">128</a>, + <a href="#Page_176-V1">176</a>, <a href="#Page_207-V1">207</a>, + <a href="#Page_209-V1">209</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_020-V2">20</a>, <a href="#Page_021-V2">21</a>, + <a href="#Page_142-V2">142</a>-<a href="#Page_144-V2">144</a>; + valley of, controlled by the French, I. + <a href="#Page_076-V1">76</a> (see <a href="#french">French</a>); + conflict of French and English for the surrounding territory, I. + <a href="#Page_128-V1">128</a>-<a href="#Page_134-V1">134</a>, + <a href="#Page_142-V1">142</a>-<a href="#Page_161-V1">161</a>, + <a href="#Page_318-V1">318</a>, + <a href="#Page_329-V1">329</a>-<a href="#Page_350-V1">350</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_144-V2">144</a>-<a href="#Page_151-V2">151</a>, + <a href="#Page_244-V2">244</a>, <a href="#Page_247-V2">247</a>; + forts on, I. + <a href="#Page_137-V1">137</a>-<a href="#Page_139-V1">139</a>, + <a href="#Page_142-V1">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143-V1">143</a>.<br /> +Ojibwas, I. + <a href="#Page_130-V1">130</a>, <a href="#Page_209-V1">209</a>, + <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>-<a href="#Page_489-V1">489</a>.<br /> +Oneida Lake, I. <a href="#Page_322-V1">322</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_242-V1">242</a>.<br /> +Oneidas, the, I. + <a href="#Page_288-V1">288</a>, <a href="#Page_392-V1">392</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_006-V2">6</a>, <a href="#Page_128-V2">128</a>, + <a href="#Page_129-V1">129</a>; + in the Iroquois mission, I. <a href="#Page_065-V1">65</a>.<br /> +Onondaga, I. <a href="#Page_172-V2">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173-V2">173</a>, + <a href="#Page_395-V1">395</a>; + the Iroquois capital, I. <a href="#Page_066-V1">66</a>; + council held by Johnson, I. + <a href="#Page_391-V1">391</a>, <a href="#Page_392-V1">392</a>.<br /> +Onondaga River, the, I. + <a href="#Page_073-V1">73</a>, <a href="#Page_322-V1">322</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_128-V2">128</a>, <a href="#Page_242-V1">242</a>.<br /> +Onondagas, the, I. <a href="#Page_392-V1">392</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_246-V2">246</a>; + efforts of the French to convert, I. + <a href="#Page_065-V1">65</a>, <a href="#Page_171-V1">171</a>.<br /> +Onontio, the, I. + <a href="#Page_067-V1">67</a>, <a href="#Page_154-V1">154</a>.<br /> +Ontario, Fort, I. + <a href="#Page_398-V1">398</a>, <a href="#Page_410-V1">410</a>, + <a href="#Page_411-V1">411</a>, <a href="#Page_420-V1">420</a>; + burned to the ground, I. + <a href="#Page_415-V1">415</a>, <a href="#Page_416-V1">416</a>.<br /> +Ontario, Lake, I. <a href="#Page_038-V1">38</a>, <a href="#Page_065-V1">65</a>, + <a href="#Page_072-V1">72</a>, <a href="#Page_075-V1">75</a>, + <a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>, <a href="#Page_289-V1">289</a>, + <a href="#Page_321-V1">321</a>, <a href="#Page_322-V1">322</a>, + <a href="#Page_374-V1">374</a>, <a href="#Page_376-V1">376</a>, + <a href="#Page_381-V1">381</a>, <a href="#footer_387">382 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_384-V1">384</a>, <a href="#Page_398-V1">398</a>, + <a href="#Page_399-V1">399</a>, <a href="#Page_408-V1">408</a>, + <a href="#Page_415-V1">415</a>, <a href="#Page_418-V1">418</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_127-V2">127</a>-<a href="#Page_129-V2">129</a>, + <a href="#Page_162-V2">162</a>, <a href="#Page_195-V2">195</a>, + <a href="#Page_243-V2">243</a>, <a href="#Page_249-V2">249</a>, + <a href="#Page_361-V1">361</a>; + journey of Father Piquet, I. <a href="#Page_069-V1">69</a>.<br /> +Ord, Captain, mentioned in Campbell's letter, I. + <a href="#Page_227-V1">227</a>.<br /> +Orléans, Isle d', II. <a href="#Page_199-V2">199</a>, + <a href="#Page_204-V2">204</a>, <a href="#Page_207-V2">207</a>, + <a href="#Page_216-V2">216</a>, <a href="#Page_229-V2">229</a>, + <a href="#Page_344-V2">344</a>, <a href="#Page_362-V1">362</a>; + position of Wolfe, II. <a href="#Page_213-V2">213</a>.<br /> +Orléans, Point of, II. + <a href="#Page_203-V2">203</a>, <a href="#Page_211-V2">211</a>, + <a href="#Page_216-V2">216</a>, <a href="#Page_219-V2">219</a>, + <a href="#Page_222-V2">222</a>, <a href="#Page_270-V2">270</a>, + <a href="#Page_274-V2">274</a>, <a href="#Page_281-V1">281</a>.<br /> +Orme, Captain Robert, aide-de-camp of Braddock, I. + <a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>, <a href="#Page_202-V1">202</a>, + <a href="#Page_203-V1">203</a>, <a href="#Page_224-V1">224</a>; + wounded in the battle of the Monongahela, I. <a href="#Page_219-V1">219</a>, + <a href="#Page_225-V1">225</a>; + his account of Braddock's death, I. <a href="#Page_225-V1">225</a>, + <a href="#Page_226-V1">226</a>; + correspondence with Dinwiddie, I. + <a href="#Page_229-V1">229</a>-<a href="#Page_233-V1">233</a>.<br /> +Orry, I. <a href="#Page_015-V1">15</a>.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_490-V2" id="Page_490-V2">490<br />V2</a></span> + +Osages, the, I. <a href="#Page_043-V1">43</a>, + <a href="#Page_083-V1">83</a>.<br /> +Osborn, Admiral, expedition under, II. + <a href="#Page_049-V2">49</a>, <a href="#Page_050-V2">50</a>.<br /> +Osgood, Captain, I. + <a href="#Page_270-V1">270</a>, <a href="#Page_272-V1">272</a>.<br /> +Oswegatchie, I. <a href="#Page_052-V1">52</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_369-V2">369</a>; + La Présentation, I. + <a href="#Page_065-V1">65</a>-<a href="#Page_067-V1">67</a>.<br /> +Oswegatchie River, the, I. <a href="#Page_038-V1">38</a>.<br /> +Oswego, I. + <a href="#Page_038-V1">38</a>, <a href="#Page_052-V1">52</a>, + <a href="#Page_070-V1">70</a>, <a href="#Page_073-V1">73</a>, + <a href="#Page_074-V1">74</a>, <a href="#Page_079-V1">79</a>, + <a href="#Page_088-V1">88</a>, <a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>, + <a href="#Page_321-V1">321</a>, <a href="#Page_374-V1">374</a>, + <a href="#Page_467-V1">467</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_128-V2">128</a>, <a href="#Page_242-V2">242</a>, + <a href="#Page_369-V2">369</a>, <a href="#Page_418-V2">418</a>; + life of the garrison at, I. <a href="#Page_062-V1">62</a>, + <a href="#Page_068-V1">68</a>, <a href="#Page_069-V1">69</a>, + <a href="#Page_073-V1">73</a>, <a href="#Page_350-V1">350</a>, + <a href="#Page_397-V1">397</a>, <a href="#Page_398-V1">398</a>; + French enmity towards, I. <a href="#Page_078-V1">78</a>, + <a href="#footer_049">78 <i>note</i></a>, <a href="#Page_288-V1">288</a>, + <a href="#Page_324-V1">324</a>-<a href="#Page_327-V1">327</a>, + <a href="#Page_374-V1">374</a>, <a href="#Page_393-V1">393</a>, + <a href="#Page_405-V1">405</a>-<a href="#Page_416-V1">416</a>; + arrival of Shirley's expedition, I. <a href="#Page_322-V1">322</a>, + <a href="#Page_381-V1">381</a>, <a href="#Page_384-V1">384</a>; + importance of, I. + <a href="#Page_398-V1">398</a>, <a href="#Page_399-V1">399</a>; + account of the capture by the French, I. + <a href="#Page_405-V1">405</a>-<a href="#Page_416-V1">416</a>, + <a href="#Page_419-V1">419</a>, <a href="#Page_420-V1">420</a>, + <a href="#Page_460-V1">460</a>-<a href="#Page_467-V1">467</a>, + <a href="#Page_475-V1">475</a>, II. <a href="#Page_127-V2">127</a>, + <a href="#Page_292-V2">292</a>, <a href="#Page_320-V2">320</a>; + murders committed by the French, II. <a href="#Page_002-V2">2</a>; + return of Bradstreet, II. <a href="#Page_129-V2">129</a>; + to be re-established, II. <a href="#Page_235-V2">235</a>; + plans of Amherst, II. <a href="#Page_249-V2">249</a>.<br /> +Ottawa River, the, I. + <a href="#Page_125-V1">125</a>-<a href="#Page_154-V1">154</a>, + <a href="#Page_372-V1">372</a>, II. <a href="#Page_369-V2">369</a>.<br /> +Ottawas, the, I. <a href="#Page_040-V1">40</a>, <a href="#Page_057-V1">57</a>, + <a href="#Page_084-V1">84</a>, <a href="#Page_209-V1">209</a>, + <a href="#footer_608">487 <i>note</i></a>; + village of, I. <a href="#Page_076-V1">76</a>; + their cannibalism, I. <a href="#Page_483-V1">483</a>; + called to a council by Montcalm, I. + <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>-<a href="#Page_489-V1">489</a>; + French allies, II. <a href="#Page_142-V2">142</a>.<br /> +Otter Creek, II. <a href="#Page_241-V2">241</a>.<br /> +Otway, his regiment at Albany, I. <a href="#Page_399-V1">399</a>.<br /> +Oudenarde, battle of, II. <a href="#Page_391-V2">391</a>.<br /> +Oueskak, inhabitants removed from, I. <a href="#Page_255-V1">255</a>.<br /> +Oxford, I. <a href="#Page_142-V1">142</a>.<br /> +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h3>P.</h3> +<p> +Pacific Ocean, the, II. <a href="#Page_406-V2">406</a>.<br /> +Paine, Timothy, I. <a href="#Page_404-V1">404</a>.<br /> +Panama, II. <a href="#Page_401-V2">401</a>.<br /> +Panet, Jean Claude, II. <a href="#Page_439-V2">439</a>.<br /> +Parfouru, Madame de, II. <a href="#Page_427-V2">427</a>.<br /> +Paris, I. <a href="#Page_013-V1">13</a>, <a href="#Page_014-V1">14</a>, + <a href="#Page_016-V1">16</a>, <a href="#Page_186-V1">186</a>, + <a href="#Page_192-V1">192</a>, <a href="#Page_311-V1">311</a>, + <a href="#Page_360-V1">360</a>, <a href="#Page_361-V1">361</a>, + <a href="#Page_457-V1">457</a>, II. <a href="#Page_047-V2">47</a>, + <a href="#Page_322-V2">322</a>, <a href="#Page_374-V2">374</a>; + questions of American boundary, I. + <a href="#Page_086-V2">86</a> (see <a href="#france">France</a>); + trial of the dishonest officials, II. + <a href="#Page_385-V2">385</a>, <a href="#Page_386-V2">386</a>.<br /> +Paris, the peace of, II. + <a href="#Page_383-V2">383</a>-<a href="#Page_408-V2">408</a>.<br /> +Parker, Colonel, his party captured by Indians, I. + <a href="#Page_484-V1">484</a>, <a href="#Page_489-V1">489</a>.<br /> +Parkman, Rev. Ebenezer, II. + <a href="#footer_17Note">89 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Parkman, George Francis, II. <a href="#Page_440-V2">440</a>.<br /> +Parkman, William, opinion of Abercromby, II. <a href="#Page_089-V2">89</a>.<br /> +<a name="parliament" id="parliament"></a> +Parliament, the, I. <a href="#Page_006-V1">6</a>, <a href="#Page_007-V1">7</a>, + <a href="#Page_167-V1">167</a>, <a href="#Page_170-V1">170</a>, + <a href="#Page_181-V1">181</a>, II. <a href="#Page_041-V2">41</a>, + <a href="#Page_083-V2">83</a>, <a href="#Page_084-V2">84</a>; + taxation by, I. <a href="#Page_171-V1">171</a>, + <a href="#Page_177-V1">177</a>, <a href="#Page_193-V1">193</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_413-V2">413</a>; + raises money for campaigns in America, I. <a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>, + <a href="#Page_316-V1">316</a>, <a href="#Page_382-V1">382</a>; + money paid to Massachusetts, II. <a href="#Page_085-V2">85</a>; + elections in 1761, II. <a href="#Page_392-V2">392</a>; + the peace between England and France, II. <a href="#Page_406-V2">406</a>; + resistance of the British colonies, II. + <a href="#Page_413-V2">413</a>.<br /> +Parliament of Paris, the, I. <a href="#Page_363-V1">363</a>.<br /> +Passamaquoddy Bay, II. <a href="#Page_183-V2">183</a>.<br /> +Patten, Captain, assists Bradstreet, I. <a href="#Page_395-V1">395</a>.<br /> +Patterson's Creek, I. <a href="#Page_342-V1">342</a>.<br /> +Patton, John, I. <a href="#Page_080-V1">80</a>.<br /> +Paxton, town of, I. <a href="#Page_344-V1">344</a>.<br /> +Peabody, his bravery, I. <a href="#Page_428-V1">428</a>.<br /> +Péan, I. <a href="#Page_458-V1">458</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_008-V2">8</a>, <a href="#Page_020-V2">20</a>; + his wife, I. <a href="#Page_087-V1">87</a>, + <a href="#Page_088-V1">88</a>, II. <a href="#Page_009-V2">9</a>, + <a href="#Page_019-V2">19</a>, <a href="#Page_028-V2">28</a>, + <a href="#Page_029-V2">29</a>; + promotion of, I. <a href="#Page_088-V1">88</a>; + his official knavery, I. <a href="#Page_129-V1">129</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_022-V2">22</a>-<a href="#Page_024-V2">24</a>, + <a href="#Page_028-V2">28</a>, + <a href="#Page_031-V2">31</a>-<a href="#Page_033-V2">33</a>, + <a href="#footer_17Note">37 <i>note</i></a>; + letter to Duquesne, I. <a href="#Page_129-V1">129</a>; + effort to descend the Ohio thwarted, I. <a href="#Page_130-V1">130</a>, + <a href="#Page_131-V1">131</a>; + at La Chine, II. <a href="#Page_009-V2">9</a>; + thrown into the Bastille, II. <a href="#Page_385-V2">385</a>.<br /> +Péan, Madame, I. <a href="#Page_087-V1">87</a>, + <a href="#Page_088-V1">88</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_009-V2">9</a>, <a href="#Page_019-V2">19</a>, + <a href="#Page_028-V2">28</a>, <a href="#Page_029-V2">29</a>.<br /> +Peleus, II. <a href="#Page_184-V2">184</a>.<br /> +Penisseault, Antoine, II. <a href="#Page_020-V2">20</a>; + official knavery, II. + <a href="#Page_023-V2">23</a>, <a href="#Page_024-V2">24</a>; + thrown into the Bastille, II. <a href="#Page_385-V2">385</a>.<br /> +Penisseault, Madame, II. <a href="#Page_029-V2">29</a>.<br /> +Penn, Richard, proprietary of Pennsylvania, I. + <a href="#Page_338-V1">338</a>.<br /> +Penn, Thomas, proprietary of Pennsylvania, I. + <a href="#Page_338-V1">338</a>.<br /> +Penn, William, his plan of union for the colonies, I. + <a href="#Page_034-V1">34</a>; + first proprietary of Pennsylvania, I. <a href="#Page_338-V1">338</a>, + <a href="#Page_339-V1">339</a>.<br /> +Pennahouel, chief of the Ottawas, I. <a href="#Page_487-V1">487</a>; + his speech, I. + <a href="#Page_487-V1">487</a>-<a href="#Page_489-V1">489</a>.<br /> +Pennoyer, Jesse, II. <a href="#footer_26Note">258 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Pennsylvania, I. <a href="#Page_227-V1">227</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_130-V2">130</a>; + matters of interest concerning the people and the place, I. + <a href="#Page_025-V1">25</a>, + <a href="#Page_031-V1">31</a>-<a href="#Page_033-V1">33</a>, + <a href="#Page_035-V1">35</a>, <a href="#Page_037-V1">37</a>, + <a href="#Page_042-V1">42</a>, <a href="#Page_045-V1">45</a>, + <a href="#Page_054-V1">54</a>, <a href="#Page_059-V1">59</a>, + <a href="#Page_060-V1">60</a>, <a href="#Page_086-V1">86</a>, + <a href="#Page_193-V1">193</a>-<a href="#Page_198-V1">198</a>, + <a href="#Page_339-V1">339</a>; + efforts of Dinwiddie to obtain help from, I. + <a href="#Page_139-V1">139</a>-<a href="#Page_141-V1">141</a>; + relations of the Assembly with the people, I. <a href="#Page_142-V1">142</a>, + <a href="#Page_165-V1">165</a>-<a href="#Page_168-V1">168</a>, + <a href="#Page_337-V1">337</a>, + <a href="#Page_339-V1">339</a>-<a href="#Page_350-V1">350</a>, + <a href="#Page_422-V1">422</a>, <a href="#Page_423-V1">423</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_131-V2">131</a>; + commissioners sent to Albany, I. + <a href="#Page_173-V1">173</a>-<a href="#Page_176-V1">176</a>; + German population, I. <a href="#Page_193-V1">193</a>; + sufferings of the settlers, + <a href="#Page_329-V1">329</a>, <a href="#Page_330-V1">330</a>, + <a href="#Page_336-V1">336</a>-<a href="#Page_350-V1">350</a>, + <a href="#Page_365-V1">365</a>, <a href="#Page_422-V1">422</a>, + <a href="#Page_423-V1">423</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_131-V2">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132-V2">132</a>; + questions of taxing proprietary lands, I. + <a href="#Page_337-V1">337</a>-<a href="#Page_341-V1">341</a>, + <a href="#Page_344-V1">344</a>-<a href="#Page_347-V1">347</a>, + <a href="#Page_349-V1">349</a>; + a militia law passed, I. <a href="#Page_348-V1">348</a>; + roads to be made by the army, II. + <a href="#Page_132-V2">132</a>-<a href="#Page_134-V2">134</a>; + Indian allies sought for, II. + <a href="#Page_142-V2">142</a>-<a href="#Page_142-V2">147</a>; + expedition of Major Grant, II. <a href="#Page_152-V2">152</a>.<br /> +Penobscot River, the, I. <a href="#Page_485-V1">485</a>.<br /> +Penobscots, I. <a href="#footer_526">514 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Pepperell, + his regiment, I. <a href="#Page_194-V1">194</a>, + <a href="#Page_320-V1">320</a>, <a href="#Page_382-V1">382</a>, + <a href="#Page_398-V1">398</a>, <a href="#Page_410-V1">410</a>.<br /> +Pepperell, Fort, condition of, I. <a href="#Page_411-V1">411</a>.<br /> +Perière, + war-party sent out under, I. <a href="#Page_429-V1">429</a>.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_491-V2" id="Page_491-V2">491<br />V2</a></span> +<a name="peronney" id="peronney"></a> +Peronney, Captain, killed in battle, I. <a href="#Page_230-V1">230</a>.<br /> +Perrot, Isle, II. <a href="#Page_371-V2">371</a>.<br /> +Persians, II. <a href="#Page_323-V2">323</a>.<br /> +Perth, II. <a href="#Page_185-V2">185</a>.<br /> +Peter the Great, I. <a href="#Page_017-V1">17</a>, + <a href="#Page_018-V1">18</a>.<br /> +Peter III., II. <a href="#Page_399-V2">399</a>.<br /> +Peter, Captain, the mission of Frederic Post, II. + <a href="#Page_149-V2">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150-V2">150</a>.<br /> +Peticodiac, disaster to the English, I. + <a href="#Page_275-V1">275</a>, <a href="#Page_276-V1">276</a>.<br /> +Petrie, Johan Jost, taken prisoner, II. <a href="#Page_007-V2">7</a>.<br /> +Peyroney, Ensign, I. <a href="#Page_158-V1">158</a>. + See <a href="#peronney">Peronney</a>.<br /> +Peyton, Lieutenant, his escape from Indians, II. + <a href="#Page_232-V2">232</a>.<br /> +Philadelphia, I. <a href="#Page_196-V1">196</a>, + <a href="#footer_225">219 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_228-V1">228</a>, <a href="#Page_231-V1">231</a>, + <a href="#Page_233-V1">233</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_132-V2">132</a>, <a href="#Page_161-V2">161</a>; + relative size of, I. <a href="#Page_031-V1">31</a>; + its prosperity, I. <a href="#Page_336-V1">336</a>, + <a href="#Page_337-V1">337</a>; + influence of the Quakers, I. + <a href="#Page_336-V1">336</a>, <a href="#Page_337-V1">337</a>, + <a href="#Page_339-V1">339</a>; + council of, I. <a href="#Page_426-V1">426</a>; + difficulty in quartering the troops, I. <a href="#Page_439-V1">439</a>, + <a href="#Page_440-V1">440</a>; + rejoicing at the fall of Louisbourg, II. + <a href="#Page_076-V2">76</a>-<a href="#Page_078-V2">78</a>.<br /> +Philippines, the, II. <a href="#Page_401-V2">401</a>.<br /> +Philipsbourg, siege of, I. <a href="#Page_358-V1">358</a>.<br /> +Philistines, II. <a href="#Page_126-V2">126</a>.<br /> +Phillips, governor of Acadia, I. <a href="#Page_097-V1">97</a>, + <a href="#footer_082">101 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Phillips, Lieutenant, surrender of, II. + <a href="#Page_013-V2">13</a>, <a href="#Page_014-V2">14</a>.<br /> +Phipps, Governor, letter from John Ashley to, I. + <a href="#Page_387-V1">387</a>.<br /> +Piacenza, I. <a href="#Page_359-V1">359</a>.<br /> +Piankishaws, the, I. <a href="#Page_083-V1">83</a>.<br /> +Pichon, Thomas, commissary at Fort Beauséjour, I. + <a href="#Page_243-V1">243</a>; + his treachery, I. <a href="#Page_243-V1">243</a>, + <a href="#footer_249">243 <i>note</i></a>; + his writings, I. <a href="#footer_249">243 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#footer_258">251 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_266-V1">266</a>, II. + <a href="#footer_19Note">81 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Pickawillany, I. <a href="#Page_052-V1">52</a>, + <a href="#Page_055-V1">55</a>-<a href="#Page_058-V1">58</a>, + <a href="#Page_081-V1">81</a>, <a href="#Page_209-V1">209</a>; + the Indians cajoled by the English, I. <a href="#Page_082-V1">82</a>, + <a href="#Page_083-V1">83</a>; + the town attacked, and the English traders slaughtered, I. + <a href="#Page_084-V1">84</a>, <a href="#Page_085-V1">85</a>.<br /> +Pique Town (Pickawillany), I. <a href="#Page_052-V1">52</a>; + his importance of, I. <a href="#Page_052-V1">52</a>.<br /> +Piquet, Abbé, I. <a href="#footer_029">65 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_392-V1">392</a>; + his mission and plans, I. <a href="#Page_038-V1">38</a>, + <a href="#Page_052-V1">52</a>, + <a href="#Page_065-V1">65</a>-<a href="#Page_075-V1">75</a>, + <a href="#Page_078-V1">78</a>, <a href="#Page_171-V1">171</a>, + <a href="#Page_414-V1">414</a>, <a href="#Page_487-V1">487</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_242-V2">242</a>, <a href="#Page_369-V2">369</a>, + <a href="#Page_417-V2">417</a>, <a href="#Page_418-V2">418</a>; + his banners, II. <a href="#Page_418-V2">418</a>.<br /> +Pisiquid, I. <a href="#Page_094-V1">94</a>, + <a href="#Page_244-V1">244</a>.<br /> +Pisiquid River, the, I. <a href="#Page_268-V1">268</a>.<br /> + + + +Pitt, William, I. <a href="#Page_006-V1">6</a>, + <a href="#Page_408-V1">408</a>, II. <a href="#Page_040-V2">40</a>, + <a href="#Page_190-V2">190</a>, <a href="#Page_432-V2">432</a>; + his characteristics and his politics, I. <a href="#Page_008-V1">8</a>, + <a href="#Page_009-V1">9</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_042-V2">42</a>-<a href="#Page_049-V2">49</a>, + <a href="#Page_391-V2">391</a>, <a href="#Page_392-V2">392</a>, + <a href="#Page_398-V2">398</a>, <a href="#Page_400-V2">400</a>, + <a href="#Page_407-V2">407</a>; + his relations with Newcastle, I. <a href="#Page_179-V2">179</a>, + <a href="#Page_400-V2">400</a>; + his decline in power, I. <a href="#Page_469-V2">469</a>, + <a href="#footer_491">470 <i>note</i></a>, II. + <a href="#Page_041-V2">41</a>, <a href="#Page_044-V2">44</a>, + <a href="#Page_045-V2">45</a>, <a href="#Page_398-V2">398</a>, + <a href="#Page_399-V2">399</a>, <a href="#Page_401-V2">401</a>; + his views and plans for war, II. + <a href="#Page_047-V2">47</a>, <a href="#Page_048-V2">48</a>, + <a href="#Page_083-V2">83</a>-<a href="#Page_085-V2">85</a>, + <a href="#Page_089-V2">89</a>, <a href="#Page_118-V2">118</a>, + <a href="#Page_131-V2">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132-V2">132</a>, + <a href="#Page_141-V2">141</a>, <a href="#Page_157-V2">157</a>, + <a href="#Page_193-V2">193</a>, <a href="#Page_235-V2">235</a>, + <a href="#Page_236-V2">236</a>, <a href="#Page_240-V2">240</a>, + <a href="#Page_391-V2">391</a>, <a href="#Page_392-V2">392</a>, + <a href="#Page_400-V2">400</a>, <a href="#Page_401-V2">401</a>, + <a href="#Page_408-V2">408</a>; + report made by Pownall, II. <a href="#Page_084-V2">84</a>, + <a href="#Page_085-V2">85</a>; + naming of Pittsburg, II. <a href="#Page_159-V2">159</a>; + the expeditions against Louisbourg and Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_191-V2">191</a>-<a href="#Page_193-V2">193</a>, + <a href="#footer_24Note">194 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_268-V2">268</a>-<a href="#Page_271-V2">271</a>, + <a href="#Page_323-V2">323</a>, <a href="#Page_345-V2">345</a>; + disliked by George III., II. <a href="#Page_391-V2">391</a>, + <a href="#Page_392-V2">392</a>, <a href="#Page_397-V2">397</a>; + negotiations with Choiseul, II. + <a href="#Page_393-V2">393</a>-<a href="#Page_397-V2">397</a>; + an explanation demanded of Spain, II. + <a href="#Page_396-V2">396</a>, <a href="#Page_397-V2">397</a>; + the peace of Paris, II. + <a href="#Page_400-V2">400</a>-<a href="#Page_407-V2">407</a>; + carried into the House of Commons, II. + <a href="#Page_406-V2">406</a>, <a href="#Page_407-V2">407</a>.<br /> +Pitt, Fort, built by Stanwix, II. <a href="#Page_159-V2">159</a>.<br /> +Pittsburg, II. <a href="#Page_235-V2">235</a>, + <a href="#Page_236-V2">236</a>, <a href="#Page_244-V2">244</a>; + site of, I. <a href="#Page_046-V1">46</a>, + <a href="#Page_060-V1">60</a>, <a href="#Page_142-V1">142</a>, + <a href="#Page_143-V1">143</a>, <a href="#Page_207-V1">207</a>; + naming of the place, II. <a href="#Page_159-V2">159</a>.<br /> +Plassey, the victory of, II. <a href="#Page_045-V2">45</a>, + <a href="#Page_408-V2">408</a>.<br /> +Plates, leaden, bearing inscriptions, I. <a href="#Page_043-V1">43</a>. + See <a href="#celoron">Céloron</a>.<br /> +Plymouth Colony, the, I. <a href="#Page_245-V1">245</a>.<br /> +Pococke, Admiral, Sir George, II. <a href="#Page_401-V2">401</a>, + <a href="#Page_402-V2">402</a>.<br /> +Pointe-aux-Trembles, II. + <a href="#Page_019-V2">19</a>, <a href="#Page_224-V2">224</a>, + <a href="#Page_263-V2">263</a>, <a href="#Page_278-V2">278</a>, + <a href="#Page_341-V2">341</a>, <a href="#Page_361-V2">361</a>.<br /> +Poisson, Jeanne. See <a href="#pompadour">Pompadour</a>.<br /> +Poland, I. <a href="#Page_010-V1">10</a>.<br /> +Polson, Captain, I. <a href="#Page_227-V1">227</a>, + <a href="#Page_230-V1">230</a>.<br /> +Pomeroy, Abigail, II. <a href="#Page_237-V2">237</a>.<br /> +Pomeroy, Rev. Benjamin, II. <a href="#Page_237-V2">237</a>, + <a href="#Page_238-V2">238</a>.<br /> +Pomeroy, Daniel, in the expedition against Crown Point, I. + <a href="#Page_291-V1">291</a>, <a href="#Page_311-V1">311</a>.<br /> +Pomeroy, Rachel, I. <a href="#Page_311-V1">311</a>.<br /> +Pomeroy, Lieutenant-Colonel Seth, I. <a href="#Page_290-V1">290</a>; + in the expedition against Crown Point, I. + <a href="#Page_290-V1">290</a>, <a href="#Page_291-V1">291</a>; + quotations from his letters, I. + <a href="#Page_291-V1">291</a>-<a href="#Page_294-V1">294</a>, + <a href="#Page_311-V1">311</a>, <a href="#Page_312-V1">312</a>, + <a href="#footer_319">316 <i>note</i></a>; + the battle of Lake George, I. + <a href="#Page_303-V1">303</a>, <a href="#Page_305-V1">305</a>, + <a href="#footer_316">312 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Pomeroy, Seth, jr., I. + <a href="#Page_291-V1">291</a>.<br /> +Pomeroy, Theodore, I. <a href="#footer_319">316 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +<a name="pompadour" id="pompadour"></a> +Pompadour Madame de (Jeanne Poisson), I. <a href="#Page_002-V1">2</a>, + <a href="#Page_353-V1">353</a>, II. <a href="#Page_044-V2">44</a>, + <a href="#Page_394-V2">394</a>; + her political influence, I. + <a href="#Page_002-V1">2</a>, <a href="#Page_003-V1">3</a>, + <a href="#Page_015-V1">15</a>, <a href="#Page_179-V1">179</a>, + <a href="#Page_354-V1">354</a>, <a href="#Page_355-V1">355</a>, + <a href="#Page_363-V1">363</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_038-V2">38</a>-<a href="#Page_045-V2">45</a>, + <a href="#Page_173-V2">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174-V2">174</a>, + <a href="#Page_393-V2">393</a>, <a href="#Page_409-V2">409</a>.<br /> +Pondicherry, II. + <a href="#Page_389-V2">389</a>, <a href="#Page_402-V2">402</a>.<br /> +Pont-à-Buot, I. <a href="#Page_248-V1">248</a>.<br /> +Pontbriand, Bishop, II. <a href="#Page_265-V2">265</a>, + <a href="#Page_309-V2">309</a>.<br /> +Pontiac, I. <a href="#Page_209-V1">209</a>, + <a href="#footer_355">347 <i>note</i></a>, II. + <a href="#Page_122-V2">122</a>.<br /> +Pontleroy, II. <a href="#Page_100-V2">100</a>.<br /> +"Porcupine," the, II. <a href="#Page_284-V2">284</a>.<br /> +Port Royal (Annapolis), I. <a href="#Page_108-V1">108</a>.<br /> +Portland, former name of, I. <a href="#Page_169-V1">169</a>.<br /> +Portland, town on Lake Erie, I. <a href="#Page_038-V1">38</a>.<br /> +Portneuf, to build a trading-house at Toronto, I. <a href="#Page_069-V1">69</a>, + <a href="#Page_070-V1">70</a>.<br /> +Portugal, II. <a href="#Page_402-V2">402</a>, + <a href="#Page_411-V2">411</a>.<br /> +Post, Christian Frederic, II. <a href="#Page_144-V2">144</a>; + his mission, II. + <a href="#Page_144-V2">144</a>-<a href="#Page_149-V2">149</a>; + sent as envoy to the hostile tribes, II. + <a href="#Page_144-V2">144</a>-<a href="#Page_151-V2">151</a>; + his journal, II. <a href="#footer_657">147 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#footer_22Note">163 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Potomac River, the, I. <a href="#Page_059-V1">59</a>, + <a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>, <a href="#Page_200-V1">200</a>.<br /> +Pottawattamies, the, I. <a href="#Page_076-V1">76</a>, + <a href="#Page_130-V1">130</a>, <a href="#Page_209-V1">209</a>, + <a href="#Page_437-V1">437</a>, <a href="#Page_438-V1">438</a>, + <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>-<a href="#Page_489-V1">489</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_142-V2">142</a>.<br /> + + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_492-V2" id="Page_492-V2">492<br />V2</a></span> + +Pouchot, Captain, I. <a href="#Page_374-V1">374</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_010-V2">10</a>, <a href="#Page_011-V2">11</a>; + the attack on Oswego, I. <a href="#Page_409-V1">409</a>, + <a href="#Page_410-V1">410</a>; + arrives at the camp of Montcalm, II. <a href="#Page_103-V2">103</a>; + attacked, and surrenders at Niagara, II. + <a href="#Page_242-V2">242</a>, <a href="#Page_249-V2">249</a>; + the surrender of Fort Lévis, II. + <a href="#Page_370-V2">370</a>.<br /> +Poulariez, Colonel, the capitulation of Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_291-V2">291</a>, <a href="#Page_303-V2">303</a>.<br /> +Pownall, Thomas, Governor of Massachusetts, I. + <a href="#footer_526">513 <i>note</i></a>, II. + <a href="#Page_084-V2">84</a>, <a href="#Page_430-V2">430</a>, + <a href="#Page_431-V2">431</a>; + despatch sent to Loudon, II. <a href="#Page_001-V2">1</a>; + statement concerning the war-debt of Massachusetts, II. + <a href="#Page_084-V2">84</a>-<a href="#Page_086-V2">86</a>.<br /> +Prague, the battle of, II. <a href="#Page_039-V2">39</a>.<br /> +Prairie à la Roche, I. <a href="#Page_041-V1">41</a>.<br /> +Preble, Major Jedediah, I. + <a href="#Page_275-V1">275</a>, <a href="#Page_276-V1">276</a>.<br /> +Presburg, the Diet at, I. <a href="#Page_019-V1">19</a>.<br /> +Presbyterians, the, I. <a href="#Page_032-V1">32</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_116-V2">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117-V2">117</a>; + in Pennsylvania, I. <a href="#Page_031-V1">31</a>, + <a href="#Page_336-V1">336</a>-<a href="#Page_339-V1">339</a>, + <a href="#Page_347-V1">347</a>.<br /> +Presquisle, I. <a href="#Page_089-V1">89</a>, <a href="#Page_128-V1">128</a>, + <a href="#Page_131-V1">131</a>, <a href="#Page_137-V1">137</a>, + <a href="#Page_144-V1">144</a>, II. <a href="#Page_159-V2">159</a>, + <a href="#Page_160-V2">160</a>, <a href="#Page_244-V2">244</a>; + the fort burned, II. <a href="#Page_247-V2">247</a>.<br /> +Prévost, the intendant at Louisbourg, I. <a href="#Page_104-V1">104</a>, + <a href="#Page_105-V1">105</a>, II. <a href="#Page_072-V2">72</a>, + <a href="#footer_19Note">81 <i>note</i></a>; + memorial brought to Drucour, II. + <a href="#Page_072-V2">72</a>-<a href="#Page_074-V2">74</a>.<br /> +Prideaux, Brigadier, II. + <a href="#Page_235-V2">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236-V2">236</a>; + the capture at Fort Niagara, II. + <a href="#Page_242-V2">242</a>-<a href="#Page_249-V2">249</a>, + <a href="#Page_253-V2">253</a>; + his death, II. <a href="#Page_245-V2">245</a>, + <a href="#Page_249-V2">249</a>.<br /> +Prince Edward's Island, I. <a href="#Page_098-V1">98</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_074-V2">74</a>, <a href="#Page_075-V2">75</a>.<br /> +Princess's Bastion, the, II. <a href="#Page_055-V2">55</a>, + <a href="#Page_064-V2">64</a>.<br /> +Pringle, Captain, joins a scouting-party, II. <a href="#Page_012-V2">12</a>; + his bravery, II. + <a href="#Page_013-V2">13</a>-<a href="#Page_016-V2">16</a>.<br /> +Protestantism, I. <a href="#Page_031-V1">31</a>, + <a href="#Page_355-V1">355</a>.<br /> +Province Arms, the, II. <a href="#Page_076-V2">76</a>.<br /> +Provincial troops, the, II. + <a href="#Page_116-V2">116</a>, <a href="#Page_119-V2">119</a>. + See <a href="#army">Army</a>.<br /> +"Prudent," the, II. + <a href="#Page_067-V2">67</a>-<a href="#Page_069-V2">69</a>.<br /> +Prussia, political condition of, I. <a href="#Page_002-V1">2</a>, + <a href="#Page_017-V1">17</a>, <a href="#Page_019-V1">19</a>, + <a href="#Page_353-V1">353</a>-<a href="#Page_355-V1">355</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_399-V2">399</a>, <a href="#Page_400-V2">400</a>, + <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>, <a href="#Page_409-V2">409</a>; + the Seven Years War, II. <a href="#Page_038-V2">38</a>, + <a href="#Page_039-V2">39</a>, <a href="#Page_409-V2">409</a>; + successes of, II. <a href="#Page_046-V2">46</a>; + campaigns under Frederic, II. <a href="#Page_387-V2">387</a>, + <a href="#Page_388-V2">388</a>; + policy of George III., II. <a href="#Page_393-V2">393</a>; + number of lives lost in the war, II. <a href="#Page_409-V2">409</a>.<br /> +Puritans, the, i, <a href="#Page_026-V1">26</a>, <a href="#Page_029-V1">29</a>; + the settlers in Massachusetts, I. <a href="#Page_026-V1">26</a>; + the class holding Roundhead traditions, I. <a href="#Page_029-V1">29</a>; + dislike of the ways of the Virginians, I. + <a href="#Page_030-V1">30</a>.<br /> +Putnam, Israel, in the expedition against Crown Point, I. + <a href="#Page_291-V1">291</a>; + his bravery, I. <a href="#Page_428-V1">428</a>, + <a href="#Page_429-V1">429</a>; + meeting with Langy's men, II. + <a href="#Page_096-V1">96</a>, <a href="#Page_097-V1">97</a>; + his biography, II. <a href="#Page_123-V1">123</a>; + taken prisoner, II. <a href="#Page_123-V1">123</a>, + <a href="#Page_124-V1">124</a>; + his adventures, II. + <a href="#Page_123-V1">123</a>-<a href="#Page_126-V1">126</a>; + tortures inflicted upon, II. + <a href="#Page_124-V1">124</a>-<a href="#Page_126-V1">126</a>; + exchanged, II. <a href="#Page_126-V1">126</a>, + <a href="#Page_127-V1">127</a>.<br /> +Puysieux, Marquis de, I. <a href="#Page_015-V1">15</a>.<br /> +Pygmalion, I. <a href="#Page_465-V1">465</a>.<br /> +Pynchon, Doctor, I. <a href="#Page_306-V1">306</a>.<br /> +Pyrrhic dance, the, I. <a href="#Page_407-V1">407</a>.<br /> +Pythoness, the, I. <a href="#Page_438-V1">438</a>.<br /> + +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h3>Q.</h3> +<p> +Quakers, the, their attitude towards the Indians, + and their influence in Pennsylvania, I. <a href="#Page_031-V1">31</a>, + <a href="#Page_032-V1">32</a>, <a href="#Page_141-V1">141</a>, + <a href="#Page_166-V1">166</a>, <a href="#Page_193-V1">193</a>, + <a href="#Page_196-V1">196</a>, + <a href="#Page_337-V1">337</a>-<a href="#Page_341-V1">341</a>, + <a href="#Page_344-V1">344</a>-<a href="#Page_347-V1">347</a>, + <a href="#Page_349-V1">349</a>, <a href="#Page_422-V1">422</a>, + II. <a href="#Page_142-V2">142</a>; + their trades, I. <a href="#Page_339-V1">339</a>.<br /> +<a name="quebec" id="quebec"></a> +Quebec, I. + <a href="#footer_124">126 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#footer_185">184 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_244-V1">244</a>, <a href="#Page_282-V1">282</a>, + <a href="#Page_468-V1">468</a>, II. <a href="#Page_018-V2">18</a>, + <a href="#Page_212-V2">212</a>, <a href="#Page_224-V2">224</a>, + <a href="#Page_250-V2">250</a>, <a href="#Page_261-V2">261</a>, + <a href="#Page_306-V2">306</a>; + rule of the military governor, I. <a href="#Page_022-V1">22</a>; + chain of French forts connecting the city with New Orleans, I. + <a href="#Page_036-V1">36</a>, + <a href="#Page_039-V1">39</a>-<a href="#Page_041-V1">41</a>; + priests of Acadia controlled by the diocese of, I. + <a href="#Page_094-V1">94</a>, <a href="#Page_255-V1">255</a>, + <a href="#Page_256-V1">256</a>; + relations with the Acadians, I. <a href="#Page_242-V1">242</a>, + <a href="#Page_282-V1">282</a>, <a href="#Page_283-V1">283</a> + (see <a href="#acadians">Acadians</a>); + questions of French conquest, I. <a href="#Page_238-V1">238</a>; + described by Montcalm, I. <a href="#Page_456-V1">456</a>; + the Lenten season, I. <a href="#Page_458-V1">458</a>; + Montcalm retires to, II. <a href="#Page_007-V2">7</a>, + <a href="#Page_008-V2">8</a>; + social life among the officials, II. + <a href="#Page_018-V2">18</a>-<a href="#Page_030-V2">30</a>; + La Friponne, II. <a href="#Page_024-V2">24</a>; + war-policy of Pitt, II. + <a href="#Page_047-V2">47</a>, <a href="#Page_048-V2">48</a>; + preparations for an English attack, II. + <a href="#Page_079-V2">79</a>, <a href="#Page_176-V2">176</a>; + the expedition fitted out against, II. + <a href="#Page_191-V2">191</a>-<a href="#Page_194-V2">194</a>; + the siege and reduction of, II. + <a href="#Page_195-V2">195</a>-<a href="#Page_233-V2">233</a>, + <a href="#Page_299-V2">299</a>-<a href="#Page_325-V2">325</a>, + <a href="#footer_28Note">325 <i>note</i>, 326 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_436-V2">436</a>-<a href="#Page_438-V2">438</a>, + <a href="#Page_442-V2">442</a>; + census of, II. <a href="#Page_178-V2">178</a>; + natural defences of, II. <a href="#Page_178-V2">178</a>, + <a href="#Page_209-V2">209</a>, <a href="#Page_289-V2">289</a>; + preparations for the defence of, II. + <a href="#Page_198-V2">198</a>-<a href="#Page_200-V2">200</a>, + <a href="#Page_209-V2">209</a>, <a href="#Page_210-V2">210</a>, + <a href="#Page_215-V2">215</a> + (see <a href="#montcalm">Montcalm</a>); + the fireships, II. + <a href="#Page_201-V2">201</a>, + <a href="#Page_210-V2">210</a>-<a href="#Page_212-V2">212</a>, + <a href="#Page_227-V2">227</a>; + the Palace Gate, II. <a href="#Page_201-V2">201</a>; + scarcity of food, II. <a href="#Page_203-V2">203</a>; + the Cathedral, II. <a href="#Page_208-V2">208</a>; + the Seminary garden, II. <a href="#Page_208-V2">208</a>; + the Recollets, II. <a href="#Page_208-V2">208</a>; + the Ursulines, II. <a href="#Page_208-V2">208</a>; + the Jesuits, II. <a href="#Page_208-V2">208</a>; + the proclamations issued by Wolfe, II. + <a href="#Page_213-V2">213</a>, <a href="#Page_214-V2">214</a>, + <a href="#Page_223-V2">223</a>, <a href="#Page_225-V2">225</a>, + <a href="#Page_226-V2">226</a>, <a href="#Page_261-V2">261</a>; + the town bombarded, and dwellings burned, II. <a href="#Page_214-V2">214</a>, + <a href="#Page_215-V2">215</a>, <a href="#Page_261-V2">261</a>, + <a href="#Page_262-V2">262</a>, <a href="#Page_265-V2">265</a>; + the disaster of Montmorenci, II. + <a href="#Page_228-V2">228</a>-<a href="#Page_233-V2">233</a>, + <a href="#Page_259-V2">259</a>, <a href="#Page_268-V2">268</a>, + <a href="#Page_269-V2">269</a>; + the siege continued, II. + <a href="#Page_259-V2">259</a>-<a href="#Page_272-V2">272</a>; + the Upper and Lower Towns, II. <a href="#Page_267-V2">267</a>; + despatches sent from Wolfe to England, II. <a href="#Page_270-V2">270</a>, + <a href="#Page_272-V2">272</a>, <a href="#Page_323-V2">323</a>; + the Heights of Abraham ascended, II. + <a href="#Page_272-V2">272</a>-<a href="#Page_288-V2">288</a>; + action of Holmes's squadron, II. + <a href="#Page_278-V2">278</a>, <a href="#Page_280-V2">280</a>; + the last battle between Wolfe and Montcalm, I. + <a href="#Page_288-V2">288</a>-<a href="#Page_297-V2">297</a>, + <a href="#footer_27Note">298 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_305-V2">305</a>; + the Plains of Abraham, II. <a href="#Page_289-V2">289</a>; + the death of Wolfe, II. <a href="#Page_297-V2">297</a>; + the French routed, II. + <a href="#Page_299-V2">299</a>-<a href="#Page_305-V2">305</a>; + the town abandoned by the army, II. + <a href="#Page_307-V2">307</a>-<a href="#Page_310-V2">310</a>; + the death of Montcalm, II. + <a href="#Page_308-V2">308</a>, <a href="#Page_309-V2">309</a>; + the grief and poverty of the people, II. + <a href="#Page_310-V2">310</a>, <a href="#Page_311-V2">311</a>; + Lévis attempts to save the city, II. + <a href="#Page_312-V2">312</a>-<a href="#Page_315-V2">315</a>; + the capitulation, of, II., + <a href="#Page_315-V2">315</a>-<a href="#Page_318-V2">318</a>; + the city left in command of Murray, II. <a href="#Page_317-V2">317</a>; + the rejoicing over the victory, II. + <a href="#Page_323-V2">323</a>-<a href="#Page_325-V2">325</a>; + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_493-V2" id="Page_493-V2">493<br />V2</a></span> + + authorities for information concerning, II. + <a href="#footer_28Note">325 <i>note</i>, 326 <i>note</i></a>; + drawings made of the ruins, II. <a href="#Page_327-V2">327</a>; + confusion after the siege, II. + <a href="#Page_327-V2">327</a>-<a href="#Page_331-V2">331</a>; + kindness of the nuns, II. <a href="#Page_330-V2">330</a>, + <a href="#Page_331-V2">331</a>, <a href="#Page_335-V2">335</a>; + the rule of Murray, II. + <a href="#Page_331-V2">331</a>-<a href="#Page_333-V2">333</a>; + rumors of an attack from the French, II. + <a href="#Page_335-V2">335</a>-<a href="#Page_340-V2">340</a>; + the expedition of Lévis against, + and the battle of Ste.-Foy, II. + <a href="#Page_340-V2">340</a>-<a href="#Page_358-V2">358</a>, + <a href="#Page_442-V2">442</a>-<a href="#Page_444-V2">444</a>; + arrival of the British squadron, II. <a href="#Page_355-V2">355</a>, + <a href="#Page_356-V2">356</a>; + the siege raised, II. <a href="#Page_357-V2">357</a>, + <a href="#Page_358-V2">358</a>; + the fall of Canada, ii, + <a href="#Page_360-V2">360</a>-<a href="#Page_382-V2">382</a>; + self-devotion of the missionaries, II. <a href="#Page_412-V2">412</a>; + maps referring to, II. + <a href="#Page_440-V2">440</a>, <a href="#Page_441-V2">441</a>.<br /> +Quebec, basin of, II. + <a href="#Page_213-V2">213</a>, <a href="#Page_282-V2">282</a>.<br /> +Quebec, Bishop of, I. <a href="#Page_106-V1">106</a>, + <a href="#Page_255-V1">255</a>, <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>.<br /> +Queen's Bastion, the, II. + <a href="#Page_055-V2">55</a>, <a href="#Page_068-V2">68</a>.<br /> +Queen's Battery, the, at Quebec, II. <a href="#Page_208-V2">208</a>.<br /> +Querdisien-Tremais, to investigate the frauds in Canada, II. + <a href="#Page_036-V2">36</a>.<br /> +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h3>R.</h3> +<p> + + +Race, Cape, I. <a href="#Page_185-V1">185</a>.<br /> +"Racehorse," the, II. <a href="#Page_343-V2">343</a>, + <a href="#Page_358-V2">358</a>.<br /> +Rameau, his estimate concerning Canadian population, I. + <a href="#footer_001">20 <i>note</i></a>; + Acadian emigrants, I. <a href="#footer_241">235 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Ramesay, Chevalier de, II. <a href="#Page_202-V2">202</a>; + his battery refused to Montcalm, II. <a href="#Page_292-V2">292</a>, + <a href="#Page_293-V2">293</a>, <a href="#Page_346-V2">346</a>; + his field-pieces in action, II. <a href="#Page_294-V2">294</a>; + his last interview with Montcalm, II. <a href="#Page_308-V2">308</a>; + at Montcalm's funeral, II. + <a href="#Page_309-V2">309</a>, <a href="#Page_310-V2">310</a>; + left in charge at Quebec, without supplies, I. + <a href="#Page_310-V2">310</a>-<a href="#Page_314-V2">314</a>; + calls a council of war, II. + <a href="#Page_311-V2">311</a>, <a href="#Page_312-V2">312</a>; + the capitulation of Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_315-V2">315</a>-<a href="#Page_318-V2">318</a>; + his sister, II. <a href="#Page_331-V2">331</a>.<br /> +Ranelagh Gardens, the, I. <a href="#Page_007-V1">7</a>.<br /> +Rapide Plat, the, II. <a href="#Page_370-V2">370</a>.<br /> +Rascal, Fort, I. <a href="#Page_398-V1">398</a>, + <a href="#Page_411-V1">411</a>, <a href="#Page_415-V1">415</a>.<br /> +Raymond, Comte de, commandant at the post on the Maumee, I. + <a href="#Page_052-V1">52</a>, <a href="#Page_082-V1">82</a>; + command taken at Louisbourg, I. <a href="#Page_102-V1">102</a>; + royal instructions given to, + with regard to the Indians and Acadians, I. + <a href="#Page_102-V1">102</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_420-V2">420</a>, <a href="#Page_421-V2">421</a>.<br /> +Raynal, Abbé, his ideal picture of the Acadians, I. + <a href="#Page_258-V1">258</a>.<br /> +Raystown, II. + <a href="#Page_133-V2">133</a>, <a href="#Page_135-V2">135</a>, + <a href="#Page_137-V2">137</a>, <a href="#Page_141-V2">141</a>, + <a href="#Page_154-V2">154</a>, <a href="#Page_156-V2">156</a>.<br /> +Rea, Dr. Caleb, his religious views, II. + <a href="#Page_116-V2">116</a>-<a href="#Page_118-V2">118</a>.<br /> +Reading, I. <a href="#Page_344-V1">344</a>.<br /> +Recollets, the, II. <a href="#Page_208-V2">208</a>, + <a href="#Page_328-V2">328</a>.<br /> +Redstone Creek, I. <a href="#Page_145-V1">145</a>, + <a href="#Page_155-V1">155</a>; + English storehouse on, I. <a href="#Page_144-V1">144</a>; + the storehouse burned, I. <a href="#Page_161-V1">161</a>.<br /> +Rehoboam, II. <a href="#Page_115-V2">115</a>.<br /> +Rennes, I. <a href="#Page_362-V1">362</a>.<br /> +Repentigny, II. <a href="#Page_028-V2">28</a>, + <a href="#Page_218-V2">218</a>, <a href="#Page_316-V2">316</a>.<br /> +Restoration, the, I. <a href="#Page_005-V1">5</a>.<br /> +Revolution, the, in America, I. <a href="#Page_003-V1">3</a>, + <a href="#Page_004-V1">4</a>, <a href="#Page_034-V1">34</a>, + <a href="#footer_163">164 <i>note</i></a>, <a href="#Page_219-V1">219</a>, + <a href="#Page_319-V1">319</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_119-V2">119</a>, <a href="#Page_351-V2">351</a>.<br /> +Revolution, the French, I. <a href="#Page_014-V1">14</a>.<br /> +Reynolds, Sir Joshua, I. <a href="#Page_202-V1">202</a>.<br /> +Rhine, the, I. <a href="#Page_016-V1">16</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_400-V2">400</a>.<br /> +Rhode Island, I. <a href="#footer_388">382 <i>note</i></a>, II. + <a href="#Page_093-V2">93</a>; + the colony compared with others, I. <a href="#Page_025-V1">25</a>; + men voted for the expedition against Crown Point, I. + <a href="#Page_286-V1">286</a>; + character of the troops from, I. <a href="#Page_292-V1">292</a>.<br /> +Richelieu, I. <a href="#Page_010-V1">10</a>, II. <a href="#Page_047-V2">47</a>; + power given to, by Louis XIII., I. <a href="#Page_015-V1">15</a>.<br /> +Richelieu River, the, I. <a href="#Page_289-V1">289</a>, + <a href="#Page_378-V1">378</a>, <a href="#Page_428-V1">428</a>, + <a href="#Page_453-V1">453</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_249-V2">249</a>, <a href="#Page_332-V2">332</a>.<br /> +"Richmond," the, frigate, II. <a href="#Page_205-V2">205</a>.<br /> +Rickson, Lieutenant-Colonel, II. <a href="#Page_190-V2">190</a>.<br /> +<a name="rigaud" id="rigaud"></a> +Rigaud de Vaudreuil, brother of Governor Vaudreuil, I. + <a href="#Page_408-V1">408</a>, <a href="#Page_463-V1">463</a>, + <a href="#Page_485-V1">485</a>, II. <a href="#Page_086-V2">86</a>; + capture of Oswego, I. + <a href="#Page_408-V1">408</a>-<a href="#Page_420-V1">420</a>; + his party attacks Fort William Henry, I. + <a href="#Page_448-V1">448</a>-<a href="#Page_451-V1">451</a>, + <a href="#Page_456-V1">456</a>; + festivities given to his officers, I. <a href="#Page_457-V1">457</a>; + seeks to gain Indian allies, I. <a href="#Page_475-V1">475</a>; + his command, I. <a href="#Page_458-V1">458</a>, + <a href="#Page_459-V1">459</a>, <a href="#Page_477-V1">477</a>; + frauds in trade, II. <a href="#Page_027-V2">27</a>.<br /> +Rigaud, Madame de, II. <a href="#Page_020-V2">20</a>.<br /> +Rimouski, country of, I. <a href="#Page_125-V1">125</a>.<br /> +Roanoke, return of Gist, I. <a href="#Page_058-V1">58</a>.<br /> +Robison, Professor John, II. <a href="#Page_285-V2">285</a>.<br /> +Robinson, Sir Thomas, I. + <a href="#Page_201-V1">201</a>, <a href="#Page_241-V1">241</a>; + in the House of Commons, I. <a href="#Page_179-V1">179</a>; + correspondence of, I. <a href="#Page_183-V1">183</a>, + <a href="#Page_239-V1">239</a>, <a href="#Page_240-V1">240</a>.<br /> +Roche, Lieutenant, II. + <a href="#Page_012-V2">12</a>, <a href="#Page_013-V2">13</a>; + his adventures, and escape from death, II. + <a href="#Page_014-V2">14</a>-<a href="#Page_016-V2">16</a>.<br /> +Rochbeaucourt, stationed at Pointe-aux-Trembles, II. + <a href="#Page_361-V2">361</a>.<br /> +Rochefort, I. <a href="#Page_182-V1">182</a>, + <a href="#Page_183-V1">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184-V1">184</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_048-V2">48</a>-<a href="#Page_051-V2">51</a>; + the expedition against, II. <a href="#Page_189-V2">189</a>.<br /> +Rochester, I. <a href="#Page_071-V1">71</a>.<br /> +Rocky Mountains, the, I. <a href="#Page_020-V1">20</a>, + <a href="#Page_129-V1">129</a>, <a href="#Page_130-V1">130</a>.<br /> +Rodney, Admiral, sails for Martinique, II. <a href="#Page_401-V2">401</a>.<br /> +<a name="rogers" id="rogers"></a> +Rogers, Richard, I. <a href="#Page_432-V2">432</a>; + his corpse outraged, II. <a href="#footer_532">5 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Rogers, Robert, I. <a href="#Page_389-V1">389</a>, + <a href="#Page_390-V1">390</a>, II. <a href="#footer_532">5 <i>note</i></a>; + exploits of his rangers, I. + <a href="#Page_431-V1">431</a>, <a href="#Page_432-V1">432</a>, + <a href="#Page_437-V1">437</a>-<a href="#Page_446-V1">446</a>, + <a href="#Page_471-V1">471</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_011-V2">11</a>-<a href="#Page_016-V2">16</a>, + <a href="#Page_090-V2">90</a>-<a href="#Page_094-V2">94</a>, + <a href="#Page_097-V2">97</a>, + <a href="#Page_121-V2">121</a>-<a href="#Page_124-V2">124</a>, + <a href="#Page_165-V2">165</a>, <a href="#Page_221-V2">221</a>, + <a href="#Page_251-V2">251</a>-<a href="#Page_258-V2">258</a> + <a href="#footer_26Note"><i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_261-V2">261</a>, <a href="#Page_347-V2">347</a>, + <a href="#Page_362-V2">362</a>, <a href="#Page_368-V2">368</a>; + his portrait, I. <a href="#Page_431-V1">431</a>; + his character and bravery, I. + <a href="#Page_431-V1">431</a>-<a href="#Page_433-V1">433</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_254-V2">254</a>, <a href="#Page_257-V2">257</a>; + sent to destroy the Abenakis town, II. + <a href="#Page_251-V2">251</a>-<a href="#Page_258-V2">258</a>; + suffers from hunger, II. + <a href="#Page_254-V2">254</a>-<a href="#Page_257-V2">257</a>.<br /> +Rogers Rock, I. + <a href="#Page_429-V1">429</a>, <a href="#Page_441-V1">441</a>, + <a href="#Page_478-V1">478</a>, <a href="#Page_490-V1">490</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_012-V2">12</a>, <a href="#Page_015-V2">15</a>, + <a href="#Page_094-V2">94</a>, <a href="#Page_095-V2">95</a>.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_494-V2" id="Page_494-V2">494<br />V2</a></span> + +Rollo, Lord, II. <a href="#Page_078-V2">78</a>; + follows Murray, II. <a href="#Page_363-V2">363</a>.<br /> +Roma, quotation from, I. <a href="#Page_096-V1">96</a>, + <a href="#Page_097-V1">97</a>.<br /> +Roman Empire, the, I. <a href="#Page_016-V1">16</a>, + <a href="#Page_017-V1">17</a>.<br /> +<i>Roman politique</i>, + disquisition entitled, I. <a href="#Page_126-V1">126</a>.<br /> +Romans, II. <a href="#Page_323-V2">323</a>.<br /> +Rome, I. <a href="#Page_321-V1">321</a>.<br /> +Roquemaure, I. <a href="#Page_298-V1">298</a>; + joined by Bougainville, II. <a href="#Page_367-V2">367</a>, + <a href="#Page_368-V2">368</a>; + at Montreal, II. <a href="#Page_372-V2">372</a>.<br /> +Rose, Captain, I. <a href="#Page_227-V1">227</a>.<br /> +Rossbach, II. <a href="#Page_039-V2">39</a>, + <a href="#Page_046-V2">46</a>, <a href="#Page_408-V2">408</a>.<br /> +Rostaing killed, I. <a href="#Page_186-V1">186</a>.<br /> +Roubaud, Jesuit missionary, I. <a href="#Page_480-V1">480</a>, + <a href="#Page_487-V1">487</a>; + his description of an Indian war-feast, I. + <a href="#Page_480-V1">480</a>-<a href="#Page_482-V1">482</a>; + Indian cruelty described, I. <a href="#Page_482-V1">482</a>, + <a href="#Page_483-V1">483</a>, <a href="#Page_493-V1">493</a>, + <a href="#Page_505-V1">505</a>, <a href="#Page_506-V1">506</a>; + statements in relation to the massacre at Fort William Henry, I. + <a href="#Page_512-V1">512</a>, <a href="#footer_526">514 <i>note</i></a>; + the dishonesty in Canada, II. <a href="#Page_321-V2">321</a>, + <a href="#Page_322-V2">322</a>; + papers given to, by Montcalm, II. <a href="#Page_321-V2">321</a>, + <a href="#Page_322-V2">322</a>, + <a href="#footer_28Note">325 <i>note</i>, 326 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Rouillé, De, colonial minister at Versailles, I. + <a href="#footer_092">105 <i>note</i></a>; + instructions given to La Jonquière injurious to the English, I. + <a href="#Page_078-V1">78</a>-<a href="#Page_081-V1">81</a>, + <a href="#Page_084-V1">84</a>, <a href="#footer_092">105 <i>note</i></a>; + instructions to Duquesne, I. <a href="#Page_086-V1">86</a>, + <a href="#Page_087-V1">87</a>; + official documents relating to the Acadians, I. + <a href="#Page_095-V1">95</a>, <a href="#Page_096-V1">96</a>; + aids the French to destroy the English, I. <a href="#Page_101-V1">101</a>, + <a href="#Page_102-V1">102</a>, II. <a href="#Page_418-V2">418</a>; + treachery and double-dealings of, I. + <a href="#footer_092">105 <i>note</i>, 106 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Rous, Captain, fires on the "St., François," I. + <a href="#Page_115-V1">115</a>; + in the expedition sent against Nova Scotia, I. + <a href="#Page_247-V1">247</a>-<a href="#Page_250-V1">250</a>, + <a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>.<br /> +Rousseau, I. <a href="#Page_016-V1">16</a>; + philosophy of, I. <a href="#Page_126-V1">126</a>.<br /> +Roussillon, Royal, battalion of, I. <a href="#Page_363-V1">363</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_104-V2">104</a>, <a href="#Page_107-V2">107</a>, + <a href="#Page_230-V2">230</a>; + sent to defend Ticonderoga, I. + <a href="#Page_377-V1">377</a>, <a href="#Page_378-V1">378</a>; + advance of the French upon Fort William Henry, I. + <a href="#Page_477-V1">477</a>, <a href="#Page_491-V1">491</a>; + the fall of Quebec, II. <a href="#Page_292-V2">292</a>.<br /> +Royal Americans, the, II. + <a href="#Page_093-V2">93</a>, <a href="#Page_132-V2">132</a>, + <a href="#Page_133-V2">133</a>, <a href="#Page_232-V2">232</a>; + serve in the expedition of Forbes, II. + <a href="#Page_132-V2">132</a>-<a href="#Page_163-V2">163</a>; + in Grant's expedition, II. <a href="#Page_151-V2">151</a>; + at the siege of Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_230-V2">230</a>-<a href="#Page_233-V2">233</a>, + <a href="#Page_290-V2">290</a>.<br /> +Royal battery, the, II. <a href="#Page_208-V2">208</a>.<br /> +Royal William, the, II. <a href="#Page_317-V2">317</a>.<br /> +Royale, l'Isle, I. <a href="#Page_109-V1">109</a>.<br /> +Ruggles, the battle at Lake George, I. <a href="#Page_307-V1">307</a>; + his regiment, II. <a href="#Page_378-V2">378</a>.<br /> +Russell, II. <a href="#Page_442-V2">442</a>.<br /> +Russia, influence of Peter the Great, I. <a href="#Page_017-V1">17</a>, + <a href="#Page_018-V1">18</a>; + political outlook of, I. <a href="#Page_353-V1">353</a>, + <a href="#Page_354-V1">354</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_038-V2">38</a>-<a href="#Page_040-V2">40</a>, + <a href="#Page_386-V2">386</a>, <a href="#Page_387-V2">387</a>, + <a href="#Page_393-V2">393</a>; + peace with Prussia and Sweden, II. <a href="#Page_399-V2">399</a>, + <a href="#Page_400-V2">400</a>.<br /> +Ryswick, the treaty of, I. <a href="#Page_043-V1">43</a>.<br /> + +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h3>S.</h3> +<p> +S———, Miss Sylvia, I. <a href="#Page_188-V1">188</a>.<br /> +Sabbath, the, observance of, I. <a href="#Page_240-V1">240</a>, + <a href="#Page_295-V1">295</a>, <a href="#Page_296-V1">296</a>.<br /> +Sabrevois, I. <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>.<br /> +Sackett's Harbor, former name of, I. <a href="#Page_408-V1">408</a>.<br /> +Sacs, the, I. <a href="#Page_130-V1">130</a>, + <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>-<a href="#Page_489-V1">489</a>.<br /> +Saint-Andrew, II. <a href="#Page_126-V2">126</a>.<br /> +Saint-Ange, I. <a href="#Page_083-V1">83</a>.<br /> +St. Augustin, II. + <a href="#Page_307-V2">307</a>, <a href="#Page_314-V2">314</a>, + <a href="#Page_336-V2">336</a>, <a href="#Page_342-V2">342</a>.<br /> +Saint-Blin, II. <a href="#footer_573">37 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +St. Charles River, the, II. <a href="#Page_021-V2">21</a>, + <a href="#Page_200-V2">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201-V2">201</a>, + <a href="#Page_285-V2">285</a>, <a href="#Page_289-V2">289</a>, + <a href="#Page_300-V2">300</a>, <a href="#Page_302-V2">302</a>, + <a href="#Page_307-V2">307</a>, <a href="#Page_314-V2">314</a>, + <a href="#Page_348-V2">348</a>, <a href="#Page_436-V2">436</a>; + the French camp, II. + <a href="#Page_208-V2">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209-V2">209</a>.<br /> +St.-Denis, Ruisseau, II. <a href="#Page_287-V2">287</a>.<br /> +Saint Florentine, Marquis de, I. <a href="#Page_015-V1">15</a>.<br /> +St. Francis, the mission of, I. + <a href="#Page_209-V1">209</a>, <a href="#Page_371-V1">371</a>, + <a href="#Page_480-V1">480</a>, <a href="#Page_485-V1">485</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_251-V2">251</a>, <a href="#Page_321-V2">321</a>; + Jesuit influence, II. <a href="#Page_144-V2">144</a>; + the Abenakis attacked by Rogers, II. <a href="#Page_251-V2">251</a>, + <a href="#Page_253-V2">253</a>-<a href="#Page_258-V2">258</a> + <a href="#footer_752"><i>note</i></a>.<br /> +St. Francis River, the, II. <a href="#Page_254-V2">254</a>.<br /> +"St. François," brig, I. <a href="#Page_115-V1">115</a>.<br /> +St. George, I. <a href="#Page_470-V1">470</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_075-V2">75</a>, <a href="#Page_355-V2">355</a>.<br /> +St. Germain, I. <a href="#Page_014-V1">14</a>.<br /> +St. Helen, Island of, I. <a href="#Page_458-V1">458</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_375-V2">375</a>.<br /> +Saint-Ignace, Mére Aimable Dubé de, II. + <a href="#Page_442-V2">442</a>.<br /> +St. James, I. <a href="#Page_030-V1">30</a>.<br /> +St. Jean, Isle, I. + <a href="#Page_098-V1">98</a>, <a href="#Page_107-V1">107</a>, + <a href="#Page_109-V1">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110-V1">110</a>, + <a href="#Page_235-V1">235</a>, <a href="#Page_281-V1">281</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_074-V2">74</a>, <a href="#Page_075-V2">75</a>, + <a href="#Page_078-V2">78</a>.<br /> +St. Jean River, the, I. <a href="#Page_115-V1">115</a>, + <a href="#Page_241-V1">241</a>-<a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>, + <a href="#Page_282-V1">282</a>, <a href="#Page_283-V1">283</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_078-V2">78</a>, <a href="#Page_368-V2">368</a>, + <a href="#Page_385-V2">385</a>.<br /> +St. Joachim burned by order of Wolfe, II. <a href="#Page_261-V2">261</a>.<br /> +St. John, city, I. <a href="#Page_428-V1">428</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_301-V2">301</a>, + <a href="#Page_367-V2">367</a>, <a href="#Page_368-V2">368</a>.<br /> +St. John, Fort, I. <a href="#Page_024-V1">24</a>, + <a href="#Page_453-V1">453</a>; + abandoned by the French, II. <a href="#Page_368-V2">368</a>.<br /> +Saint John's taken by the French, and retaken by the English, II. + <a href="#Page_402-V2">402</a>.<br /> +Saint Joseph River, the, I. <a href="#Page_040-V1">40</a>.<br /> +Saint-Julien, Lieutenant-Colonel de, the defence of Louisbourg, II. + <a href="#Page_059-V2">59</a>.<br /> +St.-Laurent, visit of Knox to the church of, II. + <a href="#Page_207-V2">207</a>, <a href="#Page_208-V2">208</a>.<br /> +St. Lawrence, Gulf of, I. <a href="#Page_039-V1">39</a>, + <a href="#Page_115-V1">115</a>, <a href="#Page_123-V1">123</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_079-V2">79</a>, <a href="#Page_080-V2">80</a>, + <a href="#Page_384-V2">384</a>; + islands in, ceded to Great Britain, II. <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>.<br /> +St. Lawrence River, the, I. <a href="#Page_003-V1">3</a>, + <a href="#Page_004-V1">4</a>, <a href="#Page_020-V1">20</a>, + <a href="#Page_022-V1">22</a>, <a href="#Page_038-V1">38</a>, + <a href="#Page_065-V1">65</a>, <a href="#Page_068-V1">68</a>, + <a href="#Page_123-V1">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124-V1">124</a>, + <a href="#Page_365-V1">365</a>, <a href="#Page_453-V1">453</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_008-V2">8</a>, <a href="#Page_079-V2">79</a>, + <a href="#Page_172-V2">172</a>, <a href="#Page_175-V2">175</a>, + <a href="#Page_176-V2">176</a>, <a href="#Page_179-V2">179</a>, + <a href="#Page_182-V2">182</a>, + <a href="#Page_192-V2">192</a>-<a href="#Page_195-V2">195</a>, + <a href="#Page_249-V2">249</a>-<a href="#Page_253-V2">253</a>, + <a href="#Page_368-V2">368</a>; + rapids of, II. + <a href="#Page_178-V2">178</a>, <a href="#Page_242-V2">242</a>, + <a href="#Page_370-V2">370</a>, <a href="#Page_371-V2">371</a>; + measures of defence taken during the siege of Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_200-V2">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201-V2">201</a>, + <a href="#Page_204-V2">204</a>, + <a href="#Page_208-V2">208</a>-<a href="#Page_213-V2">213</a>, + <a href="#Page_219-V2">219</a>, <a href="#Page_289-V2">289</a>, + <a href="#Page_304-V2">304</a>; + danger in passing through the Traverse, II. + <a href="#Page_204-V2">204</a>-<a href="#Page_206-V2">206</a>; + steepness of the banks, II. <a href="#Page_228-V2">228</a>; + action of the fleet of Holmes, II. + <a href="#Page_278-V2">278</a>-<a href="#Page_285-V2">285</a>; + expedition of Lévis, II. <a href="#Page_341-V2">341</a>; + humanity rewarded, II. <a href="#Page_343-V2">343</a>, + <a href="#Page_344-V2">344</a>; + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_495-V2" id="Page_495-V2">495<br />V2</a></span> + + arrival of the "Lowestoffe," II. <a href="#Page_355-V2">355</a>; + the river blockaded, II. <a href="#Page_360-V2">360</a>; + islands ceded to Great Britain, II. <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>.<br /> +St. Louis, I. <a href="#Page_037-V1">37</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_028-V2">28</a>.<br /> +St. Louis, the cross of the Order of, II. <a href="#Page_174-V2">174</a>, + <a href="#Page_426-V2">426</a>.<br /> +St. Louis, site of, I. <a href="#Page_041-V1">41</a>.<br /> +St. Louis, Lake, II. <a href="#Page_371-V2">371</a>.<br /> +St. Lucia, II. <a href="#Page_401-V2">401</a>, + <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>.<br /> +St. Malo, II. <a href="#Page_033-V2">33</a>, + <a href="#Page_047-V2">47</a>.<br /> +St. Michael, II. <a href="#Page_267-V2">267</a>.<br /> +St. Nicolas, II. <a href="#Page_279-V2">279</a>, + <a href="#Page_280-V2">280</a>.<br /> +Saint-Ours, I. <a href="#Page_491-V1">491</a>.<br /> +Saint-Ours, Madame de, I. <a href="#Page_458-V1">458</a>.<br /> +St. Patrick's Day, I. <a href="#Page_446-V1">446</a>; + at Fort Cumberland, II. <a href="#Page_182-V2">182</a>.<br /> +St. Paul, village sacked and burned, II. <a href="#Page_261-V2">261</a>.<br /> +St. Paul's Church, II. <a href="#Page_076-V2">76</a>, + <a href="#Page_398-V2">398</a>.<br /> +St. Phillippe, a French hamlet, I. <a href="#Page_041-V1">41</a>.<br /> +Saint-Pierre, Legardeur de, I. <a href="#Page_129-V1">129</a>, + <a href="#Page_143-V1">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144-V1">144</a>; + journey of exploration made by, I. + <a href="#Page_130-V1">130</a>-<a href="#Page_138-V1">138</a>; + letter from Governor Dinwiddie + introducing Washington, I. <a href="#Page_132-V1">132</a>, + <a href="#Page_133-V1">133</a>-<a href="#Page_135-V1">135</a>; + his dealings with Washington, I. <a href="#Page_134-V1">134</a>, + <a href="#Page_135-V1">135</a>, <a href="#Page_138-V1">138</a>; + leads the Indians in the expedition of Dieskau, I. + <a href="#Page_297-V2">297</a>; + his death, I. <a href="#Page_303-V1">303</a>.<br /> +St. Pierre Island, given to France, II. <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>.<br /> +St. Roch, II. <a href="#Page_222-V2">222</a>, + <a href="#Page_300-V2">300</a>, <a href="#Page_311-V2">311</a>, + <a href="#Page_344-V2">344</a>.<br /> +St. Sacrament, Lac, name of, changed to Lake George, I. + <a href="#Page_315-V1">315</a>.<br /> +St.-Servan, capture of, II. <a href="#Page_047-V1">47</a>.<br /> +<a name="saintVeran" id="saintVeran"></a> +Saint-Véran, Madame de, the mother of Montcalm, I. + <a href="#Page_356-V1">356</a>, <a href="#Page_359-V1">359</a>; + letters from her son quoted, I. + <a href="#Page_360-V1">360</a>-<a href="#Page_362-V1">362</a>, + <a href="#Page_372-V1">372</a>, <a href="#Page_373-V1">373</a>, + <a href="#Page_454-V1">454</a>, <a href="#Page_457-V1">457</a>, II. + <a href="#footer_638">112 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_164-V2">164</a>, <a href="#Page_174-V2">174</a>, + <a href="#Page_176-V2">176</a>.<br /> +St. Vincent, II. <a href="#Page_401-V2">401</a>, + <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>.<br /> +St. Yotoc, I. <a href="#Page_048-V1">48</a>.<br /> +Sainte Anna-de-la-Pérade, II. <a href="#Page_019-V2">19</a>.<br /> +Sainte-Claude, Mère de, II. <a href="#Page_331-V2">331</a>.<br /> +Sainte-Foy, II. <a href="#Page_306-V2">306</a>, + <a href="#Page_327-V2">327</a>-<a href="#Page_358-V2">358</a>, + <a href="#Page_381-V2">381</a>; + Quebec after the siege, II. + <a href="#Page_321-V2">321</a>-<a href="#Page_333-V2">333</a>; + occupied by the English, II. + <a href="#Page_335-V2">335</a>, <a href="#Page_342-V2">342</a>; + expedition of Lévis against Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_342-V2">342</a>-<a href="#Page_358-V2">358</a>, + <a href="#Page_442-V2">442</a>, <a href="#Page_444-V2">444</a>.<br /> +Sainte-Marie, Fort, garrison at, I. <a href="#Page_075-V1">75</a>.<br /> +Sainte-Thérèse, II. <a href="#Page_366-V2">366</a>.<br /> +Samos, post of, II. + <a href="#Page_276-V2">276</a>, <a href="#Page_288-V2">288</a>, + <a href="#Page_291-V2">291</a>.<br /> +Sander. <i>See</i> <a href="#lauder">Lauder</a>.<br /> +Saratoga, I. <a href="#Page_387-V1">387</a>, + <a href="#Page_401-V1">401</a>, <a href="#Page_452-V1">452</a>; + the fort burned, I. <a href="#Page_174-V1">174</a>.<br /> +Sardanapalus, II. <a href="#Page_044-V2">44</a>.<br /> +Sardinia, I. <a href="#Page_019-V1">19</a>.<br /> +Saul, George, commissary of supplies, I. <a href="#Page_278-V1">278</a>, + <a href="#Page_279-V1">279</a>.<br /> +Saunders, Admiral, II. <a href="#Page_192-V2">192</a>; + aids Wolfe in the reduction of Quebec, II. <a href="#Page_192-V2">192</a>, + <a href="#footer_24Note">194 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_268-V2">268</a>, + <a href="#Page_272-V2">272</a>-<a href="#Page_274-V2">274</a>, + <a href="#Page_282-V2">282</a>, <a href="#Page_290-V2">290</a>; + his fleet sails for England, II. <a href="#Page_317-V2">317</a>.<br /> +"Sauvage," the, ship, I. <a href="#Page_363-V1">363</a>.<br /> +Saxe, Marshall, I. + <a href="#Page_012-V1">12</a>, <a href="#Page_180-V1">180</a>, + <a href="#Page_182-V1">182</a>, <a href="#Page_310-V1">310</a>; + his death, I. <a href="#Page_010-V1">10</a>, + <a href="#Page_181-V1">181</a>.<br /> +Saxony, I. <a href="#Page_010-V1">10</a>, II. <a href="#Page_038-V2">38</a>; + joins the league against Prussia, I. <a href="#Page_355-V1">355</a>.<br /> +Saxony, Elector of, the, I. <a href="#Page_010-V1">10</a>.<br /> +Scarroyaddy, Indian chief, I. <a href="#Page_204-V1">204</a>.<br /> +Schenectady, village of, I. <a href="#Page_321-V1">321</a>, + <a href="#Page_322-V1">322</a>, II. <a href="#Page_007-V2">7</a>, + <a href="#Page_086-V2">86</a>.<br /> +Schuyler, General, I. <a href="#Page_319-V1">319</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_098-V2">98</a>, <a href="#Page_126-V2">126</a>, + <a href="#Page_127-V2">127</a>; + action between Bradstreet and Villiers, I. + <a href="#Page_394-V1">394</a>-<a href="#Page_396-V1">396</a>.<br /> +Schuyler, Mrs., I. <a href="#Page_319-V1">319</a>; + her affection for Lord Howe, II. <a href="#Page_091-V2">91</a>, + <a href="#Page_098-V2">98</a>.<br /> +Schuyler, Pedrom, II. <a href="#Page_098-V2">98</a>.<br /> +Schuyler family, the, I. <a href="#Page_032-V1">32</a>, + <a href="#Page_033-V1">33</a>.<br /> +Scioto, town of, I. <a href="#Page_048-V1">48</a>, + <a href="#Page_049-V1">49</a>.<br /> +Scioto River, the, I. <a href="#Page_055-V1">55</a>.<br /> +Scipio, I. <a href="#Page_420-V1">420</a>.<br /> +Scotch, the, in Pennsylvania, I. <a href="#Page_031-V1">31</a>, + <a href="#Page_339-V1">339</a>.<br /> +Scotland, II. <a href="#Page_049-V2">49</a>, + <a href="#Page_185-V2">185</a>.<br /> +Scott, Lieutenant-Colonel George, I. <a href="#Page_246-V1">246</a>; + the siege of Beauséjour, I. + <a href="#Page_249-V1">249</a>-<a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>; + his gallant action, II. <a href="#Page_060-V2">60</a>.<br /> +Scurvy, I. <a href="#Page_131-V1">131</a>, II. <a href="#Page_339-V2">339</a>, + <a href="#Page_352-V2">352</a>.<br /> +Ségur, Count, quotation from, I. <a href="#Page_016-V1">16</a>.<br /> +Seneca, Lake, I. <a href="#Page_054-V1">54</a>.<br /> +Senecas, the, I. <a href="#Page_044-V1">44</a>; + visited by Bienville, I. <a href="#Page_044-V1">44</a>, + <a href="#Page_045-V1">45</a>; + efforts of the French to convert, I. <a href="#Page_065-V1">65</a>, + <a href="#Page_070-V1">70</a>, <a href="#Page_071-V1">71</a>, + <a href="#Page_171-V1">171</a>; + their alliances, II. + <a href="#Page_142-V2">142</a>-<a href="#Page_144-V2">144</a>.<br /> +Senegal, II. <a href="#Page_047-V2">47</a>, + <a href="#Page_400-V2">400</a>, <a href="#Page_406-V2">406</a>.<br /> +Senezergues, mortally wounded, II. <a href="#Page_303-V2">303</a>.<br /> +Seven Years War, the, I. <a href="#Page_003-V1">3</a>, + <a href="#Page_004-V1">4</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_038-V2">38</a>, <a href="#Page_039-V2">39</a>, + <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>-<a href="#Page_407-V2">407</a>, + <a href="#Page_409-V2">409</a>; + deportment of British officers, II. <a href="#Page_119-V2">119</a>.<br /> +Seventy-eighth Regiment, the, at Quebec, II. + <a href="#footer_27Note">298 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Sewell, Colonel Matthew, I. <a href="#Page_310-V1">310</a>; + letter to Holdernesse quoted, I. <a href="#Page_310-V1">310</a>.<br /> +Sharpe, Governor of Maryland, I. <a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>, + <a href="#Page_201-V1">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202-V1">202</a>; + council of governors held with Braddock, I. + <a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>-<a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>.<br /> +Shawanoes, the, I. <a href="#Page_040-V1">40</a>, + <a href="#Page_045-V1">45</a>, <a href="#Page_046-V1">46</a>, + <a href="#Page_048-V1">48</a>, <a href="#Page_057-V1">57</a>, + <a href="#Page_130-V1">130</a>, <a href="#Page_209-V1">209</a>, + <a href="#Page_391-V1">391</a>, <a href="#Page_392-V1">392</a>; + their attitude towards the English, I. <a href="#Page_059-V1">59</a>, + <a href="#Page_203-V1">203</a>, <a href="#Page_329-V1">329</a>, + <a href="#Page_343-V1">343</a>, <a href="#Page_344-V1">344</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_150-V2">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151-V2">151</a>; + present at a convention of Indians, II. <a href="#Page_142-V2">142</a>, + <a href="#Page_143-V2">143</a>.<br /> +Shebbeare, Dr., I. + <a href="#footer_200">196 <i>note</i>, 197 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Shepherd, Captain, I. <a href="#Page_434-V1">434</a>; + his capture and escape, I. <a href="#Page_434-V1">434</a>, + <a href="#Page_435-V1">435</a>.<br /> +Sheppard, Jack, I. <a href="#Page_007-V1">7</a>.<br /> +Sherbrooke, II. <a href="#footer_26Note">258 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Shingas, Indian chief, II. <a href="#Page_145-V2">145</a>.<br /> +Ship, sign of the, a tavern, I. <a href="#Page_227-V1">227</a>.<br /> +Ship-building, I. <a href="#Page_072-V1">72</a>, + <a href="#Page_073-V1">73</a>.<br /> +Shippensburg, II. <a href="#Page_136-V2">136</a>, + <a href="#Page_142-V2">142</a>.<br /> +Shirley, Captain John, son of Governor Shirley, I. + <a href="#Page_323-V1">323</a>, <a href="#Page_326-V1">326</a>; + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_496-V2" id="Page_496-V2">496<br />V2</a></span> + + extracts from his letter to Governor Morris, I. + <a href="#Page_323-V1">323</a>, <a href="#Page_324-V1">324</a>; + a victim of the war, I. <a href="#footer_322">324 <i>note</i></a>; + his popularity, I. <a href="#footer_322">324 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +<a name="shirley" id="shirley"></a> +Shirley, William, Governor of Massachusetts, I. + <a href="#Page_123-V1">123</a>, <a href="#Page_168-V1">168</a>; + tries to repel the French invasions, I. + <a href="#Page_141-V1">141</a>, <a href="#Page_170-V1">170</a>, + <a href="#Page_171-V1">171</a>, <a href="#Page_192-V1">192</a>, + <a href="#Page_234-V1">234</a>; + his dealing with the Assembly of Massachusetts, I. + <a href="#Page_168-V1">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169-V1">169</a>, + <a href="#Page_241-V1">241</a>, <a href="#footer_290">285 <i>note</i></a>; + council held with Braddock, I. + <a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>-<a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>; + his French wife, I. <a href="#Page_192-V1">192</a>; + defends taxation by Parliament, I. <a href="#Page_193-V1">193</a>; + his troops, I. + <a href="#Page_194-V1">194</a>, <a href="#Page_246-V1">246</a>, + <a href="#Page_320-V1">320</a>, <a href="#Page_326-V1">326</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_380-V2">380</a>; + the decisions of the council at Albany, I. + <a href="#Page_194-V1">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195-V1">195</a>; + leads the expedition against Niagara and Fort Frontenac, I. + <a href="#Page_194-V1">194</a>-<a href="#Page_196-V1">196</a>, + <a href="#Page_318-V1">318</a>-<a href="#Page_329-V1">329</a>, + <a href="#Page_374-V1">374</a>, II. <a href="#Page_127-V2">127</a>; + desires Mackellar to draw plans for Braddock's expedition, I. + <a href="#footer_228">221 <i>note</i></a>; + his view of Dunbar's conduct, I. <a href="#footer_238">233 <i>note</i></a>; + becomes commander-in-chief of the troops in America, I. + <a href="#Page_233-V1">233</a>, <a href="#Page_245-V1">245</a>, + <a href="#Page_328-V1">328</a>; + his correspondence with Governor Lawrence quoted, I. + <a href="#Page_239-V1">239</a>; + his plan with regard to expelling the French from Nova Scotia, I. + <a href="#Page_234-V1">234</a>, + <a href="#Page_239-V1">239</a>-<a href="#Page_241-V1">241</a>, + <a href="#Page_245-V1">245</a>-<a href="#Page_247-V1">247</a>, + <a href="#Page_257-V1">257</a>; + the expedition sent against Crown Point, I. + <a href="#Page_285-V1">285</a>-<a href="#Page_317-V1">317</a>; + his campaigns boldly planned, I. <a href="#Page_318-V1">318</a>; + border warfare, I. + <a href="#Page_318-V1">318</a>-<a href="#Page_350-V1">350</a>; + at Fort Oswego, I. + <a href="#Page_322-V1">322</a>-<a href="#Page_324-V1">324</a>; + loss of his sons, I. <a href="#Page_323-V1">323</a>, + <a href="#footer_322">324 <i>note</i></a>; + councils of war called, I. + <a href="#Page_325-V1">325</a>, <a href="#Page_326-V1">326</a>; + the Niagara expedition abandoned, I. + <a href="#Page_326-V1">326</a>, <a href="#Page_381-V1">381</a>; + his quarrels with Johnson and with Delancey, I. + <a href="#Page_327-V1">327</a>, <a href="#Page_328-V1">328</a>; + letters from Governor Morris quoted, I. + <a href="#Page_340-V1">340</a>, <a href="#Page_343-V1">343</a>; + plans for a new campaign, I. + <a href="#Page_381-V1">381</a>, <a href="#Page_382-V1">382</a>, + <a href="#Page_393-V1">393</a>, <a href="#Page_447-V1">447</a>; + renews his expedition against Niagara, and Frontenac, I. + <a href="#Page_381-V1">381</a>-<a href="#Page_383-V1">383</a>, + <a href="#Page_393-V1">393</a>; + recalled from command, I. <a href="#Page_383-V1">383</a>, + <a href="#Page_399-V1">399</a>, <a href="#Page_400-V1">400</a>, + <a href="#Page_420-V1">420</a>; + a cabal formed against, I. <a href="#Page_383-V1">383</a>; + his zeal and courage, I. <a href="#Page_384-V1">384</a>, + <a href="#Page_400-V1">400</a>; + his boatmen placed under Bradstreet, I. <a href="#Page_393-V1">393</a>, + <a href="#Page_405-V1">405</a>; + sends men to defend Oswego, I. + <a href="#Page_393-V1">393</a>-<a href="#Page_398-V1">398</a>, + <a href="#Page_405-V1">405</a>, <a href="#footer_432">413 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_420-V1">420</a>; + interview with Loudon, I. <a href="#Page_399-V1">399</a>; + Oswego seized by the French, I. + <a href="#Page_407-V1">407</a>-<a href="#Page_416-V1">416</a>; + vindicates himself, I. <a href="#footer_432">413 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_420-V1">420</a>, <a href="#footer_436">420 <i>note</i></a>; + causes leading to his failure, I. <a href="#Page_417-V1">417</a>, + <a href="#Page_418-V1">418</a>; + Loudon prejudiced against, I. <a href="#Page_420-V1">420</a>, + <a href="#Page_468-V1">468</a>; + sails for England, I. <a href="#Page_421-V1">421</a>; + made governor of the Bahamas, I. <a href="#Page_421-V1">421</a>; + the opinion of Franklin concerning, I. <a href="#Page_421-V1">421</a>; + succeeded by Governor Pownall, II. <a href="#Page_084-V2">84</a>.<br /> +Shirley, William, son of the governor, + secretary of Braddock, I. <a href="#Page_187-V1">187</a>, + <a href="#Page_188-V1">188</a>, <a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>; + letter quoted concerning Braddock's expedition, I. + <a href="#Page_201-V1">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202-V1">202</a>; + shot through the head, I. <a href="#Page_219-V1">219</a>, + <a href="#Page_229-V1">229</a>, <a href="#Page_323-V1">323</a>; + letter to Governor Morris quoted, I. <a href="#Page_323-V1">323</a>.<br /> +Shirley, Fort, I. <a href="#Page_423-V1">423</a>.<br /> +Short, Richard, drawings of Quebec after the siege, II. + <a href="#footer_816">327 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Shubenacadie River, the, I. <a href="#Page_113-V1">113</a>.<br /> +Shute, John, I. <a href="#Page_444-V1">444</a>.<br /> +Silesia, I. <a href="#Page_019-V1">19</a>, <a href="#Page_353-V1">353</a>, + <a href="#Page_345-V1">345</a>, II. <a href="#Page_040-V2">40</a>, + <a href="#Page_388-V2">388</a>.<br /> +Silhouette, I. <a href="#Page_122-V1">122</a>, + <a href="#Page_123-V1">123</a>.<br /> +Sillery, II. <a href="#Page_215-V2">215</a>, <a href="#Page_274-V2">274</a>, + <a href="#Page_276-V2">276</a>, <a href="#Page_288-V2">288</a>, + <a href="#Page_333-V2">333</a>, <a href="#Page_344-V2">344</a>, + <a href="#Page_346-V2">346</a>, <a href="#Page_347-V2">347</a>, + <a href="#Page_444-V2">444</a>.<br /> +Sinclair, Sir John, quartermaster-general, I. + <a href="#Page_198-V1">198</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_133-V2">133</a>, <a href="#Page_137-V2">137</a>; + in Braddock's expedition, I. <a href="#Page_214-V1">214</a>; + wounded in the battle of the Monongahela, I. + <a href="#Page_219-V1">219</a>, <a href="#Page_227-V1">227</a>; + despatch sent from General Forbes, II. <a href="#Page_137-V2">137</a>; + his peculiarities, II. <a href="#Page_138-V2">138</a>, + <a href="#Page_139-V2">139</a>; + his dealings with Lieutenant-Colonel Stephen, II. + <a href="#Page_138-V2">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139-V2">139</a>.<br /> +Small-pox, the, I. <a href="#Page_083-V1">83</a>.<br /> +Smith, Colonel James, I. <a href="#Page_211-V1">211</a>; + cruelties practised by the Indians upon, I. + <a href="#Page_209-V1">209</a>, <a href="#Page_210-V1">210</a>; + his statement concerning the defeat of Braddock's army, I. + <a href="#Page_221-V1">221</a>-<a href="#Page_223-V1">223</a>.<br /> +Smith, John, I. <a href="#Page_227-V1">227</a>.<br /> +Smith, William, his remark concerning the provincial army, I. + <a href="#Page_292-V1">292</a>.<br /> +Smith, William, a Rhode Island soldier, his bravery, II. + <a href="#Page_108-V2">108</a>.<br /> +Smollett, I. <a href="#Page_006-V1">6</a>, <a href="#Page_159-V1">159</a>, + <a href="#Page_178-V1">178</a>.<br /> +Smyth, and English traveller, I. + <a href="#footer_163">164 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +"Siren," the, I. <a href="#Page_247-V1">247</a>.<br /> +"Sirène," the ship, I. <a href="#Page_363-V1">363</a>.<br /> +Six Nations, the, I. <a href="#Page_057-V1">57</a>; + desire to remain neutral, I. <a href="#Page_390-V1">390</a>. + See <a href="#fiveNations">Five Nations</a>.<br /> +Sodus Bay, I. <a href="#Page_072-V1">72</a>.<br /> +Sorel, II. <a href="#Page_364-V2">364</a>, <a href="#Page_365-V2">365</a>.<br /> +Soubise, I. <a href="#Page_010-V1">10</a>.<br /> +South Bay, I. <a href="#Page_295-V1">295</a>, <a href="#Page_296-V1">296</a>, + <a href="#Page_298-V1">298</a>, <a href="#Page_301-V1">301</a>, + <a href="#Page_313-V1">313</a>, <a href="#Page_388-V1">388</a>, + <a href="#Page_435-V1">435</a>, <a href="#Page_496-V1">496</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_121-V2">121</a>, <a href="#Page_241-V2">241</a>.<br /> +South Carolina, I. <a href="#Page_033-V1">33</a>, + <a href="#Page_139-V1">139</a>, <a href="#Page_151-V1">151</a>, + <a href="#Page_152-V1">152</a>, <a href="#Page_176-V1">176</a>; + commissioners sent to meet the Indians at Albany, I. + <a href="#Page_061-V1">61</a>; + extent of British frontier, II. <a href="#Page_381-V2">381</a>.<br /> +Spain, I. <a href="#Page_009-V1">9</a>, <a href="#Page_019-V1">19</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_049-V2">49</a>, <a href="#Page_395-V2">395</a>; + succession of Carlos III., II. <a href="#Page_396-V2">396</a>; + the Family Compact, II. <a href="#Page_396-V2">396</a>, + <a href="#Page_397-V2">397</a>; + change of rulers, II. <a href="#Page_396-V2">396</a>, + <a href="#Page_399-V2">399</a>; + influence of Pitt, II. <a href="#Page_400-V2">400</a>, + <a href="#Page_401-V2">401</a>; + expedition of Pococke, II. <a href="#Page_401-V2">401</a>, + <a href="#Page_402-V2">402</a>; + receives Havana from England, II. <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>; + the peace of Paris, II. <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>, + <a href="#Page_406-V2">406</a>; + acquisitions in America, II. <a href="#Page_406-V2">406</a>, + <a href="#Page_413-V2">413</a>; + sinking into decay, II. <a href="#Page_411-V2">411</a>.<br /> +Speakman, Captain, despatches sent to Winslow, I. + <a href="#Page_276-V1">276</a>.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_497-V2" id="Page_497-V2">497<br />V2</a></span> + +Spikeman, Captain, one of Rogers' scouting-party, I. + <a href="#Page_441-V1">441</a>; + adventures of the expedition, I. + <a href="#Page_441-V1">441</a>-<a href="#Page_445-V1">445</a>.<br /> +Spithead, embarkation of Wolfe, II. <a href="#Page_192-V2">192</a>.<br /> +Split, Cape, I. <a href="#Page_268-V1">268</a>.<br /> +Spruce-beer, I. <a href="#Page_259-V1">259</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_236-V2">236</a>, <a href="#Page_237-V2">237</a>, + <a href="#Page_354-V2">354</a>.<br /> +Stanhope, Earl, II. <a href="#footer_24Note">194 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Stanley, his sketch of the Duc de Choiseul, II. + <a href="#Page_393-V1">393</a>, <a href="#Page_394-V1">394</a>; + at Versailles, II. <a href="#Page_395-V1">395</a>.<br /> +Stanley, Dean, II. <a href="#Page_433-V2">433</a>.<br /> +Stanwix, Brigadier, + new fort to be erected at the Great Carrying Place, II. + <a href="#Page_129-V2">129</a>; + builds Fort Pitt, II. <a href="#Page_159-V2">159</a>; + to relieve Pittsburg, II. <a href="#Page_236-V2">236</a>; + Pittsburg endangered, II. <a href="#Page_244-V2">244</a>.<br /> +Stanwix, Fort, II. <a href="#Page_242-V2">242</a>.<br /> +Stark, John, I. <a href="#Page_432-V1">432</a>, + <a href="#Page_446-V1">446</a>; + his celebrity, I. <a href="#Page_291-V1">291</a>; + in the expedition against Crown Point, I. <a href="#Page_291-V1">291</a>; + adventures in a scouting-party of Rogers, I. + <a href="#Page_441-V1">441</a>-<a href="#Page_445-V1">445</a>; + wounded, I. <a href="#footer_471">451 <i>note</i></a>; + serves under Abercromby, II. <a href="#Page_094-V2">94</a>.<br /> +Stephen, Adam, + matters pertaining to Washington and Jumonville, I. + <a href="#footer_152">151 <i>note</i></a>, II. + <a href="#Page_422-V2">422</a>; + trouble with Sir J. Sinclair, II. <a href="#Page_138-V2">138</a>, + <a href="#Page_139-V2">139</a>; + sent to succor Rogers, II. <a href="#Page_256-V2">256</a>, + <a href="#Page_257-V2">257</a>.<br /> +Sterne, I. <a href="#Page_006-V1">6</a>.<br /> +Stevens, the Indian interpreter, I. <a href="#Page_288-V1">288</a>; + escapes from Quebec, II. <a href="#Page_278-V2">278</a>.<br /> +Stewart, Captain, I. <a href="#Page_220-V1">220</a>.<br /> +Still, Isaac, II. <a href="#Page_149-V2">149</a>, + <a href="#Page_150-V2">150</a>.<br /> +Stillwater, I. <a href="#Page_387-V1">387</a>, + <a href="#Page_452-V1">452</a>.<br /> +Stirling, II. <a href="#Page_185-V2">185</a>.<br /> +Stobo, Major Robert, I. <a href="#Page_159-V1">159</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_277-V2">277</a>; + detained at Quebec as a hostage, II. <a href="#Page_277-V2">277</a>; + his escape, II. + <a href="#Page_277-V2">277</a>, <a href="#Page_278-V2">278</a>; + gives Wolfe the result of his knowledge of Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_277-V2">277</a>, <a href="#Page_278-V2">278</a>; + his memoirs, II. <a href="#footer_765">278 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Stockbridge, II. <a href="#Page_256-V2">256</a>.<br /> +Stone, William L., I. <a href="#footer_319">316 <i>note</i></a>, II. + <a href="#footer_726">237 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Stuarts, the, I. <a href="#Page_006-V1">6</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_049-V2">49</a>, <a href="#Page_392-V2">392</a>.<br /> +"Success," the, I. <a href="#Page_247-V1">247</a>.<br /> +Suffield, I. <a href="#Page_402-V1">402</a>.<br /> +Sugar-trade, the, II. <a href="#Page_403-V2">403</a>.<br /> +Sulpitian priests, the, I. + <a href="#Page_038-V1">38</a>, <a href="#Page_052-V1">52</a>, + <a href="#Page_066-V1">66</a>, <a href="#Page_458-V1">458</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_144-V2">144</a>.<br /> +Superior, Lake, I. <a href="#Page_075-V1">75</a>, + <a href="#Page_372-V1">372</a>, <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>.<br /> +Susquehanna River, the, I. <a href="#Page_342-V1">342</a>, + <a href="#Page_343-V1">343</a>, <a href="#Page_391-V1">391</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_143-V2">143</a>.<br /> +"Sutherland," the, II. <a href="#Page_224-V2">224</a>, + <a href="#Page_280-V2">280</a>, <a href="#Page_284-V2">284</a>.<br /> +Sweden joins the league against Prussia, I. <a href="#Page_355-V1">355</a>; + the Seven Years War, II. <a href="#Page_038-V2">38</a>, + <a href="#Page_039-V2">39</a>; + peace with Prussia, II. <a href="#Page_399-V2">399</a>.<br /> +Swedes in Pennsylvania, I. <a href="#Page_031-V1">31</a>.<br /> +Sydney, II. <a href="#Page_078-V2">78</a>.<br /> +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h3>T.</h3> +<p> +Tadoussac, I. <a href="#footer_124">126 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Talon du Boulay, Angélique Louise, I. + <a href="#Page_358-V1">358</a>.<br /> +Tantemar, I. + <a href="#Page_120-V1">120</a>, <a href="#Page_241-V1">241</a>, + <a href="#Page_254-V1">254</a>, <a href="#Page_255-V1">255</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_181-V2">181</a>.<br /> +Tassé, citation from, I. <a href="#footer_032">67 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Tatten, Captain, I. <a href="#Page_227-V1">227</a>.<br /> +Taxation, I. + <a href="#Page_171-V1">171</a>, <a href="#Page_193-V1">193</a>, + <a href="#Page_337-V1">337</a>, <a href="#Page_338-V1">338</a>, + <a href="#Page_344-V1">344</a>-<a href="#Page_347-V1">347</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_392-V2">392</a>, <a href="#Page_402-V2">402</a>, + <a href="#Page_413-V2">413</a>.<br /> +Teedyuscung, Indian chief, II. <a href="#Page_143-V2">143</a>.<br /> +Temple, Lord, II. <a href="#footer_24Note">194 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_397-V2">397</a>.<br /> +Thames River, the, II. <a href="#Page_206-V2">206</a>.<br /> +Thirty-fifth Regiment, the, II. <a href="#footer_27Note">298 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Thomas, Surgeon John, his diary quoted, I. <a href="#Page_250-V1">250</a>.<br /> +Thompson, James, II. <a href="#Page_351-V2">351</a>; + diary of, II. <a href="#Page_439-V2">439</a>.<br /> +Thousand Islands, the, I. <a href="#Page_068-V1">68</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_369-V2">369</a>.<br /> +Three Rivers, I. + <a href="#Page_485-V1">485</a>, <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_020-V2">20</a>, <a href="#Page_264-V2">264</a>, + <a href="#Page_312-V2">312</a>, <a href="#Page_341-V2">341</a>, + <a href="#Page_360-V2">360</a>, <a href="#Page_363-V2">363</a>; + census of, II. <a href="#Page_178-V2">178</a>.<br /> +<a name="ticonderoga" id="ticonderoga"></a> +Ticonderoga, I. + <a href="#Page_350-V1">350</a>, <a href="#Page_453-V1">453</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_002-V2">2</a>, <a href="#footer_543">16 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_083-V2">83</a>, <a href="#Page_102-V2">102</a>, + <a href="#Page_119-V2">119</a>, <a href="#Page_162-V2">162</a>, + <a href="#Page_166-V2">166</a>, <a href="#Page_180-V2">180</a>, + <a href="#Page_212-V2">212</a>, <a href="#Page_292-V2">292</a>; + camp at, I. <a href="#Page_373-V1">373</a>; + advance of Dieskau, I. + <a href="#Page_297-V1">297</a>-<a href="#Page_299-V1">299</a>; + occupied by the French, I. <a href="#Page_313-V1">313</a>, + <a href="#Page_314-V1">314</a>; + attempt against, I. <a href="#Page_374-V1">374</a>; + held by the French, I. <a href="#Page_374-V1">374</a>, + <a href="#Page_376-V1">376</a>, <a href="#Page_390-V1">390</a>, + <a href="#Page_415-V1">415</a>, <a href="#Page_442-V1">442</a>; + it importance and position, I. <a href="#Page_377-V1">377</a>, + <a href="#Page_378-V1">378</a>, <a href="#Page_427-V1">427</a>, + <a href="#Page_428-V1">428</a>, <a href="#Page_477-V1">477</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_099-V2">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100-V2">100</a>; + plans of the English to capture, I. + <a href="#Page_381-V1">381</a>, <a href="#Page_382-V1">382</a>, + <a href="#Page_387-V1">387</a>-<a href="#Page_389-V1">389</a>, + <a href="#Page_399-V1">399</a>, <a href="#Page_405-V1">405</a>, + <a href="#Page_406-V1">406</a>, <a href="#Page_447-V1">447</a>; + war-parties sent out from, I. + <a href="#Page_429-V1">429</a>-<a href="#Page_431-V1">431</a>; + exploits of Rogers' rangers, I. + <a href="#Page_433-V1">433</a>-<a href="#Page_437-V1">437</a>, + <a href="#Page_441-V1">441</a>-<a href="#Page_445-V1">445</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_011-V2">11</a>-<a href="#Page_016-V2">16</a>; + a small party left in charge, I. + <a href="#Page_439-V1">439</a>, <a href="#Page_448-V1">448</a>; + preparations to attack Fort William Henry, I. <a href="#Page_477-V1">477</a>; + held by Montcalm's forces, I. + <a href="#Page_490-V1">490</a>, <a href="#Page_491-V1">491</a>; + expedition against, led by General Abercromby, II. + <a href="#Page_086-V2">86</a>-<a href="#Page_113-V2">113 <i>note</i></a>; + the battle and Montcalm's victory, II. + <a href="#Page_104-V2">104</a>-<a href="#Page_113-V2">113 <i>note</i></a>; + <a href="#Page_128-V2">128</a>, <a href="#Page_164-V2">164</a>, + <a href="#Page_431-V2">431</a>-<a href="#Page_436-V2">436</a>; + war-parties sent from, by the French, II. + <a href="#Page_121-V2">121</a>-<a href="#Page_124-V2">124</a>; + Putnam carried to, II. <a href="#Page_126-V2">126</a>; + question of renewing the attack upon, by the English, II. + <a href="#Page_129-V2">129</a>, <a href="#Page_130-V2">130</a>, + <a href="#Page_197-V2">197</a>; + Bourlamaque established at, II. <a href="#Page_195-V2">195</a>; + approach of Amherst, II. <a href="#Page_210-V2">210</a>, + <a href="#Page_222-V2">222</a>; + captured by the English, II. + <a href="#Page_235-V2">235</a>-<a href="#Page_240-V2">240</a>; + blown up by the French, II. + <a href="#Page_239-V2">239</a>, <a href="#Page_265-V2">265</a>; + the legend of Inverawe, II. + <a href="#Page_433-V2">433</a>-<a href="#Page_436-V2">436</a>.<br /> +Titcomb, Colonel Moses, I. <a href="#Page_290-V1">290</a>; + his service at Louisbourg, I. <a href="#Page_290-V1">290</a>; + the battle at Lake George, I. <a href="#Page_307-V1">307</a>.<br /> +Tobacco, I. <a href="#Page_030-V1">30</a>, <a href="#Page_033-V1">33</a>.<br /> +Tobago Island, to belong to England, II. <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>.<br /> +Tomahawk Camp, II. <a href="#Page_161-V2">161</a>.<br /> +Tongue Mountain, I. <a href="#Page_491-V1">491</a>.<br /> + + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_498-V2" id="Page_498-V2">498<br />V2</a></span> + +Tories, the, I. <a href="#Page_006-V1">6</a>, <a href="#Page_392-V1">392</a>, + <a href="#Page_398-V1">398</a>.<br /> +Toronto, I. <a href="#Page_083-V1">83</a>; trading-house at, I. + <a href="#Page_070-V2">70</a>, <a href="#Page_072-V2">72</a>.<br /> +Toronto, Fort, I. <a href="#Page_069-V2">69</a>, <a href="#Page_070-V2">70</a>; + plan of capture by the English, I. <a href="#Page_381-V1">381</a>.<br /> +Toulon, II. <a href="#Page_049-V2">49</a>, <a href="#Page_050-V2">50</a>.<br /> +Touraine, I. <a href="#Page_076-V1">76</a>.<br /> +Tourmente, Cape, II. <a href="#Page_204-V2">204</a>, + <a href="#Page_206-V2">206</a>, <a href="#Page_261-V2">261</a>.<br /> +Tournois, Father, I. + <a href="#Page_064-V1">64</a>, <a href="#Page_065-V1">65</a>; + his illegal trade, I. <a href="#footer_028">65 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Townshend Captain, his efforts to assist the German settlement, II. + <a href="#Page_007-V1">7</a>; + his death, II. <a href="#Page_239-V2">239</a>.<br /> +Townshend, Charles, secretary of war, I. <a href="#Page_008-V1">8</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_393-V2">393</a>.<br /> +Townshend, George, his character, II. <a href="#Page_193-V2">193</a>; + serves under Wolfe at the siege of Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_193-V2">193</a>, <a href="#Page_216-V2">216</a>, + <a href="#Page_217-V2">217</a>, <a href="#Page_266-V2">266</a>, + <a href="#Page_267-V2">267</a>, <a href="#Page_274-V2">274</a>, + <a href="#Page_289-V2">289</a>, <a href="#Page_290-V2">290</a>, + <a href="#Page_294-V2">294</a>, + <a href="#footer_27Note">298 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_314-V2">314</a>; + succeeds Monckton in command, II. <a href="#Page_304-V2">304</a>; + note sent from the dying Montcalm, II. + <a href="#Page_308-V2">308</a>, <a href="#Page_309-V2">309</a>; + the terms of capitulation for Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_315-V2">315</a>, <a href="#Page_316-V2">316</a>; + returns to England, II. <a href="#Page_317-V2">317</a>.<br /> +Tracy, Lieutenant, II. <a href="#Page_123-V2">123</a>.<br /> +Trading-posts, I. <a href="#Page_025-V1">25</a>, + <a href="#Page_070-V1">70</a>, <a href="#Page_087-V1">87</a>, + <a href="#Page_192-V1">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193-V1">193</a>; + at Will's Creek, I. <a href="#Page_059-V1">59</a>, + <a href="#Page_132-V1">132</a>, <a href="#Page_142-V1">142</a>, + <a href="#Page_199-V1">199</a>, <a href="#Page_200-V1">200</a>.<br /> +Trent, William, I. <a href="#Page_042-V1">42</a>, + <a href="#Page_138-V1">138</a>, <a href="#Page_342-V1">342</a>; + at Pickawillany, I. <a href="#footer_069">85 <i>note</i></a>; + in Washington's expedition to the West, I. <a href="#Page_138-V1">138</a>; + his band of backwoodsmen, I. <a href="#Page_142-V1">142</a>, + <a href="#Page_145-V1">145</a>; + sufferings of the people, I. <a href="#Page_342-V1">342</a>.<br /> +Trepezec, II. <a href="#Page_094-V2">94</a>, + <a href="#Page_095-V2">95</a>.<br /> +<i>Troupes de terre</i>, I. <a href="#Page_368-V1">368</a>, + <a href="#Page_369-V1">369</a>.<br /> +Trout Brook, II. <a href="#Page_012-V2">12</a>, + <a href="#Page_094-V2">94</a>-<a href="#Page_096-V2">96</a>.<br /> +Truro, I. <a href="#Page_094-V1">94</a>.<br /> +Tulpehocken, settlement destroyed by the Indians, I. + <a href="#Page_347-V1">347</a>.<br /> +Turenne, I. <a href="#Page_010-V1">10</a>.<br /> +Turkey Creek, II. <a href="#Page_158-V2">158</a>.<br /> +Turner, Lieutenant, II. <a href="#Page_255-V2">255</a>; + attacked by the French, II. <a href="#Page_256-V2">256</a>.<br /> +Turpin, Dick, I. <a href="#Page_007-V1">7</a>.<br /> +Turtle, the, clan of, I. <a href="#Page_476-V1">476</a>.<br /> +Turtle Creek, I. <a href="#Page_207-V1">207</a>.<br /> +Tuscaroras join the Five Nations, I. <a href="#Page_063-V1">63</a>.<br /> +Twenty-eighth Regiment, the, II. + <a href="#footer_27Note">298 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Two Mountains, the, I. <a href="#Page_372-V1">372</a>.<br /> +Two Mountains, Lake of the, I. + <a href="#Page_154-V1">154</a>, <a href="#Page_474-V1">474</a>, + <a href="#Page_475-V1">475</a>, <a href="#Page_485-V1">485</a>, + <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>.<br /> +Two Mountains, mission of, I. <a href="#footer_029">65 <i>note</i></a>; + ceremony in the Mission Church of, I. + <a href="#footer_495">476 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Tyburn, I. <a href="#Page_007-V1">7</a>.<br /> +Tyrrell, name applied to Thomas Pichon, I. + <a href="#footer_249">243 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h3>U.</h3> +<p> +Ulster, I. <a href="#Page_031-V1">31</a>.<br /> +United States, the, I. + <a href="#Page_048-V1">48</a>, <a href="#Page_193-V1">193</a>; + her growth and opportunities, I. <a href="#Page_004-V1">4</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_408-V2">408</a>, <a href="#Page_411-V2">411</a>, + <a href="#Page_413-V2">413</a>, <a href="#Page_414-V2">414</a>.<br /> +Upton, Mrs., I. <a href="#Page_189-V1">189</a>.<br /> +Ursuline Convent, the, II. <a href="#Page_356-V2">309</a>.<br /> +<a name="ursulines" id="ursulines"></a> +Ursulines, the, I. <a href="#Page_282-V1">282</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_208-V2">208</a>, <a href="#Page_222-V2">222</a>, + <a href="#Page_309-V2">309</a>, <a href="#Page_442-V2">442</a>; + at the General Hospital, II. <a href="#Page_265-V2">265</a>; + matters pertaining to the burial of Montcalm, II. + <a href="#Page_317-V2">317</a>, <a href="#Page_441-V2">441</a>, + <a href="#Page_442-V2">442</a>.<br /> +Utrecht, the treaty of, I. + <a href="#Page_043-V1">43</a>, <a href="#Page_079-V1">79</a>, + <a href="#Page_090-V1">90</a>-<a href="#Page_092-V1">92</a>, + <a href="#Page_094-V1">94</a>, + <a href="#Page_123-V1">123</a>-<a href="#Page_127-V1">127</a>, + <a href="#Page_236-V1">236</a>-<a href="#Page_238-V1">238</a>.<br /> +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h3>V.</h3> +<p> +Valtry, M. de, I. <a href="#Page_074-V1">74</a>.<br /> +Vanbraam, I. <a href="#Page_135-V1">135</a>; + interpreter for Washington, I. + <a href="#Page_133-V1">133</a>, <a href="#Page_158-V1">158</a>; + matters pertaining to the alleged assassination of Jumonville, I. + <a href="#Page_158-V1">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159-V1">159</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_421-V2">421</a>-<a href="#Page_423-V2">423</a>.<br /> +"Vanguard," the, II. <a href="#Page_356-V2">356</a>.<br /> +Vannes, the siege at Beauséjour, I. <a href="#Page_249-V1">249</a>, + <a href="#Page_251-V1">251</a>.<br /> +Van Renselaer, I. <a href="#Page_032-V1">32</a>.<br /> +Varin, naval commissary, II. <a href="#Page_020-V2">20</a>; + number of French in the fight at Great Meadows, I. + <a href="#footer_157">160 <i>note</i></a>; + official knavery, II. <a href="#Page_029-V2">29</a>, + <a href="#Page_030-V2">30</a>, <a href="#Page_385-V2">385</a>.<br /> +Varin, Madame, I. <a href="#Page_457-V1">457</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_428-V2">428</a>.<br /> +Vaudreuil, Madame de, joins in the quarrel of her husband with Montcalm, II. + <a href="#Page_168-V2">168</a>.<br /> +Vaudreuil, Phillippe de, early governor of Canada, I. + <a href="#Page_366-V1">366</a>.<br /> +Vaudreuil, Pierre François Rigaud, Marquis de, + governor of New France, I. <a href="#Page_182-V1">182</a>, + <a href="#Page_288-V1">288</a>, <a href="#Page_289-V1">289</a>; + his estimate concerning the population of Canada, I. + <a href="#footer_001">20 <i>note</i></a>; + his friendship for Vergor, I. <a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_278-V1">278</a>; + his traits of character, and his double-dealing, I. + <a href="#Page_366-V1">366</a>-<a href="#Page_368-V1">368</a>, + <a href="#Page_376-V1">376</a>, + <a href="#footer_394">388 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_445-V1">445</a>, + <a href="#Page_460-V1">460</a>-<a href="#Page_466-V1">466</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_007-V2">7</a>, + <a href="#Page_020-V2">20</a>-<a href="#Page_031-V2">31</a>, + <a href="#footer_661">154 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_167-V2">167</a>, + <a href="#Page_169-V2">169</a>-<a href="#Page_171-V2">171</a>, + <a href="#Page_173-V2">173</a>, + <a href="#Page_196-V2">196</a>-<a href="#Page_199-V2">199</a>, + <a href="#footer_26Note">258 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_307-V2">307</a>, <a href="#Page_319-V2">319</a>, + <a href="#Page_322-V2">322</a>, <a href="#Page_376-V2">376</a>; + life at Montreal, I. <a href="#Page_366-V1">366</a>, + <a href="#Page_455-V1">455</a>, <a href="#Page_456-V1">456</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_008-V2">8</a>-<a href="#Page_010-V2">10</a>, + <a href="#Page_018-V2">18</a>-<a href="#Page_022-V2">22</a>, + <a href="#Page_339-V2">339</a>; + his relations with Montcalm, I. + <a href="#Page_366-V1">366</a>-<a href="#Page_368-V1">368</a>, + <a href="#Page_377-V1">377</a>, <a href="#Page_456-V1">456</a>, + <a href="#Page_460-V1">460</a>, + <a href="#Page_462-V1">462</a>-<a href="#Page_466-V1">466</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_003-V2">3</a>, + <a href="#Page_008-V2">8</a>-<a href="#Page_010-V2">10</a>, + <a href="#Page_035-V2">35</a>, <a href="#Page_036-V2">36</a>, + <a href="#Page_164-V2">164</a>-<a href="#Page_169-V2">169</a>, + <a href="#Page_173-V2">173</a>, <a href="#Page_169-V2">175</a>, + <a href="#Page_179-V2">179</a>, <a href="#Page_180-V2">180</a>, + <a href="#Page_202-V2">202</a>, <a href="#Page_203-V2">203</a>, + <a href="#Page_292-V2">292</a>, <a href="#Page_293-V2">293</a>, + <a href="#Page_300-V2">300</a>, <a href="#Page_301-V2">301</a>, + <a href="#Page_315-V2">315</a>-<a href="#Page_323-V2">323</a>; + his plans for defence, I. <a href="#Page_374-V1">374</a>, + <a href="#Page_376-V1">376</a>; + induces the Indians to fight against the English, I. + <a href="#Page_392-V1">392</a>, <a href="#Page_437-V1">437</a>, + <a href="#Page_438-V1">438</a>, <a href="#Page_467-V1">467</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_004-V2">4</a>, <a href="#Page_005-V2">5</a>, + <a href="#Page_262-V2">262</a>; + party sent to cut off the supplies from Oswego, I. + <a href="#Page_393-V1">393</a>, <a href="#Page_394-V1">394</a>; + at Fort Frontenac, I. + <a href="#Page_407-V1">407</a>, <a href="#Page_408-V1">408</a>; + the French victorious at Oswego, I. <a href="#Page_413-V1">413</a>; + despatches sent to Versailles, I. <a href="#Page_427-V1">427</a>; + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_499-V2" id="Page_499-V2">499<br />V2</a></span> + + war-party sent to reduce Fort William Henry, I. + <a href="#Page_447-V1">447</a>-<a href="#Page_451-V1">451</a>; + his choice of Rigaud for commander, I. + <a href="#Page_458-V1">458</a>, <a href="#Page_459-V1">459</a>; + detractions made in regard to the French regulars, I. + <a href="#Page_461-V1">461</a>-<a href="#Page_463-V1">463</a>; + calls for troops, I. + <a href="#Page_467-V1">467</a>, <a href="#Page_468-V1">468</a> + the attack on Fort William Henry planned, I. <a href="#Page_472-V1">472</a>, + <a href="#footer_526">514 <i>note</i></a> + (see <a href="#fortWilliamHenry">William Henry, Fort</a>); + animus of Loudon towards, II. <a href="#Page_001-V2">1</a>, + <a href="#Page_002-V2">2</a>; + the affair at German Flats, II. <a href="#Page_006-V2">6</a>, + <a href="#Page_007-V2">7</a>; + his relations with Bigot, II. <a href="#Page_017-V2">17</a>, + <a href="#Page_018-V2">18</a>, <a href="#Page_323-V2">323</a>; + his official corruption, II. + <a href="#Page_020-V2">20</a>-<a href="#Page_031-V2">31</a>, + <a href="#Page_171-V2">171</a>, <a href="#Page_319-V2">319</a>; + receives ministerial rebukes, II. + <a href="#Page_032-V2">32</a>-<a href="#Page_035-V2">35</a>; + his plans in regard to Ticonderoga, II. + <a href="#Page_086-V2">86</a>, <a href="#Page_087-V2">87</a>, + <a href="#Page_164-V2">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165-V2">165</a>; + provides for the defence of Fort Duquesne, II. + <a href="#Page_141-V2">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142-V2">142</a>; + extracts from his letters to the colonial minister, II. + <a href="#Page_141-V2">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142-V2">142</a>, + <a href="#Page_172-V2">172</a>-<a href="#Page_175-V2">175</a>; + letters blaming Montcalm, II. + <a href="#Page_164-V2">164</a>-<a href="#Page_166-V2">166</a>, + <a href="#Page_172-V2">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173-V2">173</a>; + the loyalty of the Canadians, II. <a href="#Page_169-V2">169</a>; + appeal made at court, for aid for Canada, II. + <a href="#Page_171-V2">171</a>-<a href="#Page_173-V2">173</a>; + receives the grand cross of the Order of St. Louis, II. + <a href="#Page_174-V2">174</a>; + a census of Canada made, II. <a href="#Page_178-V2">178</a>; + ordered to defer to Montcalm, II. + <a href="#Page_179-V2">179</a>, <a href="#Page_180-V2">180</a>; + circular letter issued by, II. + <a href="#Page_195-V2">195</a>, <a href="#Page_196-V2">196</a>; + the siege and reduction of Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_195-V2">195</a>-<a href="#Page_233-V2">233</a>, + <a href="#Page_259-V2">259</a>-<a href="#Page_325-V2">325</a>, + <a href="#footer_28Note">325 <i>note</i>, 326 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_437-V2">437</a>; + measures taken by, in the defence of Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_198-V2">198</a>-<a href="#Page_203-V2">203</a>, + <a href="#Page_206-V2">206</a>, <a href="#Page_209-V2">209</a>, + <a href="#Page_218-V2">218</a>, <a href="#Page_222-V2">222</a>, + <a href="#Page_264-V2">264</a>, <a href="#Page_265-V2">265</a>, + <a href="#Page_274-V2">274</a>, <a href="#Page_276-V2">276</a>, + <a href="#Page_287-V2">287</a>, <a href="#Page_291-V2">291</a>, + <a href="#Page_292-V2">292</a>, <a href="#Page_301-V2">301</a>, + <a href="#Page_302-V2">302</a>; + his friendship for Cadet, II. + <a href="#Page_199-V2">199</a>, <a href="#Page_323-V2">323</a>; + tries to burn the English fleet, II. + <a href="#Page_210-V2">210</a>-<a href="#Page_212-V2">212</a>, + <a href="#Page_227-V2">227</a>; + proclamations of Wolfe, II. <a href="#Page_213-V2">213</a>, + <a href="#Page_214-V2">214</a>, <a href="#Page_223-V2">223</a>, + <a href="#Page_225-V2">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226-V2">226</a>, + <a href="#Page_261-V2">261</a>, <a href="#Page_262-V2">262</a>; + councils of war held, I. <a href="#Page_218-V1">218</a>, + <a href="#Page_219-V1">219</a>, <a href="#Page_305-V1">305</a>; + his delight over the English disaster at Montmorenci, II. + <a href="#Page_233-V2">233</a>; + the siege of Niagara by the English, II. <a href="#Page_235-V2">235</a>, + <a href="#Page_243-V2">243</a>-<a href="#Page_249-V2">249</a>; + his orders to Bourlamaque, II. <a href="#Page_238-V2">238</a>, + <a href="#Page_239-V2">239</a>; + the final battle and the death of Montcalm, II. + <a href="#Page_292-V2">292</a>-<a href="#Page_297-V2">297</a>, + <a href="#Page_308-V2">308</a>-<a href="#Page_310-V2">310</a>; + the question of capitulation discussed at Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_303-V2">303</a>-<a href="#Page_307-V2">307</a>; + orders a retreat, II. <a href="#Page_307-V2">307</a>; + his flight, II. <a href="#Page_308-V2">308</a>, + <a href="#Page_310-V2">310</a>; + summons Lévis to his assistance, II. <a href="#Page_312-V2">312</a>; + steps taken to repair his errors, II. + <a href="#Page_312-V2">312</a>-<a href="#Page_314-V2">314</a>; + Quebec surrenders, II. + <a href="#Page_314-V2">314</a>-<a href="#Page_316-V2">316</a>; + defames Ramesay, II. <a href="#Page_318-V2">318</a>; + his correspondence, II. <a href="#Page_322-V2">322</a>, + <a href="#footer_28Note">325 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_438-V2">438</a>; + his hope of retaking Quebec through the expedition of Lévis, II. + <a href="#Page_340-V2">340</a>-<a href="#Page_358-V2">358</a>; + his spirit, and chances of success, II. <a href="#Page_361-V2">361</a>, + <a href="#Page_362-V2">362</a>, <a href="#Page_366-V2">366</a>, + <a href="#Page_367-V2">367</a>, <a href="#Page_376-V2">376</a>; + his proclamation to the Canadians, II. <a href="#Page_366-V2">366</a>; + orders given to Bougainville, II. <a href="#Page_367-V2">367</a>, + <a href="#Page_368-V2">368</a>; + the English encamp near Montreal, II. <a href="#Page_372-V2">372</a>; + the articles of capitulation for Montreal drawn up and signed, II. + <a href="#Page_372-V2">372</a>-<a href="#Page_374-V2">374</a>; + repairs to France, II. <a href="#Page_375-V2">375</a>, + <a href="#Page_376-V2">376</a>, <a href="#Page_384-V2">384</a>; + reproved for his action at Montreal, II. <a href="#Page_375-V2">375</a>, + <a href="#Page_376-V2">376</a>; + imprisoned and tried, II. <a href="#Page_385-V2">385</a>, + <a href="#Page_386-V2">386</a>; + acquitted, II. <a href="#Page_386-V2">386</a>; + matters relating to Dumas and Ligneris, II. <a href="#Page_423-V2">423</a>, + <a href="#Page_424-V2">424</a>.<br /> + +Vaudreuil, Rigaud de. See <a href="#rigaud">Rigaud</a>.<br /> +Vauquelin, his bravery at Louisbourg, II. <a href="#Page_063-V2">63</a>, + <a href="#Page_341-V2">341</a>; + attacked by the English, II. <a href="#Page_356-V2">356</a>, + <a href="#Page_357-V2">357</a>.<br /> +Vauvert, I. <a href="#Page_366-V1">366</a>.<br /> +Venango, I. <a href="#Page_133-V1">133</a>, + <a href="#Page_135-V1">135</a>, <a href="#Page_423-V1">423</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_159-V2">159</a>-<a href="#Page_161-V2">161</a>, + <a href="#Page_244-V2">244</a>; + the fort burned, II. <a href="#Page_247-V2">247</a>.<br /> +Vendôme, I. <a href="#Page_010-V1">10</a>.<br /> +Verchères, M. de, I. <a href="#Page_074-V1">74</a>.<br /> +Vergor, Duchambon de, commandant at Beauséjour, I. + <a href="#Page_239-V1">239</a>-<a href="#Page_242-V1">242</a>; + sustains Le Loutre, I. + <a href="#Page_242-V1">242</a>-<a href="#Page_244-V1">244</a>; + letter from Bigot advising official corruption, I. + <a href="#Page_242-V1">242</a>; + the siege of Beauséjour, I. + <a href="#Page_247-V1">247</a>-<a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>; + capitulation of the fort, I. <a href="#Page_251-V1">251</a>; + tried and acquitted, I. <a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_278-V2">278</a>; + his command on the Heights of Abraham, II. + <a href="#Page_276-V2">276</a>-<a href="#Page_278-V2">278</a>; + chances of success for Wolfe in his last venture, II. + <a href="#Page_278-V2">278</a>, <a href="#Page_284-V2">284</a>, + <a href="#Page_285-V2">285</a>; + shot in the heel, II. <a href="#Page_287-V2">287</a>.<br /> +Vermont, I. <a href="#Page_290-V1">290</a>; + new road made across, II. <a href="#Page_241-V2">241</a>.<br /> +Vernet, I. <a href="#Page_012-V1">12</a>.<br /> +Verreau, Abbé H., II. <a href="#footer_17Note">37 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#footer_28Note">326 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Versailles, I. + <a href="#Page_011-V1">11</a>, <a href="#Page_012-V1">12</a>, + <a href="#Page_080-V1">80</a>, <a href="#Page_081-V1">81</a>, + <a href="#Page_087-V1">87</a>, <a href="#Page_096-V1">96</a>, + <a href="#Page_101-V1">101</a>, <a href="#Page_111-V1">111</a>, + <a href="#Page_180-V1">180</a>, <a href="#Page_182-V1">182</a>, + <a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>, <a href="#Page_361-V1">361</a>, + <a href="#Page_474-V1">474</a>, II. <a href="#Page_032-V2">32</a>, + <a href="#Page_354-V2">354</a>, <a href="#Page_395-V2">395</a>; + corruption at court, II. <a href="#Page_044-V2">44</a>; + arrival of the envoys from Canada, II. <a href="#Page_174-V2">174</a>.<br /> +Verte, Baye, I. + <a href="#Page_252-V1">252</a>-<a href="#Page_255-V1">255</a>.<br /> +Vicars, Captain John, I. <a href="#footer_377">375 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#footer_410">398 <i>note</i></a>; + at Albany, I. <a href="#Page_397-V1">397</a>.<br /> +Viger, Hon. D. B., II. <a href="#Page_438-V2">438</a>.<br /> +Viger, Jacques, II. <a href="#Page_418-V2">418</a>.<br /> +Villars, I. <a href="#Page_010-V1">10</a>.<br /> +Villejoin, I. <a href="#Page_458-V1">458</a>.<br /> +Villeray, commandant at Fort Gaspereau, I. <a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>; + surrenders to the English, I. <a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>; + brought to trial, I. <a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>.<br /> +Villiers, Coulon de, sent to Fort Duquesne, I. <a href="#Page_153-V1">153</a>; + the fight at Great Meadows, I. + <a href="#Page_153-V1">153</a>-<a href="#Page_155-V1">155</a>, + <a href="#Page_157-V1">157</a>-<a href="#Page_161-V1">161</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_421-V2">421</a>-<a href="#Page_423-V2">423</a>; + the fight with Bradstreet's boatmen, I. + <a href="#Page_393-V1">393</a>-<a href="#Page_396-V1">396</a>; + condition of his camp, I. <a href="#Page_402-V1">402</a>; + encamped at Niaouré Bay, I. <a href="#Page_408-V1">408</a>; + taken prisoner, II. <a href="#Page_248-V2">248</a>.<br /> +Vincennes, I. <a href="#Page_083-V1">83</a>.<br /> +Vincent, Earl St., II. <a href="#Page_284-V2">284</a>.<br /> +Virginia, I. + <a href="#Page_068-V1">68</a>, <a href="#Page_069-V1">69</a>, + <a href="#Page_142-V1">142</a>, <a href="#Page_163-V1">163</a>, + <a href="#Page_181-V1">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182-V1">182</a>, + <a href="#Page_382-V1">382</a>, <a href="#Page_423-V1">423</a>; + manners, customs, and other matters of interest, + pertaining to, I. + <a href="#Page_029-V1">29</a>-<a href="#Page_035-V1">35</a>, + <a href="#Page_042-V1">42</a>, <a href="#Page_060-V1">60</a>, + <a href="#Page_086-V1">86</a>, + <a href="#footer_163">164 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_165-V1">165</a>, <a href="#Page_196-V1">196</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_022-V2">22</a>; + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_500-V2" id="Page_500-V2">500<br />V2</a></span> + + questions of boundary, I. + <a href="#Page_037-V1">37</a>, <a href="#Page_053-V1">53</a>, + <a href="#Page_061-V1">61</a>, <a href="#Page_174-V1">174</a>; + unpopularity of Lord Albemarle, I. <a href="#Page_136-V1">136</a>, + <a href="#Page_137-V1">137</a>; + the settlers need protection from the Indians, I. + <a href="#Page_139-V1">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140-V1">140</a>, + <a href="#Page_329-V1">329</a>-<a href="#Page_333-V1">333</a>, + <a href="#Page_336-V1">336</a>, <a href="#Page_343-V1">343</a>, + <a href="#Page_365-V1">365</a>, <a href="#Page_380-V1">380</a>, + <a href="#Page_422-V1">422</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_131-V2">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132-V2">132</a>; + meeting of the Assembly with Dinwiddie, I. + <a href="#Page_164-V1">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165-V1">165</a>; + enlistments in and preparations for Braddock's campaign, I. + <a href="#Page_196-V1">196</a>, <a href="#Page_200-V1">200</a>; + disposal of the Acadians, I. <a href="#Page_283-V1">283</a>; + fears of a slave insurrection, I. <a href="#Page_331-V1">331</a>; + condition of its forts, I. <a href="#Page_422-V1">422</a>, + <a href="#footer_443">422 <i>note</i></a>; + roads to Ohio, II. <a href="#Page_133-V2">133</a>. + See <a href="#assemblyVirginia">Assembly of Virginia</a>.<br /> +Virginia regiment, the, commanded by George Washington, I. + <a href="#Page_132-V1">132</a>, <a href="#Page_142-V1">142</a>, + <a href="#Page_151-V1">151</a>; + distress of their marches, and difficulties of the service, I. + <a href="#Page_153-V1">153</a>, + <a href="#Page_156-V1">156</a>-<a href="#Page_159-V1">159</a>, + <a href="#Page_163-V1">163</a>, <a href="#Page_216-V1">216</a>, + <a href="#Page_217-V1">217</a>; + the troops praised by Braddock and by Washington, I. + <a href="#Page_226-V1">226</a>, <a href="#Page_230-V1">230</a>.<br /> +Virginians, the, their service in the army, and merited commendation, I. + <a href="#Page_152-V1">152</a>, <a href="#Page_159-V1">159</a>, + <a href="#Page_200-V1">200</a>, <a href="#Page_226-V1">226</a>, + <a href="#Page_230-V1">230</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_133-V2">133</a>, <a href="#Page_138-V2">138</a>, + <a href="#Page_152-V2">152</a>, <a href="#Page_160-V2">160</a>.<br /> +Vitré, Denis de, pilots the English fleet, II. + <a href="#Page_203-V2">203</a>.<br /> +Voltaire, I. <a href="#Page_001-V1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_016-V1">16</a>, + <a href="#Page_022-V1">22</a>; + letter from Frederic II., II. + <a href="#Page_388-V2">388</a>.<br /> +Voyageurs, I. <a href="#footer_001">20 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h3>W.</h3> +<p> +Wabash River, the, I. <a href="#Page_040-V1">40</a>, + <a href="#Page_056-V1">56</a>, <a href="#Page_083-V1">83</a>.<br /> +Waggoner, Captain, I. <a href="#Page_217-V1">217</a>, + <a href="#Page_331-V1">331</a>.<br /> +Walker, Admiral, his fleet wrecked, II. <a href="#Page_203-V2">203</a>.<br /> +Walpole, Horace, I. <a href="#Page_007-V1">7</a>; + his opinion of Edward Cornwallis, I. + <a href="#Page_093-V1">93</a>, <a href="#Page_110-V1">110</a>; + remark and anecdote concerning the Duke of Newcastle, I. + <a href="#Page_177-V1">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178-V1">178</a>; + observation concerning Mirepoix, I. <a href="#Page_180-V1">180</a>; + sketch of General Braddock, I. + <a href="#Page_188-V1">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189-V1">189</a>, + <a href="#Page_191-V1">191</a>, <a href="#Page_198-V1">198</a>; + remark concerning George Townshend, II. <a href="#Page_193-V2">193</a>; + letters concerning Wolfe and Quebec, II. <a href="#Page_323-V2">323</a>, + <a href="#Page_324-V2">324</a>, <a href="#Page_358-V2">358</a>; + recounts the death of George II., II. + <a href="#Page_390-V2">390</a>, <a href="#Page_391-V2">391</a>; + his writing concerns Pitt, II. <a href="#Page_406-V2">406</a>, + <a href="#Page_407-V2">407</a>.<br /> +War-songs, I. <a href="#Page_474-V1">474</a>, <a href="#Page_476-V1">476</a>, + <a href="#Page_481-V1">481</a>.<br /> +Ward, Ensign, attacked by the French, and surrenders, I. + <a href="#Page_143-V1">143</a>.<br /> +Warde, George, II. <a href="#Page_190-V2">190</a>.<br /> +Warren, Sir Peter, Admiral, I. <a href="#Page_287-V2">287</a>.<br /> +Washington, George, I. <a href="#Page_053-V1">53</a>; + sequence of events dating from the time of his youth, I. + <a href="#Page_001-V1">1</a>; + enters upon his career, I. <a href="#Page_132-V1">132</a>; + adjutant-general of the Virginia militia, I. <a href="#Page_132-V1">132</a>, + <a href="#Page_142-V1">142</a>, <a href="#Page_151-V1">151</a>, + <a href="#Page_330-V1">330</a>; + his embassy to Fort Le Bœuf, with letter of introduction + to Saint-Pierre, I. + <a href="#Page_132-V1">132</a>-<a href="#Page_136-V1">136</a>, + <a href="#Page_297-V1">297</a>; + his adventure at Murdering Town, I. <a href="#Page_136-V1">136</a>; + the site of Pittsburg examined by, I. <a href="#Page_142-V1">142</a>; + the battle at Great Meadows, and the alleged assassination of Jumonville, I. + <a href="#Page_145-V1">145</a>-<a href="#Page_162-V1">162</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_421-V2">421</a>-<a href="#Page_423-V1">423</a>; + his traits of character, I. <a href="#Page_146-V1">146</a>, + <a href="#Page_147-V1">147</a>, <a href="#Page_150-V1">150</a>, + <a href="#Page_213-V1">213</a>, <a href="#Page_219-V1">219</a>, + <a href="#Page_331-V1">331</a>-<a href="#Page_334-V1">334</a>; + at Fort Necessity, I. <a href="#Page_156-V1">156</a>; + the capitulation drawn up by Villiers, I. + <a href="#Page_158-V1">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159-V1">159</a>; + retreat from Fort Necessity, I. + <a href="#Page_160-V1">160</a>, <a href="#Page_161-V1">161</a>; + opinion of, + expressed by Half-King, I. <a href="#footer_159">160 <i>note</i></a>; + the Fourth of July, I. <a href="#Page_161-V1">161</a>; + quoted concerning Braddock, I. <a href="#Page_201-V1">201</a>; + serves as aide-de-camp to Braddock in his expedition + against Fort Duquesne, I. + <a href="#Page_202-V1">202</a>, <a href="#Page_203-V1">203</a>; + consultation with Braddock, I. <a href="#Page_206-V1">206</a>; + letter to his brother quoted, I. + <a href="#Page_206-V1">206</a>, <a href="#Page_207-V1">207</a>; + crosses the Monongahela, I. + <a href="#Page_212-V1">212</a>, <a href="#Page_213-V1">213</a>; + battle of the Monongahela, and retreat of the English troops, I. + <a href="#Page_214-V1">214</a>-<a href="#Page_233-V1">233</a>; + letter quoted concerning the defeat, I. + <a href="#Page_220-V1">220</a>, <a href="#Page_230-V1">230</a>; + quoted concerning the suffering of the people, I. + <a href="#Page_331-V1">331</a>-<a href="#Page_333-V1">333</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_131-V2">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132-V2">132</a>; + his relations with Dinwiddie, I. + <a href="#Page_332-V1">332</a>, <a href="#Page_333-V1">333</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_131-V2">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132-V2">132</a>; + report of the affair at Kittanning, by Dumas, I. + <a href="#Page_426-V1">426</a>, <a href="#Page_427-V1">427</a>; + his relations with General Forbes, in his expedition against Fort Duquesne, II. + <a href="#Page_134-V2">134</a>, <a href="#Page_137-V1">137</a>, + <a href="#Page_138-V2">138</a>, <a href="#Page_158-V1">158</a>.<br /> +Waterbury, I. <a href="#Page_428-V1">428</a>.<br /> +Webb, Colonel Daniel, I. <a href="#Page_439-V1">439</a>; + resigns his position as commander-in-chief, I. + <a href="#Page_383-V1">383</a>; + arrives at Albany, I. <a href="#Page_399-V1">399</a>; + sent to reinforce Oswego, I. <a href="#Page_405-V1">405</a>, + <a href="#Page_406-V1">406</a>, <a href="#Page_415-V1">415</a>; + at Fort Edward, I. <a href="#footer_511">496-498 <i>note</i></a>, II. + <a href="#Page_002-V2">2</a>-<a href="#Page_004-V2">4</a>; + his correspondence with Munro, I. + <a href="#Page_496-V1">496</a>, <a href="#Page_497-V1">497</a>; + his lack of support for Munro, at Fort William Henry, I. + <a href="#Page_496-V1">496</a>, <a href="#Page_497-V1">497</a>, + <a href="#Page_501-V1">501</a>, <a href="#Page_502-V1">502</a>, + <a href="#footer_526">513 <i>note</i></a>, II. + <a href="#Page_001-V1">1</a>-<a href="#Page_003-V1">3</a>, + <a href="#Page_428-V1">428</a>, <a href="#Page_429-V1">429</a>; + his regiment at the siege of Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_297-V2">297</a>.<br /> +Wedell, General, II. <a href="#Page_387-V2">387</a>.<br /> +Weiser, Conrad, I. <a href="#Page_066-V1">66</a>, + <a href="#Page_073-V1">73</a>, <a href="#Page_160-V1">160</a>; + letter to Governor Morris, I. <a href="#Page_347-V1">347</a>.<br /> +Weld, Chaplain, I. <a href="#Page_404-V1">404</a>, + <a href="#footer_420">405 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Wentworth, Governor, I. <a href="#footer_525">510 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Wesley, John, I. <a href="#Page_006-V1">6</a>.<br /> +West, Captain, leads a party to bury the dead, II. + <a href="#Page_159-V2">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160-V2">160</a>.<br /> +West, Benjamin, II. <a href="#Page_159-V2">159</a>.<br /> +West, the conflict for, of the French and the English, I. + <a href="#Page_002-V1">2</a>, + <a href="#Page_063-V1">63</a>-<a href="#Page_090-V1">90</a>, + <a href="#Page_132-V1">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134-V1">134</a>, + <a href="#Page_137-V1">137</a>-<a href="#Page_141-V1">141</a>, + <a href="#Page_170-V1">170</a>, <a href="#Page_192-V1">192</a>, + <a href="#Page_231-V1">231</a>, <a href="#Page_232-V1">232</a>, + <a href="#Page_318-V1">318</a>, <a href="#Page_329-V1">329</a>, + <a href="#Page_415-V1">415</a>; + the forests, I. <a href="#Page_205-V1">205</a>; + French and English settlements compared, II. + <a href="#Page_146-V2">146</a>.<br /> +West Indies, the, I. + <a href="#Page_010-V1">10</a>, <a href="#Page_137-V1">137</a>, + <a href="#Page_230-V1">230</a>, <a href="#Page_356-V1">356</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_065-V2">65</a>, <a href="#Page_192-V2">192</a>, + <a href="#Page_401-V2">401</a>; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_501-V2" id="Page_501-V2">501<br />V2</a></span> + + power of England over, II. + <a href="#Page_400-V2">400</a>, <a href="#Page_405-V2">405</a>.<br /> +West Mountain, I. <a href="#Page_300-V1">300</a>.<br /> +Westminster Abbey, tablet erected to Lord Howe, II. + <a href="#Page_091-V1">91</a>.<br /> +Wheeling Creek, I. <a href="#Page_048-V1">48</a>.<br /> +Whigs, the, I. <a href="#Page_006-V1">6</a>, <a href="#Page_179-V1">179</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_040-V2">40</a>, <a href="#Page_392-V2">392</a>, + <a href="#Page_400-V2">400</a>.<br /> +White Mountains, I. <a href="#Page_453-V1">453</a>.<br /> +White Point, II. <a href="#Page_057-V2">57</a>.<br /> +White Woman's Creek, I. <a href="#Page_055-V1">55</a>.<br /> +Whitefield, I. <a href="#Page_006-V1">6</a>.<br /> +Whitehall, I. <a href="#Page_298-V1">298</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_121-V2">121</a>, <a href="#Page_252-V2">252</a>.<br /> +White's Chocolate-House, I. <a href="#Page_007-V1">7</a>.<br /> +Whiting, Lieutenant-Colonel, I. <a href="#Page_302-V1">302</a>; + his men fall into Dieskau's ambush, I. + <a href="#Page_302-V1">302</a>, <a href="#Page_303-V1">303</a>.<br /> +Whitmore, brigadier, + serves in the expedition against Louisbourg, II. + <a href="#Page_048-V2">48</a>, + <a href="#Page_057-V2">57</a>-<a href="#Page_076-V2">76</a>; + becomes the governor of Louisbourg, II. <a href="#Page_076-V2">76</a>.<br /> +Whitworth, Dr. Miles, I. <a href="#Page_508-V1">508</a>; + summons to the Acadians drawn up, I. <a href="#Page_271-V1">271</a>, + <a href="#Page_272-V1">272</a>; + present at the massacre at Fort William Henry, I. + <a href="#Page_509-V1">509</a>, <a href="#Page_514-V1">514</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_430-V2">430</a>, <a href="#Page_431-V2">431</a>.<br /> +Wiggins, George, II. <a href="#footer_19Note">82 <i>note</i></a>.<br /> +Wilhelmina, death of, II. <a href="#Page_389-V2">389</a>.<br /> +William, Duke of Cumberland, son of George II., I. + <a href="#Page_008-V1">8</a>.<br /> +William III., his accession to the throne of England, I. + <a href="#Page_005-V1">5</a>, <a href="#Page_006-V1">6</a>.<br /> +William and Mary College, I. <a href="#Page_163-V1">163</a>.<br /> +<a name="fortWilliamHenry" id="fortWilliamHenry"></a> +William Henry, Fort, I. <a href="#Page_388-V1">388</a>, + <a href="#Page_452-V1">452</a>, <a href="#Page_457-V1">457</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_088-V2">88</a>, <a href="#Page_114-V2">114</a>; + its situation, I. <a href="#Page_316-V1">316</a>, + <a href="#Page_492-V1">492</a>; + winter life of the garrison, I. <a href="#Page_350-V1">350</a>; + its condition, I. + <a href="#Page_401-V1">401</a>, <a href="#Page_402-V1">402</a>, + <a href="#Page_493-V1">493</a>, <a href="#Page_495-V1">495</a>; + exploits of Lieutentant Kennedy and Captain Hodges, I. + <a href="#Page_428-V1">428</a>, <a href="#Page_429-V1">429</a>; + exploits of Rogers' rangers, I. + <a href="#Page_433-V1">433</a>-<a href="#Page_437-V1">437</a>, + <a href="#Page_441-V1">441</a>, <a href="#Page_445-V1">445</a>; + attacked by Vaudreuil's war-party, I. + <a href="#Page_446-V1">446</a>-<a href="#Page_451-V1">451</a>, + <a href="#Page_456-V1">456</a>-<a href="#Page_458-V1">458</a>; + a new attack planned, and the expedition prepared by the French, I. + <a href="#Page_472-V1">472</a>, + <a href="#Page_474-V1">474</a>-<a href="#Page_494-V1">494</a>; + besieged and conquered by the French, I. + <a href="#Page_494-V1">494</a>-<a href="#Page_513-V1">513</a>, + <a href="#footer_526">514 <i>note</i></a>, II. + <a href="#Page_001-V2">1</a>, + <a href="#Page_002-V2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_005-V2">5</a>, + <a href="#Page_006-V2">6</a>, <a href="#Page_237-V2">237</a>, + <a href="#Page_292-V2">292</a>, <a href="#Page_320-V2">320</a>, + <a href="#Page_321-V2">321</a>, <a href="#Page_381-V2">381</a>, + <a href="#Page_428-V2">428</a>-<a href="#Page_431-V2">431</a>; + some of the garrison massacred by the Indians, I. + <a href="#Page_505-V1">505</a>-<a href="#Page_513-V1">513</a>, + <a href="#footer_526">514 <i>note</i></a>, II. + <a href="#Page_428-V1">428</a>-<a href="#Page_431-V1">431</a>.<br /> +William Henry Hotel, I. <a href="#Page_401-V1">401</a>.<br /> +Williams, Colonel Ephraim, I. <a href="#Page_290-V1">290</a>; + origin of Williams College, I. <a href="#Page_290-V1">290</a>; + serves in the expedition against Crown Point, I. + <a href="#Page_290-V1">290</a>-<a href="#Page_311-V1">311</a>; + his wounds and death, I. <a href="#Page_302-V1">302</a>, + <a href="#Page_303-V1">303</a>, <a href="#Page_311-V1">311</a>.<br /> +Williams, Colonel Israel, II. <a href="#footer_642">120 <i>note</i></a>; + letters to, quoted, I. + <a href="#Page_292-V1">292</a>, <a href="#Page_293-V1">293</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_114-V2">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115-V2">115</a>.<br /> +Williams, Josiah, I. <a href="#Page_311-V1">311</a>.<br /> +Williams, Stephen, a chaplain, I. <a href="#Page_290-V1">290</a>; + preaches to the army at Lake George, I. + <a href="#Page_295-V1">295</a>, <a href="#Page_296-V1">296</a>.<br /> +Williams, Thomas, a surgeon, + serves in the expedition sent against Crown Point, I. + <a href="#Page_290-V1">290</a>-<a href="#Page_293-V1">293</a>; + letters from, quoted, I. <a href="#Page_294-V1">294</a>, + <a href="#Page_311-V1">311</a>, + <a href="#footer_319">316 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_406-V1">406</a>; + his account of the battle of Lake George, I. + <a href="#Page_306-V1">306</a>, + <a href="#footer_316">312 <i>note</i></a>; + his anxiety for Oswego, I. + <a href="#Page_405-V1">405</a>, <a href="#Page_406-V1">406</a>.<br /> +Williams, Colonel William, + account of the loss of Oswego, I. + <a href="#Page_406-V1">406</a>, <a href="#Page_407-V1">407</a>; + letters quoted concerning the army and the battle at Ticonderoga, II. + <a href="#Page_114-V2">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115-V2">115</a>, + <a href="#Page_119-V2">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120-V2">120</a>.<br /> +Williams College, I. <a href="#Page_290-V1">290</a>.<br /> +Williams, Fort, I. <a href="#Page_374-V1">374</a>, + <a href="#Page_375-V1">375</a>.<br /> +Williamsburg, I. <a href="#Page_136-V1">136</a>, + <a href="#Page_142-V1">142</a>, <a href="#Page_163-V1">163</a>, + <a href="#Page_228-V1">228</a>, <a href="#Page_332-V1">332</a>; + society at, I. <a href="#Page_163-V1">163</a>, + <a href="#Page_164-V1">164</a>.<br /> +Will's Creek, I. <a href="#Page_059-V1">59</a>, + <a href="#Page_139-V1">139</a>, + <a href="#Page_142-V1">142</a>-<a href="#Page_144-V1">144</a>, + <a href="#Page_151-V1">151</a>, <a href="#Page_161-V1">161</a>; + the trading-station established on, I. <a href="#Page_132-V1">132</a>, + <a href="#Page_199-V1">199</a>, <a href="#Page_260-V1">260</a>.<br /> +Winchester, I. + <a href="#Page_141-V1">141</a>, <a href="#Page_330-V1">330</a>.<br /> +Windsor, I. <a href="#Page_094-V1">94</a>, <a href="#Page_268-V1">268</a>.<br /> +Winnebagoes, the, I. <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>.<br /> +Winslow, John, I. + <a href="#Page_169-V1">169</a>, <a href="#Page_495-V1">495</a>; + his education and circumstances, I. + <a href="#Page_245-V1">245</a>, <a href="#Page_246-V1">246</a>; + his letters and journal quoted concerning the Acadians, I. + <a href="#Page_249-V1">249</a>, <a href="#Page_250-V1">250</a>, + <a href="#Page_252-V1">252</a>, <a href="#footer_261">253 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_254-V1">254</a>, <a href="#Page_255-V1">255</a>, + <a href="#footer_275">266 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_267-V1">267</a>, + <a href="#Page_269-V1">269</a>-<a href="#Page_271-V1">271</a>, + <a href="#Page_274-V1">274</a>, <a href="#Page_275-V1">275</a>, + <a href="#Page_277-V1">277</a>, <a href="#footer_278">277 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_278-V1">278</a>, <a href="#Page_279-V1">279</a>; + the siege of Fort Beauséjour, I. + <a href="#Page_247-V1">247</a>-<a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>; + circumstances with regard to the removal of the Acadians, I. + <a href="#Page_249-V1">249</a>-<a href="#Page_253-V1">253</a>, + <a href="#Page_266-V1">266</a>-<a href="#Page_284-V1">284</a>; + relations with Captain Murray, I. <a href="#Page_269-V1">269</a>, + <a href="#Page_275-V1">275</a>, <a href="#Page_278-V1">278</a>; + delivers the orders of George II. to the Acadians, I. + <a href="#Page_272-V1">272</a>-<a href="#Page_274-V1">274</a>; + his portrait, I. <a href="#Page_273-V1">273</a>; + his quarters at Half-Moon, I. <a href="#Page_387-V1">387</a>; + letter to Colonel Fitch, I. <a href="#Page_388-V1">388</a>; + letters hastening the preparations for an attack on Ticonderoga, I. + <a href="#Page_388-V1">388</a>, <a href="#Page_389-V1">389</a>, + <a href="#Page_405-V1">405</a>, <a href="#Page_438-V1">438</a>; + difficulty concerning the rank of provincials and regulars, I. + <a href="#Page_399-V1">399</a>, <a href="#Page_400-V1">400</a>; + his camp at Lake George, I. <a href="#Page_401-V1">401</a>, + <a href="#Page_421-V1">421</a>, <a href="#Page_438-V1">438</a>; + his opinion of Israel Putnam, I. <a href="#Page_428-V1">428</a>; + his Letter Book cited, I. <a href="#Page_429-V1">429</a>; + prisoners brought into camp, I. <a href="#Page_431-V1">431</a>; + his sentinels killed, I. <a href="#Page_437-V1">437</a>; + ordered to remain in a defensive attitude, I. <a href="#Page_438-V1">438</a>; + his letter to Shirley concerning the failure of the campaign, I. + <a href="#Page_438-V1">438</a>, <a href="#Page_439-V1">439</a>; + his troops garrisoned in winter-quarters, I. <a href="#Page_439-V1">439</a>; + money expended on his expedition, II. <a href="#Page_084-V2">84</a>.<br /> +Wisconsin, I. <a href="#Page_486-V1">486</a>.<br /> +Wisconsin Historical Society, the, II. <a href="#Page_426-V1">426</a>.<br /> +Wolf Island, I. <a href="#Page_409-V1">409</a>.<br /> +Wolfe, Mrs., the filial devotion of her son, II. + <a href="#Page_185-V2">185</a>-<a href="#Page_190-V2">190</a>, + <a href="#Page_192-V2">192</a>; + last letter from General Wolfe, II. <a href="#Page_269-V2">269</a>, + <a href="#Page_270-V2">270</a>; + mourns his loss, II. <a href="#Page_324-V2">324</a>.<br /> +Wolfe, Major-General Edward, II. <a href="#Page_184-V2">184</a>.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_502-V2" id="Page_502-V2">502<br />V2</a></span> +<a name="wolfe" id="wolfe"></a> +Wolfe, James, II. <a href="#Page_048-V2">48</a>, <a href="#Page_345-V2">345</a>; + his opinion of Cornwallis, I. <a href="#Page_093-V2">93</a>; + serves in the expedition against Louisbourg, II. + <a href="#Page_048-V2">48</a>, + <a href="#Page_057-V2">57</a>-<a href="#Page_081-V2">81</a>; + his characteristics and ill health, II. + <a href="#Page_048-V2">48</a>, <a href="#Page_058-V2">58</a>, + <a href="#Page_078-V2">78</a>-<a href="#Page_081-V2">81</a>, + <a href="#Page_183-V2">183</a>-<a href="#Page_188-V2">188</a>, + <a href="#Page_190-V2">190</a>-<a href="#Page_192-V2">192</a>, + <a href="#Page_219-V2">219</a>, + <a href="#Page_221-V2">221</a>-<a href="#Page_225-V2">225</a>, + <a href="#Page_262-V2">262</a>, + <a href="#Page_266-V2">266</a>-<a href="#Page_270-V2">270</a>, + <a href="#Page_272-V2">272</a>, <a href="#Page_277-V2">277</a>, + <a href="#Page_281-V2">281</a>, <a href="#Page_288-V2">288</a>, + <a href="#Page_289-V2">289</a>, <a href="#Page_294-V2">294</a>, + <a href="#Page_295-V2">295</a>; + his age, II. <a href="#Page_184-V2">184</a>; + confidential relation existing with his mother, II. + <a href="#Page_185-V2">185</a>-<a href="#Page_190-V2">190</a>, + <a href="#Page_192-V2">192</a>, <a href="#Page_269-V2">269</a>, + <a href="#Page_270-V2">270</a>; + plans of attack at Louisbourg, II. + <a href="#Page_057-V2">57</a>, <a href="#Page_058-V2">58</a>; + the Island Battery silenced, II. + <a href="#Page_062-V2">62</a>, <a href="#Page_063-V2">63</a>; + the French ships burned, II. <a href="#Page_066-V2">66</a>, + <a href="#Page_067-V2">67</a>, <a href="#Page_069-V2">69</a>; + the capitulation of Louisbourg, II. + <a href="#Page_071-V2">71</a>-<a href="#Page_075-V2">75</a>; + ordered to disperse the French settlers, II. + <a href="#Page_080-V2">80</a>, <a href="#Page_081-V2">81</a>; + sails for England, II. <a href="#Page_081-V2">81</a>; + his opinion of Abercromby and of Lord Howe, II. + <a href="#Page_089-V2">89</a>; + an expedition fitted out to serve under, II. + <a href="#Page_181-V2">181</a>-<a href="#Page_184-V2">184</a>; + his rank and campaigns, II. <a href="#Page_185-V2">185</a>, + <a href="#Page_189-V2">189</a>, <a href="#Page_191-V2">191</a>; + the Rochefort expedition, II. <a href="#Page_189-V2">189</a>; + letters to Major Wolfe and Lieutenant-Colonel Rickson, II. + <a href="#Page_190-V2">190</a>-<a href="#Page_192-V2">192</a>; + his betrothed, II. + <a href="#Page_190-V2">190</a>, <a href="#Page_284-V2">284</a>; + to command the expedition against Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_191-V2">191</a>-<a href="#Page_193-V2">193</a>; + embarks for America, II. <a href="#Page_192-V2">192</a>; + authorities on his life, II. <a href="#footer_24Note">194 <i>note</i></a>; + siege and reduction of Quebec, II. + <a href="#Page_195-V2">195</a>-<a href="#Page_233-V2">233</a>, + <a href="#Page_259-V2">259</a>-<a href="#Page_299-V2">299</a>, + <a href="#Page_436-V2">436</a>-<a href="#Page_441-V2">441</a>; + arrival of the fleet in the St. Lawrence, and passage of the Traverse, II. + <a href="#Page_203-V2">203</a>-<a href="#Page_206-V2">206</a>; + at the Island of Orléans, II. <a href="#Page_208-V2">208</a>; + his view of the French camp, II. + <a href="#Page_208-V2">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209-V2">209</a>; + the descent of the fireships, II. + <a href="#Page_210-V2">210</a>-<a href="#Page_212-V2">212</a>, + <a href="#Page_227-V2">227</a>; + seizes Point Levi, II. <a href="#Page_213-V2">213</a>; + his proclamations to the Canadians, II. <a href="#Page_213-V2">213</a>, + <a href="#Page_214-V2">214</a>, <a href="#Page_223-V2">223</a>, + <a href="#Page_225-V2">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226-V2">226</a>, + <a href="#Page_260-V2">260</a>, <a href="#Page_261-V2">261</a>; + his position at Montmorenci, II. + <a href="#Page_216-V2">216</a>-<a href="#Page_220-V2">220</a>; + Quebec bombarded, II. <a href="#Page_216-V2">216</a>, + <a href="#Page_217-V2">217</a>, <a href="#Page_228-V2">228</a>; + his determination to persevere in the siege, II. + <a href="#Page_228-V2">228</a>; + the disaster at Montmorenci, II. + <a href="#Page_228-V2">228</a>-<a href="#Page_233-V2">233</a>, + <a href="#Page_259-V2">259</a>, <a href="#Page_260-V2">260</a>, + <a href="#Page_268-V2">268</a>, <a href="#Page_269-V2">269</a>; + ballads written concerning, II. <a href="#footer_25Note">233 <i>note</i></a>; + the expected aid from Amherst, II. + <a href="#Page_240-V2">240</a>, <a href="#Page_241-V2">241</a>, + <a href="#Page_250-V2">250</a>, <a href="#Page_272-V2">272</a>; + proposes to fortify Isle-aux-Coudres, II. <a href="#Page_260-V2">260</a>; + plans of attack considered by, II. <a href="#Page_260-V2">260</a>, + <a href="#Page_266-V2">266</a>-<a href="#Page_272-V2">272</a>; + despatches sent to Pitt, II. + <a href="#Page_268-V2">268</a>-<a href="#Page_272-V2">272</a>, + <a href="#Page_323-V2">323</a>; + the discovery of the path ascending the heights, II. + <a href="#Page_272-V2">272</a>, <a href="#Page_278-V2">278</a>; + his determination to climb the heights, and attack the French, II. + <a href="#Page_272-V2">272</a>-<a href="#Page_280-V2">280</a>; + movements of the squadron under Holmes, II. + <a href="#Page_278-V2">278</a>-<a href="#Page_285-V2">285</a>; + his last orders from the "Sutherland," II. + <a href="#Page_280-V2">280</a>, <a href="#Page_281-V2">281</a>; + statistics of his troops, II. + <a href="#Page_281-V2">281</a>, <a href="#Page_283-V2">283</a>, + <a href="#Page_290-V2">290</a>, + <a href="#footer_27Note">298 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_437-V2">437</a>, <a href="#Page_438-V2">438</a>, + <a href="#Page_444-V2">444</a>; + assisted by Saunders, II. <a href="#Page_282-V2">282</a>; + the pretended attack at Beauport, II. <a href="#Page_282-V2">282</a>, + <a href="#Page_283-V2">283</a>; + makes use of the French provision-boats, II. <a href="#Page_283-V2">283</a>, + <a href="#Page_284-V2">284</a>, <a href="#Page_286-V2">286</a>; + his presentiment, II. <a href="#Page_284-V2">284</a>; + his chances of success, II. + <a href="#Page_284-V2">284</a>, <a href="#Page_285-V2">285</a>; + the ascent of the heights, II. + <a href="#Page_284-V2">284</a>-<a href="#Page_289-V2">289</a>; + remark concerning Gray's Elegy, II. <a href="#Page_285-V2">285</a>; + the challenge to the boats, II. <a href="#Page_286-V2">286</a>; + his troops drawn up ready for action, II. + <a href="#Page_289-V2">289</a>-<a href="#Page_292-V2">292</a>; + the charge and victory of the English, II. + <a href="#Page_295-V2">295</a>-<a href="#Page_297-V2">297</a>; + his wounds, II. <a href="#Page_296-V2">296</a>; + his last words, II. <a href="#Page_297-V2">297</a>, + <a href="#footer_783">297 <i>note</i></a> + his death, II. + <a href="#Page_297-V2">297</a>, <a href="#Page_317-V2">317</a>, + <a href="#Page_323-V2">323</a>, <a href="#Page_324-V2">324</a>; + his remains carried to England, II. <a href="#Page_317-V2">317</a>; + his death written upon by Walpole, II. <a href="#Page_323-V2">323</a>, + <a href="#Page_324-V2">324</a>; + the fruits of the victory, II. <a href="#Page_325-V2">325</a>, + <a href="#Page_352-V2">352</a>, <a href="#Page_400-V2">400</a>; + remarks of the Rev. E. Forbes, II. <a href="#Page_378-V2">378</a>; + his "Instructions to Young Officers," II. + <a href="#Page_439-V2">439</a>.<br /> +Wolfe, Walter, the uncle of James Wolfe, II. + <a href="#Page_190-V2">190</a>, <a href="#Page_192-V2">192</a>; + letters from his nephew quoted, II. + <a href="#Page_191-V2">191</a>-<a href="#Page_193-V2">193</a>.<br /> +Wolfe's Cove, II. <a href="#Page_278-V2">278</a>.<br /> +Wood Creek, I. <a href="#Page_295-V1">295</a>, <a href="#Page_297-V1">297</a>, + <a href="#Page_321-V1">321</a>, <a href="#Page_374-V1">374</a>, + <a href="#Page_388-V1">388</a>, <a href="#Page_406-V1">406</a>, II. + <a href="#Page_121-V2">121</a>.<br /> +Wooden Horse, the, I. <a href="#Page_386-V1">386</a>.<br /> +Woolsey, Colonel, II. <a href="#Page_432-V2">432</a>, + <a href="#Page_433-V2">433</a>.<br /> +Wooster, Colonel David, I. <a href="#Page_389-V1">389</a>.<br /> +Worcester, I. <a href="#Page_404-V1">404</a>.<br /> +Wraxall, I. <a href="#footer_308">301 <i>note</i></a>; + eulogies of Johnson, I. <a href="#Page_316-V1">316</a>.<br /> +Wright, his Life of Wolfe, II. <a href="#footer_19Note">82 <i>note</i></a>, + <a href="#Page_194-V1">194</a>.<br /> +Wright, Dr., II. <a href="#Page_120-V2">120</a>; + sickness in the army, II. <a href="#Page_120-V2">120</a>.<br /> +Wyandot, I. <a href="#Page_054-V1">54</a>, <a href="#Page_076-V1">76</a>.<br /> +Wyandots, the, I. <a href="#Page_040-V1">40</a>, <a href="#Page_041-V1">41</a>, + <a href="#Page_057-V1">57</a>.<br /> +Wyoming, II. <a href="#Page_143-V2">143</a>.<br /> +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h3>Y.</h3> +<p> +Yadkin, the, I. <a href="#Page_058-V1">58</a>.<br /> +Yale College, I. <a href="#Page_290-V1">290</a>.<br /> +York, I. <a href="#Page_007-V1">7</a>.<br /> +Youghiogany river, the, I. + <a href="#Page_145-V1">145</a>, <a href="#Page_146-V1">146</a>, + II. <a href="#Page_138-V2">138</a>.<br /> +Young, Lieutenant-Colonel, I. <a href="#Page_496-V1">496</a>; + sent to Montcalm for terms of capitulation, I. + <a href="#Page_505-V1">505</a>.<br /> +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h3>Z.</h3> +<p> +Zeisberger, David, I. + <a href="#footer_015"><i>55 note</i></a>.<br /> +Zinzendorf, Count, I. + <a href="#Page_054-V1">54</a>, <a href="#Page_055-V1">55</a>.<br /> +</p> +<p><br /></p> +</div> + + + + + + + + + +<hr class="main" /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /> + <a name="parkman" id="parkman"></a> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents34">Francis Parkman</a></h2> +</div> + +<p><br /></p> +<h3>France and England in North America</h3> +<ol> +<li><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3721"> + Pioneers of France in the New World</a> (1865)<br /> + Revised (1885)</li> +<li><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6933"> + The Jesuits in North America in the seventeenth century</a> (1867)</li> +<li><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/9997"> + The Discovery of the West</a> (1869) <br /> + <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/40143"> + La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West</a> (1879)</li> +<li><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/53000"> + The Old Régime in Canada</a> (1874)<br /> + Revised (1894)</li> +<li><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6875"> + Count Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV.</a> (1877)</li> +<li>A Half Century of Conflict (1892)<br /> + <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24457"> + Volume 1</a><br /> + <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7064"> + Volume 2</a> </li> +<li><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14517"> + <span class="smcap">Montcalm and Wolfe</span> </a> (1884)</li> +</ol> + +<p> +The year that each book was published is printed and enclosed by parenthesis +after the title of each volume. In three cases, there are two listings for +a line item. For those parts, Parkman issued a volume with major revisions +subsequent to the initial release of the book. +</p> +<p> +The revised version of <i>Pioneers of France</i> (Part One) contains new +descriptions of Florida and some changes to the section on Samuel Champlain. +Parkman revised <i>Discovery of the West</i> (Part Three) after obtaining +access to Margry's collection. The revised version of <i>The Old +Régime</i> (Part Four) includes three new chapters regarding +La Tour and D'Aunay. +</p> +<p> +Volume 3 was not only revised, but the title was altered. Parkman first +released Volume 3 as <i>The Discovery of the West.</i> His updated version of +Volume 3 was entitled <i>La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West.</i> +</p> + +<h3>Other Principal Works</h3> +<ul> +<li><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1015"> + The Oregon Trail</a> (1849)</li> +<li><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/39253"> + The Conspiracy of Pontiac</a> (1851)</li> +</ul> + +<hr class="main" /> +<div class="chapterhead"> + <br /> + <a name="transNotes" id="transNotes"></a> + <br /><br /><br /> + <h2><a href="#Contents34">Transcriber's Notes</a></h2> + <p><br /></p> + <h3>Introduction</h3> +</div> + + +<p> +Welcome to <span class="smcap">Project Gutenberg's</span> edition of +<i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>. While this book was the sixth part released by +Francis Parkman in his seven-part series called <i>France and England +in North America,</i> Parkman refers to this book as Part Seven. In +the Preface to this book, Parkman noted that these two volumes were +a departure from the chronological sequence of the series. The events +of the epoch that was passed over formed the topics of <i>A Half +Century of Conflict</i>, Part Six of this series. Parkman published both +volumes of Part Six in 1892.</p> +<p> +The author was in poor health when he began work on these volumes, and +wondered if he would only be able to write one more book. He chose to +tell first the story that he most ardently wished to tell. </p> +<p> +Our version of <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i> is based on the 1885 edition of +this book, published by Little, Brown, and Company. This book is essentially +the same book as the original work, published one year before by the same +publisher. The 1884 book is of slightly better quality, but practical +considerations factored into our decision to use the book available from +Yale University. Future claims of errata may be consulted against the +scanned pages of the 1885 book, available through Hathitrust.</p> +<p> +The footnotes have been produced using the <span class="smcap">Project +Gutenberg</span>™ standard. Footnotes follow the paragraph in +which they were mentioned. Footnotes have been set in smaller print +and have larger margins than regular text. Footnotes are numbered +sequentially. There are a total of 877 numbered footnotes in this book. +There are also eleven end of chapter footnotes, which are in addition to +the sequentially numbered footnotes. </p> +<p> +This text generally preserved the italicization of <i>words, phrases, and +the titles of references</i> which are presented in <i>italics</i> in the +printed book. The standard of the book is to not use italics on numbers. +For example, it is easier to write: <i>Webb to Loudon, 1 Aug. 1757</i>, +but the book displayed the content as follows: <i>Webb to Loudon</i>, +1 <i>Aug</i>. 1757. We have tried to match that policy in this e-book. +<span class="smcap">Small capitalization</span> has also been retained. +</p> +<p> +The topics list in the <i>Contents</i> are supposed to match the topics +list at the beginning of each chapter. The variances were most often +present in the capitalization of words. There was one case of variance +in punctuation, and another case where a word was changed. Our emendations +in these matters made the topics list in the contents match the topics list +at the beginning of each chapter. See the <i>Detailed Notes</i> +for individual changes. +</p> +<p> +Detailed notes describe problems or issues in transcribing a specific +portion of the text. Emendations are listed, and described, in the +<i>Detailed Notes</i>, as well as other issues in transcribing the +text. +</p> +<p>You will see +<ins title="a short message, such as the original text, will appear here."> +changed text</ins> underlined by dotted silver lines. In some versions +(like the HTML version) of this document, you can hover your cursor over the +changed text and see details in a small box. Those details are repeated, and +sometimes elaborated upon, in the Detailed Notes Section of these Notes.</p> + +<p><br /></p> +<h3>Detailed Notes Section:</h3> + + + +<div id="notes"> + +<p><br /></p> +<h4> Chapter 1:</h4> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_030-V1">Page 30</a>, slave-masters is hyphenated and + split between two lines. There are no other occurrences of the word + in the book. We retained the hyphen in the sentence: <strong>They may be + described as English country squires transplanted to a warm climate and + turned slave-masters.</strong> +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_032-V1">Page 32</a> and + <a href="#Page_372-V2">Page 372</a> in Vol II, non-combatants is hyphenated + and split between two lines. The word is hyphenated and not split there + on <a href="#Page_141-V1">Page 141</a>, <a href="#Page_311-V2">Page 311</a>, + and <a href="#Page_409-V2">Page 409</a>. There are no occurrences of + noncombatants without the hyphen. Therefore, we retained the hyphen in our + transcription. +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h4> Chapter 2:</h4> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_048-V1">Page 48</a>, (and also + <a href="#Page_385-V1">Page 385</a>), powder-horn is hyphenated and + split between two lines. Powder-horn is used in three other instances: + <a href="#Page_211-V1">Page 211</a>, <a href="#Page_291-V1">Page 291</a>, + and <a href="#Page_306-V1">Page 306</a>. There is no usage of powder-horn + without the hyphen. Therefore, we retained the hyphen in our transcription + in the two cases in question. +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h4> Chapter 3:</h4> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_073-V1">Page 73</a> and <a href="#Page_076-V1">Page 76</a>, + block-houses appear with a hyphen. Both words are written this way, in the + middle of a line, in the text by Parkman. There are many other occurrences + of the word blockhouse where the word is spelled without a hyphen. See the + detailed notes of Chapter 8 for more information. We kept the transcription + as it appears in the printed book, and simply advise readers that the author + or the publisher, and not the transcriber, originated the inconsistency. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_075-V1">Page 75</a>, in <a href="#footer_041">footnote 41</a>, + the word servir appears to have an accent over the r. The 1884 volume + does not have the accent; therefore, the assumption is that the accent in + the 1885 volume is an imperfection. We transcribed the word as 'servir,' + without the accent over the r. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_085-V1">Page 85</a>, verb tenses do not agree in the + sentence: Seventy years of missionaries had not weaned them from cannibalism, + and they boiled and <strong>eat</strong> the Demoiselle. Nevertheless, the + sentence was transcribed as Parkman wrote it. +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h4> Chapter 4:</h4> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_095-V1">Page 95</a> in <a href="#footer_075">footnote + 75</a>, Sa <strong>Ma jesté</strong> is split between two lines + without a hyphen. We assume that the missing hyphen was a typo. The + word was transcribed Majesté. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_101-V1">Page 101</a> remove period after Le in the + clause: <strong>another from Le. Loutre, declaring that he and + Father Germain were consulting together how to disgust the English with + their enterprise of Halifax;</strong>.... This period did not exist in + the 1884 version of this book. +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h4> Chapter 5:</h4> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_132-V1">Page 132</a> pack-horses is hyphenated and split + between two lines. On <a href="#Page_205-V1">Page 205</a>, + <a href="#Page_206-V1">Page 206</a>, and <a href="#Page_212-V1">Page 212</a>, + the author omitted the hyphen, spelling packhorses. Parkman retained the + hyphen on <a href="#Page_134-V2">Page 134</a> of Volume II. Also, on + <a href="#Page_214-V1">Page 214</a>, pack horses was spelled as two words. + We went with the majority vote and transcribed the word packhorses, without + the hyphen, in the clause: <strong>and four or five white men with + packhorses.</strong> +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_149-V1">Page 149</a> corrected the exotic spelling of + Washington in the clause: <strong>that which the cruel Vvasinghton + had promised himself.</strong> This error does not exist in the 1884 book. +</p> +<p> + With seventeen other occurrences of storehouse spelled without the hyphen, + and none with, the transcription of the hyphenated word on + <a href="#Page_155-V1">Page 155</a> was an easy decision in the clause: + <strong>and turned back for the storehouse</strong>. This logic also + applies to the transcription on Page 374 in Chapter 11. +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h4> Chapter 7:</h4> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_199-V1">Page 198</a>, add missing period at the + conclusion of the clause: as it was favorable to its political + longings<strong>.</strong> This period was not missing in the 1884 + edition. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_208-V1">Page 208</a>, guard-house is hyphenated and + split between two lines. Guard-houses of Page 328 in Volume II is + also hyphenated and split between two lines. + On <a href="#Page_319-V1">Page 319</a> in Volume I, guard-house is + hyphenated in the middle of a line. There are no other occurrences + of the word. Therefore, we have transcribed the word guard-house, + both here and on page 328 in Volume II. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_208-V1">Page 208</a>, musket shot is spelled as two + words, without the hyphen. There is some confusion as to whether shot + is a noun or a verb, i.e., a musket-shot (noun) from the ramparts or a + musket shot (verb) from the ramparts. There are eight other occurrences + of the word spelled musket-shot, with a hyphen, in the book. In some of + those instances, the word was split between two lines for spacing and + transcribed as musket-shot. There is another instance where musket shot + appears without the hyphen, on page 50 in Volume 2. The usage on page 50 + appears to be a noun. We kept the transcription as it is in the printed + book. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_214-V1">Page 214</a>, pack horses was spelled as two words + in the clause: <strong>the pack horses and cattle, with their drivers + ...</strong>. No change was made despite the spelling being inconsistent + in this book. See the detailed notes of Chapter 5 for more details. +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h4> Chapter 8:</h4> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_234-V1">Page 234</a>, changed Persist to persist in + <span class="smcap">The Acadians Persist in their Refusal</span> in the + topics list at the beginning of Chapter 8. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_248-V1">Page 248</a>, block-house is hyphenated and + split between two lines. There are ten other occurrences of blockhouse + in the book, without the hyphen. There are two occurrences of block-house, + on page 73 and page 76, with the hyphen. Majority rules:—we have + transcribed the word blockhouse, without the hyphen, in the clause: + there was a large <strong>blockhouse</strong> and a breastwork of timber + defended by ... +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_256-V1">Page 256</a> in <a href="#footer_264">footnote + 264</a>, corrected the spelling of <i>L'Évéque de + Québec</i> to <i>L'Évêque de Québec</i>. + <a href="#footer_075">Footnote 75</a> and + <a href="#footer_106">Footnote 106</a> opt for the circumflex in + l'Évêque. The source for Footnote 75 is the same source + as Footnote 264. The grave after v appears to be a typo. This error + was also present in the 1884 version of the book. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_278-V1">Page 278</a> heart-sick is hyphenated and split + between two lines. There are no other occurrences of the word in these + two volumes. Heartsick without the hyphen may be found in Mr. Webster, + but not the hyphenated word. Therefore, the hyphen was not retained in + transcribing the clause: Winslow grew <strong>heartsick</strong> at the + daily sight of miseries ... +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h4> Chapter 9:</h4> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_290-V1">Page 290</a> in <a href="#footer_296">footnote + 296</a>, we have placed a period after VI in the source: <i>Provincial + Papers of New Hampshire, VI. 429.</i> Footnote 393 and 457 refer to + the same source, and both other references have a period after VI. +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h4> Chapter 10:</h4> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_326-V1">Page 326</a>, Parkman uses a hyphen in + whale-boat, which is inconsistent with his usage of the word in these + two volumes. There are two other occurrences of whale-boat: 1) On + Page 271, as part of a quote, and 2) On Page 323, as part of the quote. + The presumption is that Parkman had no choice in the spelling of quoted + text. There are twelve occurrences of whaleboat in the text without the + hyphen. There was one additional case where whale-boat was hyphenated and + split between two lines for spacing (see the detailed notes for Chapter 21). + That word was transcribed as whaleboat. We made no change in the sentence: + At the end of October, leaving seven hundred men at Oswego, Shirley returned + to Albany, and narrowly escaped drowning on the way, while passing a rapid + in a <strong>whale-boat,</strong> to try the fitness of that species of craft + for river navigation. However, this usage is an outlier. +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h4> Chapter 11:</h4> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_374-V1">Page 374</a>, store-houses is split between two + lines and hyphenated for spacing. We transcribed the word without the + hyphen in the clause: <strong>Fort Bull, a mere collection of storehouses + surrounded by a palisade ...</strong>. See the detailed notes of Chapter + 5 for a more detailed explanation. +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h4> Chapter 12:</h4> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_385-V1">Page 385</a>, powder-horn is split between two + lines and hyphenated for spacing. We transcribed the word with the + hyphen in the clause: <strong>A powder-horn, bullet-pouch, blanket, + knapsack, and "wooden bottle," or canteen, were supplied by the + province; ...</strong>. See the detailed notes of Chapter + 2 for a more detailed explanation. +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h4> Chapter 13:</h4> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_417-V1">Page 417</a>, bush-fight is hyphenated in the + topics list of this chapter. Bushfighter, on + <a href="#Page_429-V1">Page 429</a>, is not hyphenated. This inconsistency + appears throughout the book with bushfight and its variants. + Bushfighter appears on page 429 in volume 1, and page 123 in volume 2. + Bushfighters appears on page 246 in volume 2, but on page 371 in volume 1, + the hyphen is used in bush-fighters. Bushfight appears on page 381 of + volume 2, but Bush-fight is hyphenated in the topics list of Chapters 13 + and 16. Bush-fighting is hyphenated on pages 501 and 502 of volume 1. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_446-V1">Page 446</a>, small-pox is hyphenated and split + between two lines for spacing. There are six other occurrences of + small-pox, spelled with a hyphen, in the middle of a line. There is no + occurrence of smallpox, without the hyphen. We transcribed the word with + the hyphen in the sentence: <strong>The effects of his wound and an attack + of small-pox kept Rogers quiet for a time.</strong> +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_446-V1">Page 446</a>, changed gripe to grip in the clause: + heralding that dismal season when winter begins to relax its + <strong>gripe,</strong> but spring still holds aloof; This error is + also found in the 1884 version of the book. +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h4> Chapter 15:</h4> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_497-V1">Page 497</a>, hard-pressed was hyphenated and split + between two lines for spacing. There was no other usage of the word in both + volumes. We transcribed the word with the hyphen in the clause: + <strong>wrote the hard-pressed officer</strong>. +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h4> Chapter 18:</h4> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_038-V2">Page 38</a>, changed 1757-1758 to 1757, 1758 + in the heading of Chapter 18.<br /> + On <a href="#Page_038-V2">Page 38</a>, capitalize new in the topic: + <span class="smcap">The new Ministry</span>. + On <a href="#Page_038-V2">Page 38</a>, added comma after Court in + the topic: <span class="smcap">She controls the Court and directs + the War</span>. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_048-V2">Page 48</a>, short-coming is hyphenated and + split between two lines for spacing. Shortcoming is spelled without + the hyphen on page 50 and page 227 in volume 2. Shortcomings is spelled + without the hyphen on page 300 in Volume 2. There are no occurrences of + shortcoming or shortcomings with a hyphen in these volumes. We + transcribed the word without the hyphen in the clause: + <strong>and make amends for all shortcomings of his chief.</strong> +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_050-V2">Page 50</a>, musket shot is spelled as two + words, without the hyphen. Shot is used as a noun in this clause: + Gardiner was killed by a musket shot. The book, in other cases, spelled + musket-shot with a hyphen when shot is used as a noun. See the note in + Chapter 7 for more details. No changes were made, but in this case, the + transcriber believes musket-shot, with the hyphen, is more consistent + usage. +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h4> Chapter 19:</h4> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_056-V2">Page 56</a>, fire-ships is hyphenated in the + clause: At the end of May Admiral Boscawen was at Halifax with twenty-three + ships of the line, eighteen frigates and <strong>fire-ships</strong>, and + a fleet of transports ... Fireships is used eight other times in these + volumes without a hyphen. The inconsistency came from the publisher or + author, not the transcriber. +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h4> Chapter 20:</h4> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_083-V2">Page 83</a>, capitalized Frightful of + <span class="smcap">A frightful Scene</span> in the topics list + at the beginning of Chapter 20. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_089-V2">Page 89</a> in <a href="#footer_607">footnote + 607</a>, we have placed a comma after Parkman: + Great-uncle of the writer, and son of the Rev. Ebenezer <strong>Parkman + a</strong> graduate of Harvard, and minister of Westborough, Mass. This + error is also found in the 1884 version of the book. +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h4> Chapter 21:</h4> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_114-V2">Page 114</a>, capitalized Routed in + <span class="smcap">The routed Army</span> in the topics list + at the beginning of Chapter 21. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_114-V2">Page 114</a>, a curious character appears + after the y in the date of the letter of Colonel Williams. In a + document in the Appendix, on <a href="#Page_429-V2">Page 429</a>, + there is the clause "We did not march till ye 10th." Because of that + document in the Appendix, we transcribed the date: + "Lake George (sorrowful situation), July y<span class="superscript">e</span> + 11<span class="superscript">th</span>," +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_128-V2">Page 128</a>, whale-boats is hyphenated and + split across two lines for spacing. We transcribed the word without + the hyphen in the clause: <strong>On the twenty-second of August his + fleet of whaleboats and bateaux pushed out on Lake Ontario;</strong> + See the detailed notes in Chapter 10 for more details. +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h4> Chapter 22:</h4> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_134-V2">Page 134</a>, Parkman uses a hyphen in + pack-horses, which is inconsistent with his usual spelling of the word. + See the note in Chapter 5 for more details. We retained the spelling + in the clause: as little impeded as possible with wagons and + <strong>pack-horses</strong>. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_144-V2">Page 144</a>, war-like is hyphenated and split + between two lines for spacing. On six other occasions of the two volumes, + Parkman used warlike, without the hyphen, in his text. We transcribed the + word warlike in the clause ferocious instincts and <strong>warlike</strong> + habits. +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h4> Chapter 23:</h4> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_164-V2">Page 164</a>, capitalized Despondent in + <span class="smcap">The Canadians despondent</span> in the topics list + at the beginning of Chapter 23. Capitalized Matrimonial in + <span class="smcap">A matrimonial Treaty</span> in the topics list. + Also changed <span class="smcap">Boasts of Vaudreuil</span> to + <span class="smcap">Promises of Vaudreuil</span>. We used the topic name + in the contents at the opening of volume 2 because there was already + a topic named Boasts of Vaudreuil in Chapter 22. +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h4> Chapter 24:</h4> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_181-V2">Page 181</a>, capitalized Domestic in + <span class="smcap">His domestic Qualities</span> in the topics list + at the beginning of Chapter 24. +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h4> Chapter 25:</h4> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_195-V2">Page 195</a>, capitalized Futile in + <span class="smcap">A futile Night Attack</span> in the topics list + at the beginning of Chapter 25. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_198-V2">Page 198</a>, the phrase + <strong>ships-of-war</strong> is used. There are eight occurrences of + <strong>ships of war</strong>, without the hyphens, and no other case where + ships of war is used with the hyphens. The inconsistency is a function of + the author or publisher. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_210-V2">Page 210</a>, flat-boats is hyphenated in the + clause: <strong>and destroyed many of the flat-boats from which the troops + had just disembarked.</strong> Flatboat is used three times without the + hyphen: on pages 92, 93, and 263 of volume 2. On page 274, flat-boats + was hyphenated and split between two lines for spacing. That usage was + transcribed as flatboat as per majority vote. The usage of a hyphen on + page 210 is therefore the only outlier, but we did not change it. +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h4> Chapter 26:</h4> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_246-V2">Page 246</a>, deer-skin is spelled with a hyphen, + although on <a href="#Page_334-V2">Page 334</a> in volume 1, there is no + hyphen in deerskin. We made no changes to either word. +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h4> Chapter 27:</h4> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_259-V2">Page 259</a>, capitalized New in + <span class="smcap">A new Plan of Attack</span>. Also capitalized Last in + <span class="smcap">Wolfe's last Despatch</span>. Both were changes in + the topics list at the beginning of Chapter 27. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_274-V2">Page 274</a>, flat-boat is hyphenated and + split between two lines for spacing in the sentence: <strong> On the night + of the fourth a fleet of flatboats passed above the town with the baggage + and stores.</strong> We transcribed flatboats without the hyphen. See + the detailed note in Chapter 25 for more details. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_293-V2">Page 293</a>, field-pieces is hyphenated and + split between two lines for spacing in the clause: <strong>for twenty-five + field-pieces which were on the Palace battery.</strong> There are seven + other occurrences of field-piece or field-pieces with the hyphen, and none + without. We transcribed field-pieces with the hyphen. +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h4> Chapter 28:</h4> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_301-V2">Page 301</a>, horse-back is hyphenated and + split between two lines for spacing. There are eleven other occurrences + of the word in these two volumes, and all are spelled without the hyphen. + We also did not use the hyphen in the clause: mounted on horseback. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_301-V2">Page 301</a>, musket-shot is hyphenated and + split between two lines for spacing in the clause: <strong>he saw + within musket-shot a long line of British troops.</strong> We transcribed + the word as musket-shot. See the notes in Chapter 7 for more details. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_309-V2">Page 309</a>, towns-people is hyphenated and + split between two lines for spacing in the clause: <strong>a throng + of towns-people.</strong> There is no occurrence of townspeople, + towns-people or towns people in both volumes. We transcribed the word + with the hyphen. +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h4> Chapter 29:</h4> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_328-V2">Page 328</a>, guard-house is hyphenated and + split between two lines. See the <i>Detailed Notes</i> of Chapter 7 + for our logic to determine that the hyphen should be kept in the + transcription. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_333-V2">Page 333</a>, bush-rangers is hyphenated and + split between two lines for spacing. There are five other occurrences in + the two volumes with bushrangers, and no occurrences with the hyphen. + We transcribed the word without the hyphen in the clause: <strong>danger + from Indians and bushrangers</strong>. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_335-V2">Page 335</a>, add a period after services + to conclude this sentence: At the same time a party of regulars, + Canadians, and Indians took up a strong position near the church at + Point Levi, and sent a message to the English officers that a large + company of expert hairdressers were ready to wait upon them whenever + they required their <strong>services.</strong> +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_346-V2">Page 346-347</a>, wind-mill is hyphenated and + split between two pages. There are three other occurrences of windmill, + all in volume 2, on pages 207, 302, and 348. They are spelled without + the hyphen. We transcribed windmill without the hyphen in the clause: + was a house and a fortified <strong>windmill</strong> belonging to one + Dumont. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_355-V2">Page 355</a>, mast-head is hyphenated and split + between two lines for spacing. There are two other occurrences of + mast-head, both in volume 2, on pages 63 and 204, spelled with the + hyphen. We have transcribed mast-head with the hyphen in the sentence: + Slowly her colors rose to the <strong>mast-head</strong> and unfurled to + the wind the red cross of St. George. +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h4> Chapter 31:</h4> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_383-V2">Page 383</a>, changed Signed to signed in + <span class="smcap">The Treaty Signed</span> in the topics list + at the beginning of Chapter 31 to match the presentation in the contents. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_401-V2">Page 401</a>, mid-summer was hyphenated and split + between two lines in the sentence: <strong>The pitiless sun of the tropic + midsummer poured its fierce light and heat on the parched rocks where the + men toiled at the trenches.</strong> There are four other occurrences + of midsummer in the text spelled without the hyphen, and none with, so + midsummer was transcribed without the hyphen. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_405-V2">Page 405</a>, pleni-potentiaries was hyphenated and + split between two lines in the clause: <strong>the plenipotentiaries of + England, France, and Spain</strong>. There is one other occurrence of + plenipotentiary, on page 79 in volume 1, and it is spelled without the + hyphen. Plenipotentiaries was transcribed without the hyphen. +</p> +<p><br /></p> +<h4>Index:</h4> +<p> + We are more willing to make changes to the <i>Index</i> than we are in + the text when we believe the reader may be better served by doing so. + For instance, we will make emendations an Index entry when the word is + spelled differently than it was in the text. +</p> +<p> + Four times in the index, fireships was spelled with a hyphen. These + hyphens were taken out to match the text. See the detailed notes + for Chapter 19. +</p> +<p> + The phrase <strong>ships-of-war</strong>, with hyphens, is used several + times in the index, but only once in the text. The text most often uses + the phrase <strong>ships of war</strong>, without hyphens. See the detailed + notes in Chapter 25 for more information. We made no changes to the text + or the index, and only point this out as a note of reference. +</p> +<p> + Change spelling of Le Boeuf and Le Boêuf to Le Bœuf in the + index to match the spelling of the fort used consistently in the text. +</p> +<p> + Please note that supply-boats, used twice in the index, is not used in the + text--but neither is supply boats. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_452-V2">Page 452</a>, the index for Appendix I left out + the location of the actual Appendix. Since all of the other entries + indicated the location of the Appendix, we added the location here:<br /> + Appendix I., <strong>II. 438;</strong> reference to, II. 298 note. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_452-V2">Page 452</a>, we added note to a sub-reference + for the index entry of Appendix K:<br /> + reference to, II. 359 <strong><i>note</i></strong>. +</p> +<p> + <strong>Beaucour, La Roche</strong>, an index entry on + <a href="#Page_453-V2">Page 453</a>, and <strong>Rochbeaucourt</strong>, + an index entry on <a href="#Page_493-V2">Page 493</a>, are probably the + same person. Additional varieties of spelling this name, such as La + Roche Beaucourt, and Rochebeaucourt, may also be found in the text. + The village in the Province of Quebec named after this man is spelled yet + another way. +</p> +<p> + Beauport was spelled incorrectly in two places of the index: + On <a href="#Page_455-V2">Page 455</a>, under <i>Bougainville</i>, + <strong>sent from Beaufort to oppose the English,</strong> + and on <a href="#Page_502-V2">Page 502</a>, under <i>Wolfe</i>, + <strong>the pretended attack at Beaufort</strong>. The spelling + of both index entries was corrected to Beauport. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_460-V2">Page 460</a>, add period after Penn in + <strong>Carlisle, Penn</strong> index entry to make clear that Penn + is short for Pennsylvania. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_461-V2">Page 461</a>, change 106 note to 106 in + entry <strong>influence of, in regard to the oath of allegiance + for the Acadians,</strong> under Clergy. The note is a reference, + but the paragraph beginning page 106 mentions that the Acadian clergy + used their influence to prevent the residents from taking the oath. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_462-V2">Page 462</a>, fire-raft is spelled with a + hyphen in the topics under Courval. However, fireraft is used three + times in the text, never with a hyphen. Therefore, we removed the hyphen + from fireraft in the index entry. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_466-V2">Page 466</a>, add acute accent to Écho + in the index entry: <strong>"Écho," the, number of her guns, II. + 54 <i>note</i>.</strong> This change makes the index entry match the + name of the vessel used in the text. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_467-V2">Page 467</a>, change Piquetown to Pique Town + in the sub-entry: "importance of <strong>Pique Town</strong> and + of Oswego" under index entry England. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_469-V2">Page 469</a>, leave acute accent off the index + entry Etechemin River, but retain the acute accent in the + entry Etechémins. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_474-V2">Page 474</a>, correct spelling of Gethan + in the index entry: <strong>Gethen, Captain</strong>. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_479-V2">Page 479</a>, change the reference for page + 445 in volume 2 under the subentry 'with Rogers' rangers' to volume 1. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_481-V2">Page 481</a>, correct spelling of M. de la Pause + in the index entry <strong>La Panse, M. de la.</strong> +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_483-V2">Page 483</a>, correct spelling of Longueuil + in the index entry <strong>Longueil, Baron de, Governor of Canada.</strong> +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_484-V2">Page 484</a>, change spelling of Lowestoffe + in the index entry <strong>"Lowestoff," the.</strong> In <i>David + Copperfield,</i> the town is spelled Lowestoff, but Parkman wrote + Lowestoffe, with the e at the end, in the text for the name of the boat. +</p> +<p> + On <a href="#Page_486-V2">Page 486</a>, correct spelling of Mollwitz + in the index entry <strong>Mollnitz, battle of.</strong> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="quad-space-bottom"><br /></p> + + +<div class="boilerplate"> +<p class="bold"> +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOLFE AND MONTCALM *** +</p> +<br /> +<p> +***** This file should be named 14517-8.txt or 14517-8.zip ***** +</p> + +<p> +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<span class="neat-left-margin"> + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/4/5/1/14517/</span> +</p> + +<p> +Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions +will be renamed. +</p> +<br /> +<p> +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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