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+The Project Gutenberg eBook of Experiments and Considerations Touching Colours, by Robert Boyle
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
+most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
+of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
+will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
+using this eBook.
+
+Title: Experiments and Considerations Touching Colours
+
+Author: Robert Boyle
+
+Release Date: December 28, 2004 [eBook #14504]
+[Most recently updated: April 8, 2021]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+Produced by: Robert Shimmin, Keith Edkins, the PG Online Distributed Proofreading Team and David Widger
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EXPERIMENTS AND CONSIDERATIONS TOUCHING COLOURS ***
+
+
+
+
+                   EXPERIMENTS
+                       AND
+                 CONSIDERATIONS
+                     Touching
+                     COLOURS.
+
+  First occasionally Written, among some other
+   _Essays_, to a Friend; and now suffer'd to
+                 come abroad as
+
+                       THE
+                    BEGINNING
+                      Of An
+               Experimental History
+                       OF
+                     COLOURS.
+
+         By the Honourable ROBERT BOYLE,
+          Fellow of the ROYAL SOCIETY.
+
+_Non fingendum, aut excogitandum, sed inveniendum,
+quid Natura faciat, aut ferat._ Bacon.
+
+                    _LONDON._
+
+     Printed for _Henry Herringman_ at the
+    _Anchor_ on the Lower walk of the _New
+              Exchange._ MDCLXIV.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       THE
+                     PREFACE.
+
+Having in convenient places of the following Treatise, mention'd the
+Motives, that induc'd me to write it, and the Scope I propos'd to my self
+in it; I think it superfluous to entertain the Reader now, with what he
+will meet with hereafter. And I should judge it needless, to trouble
+others, or my self, with any thing of Preface: were it not that I can
+scarce doubt, but this Book will fall into the hands of some Readers, who
+being unacquainted with the difficulty of attempts of this nature, will
+think itn strange that I should publish any thing about Colours, without a
+particular Theory of them. But I dare expect that Intelligent and Equitable
+Readers will consider on my behalf: That the professed Design of this
+Treatise is to deliver things rather _Historical_ than _Dogmatical_, and
+consequently if I have added divers new _speculative_ Considerations and
+hints, which perhaps may afford no despicable Assistance, towards the
+framing of a solid and comprehensive Hypothesis, I have done at least as
+much as I promis'd, or as the nature of my undertaking exacted. But another
+thing there is, which if it should be objected, I fear I should not be able
+so easily to answer it, and that is; That in the following treatise
+(especially in the Third part of it) the Experiments might have been better
+Marshall'd, and some of them deliver'd in fewer words. For I must confess
+that this Essay was written to a private Friend, and that too, by snatches,
+at several times, and places, and (after my manner) in loose sheets, of
+which I oftentimes had not all by me that I had already written, when I was
+writing more, so that it needs be no wonder if all the Experiments be not
+rang'd to the best Advantage, and if some connections and consecutions of
+them might easily have been mended. Especially since having carelessly laid
+by the loose Papers, for several years after they were written, when I came
+to put them together to dispatch them to the Press, I found some of those I
+reckon'd upon, to be very unseasonably wanting. And to make any great
+change in the order of the rest, was more than the Printers importunity,
+and that, of my own avocations (and perhaps also considerabler
+solicitations) would permit. But though some few preambles of the
+particular Experiments might have (perchance) been spar'd, or shorten'd, if
+I had had all my Papers under my View at once; Yet in the most of those
+Introductory passages, the Reader will (I hope) find hints, or
+Advertisements, as well as Transitions. If I sometimes seem to insist long
+upon the circumstances of a Tryall, I hope I shall be easily excused by
+those that both know, how nice divers experiments of Colours are, and
+consider that I was not barely to _relate_ them, but so as to teach a young
+Gentleman to make them. And if I was not sollicitous, to make a nicer
+division of the whole Treatise, than into three parts, whereof the One
+contains some Considerations about Colours in general. The Other exhibits a
+specimen of an Account of particular Colours, Exemplifi'd in Whiteness and
+Blackness. And the Third promiscuous Experiments about the remaining
+Colours (especially Red) in order to a Theory of them. If, I say, I
+contented my self with this easie Division of my Discourse, it was perhaps
+because I did not think it so necessary to be Curious about the Method or
+Contrivance of a Treatise, wherein I do not pretend to present my Reader
+with a compleat Fabrick, or so much as Modell; but only to bring in
+Materials proper for the Building; And if I did not well know how Ingenious
+the Curiosity and Civility of Friends makes them, to perswade Men by
+specious allegations, to gratifie their desires; I should have been made to
+believe by persons very well qualify'd to judge of matters of this nature,
+that the following Experiments will not need the addition of accurate
+Method and speculative Notions to procure Acceptance for the Treatise that
+contains them: For it hath been represented, That in most of them, as the
+Novelty will make them surprizing, and the Quickness of performance, keep
+them from being tedious; so the sensible changes, that are effected by
+them, are so manifest, so great, and so sudden, that scarce any will be
+displeased to see them, and those that are any thing Curious will scarce be
+able to see them, without finding themselves excited, to make Reflexions
+upon Them. But though with me, who love to measure Physical things by
+their _use_, not their _strangeness_, or _prettiness_, the partiality of
+others prevails not to make me over value these, or look upon them in
+themselves as other than Trifles: Yet I confess, that ever since I did
+divers years ago shew some of them to a Learned Company of _Virtuosi_: so
+many persons of differing Conditions, and ev'n Sexes, have been Curious to
+see them, and pleas'd not to Dislike them, that I cannot Despair, but that
+by complying with those that urge the Publication of them, I may both
+gratifie and excite the Curious, and lay perhaps a Foundation whereon
+either others or my self may in time superstruct a substantial theory of
+Colours. And if _Aristotle_, after his Master _Plato_, have rightly
+observ'd Admiration to be the _Parent of Philosophy_, the wonder, some of
+these Trifles have been wont to produce in all sorts of Beholders, and the
+access they have sometimes gain'd ev'n to the Closets of Ladies, seem to
+promise, that since the subject is so pleasing, that the Speculation
+appears as Delightful! as Difficult, such easie and recreative Experiments,
+which require but little time, or charge, or trouble in the making, and
+when made are sensible and surprizing enough, may contribute more than
+others, (far more important but as much more difficult) to recommend those
+parts of Learning (Chymistry and Corpuscular Philosophy) by which they have
+been produc'd, and to which they give Testimony ev'n to such kind of
+persons, as value a pretty Trick more than a true Notion, and would scarce
+admit Philosophy, if it approach'd them in another Dress: without the
+strangeness or endearments of pleasantness to recommend it. I know that I
+do but ill consult my own Advantage in the consenting to the Publication of
+the following Treatise: For those things, which, whilst men knew not how
+they were perform'd, appear'd so strange, will, when the way of making
+them, and the Grounds on which I devis'd them, shall be Publick, quickly
+lose all that their being _Rarityes_, and their _being thought Mysteries_,
+contributed to recommend them. But 'tis fitter for Mountebancks than
+Naturalis to desire to have their discoverys rather admir'd than
+understood, and for my part I had much rather deserve the thanks of the
+Ingenious, than enjoy the Applause of the Ignorant. And if I can so farr
+contribute to the discovery of the nature of Colours, as to help the
+Curious to it, I shall have reach'd my End, and sav'd my self some Labour
+which else I may chance be tempted to undergo in prosecuting that subect,
+and Adding to this Treatise, which I therefore call a _History_, because it
+chiefly contains matters of fact, and which History the Title declares me
+to look upon but as _Begun_: Because though that above a hundred, not to
+say a hundred and fifty Experiments, (some loose, and others interwoven
+amongst the discourses themselves) may suffice to give a _Beginning_ to a
+History not hitherto, that I know, begun, by any; yet the subject is so
+fruitfull, and so worthy, that those that are Curious of these Matters will
+be farr more wanting to themselves than I can suspect, if what I now
+publish prove any more than a _Beginning_. For, as I hope my Endeavours may
+afford them some assistance towards this work, so those Endeavours are much
+too Vnfinish'd to give them any discouragement, as if there were little
+left for others to do towards the History of Colours.
+
+For (first) I have been willing to leave unmention'd the _most part_ of
+those Phænomena of Colours, that Nature presents us of her own accord,
+(that is, without being guided or over-ruld by man) such as the different
+Colours that several sorts of Fruites pass through before they are
+perfectly ripe, and those that appear upon the fading of flowers and
+leaves, and the putrifaction (and its several degrees) of fruits, &c.
+together with a thousand other obvious Instances of the changes of colours.
+Nor have I _much_ medled with those familiar Phænomena wherein man is not
+an Idle spectator; such as the Greenness produc'd by salt in Beef much
+powder'd, and the Redness produc'd in the shells of Lobsters upon the
+boyling of those fishes; For I was willing to leave the _gathering_ of
+_Observations_ to those that have not the Opportunity to _make
+Experiments_. And for the same Reasons, among others, I did purposly omit
+the Lucriferous practise of Trades-men about colours; as the ways of
+making Pigments, of Bleanching wax, of dying Scarlet, &c. though to divers
+of them I be not a stranger, and of some I have myself made Tryall.
+
+Next; I did purposely pass by divers Experiments of other Writers that I
+had made Tryall of (and that not without registring some of their Events)
+unless I could some way or other improve them, because I wanted leasure to
+insert them, and had thoughts of prosecuting the work once begun of laying
+together those I had examin'd by themselves in case of my not being
+prevented by others diligence. So that there remains not a little, among
+the things that are already published, to imploy those that have a mind to
+exercise themselves in repeating and examining them. And I will not
+undertake, that _none_ of the things deliver'd, ev'n in this Treatise,
+though never so faithfully set down, may not prove to be thus farr of this
+Sort, as to afford the Curious somewhat to add about them. For I remember
+that I have somewhere in the Book it self acknowledged, that having written
+it by snatches, partly in the Counntrey, and partly at unseasonable times
+of the year, when the want of fit Instruments, and of a competent variety
+of flowers, salts, Pigments, and other materials made me leave some of the
+following Experiments, (especialy those about Emphatical Colours) far more
+unfinish'd than they should have been, if it had been as easie for me to
+_supply_ what was wanting to compleat them, as to _discern_. Thirdly to
+avoyd discouraging the young Gentleman I call Pyrophilus, whom the less
+Familiar, and more Laborious operations of Chymistry would probably have
+frighted, I purposely declin'd in what I writ to him, the setting down any
+Number of such Chymicall Experiments, as, by being very elaborate or
+tedious, would either require much skill, or exercise his patience. And yet
+that this sort of Experiments is exceedingly Numerous, and might more than
+a little inrich the History of Colours, those that are vers'd in Chymical
+processes, will, I presume, easily allow me.
+
+And (Lastly) for as much as I have occasion more than once in my several
+Writings to treat either porposely or incidentally of matters relating to
+Colours; I did not, perhaps, conceive my self oblig'd, to deliver in one
+Treatise _all_ that I would say concerning that subject.
+
+But to conclude, by summing up what I would say concerning what I _have_
+and what I _have not_ done, in the following Papers; I shall not (_on the
+one side_) deny, that considering that I pretended not to write an accurate
+Treatise of Colours, but an Occasional Essay to acquaint a private friend
+with what then occurrd to me of the things I had thought or try'd
+concerning them; I might presume I did enough for once, if I did clearly
+and faithfully set down, though not _all_ the Experiments I could, yet at
+least such a variety of them, that an attentive Reader that shall consider
+the Grounds on which they have been made, and the hints that are purposely
+(though dispersedly) couched in them, may easily _compound_ them, and
+otherwise _vary_ them, so as very much to increase their Number. And yet
+(_on the other side_) I am so sensible both of how much I have, either out
+of necessity or choice, left undone, and of the fruitfullness of the
+subject I have begun to handle; that though I had performed far more then
+'tis like many Readers will judge I have, I should yet be very free to let
+them apply to my Attempts that of _Seneca_, where having spoken of the
+Study of Natures Mysteries, and Particularly of the Cause of Earth-Quakes,
+he subjoins.[1] _Nulla res consummata est dum incipit. Nec in hac tantum re
+omnium maxima ac involutissimá, in quâ etiam cum multum actum erit, omnis
+ætas, quod agat inveniet; sed in omni alio Negotio, longè semper à perfecto
+fuere Principia._
+
+  [1] L. Annæ Senecæ Natur. Quest. l. 6. c. 5.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+         _The Publisher to the_
+                 READER.
+
+_Friendly Reader,_
+
+Here is presented to thy view one of the Abstrusest as well as the
+Gentilest Subjects of Natural Philosophy, the _Experimentall History of
+Colours_; which though the Noble Author be pleased to think but _Begun_,
+yet I must take leave to say, that I think it so well begun, that the work
+is more than half dispatcht. Concerning which I cannot but give this
+advertisement to the Reader, that I have heard the Author express himself,
+that it would not surprise him, if it should happen to be objected, that
+some of these Experiments have been already published, partly by Chymists,
+and partly by two or three very fresh Writers upon other Subjects. And
+though the number of these Experiments be but very small, and though they
+be none of the considerablest, yet it may on this occasion be further
+represented, that it is easie for our Author to name several men, (of whose
+number I can truly name my self) who remember either their having seen him
+make, or their having read, his Accounts of the Experiments delivered in
+the following Tract several years since, and long before the publication of
+the Books, wherein they are mentioned. Nay in divers passages (where he
+could do it without any great inconvenience) he hath struck out
+Experiments, which he had tryed many years ago, because he since found them
+divulged by persons from whom he had not the least hint of them; which yet
+is not touched, with design to reflect upon any Ingenious Man, as if he
+were a Plagiary: For, though our Generous Author were not reserved enough
+in showing his Experiments to those that expressed a Curiosity to see them
+(amongst whom a very Learned Man hath been pleased publickly to acknowledge
+it several years ago[2]; yet the same thing may be well enough lighted on
+by persons that know nothing of one another. And especially Chymical
+Laboratories may many times afford the same _Phænomenon_ about Colours to
+several persons at the same or differing times. And as for the few
+_Phænomena_ mentioned in the same Chymical writers, as well as in the
+following Treatise, our Author hath given an account, why he did not
+decline rejecting them, in the Anotations upon the 47th Experiment of the
+third part. Not here to mention, what he elsewhere saith, to shew what use
+may be Justifiably made of Experiments not of his own devising by a writer
+of Natural History, if, what he employes of others mens, be well examined
+or verified by himself.
+
+  [2] He that desires more instances of this kind and matter, that
+  according to this doctrine may much help the Theory of colours, and
+  particularly the force both of Sulphureous and volatile, is likewise of
+  Alcalizate and Acid Salts, and in what particulars, Colours likely depend
+  not in the causation from any Salt at all, may beg his information from
+  M. Boyle who hath some while since honoured me with the sight of his
+  papers concerning this subject, containing many excellent experiments,
+  made by him for the Elucidation of this doctrine, &c Dr. R. Sharrock in
+  his ingenious and usefull History of the Propagation and Improvement of
+  Vegetables, published in the yeare 1660.
+
+In the mean time, this Treatise is such, that there needs no other
+invitation to peruse it, but that tis composed by one of the Deepest & Most
+indefatigable searchers of Nature, which, I think the World, as far as I
+know it, affords. For mine own part, I feel a Secret Joy within me, to see
+such beginings upon such _Themes_, it being demonstratively true, _Mota
+facilius moveri_, which causeth me to entertain strong hopes, that this
+Illustrious _Virtuoso_ and Restless Inquirer into Nature's Secrets will not
+stop here, but go on and prosper in the Disquisition or the other principal
+Colours, _Green, Red_, and _Yellow_. The Reasoning faculty set once afloat,
+will be carried on, and that with ease, especially, when the productions
+thereof meet, as they do here, with so greedy an Entertainment at home and
+abroad. I am confident, that the ROYAL SOCIETY, lately constituted by his
+MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY _for improving Natural knowledge_, will Judge it
+their interest to exhort our Author to the prosecution of this Argument,
+considering, how much it is their design and business to accumulate a good
+stock of such accurate Observations and Experiments, as may afford them and
+their Offpring genuine Matter to raise a Masculine Philosophy upon, whereby
+the Mind of Man may be enobled with the Knowledge of solid Truths, and the
+Life of Man benefited with ampler accommodations, than it hath been
+hitherto.
+
+Our Great Author, one of the Pillars of that Illustrious Corporation, is
+constantly furnishing large _Symbola_'s to this work, and is now falln, as
+you see, upon so comprehensive and important a theme, as will, if insisted
+on and compleated, prove one of the considerablest peeces of that
+structure. To which, if he shall please to add his Treatise of _Heat_ and
+_Flame_, as he is ready to publish his Experimental Accounts of _Cold_, I
+esteem, the World will be obliged to Him for having shewed them both the
+_Right_ and _Left Hand_ of Nature, and the Operations thereof.
+
+The considering Reader will by this very Treatise see abundant cause to
+sollicit the Author for more; sure I am, that of whatever of the
+Productions of his Ingeny comes into _Forein parts_ (where I am happy in
+the acquaintance of many intelligent friends) is highly valued; And to my
+knowledge, there are those among the French, that have lately begun to
+learn English, on purpose to enable themselves to read his Books, being
+impatient of their Traduction into Latin. If I durst say all, I know of the
+Elogies received by me from abroad concerning Him, I should perhaps make
+this Preamble too prolix, and certainly offend the modesty of our Author.
+
+Wherefore I shall leave this, and conclude with desiring the Reader, that
+if he meet with other faults besides those, that the Errata take notice of
+(as I believe he may) he will please to consider both the weakness of the
+Authors eyes, for not reviewing, and the manifold Avocations of the
+Publisher for not doing his part; who taketh his leave with inviting those,
+that have also considered this Nice subject experimentally, to follow the
+Example of our Noble Author, and impart such and the like performances to
+the now very inquisitive world. _Farewell._
+
+_H. O._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       THE
+                    CONTENTS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+_The Author shews the Reason, first of his Writing on this Subject_ (1.)
+_Next of his present manner of Handling it, and why he partly declines a
+Methodical way_ (2.) _and why he has partly made use of it in the History
+of_ Whiteness _and_ Blackness. (3.)
+
+Chap. 2. _Some general Considerations are premis'd, first of the
+Insignificancy of the Observasion of Colours in many Bodies_ (4, 5.) _and
+the Importance of it in others_ (5.) _as particularly in the Tempering of
+Steel_ (6, 7, 8.) _The reason why other particular Instances are in that
+place omitted_ (9) _A necessary distinction about Colour premis'd_ (10,
+11.) _That Colour is not Inherent in the Object_ (11.) _prov'd first by the
+Phantasms of Colours to_ Dreaming _men, and_ Lunaticks; _Secondly by the
+sensation or apparition of Light upon a Blow given the Eye or the Distemper
+of the Brain from internal Vapours_ (12.) _The Author recites a particular
+Instance in himself; another that hapn'd to an Excellent Person related to
+him_ (13.) _and a third told him by an Ingenious Physician_ (14, 15.)
+_Thirdly, from the change of Colours made by the Sensory Disaffected_ (15,
+16.) _Some Instances of this are related by the Author, observ'd in
+himself_ (16, 17.) _others told him by a Lady of known Veracity_ (18.) _And
+others told him by a very Eminent Man_ (19.) _But the strange Instances
+afforded by such as are Bit by the_ Tarantula _are omitted, as more
+properly deliver'd in another place_. (20.)
+
+Chap. 3. _That the Colour of Bodies depends chiefly on the disposition of
+the Superficial parts, and partly upon the Variety of the Texture of the
+Object_ (21.) _The former of these are confirm'd by several Persons_ (22.)
+_and two Instances, the first of the Steel mention'd before, the second of
+melted Lead_ (23, 24.) _of which last several Observables are noted_ (25.)
+_A third Instance is added of the Porousness of the appearing smooth
+Surface of Cork_ (26, 27.) _And that the same kind of Porousness may be
+also in the other Colour'd Bodies; And of what kind of Figures, the
+Superficial reflecting Particles of them may be_ (28.) _and of what Bulks,
+and closeness of Position_ (29.) _How much these may conduce to the
+Generation of Colour instanc'd in the Whiteness of Froth, and in the
+mixtures of Dry colour'd Powders_ (30.) _A further explication of the
+Variety that may be in the Superficial parts of Colour'd Bodies, that may
+cause that Effect, by an example drawn from the Surface of the Earth_ (31.)
+_An Apology for that gross Comparison_ (32.) _That the appearances of the
+Superficial asperities may be Varied from the position of the Eye, and
+several Instances given of such appearances_ (33, 34, 35.) _That the
+appearance of the Superficial particles may be Varied also by their Motion,
+confirm'd by an Instance of the smoaking Liquor_ (35.) _especially if the
+Superficial parts be of such a Nature as to appear divers in several
+Postures, explain'd by the variety of Colours exhibited by the shaken
+Leaves of some Plants_ (36.) _and by changeable Taffities_ (37, 38, 39.)
+_The Authors wish that the Variety of Colours in Mother of Pearl were
+examin'd with a_ Microscope (40.) _And his Conjectures, that possibly good_
+Microscopes _might discover those Superficial inequalities to be Real,
+which we now only imagine with his reasons drawn partly from the
+Discoveries of the_ Telescope, _and_ Microscope (41.) _And partly also from
+the Prodigiously strange example of a Blind man that could feel Colours_
+(42.) _whose History is Related_ (43, 44, 45.) _The Authors conjecture and
+thoughts of it_ (46, 47, 48, 49.) _and several Conclusions and Corollaries
+drawn from it about the Nature of Blackness and Black Bodies_ (50, 51, 52.)
+_and about the Asperities of several other Colour'd Bodies_ (53.) _And from
+these, and some premis'd Considerations, are propos'd some Conjectures;
+That the reason of the several Phænomena of Colours, afterwards to be met
+with, depends upon the Disposition of the Seen parts of the Object_ (54.)
+_That Liquors may alter the Colours of each other, and of other Bodies,
+first by their Insinuating themselves into the Pores, and filling them,
+whence the Asperity of the Surface of a Body becomes alter'd, explicated
+with some Instances_ (55, 56.) _Next by removing those Bodies, which before
+hindred the appearance of the Genuine Colour, confirm'd by several
+examples_ (57) _Thirdly, by making a Fissure or Separation either in the
+Contiguous or Continued Particles of a Body_ (58.) _Fourthly, by a Union or
+Conjunction of the formerly separated Particles; Illustrated with divers
+Instances of precipitated Bodies_ (59.) _Fifthly, by Dislocating the parts,
+and putting them both into other Orders and Postures, which is Illustrated
+with Instances_ (60, 61.) _Sixthly, by Motion, which is explain'd_ (62.)
+_And lastly, and chiefly, by the Union of the Saline Bodies, with the
+Superficial parts of another Body, whereby both their Bigness and Shape
+must necessarily be alter'd_ (63, 64.) _Explain'd by Experiments_ (65, 66.)
+_That the Colour of Bodies may be Chang'd by the concurrence of two or more
+of these ways_ (67.) _And besides all these, Eight Reflective causes of
+Colours, there may be in Transparent Bodies several Refractive_ (68, 69)
+_Why the Author thinks the Nature of Colours deserves yet a further
+Inquiry_ (69.) _First for that the little Motes of Dust exhibited very
+lovely Colours in a darkned Room, whilst in a convenient posture to the
+Eye, which in other Postures and Lights they did not_ (70.) _And that
+though the smaller Parts of some Colour'd Bodies are Transparent, yet of
+others they are not, so that the first Doubt's, whether the Superficial
+parts create those Colours, and the second, whether there be any Refraction
+at all in the later_ (71, 72, 73.) _A famous Controversie among
+Philosophers, about the Nature of Colour decided_. (74. 75.)
+
+Chap. 4. _The controversie stated about Real and Emphatical Colours_ (75,
+76.) _That the great Disparity between them seems to be, partly their
+Duration in the same state, and partly, that Genuine Colours are produc'd
+in Opacous Bodies by Reflection, and Emphatical in Transparent by
+Refraction_ (78.) _but that this is not to be taken in too large a Sense,
+the Cautionary instance of Froth is alleged and insisted on_ (78, 79.)
+_That the Duration is not a sufficient Characteristick, exemplify'd by the
+duration of Froth, and other Emphatical Colours, and the suddain fading of
+Flowers, and other Bodies of Real ones_ (80.) _That the position of the Eye
+is not necessary to the discerning Emphatical Colours, shew'd by the seeing
+white Froth, or an Iris cast on the Wall by a Prism, in what place of the
+Room soever the Eye be_ (81.) _which proceeds from the specular Reflection
+of the Wall_ (82.) _that Emphatical Colours may be Compounded, and that the
+present Discourse is not much concern'd, whether there be, or be not made a
+distinction between Real and Emphatical Colours_. (83.)
+
+Chap. 5. _Six Hypotheses about Colour recited_ (84, 85) _Why the Author
+cannot more fully Speak of any of these_ (86.) _nor Acquiesce in them_ (87,
+88.) _What_ Pyrophilus _is to expect in this Treatise_ (88, 89.) _What
+Hypothesis of Light and Colour the Author most inclines too_ (90.) _Why he
+thinks neither that nor any other sufficient; and what his Difficulties
+are, that make him decline all Hypotheses, and to think it very difficult
+to stick to any._ (91, 92.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Part the Second.
+
+_Of the Nature of Whiteness and Blackness,_
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+_The reason why the Author chose the Explication of Whiteness and
+Blackness_ (93.) _Wherein_ Democritus _thought amiss of these_ (94.)
+Gassendus _his Opinion about them_ (95.) _What the Author approves, and a
+more full Explication of White, makinig it a Multiplicity of Light or
+Reflections_ (96, 97.) _Confirm'd first by the Whiteness of the_ Meridian
+_Sun, observ'd in Water_ (98.) _and of a piece of Iron glowing Hot_ (99.)
+_Secondly, by the Offensiveness of Snow to the Travellers eyes, confirm'd
+by an example of a Person that has Travell'd much in Russia_ (100.) _and by
+an Observation out of_ Olaus Magnus (100.) _and that the Snow does
+inlighten and clear the Air in the Night, confirm'd by the Mosco Physician,
+and Captain_ James (101.) _But that Snow has no inherent Light, prov'd by
+Experience_ (102.) _Thirdly, by the great store of Reflections, from white
+Bodies observ'd in a darkned Room, and by their unaptness to be Kindled by
+a Burning-glass_ (103.) _Fourthly, the Specularness of White Bodies is
+confirm'd by the Reflections in a dark Room from other Bodies_ (104.) _and
+by the appearance of a River, which both to the Eye and in a darkned Room
+appear'd White_ (105, 106.) _Fifthly, by the Whiteness of distill'd_
+Mercury, _and that of the_ Galaxie (107, 108.) _and by the Whiteness of
+Froth, rais'd from whites of Eggs beaten; that this Whiteness comes not
+from the Air, shew'd by Experiments_ (109, 110.) _where occasionally the
+Whiteness of Distill'd Oyls, Hot water, &c. are shew'd_ (111.) _That it
+seems not necessary the Reflecting Surfaces should be Sphærical, confirm'd
+by Experiments_ (112, 113.) _Sixthly, by the Whiteness of the Powders of
+transparent Bodies_ (114.) _Seventhly, by the Experiment of Whitening and
+Burnishing Silver._ (115, 116.)
+
+Chap. 2. _A Recital of some Opinions about Blackness, and which the Author
+inclines to_ (117.) _which he further insists on and explicates_ (118,
+119.) _and shews for what reasons he imbrac'd that Hypothesis_ (120.)
+_First, from the contrary Nature of Whiteness and Blackness, White
+reflecting most Beams outwards, Black should reflect most inward_ (120.)
+_Next, from the Black appearance of all Bodies, when Shadow'd; And the
+manner how this paucity of Reflection outwards is caus'd, is further
+explicated, by shewing that the Superficial parts may be Conical and
+Pyramical_ (121.) _This and other Considerations formerly deliver'd,
+Illustrated by Experiments with black and white Marble_ (122, 123.)
+_Thirdly, from the Black appearance of Holes in white Linnen, and from the
+appearance of Velvet stroak'd several ways, and from an Observation of
+Carrots_ (124, 125.) _Fourthly, from the small Reflection from Black in a
+darkned Room_ (125, 126.) _Fifthly, from the Experiment of a Checker'd Tile
+expos'd to the Sun-beams_ (127.) _which is to be preferr'd before a Similar
+Experiment try'd in_ Italy, _with black and white Marble_ (128.) _Some
+other congruous Observations_ (129.) _Sixthly, from the Roasting black'd
+Eggs in the Sun_ (130.) _Seventhly, by the Observation of the Blind man
+lately mention'd, and of another mention'd by_ Bartholine (130.) _That
+notwithstanding all these Reasons, the Author is not absolutely Positive,
+but remains yet a Seeker after the true Nature of Whiteness and Blackness._
+(131, 132.)
+
+Experiments _in Consort, touching_ Whiteness _and_ Blackness.
+
+_The first_ Experiment, _with a Solution of Sublimate, made White with
+Spirit of Urine_, &c. (133, 134.)
+
+_The second_ Experiment, _with an Infusion of Galls, made Black with
+Vitriol_, &c. (135, 136.) _further Discours'd of_ (137.)
+
+_The third_ Experiment, _of the Blacking of Hartshorn, and Ivory, and
+Tartar, and by a further Calcination making them White_ (138, 139.)
+
+_The fourth_ Experiment, _limiting the_ Chymist's _principle_, Adusta nigra
+sed perusta alba, _by several Instances of Calcin'd Alabaster, Lead,
+Antimony, Vitriol, and by the Testimony of_ Bellonius, _about the white
+Charcoles of_ Oxy-cædar, _and by that of_ Camphire. (140, 141, 142.) _That
+which follows about Inks was misplac'd by an Errour of the Printer, for it
+belongs to what has been formerly said of Galls_ (142, 143.)
+
+_The fifth_ Experiment, _of the black Smoak of Camphire_ (144.)
+
+_The sixth_ Experiment, _of a black_ Caput Mortuum, _of Oyl of Vitriol,
+with Oyl of Worm-word, and also with Oyl of Winter-Savory_ (145.)
+
+_The seventh_ Experiment, _of whitening Wax_ (146.)
+
+_The eighth_ Experiment, _with Tin-glass, and Sublimate_ (147, 148.)
+
+_The ninth_ Experiment, _of a Black powder of Gold in the bottom of_
+Aqua-fortis, _and of the Blacking of Refin'd Gold and Silver_ (148, 149.)
+
+_The tenth_ Experiment, _of the staining Hair, Skin, Ivory_, &c. _Black,
+with Crystals of Silver_ (150, 151.)
+
+_The eleventh_ Experiment, _about the Blackness of the Skin, and Hair of_
+Negroes, _and Inhabitants of Hot Climates. Several Objections are made, and
+the whole Matter more fully discours'd and stated from several notable
+Histories and Observations_ (from the 151 to the 167.)
+
+_The twelfth_ Experiment, _of the white Powders, afforded by Precipitating
+several Bodies, as Crabs Eyes, Minium, Coral, Silver, Lead, Tin,
+Quick-silver, Tin-glass, Antimony, Benzoin, and Resinous Gumms out of
+Spirit of Wine_, &c. _but this is not Universal, since other Bodies, as
+Gold, Antimony, Quick-silver_, &c. _may be Precipitated of other Colours_
+(168, 169, 170.)
+
+_The thirteenth_ Experiment, _of Changing the Blackness of some Bodies into
+other Colours_ (171, 172.) _and of Whitening what would be Minium, and
+Copper, with Tin, and of Copper with Arsnick, which with Coppilling again
+Vanishes; of covering the Colour of that of_ 1/3 _of Gold with_ 2/3 _of
+Silver melted in a Mass together_ (173, 174)
+
+_The fourteenth_ Experiment, _of turning the black Body of Horn into a
+White immediately with Scraping, without changing the Substantial form, or
+without the Intervention of Salt, Sulphur, or Mercury_ (176.)
+
+_The fifteenth_ Experiment, _contains several Instances against the Opinion
+of the_ Chymists _that Sulphur_ Adust _is the cause of Blackness, and the
+whole Matter is fully discuss'd and stated_ (from 176 to 184)
+
+Part the Third.
+
+_Concerning Promiscuous Experiments about Colours_.
+
+Experiment the First.
+
+_IN confirmation of a former Conjecture about the Generation of Colours
+from diversity of Reflections are set down several Observations made in a
+Darkned room_ (186, 187.)
+
+Experiment _the second, That white Linnen seem'd Ting'd with the Red of
+Silk plac'd near it in a light Room_ (188,189.)
+
+Experiment _the third, Of the Trajection of Light through Colour'd Papers_
+(189, 190.)
+
+Experiment _the fourth, Observations of a Prism in a dark Room_ (191, 192.)
+
+Experiment _the fifth, Of the Refracting and Reflecting Prismatical Colours
+in a light Room_ (193.)
+
+Experiment _the sixth, On the Vanishing of the_ Iris _of the Prism, upon
+the access of a greater adventitious Light_ (194.)
+
+Experiment _the seventh, Of the appearances of the same Colour'd Papers by
+Candle-light_ (195, 196).
+
+Experiment _the eighth, Of the Yellowness of the Flame of a Candle_ (197).
+
+Experiment _the ninth, Of the Greenish Blew transparency of Leaf Gold_
+(198).
+
+Experiment _the tenth, Of the curious Tinctures afforded by_ Lignum
+Nephriticum (from 199 to 203). _Several trials for the Investigation of the
+Nature of it_ (from 204 to 206.) Kircher's _relation of this Wood set down,
+and examin'd_ (from 206 to 212). _A Corollary on this tenth_ Experiment,
+_shewing how it may be applicable for the Discovering, whether any Salt be
+of an Acid, or a Sulphureous, and Alcalizate Nature_ (from 213 to 216).
+
+_The eleventh_ Experiment, _Of certain pieces of Glass that afforded this
+Variety of Colours; And of the way of so Tinging any Plate of Glass with
+Silver_ (from 216 to 219).
+
+_The twelfth_ Experiment, _Of the Mixing and Tempering of Painters
+Pigments_ (219, 220, 221).
+
+_The thirteenth_ Experiment, _Of compounding several Colours by Trajecting
+the Sun-beams through Ting'd Glasses_ (from 221 to 224).
+
+_The fourteenth_ Experiment, _Of the Compounding of Real and Phantastical
+Colours, and the Results_ (224, 225, 226.) _as also the same of
+Phantastical Colours_ (226, 227.)
+
+_The fifteenth_ Experiment, _Of Varying the Trajected_ Iris _by a Colour'd
+Prism_ (228, 229.)
+
+_The sixteenth_ Experiment, _Of the Red fumes of Spirit of_ Nitre, _and,
+the resembling Redness of the Horizontal Sun-beams_ (230, 231.)
+
+_The seventeenth_ Experiment, _Of making a Green by nine Kinds of
+Compositions_ (from 231 to 236.) _And some Deductions from them against the
+necessity of recurring to Substantial forms and Hypostatical principles for
+the production of Colours_ (from 237 to 240.)
+
+_The eighteenth_ Experiment, _Of several Compositions of Blew and Yellow
+which produce not a Green, and of the production of a Green by other
+Colours_ (241, 242.)
+
+_The nineteenth_ Experiment, _contains several instances of producing
+Colours, without the alteration of any Hypostatical principle, by the
+Prism, Bubbles, and Feathers_ ( from 242 to 245.)
+
+_The twentieth_ Experiment _Of turning the Blew of Violets into a Red by
+Acid Salts, and to a Green by Alcalizate (245, 246.) and the use of it for
+Investigating the Nature of Salts_ (247, 248.)
+
+_The one and twentieth_ Experiment, _of the same Changes effected by the
+same means on the Blew Tinctures of Corn-flowers_ (249, 250.) _And some
+Restrictions to shew it not to be so general a propriety as one might
+imagine_ (251.)
+
+_The twenty second_ Experiment, _of turning a Solution of Verdigrease into
+a Blew, with Alcalizate and Urinous Salts_ (252, 253, 254.)
+
+_The twenty third_ Experiment, _of taking away the Colour of Roses with the
+Steams of Sulphur, and heightning them with the Steams Condens'd into Oyl
+of Sulphur_ per Campanam (254, 255.)
+
+_The twenty fourth_ Experiment, _of Tinging a great quantity of Liquor with
+a very little Ting'd Substance, Instanced in_ Cochineel (from 255 to 257.)
+
+_The twenty fifth_ Experiment, _of the more general use of Alcalizate and
+Sulphureous Salts in the Tinctures of Vegetables, further Instanced in the
+Tincture of Privet Berries, and of the Flowers of Mesereon and Pease_ (from
+257 to 259.) _An_ Annotation, _shewing that of the three Hypostatical
+principles, Salt according to_ Paracelsus _is the most active about
+Colours_ (from 259 to 261.) _Some things Precursory premis'd to three
+several Instances next following, against the fore-mention'd Operations of
+Salts_ (261, 262.)
+
+_The twenty sixth_ Experiment, _containing Trials with Acid and Sulphureous
+Salts on the Red Tinctures of Clove-july-flowers, Buckthorn Berries,
+Red-Roses, Brasil_, &c. (262, 263.)
+
+_The twenty seventh_ Experiment, _of the changes of the Colour of Jasmin
+flowers, and Snow drops, by Alcalizate and Sulphureous Salts_ (263, 264.)
+
+_The twenty eighth_ Experiment, _of other differing Effects on Mary-golds,
+Prim-roses, and fresh Madder_ (265.) _with an Admonition, that these Salts
+may have differing Effects in the changing of the tinctures of divers other
+Vegetables_ (266, 267.)
+
+_The twenty ninth_ Experiment, _of the differing Effects of these Salts on
+Ripe and Unripe Juices, instanced in Black-berries, and the Juices of
+Roses_ (from 267 to 270.) _Two reasons, why the Author added this twenty
+ninth_ Experiment, _the last of which is confirm'd by an Instance of Mr._
+Parkinson, _consonant to the Confession of the Makers of such Colours_
+(272.)
+
+_The thirtieth_ Experiment, _of several changes in Colours by Digestion,
+exemplify'd by an_ Amalgam _of_ Gold _and_ Mercury _and by Spirit of
+Harts-horn. And (to such as believe it) by the changes of the_ Elixir.
+
+_The thirty first_ Experiment, _shewing that most Tinctures drawn by
+Digestion Incline to a Red, instanc'd in_ Jalap, Guaicum, _Amber, Benzoin,
+Sulphur, Antimony_, &c. (276, 277.)
+
+_The thirty second_ Experiment, _That some Reds with Diluting turn Yellow,
+others not, exemplify'd by the Tincture of_ Cochineel, _and by Balsam of_
+Sulphur, _Tinctures of_ Amber, &c. (277, 278, 279.)
+
+_The thirty third_ Experiment, _of a Red Tincture of_ Saccarum Saturni _and
+Oyl of_ Turpentine _made by Digestion_ (279.)
+
+_The thirty fourth_ Experiment, _of drawing a Volatile red Tincture of
+Mercury_, _whose Steams were white, but it would Tinge the Skin black_
+(279, 280.)
+
+_The thirty fifth_ Experiment, _of a suddain way of making a Blood red
+Colour with Oyl of_ Vitriol, _and Oyl of_ Anniseeds, _two transparent
+Liquors_ (280, 281.)
+
+_The thirty sixth_ Experiment, _of the Degenerating of several Colours
+exemplify'd in the last mention'd Blood red, and by Mr._ Parkinsons
+_relation of_ Turnsol, _by some Trials with the Juice of Buck-thorn
+Berries, and other Vegetables, to which several notable Considerations and
+Advertisements back'd with_ Experiments _are adjoyn'd_ (from 281 to 288.)
+
+_The thirty seventh_ Experiment, _Of Varying the Colour of the Tinctures
+of_ Cochineel, _Red-cherries, and Brasil, with Acid and Sulphureous Salts,
+and divers Considerations thereon_ (from 288 to 290.)
+
+_The thirty eighth_ Experiment, _About the Red fumes of some, and White of
+other distill'd Bodies, and of their Coalition for the most part into a
+transparent Liquor_ (290, 291.) _And of the various Colours of dry
+Sublimations, exemplify'd with several_ Experiments (292, 293, 294.)
+
+_The thirty ninth_ Experiment, _Of Varying the Decoction of_ Balaustiums
+_with Acid and Urinous Salts_ (294, 295.) _Some_ Annotations _wherein two_
+Experiments _of_ Gassendus _are Related, Examined, and Improv'd_ (from 295
+to 302.)
+
+_The fortieth_ Experiment, _Of the no less Strange than Pleasant changes
+made with a Solution of Sublimate_ (from 301 to 306.) _The difference
+between a Chymical axd Philosophical Solution of a_ Phænomenon (307, 308.)
+_The Authors Chymical Explication of the_ Phænomena, _confirm d by several_
+Experiments _made on_ Mercury, _with several Saline Liquors_ (from 308 to
+310.) _An Improvement of the fortieth_ Experiment, _by a fresh Decoction
+of_ Antimony _in a_ Lixivium (311, 312, 313.) _Reflections on the tenth,
+twentieth, and fortieth_ Experiments, _compar'd together, shewing a way
+with this Tincture of Sublimate to distinguish whether any Saline Body to
+be examin'd be of a Urinous or Alcalizate Nature_ (from 314 to 317.) _The
+Examination of Spirit of_ Sal-armoniack, _and Spirit of_ Oak _by these
+Principles_ (from 316 to 319.) _That the Author knows ways of making highly
+Operative Saline bodies, that produce none of the before mention'd effects_
+(319, 320.) _Some notable_ Experiments _about Solutions and Precipitations
+of Gold and Silver_ (320, 321.)
+
+_The one and fortieth_ Experiment, _Of Depriving a deep Blew Solution of
+Copper of its Colour_ (322.) _to which is adjoyn'd the Discolouring or
+making Transparent a Solution of Verdigrease, &c. and another of Restoring
+or Increasing it_ (322, 323.)
+
+_The forty second_ Experiment, _Of changing a Milk white Precipitate of_
+Mercury _into a Yellow, by Affusion of fair Water, with several
+Considerations thereon_ (from 323 to 326.)
+
+_The forty third_ Experiment, _Of Extracting a Green Solution with fair
+Water out of imperfectly Calcin'd Vitriol_ (327.)
+
+_The forty fourth_ Experiment, _Of the Deepning and Diluting of several
+Tinctures, by the Affusions of Liquors, and by Conical Glasses that
+contain'd them, Exemplify'd in the Tinctures of_ Cochineel, Brasil,
+Verdigrease, Glass, Litmus, _of which last on this occasion several
+pleasant_ Phænomena _are related_ (from 328 to 335.) _To which are adjoyn'd
+certain Cautional Corollaries_ (335, 336.) _The Waterdrinker and some of
+his Legerdemain tricks related._(337.)
+
+_The forty fifth_ Experiment, _Of the turning Rhenish and White Wine into a
+lovely Green, with a preparation of Steel _(338, 339.) _Some further Trial
+made about these Tinctures, and a Similar_ Experiment _of_ Olaus Wormius
+(340.)
+
+_The forty sixth_ Experiment, _Of the Internal Colour of Metalls exhibited
+by Calcination_ (341, 342, 343.) Annotation _the first, That several
+degrees of Fire may disclose a differing Colour_ (343.) Annotation _the
+second, That the Glasses of Metalls may exhibit also other Kinds of
+Colours_ (344.) Annotation _the third, That Minerals by several degrees of
+Fire may disclose several Colours_(345).
+
+Experiment _the forty seventh, Of the Internal Colours of Metalls disclos'd
+by their Dissolutions in several_ Menstruums (from 345 to 350.)
+Annotation _the first, The Authors Apology for Recording some already
+known_ Experiments, _without mentioning their Authors_ (from 350 to 352.)
+Annotation _the second, That some Minerals also by Dissolutions in_
+Menstruums _may exhibit divers Colours_. Annotation _the third, That
+Metalls disclose other Colours by Precipitations, instanc'd in_ Mercury
+(from 353 to 355.)
+
+_The forty eighth_ Experiment, _Of Tinging Glass Blew with Leaf Silver, and
+with Calcin'd Copper, and White with Putty_ (from 355 to 358.) Annotation
+_the first, That this white Glass is the Basis of Ammels_ (358.) Annotion
+_the second, That Colour'd Glasses may be Compounded like Colour'd Liquors
+in Dying Fats_ (359.) Annotation _the third, Of Tinging Glass with Minerel
+Substances, and of trying what Metalls they contain by this means_ (from
+360 to 362.) Annotation _the fourth, That Metalls may be Ting'd by
+Mineralls_ (362, 363.) Annotation _the fifth, Of making several Kinds of
+Amauses or Counterfeit Stones_ (from 363 to 365.) Annotation _the sixth, Of
+the Scarlet Dye, of the Stains of dissolv'd Gold and Silver_ (366, 367) _Of
+the Greenness of Salt Beef, and Redness of Neats Tongues from Salts; of
+Gilding Silver with Bathe Water_ (368, 369.) _And Tinging the Nails and
+Skin with_ Alcanna (369)
+
+_The forty ninth_ Experiment, _Of making Lakes_ (369.) _A particular
+example in Turmerick_ (370, 371.) Annotation _the first, That in
+Precipitations wherein Allum is a Coefficient, a great part of them may
+consist of the Stony particles of that Compound Body_ (from 372 to 375.)
+Annotation _the second, That Lakes may be made of other Substances, as
+Madder, Rue,_ &c. _but that Alcalizate Salts do not Always Extract the same
+Colour of which the Vegetable appears_ (from 376 to 378.) Annotation _the
+third, That the_ Experiments _related may Hint divers others_ (378)
+Annotation _the fourth, That Alum is usefull for the preparing other than
+Vegetable Pigments_ (379.)
+
+_The fiftieth_ Experiment, _Of the Similar effects of_ Saccarum Saturni
+_and_ Alkalies, _of Precipitating with Oyl of_ Vitriol _out of_
+Aqua-fortis, _and Spirit of_ Vinegar; _and of divers Varyings of the
+Colours, with these Compounded_ (from 380 to 384.) _Another very pretty_
+Experiment, _with a Solution of_ Minium (384, 385.) _That these_
+Experiments _Skilfully digested may hint divers matters about Colours_
+(386.) _The Authors Apologetick conclusion, in which is Cursorily hinted
+the Bow or Scarlet Dye_ (387.) _The Authors Letter to Sir_ Robert Moray,
+_concerning his Observations on the Shining Diamond_ (391. &c.) _And the
+Observations themselves_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Errata.
+
+Pag. 142. l. 20. These words, _And to manifest_, with the rest of what is
+by a mistake further printed in this fourth Experiment, belongeth, and is
+to be referred to the end of the second Eperiment, p.137. pag. 145. l. 1.
+leg. _matter_. 146. l. 4. leg. _Bolts-head_. pag 161. in the marginal note
+l. 2. dele _de_ ib. l. 3. lege lib 1. p 163. l. ult. insert _where_ between
+the words _places_ and _the_. p. 164 l. 1. dele _that_. ibid, l. 8. leg
+_Epidermis_. ibid. l. 19 leg. 300. for 200. p. 169. l. 22. leg. _into it_.
+p. 170. l. 23. & 24. leg. _Some Solutions hereafter to be mentioned_, for
+_the Solutions of Potashes_, and other _Lixiviate Salts_. p. 171. l. 6.
+insert _part of_ between the words _most_ and _dissolved_ p. 176. l. ult.
+insert the participle _it_ between the words _Judged_ and _not_ p. 234. l.
+4. leg. _Woud-wax_ or _Wood-wax_. p. 320 l. 29. leg. _urine_ for _urne_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                      _THE_
+             _EXPERIMENTAL HISTORY_
+               _OF COLOURS BEGUN._
+
+                THE FIRST PART.
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+1 I have seen you so passionately addicted, _Pyrophilus_ to the delightful
+Art of Limning and Painting, that I cannot but think my self obliged to
+acquaint you with some of those things that have occurred to mee concerning
+the changes of Colours. And I may expect that I shall as well serve the
+_Virtuosi_ in general, as gratifie you in particular, by furnishing a
+person, who, I hope, will both improve my Communications, and communicate
+his Improvements, with such Experiments and Observations as may both invite
+you to enquire seriously into the Nature of Colours, and assist you in the
+Investigation of it. This being the principal scope of the following Tract,
+I should do that which might prevent my own design, if I should here
+attempt to deliver you an accurate and particular Theory of Colours; for
+that were to present you with what I desire to receive from you; and, as
+farr as in mee lay, to make that study needless, to which I would engage
+you.
+
+2 Wherefore my present work shall be but to divert and recreate, as well as
+excite you by the delivery of matters of fact, such as you may for the most
+part try with much _ease_, and possibly not without some _delight_: And
+lest you should expect any thing of Elaborate or Methodical in what you
+will meet with here, I must confess to you before-hand, that the seasons I
+was wont to chuse to devise and try Experiments about Colours, were those
+daies, wherein having taken Physick, and finding my self as unfit to
+speculate, as unwilling to be altogether idle, I chose this diversion, as a
+kind of Mean betwixt the one and the other. And I have the less scrupled to
+set down the following Experiments, as some of them came to my mind, and as
+the Notes wherein I had set down the rest, occurr'd to my hands, that by
+declining a Methodical way of delivering them, I might leave you and my
+self the greater liberty and convenience to add to them, and transpose them
+as shall appear expedient.
+
+3 Yea, that you may not think mee too reserv'd, or look upon an Enquiry
+made up of meer Narratives, as somewhat jejune, am content to _premise_ a
+few considerations, that now offer themselves to my thoughts, which relate
+in a more general way, either to the Nature of Colours, or to the study of
+it. And I shall _insert_ an _Essay_, as well Speculative as Historical, of
+the Nature of Whiteness and Blackness, that you may have a _Specimen_ of
+the History of Colours, I have sometimes had thoughts of; and if you
+dislike not the Method I have made use of, I hope, you, and some of the
+_Virtuosi_, your friends, may be thereby invited to go thorow with _Red,
+Blew, Yellow_, and the rest of the particular Colours, as I have done with
+_White_ and _Black_, but with farr more sagacity and success. And if I can
+invite Ingenious men to undertake such Tasks, I doubt not but the Curious
+will quickly obtain a better Account of Colours, than as yet we have, since
+in our Method the Theorical part of the Enquiry being attended, and as it
+were interwoven with the Historical, whatever becomes of the disputable
+Conjectures, the Philosophy of Colours will be promoted by the indisputable
+Experiments.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHAP. II.
+
+1 To come then in the first place to our more general Considerations, I
+shall begin with saying something as to the Importance of examining the
+Colours of Bodies. For there are some, especially _Chymists_, who think,
+that a considerable diversity of Colours does constantly argue an equal
+diversity of Nature, in the Bodies wherein it is conspicuous; but I confess
+I am not altogether of their mind; for not to mention changeable Taffaties,
+the blew and golden necks of Pidgeons, and divers Water-fowl, Rainbows
+Natural and Artificial, and other Bodies, whose Colours the Philosophers
+have been pleased to call not Real, but Apparent and Phantastical; not to
+insist on these, I say, (for fear of needlesly engaging in a Controversie)
+we see in Parrots, Goldfinches, and divers other Birds, not only that the
+contiguous feathers which are probably as near in properties as place, are
+some of them Red, and others White, some of them Blew, & others Yellow,
+_&c._ but that in the several parts of the self-same feather there may
+often be seen the greatest disparity of Colours; and so in the leaves of
+Tulips, July-flowers, and some other Vegetables the several leaves, and
+even the several parts of the same leaf, although no difference have been
+observed in their other properties, are frequently found painted with very
+different Colours. And such a variety we have much more admired in that
+lovely plant which is commonly, and not unjustly call'd the _Marvayl of
+Peru_; for of divers scores of fine Flowers, which in its season that gaudy
+Plant does almost daily produce, I have scarce taken notice of any two that
+were dyed perfectly alike. But though _Pyro_: such things as these, among
+others, keep mee from daring to affirm, that the Diversity and change of
+Colours does _alwaies_ argue any great difference or alteration, betwixt,
+or in, the Bodies, wherein it is to be discerned, yet that _oftentimes_ the
+Alteration of Colours does signifie considerable Alterations in the
+disposition of parts of Bodies, may appear in the Extraction of Tinctures,
+and divers other Chymical Operations, wherein the change of Colours is the
+chief, and sometimes the only thing, by which the Artist regulates his
+proceeding, and is taught to know when 'tis seasonable for him to leave
+off. Instances of this sort are more obvious in divers sorts of fruits, as
+Cherries, Plums, &c. wherein, according as the Vegetable sap is sweetned,
+or otherwise ripened, by passing from one degree to another of Maturation,
+the external part of the fruit passes likewise from one to another Colour.
+But one of the noblest Instances I have met with of this kind, is not so
+obvious; and that is the way of tempering Steel to make Gravers, Drills,
+Springs, and other Mechanical Instruments, which we have divers times both
+made Artificers practise in our presence, and tryed our selves, after the
+following manner, First, the slender Steel to be tempered is to be hardened
+by heating as much of it as is requisite among glowing Coals, till it be
+glowing hot, but it must not be quenched assoon as it is taken from the
+fire (for that would make it too brittle, and spoil it) but must be held
+over a bason of water, till it descend from a White heat to a Red one,
+which assoon as ever you perceive, you must immediately quench as much as
+you desire to harden in the cold water. The Steel thus hardened, will, if
+it be good, look somewhat White and must be made bright at the end, that
+its change of Colours may be there conspicuous; and then holding it so in
+the flame of a Candle, that the bright end may be, for about half an inch,
+or more, out of the flame, that the smoak do not stain or sully the
+brightness of it, you shall after a while see that clean end, which is
+almost contiguous to the flame, pass very nimbly from one Colour to
+another, as from a brighter Yellow, to a deeper and reddish Yellow, which
+Artificers call a _sanguine_, and from that to a fainter first, and then a
+a deeper Blew. And to bring home this Experiment to our present purpose, it
+is found by daily Experience, that each of these succeeding Colours argue
+such a change made in the texture of the Steel, that if it be taken from
+the flame, and immediately quenched in the tallow (whereby it is setled in
+whatever temper it had before) when it is Yellow, it is of such a hardness
+as makes it fit for Gravers Drills, and such like tools; but if it be kept
+a few minutes longer in the flame till it grow Blew, it becomes much
+softer, and unfit to make Gravers for Metalls, but fit to make Springs for
+Watches, and such like Instruments, which are therefore commonly of that
+Colour; and if the Steel be kept in the flame, after that this deep Blew
+hath disclosed it self, it will grow so soft, as to need to be new hardened
+again, before it can be brought to a temper, fit for Drills or Penknives.
+And I confess _Pyro._ I have taken much pleasure to see the Colours run
+along from the parts of the Steel contiguous to the flame, to the end of
+the Instrument, and succeed one another so fast, that if a man be not
+vigilant, to thrust the Steel into the tallow at the very nick of time, at
+which it has attain'd its due Colour, he shall miss of giving his tool the
+right temper. But because the flame of a Candle is offensive to my weak
+eyes, and because it is apt to either black or sully the contiguous part of
+the Steel which is held in it, and thereby hinder the change of Colours
+from being so long and clearly discern'd, I have sometimes made this
+Experiment by laying the Steel to be tempered upon a heated bar of Iron,
+which we finde also to be employ'd by some Artificers in the tempering of
+such great Instruments, as are too big to be soon heated sufficiently by
+the flame of a Candle. And you may easily satisfie your self _Pyro_: of the
+differing hardness and toughness, which is ascribed to Steel temper'd at
+different Colours, if you break but some slender wires of Steel so
+temper'd, and observe how they differ in brittleness, and if with a file
+you also make tryal of their various degrees of hardness.
+
+2 But _Pyrophilus_, I must not at present any further prosecute the
+Consideration of the importance of Experiments about Colours, not only
+because you will in the following papers finde some instances, that would
+here be presented you out of their due place, of the use that may be made
+of such Experiments, in discovering in divers bodies, what kind the salt
+is, that is predominant in them; but also because a speculative Naturalist
+might justly enough allege, that as Light is so pleasing an object, as to
+be well worth our looking on, though it discover'd to us nothing but its
+self; so modifi'd Light called Colour, were worth our contemplation, though
+by understanding its Nature we should be taught nothing else. And however,
+I need not make either you or my self excuses for entertaining you on the
+subject I am now about to treat of, since the pleasure _Pyro_: takes in
+mixing and laying on of Colours, will I presume keep him, and will (I am
+sure) keep mee from thinking it troublesome to set down, especially after
+the tedious processes (about other matters) wherewith I fear I may have
+tyr'd him, some easie, and not unpleasant Experiments relating to that
+subject.
+
+3 But, before we descend to the more particular considerations, we are to
+present you concerning Colours, I presume it will be seasonable to propose
+at the very entrance a Distinction; the ignorance or neglect of which,
+seems to mee to have frequently enough occasioned either mistakes or
+confusion in the Writings of divers Modern Philosophers; for Colour may be
+considered, either as it is a quality residing in the body that is said to
+be coloured, or to modifie the light after such or such a manner; or else
+as the Light it self, which so modifi'd, strikes upon the organ of sight,
+and so causes that Sensation which we call Colour; and that this latter may
+be look'd upon as the more proper, though not the usual acception of the
+word Colour, will be made probable by divers passages in the insuing part
+of our discourse; and indeed it is the Light it self, which after a certain
+manner, either mingled with shades, or some other waies troubled, strikes
+our eyes, that does more immediately produce that motion in the organ, upon
+whose account men say they see such or such a Colour in the object; yet,
+because there is in the body that is said to be coloured, a certain
+disposition of the superficial particles, whereby it sends the Light
+reflected, or refracted, to our eyes thus and thus alter'd, and not
+otherwise, it may also in some sense be said, that Colour depends upon the
+visible body; and therefore we shall not be against that way of speaking of
+Colours that is most used among the Modern Naturalists, provided we be
+allowed to have recourse when occasion shall require to the premis'd
+distinction, and to take the more immediate cause of Colour to be the
+modifi'd Light it self, as it affects the Sensory; though the disposition
+also of the colour'd body, as that modifies the Light, may be call'd by
+that name Metonimically (to borrow a School term) or Efficiently, that is
+in regard of its turning the Light, that rebounds from it, or passes thorow
+it, into this or that particular Colour.
+
+4 I know not whether I may not on this occasion add, that Colour is so far
+from being an Inherent quality of the object in the sense that is wont to
+be declar'd by the Schools, or even in the sense of some Modern Atomists,
+that, if we consider the matter more attentively, we shall see cause to
+suspect, if not to conclude, that though Light do more immediately affect
+the organ of sight, than do the bodies that send it thither, yet Light it
+self produces the sensation of a Colour, but as it produces such a
+determinate kind of local motion in some part of the brain; which, though
+it happen most commonly from the motion whereinto the slender strings of
+the _Retina_ are put, by the appulse of Light, yet if the like motion
+happen to be produc'd by any other cause, wherein the Light concurrs not at
+all, a man shall think he sees the same Colour. For proof of this, I might
+put you in mind, that 'tis usual for dreaming men to think they see the
+Images that appear to them in their sleep, adorn'd some with this, and some
+with that lively Colour, whilst yet, both the curtains of their bed, and
+those of their eyes are close drawn. And I might add the confidence with
+which distracted persons do oftentimes, when they are awake, think, they
+see black fiends in places, where there is no black object in sight without
+them. But I will rather observe, that not only when a man receives a great
+stroak upon his eye, or a very great one upon some other part of his head,
+he is wont to see, as it were, flashes of lightning, and little vivid, but
+vanishing flames, though perhaps his eyes be shut: But the like apparitions
+may happen, when the motion proceeds not from something without, but from
+something within the body, provided the unwonted fumes that wander up and
+down in the head, or the propagated concussion of any internal part in the
+body, do cause about the inward extremities of the Optick Nerve, such a
+motion as is wont to be there produc'd, when the stroak of the Light upon
+the _Retina_ makes us conclude, that we see either Light, or such and such
+a Colour: This the most ingenious _Des Cartes_ hath very well observ'd, but
+because he seems not to have exemplifi'd it by any unobvious or peculiar
+observation, I shall indeavour to illustrate this doctrine by a few
+Instances.
+
+5 And first, I remember, that having, through Gods goodness, been free for
+several years, from troublesome Coughs, being afterwards, by an accident,
+suddenly cast into a violent one, I did often, when I was awaked in the
+night by my distempers, observe, that upon coughing strongly, it would seem
+to mee, that I saw very vivid, but immediately disappearing flames, which I
+took particular notice of, because of the conjecture I am now mentioning.
+
+6 An excellent and very discreet person, very near ally'd both to you and
+mee, was relating to mee, that some time since, whilst she was talking with
+some other Ladies, upon a sudden, all the objects, she looked upon,
+appeared to her dyed with unusual Colours, some of one kind, and some of
+another, but all so bright and vivid, that she should have been as much
+delighted, as surpriz'd with them, but that finding the apparition to
+continue, she fear'd it portended some very great alteration as to her
+health: As indeed the day after she was assaulted with such violence by
+Hysterical and Hypocondrical Distempers, as both made her rave for some
+daies, and gave her, during that time, a Bastard Palsey.
+
+7 Being a while since in a Town, where the Plague had made great havock,
+and inquiring of an ingenious man, that was so bold, as without much
+scruple to visit those that were sick of it, about the odd symptomes of a
+Disease that had swept away so many there; he told mee, among other things,
+that he was able to tell divers Patients, to whom he was called, before
+they took their beds, or had any evident symptomes of the Plague, that they
+were indeed infected upon peculiar observations, that being asked, they
+would tell him that the neighbouring objects, and particularly his cloths,
+appear'd to them beautifi'd with most glorious Colours, like those of the
+Rainbow, oftentimes succeeding one another; and this he affirm'd to be one
+of the most usual, as well as the most early symptomes, by which this odd
+Pestilence disclos'd it self: And when I asked how long the Patients were
+wont to be thus affected, he answered, that it was most commonly for about
+a day; and when I further inquired whether or no Vomits, which in that
+Pestilence were usually given, did not remove this symptome (For some used
+the taking of a Vomit, when they came ashore, to cure themselves of the
+obstinate and troublesome giddiness caus'd by the motion of the ship)
+reply'd, that generally, upon the evacuation made by the Vomit, that
+strange apparition of Colours ceased, though the other symptomes were not
+so soon abated, yet he added (to take notice of that upon the by, because
+the observation may perchance do good) that an excellent Physician, in
+whose company he was wont to visit the sick, did give to almost all those
+to whom he was called, in the beginning before Nature was much weakened, a
+pretty odd Vomit consisting of eight or ten dramms of Infusion of _Crocus
+Metallorum_, and about half a dramm, or much more, of White Vitriol, with
+such success, that scarce one of ten to whom it was seasonably administred,
+miscarried.
+
+8 But to return to the consideration of Colours: As an apparition of them
+may be produced by motions from within, without the assistance of an
+outward object, so I have observed, that 'tis sometimes possible that the
+Colour that would otherwise be produced by an outward object, may be
+chang'd by some motion, or new texture already produced in the Sensory, as
+long as that unusual motion, or new disposition lasts; for I have divers
+times try'd, that after I have through a Telescope look'd upon the Sun,
+though thorow a thick, red, or blew glass, to make its splendor supportable
+to the eye, the impression upon the _Retina_, would be not only so vivid,
+but so permanent, that if afterwards I turned my eye towards a flame, it
+would appear to mee of a Colour very differing from its usual one. And if I
+did divers times successively shut and open the same eye, I should see the
+adventitious Colour, (if I may so call it) changed or impair'd by degrees,
+till at length (for this unusual motion of the eye would not presently
+cease) the flame would appear to mee, of the same hew that it did to other
+beholders; a not unlike effect I found by looking upon the Moon, when she
+was near full, thorow an excellent Telescope, without colour'd Glass to
+screen my eye with; But that which I desire may be taken notice of, because
+we may elsewhere have occasion to reflect upon it, and because it seems not
+agreeable to what Anatomists and Optical Writers deliver, touching the
+relation of the two eyes to each other, is this circumstance, that though
+my Right eye, with which I looked thorow the Telescope, were thus affected
+by the over-strong impression of the light, yet when the flame of a Candle,
+or some other bright object appear'd to me of a very unusual Colour, whilst
+look'd upon with the Discompos'd Eye, or (though not so notably) with both
+eyes at once; yet if I shut that Eye, and looked upon the same object with
+the other, it would appear with no other than its usual Colour, though if I
+again opened, and made use of the Dazled eye, the vivid adventitious Colour
+would again appear. And on this occasion I must not pretermit an
+Observation which may perswade us, that an over-vehement stroak upon the
+Sensory, especially if it be naturally of a weak constitution, may make a
+more lasting impression than one would imagine, which impression may in
+some cases, as it were, mingle with, and vitiate the action of vivid
+objects for a long time after.
+
+For I know a Lady of unquestionable Veracity, who having lately, by a
+desperate fall, receiv'd several hurts, and particularly a considerable one
+upon a part of her face near her Eye, had her sight so troubl'd and
+disorder'd, that, as she hath more than once related to me, not only when
+the next morning one of her servants came to her bed side, to ask how she
+did, his cloaths appear'd adorn'd with such variety of dazling Colours,
+that she was fain presently to command him to withdraw, but the Images in
+her Hangings, did, for many daies after, appear to her, if the Room were
+not extraordinarily darken'd, embellish'd with several offensively vivid
+Colours, which no body else could see in them; And when I enquir'd whether
+or no White Objects did not appear to her adorn'd with more luminous
+Colours than others, and whether she saw not some which she could not now
+well describe to any, whose eyes had never been distemper'd, she answer'd
+mee, that sometimes she thought she saw Colours so new and glorious, that
+they were of a peculiar kind, and such as she could not describe by their
+likeness to any she had beheld either before or since, and that White
+Objects did so much disorder her sight, that if several daies after her
+fall, she look'd upon the inside of a Book, she fanci'd she saw there
+Colours like those of the Rain-bow, and even when she thought her self
+pretty well recover'd, and made bold to leave her Chamber, the coming into
+a place where the Walls and Ceeling were whited over, made those Objects
+appear to her cloath'd with such glorious and dazling Colours, as much
+offended her sight, and made her repent her venturousness, and she added,
+that this Distemper of her Eyes lasted no less than five or six weeks,
+though, since that, she hath been able to read and write much without
+finding the least Inconvenience in doing so. I would gladly have known,
+whether if she had shut the Injur'd Eye, the _Phænomena_ would have been
+the same, when she employ'd only the other, but I heard not of this
+accident early enough to satisfie that Enquiry.
+
+9 Wherefore, I shall now add, that some years before, a person exceedingly
+eminent for his profound Skil in almost all kinds of Philological Learning,
+coming to advise with mee about a Distemper in his Eyes, told me, among
+other Circumstances of it, that, having upon a time looked too fixedly upon
+the Sun, thorow a Telescope, without any coloured Glass, to take off from
+the dazling splendour of the Object, the excess of Light did so strongly
+affect his Eye, that ever since, when he turns it towards a Window, or any
+White Object, he fancies, he seeth a Globe of Light, of about the bigness
+the Sun then appeared of to him, to pass before his Eyes: And having
+Inquir'd of him, how long he had been troubled with this Indisposition, he
+reply'd, that it was already nine or ten years, since the Accident, that
+occasioned it, first befel him.
+
+I could here subjoyn, _Pyrophilus_, some memorable Relations that I have
+met with in the Account given us by the experienc'd _Epiphanius
+Ferdinandus_, of the Symptomes he observ'd to be incident to those that are
+bitten with the Tarantula, by which (Relations) I could probably shew, that
+without any change in the Object, a change in the Instruments of Vision may
+for a great while make some Colours appear Charming, and make others
+Provoking, and both to a high degree, though neither of them produc'd any
+such Effects before. These things, I say, I could here subjoyn in
+confirmation of what I have been saying, to shew, that the Disposition of
+the Organ is of great Importance in the Dijudications we make of Colours,
+were it not that these strange Stories belonging more properly to another
+Discourse, I had rather, (contenting my self to have given you an
+Intimation of them here) that you should meet with them fully deliver'd
+there.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHAP. III.
+
+But, _Pyrophilus_, I would not by all that I have hitherto discours'd, be
+thought to have forgotten the Distinction (of Colour) that I mentioned to
+you about the beginning of the third Section of the former Chapter; and
+therefore, after all I have said of Colour, as it is modifi'd Light, and
+immediately affects the Sensory, I shall now re-mind you, that I did not
+deny, but that Colour might in some sense be consider'd as a Quality
+residing in the body that is said to be Colour'd, and indeed the greatest
+part of the following Experiments referr to Colour principally under that
+Notion, for there is in the bodyes we call Colour'd, and chiefly in their
+Superficial parts, a certain disposition, whereby they do so trouble the
+Light that comes from them to our Eye, as that it there makes that distinct
+Impression, upon whose Account we say, that the Seen body is either White
+or Black, or Red or Yellow, or of any one determinate Colour. But because
+we shall (God permiting) by the Experiments that are to follow some Pages
+hence, more fully and particularly shew, that the Changes, and consequently
+in divers places the Production and the appearance of Colours depends upon
+the continuing or alter'd Texture of the Object, we shall in this place
+intimate (and that too but as by the way) two or three things about this
+Matter.
+
+2. And first it is not without some Reason, that I ascribe Colour (in the
+sense formerly explan'd) _chiefly_ to the Superficial parts of Bodies, for
+not to question how much Opacous Corpuscles may abound even in those Bodies
+we call Diaphanous, it seems plain that of Opacous bodies we do indeed see
+little else than the Superficies, for if we found the beams of Light that
+rebound from the Object to the Eye, to peirce deep into the Colour'd body,
+we should not judge it Opacous, but either Translucid, or at least
+Semi-diaphanous, and though the Schools seem to teach us that Colour is a
+Penetrative Quality, that reaches to the Innermost parts of the Object, as
+if a piece of Sealing-wax be broken into never so many pieces, the Internal
+fragments will be as Red as the External surface did appear, yet that is
+but a Particular Example that will not overthrow the Reason lately offer'd,
+especially since I can alleage other Examples of a contrary Import, and two
+or three Negative Instances are sufficient to overthrow the Generality of a
+Positive Rule, especially if that be built but upon One or a Few Examples.
+Not (then) to mention Cherries, Plums, and I know not how many other
+Bodies, wherein the skin is of one Colour, and what it hides of another, I
+shall name a couple of Instances drawn from the Colours of Durable bodies
+that are thought far more Homogeneous, and have not parts that are either
+Organical, or of a Nature approaching thereunto.
+
+3 To give you the first Instance, I shall need but to remind you of what I
+told you a little after the beginning of this Essay, touching the Blew and
+Red and Yellow, that may be produc'd upon a piece of temper'd Steel, for
+these Colours though they be very Vivid, yet if you break the Steel they
+adorn, they will appear to be but Superficial; not only the innermost parts
+of the Metall, but those that are within a hairs breadth of the
+Superficies, having not any of these Colours, but retaining that of the
+Steel it self. Besides that, we may as well confirm this Observation, as
+some other particulars we elsewhere deliver concerning Colours, by the
+following Experiment which we purposely made.
+
+4 We took a good quantity of clean Lead, and melted it with a strong Fire,
+and then immediately pouring it out into a clean Vessel of a convenient
+shape and matter, (we us'd one of Iron, that the great and sudden Heat
+might not injure it) and then carefully and nimbly taking off the Scum that
+floated on the top, we perceiv'd, as we expected, the smooth and glossie
+Surface of the melted matter, to be adorn'd with a very glorious Colour,
+which being as Transitory as Delightfull, did almost immediately give place
+to another vivid Colour, and that was as quickly succeeded by a third, and
+this as it were chas'd away by a fourth, and so these wonderfully vivid
+Colours successively appear'd and vanish'd, (yet the same now and then
+appearing the second time) till the Metall ceasing to be hot enough to
+afford any longer this pleasing Spectacle, the Colours that chanc'd to
+adorn the Surface, when the Lead thus began to cool, remain'd upon it; but
+were so Superficial, that how little soever we scrap'd off the Surface of
+the Lead, we did in such places scrape off all the Colour, and discover
+only that which is natural to the Metall it self, which receiving its
+adventitious Colours, only when the heat was very Intense, and in that part
+which was expos'd to the comparatively very cold Air, (which by other
+Experiments seems to abound with subtil Saline parts, perhaps not uncapable
+of working upon Lead so dispos'd:) These things I say, together with my
+observing that whatever parts of the so strongly melted Lead were expos'd a
+while to the Air, turn'd into a kind of Scum or Litharge, how bright and
+clean soever they appear'd before, suggested to me some Thoughts or
+Ravings, which I have not now time to acquaint You with. One that did not
+know me, _Pyrophilus_, would perchance think I endeavour'd to impose upon
+You by relating this Experiment, which I have several times try'd, but the
+Reason why the _Phænomena_ mention'd have not been taken notice of, may be,
+that unless Lead be brought to a much higher degree of Fusion or Fluidity
+than is usual, or than is indeed requisite to make it melt, the _Phænomena_
+I mention'd will scarce at all disclose themselves; And we have also
+observ'd that this successive appearing and vanishing of vivid Colours, was
+wont to be impair'd or determin'd whilst the Metal expos'd to the Air
+remain'd yet hotter than one would readily suspect. And one thing I must
+further Note, of which I leave You to search after the Reason, namely, that
+the same Colours did not always and regularly succeed one another, as is
+usually in Steel, but in the diversify'd Order mention'd in this following
+Note, which I was scarce able to write down, the succession of the Colours
+was so very quick, whether that proceeded from the differing degrees of
+Heat in the Lead expos'd to the cool Air, or from some other Reason, I
+leave you to examine.
+
+    [_Blew, Yellow, Purple, Blew; Green, Purple, Blew, Yellow, Red; Purple,
+    Blew, Yellow and Blew, Yellow, Blew, Purple, Green mixt, Yellow, Red,
+    Blew, Green, Yellow, Red, Purple, Green_.]
+
+5. The _Atomists_ of Old, and some Learned men of late, have attempted to
+explicate the variety of Colours in Opacous bodies from the various Figures
+of their Superficial parts; the attempt is Ingenious, and the Doctrine
+seems partly True, but I confess I think there are divers other things that
+must be taken in as concurrent to produce those differing forms of
+Asperity, whereon the Colours of Opacous bodies seem to depend. To declare
+this a little, we must assume, that the Surfaces of all such Bodies how
+Smooth or polite soever they may appear to our Dull Sight and Touch, are
+exactly smooth only in a popular, or at most in a Physical sense, but not
+in a strict and rigid sense.
+
+6. This, excellent _Microscopes_ shew us in many Bodies, that seem Smooth
+to our naked Eyes; and this not only as to the little Hillocks or
+Protuberancies that swell above that which may be conceiv'd to be the Plain
+or Level of the consider'd Surface, for it is obvious enough to those that
+are any thing conversant with such Glasses, but as to numerous Depressions
+beneath that Level, of which sort of Cavities by the help of a
+_Microscope_, which the greatest Artificer that makes them, judges to be
+the greatest Magnifying Glass in _Europe_, except one that equals it, we
+have on the Surface of a thin piece of Cork that appear'd smooth to the
+Eye, observ'd about sixty in a Row, within the length of less then an 31
+and 32 part of an Inch, (for the Glass takes in no longer a space at one
+view) and these Cavities (which made that little piece of Cork look almost
+like an empty Honey-comb) were not only very distinct, and figur'd like one
+another, but of a considerable bigness, and a scarce credible depth;
+insomuch that their distinct shadows as well as sides were plainly
+discern'd and easiy to be reckon'd, and might have been well distinguish'd,
+though they had been ten times lesser than they were; which I thought it
+not amiss to mention to you _Pyrophilus_ upon the by, that you may thence
+make some Estimate, what a strange Inequality, and what a multitude of
+little Shades, there may really be, in a scarce sensible part of the
+Physical superficies, though the naked Eye sees no such matter. And as
+Excellent _Microscopes_ shew us this Ruggedness in many Bodies that pass
+for Smooth, so there are divers Experiments, though we must not now stay to
+urge them, which seem to perswade us of the same thing as to the rest of
+such Bodies as we are now treating off; So, that there is no sensible part
+of an Opacous body, that may not be conceiv'd to be made up of a multitude
+of singly insensible Corpuscles, but in the giving these surfaces that
+disposition, which makes them alter the Light that reflects thence to the
+Eye after the manner requisite to make the Object appear Green, Blew, &c.
+the Figures of these Particles have _a great_, but not _the only_ stroak.
+'Tis true indeed that the protuberant Particles may be of very great
+variety of Figures, Sphærical, Elliptical, Conical, Cylindrical,
+Polyedrical, and some very irregular, and that according to the Nature of
+these, and the situation of the Lucid body, the Light must be variously
+affected, after one manner from Surfaces (I now speak of Physical Surfaces)
+consisting of Sphaerical, and in another from those that are made up of
+Conical or Cylindrical Corpuscles; some being fitted to reflect more of the
+incident Beams of Light, others less, and some towards one part, others
+towards another. But besides this difference of Shape, there may be divers
+other things that may eminently concurr to vary the forms of Asperity that
+Colours so much depend on. For, willingly allowing the Figure of the
+Particles in the first place, I consider secondly, that the superficial
+Corpuscles, if I may so call them, may be bigger in one Body, and less in
+another, and consequently fitted to allay the Light falling on them with
+greater shades. Next, the protuberant Particles may be set more or less
+close together, that is, there may be a greater or a smaller number of them
+within the compass of one, than within the compass of another small part of
+the Surface of the same Extent, and how much these Qualities may serve to
+produce Colour may be somewhat guess'd at, by that which happens in the
+Agitation of Water; for if the Bubbles that are thereby made be Great, and
+but Few, the Water will scarce acquire a sensible Colour, but if it be
+reduc'd to a Froth, consisting of Bubbles, which being very Minute and
+Contiguous to each other, are a multitude of them crowded into a narrow
+Room, the Water (turned to Froth) does then exhibit a very manifest White
+Colour,[3] (to which these last nam'd Conditions of the Bubbles do as well
+as their Convex figure contribute) and that for Reasons to be mention'd
+anon. Besides, it is not necessary that the Superficial particles that
+exhibit one Colour, should be all of them Round, or all Conical, or all of
+any one Shape, but Corpuscles of differing Figures may be mingled on the
+Surface of the Opacous Body, as when the Corpuscles that make a Blew
+colour, and those that make a Yellow, come to be Accurately and Skilfully
+mix'd, they make up a Green, which though it seem one simple Colour, yet in
+this case appears to be made by Corpuscles of very differing Kinds, duely
+commix'd. Moreover the Figure and Bigness of the little Depressions,
+Cavities, Furrows or Pores intercepted betwixt these protuberant
+Corpuscles, are as well to be consider'd as the Sizes and Shapes of the
+Corpuscles themselves: For we may conceive the Physical superficies of a
+Body, where (as we said) its Colour does as it were reside, to be cut
+Transversly by a Mathematical plain, which you know is conceiv'd to be
+without any Depth or Thickness at all, and then as some parts of the
+Physical Superficies will be Protuberant; or swell above this last plain,
+so others may be depress'd beneath it; as (to explane my self by a gross
+Comparison) in divers places of the Surface of the Earth, there are not
+only Neighbouring Hills, Trees, &c. that are rais'd above the Horizontal
+Level of the Valley, but Rivers, Wells, Pits and other Cavities that are
+depress'd beneath it, and that such Protuberant and Concave parts of a
+Surface may remit the Light so differingly, as much to vary a Colour, some
+examples and other things, that we shall hereafter have occasion to take
+notice off in this Tract, will sufficiently declare, till when, it may
+suffice to put you in mind, that of two Flat-sides of the same piece of,
+for example, red Marble, the one being diligently Polished, and the other
+left to its former Roughness, the differing degrees or sorts of Asperity,
+for the side that is smooth to the Touch wants not its Roughness, will so
+diversifie the Light reflected from the several Plains to the Eye, that a
+Painter would employ two differing Colours to represent them.
+
+  [3] _See the Discourse of the Nature of Whiteness and Blackness._
+
+7. And I hope, _Pyrophilus_, you will not think it strange or impertinent,
+that I employ in divers passages of these Papers, examples drawn from
+Bodies and Shadows far more Gross, than those minute Protuberances and
+shady Pores on which in most cases the Colour of a Body as 'tis an Inherent
+Quality or Disposition of its Surface, seems to depend. For sometimes I
+employ such Examples, rather to declare my Meaning, than prove my
+Conjecture; things, whom their Smallness makes Insensible, being better
+represented to the Imagination by such familiar Objects, as being like them
+enough in other respects, are of a Visible bulk. And next, though the Beams
+of Light are such subtil Bodies, that in respect of them, even Surfaces
+that are sensibly Smooth, are not exactly so, but have their own degree of
+Roughness, consisting of little Protuberances and Depressions; and though
+consequently such Inequalities may suffice to give Bodies differing
+Colours, as we see in Marble that appears White or Black, or Red or Blew,
+even when the most carefully Polish'd, yet 'tis plain by the late Instance
+of Red Marble, and many others, that even bigger Protuberances and greater
+Shades may likewise so Diversifie the Roughness of a Bodies Superficies, as
+manifestly to concurr to the varying of its Colour, whereby such Examples
+appear to be proper enough to be employ'd in such a Subject as we have now
+in hand. And having hinted thus much on this Occasion, I now proceed.
+
+8. The Situation also of the Superficial particles is considerable, which I
+distinguish into the Posture of the single Corpuscles, in respect of the
+Light, and of the Eye, and the Order of them in reference also to one
+another; for a Body may otherwise reflect the Light, when its Superficial
+particles are more erected upon the Plain that may be conceiv'd to pass
+along their Basis, and when the Points or Extremes of such Particles are
+Obverted to the Eye, than when those Particles are so Inclin'd, that their
+Sides are in great part Discernable, as the Colour of Plush or Velvet will
+appear Vary'd to you, if you carefully stroak part of it one way, and part
+of it another, the posture of the particular Thrids, in reference to the
+Light, or the Eye, becoming thereby different. And you may observe in a
+Field of ripe Corn blown upon by the Wind, that there will appear as it
+were Waves of a Colour (at least Gradually) differing from that of the rest
+of the Field, the Wind by Depressing some of the Ears, and not at the same
+time others, making the one Reflect more from the Lateral and Strawy parts,
+than do the rest. And so, when Doggs are so angry, as to Erect the Hairs
+upon their Necks, and upon some other parts of their Bodies, those Parts
+seem to acquire a Colour vary'd from that which the same Hairs made, when
+in their usual Posture they did farr more stoop. And that the Order wherein
+the Superficial Corpuscles are Rang'd is not to be neglected, we may guess
+by turning of Water into Froth, the beating of Glass, and the scraping of
+Horns, in which cases the Corpuscles that were before so marshall'd as to
+be Perspicuous, do by the troubling of that Order become Dispos'd to
+terminate and reflect more Light, and thereby to appear Whitish. And there
+are other ways in which the Order of the Protuberant parts, in reference to
+the Eye, may much contribute to the appearing of a particular Colour, for I
+have often observ'd, that when Pease are Planted, or Set in Parallel Lines,
+and are Shot up about half a Foot above the Surface of the Ground, by
+looking on the Field or Plot of Ground from that part towards which the
+Parallel Lines tended, the greater part of the Ground by farr would appear
+of its own dirty Colour, but if I look'd upon it Transversly, the Plot
+would appear very Green, the upper parts of the Pease hindering the
+intercepted parts of the Ground, which as I said retain'd their wonted
+Colour, from being discover'd by the Eye. And I know not, _Pyrophilus_,
+whether I might not add, that even the Motion of the Small Parts of a
+Visible Object may in some cases contribute, though it be not so easie to
+say how, to the Producing or the Varying of a Colour; for I have several
+times made a Liquor, which when it has well settled in a close Vial, is
+Transparent and Colourless, but as soon as the Glass is unstopp'd, begins
+to fly away very plentifully in a White and Opacous fume; and there are
+other Bodies, whose Fumes, when they fill a Receiver, would make one
+suspect it contains Milk, and yet when these Fumes settle into a Liquor,
+that Liquor is not White, but Transparent; And such White Fumes I have seen
+afforded by unstopping a Liquor I know, which yet is it self Diaphanous and
+Red; Nor are these the only Instances of this Kind, that our Tryals can
+supply us with. And if the Superficial Corpuscles be of the Grosser sort,
+and be so Framed, that their differing Sides or Faces may exhibit differing
+Colours, then the Motion or Rest of those Corpuscles may be considerable,
+as to the Colour of the Superficies they compose, upon this account, that
+sometimes more, sometimes fewer of the Sides dispos'd to exhibit such a
+Colour may by this means become or continue more Obverted to the Eye than
+the rest, and compose a Physical Surface, that will be more or less
+sensibly interrupted; As, to explane my meaning, by proposing a gross
+Example, I remember, that in some sorts of Leavy Plants thick set by one
+another, the two sides of whose Leaves were of somewhat differing Colours,
+there would be a notable Disparity as to Colour, if you look'd upon them
+both when the Leaves being at Rest had their upper and commonly expos'd
+sides Obverted to the Eye, and when a breath of Wind passing thorow them,
+made great Numbers of the usually Hidden sides of the Leaves become
+conspicuous. And though the Little Bodies, we were lately speaking of, may
+Singly and Apart seem almost Colourless, yet when Many of them are plac'd
+by one another, so near, that the Eye does not easily discern an
+Interruption, within a sensible space, they may exhibit a Colour; as we
+see, that though a Slenderest Thrid of Dy'd Silk do's, whilst look'd on
+Single, seem almost quite Devoyd of Redness, (for instance) yet when
+numbers of these Thrids are brought together into one Skein, their Colour
+becomes notorious.
+
+9. But the same Occasion that invited me to say what I have mention'd
+concerning the Leaves of Trees, invites me also to give you some account of
+what happens in Changeable Taffities, where we see differing Colours, as it
+were, Emerge and Vanish upon the Ruffling of the same piece of Silk: As I
+have divers times with Pleasure observ'd, by the help of such a
+_Microscope_, as, though it do not very much Magnifie the Object, has in
+recompence this great Conveniency, that you may easily, as fast as you
+please, remove it from one part to another of a Large Object, of which the
+Glass taking a great part at once, you may thereby presently Survey the
+Whole. Now by the help of such a _Microscope_ I could easily (as I began to
+say) discern, that in a piece of Changeable Taffity, (that appear'd, for
+Instance, sometimes Red, and sometimes Green) the Stuff was compos'd of Red
+thrids and Green, passing under and over each other, and crossing one
+another in almost innumerable points; and if I look'd through the Glass
+upon any considerable portion of the Stuff, that (for example sake) to the
+naked Eye appear'd to be Red, I could plainly see, that in that Position,
+the Red thrids were Conspicuous, and reflected a vivid Light; and though I
+could also perceive, that there were Green ones, yet by reason of their
+disadvantagious Position in the _Physical Surface_ of the Taffity, they
+were in part hid by the more Protuberant Thrids of the other Colour; and
+for the same cause, the Reflection from as much of the Green as was
+discover'd, was comparatively but Dim and Faint. And if, on the contrary, I
+look'd through the _Microscope_ upon any part that appear'd Green, I could
+plainly see that the Red thrids were less fully expos'd to the Eye, and
+obscur'd by the Green ones, which therefore made up the Predominant Colour.
+And by observing the Texture of the Silken Stuff, I could easisy so expose
+the Thrids either of the one Colour or of the other to my Eye, as at
+pleasure to exhibit an apparition of Red or Green, or make those Colours
+succeed one another: So that, when I observ'd their Succession by the help
+of the Glass, I could mark how the Predominant Colour did as it were start
+out, when the Thrids that exhibited it came to be advanagiously plac'd; And
+by making little Folds in the Stuff after a certain manner, the Sides that
+met and terminated in those Folds, would appear to the naked Eye, one of
+them Red, and the other Green. When Thrids of more than two differing
+Colours chance to be Interwoven, the resulting changeableness of the
+Taffity may be also somewhat different. But I choose to give an Instance in
+the Stuff I have been speaking off, because the mixture being more Simple,
+the way whereby the Changeableness is produc'd, may be the more easily
+apprehended: and though Reason alone might readily enough lead a
+considering Man to guess at the Explication, in case he knew how Changeable
+Taffities are made: yet I thought it not impertinent to mention it, because
+both Scholars and Gentlemen are wont to look upon the Inquiry into
+Manufactures, as a _Mechanick_ imployment, and consequently below Them; and
+because also with such a _Microscope_ as I have been mentioning, the
+discovery is as well Pleasant as Satisfactory, and may afford Hints of the
+Solution of other _Phænomena_ of Colours. And it were not amiss, that some
+diligent Inquiry were made, whether the _Microscope_ would give us an
+account of the Variableness of Colour, that is so Conspicuous and so
+Delightfull in Mother of Pearl, in Opalls, and some other resembling
+Bodies: For though I remember I did formerly attempt something of that Kind
+(fruitlesly enough) upon Mother of Pearl, yet not having then the advantage
+of my best _Microscope_, nor some Conveniences that might have been wish'd,
+I leave it to you, who have better Eyes, to try what you can do further;
+since 'twill be _Some_ discovery to find, that, in this case, the best Eyes
+and _Microscopes_ themselves can make _None_.
+
+10. I confess, _Pyrophilus_, that a great part of what I have deliver'd,
+(or propos'd rather) concerning the differing forms of Asperity in Bodies,
+by which Differences the incident Light either comes to be Reflected with
+more or less of Shade, and with that Shade more or less Interrupted, or
+else happens to be also otherwise Modify'd or Troubl'd, is but Conjectural.
+But I am not sure, that if it were not for the Dullness of our Senses,
+either these or some other Notions of Kin to them, might be better
+Countenanc'd; for I am apt to suspect, that if we were Sharp sighted
+enough, or had such perfect _Microscopes_, as I fear are more to be wish'd
+than hop'd for, our promoted Sense might discern in the Physical Surfaces
+of Bodies, both a great many latent Ruggidnesses, and the particular Sizes,
+Shapes, and Situations of the extremely little Bodies that cause them, and
+perhaps might perceive among other Varieties that we now can but imagine,
+how those little Protuberances and Cavities do Interrupt and Dilate the
+Light, by mingling with it a multitude of little and singly undiscernable
+Shades, though some of them more, and some of them less Minute, some less,
+and some more Numerous; according to the Nature and Degree of the
+particular Colour we attribute to the Visible Object; as we see, that in
+the Moon we can with Excellent _Telescopes_ discern many Hills and Vallies,
+and as it were Pits and other Parts, whereof some are more, and some less
+Vividly illustrated, and others have a fainter, others a deeper Shade,
+though the naked Eye can discern no such matter in that Planet. And with an
+Excellent _Microscope_, where the _Naked_ Eye did see but a Green powder,
+the _Assisted_ Eye as we noted above, could discern particular Granules,
+some of them of a Blew, and some of them of a Yellow colour, which
+Corpuscles we had beforehand caus'd to be exquisitly mix'd to compound the
+Green.
+
+11. And, _Pyrophilus_, that you may not think me altogether extravagant in
+what I have said of the Possibility, (for I speak of no more) of discerning
+the differing forms of Asperity in the Surfaces of Bodies of several
+Colours, I'l here set down a Memorable particular that chanc'd to come to
+my Knowledge, since I writ a good part of this _Essay_; and it is this.
+Meeting casually the other Day with the deservedly Famous[4] Dr. _J.
+Finch_, Extraordinary _Anatomist_ to that Great Patron of the _Virtuosi_,
+the now Great Duke of _Toscany_, and enquiring of this Ingenious Person,
+what might be the chief Rarity he had seen in his late return out of
+_Italy_ into _England_, he told me, it was a Man at _Maestricht_ in the
+Low-Countrys, who at certain times can discern and _distinguish Colours by
+the Touch_ with his Fingers. You'l easily Conclude, that this is farr more
+strange, than what I propos'd but as _not Impossible_; since the Sense of
+the _Retina_ seeming to be much more Tender and quick than that of those
+Grosser Filaments, Nerves or Membranes of our Fingers, wherewith we use to
+handle Gross and Hard Bodies, it seems scarce credible, that any
+Accustomance, or Diet, or peculiarity of Constitution, should enable a Man
+to distinguish with such Gross and Unsuitable Organs, such Nice and Subtile
+Differences as those of the forms of Asperity, that belong to differing
+Colours, to receive whose Languid and Delicate Impressions by the
+Intervention of Light, Nature seems to have appointed and contexed into the
+_Retina_ the tender and delicate Pith of the Optick Nerve. Wherefore I
+confess, I propos'd divers Scruples, and particularly whether the Doctor
+had taken care to bind a Napkin or Hankerchief over his Eyes so carefully,
+as to be sure he could make no use of his Sight, though he had but
+Counterfeited the want of it, to which I added divers other Questions, to
+satisfie my Self, whether there were any Likelihood of Collusion or other
+Tricks. But I found that the Judicious Doctor having gone farr out of his
+way, purposely to satisfie Himself and his Learned Prince about this
+Wonder, had been very Watchfull and Circumspect to keep _Himself_ from
+being Impos'd upon. And that he might not through any mistake in point of
+Memory mis-inform _Me_, he did me the Favour at my Request, to look out the
+Notes he had Written for his Own and his Princes Information, the summ of
+which Memorials, as far as we shall mention them here, was this, That the
+Doctor having been inform'd at _Utrecht_, that there Lived one at some
+Miles distance from _Maestricht_, who could distinguish Colours by the
+Touch, when he came to the last nam'd Town, he sent a Messenger for him,
+and having Examin'd him, was told upon Enquiry these Particulars:
+
+  [4] Since for his eminent Qualities and Loyalty Grac'd, by his Majesty,
+  with the Honour of Knighthood.
+
+That the Man's name was _John Vermaasen_, at that time about 33 Years of
+Age; that when he was but two years Old, he had the Small Pox, which
+rendred him absolutely Blind: That at this present he is an _Organist_, and
+serves that Office in a publick Quire.
+
+That the Doctor discoursing with him over Night, the Blind man affirm'd,
+that he could distinguish Colours by the Touch, but that he could not do
+it, unless he were Fasting; Any quantity of Drink taking from him that
+Exquisitness of Touch, which is requisite to so Nice a Sensation.
+
+That hereupon the Doctor provided against the next Morning seven pieces of
+Ribbon, of these seven Colours, Black, White, Red, Blew, Green, Yellow, and
+Gray, but as for _mingled_ Colours, this _Vermaasen_ would not undertake to
+discern them, though if offer'd, he would tell that they were _Mix'd_.
+
+That to discern the Colour of the Ribbon, he places it betwixt the Thumb
+and the Fore-finger, but his most exquisite perception was in his Thumb,
+and much better in the right Thumb than in the left.
+
+That after the Blind man had four or five times told the Doctor the several
+Colours, (though Blinded with a Napkin for fear he might have some Sight)
+the Doctor found he was twice mistaken, for he call'd the White Black, and
+the Red Blew, but still, he, before his Errour, would lay them by in Pairs,
+saying, that though he could easily distinguish them from all others, yet
+those two Pairs were not easily distinguish'd amongst themselves, whereupon
+the Doctor desir'd to be told by him what kind of Discrimination he had of
+Colours by his Touch, to which he gave a reply, for whose sake chiefly I
+insert all this Narrative in this place, namely, That all the difference
+was more or less Asperity, for says he, (I give you the Doctor's own words)
+Black feels as if you were feeling Needles points, or some harsh Sand, and
+Red feels very Smooth.
+
+That the Doctor having desir'd him to tell in Order the difference of
+Colours to his Touch, he did as follows;
+
+Black and White are the most asperous or unequal of all Colours, and so
+like, that 'tis very hard to distinguish them, but Black is the most Rough
+of the two, Green is next in Asperity, Gray next to Green in Asperity,
+Yellow is the fifth in degree of Asperity, Red and Blew are so like, that
+they are as hard to distinguish as Black and White, but Red is somewhat
+more Asperous than Blew, so that Red has the sixth place, and Blew the
+seventh in Asperity.
+
+12. To these Informations the Obliging Doctor was pleas'd to add the
+welcome present of three of those very pieces of Ribbon, whose Colours in
+his presence the Blind man had distinguished, pronouncing the one Gray, the
+other Red, and the third Green, which I keep by me as Rarities, and the
+rather, because he fear'd the rest were miscarry'd.
+
+13. Before I saw the Notes that afforded me the precedent Narrative, I
+confess I suspected this man might have thus discriminated Colours, rather
+by the Smell than by the Touch; for some of the Ingredients imployed by
+Dyers to Colour things, have Sents, that are not so Languid, nor so near of
+Kin, but that I thought it not impossible that a very Critical Nose might
+distinguish them, and this I the rather suspected, because he requir'd,
+that the Ribbons, whose Colours he was to Name, should be offer'd him
+Fasting in the morning; for I have observ'd in Setting Doggs, that the
+feeding of them (especially with some sorts of Aliments) does very much
+impair the exquisite sent of their Noses. And though some of the foregoing
+particulars would have prevented that Conjecture, yet I confess to you
+(_Pyrophilus_) that I would gladly have had the Opportunity of Examining
+this Man my self, and of Questioning him about divers particulars which I
+do not find to have been yet thought upon. And though it be not incredible
+to me, that since the Liquors that Dyers imploy to tinge, are qualifi'd to
+do so by multitudes of little Corpuscles of the Pigment or Dying stuff,
+which are dissolved and extracted by the Liquor, and swim to and fro in it,
+those Corpuscles of Colour (as the _Atomists_ call them) insinuating
+themselves into, and filling all the Pores of the Body to be Dyed, may
+Asperate its Superficies more or less according to the Bigness and Texture
+of the Corpuscles of the Pigment; yet I can scarce believe, that our Blind
+man could distinguish all the Colours he did, meerly by the Ribbons having
+more or less of Asperity, so that I cannot but think, notwithstanding this
+History, that the Blind man distinguish'd Colours not only by the _Degrees_
+of Asperity in the Bodies offer'd to him, but by _Forms_ of it, though this
+(latter) would perhaps have been very difficult for him to make an
+Intelligible mention of, because those Minute disparities having not been
+taken notice of by men for want of touch as Exquisite as our Blind Mans,
+are things he could not have Intelligibly express'd, which will easily seem
+Probable, if you consider, that under the name of Sharp, and Sweet, and
+Sour, there are abundance of, as it were, immediate peculiar Relishes or
+Tasts in differing sorts of Wine, which though Critical and Experienc'd
+Palats can easily discern themselves cannot make them be understood by
+others, such Minute differences not having hitherto any Distinct names
+assign'd them. And it seems that there was somthing in the Forms of
+Asperity that was requisite to the Distinction of Colours, besides the
+Degree of it, since he found it so difficult to distingush Black and White
+from one another, though not from other Colours. For I might urge, that he
+seems not consonant to himself about the _Red_, which as you have seen in
+one place, he represents as somewhat more Asperous than the _Blew_; and in
+another, very Smooth: But because he speaks of this Smoothness in that
+place, where he mentions the Roughness of _Black_, we may favourably
+presume that he might mean but a _comparative Smoothness_; and therefore I
+shall not Insist on this, but rather Countenance my Conjecture by this,
+that he found it so Difficult, not only, to Discriminate Red and Blew,
+(though the first of our promiscuous Experiments will inform you, that the
+Red reflects by great Odds more Light than the other) but also to
+distinguish Black and White from one another, though not from other
+Colours. And indeed, though in the Ribbonds that were offer'd him, they
+might be almost equally Rough, yet in such slender Corpuscles as those of
+Colour, there may easily enough be Conceiv'd, not only a greater Closeness
+of Parts, or else Paucity of Protuberant Corpuscles, and the little extant
+Particles may be otherwise Figur'd, and Rang'd in the White than in the
+Black, but the Cavities may be much Deeper in the one than the other.
+
+14. And perhaps, (_Pyrophilus_) it may prove some _Illustration of what I
+mean_, and help you to conceive how _this may_ be, if I Represent, that
+where the Particles are so exceeding Slender, we may allow the Parts
+expos'd to the Sight and Touch to be a little Convex in comparison of the
+Erected Particle of Black Bodies, as if there were Wyres I know not how
+many times Slenderer than a Hair: whether you suppose them to be Figur'd
+like Needles, or Cylindrically, like the Hairs of a Brush, with
+Hemisphærical (or at least Convex) Tops, they will be so very Slender, and
+consequently the Points both of the one sort and the other so very Sharp,
+that even an exquisite Touch will be able to distinguish no greater
+Difference between them, than that which our Blind man allow'd, when
+comparing Black and White Bodies, he said, that the latter was the less
+Rough of the two. Nor is every Kind of Roughness, though Sensible enough,
+Inconsistent with Whiteness, there being Cases, wherein the Physical
+Superficies of a Body is made by the same Operation both _Rough_ and
+_white_, as when the Level Surface of clear Water being by agitation
+Asperated with a multitude of Unequal Bubbles, do's thereby acquire a
+Whiteness; and as a Smooth piece of Glass, by being Scratch'd with a
+Diamond, do's in the Asperated part of its Surface disclose the same
+Colour. But more (perchance) of this elsewhere.
+
+15. And therefore, we shall here pass by the Question, whether any thing
+might be consider'd about the Opacity of the Corpuscles of Black Pigments,
+and the _Comparative_ Diaphaneity of those of many White Bodies, apply'd to
+our present Case; and proceed, to represent, That the newly mention'd
+Exiguity and Shape of the extant Particles being suppos'd, it will then be
+considerable what we lately but Hinted, (and therefore must now somewhat
+Explane) That the Depth of the little Cavities, intercepted between the
+extant Particles, without being so much greater in Black Bodies than in
+White ones, as to be perceptibly so to the Gross Organs of Touch, may be
+very much greater in reference to their Disposition of Reflecting the
+imaginary subtile Beams of Light. For in Black Bodies, those Little
+intercepted Cavities, and other Depressions, may be so Figur'd, so Narrow
+and so Deep, that the incident Beams of Light, which the more extant Parts
+of the Physical Superficies are dispos'd to Reflect inwards, may be
+Detain'd there, and prove unable to Emerge; whilst in a White Body, the
+Slender Particles may not only by their Figure be fitted to Reflect the
+Light copiously outwards, but the intercepted Cavities being not Deep, nor
+perhaps very Narrow, the Bottoms of them may be so Constituted, as to be
+fit to Reflect outwards much of the Light that falls even upon Them; as you
+may possibly better apprehend, when we shall come to treat of Whiteness and
+Blackness. In the mean time it may suffice, that you take Notice with me,
+that the Blind mans Relations import no necessity of Concluding, that,
+though, because, according to the Judgment of his Touch, Black was the
+Roughest, as it is the Darkest of Colours, therefore White, which
+(according to us) is the Lightest, should be also the Smoothest: since I
+observe, that he makes Yellow to be two Degrees more Asperous than Blew,
+and as much less Asperous than Green; whereas indeed, Yellow do's not only
+appear to the Eye a Lighter Colour than Blew, but (by our first Experiment
+hereafter to be mention'd) it will appear, that Yellow reflected much more
+Light than Blew, and manifestly more than Green, (which we need not much
+wonder at, since in this Colour and the two others (Blew and Yellow) 'tis
+not _only_ the _Reflected Light_ that is to be considered, since to produce
+both these, _Refraction_ seems to Intervene, which by its Varieties may
+much alter the Case:) which both seems to strengthen the Conjecture I was
+formerly proposing, that there was something else in the _Kinds_ of
+Asperity, as well as in the _Degrees_ of it, which enabled our Blind man to
+Discriminate Colours, and do's at least show, that we cannot in all Cases
+from the bare Difference in the Degrees of Asperity betwixt Colours, safely
+conclude, that the Rougher of any two always Reflects the least Light.
+
+16. But this notwithstanding, (_Pyrophilus_) and what ever Curiosity I may
+have had to move some Questions to our Sagacious Blind man, yet thus much I
+think you will admit us to have gain'd by his Testimony, that since many
+Colours may be felt with the Circumstances above related, the Surfaces of
+such Coloured Bodies must certainly have differing _Degrees_, and in all
+probability have differing _Forms_ or Kinds of Asperity belonging to them,
+which is all the Use that my present attempt obliges me to make of the
+History above deliver'd, that being sufficient to prove, _that_ Colour do's
+much depend upon the Disposition of the Superficial parts of Bodies, and to
+shew in general, _wherein_ 'tis probable that such a Disposition do's
+(principally at least) consist.
+
+17. But to return to what I was saying before I began to make mention of
+our Blind _Organist_, what we have deliver'd touching the causes of the
+several Forms or Asperity that may Diversifie the Surfaces of Colour'd
+Bodies, may perchance somewhat assist us to make some Conjectures in the
+general, at several of the ways whereby 'tis possible for the Experiments
+hereafter to be mention'd, to produce the suddain changes of Colours that
+are wont to be Consequent upon them; for most of these _Phænomena_ being
+produc'd by the Intervention of Liquors, and these for the most part
+abounding with very Minute, Active, and Variously Figur'd Saline
+Corpuscles, Liquors so Qualify'd may well enough very Nimbly after the
+Texture of the Body they are imploy'd to Work upon, and so may change the
+form of Asperity, and thereby make them Remit to the Eye the Light that
+falls on them, after another manner than they did before, and by that means
+Vary the Colour, so farr forth as it depends upon the Texture or
+Disposition of the Seen Parts of the Object, which I say, _Pyrophilus_,
+that you may not think I would absolutely exclude all other ways of
+Modifying the Beams of Light between their Parting from the Lucid Body, and
+their Reception into the common Sensory.
+
+18. Now there seem to me divers ways, by which we may conceive that Liquors
+may Nimbly alter the Colour of one another, and of other Bodies, upon which
+they Act, but my present haste will allow me to mention but some of them,
+without Insisting so much as upon those I shall name.
+
+19. And first, the Minute Corpuscles that compose a Liquor may early
+insinuate themselves into those Pores of Bodies, whereto their Size and
+Figure makes them Congruous, and these Pores they may either exactly Fill,
+or but Inadequately, and in this latter Case they will for the most part
+alter the Number and Figure, and always the Bigness of the former Pores.
+And in what capacity soever these Corpuscles of a Liquor come to be Lodg'd
+or Harbour'd in the Pores that admit them, the Surface of the Body will for
+the most part have its Asperity alter'd, and the Incident Light that meets
+with a Grosser Liquor in the little Cavities that before contain'd nothing
+but Air, or some yet Subtiler Fluid, will have its Beams either Refracted,
+or Imbib'd, or else Reflected more or less Interruptedly, than they would
+be, if the Body had been Unmoistned, as we see, that even fair Water
+falling on white Paper, or Linnen, and divers other Bodies apt to soak it
+in, will for some such Reasons as those newly mention'd, immediately alter
+the Colour of them, and for the most part make it Sadder than that of the
+Unwetted Parts of the same Bodies. And so you may see, that when in the
+Summer the High-ways are Dry and Dusty, if there falls store of Rain, they
+will quickly appear of a much Darker Colour than they did before, and if a
+Drop of Oyl be let fall upon a Sheet of White Paper, that part of it, which
+by the Imbibition of the Liquor acquires a greater Continuity, and some
+Transparency, will appear much Darker than the rest, many of the Incident
+Beams of Light being now Transmitted, that otherwise would be Reflected
+towards the Beholders Eyes.
+
+20. Secondly, A Liquor may alter the Colour of a Body by freeing it from
+those things that hindred it from appearing in its Genuine Colour; and
+though this may be said to be rather a Restauration of a Body to its own
+Colour, or a Retection of its native Colour, than a Change, yet still there
+Intervenes in it a change of the Colour which the Body appear'd to be of
+before this Operation. And such a change a Liquor may work, either by
+Dissolving, or Corroding, or by some such way of carrying off that Matter,
+which either Veil'd or Disguis'd the Colour that afterwards appears. Thus
+we restore Old pieces of Dirty Gold to a clean and nitid Yellow, by putting
+them into the Fire, and into _Aqua-fortis_, which take off the adventitious
+Filth that made that pure Metall look of a Dirty Colour. And there is also
+an easie way to restore Silver Coyns to their due Lustre, by fetching off
+that which Discolour'd them. And I know a _Chymical_ Liquor, which I
+employ'd to restore pieces of Cloath spotted with Grease to their proper
+Colour, by Imbibing the Spotted part with this Liquor, which Incorporating
+with the Grease, and yet being of a very Volatile Nature, does easily carry
+it away with it Self. And I have sometimes try'd, that by Rubbing upon a
+good Touch-stone a certain _Metalline_ mixture so Compounded, that the
+Impression it left upon the Stone appear'd of a very differing Colour from
+that of Gold, yet a little of _Aqua-fortis_ would in a Trice make the
+Golden Colour disclose it self, by Dissolving the other _Metalline_
+Corpuscles that conceal'd those of the Gold, which you know that
+_Menstruum_ will leave Untouch'd.
+
+21. Thirdly, A Liquor may alter the Colour of a Body by making a
+Comminution of its Parts, and that principally two ways, the first by
+Disjoyning and Dissipating those Clusters of Particles, if I may so call
+them, which stuck more Loosely together, being fastned only by some more
+easily Dissoluble Ciment, which seems to be the Case of some of the
+following Experiments, where you'l find the Colour of many Corpuscles
+brought to cohere by having been Precipitated together, Destroy'd by the
+Affusion of very peircing and incisive Liquors. The other of the two ways I
+was speaking of, is, by Dividing the Grosser and more Solid Particles into
+Minute ones, which will be always Lesser, and for the most part otherwise
+Shap'd than the Entire Corpuscle so Divided, as it will happen in a piece
+of Wood reduc'd into Splinters or Chips, or as when a piece of Chrystal
+heated red Hot and quench'd in Cold water is crack'd into a multitude of
+little Fragments, which though they fall not asunder, alter the Disposition
+of the Body of the Chrystal, as to its manner of Reflecting the Light, as
+we shall have Occasion to shew hereafter.
+
+22. There is a fourth way contrary to the third, whereby a Liquor may
+change the Colour of another Body, especially of another Fluid, and that
+is, by procuring the Coalition of several Particles that before lay too
+Scatter'd and Dispers'd to exhibit the Colour that afterwards appears. Thus
+sometimes when I have had a Solution of Gold so Dilated, that I doubted
+whether the Liquor had really Imbib'd any true Gold or no, by pouring in a
+little _Mercury_, I have been quickly able to satisfie my Self, that the
+Liquor contain'd Gold, that Mettall after a little while Cloathing the
+Surface of the _Quick-silver_, with a Thin Film of its own Livery. And
+chiefly, though not only by this way of bringing the Minute parts of Bodies
+together in such Numbers as to make them become Notorious to the Eye, many
+of these Colours seem to be Generated which are produc'd by Precipitations,
+especially by such as are wont to be made with fair Water, as when Resinous
+Gumms dissolv'd in Spirit of Wine, are let fall again, if the Spirit be
+Copiously diluted with that weakning Liquor. And so out of the Rectify'd
+and Transparent Butter of _Antimony_, by the bare Mixture of fair Water,
+there will be plentifully Precipitated that Milk-white Substance, which by
+having its Looser Salts well wash'd off, is turn'd into that Medicine,
+which Vulgar _Chymists_ are pleas'd to call _Mercurius Vitæ._
+
+23. A fifth way, by which a Liquor may change the Colour of a Body, is, by
+Dislocating the Parts, and putting them out of their former Order into
+another, and perhaps also altering the Posture of the single Corpuscles as
+well as their Order or Situation in respect of one another. What certain
+Kinds of Commotion or Dislocation of the Parts of a Body may do towards the
+Changing its Colour, is not only evident in the Mutations of Colour
+observable in _Quick-silver_, and some other Concretes long kept by
+_Chymists_ in a Convenient Heat, though in close Vessels, but in the
+Obvious Degenerations of Colour, which every Body may take notice of in
+Bruis'd Cherries, and other Fruit, by comparing after a while the Colour of
+the Injur'd with that of the Sound part of the same Fruit. And that also
+such Liquors, as we have been speaking of, may greatly Discompose the
+Textures of many Bodies, and thereby alter the Disposition of their
+Superficial parts, the great Commotion made in Metalls, and several other
+Bodies by _Aqua-fortis_, Oyl of _Vitriol_, and other Saline _Menstruums_,
+may easily perswade us, and what such Vary'd Situations of Parts may do
+towards the Diversifying of the manner of their Reflecting the Light, may
+be Guess'd in some Measure by the Beating of Transparent Glass into a White
+Powder, but farr better by the Experiments lately Pointed at, and hereafter
+Deliver'd, as the Producing and Destroying Colours by the means of subtil
+Saline Liquors, by whose Affusion the Parts of other Liquors are manifestly
+both Agitated, and likewise Dispos'd after another manner than they were
+before such Affusion. And in some _Chymical_ Oyls, as particularly that of
+Lemmon Pills, by barely Shaking the Glass, that holds it, into Bubbles,
+that Transposition of the Parts which is consequent to the Shaking, will
+shew you on the Surfaces of the Bubbles exceeding Orient and Lively
+Colours, which when the Bubbles relapse into the rest of the Oyl, do
+immediately Vanish.
+
+24. I know not, _Pyrophilus_, whether I should mention as a Distinct way,
+because it is of a somewhat more General Nature, that Power, whereby a
+Liquor may alter the Colour of another Body, by putting the Parts of it
+into Motion; For though possibly the Motion so produc'd, does, as such,
+seldome suddenly change the Colour of the Body whose Parts are Agitated,
+yet this seems to be one of the most General, however not Immediate causes
+of the Quick change of Colours in Bodies. For the Parts being put into
+Motion by the adventitious Liquor, divers of them that were before United,
+may become thereby Disjoyn'd, and when that Motion ceases or decays others
+of them may stick together, and that in a new Order, by which means the
+Motion may sometimes produce Permanent changes of Colours, as in the
+Experiment you will meet with hereafter, of presently turning a Snowy White
+Body into a Yellow, by the bare Affusion of fair Water, which probably so
+Dissolves the Saline Corpuscles that remain'd in the _Calx_, and sets them
+at Liberty to Act upon one another, and the Metall, far more Powerfully
+than the Water without the Assistance of such Saline Corpuscles could do.
+And though you rubb Blew _Vitriol_, how Venereal and Unsophisticated soever
+it be, upon the Whetted Blade of a Knife, it will not impart to the Iron
+its Latent Colour, but if you moisten the _Vitriol_ with your Spittle, or
+common Water, the Particles of the Liquor disjoyning those of the
+_Vitriol_, and thereby giving them the Various Agitation requisite to Fluid
+Bodies, the Metalline Corpuscles of the thus Dissolv'd _Vitriol_ will Lodge
+themselves in Throngs in the Small and Congruous Pores of the Iron they are
+Rubb'd on, and so give the Surface of it the Genuine Colour of the Copper.
+
+25. There remains yet a way, _Pyrophilus_ to be mention'd, by which a
+Liquor may alter the Colour of another Body, and this seems the most
+Important of all, because though it be nam'd but as One, yet it may indeed
+comprehend Many, and that is, by Associating the Saline Corpuscles, or any
+other Sort of the more Rigid ones of the Liquor, with the Particles of the
+Body that it is employ'd to Work upon. For these Adventitious Corpuscles
+Associating themselves with the Protuberant Particles of the Surface of a
+Colour'd Body, must necessarily alter their Bigness, and will most commonly
+alter their Shape. And how much the Colours of Bodies depend upon the Bulk
+and Figure of their Superficial Particles, you may Guess by this, that
+eminent antient _Philosophers_ and divers _Moderns_, have thought that all
+Colours might in a general way be made out by these two; whose being
+Diversify'd, will in our Case be attended with these two Circumstances, the
+One, that the Protuberant Particles being Increas'd in Bulk, they will
+oftentimes be Vary'd as to the Closness or Laxity of their Order, fewer of
+them being contain'd within the same Sensible (though Minute) space than
+before; or else by approaching to one another, they must Straighten the
+Pores, and it may be too, they will by their manner of Associating
+themselves with the Protuberant Particles, intercept new Pores. And this
+invites me to consider farther, that the Adventitious Corpuscles, I have
+been speaking of, may likewise produce a great Change as well in the Little
+Cavities or Pores as in the Protuberances of a Colour'd Body; for besides
+what we have just now taken notice of, they may by Lodging themselves in
+those little Cavities, fill them up, and it may well happen, that they may
+not only fill the Pores they Insinuate themselves into, but likewise have
+their Upper Parts extant above them; and partly by these new Protuberances,
+partly by Increasing the Bulk of the former, these Extraneous Corpuscles
+may much alter the Number and Bigness of the Surfaces Pores, changing the
+Old and Intercepting new ones. And then 'tis Odds, but the Order of the
+Little Extancies, and consequently that of the Little Depressions in point
+of Situation will be alter'd likewise: as if you dissolve _Quick-silver_ in
+some kind of _Aqua-fortis_, the Saline Particles of the _Menstruum_
+Associating themselves with the Mercurial Corpuscles, will make a Green
+Solution, which afterwards easily enough Degenerates. And Red Lead or
+_Minium_ being Dissolv'd in Spirit of Vinegar, yields not a Red, but a
+Clear Solution, the Redness of the Lead being by the Liquor Destroy'd. But
+a better Instance may be taken from Copper, for I have try'd, that if upon
+a Copper-plate you let some Drops of weak _Aqua-fortis_ rest for a while,
+the Corpuscles of the _Menstruum_, joyning with those of the Metall, will
+produce a very sensible Asperity upon the Surface of the Plate, and will
+Concoagulate that way into very minute Grains of a Pale Blew _Vitriol_;
+whereas if upon another part of the same Plate you suffer a little strong
+Spirit of Urine to rest a competent time, you shall find the Asperated
+Surface adorn'd with a Deeper and Richer Blew. And the same _Aqua-fortis_,
+that will quickly change the Redness of Red Lead into a Darker Colour,
+will, being put upon Crude Lead, produce a Whitish Substance, as with
+Copper it did a Blewish. And as with Iron it will produce a Reddish, and on
+White Quills a Yellowish, so much may the Coalition of the Parts of the
+same Liquor, with the differingly Figur'd Particles of Stable Bodies,
+divers ways Asperate the differingly Dispos'd Surfaces, and to Diversifie
+the Colour of those Bodies. And you'l easily believe, that in many changes
+of Colour, that happen upon the Dissolutions of Metalls, and Precipitations
+made with Oyl of _Tartar_, and the like Fix'd Salts, there may Intervene a
+Coalition of Saline Corpuscles with the Particles of the Body Dissolv'd or
+Precipitated, if you examine how much the _Vitriol_ of a Metall may be
+Heavier than the Metalline part of it alone, upon the Score of the Saline
+parts Concoagulated therewith, and, that in Several Precipitations the
+weight of the _Calx_ does for the same Reason much exceed that of the
+Metall, when it was first put in to be Dissolv'd.
+
+26. But, _Pyrophilus_, to consider these Matters more particularly would be
+to forget that I declar'd against Adventuring, at least for this time, at
+particular Theories of Colours, and that accordingly you may justly expect
+from me rather Experiments than Speculations, and therefore I shall Dismiss
+this Subject of the Forms of Superficial Asperity in Colour'd Bodies, as
+soon as I shall but have nam'd to you by way of Supplement to what we have
+hitherto Discours'd in this Section, a Couple of Particulars, (which you'l
+easily grant me) The one, That there are divers other ways for the speedy
+Production even of True and Permanent Colours in Bodies, besides those
+Practicable by the help of Liquors; for proof of which Advertisement,
+though several Examples might be alleged, yet I shall need but Re-mind you
+of what I mention'd to you above, touching the change of Colours suddenly
+made on Temper'd Steel, and on Lead, by the Operation of Heat, without the
+Intervention of a Liquor. But the other particular I am to observe to you
+is of more Importance to our present Subject and it is, That though Nature
+and Art may in some cases so change the Asperity of the Superficial parts
+of a Body, as to change its Colour by either of the ways I have propos'd
+Single or Unassisted, yet for the most part 'tis by two or three, or
+perhaps by more of the fore-mention'd ways Associated together, that the
+Effect is produc'd, and if you consider how Variously those several ways
+and some others Ally'd unto them, which I have left unmention'd, may be
+Compounded and Apply'd, you will not much wonder that such fruitfull,
+whether Principles (or Manners of Diversification) should be fitted to
+Change or Generate no small store of Differing Colours.
+
+27. Hitherto, _Pyrophilus_, we have in discoursing of the Asperity of
+Bodies consider'd the little Protuberances of other Superficial particles
+which make up that Roughness, as if we took it for granted, that they must
+be perfectly Opacous and Impenetrable by the Beams of Light, and so, must
+contribute to the Variety of Colours as they terminate more or less Light,
+and reflect it to the Eye mix'd with more or less of thus or thus mingl'd
+Shades. But to deal Ingenuously with you, _Pyrophilus_, before I proceed
+any further, I must not conceal from you, that I have often thought it
+worth a Serious Enquiry, whether or no Particles of Matter, each of them
+sing'y Insensible, and therefore small enough to be capable of being such
+Minute Particles as the _Atomists_ both of old and of late have (not
+absurdly) called _Corpuscula Coloris_, may not yet consist each of them of
+divers yet Minuter Particles, betwixt which we may conceive little
+Commissures where they Adhere to one another, and, however, may not be
+Porous enough to be, at least in some degree, Pervious to the unimaginably
+subtile Corpuscles that make up the Beams of Light, and consequently to be
+in such a degree Diaphanous. For, _Pyrophilus_, that the proposed Enquiry
+may be of moment to him that searches after the Nature of Colour, you'l
+easily grant, if you consider, that whereas Perfectly Opacous bodies can
+but reflect the incident Beams of Light, those that are Diaphanous are
+qualified to refract them too, and that Refraction has such a stroak in the
+Production of Colours, as you cannot but have taken notice of, and perhaps
+admir'd in the Colours generated by the Trajection of Light through Drops
+of Water that exhibit a Rain-bow, through Prismatical glasses, and through
+divers other Transparent bodies. But 'tis like, _Pyrophilus_, you'l more
+easily allow that about this matter 'tis rather Important to have a
+Certainty, than that 'tis Rational to entertain a Doubt; wherefore I must
+mention to you some of the Reasons that make me think it may need a further
+Enquiry, for I find that in a Darkned Room, where the Light is permitted to
+enter but at One hole, the little wandering Particles of Dust, that are
+commonly called Motes, and, unless in the Sunbeams, are not taken notice of
+by the unassisted Sight, I have, I say, often observ'd, that these roving
+Corpuscles being look'd on by an Eye plac'd on one side of the Beams that
+enter'd the Little hole, and by the Darkness having its Pupill much
+Enlarg'd, I could discern that these Motes as soon as they came within the
+compass of the Luminous, whether Cylinder or Inverted Cone, if I may so
+call it, that was made up by the Unclouded Beams of the Sun, did in certain
+positions appear adorn'd with very vivid Colours, like those of the
+Rain-bow, or rather like those of very Minute, but Sparkling fragments of
+Diamonds; and as soon as the Continuance of their Motion had brought them
+to an Inconvenient position in reference to the Light and the Eye, they
+were only visible without Darting any lively Colours as before, which seems
+to argue that these little Motes, or minute Fragments, of several sorts of
+bodies reputed Opacous, and only crumbled as to their Exteriour and Looser
+parts into Dust, did not barely Reflect the Beams that fell upon them, but
+remit them to the Eye Refracted too. We may also observe, that several
+Bodies, (as well some of a Vegetable, as others of an Animal nature) which
+are wont to pass for Opacous, appear in great part Transparent, when they
+are reduc'd into Thin parts, and held against a powerful Light. This I have
+not only taken notice of in pieces of Ivory reduc'd but into Thick leaves,
+as also in divers considerable Thick shells of Fishes, and in shaving of
+Wood, but I have also found that a piece of Deal, far thicker than one
+would easily imagine, being purposly interposed betwixt my Eye plac'd in a
+Room, and the clear Daylight, was not only somewhat Transparent, but
+(perhaps by reason of its Gummous nature) appear'd quite through of a
+lovely Red. And in the Darkned Room above mention'd, Bodies held against
+the hole at which the Light enter'd, appear'd far less Opacous then they
+would elsewhere have done, insomuch that I could easily and plainly see
+through the whole Thickness of my Hand, the Motions of a Body plac'd (at a
+very near distance indeed, but yet) beyond it. And even in Minerals, the
+Opacity is not always so great as many think, if the Body be made Thin, for
+White Marble though of a pretty Thickness, being within a Due distance
+plac'd betwixt the Eye and a Convenient Light, will Suffer the Motions of
+ones Finger to be well discern'd through it, and so will pieces, Thick
+enough, of many common Flints. But above all, that Instance is remarkable,
+that is afforded us by _Muscovie_ glass, (which some call _Selenites_,
+others _Lapis Specularis_) for though plates of this Mineral, though but of
+a moderate Thickness, do often appear Opacous, yet if one of these be
+Dextrously split into the thinnest Leaves 'tis made up of, it will yield
+such a number of them, as scarce any thing but Experience could have
+perswaded me, and these Leaves will afford the most Transparent sort of
+consistent Bodies, that, for ought I have observ'd, are yet known; and a
+single Leaf or Plate will be so far from being Opacous, that 'twill scarce
+be so much as Visible. And multitudes of Bodies there are, whose Fragments
+seem Opacous to the naked Eye, which yet, when I have included them in good
+_Microscopes_, appear'd Transparent; but, _Pyrophilus_, on the other side I
+am not yet sure that there are no Bodies, whose Minute Particles even in
+such a _Microscope_ as that of mine, which I was lately mentioning, will
+not appear Diaphanous. For having consider'd _Mercury_ Precipitated _per
+se_, the little Granules that made up the powder, look'd like little
+fragments of Coral beheld by the naked Eye at a Distance (for very Near at
+hand Coral will sometimes, especially if it be Good, shew some
+Transparency.) Filings likewise of Steel and Copper, though in an excellent
+_Microscope_, and a fair Day, they show'd like pretty Big Fragments of
+those Metalls, and had considerable Brightness on some of their Surfaces,
+yet I was not satisfi'd, that I perceiv'd any Reflection from the Inner
+parts of any of the Filings. Nay, having look'd in my best _Microscope_
+upon the Red _Calx_ of Lead, (commonly call'd _Minium_) neither I, nor any
+I shew'd it to, could discern it to be other than Opacous, though the Day
+were Clear, and the Object strongly Enlightned. And the deeply Red Colour
+of _Vitriol_ appear'd in the same _Microscope_ (notwithstanding the great
+Comminution effected by the Fire) but like Grossy beaten Brick. So that,
+_Pyrophilus_, I shall willingly resign you the care of making some further
+Enquiries into the Subject we have now been considering; for I confess, as
+I told you before, that I think that the Matter may need a further
+Scrutiny, nor would I be forward to Determine how far or in what cases the
+Transparency or Semi-diaphaniety of the Superficial Corpuscles of Bigger
+Bodies, may have an Interest in the Production of their Colours, especially
+because that even in divers White bodies, as Beaten Glass, Snow and Froth,
+where it seems manifest that the Superficial parts are singly Diaphanous,
+(being either Water, or Air, or Glass) we see not that such Variety of
+Colours are produc'd as usually are by the Refraction of Light, even in
+those Bodies, when by their Bigness, Shape, &c. they are conveniently
+qualify'd to exhibit such Various and Lively Colours as those of the
+Rain-bow, and of Prismatical Glasses.
+
+28. By what has been hitherto discours'd, _Pyrophilus_, we may be assisted
+to judge of that famous Controversie which was of Old disputed betwixt the
+_Epicureans_ and other _Atomists_ on the one side, and most other
+_Philosophers_ on the other side. The former Denying Bodies to be Colour'd
+in the Dark, and the Latter making Colour to be an Inherent quality, as
+well as Figure, Hardness; Weight, or the like. For though this Controversie
+be Reviv'd, and hotly Agitated among the _Moderns_, yet I doubt whether it
+be not in great part a Nominal dispute, and therefore let us, according to
+the Doctrine formerly deliver'd, Distinguish the Acceptions of the word
+Colour, and say, that if it be taken in the Stricter Sense, the
+_Epicureans_ seem to be in the Right, for if Colour be indeed, though not
+according to them, but Light Modify'd, how can we conceive that it can
+Subsist in the Dark, that is, where it must be suppos'd there is no Light;
+but on the other side, if Colour be consider'd as a certain Constant
+Disposition of the Superficial parts of the Object to Trouble the Light
+they Reflect after such and such a Determinate manner, this Constant, and,
+if I may so speak, Modifying disposition persevering in the Object, whether
+it be Shin'd upon or no, there seems no just reason to deny, but that in
+this Sense, Bodies retain their Colour as well in the Night as Day; or, to
+Speak a little otherwise, it may be said, that Bodies are Potentially
+Colour'd in the Dark, and Actually in the Light. But of this Matter
+discoursing more fully elsewhere, as 'tis a difficulty that concerns
+Qualities in general, I shall forbear to insist on it here.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHAP. IV
+
+1. Of greater Moment in the Investigation of the Nature of Colours is the
+Controversie, Whether those of the Rain-bow, and those that are often seen
+in Clouds, before the Rising, or after the Setting of the Sun; and in a
+word, Whether those other Colours, that are wont to be call'd Emphatical,
+ought or ought not to be accounted True Colours. I need not tell you that
+the Negative is the Common Opinion, especially in the Schools, as may
+appear by that Vulgar distinction of Colours, whereby these under
+Consideration are term'd Apparent, by way of Opposition to those that in
+the other Member of the Distinction are call'd True or Genuine. This
+question I say seems to me of Importance, upon this Account, that it being
+commonly Granted, (or however, easie enough to be Prov'd) that Emphatical
+Colours are Light it self Modify'd by Refractions chiefly, with a
+concurrence sometimes of Reflections, and perhaps some other Accidents
+depending on these two; if these Emphatical Colours be resolv'd to be
+Genuine, it will seem consequent, that Colours, or at least divers of them,
+are but Diversify'd Light, and not such Real and Inherent qualities as they
+are commonly thought to be.
+
+2. Now since we are wont to esteem the Echoes and other Sounds of Bodies,
+to be True Sounds, all their Odours to be True Odours, and (to be short)
+since we judge other Sensible Qualities to be True ones, because they are
+the proper Objects of some or other of our Senses, I see not why Emphatical
+Colours, being the proper and peculiar Objects of the Organ of Sight, and
+capable to Affect it as Truly and as Powerfully as other Colours, should be
+reputed but Imaginary ones.
+
+And if we have (which perchance you'l allow) formerly evinc'd Colour, (when
+the word is taken in its more Proper sense) to be but Modify'd Light, there
+will be small Reason to deny these to be true Colours, which more
+manifestly than others disclose themselves to be produc'd by
+Diversifications of the Light.
+
+3. There is indeed taken notice of a Difference betwixt these Apparent
+colours, and those that are wont to be esteem'd Genuine, as to the
+Duration, which has induc'd some Learned Men to call the former rather
+Evanid than Fantastical. But as the Ingenious _Gassendus_ does somewhere
+Judiciously observe, if this way of Arguing were Good, the Greeness of a
+Leaf ought to pass for Apparent, because, soon Fading into a Yellow, it
+Scarce lasts at all, in comparison of the Greeness of an Emerauld. I shall
+add, that if the Sun-beams be in a convenient manner trajected through a
+Glass-prism, and thrown upon some well-shaded Object within a Room, the
+Rain-bow thereby Painted on the Surface of the Body that Terminates the
+Beams, may oftentimes last longer than Some Colours I have produc'd in
+certain Bodies, which would justly, and without scruple be accounted
+Genuine Colours, and yet suddenly Degenerate, and lose their Nature.
+
+4. A greater Disparity betwixt Emphatical Colours, and others, may perhaps
+be taken from this, that Genuine Colours seem to be produc'd in Opacous
+Bodies by Reflection, but Apparent ones in Diaphanous Bodies, and
+principally by Refraction, I say Principally rather than Solely, because in
+some cases Reflection also may concurr, but still this seems not to
+conclude these Latter Colours not to be True ones. Nor must what has been
+newly said of the Differences of True and Apparent Colours, be interpreted
+in too Unlimited a Sense, and therefore it may perhaps somewhat Assist you,
+both to Reflect upon the two fore-going Objections, and to judge of some
+other Passages which you'l meet with in this Tract, if I take this Occasion
+to observe to you, that if Water be Agitated into Froth, it exhibits you
+know a White colour, which soon after it Loses upon the Resolution of the
+Bubbles into Air and Water, now in this case either the Whiteness of the
+Froth is a True Colour or not, if it be, then True Colours, supposing the
+Water pure and free from Mixtures of any thing Tenacious, may be as
+Short-liv'd as those of the Rain-bow; also the Matter, wherein the
+Whiteness did Reside, may in a few moments perfectly Lose all foot-steps or
+remains of it. And besides, even Diaphanous Bodies may be capable of
+exhibiting True Colours by Reflection, for that Whiteness is so produc'd,
+we shall anon make it probable. But if on the other side it be said, that
+the Whiteness of Froth is an Emphatical Colour, then it must no longer be
+said, that Fantastical Colours require a certain Position of the Luminary
+and the Eye, and must be Vary'd or Destroy'd by the Change thereof, since
+Froth appears White, whether the Sun be Rising or Setting, or in the
+Meridian, or any where between it and the Horizon, and from what
+(Neighbouring) place soever the Beholders Eye looks upon it. And since by
+making a Liquor Tenacious enough, yet without Destroying its Transparency,
+or Staining it with any Colour, you may give the Little Films, whereof the
+Bubbles consist, such a Texture, as may make the Froth last very many
+Hours, if not some Days, or even Weeks, it will render it somewhat Improper
+to assign Duration for the Distinguishing Character to Discriminate Genuine
+from Fantastical Colours. For such Froth may much outlast the Undoubtedly
+true Colours of some of Nature's Productions, as in that Gaudy Plant not
+undeservedly call'd the Mervail of _Peru_, the Flowers do often Fade, the
+same Day they are Blown; And I have often seen a _Virginian_ Flower, which
+usually Withers within the compass of a Day; and I am credibly Inform'd,
+that not far from hence a curious Herborist has a Plant, whose Flowers
+perish in about an Hour. But if the Whiteness of Water turn'd into Froth
+must therefore be reputed Emphatical, because it appears not that the
+Nature of the Body is Alter'd, but only that the Disposition of its Parts
+in reference to the Incident Light is Chang'd, why may not the Whiteness be
+accounted Emphatical too, which I shall shew anon to be Producible, barely
+by such another change in Black Horn? and yet this so easily acquir'd
+Whiteness seems to be as truly its Colour as the Blackness was before, and
+at least is more Permanent than the Greenness of Leaves, the Redness of
+Roses, and, in short, than the Genuine Colours of the most part of Nature's
+Productions. It may indeed be further Objected, that according as the Sun
+or other Luminous Body changes place, these Emphatical Colours alter or
+vanish. But not to repeat what I have just now said, I shall add, that if a
+piece of Cloath in a Drapers Shop (in such the Light being seldome Primary)
+be variously Folded, it will appear of differing Colours, as the Parts
+happen to be more Illuminated or more Shaded, and if you stretch it Flat,
+it will commonly exhibit some one Uniform Colour, and yet these are not
+wont to be reputed Emphatical, so that the Difference seems to be chiefly
+this, that in the Case of the Rain-bow, and the like, the Position of the
+Luminary Varies the Colour, and in the Cloath I have been mentioning, the
+Position of the Object does it. Nor am I forward to allow that in all Cases
+the Apparition of Emphatical Colours requires a Determinate position of the
+Eye, for if Men will have the Whiteness of Froth Emphatical, you know what
+we have already Inferr'd from thence. Besides, the Sun-beams trajected
+through a Triangular Glass, after the manner lately mention'd, will, upon
+the Body that Terminates them, Paint a Rain-bow, that may be seen whether
+the Eye be plac'd on the Right Hand of it or the Left, or Above or Beneath
+it, or Before or Behind it; and though there may appear some Little
+Variation in the Colours of the Rain-bow, beheld from Differing parts of
+the Room, yet such a Diversity may be also observ'd by an Attentive Eye in
+Real Colours, look'd upon under the like Circumstances, Nor will it follow,
+that because there remains no Footsteps of the Colour upon the Object, when
+the Prism is Remov'd, that therefore the Colour was not Real, since the
+Light was truly Modify'd by the Refraction and Reflection it Suffer'd in
+its Trajection through the Prism; and the Object in our case serv'd for a
+Specular Body, to Reflect that Colour to the Eye. And that you may not be
+Startled, _Pyrophilus_, that I should Venture to say, that a Rough and
+Coiour'd Object may serve for a _Speculum_ to Reflect the Artificial
+Rain-bow I have been mentioning, consider what usually happens in Darkned
+Rooms, where a Wall, or other Body conveniently Situated within, may so
+Reflect the Colours of Bodies, without the Room, that they may very clearly
+be Discern'd and Distinguish'd, and yet 'tis taken for granted, that the
+Colours seen in a Darkned Room, though they leave no Traces of themselves
+upon the Wall or Body that Receives them, are the True Colours of the
+External Objects, together with which the Colours of the Images are Mov'd
+or do Rest. And the Errour is not in the Eye, whose Office is only to
+perceive the Appearances of things, and which does Truly so, but in the
+Judging or Estimative faculty, which Mistakingly concludes that Colour to
+belong to the Wall, which does indeed belong to the Object, because the
+Wall is that from whence the Beams of Light that carry the Visible
+_Species_, do come in Straight Lines directly to the Eye, as for the same
+Reason we are wont at a certain Distance from Concave Sphærical Glasses, to
+perswade our Selves that we see the Image come forth to Meet us, and Hang
+in the Air betwixt the Glass and Us, because the Reflected Beams that
+Compose the image cross in that place, where the Image seems to be, and
+thence, and not from the Glass, do in Direct Lines take their Course to the
+Eye, and upon the like Cause it is, that divers Deceptions in Sounds and
+other Sensible Objects do depend, as we elsewhere declare.
+
+5. I know not, whether I need add, that I have purposely Try'd, (as you'l
+find some Pages hence, and will perhaps think somewhat strange) that
+Colours that are call'd Emphatical, because not Inherent in, the Bodies in
+which they Appear, may be Compounded with one another, as those that are
+confessedly Genuine may. But when all this is said, _Pyrophilus_, I must
+Advertise you, that it is but Problematically Spoken, and that though I
+think the Opinion I have endeavour'd to fortifie Probable, yet a great part
+of our Discourse concerning Colours may be True, whether that Opinion be so
+or not.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHAP. V.
+
+1. There are you know, _Pyrophilus_, besides those Obsolete Opinions about
+Colours which have been long since Rejected, very Various Theories that
+have each of them, even at this day, Eminent Men for its Abetters; for the
+Peripatetick Schools, though they dispute amongst themselves divers
+particulars concerning Colours, yet in this they seem Unanimously enough to
+Agree, that Colours are Inherent and Real Qualities, which the Light doth
+but Disclose, and not concurr to Produce. Besides there are _Moderns_, who
+with a slight Variation adopt the Opinion of _Plato_, and as he would have
+Colour to be nothing but a Kind of Flame consisting of Minute Corpuscles as
+it were Darted by the Object against the Eye, to whose Pores their
+Littleness and Figure made them congruous, so these would have Colour to be
+an Internal Light of the more Lucid parts of the Object, Darkned and
+consequently Alter'd by the Various Mixtures of the less Luminous parts.
+There are also others, who in imitation of some of the Ancient _Atomists_,
+make Colour not to be Lucid steam, but yet a Corporeal _Effluvium_ issuing
+out of the Colour'd Body, but the Knowingst of these have of late Reform'd
+their Hypothesis, by acknowledging and adding that some External Light is
+necessary to Excite, and as _they_ speak, Sollicit these Corpuscles of
+Colour as _they_ call them, and Bring them to the Eye. Another and more
+principal Opinion of the _Modern_ Philosophers, to which this last nam'd
+may by a Favourable explication be reconcil'd, is that which derives
+Colours from the Mixture of Light and Darkness, or rather Light and
+Shadows. And as for the _Chymists_ 'tis known, that the generality of them
+ascribes the Origine of Colours to the Sulphureous Principle in Bodies,
+though I find, as I elsewhere largely shew, that some of the Chiefest of
+them derive Colours rather from Salt than Sulphur, and others, from the
+third Hypostatical Principle, _Mercury_. And as for the _Cartesians_ I need
+not tell you, that they, supposing the Sensation of Light to bee produc'd
+by the Impulse made upon the Organs of Sight, by certain extremely Minute
+and Solid Globules, to which the Pores of the Air and other Diaphanous
+bodies are pervious, endeavour to derive the Varieties of Colours from the
+Various Proportion of the Direct Progress or Motion of these Globules to
+their Circumvolution or Motion about their own Centre, by which Varying
+Proportion they are by this Hypothesis suppos'd qualify'd to strike the
+Optick Nerve after several Distinct manners, so to produce the perception
+of Differing Colours.
+
+2. Besides these six principal Hypotheses, _Pyrophilus_, there may be some
+others, which though Less known, may perhaps as well as thesc deserve to be
+taken into consideration by you; but that I should copiously debate any of
+them at present, I presume you will not expect, if you consider the Scope
+of these Papers, and the Brevity I have design'd in them, and therefore I
+shall at this time only take notice to you in the general of two or three
+things that do more peculiarly concern the Treatise you have now in your
+hands.
+
+3. And first, though the Embracers of the Several Hypotheses I have been
+naming to you, by undertaking each Sect of them to explicate Colours
+indefinitely, by the particular Hypotheses they maintain, seem to hold it
+forth as the only Needful Theory about that Subject, yet for my part I
+doubt whether any one of all these Hypotheses have a right to be admitted
+Exclusively to all others, for I think it Probable, that Whiteness and
+Blackness may be explicated by Reflection alone without Refraction, as
+you'l find endeavour'd in the Discourse you'l meet with e're long Of the
+Origine of Whiteness and Blackness, and on the other side, since I have not
+found that by any Mixture of White and True Black, (for there is a Blewish
+Black which many mistake for a Genuine) there can be a Blew, a Yellow, or a
+Red, to name no other Colours, produced, and since we do find that these
+Colours may be produc'd in the Glass-prism and other Transparent bodies, by
+the help of Refractions, it seems that Refraction is to be taken in into
+the Explication of some Colours, to whose Generation they seem to concurr,
+either by making a further or other Commixture of Shades with the Refracted
+Light, or by some other way not now to be discours'd. And as it seems not
+improbable, that in case the Pores of the Air, and other Diaphanous bodies
+be every where almost fill'd with such _Globuli_ as the _Cartesians_
+suppose, the Various kind of Motion of these _Globuli_, may in many cases
+have no small stroak in Varying our Perception of Colour, so without the
+Supposition of these _Globuli_, which 'tis not so easie to evince, I think
+we may probably enough conceive in general, that the Eye may be Variously
+affected, not only by the Entire Beams of Light that fall upon it as they
+are such, but by the Order, and by the Degree of Swiftness, and in a word
+by the Manner according to which the Particles that compose each Particular
+Beam arrive at the Sensory, so that whatever be the Figure of the Little
+Corpuscles, of which the Beams of Light consist, not only the Celerity or
+Slowness of their Revolution or Rotation in reference to their Progressive
+Motion, but their more Absolute Celerity, their Direct or Undulating
+Motion, and other Accidents, which may attend their Appulse to the Eye, may
+fit them to make Differing Impressions on it.
+
+4. Secondly, For these and the like Considerations, _Pyrophilus_, I must
+desire that you would look upon this little Treatise, not as a Discourse
+written Principally to maintain any of the fore-mention'd Theories,
+Exclusively to all others, or substitute a New one of my Own, but as the
+beginning of a History of Colours, upon which, when you and your Ingenious
+friends shall have Enrich'd it, a Solid Theory may be safely built. But yet
+because this History is not meant barely for a Register of the things
+recorded in it, but for an _Apparatus_ to a sound and comprehensitive
+Hypothesis, I thought fit, so to temper the whole Discourse, as to make it
+as conducible, as conveniently I can to that End, and therefore I have not
+scrupled to let you see that I was willing, as to save you the labour of
+Cultivating some Theories that I thought would never enable you to reach
+the Ends you aim at, so to contract your Enquiries into a Narrow compass,
+for both which purposes I thought it requisite to do these two things, the
+_One_, to set down some Experiments which by the help of the Reflections
+and Insinuations that attend them, may assist you to discover the
+Infirmness and Insufficiency both of the common Peripatetick Doctrine, and
+of the now more applauded Theory of the _Chymists_ about Colour, because
+those two Doctrines having Possess'd themselves, the one of the most part
+of the Schools, and the other of the Esteem of the Generality ef Physicians
+and other Learned Men, whose Professions and Ways of Study do not exact
+that they should Scrupulously examine the very First and Simplest
+Principles of Nature, I fear'd it would be to little purpose, without doing
+something to discover the Insufficiency of these Hypotheses, that I should,
+(which was the _Other_ thing I thought requisite for me to do) set down
+among my other Experiments those in the greatest Number, that may let you
+see, that, till I shall be Better Inform'd, I encline to take Colour to be
+a Modification of Light, and would invite you chiefly to Cultivate that
+Hypothesis, and Improve it to the making out of the Generation of
+Particular Colours, as I have Endeavour'd to apply it to the Explication of
+Whiteness and Blackness.
+
+5. Thirdly. But, _Pyrophilus_, though this be at present the Hypothesis I
+preferr, yet I propose it but in a General Sense, teaching only that the
+Beams of Light, Modify'd by the Bodies whence they are sent (Reflected or
+Refracted) to the Eye, produce there that Kind of Sensation, Men commonly
+call Colour; But whether I think this Modification of the Light to be
+perform'd by Mixing it with Shades, or by Varying the Proportion of the
+Progress and Rotation of the _Cartesian Globuli Cælestes_, or by some other
+way which I am not now to mention, I pretend not here to Declare. Much less
+do I pretend to Determine, or scarce so much as to Hope to know all that
+were requisite to be Known, to give You, or even my Self, a perfect account
+of the Theory of Vision and Colours, for in Order to such an undertaking I
+would first Know what Light is, and if it be a Body (as a Body or the
+Motion of a Body it seems to be) what Kind of Corpuscles for Size and Shape
+it consists of, with what Swiftness they move Forwards, and Whirl about
+their own Centres. Then I would Know the Nature of Refraction, which I take
+to be one of the Abstrusest things (not to explicate Plausibly, but to
+explicate Satisfactorily) that I have met with in Physicks; I would further
+Know what Kind and what Degree of Commixture of Darkness or Shades is made
+by Refractions or Reflections, or both, in the Superficial particles of
+those Bodies, that being Shin'd upon, constantly exhibit the one, for
+Instance, a Blew, the other a Yellow, the third a Red Colour; I would
+further Know why this Contemperation of Light and Shade, that is made, for
+Example, by the Skin of a Ripe Cherry, should exhibit a Red, and not a
+Green, and the Leaf of the same Tree should exhibit a Green rather than a
+Red; and indeed, Lastly, why since the Light that is Modify'd into these
+Colours consists but of Corpuscles moved against the _Retina_ or Pith of
+the Optick Nerve, it should there not barely give a Stroak, but produce a
+Colour, whereas a Needle wounding likewise the Eye, would not produce
+Colour but Pain. These, and perhaps other things I should think requisite
+to be Known, before I should judge my Self to have fully Comprehended the
+True and Whole Nature of Colours; and therefore, though by making the
+Experiments and Reflections deliver'd in this Paper, I have endeavour'd
+somewhat to Lessen my Ignorance in this Matter, and think it far more
+Desireable to discover a Little, than to discover Nothing, yet I pretend
+but to make it Probable by the Experiments I mention, that some Colours may
+be Plausibly enough Explicated in the General by the Doctrine here
+propos'd; For whensoever I would Descend to the Minute and Accurate
+Explication of Particulars, I find my Self very Sensible of the great
+Obscurity of things, without excepting those which we never see but when
+they are Enlightned, and confess with _Scaliger_[5], _Latet natura hæc_,
+(says he, Speaking of that of Colour) _& sicut aliarum rerum species in
+profundissima caligine inscitiæ humanæ._
+
+  [5] Exercitat. 325 Parag. 4
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                      _THE_
+             _EXPERIMENTAL HISTORY_
+                  _OF COLOURS._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    PART. II.
+
+         _Of the Nature of Whiteness and_
+                   _Blackness._
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+1. Though after what I have acknowledged, _Pyrophilus_, of the Abstruse
+Nature of Colours in _particular_, you will easily believe, that I pretend
+not to give you a Satisfactory account of Whiteness and Blackness; Yet not
+wholly to frustrate your Expectation of my offering something by way of
+Specimen towards the Explication of some Colours in particular, I shall
+make choice of These as the most Simple Ones, (and by reason of their
+mutual Opposition the Least hardly explicable) about which to present you
+my Thoughts, upon condition you will take them at most to be my
+Conjectures, not my Opinions.
+
+2. When I apply'd my Self to consider, how the cause of Whiteness might be
+explan'd by Intelligible and Mechanical Principles, I remembred not to have
+met with any thing among the Antient _Corpuscularian_ Philosophers,
+touching the Quality we call Whiteness, save that _Democritus_ is by
+_Aristotle_ said to have ascrib'd the Whiteness of Bodies to their
+Smoothness, and on the contrary their Blackness to their Asperity.[6] But
+though about the Latter of those Qualities his Opinion be allowable, as we
+shall see anon, yet that he heeds a Favourable Interpretation in what is
+Deliver'd concerning the First, (at least if his Doctrine be not
+Mis-represented in this point, as it has been in many others) we shall
+quickly have Occasion to manifest. But amongst the _Moderns_, the most
+Learned _Gassendus_ in his Ingenious Epistle publish'd in the Year 1642.
+_De apparente Magnitudine solis humilis & sublimis_, reviving the
+_Atomical_ Philosophy, has, though but Incidentally, deliver'd something
+towards the Explication of Whiteness upon Mechanical Principles: And
+because no Man that I know of, has done so before him, I shall, to be sure
+to do him Right, give you his Sense in his own Words:[7] _Cogites velim_
+(says he) _lucem quidem in Diaphano nullius coloris videri, sed in Opaco
+tamen terminante Candicare, ac tantò magis, quantò densior seu collectior
+fuerit. Deinde aquam non esse quidem coloris ex se candidi & radium tamen
+ex eâ reflexum versus oculum candicare. Rursus cum plana aquæ Superficies
+non nisi ex una parte eam reflexionem faciat: si contigerit tamen illam in
+aliquot bullas intumescere, bullam unamquamque reflectionem facere, &
+candoris speciem creare certa Superficiei parte. Ad hæc Spumam ex aqua pura
+non alia ratione videri candescere & albescerere quam quod sit congeries
+confertissima minutissimarum bullarum, quarum unaquæque suum radium
+reflectit, unde continens candor alborve apparet. Denique Nivem nihil aliud
+videri quam speciem purissimæ spumæ ex bullulis quam minutissimis &
+confertissimis cohærentis. Sed ridiculam me exhibeam, si tales meas nugas
+uberius proponem._
+
+  [6] _Album quippe & agrum, hoc quidem asperum esse dicit, hoc vero læve.
+  de Sensu & Sensib. 3. 3._
+
+  [7] Epist. 2. pag. 45.
+
+3. But though in this passage, that very Ingenous Person has Anticipated
+part of what I should say; Yet I presume you will for all that expect, that
+I should give you a fuller Account of that Notion of Whiteness, which I
+have the least Exceptions to, and of the Particulars whence I deduce it,
+which to do, I must mention to you the following Experiments and
+Observations.
+
+Whiteness then consider'd as a Quality in the Object, seems chiefly to
+depend upon this, That the Superficies of the Body that is call'd White, is
+Asperated by almost innumerable Small Surfaces, which being of an almost
+Specular Nature, are also so Plac'd, that some Looking this way, and some
+that way, they yet Reflect the Rays of Light that fall on them, not towards
+one another, but outwards towards the Spectators Eye. In this Rude and
+General account of Whiteness, it seems that besides those Qualities, which
+are common to Bodies of other Colours, as for instance the Minuteness and
+Number of the Superficial parts, the two chief things attributed to Bodies
+as White are made to be, First, that its Little Protuberances and
+Superficial parts be of somewhat a Specular Nature, that they may as little
+Looking-glasses each of them Reflect the Beams it receives, (or the little
+Picture of the Sun made on it) without otherwise considerably Altering
+them; whereas in most other Colours, they are wont to be much Chang'd, by
+being also Refracted, or by being Return'd to the Eye, mixt with Shades or
+otherwise. And next, that its Superficial parts be so Situated, that they
+Retain not the Incident Rays of Light by Reflecting them Inwards, but Send
+them almost all Back, so that the Outermost Corpuscles of a White Body,
+having their Various Little Surfaces of a Specular Nature, a Man can from
+no place Behold the Body, but that there will be among those Innumerable
+_Superficieculæ_, that Look some one way, and some another, enough of them
+Obverted to his Eye, to afford like a broken Looking-glass, a confused
+Idæa, or Representation of Light, and make such an Impression on the Organ,
+as that for which Men are wont to call a Body White. But this Notion will
+perhaps be best Explan'd by the same Experiments and Observations, on which
+it is Built, And therefore I shall now advance to _Them_.
+
+4. And in the first place I consider, that the Sun and other Powerfully
+Lucid Bodies, are not only wont to Offend, which we call to Dazle our Eyes,
+but that if any Colour be to be Ascrib'd to them as they are Lucid, it
+seems it should be Whiteness: For the Sun at Noon-day, and in Clear
+weather, and when his Face is less Troubled, and as it were Stained by the
+Steams of Sublunary Bodies, and when his Beams have much less of the
+Atmosphere to Traject in their Passage to our Eyes, appears of a Colour
+more approaching to White, than when nearer the Horizon, the Interposition
+of certain Sorts of Fumes and Vapours make him oftentimes appear either
+Red, or at least more Yellow. And when the Sun Shines upon that Natural
+Looking-glass, a Smooth water, that part of it, which appears to this or
+that particular Beholder, the most Shin'd on, does to his Eye seem far
+Whiter than the rest. And here I shall add, that I have sometimes had the
+Opportunity to observe a thing, that may make to my present purpose,
+namely, that when the Sun was Veil'd over as it were, with a Thin White
+Cloud, and yet was too Bright to be Look'd upon Directly without Dazling,
+by casting my Eyes upon a Smooth water, as we sometimes do to observe
+Eclipses without prejudice to our Eyes, the Sun then not far from the
+Meridian, appear'd to me not Red, but so White, that 'twas not without some
+Wonder, that I made the Observation. Besides, though we in _English_ are
+wont to say, a thing is Red hot, as an Expression of its being
+Superlatively _Ignitum_, (if I may so Speak for want of a proper _English_
+word) yet in the Forges of Smiths, and the Furnaces of other Artificers, by
+that which they call a White heat, they mean a further Degree of
+_Ignition_, than by that which both they and we call a Red heat.
+
+5. Secondly, I consider, that common Experience informs us, that as much
+Light Over-powers the Eye, so when the Ground is covered with Snow, (a Body
+extremely White) those that have Weak Eyes are wont to complain of too much
+Light: And even those that have not, are generally Sensible of an
+Extraordinary measure of Light in the Air; and if they are fain to Look
+very long upon the Snow, find their Sight Offended by it. On which occasion
+we may call to mind what _Xenophon_ relates, that his _Cyrus_ marching his
+Army for divers days through Mountains covered with Snow, the Dazling
+splendor of its Whiteness prejudic'd the Sight of very many of his
+Souldiers, and Blinded some of them; and other Stories of that Nature be
+met with in Writers of good Note. And the like has been affirm'd to me by
+credible Persons of my own Acquaintance, and especially by one who though
+Skill'd in Physick and not Ancient confess'd to me when I purposely ask'd
+him, that not only during his stay in _Muscovy_, he found his Eyes much
+Impair'd, by being reduc'd frequently to Travel in the Snow, but that the
+Weakness of his Eyes did not Leave him when he left that Country, but has
+follow'd him into these Parts, and yet continues to Trouble him. And to
+this doth agree what I as well as others have observ'd, namely, that when I
+Travell'd by Night, when the Ground was all cover'd with Snow, though the
+Night otherwise would not have been Lightsome, yet I could very well see to
+Choose my way. But much more Remarkable to my present purpose is that,
+which I have met with in _Olaus Magnus_,[8] concerning the way of
+Travelling in Winter in the _Northern_ Regions, where the Days of that
+Season are so very Short; for after other things not needfull to be here
+Transcribed: _Iter_, says he, _Diurnum duo scilicet montana milliaria (quæ
+12 Italica sunt) consiciunt. Nocte verò sub splendissima luna, duplatum
+iter consumunt aut triplatum. Neque id incommodè fit, cum nivium
+reverberatione lunaris splendoris sublimes & declives campos illustret, ac
+etiam montium præcipitia ac noxias feras à lorgè prospiciant evitandas_.
+Which Testimony I the less Scruple to allege, because that it agrees very
+well with what has been Affirm'd to me by a Physician of _Mosco_, whom the
+Notion I have been Treating of concerning Whiteness invited me to ask
+whether he could not See much farther when he Travell'd by Night in
+_Russia_ than he could do in _England_, or elsewhere, when there was no
+Snow upon the Ground; For this Ingenious Person inform'd me, that he could
+See Things at a farr greater Distance, and with more Clearness, when he
+Travell'd by Night on the _Russian_ Snow, though without the Assistance of
+Moon-shine, than we in these Parts would easily be perswaded. Though it
+seems not unlikely to me, that the Intenseness of the Cold may contribute
+something to the considerableness of the Effect, by much Clearing the Air
+of Darkish Steams, which in these more Temperate Climates are wont to
+Thicken it in Snowy weather: For having purposely inquir'd of this Doctor,
+and consulted that Ingenious Navigator Captain _James_'s Voyage hereafter
+to be further mention'd, I find both their Relations agree in this, that in
+Dark Frosty Nights they could Discover more Stars, and See the rest Clearer
+than we in _England_ are wont to do.
+
+  [8] Gent. Septen. Histor. lib. 4 cap. 13.
+
+6. I know indeed that divers Learned Men think, that Snow so strongly
+Affects our Eye, not by a Borrow'd, but a Native Light; But I venture to
+give it as a Proof, that White Bodies reflect more Light than Others,
+because having once purposely plac'd a parcel of Snow in a Room carefully
+Darkned, that no Celestial Light might come to fall upon it; neither I, nor
+an ingenous Person, (Skill'd in Opticks) whom I desir'd for a Witness,
+could find, that it had any other Light than what it receiv'd. And however,
+'tis usual among those that Travel in Dark Nights, that the Guides wear
+something of White to be Discern'd by, there being scarce any Night so
+Dark, but that in the Free Air there remains some Light, though Broken and
+Debilitated perhaps by a thousand Reflections from the Opacous Corpuscles
+that Swim in the Air, and lend it to one another before it comes to arrive
+at the Eye.
+
+7. Thirdly, And the better to shew that White Bodies reflect store of
+Light, in comparson of those that are otherwise Colour'd, I did in the
+Darkn'd Room, formerly mention'd, hold not far from the Hole, at which the
+Light was admitted, a Sheet only of White Paper, from whence casting the
+Sun-beams upon a White Wall, whereunto it was Obverted, it manifestly
+appear'd both to Me, and to the Person I took for a Witness of the
+Experiment, that it Reflected a far greater Light, than any of the other
+Colours formerly mention'd, the Light so thrown upon one Wall notably
+Enlightning it, and by it a good part of the Room. And yet further to show
+you, that White Bodies Reflect the Beams From them, and not Towards
+themselves, Let me add, that Ordinary Burning-glasses, such as are wont to
+be employ'd to light Tobacco, will not in a great while Burn, or so much as
+Discolour a Sheet of White Paper. Insomuch that even when I was a Boy, and
+Lov'd to make Tryals with Burning-glasses, I could not but wonder at this
+Odd _Phænomenon_, which set me very Early upon Guessing at the Nature of
+Whiteness, especially because I took notice, that the Image of the Sun upon
+a White Paper was not so well Defin'd (the Light seeming too Diffus'd) as
+upon Black, and because I try'd, that Blacking over the Paper with Ink, not
+only the Ink would be quickly Dry'd up, but the Paper that I could not Burn
+before, would be quickly set on Fire. I have also try'd, that by exposing
+my Hand with a Thin Black Glove over it to the Warm Sun, it was thereby
+very quickly and considerably more Heated, than if I took off the Glove,
+and held my Hand Naked, or put on it another Glove of Thin but White
+Leather. And having thus shewn you, _Pyrophilus_, that White Bodies reflect
+the most Light of any, let us now proceed, to consider what is further to
+be taken notice of in them, in order to our present Enquiry.
+
+8. And Fourthly, whereas among the Dispositions we attributed to White
+Bodies, we also intimated this, That such Bodies are apt, like _Speculums_,
+though but Imperfect ones, to Reflect the Light that falls on them
+Untroubled or Unstain'd, we shall besides other particulars to be met with
+in these Papers, offer you this in favour of the Conjecture; That in the
+Darkned Room several times mention'd in this Treatse, we try'd that the
+Sun-beams being cast from a Coloured Body upon a neighbouring White Wall,
+the Determinate Colour of the Body was from the Wall reflected to the Eye;
+whereas we could in divers cases manifestly Alter the Colour arriving at
+the Eye, by Substituting at a convenient Distance, a (conveniently)
+Colour'd (and Glossy) Body instead of the White Wall. As by throwing the
+Beams from a Yellow Body upon a Blew, there would be Exhibited a kind of
+Green, as in the Experiments about Colours is more fully Declar'd.
+
+9. I know not whether I should on this Occasion take notice, that when, as
+when looking upon the Calm and Smooth Surface of a River betwixt my Eye and
+the Sun, it appear'd to be a natural _Speculum_, wherein that Part which
+Reflected to my Eye the Entire and defin'd Image of the Sun, and the Beams
+less remote from those which exhibited That Image, appear'd indeed of a
+great and Whitish Brightness, but the rest Comparatively Dark enough: if
+afterwards the Superficies chanc'd to be a little, but not much troubled,
+by a gentle Breath of Wind, and thereby reduc'd into a Multitude of Small
+and Smooth _Speculums_, the Surface of the River would suitably to the
+Doctrine lately deliver'd, at a Distance appear very much of Kin to White,
+though it would lose that Brightness or Whiteness upon the Return of the
+Surface to Calmness and an Uniform Level. And I have sometimes for Tryals
+sake brought in by a Lenticular Glass, the Image of a River, Shin'd upon by
+the Sun, into an Upper Room Darkn'd, and Distant about a Quarter of a Mile
+from the River, by which means the Numerous Declining Surfaces of the Water
+appear'd so Contracted, that upon the Body that receiv'd the Images, the
+whole River appear'd a very White Object at two or three paces distance.
+But if we drew Near it, this Whiteness appear'd to proceed from an
+Innumerable company of Lucid Reflections, from the several Gently wav'd
+Superficies of the Water, which look'd Near at hand like a Multitude of
+very Little, but Shining Scales of Fish, of which many did every moment
+Disappear, and as many were by the Sun, Wind and River generated anew. But
+though this Observation seem'd Sufficiently to discover, how the Appearing
+Whiteness in that case was Produc'd, yet in some other cases Water may have
+the Same, though not so Vivid a Colour upon other Accounts; for oftentimes
+it happens that the Smooth Surface of the Water does appear Bright or
+Whitish, by reason of the Reflection not immediatly of the Images of the
+Sun, but of the Brightness of the Sky; and in such cases a Convenient Wind
+may where it passes along make the Surface look Black, by causing many such
+Furrows and Cavities, as may make the Inflected Superficies of the Water
+reflect the Brightness of the Sky rather Inward than Outward. And again if
+the Wind increase into a Storm, the Water may appear White, especially near
+the Shore and the Ship, namely because the Rude Agitation Breaks it into
+Fome or Froth. So much do Whiteness and Blackness depend upon the
+Disposition of the Superficial parts of a Body to Reflect the Beams of
+Light Inward or Outward. But that as White Bodies reflect the most Light of
+any, so there Superficial Particles are, in the Sense newly Deliver'd, of a
+Specular Nature, I shall now further endeavour to shew both by the making
+of Specular bodies White, and the making of a White body Specular.
+
+10. In the Fifth place then, I will inform You, that (not to repeat what
+_Gassendus_ observes concerning Water) I have for Curiosity sake Distill'd
+Quicksilver in a Cucurbit, fitted with a Capacious Glass-head, and observ'd
+that when the Operation was perform'd by the Degrees of Fire requisite for
+my purpose, there would stick to the Inside of the Alembick a multitude of
+Little round drops of _Mercury_. And as you know that _Mercury_ is a
+Specular Body, so each of these Little drops was a small round
+Looking-glass, and a Multitude of them lying Thick and Near one another,
+they did both in my Judgment, and that of those I Invited to see it, make
+the Glass they were fastened to, appear manifestly a White Body. And yet as
+I said, this Whiteness depended upon the Minuteness and Nearness of the
+Little Mercurial _Globuli_, the Convexity of whose Surfaces fitted them to
+represent in a Narrow compass a Multitude of Little Lucid Images to
+differingly situated Beholders. And here let me observe a thing that seems
+much to countenance the Notion I have been recommending: namely, that
+whereas divers parts of the Sky, and especially the Milky-way, do to the
+naked Eye appear White, (as the name it self imports) yet the Galaxie
+look'd upon through the Telescope, does not shew White, but appears to be
+made up of a Vast multitude of Little Starrs; so that a Multitude of Lucid
+Bodies, if they be so Small that they cannot Singly or apart be discern'd
+by the Eye, and if they be sufficiently Thick set by one another, may by
+their confus'd beams appear to the Eye One White Body. And why it is not
+possible, that the like may be done, when a Multitude of Bright and Little
+Corpuscles being crowded together, are made to send together Vivid beams to
+the Eye, though they Shine but as the Planets by a Borrow'd Light?
+
+
+11. But to return to our Experiments. We may take notice, That the White of
+an Egg, though in part Transparent, yet by its power of Reflecting some
+Incident Rays of Light, is in some measure a Natural _Speculum_, being long
+agitated with a Whisk or Spoon, loses its Transparency, and becomes very
+White, by being turn'd into Froth, that is into an Aggregate of Numerous
+small Bubbles, whose Convex Superficies fits them to Reflect the Light
+every way Outwards. And 'tis worth Noting, that when Water, for instance,
+is Agitated into Froth, if the Bubbles be Great and Few, the Whiteness will
+be but Faint, because the number of _Specula_ within a Narrow compass is
+but Small, and they are not Thick set enough to Reflect so Many Little
+Images or Beams of the Lucid Body, as are requisite to produce a Vigorous
+sensation of Whiteness: And partly least it should be said, that the
+Whiteness of such Globulous Particles proceeds from the Air Included in the
+Froth; (which to make good, it should be prov'd that the Air it self is
+White) and partly to illustrate the better the Notion we have propos'd of
+Whiteness, I shall add, that I purposely made this Experiment, I took a
+quantity Fair water, & put to it in a clear Glass phial, a convenient
+quantity of Oyl or Spirit of Turpentine, because that Liquor will not
+incorporate with Water, and yet is almost as Clear and Colourless as it;
+these being Gently Shaken together, the Agitation breaks the Oyl (which as
+I said, is Indispos'd to Mix like Wine or Milk _per minima_ with the Water)
+into a Multitude of Little Globes, which each of them Reflecting Outwards a
+Lucid Image, make the Imperfect Mixture of the two Liquors appear Whitish;
+but if by Vehemently Shaking the Glass for a competent time you make a
+further Comminution of the Oyl into far more Numerous and Smaller
+_Globuli_, and thereby confound it also better with the Water, the Mixture
+will appear of a Much greater Whiteness, and almost like Milk; whereas if
+the Glass be a while let alone, the Colour will by degrees Impair, as the
+Oyly globes grow Fewer and Bigger, and at length will quite Vanish, leaving
+both the Liquors Distinct and Diaphanous as before. And such a Tryal hath
+not ill succeeded, when insteed of the Colourless Oyl of Turpentine I took
+a Yellow Mixture made of a good Proportion of Crude Turpentine dissolv'd in
+that Liquor; and (if I mis-remember not) it also Succeeded better than one
+would expect, when I employ'd an Oyl brought by Filings of Copper infused
+in it, to a deep Green. And this (by the way) may be the Reason, why often
+times when the Oyls of some Spices and of Anniseeds &c. are Distilled in a
+Limbec with Water, the Water (as I have several times observ'd) comes over
+Whitish, and will perhaps continue so for a good while, because if the Fire
+be made too Strong, the subtile Chymical Oyl is thereby much Agitated and
+Broken, and Blended with the Water in such Numerous and Minute Globules, as
+cannot easily in a short time Emerge to the Top of the Water, and whilst
+they Remain in it, make it, for the Reason newly intimated, look Whitish;
+and perhaps upon the same Ground a cause may be rendred, why Hot water is
+observ'd to be usually more Opacous and Whitish, than the same Water Cold,
+the Agitation turning the more Spirituous or otherwise Conveniently
+Dispos'd Particles of the Water into Vapours, thereby Producing in the Body
+of the Liquor a Multitude of Small Bubbles, which interrupt the Free
+passage, that the Beams of Light would else have Every way, and from the
+Innermost parts of the Water Reflect many of them Outwards. These and the
+like Examples, _Pyrophilus_, have induc'd me to Suspect, that the
+Superficial Particles of White bodies, may for the Most part be as well
+Convex as Smooth; I content my self to say _Suspect_ and _for the most
+part_, because it seems not Easie to prove, that when Diaphanous bodies, as
+we shall see by and by, are reduc'd into White Powders, each Corpuscle must
+needs be of a Convex Superficies, since perhaps it may Suffice that
+Specular Surfaces look severally ways. For (as we have seen) when a
+Diaphanous Body comes to be reduc'd to very Minute parts, it thereby
+requires a Multitude of Little Surfaces within a Narrow compass. And though
+each of these should not be of a Figure Convenient to Reflect a Round Image
+of the Sun, yet even from such an Inconveniently Figur'd body, there may be
+Reflected some (either Streight or Crooked) Physical Line of Light, which
+Line I call Physical, because it has some Breadth in it, and in which Line
+in many cases some Refraction of the Light falling upon the Body it depends
+on, may contribute to the Brightness, as if a Slender Wire, or Solid
+Cylinder of Glass be expos'd to the Light, you shall see in some part of it
+a vivid Line of Light, and if we were able to draw out and lay together a
+Multitude of these Little Wires or Thrids of Glass, so Slender, that the
+Eye could not discern a Distance betwixt the Luminous Lines, there is
+little doubt (as far as I can guess by a Tryal purposely made with very
+Slender, but far less Slender Thrids of Glass, whose Aggregate was Look'd
+upon one way White) but the whole Physical Superficies compos'd of them,
+would to the Eye appear White, and if so, it will not be always necessary
+that the Figure of those Corpuscles, that make a Body appear White, should
+be _Globulous_. And as for Snow it self, though the Learned _Gassendus_ (as
+we have seen above) makes it to seem nothing else but a pure Frozen Froth,
+consisting of exceedingly Minute and Thickset Bubbles; yet I see no
+necessity of Admitting that, since not only by the Variously and Curiously
+Figur'd Snow, that I have divers times had the Opportunity with Pleasure to
+observe, but also by the Common Snow, it rather doth appear both to the
+Naked Eye, and in a _Microscope_, often, if not most commonly, to consist
+principally of Little Slender Icicles of several Shapes, which afford such
+Numerous Lines of Light, as we have been newly Speaking of.
+
+12. Sixthly, If you take a Diaphanous Body, as for instance a Piece of
+Glass, and reduce it to Powder, the same Body, which when it was Entire,
+freely Transmitted the Beams of Light, acquiring by Contusion a multitude
+of Minute Surfaces, each of which is as it were a Little, but Imperfect
+_Speculum_, is qualify'd to Reflect in a Confus'd manner, so many either
+Beams, or Little and Singly Unobservable Images of the Lucid Body, that
+from a Diaphanous it Degenerates into a White Body. And I remember, I have
+for Trials sake taken Lumps of Rock Crystal, and Heating them Red hot in a
+Crucible, I found according to my Expectation, that being Quench'd in Fair
+water, even those that remain'd in seemingly entire Lumps exchang'd their
+Translucency for Whiteness, the Ignition and Extinction having as it were
+Crack'd each Lump into a multitude of Minute Bodies, and thereby given it a
+great multitude of new Surfaces. And ev'n with Diaphanous Bodies, that are
+Colour'd, there may be this way a Greater Degree of Whiteness produced,
+than one would lightly think; as I remember, I have by Contusion obtain'd
+Whitish Powders of _Granates_, Glass of _Antimony_, and _Emeralds_ finely
+Beaten, and you may more easily make the Experiment, by taking Good
+Venereal _Vitriol_ of a Deep Blew, and comparing with some of the Entire
+Crystalls purposely reserv'd, some of the Subtile Powder of the same Salt,
+which will Comparatively exhibit a very considerable degree of Whitishness.
+
+13. Seventhly, And as by a Change of Position in the Parts, a Body that is
+not White, may be made White, so by a Slight change of the Texture of its
+Surface, a White Body may be Depriv'd of its Whiteness. For if, (as I have
+try'd in Gold-smiths Shops) you take a piece of Silver that has been
+freshly Boyl'd, as the Artificers call it, (which is done by, first
+Brushing, and then Decocting it with Salt and Tartar, and perhaps some
+other Ingredients) you shall find it to be of a Lovely White. But if you
+take a piece of Smooth Steel, and therewith Burnish a part of it, which may
+be presently done, you shall find that Part will Lose its Whiteness, and
+turn a _Speculum_, looking almost every where Dark, as other
+Looking-glasses do, which may not a little confirm our Doctrine. For by
+this we may guess, what it is chiefly that made the Body White before, by
+considering that all that was done to deprive it of that Whiteness, was
+only to Depress the Little Protuberances that were before on the Surface of
+the Silver into one Continu'd Superficies, and thereby effect this, that
+now the Image of the Lucid Body, and consequently a Kind of Whiteness shall
+appear to your Eye, but in some place of the greater Silver Looking-glass
+(whence the Beams reflected at an Angle Equal to that wherewith they fall
+on it, may reach your Eye) whilst the Asperity remain'd Undestroy'd, the
+Light falling on innumerable Little _Specula_ Obverted some one way, and
+some another, did from all Sensibly Distinguishable parts of the
+Superficies reflect confus'd Beams or Representations of Light to the
+Beholders Eye, from whence soever he chance to Look upon it. And among the
+Experiments annex'd to this Discourse, you will find One, wherein by the
+Change of Texture in Bodies, Whiteness is in a Trice both Generated and
+Destroy'd.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHAP. II.
+
+1. What we have Discours'd of Whiteness, may somewhat Assist us to form a
+Notion of Blackness, those two Qualities being Contrary enough to
+Illustrate each other. Yet among the Antient _Philosophers_ I find less
+Assistance to form a Notion of Blackness than of Whiteness, only
+_Democritus_ in the passage above Recited out of _Aristotle_ has given a
+General Hint of the Cause of this Colour, by referring the Blackness of
+Bodies to their Asperity. But this I call but a General Hint, because those
+Bodies that are Green, and Purple, and Blew, seem to be so as well as Black
+ones, upon the Account of their Superficial Asperity. But among the
+_Moderns_, the formerly mention'd _Gassendus_, perhaps invited by this Hint
+of _Democritus_, has Incidentally in another Epistle given us, though a
+very Short, yet a somewhat Clearer account of the Nature of Blackness in
+these words: _Existimare par est corpora suâpte Naturâ nigra constare ex
+particulis, quarum Superficieculæ scabræ sint, nec facilè lucem extrorsum
+reflectant._ I wish this Ingenious Man had enlarg'd himself upon this
+Subject; For indeed it seems, that as that which makes a Body White, is
+chiefly such a Disposition of its Parts, that it Reflects (I mean without
+much Interruption) more of the Light that falls on it, than Bodies of any
+other Colour do, so that which makes a Body Black is principally a Peculiar
+kind of Texture, chiefly of its Superficial Particle, whereby it does as it
+were Dead the Light that falls on it, so that very little is Reflected
+Outwards to the Eye.
+
+2. And this Texture may be Explicated two, and perhaps more than two
+several ways, whereof the first is by Supposing in the Superficies of the
+Black Body a Particular kind of Asperity, whereby the Superficial Particles
+reflect but Few of the Incident Beams Outwards, and the rest Inwards
+towards the Body it self. As if for Instance, we should conceive the
+Surface of a Black Body to be Asperated by an almost Numberless throng of
+Little Cylinders, Pyramids, Cones, and other such Corpuscles, which by
+their being Thick Set and _Erected_, reflect the Beams of Light from one to
+another Inwards, and send them too and fro so often, that at length they
+are Lost before they can come to Rebound out again to the Eye. And this is
+the first of the two mention'd ways of Explicating Blackness. The other way
+is by Supposing the Texture of Black Bodies to be such, that either by
+their Yielding to the Beams of Light, or upon some other Account, they do
+as it were Dead the Beams of Light, and keep them from being Reflected in
+any Plenty, or with any Considerable Vigour of Motion, Outwards. According
+to this Notion it may be said, that the Corpuscles that make up the Beams
+of Light, whether they be Solary _Effluviums_, or Minute Particles of some
+Ætherial Substance, Thrusting on one another from the Lucid Body, do,
+falling on Black Bodies, meet with such a Texture, that such Bodies receive
+Into themselves, and Retain almost all the Motion communicated to them by
+the Corpuscles that make up the Beams of Light, and consequently Reflect
+but Few of them, or those but Languidly, towards the Eye, it happening here
+almost in like manner as to a ball, which thrown against a Stone or Floor,
+would Rebound a great way Upwards, but Rebounds very Little or not at all,
+when it is thrown against Water, or Mud, or a Loose Net, because the Parts
+yield, and receive into themselves the Motion, on whose Account the Ball
+should be Reflected Outwards. But this Last way of Explicating Blackness, I
+shall content my Self to have Propos'd, without either Adopting it, or
+absolutely Rejecting it. For the Hardness of Touchstones, Black Marble and
+other Bodies, that being Black are Solid, seem to make it somewhat
+Improbable, that such Bodies should be of so Yielding a Texture, unless we
+should say, that some Bodies may be more Dispos'd to Yield to the Impulses
+of the Corpuscles of Light by reason of a Peculiar Texture, than other
+Bodies, that in other Tryals appear to be Softer than they. But though the
+Former of these two Explications of Blackness be that, by which we shall
+Endeavour to give an Account of it, yet as we said, we shall not Absolutely
+Reject this Latter, partly because they both Agree in this, that Black
+Bodies Reflect but Little of the Light that falls on them, and partly
+because it is not Impossible, that in some Cases both the Disposition of
+the Superficial particles, as to Figure and Position, and the Yielding of
+the Body, or some of its Parts, may joyntly, though not in an Equal measure
+concurr to the rendring of a Body Black. The Considerations that induc'd me
+to propose this Notion of Blackness, as I Explan'd it, are principally
+these:
+
+3. First, That as I lately said, Whiteness and Blackness being generally
+reputed to be Contrary Qualities, Whiteness depending as I said upon the
+Disposition of the Parts of a Body to Reflect much Light, it seems likely,
+that Blackness may depend upon a Contrary Disposition of the Black Bodies
+Surface; But upon this I shall not Insist.
+
+4. Next then we see, that if a Body of One and the same Colour be plac'd,
+part in the Sun-beams, and part in the Shade, that part which is not Shin'd
+on will appear more of Kin to Blackness than the other, from which more
+Light Rebounds to the Eye; And Dark Colours seem the Blacker, the less
+Light they are Look'd upon in, and we think all Things Black in the Dark,
+when they send no Beams to make Impressions on our Organs of Sight, so that
+Shadows and Darkness are near of Kin, and Shaddow we know is but a
+Privation of Light; and accordingly Blackness seems to proceed from the
+Paucity of Beams Reflected from the Black Body to the Eye, I say the
+Paucity of Beams, because those Bodies that we call Black, as Marble, Jeat,
+&c. are Short of being perfectly so, else we should not See them at all.
+But though the Beams that fall on the Sides of those Erected Particles that
+we have been mentioning, do Few of them return Outwards, yet those that
+fall upon the Points of those Cylinders, Cones, or Pyramids, may thence
+Rebound to the Eye, though they make there but a Faint Impression, because
+they Arrive not there, but Mingl'd with a great Proportion of Little
+Shades. This may be Confirm'd by my having procur'd a Large piece of Black
+Marble well Polish'd, and brought to the Form of a Large Sphærical and
+Concave _Speculum_; For on the Inside this Marble being well Polish'd, was
+a kind of Dark Looking-glass, wherein I could plainly see a Little Image of
+the Sun, when that Shin'd upon it. But this Image was very far from
+Offending and Dazling my Eyes, as it would have done from another
+_Speculum_; Nor, though the _Speculum_ were Large, could I in a Long time,
+or in a Hot Sun set a piece of Wood on Fire, though a far less _Speculum_
+of the same Form, and of a more Reflecting Matter, would have made it Flame
+in a Trice.
+
+5. And on this Occasion we may as well in Reference to something formerly
+deliver'd concerning Whiteness, as in Reference to what has been newly
+said, Subjoyn what we further observ'd touching the Differing Reflections
+of Light from White and Black Marble, namely, that having taking a pretty
+Large Mortar of White Marble, New and Polish'd in the Inside, and Expos'd
+it to the Sun, we found that it Reflected a great deal of Glaring Light,
+but so Dispers'd, that we could not make the Reflected Beams concurr in any
+such Conspicuous _Focus_, as that newly taken notice of in the Black
+Marble, though perhaps there may enough of them be made to meet near the
+Bottom, to make some Kind of _Focus_, especially since by holding in the
+Night-time a Candle at a convenient Distance, we were able to procure a
+Concourse of some, though not many of the Reflected Beams, at about two
+Inches distant from the Bottom of the Mortar: But we found the Heat even of
+the Sunbeams so Dispersedly Reflected to be very Languid, even in
+Comparison of the Black Marbles _Focus_. And the Little Picture of the Sun,
+that appear'd upon the White Marble as a _Speculum_, was but very Faint and
+exceeding ill Defin'd. Secondly, That taking two pieces of Plain and
+Polish'd Surfaces, and casting on them Successively the Beams of the Same
+Candle, In such manner, as that the Neighbouring Superficies being Shaded
+by an Opacous and Perforated Body, the Incident Beams were permitted to
+pass but through a Round Hole of about Half an Inch Diameter, the Circle of
+Light that appear'd on the White Marble was in Comparison very Bright, but
+very ill Defin'd; whereas that on the Black Marble was far less Luminous,
+but much more precisely Defin'd.
+
+6. Thirdly, When you Look upon a piece of Linnen that has Small Holes in
+it, those Holes appear very Black, and Men are often deceiv'd in taking
+Holes for Spots of Ink; And Painters to represent Holes, make use of Black,
+the Reason of which seems to be, that the Beams that fall on those Holes,
+fall into them So Deep, that none of them is Reflected back to the Eye. And
+in narrow Wells part of the Mouth seems Black, because the Incident Beams
+are Reflected Downwards from one side to another, till they can no more
+Rebound to the Eye.
+
+We may consider too, that if Differing parts of the same piece of Black
+Velvet be stroak'd Opposite ways, the piece of Velvet will appear of two
+Distinct kinds of Blackness, the one far Darker than the other, of which
+Disparity the Reason Seems to be, that in the Less obscure part of the
+Velvet, the Little Silken Piles whereof 'tis made up, being Inclin'd, there
+is a Greater part of each of them Obverted to the Eye, whereas in the other
+part the Piles of Silk being more Erected, there are far Fewer Beams
+Reflected Outwards from the Lateral parts of each Pile, So that most of
+those that Rebound to the Eye, come from the Tops of the Piles, which make
+but a small part of the whole Superficies, that may be cover'd by the piece
+of Velvet. Which Explication I propose, not that I think the Blackness of
+the Velvet proceeds from the Cause assign'd, since each Single Pile of Silk
+is Black by reason of its Texture, in what Position soever you Look upon
+it; But that the Greater Blackness of one of these Tuffts seems to proceed
+from the Greater Paucity of Beams Reflected from it, and that from the
+Fewness of those Parts of a Surface that Reflect Beams, and the Multitude
+of those Shaded Parts that Reflect none. And I remember, that I have
+oftentimes observ'd, that the Position of Particular Bodies far greater
+than Piles of Silk in reference to the Eye, may notwithstanding their
+having each of them a Colour of its own, make one part of their Aggregate
+appear far Darker than the other; For I have near Great Towns often taken
+notice, that a Cart-load of Carrots pack'd up, appear'd of a much Darker
+Colour when Look'd upon, where the Points of the Carrots were Obverted to
+the Eye, than where the Sides of them were so.
+
+7. Fourthly, In a Darkned Room, I purposely observ'd, that if the
+Sun-beams, which came in at the Hole were receiv'd upon White or any other
+Colour, and directed to a Convenient place of the Room, they would
+Manifestly, though not all Equally, Encrease the Light of that Part;
+whereas if we Substituted, either a piece of Black Cloth or Black Velvet,
+it would so Dead the Incident Beams, that the place (newly mention'd)
+whereto I Obverted the Black Body, would be Less Enlightned than it was
+before, when it received its Light but from the Weak and Oblique
+Reflections of the Floor and Walls of a pretty Large Room, through which
+the Beams that came in at the Hole were Confusedly and Brokenly Dispers'd.
+
+8. Fifthly, And to shew that the Beams that fall on Black Bodies, as they
+do not Rebound Outwards to the Eye, so they are Reflected towards the Body
+it self, as the Nature of those Erected Particles to which we have imputed
+Blackness, requires, we will add an Experiment that will also confirm our
+Doctrine touching Whiteness; Namely, that we took a Broad and Large Tile,
+and having Whitened over one half of the Superficies of it, and Black'd the
+other, we expos'd it to the Summer Sun; And having let it lye there a
+convenient time (for the Difference is more Apparent, if it have not lain
+there too long) we found, as we expected, that whilst the Whited part of
+the Tile remained Cool enough, the Black'd part of the same Tile was grown
+not only Sensible, but very Hot, (sometimes to a strong Degree.) And to
+satisfie some of our Friends the more, we have sometimes left upon the
+Surface of the Tile, besides the White and Black parts thereof, a part that
+Retain'd the native Red of the Tile it self, and Exposing them to the Sun,
+we observ'd this Last mention'd to have Contracted a Heat in comparison of
+the White, but a Heat Inferiour to that of the Black, of which the Reason
+seems to be, that the Superficial Particles of Black Bodies, being, as we
+said, more Erected, than those of White or Red ones, the Corpuscles of
+Light falling on their sides, being for the most part Reflected Inwards
+from one Particle to another, and thereby engag'd as it were and kept from
+Rebounding Upwards, they communicate their brisk Motion, wherewith they
+were impell'd against the Black Body, (upon whose account had they fallen
+upon a White Body, they would have been Reflected Outwards) to the Small
+parts of the Black Body, and thereby Produce in those Small parts such an
+Agitation, as (when we feel it) we are wont to call Heat. I have been
+lately inform'd, that an Observation near of Kin to Ours, has been made by
+some Learned Men in _France_ and _Italy_, by long Exposing to a very Hot
+Sun, two pieces of Marble, the one White, the other Black; But though the
+Observation be worthy of them, and may confirm the same Truth with Our
+Experiment, yet besides that our Tryal needs not the Summer, nor any Great
+Heat to succeed, It seems to have this Advantage above the other, that
+whereas Bodies more Solid, and of a Closer Texture, though they use to be
+more Slowly Heated, are wont to receive a Greater Degree of Heat from the
+Sun or Fire, than (_Cæteris paribus_) Bodies of a Slightest Texture; I have
+found by the Information of Stone-cutters, and by other ways of Enquiry,
+that Black Marble is much Solider and Harder than White, so that possibly
+the Difference betwixt the Degrees of Heat they receive from the Sunbeams
+will by many be ascrib'd to the Difference of their Texture, rather than to
+that of their Colour, though I think our Experiment will make it Probable
+enough that the greater part of that Difference may well be ascrib'd to
+that Disposition of Parts, which makes the one Reflect the Sunbeams Inward;
+and the other Outwards. And with this Doctrine accords very well, that
+Rooms hung with Black, are not only Darker than else they would be, but are
+wont to be Warmer too; Insomuch that I have known a great Lady, whose
+Constitution was somewhat Tender, complain that she was wont to catch Cold,
+when she went out into the Air, after having made any long Visits to
+Persons, whose Rooms were hung with Black. And this is not the only Lady I
+have heard complain of the Warmth of such Rooms, which though perhaps it
+may be partly imputed to the _Effluvia_ of those Materials wherewith the
+hangings were Dy'd, yet probably the Warmth of such Rooms depends chiefly
+upon the same Cause that the Darkness does; As (not to repeat what I
+formerly Noted touching my Gloves,) to satisfie some Curious Persons of
+that Sex, I have convinc'd them, by Tryall, that of two Pieces of Silken
+Stuff given me by themselves, and expos'd in their Presence, to the same
+Window, Shin'd on by that Sun, the White was _considerably_ Heated, when
+the Black was not so much as _Sensibly_ so.
+
+9. Sixthly, I remember, that Acquainting one Day a _Virtuoso_ of
+Unsuspected Credit, that had Visited Hot Countries, with part of what I
+have here Deliver'd concerning Blackness, he Related to me by way of
+Confirmation of it, a very notable Experiment, which he had both others
+make, and Made himself in a Warm Climate, namely, that having carefully
+Black'd over Eggs, and Expos'd them to the Hot Sun, they were thereby in no
+very Long time well Roasted, to which Effect I conceive the Heat of the
+Climate must have Concurr'd with the Disposition of the Black Surface to
+Reflect the Sunbeams Inward, for I remember, that having made that among
+other Tryals in _England_, though in Summer-time, the Eggs I Expos'd,
+acquir'd indeed a considerable Degree of Heat, but yet not so Intense a
+One, as prov'd Sufficient to Roast them.
+
+10. Seventhly, and Lastly, Our Conjectures at the Nature of Blackness may
+be somewhat Confirm'd by the (formerly mention'd) Observation of the Blind
+_Dutch-man_, that Discerns Colours with his Fingers; for he Says, that he
+Feels a greater Roughness upon the Surfaces of Black Bodies, than upon
+those of Red, or Yellow, or Green. And I remember, that the Diligent
+_Bartholinus_ says,[9] that a Blind Earl of _Mansfield_ could Distinguish
+White from Black only by the Touch, which would Sufficiently Argue a great
+Disparity in the Asperities, or other Superficial Textures of Bodies of
+those two Colours, if the Learn'd Relator had Affirm'd the Matter upon his
+own Knowledge.
+
+  [9] Hist. Anatom. Cent. 3. Hist. 44.
+
+II. These, _Pyrophilus_, are the chief things that Occurr to me at present,
+about the Nature of Whiteness and Blackness, which it they have Rendred it
+so much as Probable, that in _Most_; or at least _Many_ Cases, the Causes
+of these Qualities may be such as I have Adventur'd to Deliver, it is as
+much as I Pretend to; for till I have Opportunity to Examine the Matter by
+some further Tryals, I am not sure, but that in some White and Black
+Bodies, there may Concurr to the Colour some peculiar Texture or
+Disposition of the Body, whereby the Motion of the Small Corpuscles that
+make up the Incident Beams of Light, may be Differingly Modify'd, before
+they reach the Eye, especially in this, that White Bodies do not only
+Copiously Reflect those Incident Corpuscles Outwards, but Reflect them
+Briskly, and do not otherwise Alter them in the manner of their Motion. Nor
+shall I now stay to Enquire, whether some of those other ways, (as a
+Disposition to Alter the Velocity, the Rotation, or the Order and Manner of
+Appulse so the Eye of the Reflected Corpuscles that Compos'd the Incident
+Beams of Light) which we mention'd when we consider'd the Production of
+Colours in General, may not in some Cases be Applicable to those of White
+and Black Bodies: For I am yet so much a _Seeker_ in this Matter, and so
+little Wedded to the Opinions I have propos'd, that what I am to add shall
+be but the Beginning of a Collection of Experiments and Observation towards
+the History of Whiteness and Blackness, without at present interposing my
+Explications of them, that so, I may assist your Enquires without much
+Fore-stalling or Biassing your Judgment.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                   EXPERIMENT
+                       IN
+                    CONSORT,
+                    Touching
+              Whiteness & Blackness.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+EXPERIMENT I.
+
+Having promis'd in the 114, and 115. Pages of the foregoing Discourse of
+Whiteness and Blackness, to shew, that those two Colours may by a change of
+Texture in bodies, each of them apart Diaphanous and Colourless, be at
+pleasure and in a trice as well Generated as Destroy'd, We shall begin with
+Experiments that may acquit us of that promise.
+
+Take then what Quantity you please of Fair Water, and having Heated it, put
+into it as much good Common Sublimate, as it is able to Dissolve, and (to
+be sure of having it well glutted:) continue putting in the Sublimate, till
+some of it lye Untouch'd in the bottom of the Liquor, Filter this Solution
+through Cap-paper, to have it cleer and limpid, and into a spoonfull or two
+thereof, (put into a clean glass vessel,) shake about four or five drops
+(according as you took more or less of this Solution) of good limpid
+Spirits of Urine, and immediately the whole mixture will appear White like
+Milk, to which mixture if you presently add a convenient proportion of
+Rectifi'd _Aqua Fortis_ (for the number of drops is hard to determine,
+because of the Differing Strength of the liquor, but easily found by tryal)
+the Whiteness will presently disappear, and the whole mixture become
+Transparent, which you may, if you please, again reduce to a good degree of
+Whiteness (though inferiour to the first) onely by a more copious affusion
+of fresh Spirit of Urine. _N_. First, That it is not so necessary to employ
+either _Aqua Fortis_ or Spirit of Urine about this Experiment, but that we
+have made it with other liquors instead of these, of which perhaps more
+elsewhere. Secondly, That this Experiment, though not made with the same
+_Menstruums_, nor producing the same Colour is yet much of Kin to that
+other to be mentioned in this Tract among our other Experiments of Colours,
+about turning a Solution of Præcipitate into an Orange-colour, and the
+Chymical Reason being much alike in both, the annexing it to one of them
+may suffice FOR both.
+
+_EXPERIMENT II._
+
+Make a strong Infusion of broken Galls in Fair Water, and having Filtred it
+into a clean Vial, add more of the same liquor to it, till you have made it
+somewhat Transparent, and sufficiently diluted the Colour, for the credit
+of the Experiment, lest otherwise the Darkness of the liquor might make it
+be objected, that 'twas already almost Ink; Into this Infusion shake a
+convenient quantity of a Cleer, but very strong Solution of Vitriol, and
+you shall immediately see the mixture turn Black almost like Ink, and such
+a way of producing Blackness is vulgar enough; but if presently after you
+doe upon this mixture drop a small quantity of good oyl of Vitriol, and, by
+shaking the Vial disperse it nimbly through the two other liquors, you
+shall (if you perform your part well, and have employ'd oyl of Vitriol
+Cleer and Strong enough) see the Darkness of the liquor presently begin to
+be discuss'd, and grow pretty Cleer and Transparent, losing its Inky
+Blackness, which you may again restore to it by the affusion of a small
+quantity of a very strong Solution of Salt of Tartar. And though neither of
+these Atramentous liquors will seem other than very Pale Ink, if you write
+with a clean Pen dipt in them, yet that is common to them with some sorts
+of Ink that prove very good when Dry, as I have also found, that when I
+made these carefully, what I wrote with either of them, especially with the
+Former, would when throughly Dry grow Black enough not to appear bad Ink.
+This Experiment of taking away and restoring Blackness from and to the
+liquors, we have likewise tryed in Common Ink; but there it succeeds not so
+well, and but very slowly, by reason that the Gum wont to be employed in
+the making it, does by its Tenacity oppose the operations of the above
+mention'd Saline liquors. But to consider Gum no more, what some kind of
+Præcipitation may have to do in the producing and destroying of Inks
+without it, I have elsewhere given you some occasion and assistance to
+enquire; But I must not now stay to do so my self, only I shall take notice
+to you, that though it be taken for granted that bodies will not be
+Præcipitated by Alcalizat Salts, that have not first been dissolved in some
+Acid _Menstruums_, yet I have found upon tryals, which my conjectures lead
+me to make on purpose, That divers Vegetables _barely infus'd_, or, _but
+slightly decocted in common water_, would, upon the affusion of a Strong
+and Cleer _Lixivium_ of Potashes, and much more of some other Præcipitating
+liquors that I sometimes employ, afford good store of a Crudled matter,
+such as I have had in the Præcipitations of Vegetable substances, by the
+intervention of Acid things, and that this matter was easily separable from
+the rest of the liquor, being left behind by it in the Filtre; and in
+making the first Ink mention'd in this Experiment, I found that I could by
+Filtration separate pretty store of a very Black pulverable substance, that
+remain'd in the Filtre, and when the Ink was made Cleer again by the Oyl of
+Vitriol, the affusion of dissolv'd _Sal Tartari_ seem'd but to Præcipitate,
+and thereby to Unite and render Conspicuous the particles of the Black
+mixture that had before been dispers'd into very Minute and singly
+Invisible particles by the Incisive and resolving power of the highly
+Corrosive Oyl of Vitriol.
+
+And to manifest, _Pyrophilus_, that Galls are not so requisite as many
+suppose to the making Atramentous Liquors, we have sometimes made the
+following Experiment, We took dryed Rose leaves and Decocted them for a
+while in Fair Water, into two or three spoonfulls of this Decoction we
+shook a few drops of a strong and well filtrated Solution of Vitriol (which
+perhaps had it been Green would have done as well) and immediately the
+mixture did turn Black, and when into this mixture presently after it was
+made, we shook a just Proportion of _Aqua Fortis_, we turn'd it from a
+Black Ink to a deep Red one, which by the affusion of a little Spirit of
+Urine may be reduc'd immediately to an Opacous and Blackish Colour. And in
+regard, _Pyrophilus_, that in the former Experiments, both the Infusion of
+Galls, and the Decoction of Roses, and the Solution of Copperis employ'd
+about them, are endow'd each of them with its own Colour, there may be a
+more noble Experiment of the sudden production of Blackness made by the
+way mention'd in the Second Section of the Second Part of our Essays, for
+though upon the Confusion of the two Liquors there mention'd, there do
+immediately emerge a very Black mixture, yet both the Infusion of
+_Orpiment_ and the Solution of _Minium_ were before their being joyn'd
+together, Limpid and Colourless.
+
+_EXPERIMENT III._
+
+If pieces of White Harts-horn be with a competent degree of Fire distill'd
+in a Glass-retort, they will, after the avolation of the Flegm, Spirit,
+Volatile Salt, and the looser and lighter parts of the Oleagenous
+substance, remain behind of a Cole-black colour. And even Ivory it self
+being skilfully Burnt (how I am wont to do it, I have elsewhere set down)
+affords Painters one of the best and deepest Blacks they have, and yet in
+the Instance of distill'd Harts-horn, the operation being made in
+Glass-vessels carefully clos'd, it appears there is no Extraneous Black
+substance that Insinuates it self into White Harts-horn, and thereby makes
+it turn Black; but that the Whiteness is destroy'd, and the Blackness
+generated, only by a Change of Texture, made in the burnt Body, by the
+Recess of some parts and the Transposition of others. And though I remember
+not that in many Distillations of Harts-horn I ever sound the _Cap. Mort_.
+to pass from Black to a true Whiteness, whilst it continu'd in Clos'd
+vessels, yet having taken out the Cole-black fragments, and Calcin'd them
+in Open vessels, I could in few hours quite destroy that Blackness, &
+without sensibly changing their Bulk or Figure, reduce them to great
+Whiteness. So much do these two Colours depend upon the Disposition of the
+little parts, that the Bodies wherein they are to be met with do consist
+of. And we find, that if Whitewine Tartar, or even the white Crystalls of
+such Tartar be burnt without being truly Calcin'd, the _Cap. Mortuum_ (as
+the Chymists call the more Fixt part) will be Black. But if you further
+continue the Calcination till you have perfectly Incinerated the Tartar, &
+kept it long enough in a Strong fire, the remaining _Calx_ will be White.
+And so we see that not only other Vegetable substances, but even White
+woods, as the Hazel, will yield a Black Charcoal, and afterwards Whitish
+ashes; And so Animal substances naturally White, as Bones and Eggshels,
+will grow Black upon the being Burnt, and White again when they are
+perfectly Calcin'd.
+
+_EXPERIMENT IV._
+
+But yet I much Question whether that Rule delivered by divers, as well
+Philosophers as Chymists, _adusta nigra, sed perusta alba_, will hold as
+Universally as is presum'd, since I have several Examples to allege against
+it: For I have found that by burning Alablaster, so as both to make it
+appear to boyl almost like Milk, and to reduce it to a very fine Powder, it
+would not at all grow Black, but retain its Pure and Native Whiteness, and
+though by keeping it longer than is usual in the fire, I produced but a
+faint Yellow, even in that part of the Powder that lay nearest the top of
+the Crucible, yet having purposely enquired of an Experienced Stone-cutter,
+who is Curious enough in tryng Conclusions in his own Trade, he told me he
+had found that if Alabaster or Plaster of Paris be very long kept in a
+Strong fire, the whole heap of burnt Powder would exchange its Whiteness
+for a much deeper Colour than the Yellow I observ'd. Lead being Calcin'd
+with a Strong fire turns (after having purhaps run thorough divers other
+Colour) into _Minium_, whose Colour we know is a deep red; and if you urge
+this _Minium_, as I have purposely done with a Strong fire, you may much
+easier find a Glassie and Brittle Body darker than _Minium_, than any white
+_Calx_ or Glass. 'Tis known among Chymists, that the white _Calx_ of
+Antimony, by the further and more vehement operation of the fire, may be
+melted into Glass, which we have obtain'd of a Red Colour, which is far
+deeper than that of the _Calx_ of Burnt Antimony, and though common Glafs
+of Antimony being usually Adulterated with _Borax_, have its Colour thereby
+diluted, oftentimes to a very pale Yellow; yet not onely ours made more
+sincerily, was, as we said, of a Colour less remote from Black, than was
+the _Calx_; but we observ'd, that by Melting it once or twice more, and so
+exposing it to the further operation of the Fire, we had, as we expected,
+the Colour heightned. To which we shall add but this one Instance, (which
+is worth the taking notice of in Reference to Colours:) That, if you take
+Blew, but Unsophisticated, Vitriol, and burn it very slowly, and with a
+Gentle degree of Heat, you may observe, that when it has Burnt but a
+Little, and yet so far as that you may rub it to Powder betwixt your
+fingers, it will be of a White or Whitish Colour; But if you Prosecute the
+Calcination, this Body which by a light Adustion was made White, will pass
+through other Colours, as Gray, Yellowish, and Red; and if you further burn
+it with a Long and Vehement fire, by that time it comes to be _Perustum_,
+it will be of a dark purple, nearer to Black, not only than the first
+_Calx_, but than the Vitriol before it at all felt the fire. I might add
+that _Crocus_ _Martis_ (_per se_ as they call it) made by the Lasting
+violence of the Reverberated flames is not so near a Kin to White, as the
+Iron or Steel that afforded it was before its Calcinations; but that I
+suppose, these Instances may Suffice to satisfie you, that Minerals are to
+be excepted out of the forementioned Rule, which perhaps, though it seldome
+fail in substances belonging to the Vegetable or Animal Kingdome, may yet
+be Question'd even in some of these, if that be true, which the Judicious
+Traveller _Bellonius_ affirms, that Charcoales made out of the Wood of
+_Oxycæder_ are White; And I could not find that though in Retorts Hartshorn
+and other White Bodies will be Denigrated by Heat, yet Camphire would not
+at all lose its Whiteness, though I have purposely kept it in such a heat,
+as made it melt and boyl.
+
+_EXPERIMENT V._
+
+And now I speak of Camphire, it puts me in mind of adding this Experiment,
+That, though as I said in Clos'd Glasses, I could not Denigrate it by Heat,
+but it would Sublime to the sides and top of the Glass, as it was before,
+yet not only it will, being set on fire in the Free Air, send forth a
+Copious smoak, but having purposely upon some of it that was Flaming, clapt
+a Large Glass, almost in the form of a Hive, (but more Slender only) with a
+Hole at the top, (which I caus'd to be made to trye Experiments of Fire and
+Flame in) it continued so long burning that it Lin'd all the Inside of the
+Glass with a Soot as Black as Ink, and so Copious, that the Closeness of
+the Vessel consider'd, almost all that part of the White Camphire that did
+take Fire, seem'd to have been chang'd into that deep Black Substance.
+
+_EXPERIMENT VI_
+
+And this also brings into my mind another Experiment that I made about the
+production of Blackness, whereof, for Reasons too long to be here deduced,
+I expected and found a good Success, an it was this: I took Rectifi'd Oyl
+of Vitriol (that I might have the Liquor Clean as well as Strong) and by
+degrees mixt with it a convenient proportion of the Essential Oyl, as
+Chymists call it, of Wormwood, drawn over with store of Water in a Limbec,
+and warily Distilling the mixture in a Retort, there remain'd a scarce
+credible quantity of dry Matter, Black as a Coal. And because the Oyl of
+Wormwood, though a Chymical Oyl drawn by a _Virtuoso_, seem'd to have
+somewhat in it of the Colour of the Plant, I Substituted in its Room, the
+Pure and Subtile Essential Oyl of Winter-Savory, and mixing little by
+little this Liquor, with (if I mis-remember not) an Equal weight of the
+formerly mention'd Rectifi'd Oyl of Vitriol, and Distilling them as before
+in a Retort, besides what there pass'd over into the Receiver, even these
+two clear Liquors left me a Considerable Proportion, (though not so great
+as the two former) of a Substance Black as Pitch, which I yet Keep by me
+as a Rarity.
+
+_EXPERIMENT VII._
+
+A way of Whiting Wax Cheaply and in Great Quantity may be a thing of good
+Oeconomical Use, and we have elsewhere set down the Practice of Trades-men
+that Blanch it; But here Treating of Whiteness only in Order to the
+Philosophy of Colours, I shall not Examine which of the Slow wayes may be
+best Employ'd, to free Wax from the Yellow Melleous parts, but shall rather
+set down a Quick way of making it White, though but in very Small
+Quantities. Take then a little Yellow Wax, scraped or thinly sliced, and
+putting it into a Bolts-head or some other Convenient Glass, pour to it a
+pretty deal of Spirit of Wine, and placing the Vessel in Warm Sand,
+Encrease the Heat by degrees, till the Spirit of Wine begin to Simper or to
+Boyl a little; and continuing that degree of Fire, if you have put Liquor
+enough, you will quickly have the Wax dissolv'd, then taking it off the
+fire, you may either suffer it to Cool as hastily as with Safety to the
+Glass you can, or Pour it whilst 'tis yet Hot into a Filtre of Paper, and
+either in the Glass where it Cools, or in the Filtre, you will soon find
+the Wax and _Menstruum_ together reduc'd into a White Substance, almost
+like Butter, which by letting the Spirit Exhale will shrink into a much
+Lesser Bulk, but still retaining its Whiteness. And that which is pretty in
+the working of this Magistery of Wax, is, that the Yellowness vanishes,
+neither appearing in the Spirit of Wine that passes Limpid through the
+Filtre, nor in the Butter of Wax, if I may so call it, that, as I said, is
+White.
+
+
+_EXPERIMENT VIII._
+
+There is an Experiment, _Pyrophilus_, which though I do not so exactly
+remember, and though it be somewhat Nice to make, yet I am willing to
+Acquaint You with, because the thing Produc'd, though it be but a
+Curiosity, is wont not a little to please the Beholders, and it is a way of
+turning by the help of a Dry Substance, an almost Golden-Colour'd Concrete,
+into a White one, the Several Tryals are not at present so fresh in my
+Memory to enable me to tell you Certainly, whether an Equal onely or a
+Double weight of Common Sublimate must be taken in reference to the
+Tinglass, but if I mistake not, there was in the Experiment that succeeded
+best, Two parts of the Former taken to One of the Latter. These Ingredients
+being finely Powdred and Exactly mix'd, we Sublim'd together by degrees of
+fire (the due Gradation of which is in this Experiment a thing of main
+Importance) there ascended a matter of a very peculiar Texture, for it was
+for the most part made up of very Thin, Smooth, Soft and Slippery Plates,
+almost like the finest sort of the Scales of Fishes, but of so Lovely a
+White Inclining to Pearl-Colour, and of so Curious and Shining a Gloss,
+that they appear'd in some respect little Inferiour to Orient Pearls, and
+in other Regards, they seem'd to Surpass them, and were Applauded for a
+sort of the Prettiest Trifles that we had ever prepar'd to Amuse the Eye. I
+will not undertake that though you'l hardly miss changing the Colour of
+your shining Tinglass, yet you will the first or perhaps the second time
+hit Right upon the way of making the Glistring Sublimate I have been
+mentioning.
+
+_EXPERIMENT IX._
+
+When we Dissolve in _Aqua Fortis_ a mixture of Gold and Silver melted into
+one Lump, it usually happens that the Powder of Gold that falls to the
+bottom, as not being Dissoluble by that _Menstruum_, will not have its own
+Yellow, but appear of a Black Colour, though neither the Gold, nor the
+Silver, nor the _Aqua Fortis_ did before manifest any Blackness. And divers
+Alchymists, when they make Solutions of Minerals they would Examine, are
+very Glad, if they see a Black Powder Præcipitated to the Bottom, taking it
+for a Hopefull Sign, that those Particles are of a Golden Nature, which
+appear in a Colour so ordinary to Gold parted from other Metalls by _Aqua
+Fortis_, that it is a trouble to the Refiner to Reduce the Præcipitated
+_Calx_ to its Native Colour. For though, (as we have try'd,) that may be
+Quickly enough done by Fire, which will make this Gold look very Gloriously
+(as indeed 'tis at least one of the Best wayes that is Practis'd for the
+Refining of Gold,) yet it requires both Watchfulness and Skill, to give it
+such a Degree of Fire as will serve to Restore it to its Lustre, without
+giving it such a One, as may bring it to Fusion, to which the Minuteness of
+the _Corpuseles_ it consists of makes the Powder very apt. And this brings
+into my Mind, that having taken a Flat and Bright piece of Gold, that was
+Refin'd by a Curious and Skilfull Person on purpose to Trye to what height
+of Purity Gold could be brought by Art, I found that this very piece, as
+Glorious as it look'd, being rubb'd a little upon a piece of fine clean
+Linnen, did sully it with a kind of Black; and the like I have observ'd in
+Refin'd Silver, which I therefore mention, because I formerly suspected
+that the Impurity of the Metall might have been the only Cause of what I
+have divers times obferv'd in wearing Silver-hilted Swords, Namely, that
+where they rubb'd upon my Clothes, if they were of a Light-Colour'd Cloath,
+the Affriction would quickly Black them; and Congruously hereunto I have
+found Pens Blackt almost all over, when I had a while carri'd them about me
+in a Silver Ink-case. To which I shall only add, that whereas in these
+several Instances of Denigration, the Metalls are worn off, or otherwise
+Reduc'd into very Minute Parts, that Circumstance may prove not Unworthy
+your Notice.
+
+_EXPERIMENT X._
+
+That a Solution of Silver does Dye Hair of a Black Colour, is a Known
+Experiment, which some persons more Curious than Dextrous, have so
+Unluckily made upon themselves as to make their Friends very Merry. And I
+remember that the other day, I made my self some Sport by an Improvement of
+this Observation, for having dissolv'd some Pure Silver in _Aqua Fortis_,
+and Evaporated the _Menstruum ad siccitatem_, as they speak, I caus'd a
+Quantity of fair Water to be pour'd upon the _Calx_ two or three several
+times, and to be at each Evaporated, till the _Calx_ was very Drye, and all
+the Greenish Blewness that is wont to appear in Common Crystals of Silver,
+was quite carry'd away. Then I made those I meant to Deceive, Moisten some
+part of their Skin with their own Spittle, and slightly Rub the moistned
+parts with a little of this Prepar'd Silver, Whereupon they Admir'd to see,
+that a Snow-white Body laid upon the White Skin should presently produce a
+deep Blackness, as if the stains had been made with Ink, especially
+considering that this Blackness could not, like that produc'd by ordinary
+Ink, be readily Wash'd off, but requir'd many Hours, and part of it some
+dayes to its Obliteration. And with the same White _Calx_ and a little Fair
+Water we likewise Stain'd the White Hafts of Knives, with a lasting Black
+in those parts where the _Calx_ was Plentifully enough laid on, for where
+it was laid on but very Thinly, the Stain was not quite of so Deep a
+Colour.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XI_
+
+The Cause of the Blackness of those many Nations, which by one common Name
+we are wont to call _Negroes_, has been long since Disputed of by Learned
+Men, who possibly had not done amiss, if they had also taken into
+Consideration, why some whole races of other Animals besides Men, as Foxes
+and Hares, are Distinguish'd by a Blackness not familiar to the Generality
+of Animals of the same Species; The General Opinion (to be mention'd a
+little lower) has been rejected even by some of the Antient Geographers,
+and among our Moderns _Ortelius_ and divers other Learned Men have
+Question'd it. But this is no place to mention what thoughts I have had to
+and fro about these Matters: Only as I shall freely Acknowledge, that to me
+the inquiry seems more Abstruse than it does to many others, and that
+because consulting with Authors, and with Books of Voyages, and with
+Travellers, to satisfie my self in matters of Fact, I have met with some
+things among them, which seem not to agree very well with the Notions of
+the most Classick Authors concerning these things; for it being my Present
+Work to deliver rather matters Historical than Theorys, I shall Annex Some
+few of my Collections, instead of a Solemn Disputation. It is commonly
+presum'd that the Heat of the Climate wherein they live, is the reason, why
+so many Inhabitants of the Scorching Regions of _Africa_ are Black; and
+there is this familiar Observation to Countenance this Conjecture, That we
+plainly see that Mowers, Reapers, and other Countrey-people, who spend the
+most part of the Hot Summer dayes expos'd to the Sun, have the skin of
+their Hands and Faces, which are the parts immediately Expos'd to the Sun
+and Air, made of a Darker Colour than before, and consequently tending to
+Blackness; And Contrarywise we observe that the _Danes_ and some other
+people that Inhabit Cold Climates, and even the _English_ who feel not so
+Rigorous a Cold, have usually Whiter faces than the _Spaniards_,
+_Portugalls_ and other European Inhabitants of Hotter Climates. But this
+Argument I take to be far more Specious than Convincing; for though the
+Heat of the Sun may Darken the Colour of the Skin, by that Operation, which
+we in _English_ call Sun-burning, yet Experience doth not Evince, that I
+remember, That that Heat alone can produce a Discolouring that shall amount
+to a true Blackness, like that of _Negroes_, and we shall see by and by
+that even the Children of some _Negroes_ not yet 10. dayes Old (perhaps not
+so much by three quarters of that time) will notwithstanding their Infancy
+be of the same Hue with their Parents. Besides, there is this strong
+Argument to be alleg'd against the Vulgar Opinion, that in divers places in
+_Asia_ under the same Parallel, or even of the same Degree of Latitude with
+the _African_ Regions Inhabited by Blacks, the People are at most but
+Tawny;[10] And in _Africa_ it self divers Nations in the Empire of
+_Ethiopia_ are not _Negroes_, though Situated in the Torrid Zone, and as
+neer the Æquinoctial, as other Nations that are so (as the Black
+Inhabitants of _Zeylan_ and _Malabar_ are not in our Globes plac'd so near
+the Line as _Amara_ the Famousest place in _Ethiopia_.) Moreover, (that
+which is of no small Moment in our present Disquisition) I find not by the
+best Navigators and Travellers to the _West-Indies_, whose Books or
+themselves I have consulted on this Subject, that excepting perhaps one
+place or two of small extent, there are any Blacks Originally Natives of
+any part of _America_ (for the Blacks now there have been by the
+_Europeans_ long Transplanted thither) though the New World contain in it
+so great a Variety of Climates, and particularly reach quite Cross the
+Torri'd Zone from one Tropick to another. And enough it be true that the
+_Danes_ be a Whiter People than the _Spaniards_, yet that may proceed
+rather from other causes (not here to be enquired into) than from the
+Coldness of the Climate, since not onely the _Swedes_ and other Inhabitants
+of those Cold Countreys, are not usually so White as the _Danes_, nor
+Whiter than other Nations in proportion to their Vicinity to the Pole. [And
+since the Writing of the former part of this Essay, having an opportunity
+on a Solemn occasion to take Notice of the Numerous Train of Some
+Extraordinary Embassadours sent from the _Russian_ Emperour to a great
+Monarch, observ'd, that (though it were then Winter) the Colour of their
+Hair and Skin was far less Whitish than the _Danes_ who Inhabit a milder
+Region is wont to be, but rather for the most part of a Darkish Brown; And
+the Physician to the Embassadour with whom those _Russes_ came, being ask'd
+by me whether in _Muscovy_ it self the Generality of the People were more
+inclin'd to have Dark-colour'd Hair than Flaxen, he answer'd Affirmatively;
+but seem'd to suspect that the True and Antient _Russians_, a Sept of whom
+he told me he had met with in one of the Provinces of that vast Empire,
+were rather White like the _Danes_, than any thing near so Brown as the
+present _Muscovites_ whom he guesses to be descended of the _Tartars_, and
+to have inherited their Colour from them.] But to Prosecute our former
+Discourse, I shall add for further Proof of the Conjecture I was
+countenancing that good Authors inform us that there are _Negroes_ in
+_Africa_ not far from the _Cape of good Hope_, and consequently beyond the
+Southern Tropick, and without the Torrid Zone, much about the same Northern
+Latitude (or very little more) wherein there are divers _American_ Nations
+that are not _Negroes_, and wherein the Inhabitants of _Candia_, some parts
+of _Sicily_, and even of _Spain_ are not so much as Tawny-Mores. But (which
+is a fresh and strong Argument against the common Opinion,) I find by our
+recent Relations of _Greenland_ (our Accounts whereof we owe to the
+Curiosity of that Royal _Virtuoso_ the present King of _Denmark_,) that the
+Inhabitants are Olive-colour'd, or rather of a Darker Hiew. But if the Case
+were the same with Men, and those other kinds of Animals I formerly nam'd,
+I should offer something as a considerable proof, That, Cold may do much
+towards the making Men White or Black, and however I shall let down the
+Observation as I have met with it, as worthy to come into the History of
+Whiteness and Blackness, and it is, that in some parts of _Russia_ and of
+_Livonia_ it is affirm'd by _Olaus Magnus_ and others, that Hares and Foxes
+(some add Partridges) which before were Black, or Red, or Gray, do in the
+depth of Winter become White by reason of the great Cold; (for that it
+should be, as some conceive, by Looking upon the Snow, seems improbable
+upon divers accounts) And I remember that having purposely enquir'd of a
+_Virtuoso_ who lately Travell'd through _Livonia_ to _Mosco_ concerning the
+Truth of this Tradition, he both told me, he believ'd it, and added, that
+he saw divers of those lately nam'd Animals either in _Russia_ or
+_Livonia_, (for I do not very well remember whether of the two) which,
+though White when he saw them in Winter, they assur'd him had been Black,
+or of other Colours before the Winter began, and would be so again when it
+was over. But for further satisfaction, I also consulted one that had for
+some years been an Eminent Physician in _Russia_, who though he rejected
+some other Traditions that are generally enough believ'd concerning that
+Countrey, told me nevertheless, that he saw no cause to doubt of this
+Tradition of _Olaus Magnus_ as to Foxes and Hares, not onely because 'tis
+the common and uncontroul'd Assertion of the Natives, but also because he
+himself in the Winter could never that he remember'd see Foxes and Hares of
+any other Colour than White; And I my self having seen a small White Fox
+brought out of _Russia_ into _England_ towards the latter end of Winter,
+foretold those that shew'd him me, that he would change Colour in Summer,
+and accordingly coming to look upon him again in _July_, I found that the
+Back and Sides, together with the upper part of the Head and Tayl were
+already grown of a Dark Colour, the lower part of the Head and Belly
+containing as yet a Whiteness. Let me add, that were it not for some
+scruple I have, I should think more than what _Olaus_ relates, confirm'd by
+the judicious _Olearius_, who was twice employ'd into those parts as a
+Publick Minister, who in his Account of _Moscovy_ has this Passage: _The
+Hares there are Gray; but in some Provinces they grow white in the Winter_.
+And within some few Lines after: _It is not very Difficult to find the
+Cause of this Change, which certainly proceeds only from the Outward Cold,
+since I know that even in Summer, Hares will change Colour, if they be kept
+a competent time in a Cellar_; I say, were it not for Some Scruple, because
+I take notice, that in the same Page the Author Affirms, that the like
+change of Colour that happens to Hares in some Provinces of _Muscovy_,
+happens to them also in _Livonia_, and yet immediately subjoyns, that in
+_Curland_ the Hares vary not their Colour in Winter, though these two last
+named Countries be contiguous, (that is) sever'd only by the River of
+_Dugna_; For it is scarce conceivable how Cold alone should have, in
+Countries so near, so strangely differing an operation, though no less
+strange a thing is confess'd by many, that ascribe the Complexion of
+_Negroes_ to the Heat of the Sun, when they would have the River of
+_Cenega_ so to bound the _Moors_, that though on the North-side they are
+but Tawny, on the other side they are Black.
+
+  [10] Olearius Voyage de Mosco. et de Perse _liv_. 3.
+
+There is another Opinion concerning the Complexion of _Negroes_, that is
+not only embrac'd by many of the more Vulgar Writers, but likewise by that
+ingenious Traveller Mr. _Sandys_, and by a late most learned Critick,
+besides other men of Note, and these would have the Blackness of _Negroes_
+an effect of _Noah's_ Curse ratify'd by God's, upon _Cham_; But though I
+think that even a Naturalist may without disparagement believe all the
+Miracles attested by the Holy Scriptures, yet in this case to flye to a
+Supernatural Cause, will, I fear, look like Shifting off the Difficulty,
+instead of Resolving it; for we enquire not the First and Universal, but
+the Proper, Immediate, and Physical Cause of the Jetty Colour of _Negroes_;
+And not only we do not find expressed in the Scripture, that the Curse
+meant by _Noah_ to _Cham_, was the Blackness of his Posterity, but we do
+find plainly enough there that the Curse was quite another thing, namely
+that he should be a Servant of Servants, that is by an Ebraism, a very
+Abject Servant to his Brethren, which accordingly did in part come to pass,
+when the _Israelites_ of the posterity of _Sem_, subdued the _Canaanites_,
+that descended from _Cham_, and kept them in great Subjection. Nor is it
+evident that Blackness is a Curse, for Navigators tell us of Black Nations,
+who think so much otherwise of their own condition, that they paint the
+Devil White. Nor is Blackness inconsistent with Beauty, which even to our
+European Eyes consists not so much in Colour, as an Advantageous Stature, a
+Comely Symmetry of the parts of the Body, and Good Features in the Face. So
+that I see not why Blackness should be thought such a Curse to the
+_Negroes_, unless perhaps it be, that being wont to go Naked in those Hot
+Climates, the Colour of their Skin does probably, according to the Doctrine
+above deliver'd, make the Sun-beams more Scorching to them, than they would
+prove to a people of a White Complexion.
+
+Greater probability there is, That the Principal Cause (for I would not
+exclude all concurrent ones) of the Blackness of _Negroes_ is some Peculiar
+and Seminal Impression, for not onely we see that _Blackmore_ boyes brought
+over into these Colder Climates lose not their Colour; But good Authors
+inform us, That the Off-spring of _Negroes_ Transplanted out of _Africa_,
+above a hundred years ago, retain still the Complexion of their
+Progenitors, though possibly in Tract of time it will decay; As on the
+other side, the White people removing into very Hot Climates, have their
+Skins by the Heat of the Sun scorch'd into Dark Colours; yet neither they,
+nor their Children have been observ'd, even in the Countreys of _Negroes_,
+to descend to a Colour amounting to that of the Natives; whereas I remember
+I have Read in _Pisos_[11] excellent account of _Brasile_, that betwixt the
+_Americans_ and _Negroes_ are generated a distinct sort of Men, which they
+call _Cabocles_, and betwixt _Portugalls_ and _Æthiopian_ women, He tells
+us, he has sometimes seen Twins, whereof one had a White skin, the other a
+Black; not to mention here some other instances, he gives, that the
+productions of the mixtures of differing people, that is (indeed,) the
+effects of Seminal Impressions which they consequently argue to have been
+their Causes; and we shall not much scruple at this, if we consider, that
+even Organical parts may receive great Differences from such peculiar
+Impressions, upon what account soever they came to be setled in the first
+Individual persons, from whom they are Propogated to Posterity, as we see
+in the Blobber-Lips and Flat-Noses of most Nations of _Negroes_. And if we
+may Credit what Learned men deliver concerning the Little Feet of the
+_Chinesses_, the _Macrocephali_ taken notice of by _Hippocrates_, will not
+be the only Instance we might apply to our present purpose. And on this
+occasion it will not perchance be Impertinent to add something of what I
+have observ'd in other Animals, as that there is a sort of Hens that want
+Rumps; And that (not to mention that in several places there is a sort of
+Crows or Daws that are not Cole-black as ours, but partly of a Whitish
+Colour) in spight of _Porphyries_ examples of Inseparable Accidents, I have
+seen a perfectly White Raven, as to Bill as well as Feathers, which I
+attentively considered, for fear of being impos'd upon. And this recalls
+into my Memory, what a very Ingenious Physician has divers times related to
+me of a young Lady, to whom being call'd, he found that though she much
+complain'd of want of Health, yet there appear'd so little cause either in
+her Body, or her Condition to Guess that She did any more than fancy her
+self Sick, that scrupling to give her Physick, he perswaded her Friends
+rather to divert her Mind by little Journeys of Pleasure, in one of which
+going to Visit St. _Winifrids_ Well, this Lady, who was a _Catholick_, and
+devout in her Religion, and a pretty while in the Water to perform some
+Devotions, and had occasion to fix her Eyes very attentively upon the Red
+pipple-stones, which in a scatter'd order made up a good part of those that
+appear'd through the water, and a while after growing Bigg, she was
+deliver'd of a Child, whose White Skin was Copiously speckl'd with spots of
+the Colour and Bignesss of those Stones, and though now this Child have
+already liv'd several years, yet she still retains them. I have but two
+things to add concerning the Blackness of _Negroes_, the one is, that the
+Seat of that Colour seems to be but the thin _Epidermes_, or outward Skin,
+for I knew a young _Negroe_, who having been lightly Sick of the Small Pox
+or Measles, (for it was doubted which of the two was his Disease) I found
+by enquiry of a person that was concern'd for him, that in those places
+where the little Tumors had broke their passage through the Skin, when they
+were gone, they left Within specks behind them; And the lately commended
+_Piso_ assures us, that having the opportunity in _Brasil_ to Dissect many
+_Negroes_, he cleerly found that their Blackness went no deeper than the
+very outward Skin, which _Cuticula_ or _Epidermis_ being remov'd, the
+undermost Skin or _Cutis_ appear'd just as White as that of _Europæan_
+Bodyes. And the like has been affirmed to me by a Physician of our own,
+whom, hearing he had Dissectcd a _Negroe_ here in _England_, I consulted
+about this particular. The other thing to be here taken notice of
+concerning _Negroes_ is, That having enquir'd of an Intelligent
+acquaintance of mine (who keeps in the _Indies_ about 300. of them as well
+Women as Men to work in his Plantations,) whether their Children come Black
+into the world; he answer'd, That they did not, but were brought forth of
+almost the like Reddish Colour with our _European_ Children; and having
+further enquir'd, how long it was before these Infants appear'd Black, be
+reply'd, that 'twas not wont to be many daies. And agreeable to this
+account I find that, given us in a freshly publish'd French Book written by
+a _Jesuit_, that had good opportunity of Knowing the Truth of what he
+Delivers, for being one of the Missionaries of his Order into the Southern
+_America_ upon the Laudable Design of Converting Infidels to Christianity,
+he Baptiz'd several Infants, which when newly Born, were much of the same
+Colour with _European_ Babes, but within about a Week began to appear of
+the Hue of their Parents. But more Pregnant is the Testimony of our
+Countrey-man _Andrew Battel_, who being sent Prisoner by the _Portugalls_
+to _Angola_, liv'd there, and in the adjoyning Regions, partly as a
+Prisoner, partly as a Pilot, and partly as a Souldier, near 18. years, and
+he mentioning the _African_ Kingdom of _Longo_, peopl'd with Blacks, has
+this passage:[12] _The Children in this Countrey are Born White, and change
+their Colour in two dayes to a Perfect Black_. As for Example, _The_
+Portugalls _which dwell in the Kingdome of_ Longo _have sometimes Children
+by the_ Negroe_-women, and many times the Fathers are deceived, thinking,
+when the Child is Born, that it is theirs, and within two dayes it proves
+the Son or Daughter of a_ Negroe,_ which the_ Portugalls _greatly grieve
+at_; And the same person has elsewhere a Relation, which, if he have made
+no use at all of the liberty of a Traveller, is very well worth our Notice,
+since this, together with that we have formerly mention'd of Seminal
+Impressions, shews a possibility, that a Race of _Negroes_ might be begun,
+though none of the Sons of _Adam_, for many Precedent Generations were of
+that Complexion. For I see not why it should not be at least as possible,
+that White Parents may sometimes have Black Children, as that _African
+Negroes_ should sometimes have lastingly White ones, especially since
+concurrent causes may easily more befriend the Productions of the Former
+kind, than under the scorching Heat of _Africa_ those of the Latter. And I
+remember on the occasion of what he delivers, that of the White Raven
+formerly mention'd, the Possessor affirm'd to me, that in the Nest out of
+which he was taken White, they found with him but one other Young one, and
+that he was of as Jetty a Black as any common Raven. But let us hear our
+Author himself[13]; _Here are_ (sayes he, speaking of the formerly
+mention'd Regions) _Born in this Countrey White Children, which is very
+rare among them, for their Parents are_ Negroes; _And when any of them are
+Born, they are presented to the King, and are call'd_ Dondos; _these are as
+White as any White Men. These are the Kings Witches, and are brought up in
+Witchcraft, and alwayes wait on the King: There is no man that dare meddle
+with these_ Dondos, _if they go to the Market they may take what they lift,
+for all Men stand in awe of them. The King of_ Longo _hath four of them_.
+And yet this Countrey in our Globes is plac'd almost in the midst of the
+Torrid Zone (four or five Degrees Southward of the Line.) And our Author
+elsewhere tells us of the Inhabitants, that they are so fond of their
+Blackness, that they will not suffer any that is not of that Colour (as the
+_Portugalls_ that come to Trade thither) to be so much as Buri'd in their
+Land, of which he annexes a particular example,[14] that may be seen in his
+Voyage preserv'd by our Industrious Countreyman Mr. _Purchas_. But it is
+high time for me to dismiss Observations, and go on with Experiments.
+
+  [11] _Piso_ Nat. & Med. Hist. _Brasil. lib_ 1. in fine.
+
+  [12] _Purchas_ Pilgrim. Second part, Seventh Book 3. Chap. Sect 5.
+
+  [13] _Purchas_. Ibid.
+
+  [14] _Purchas_ Ibid. in fin
+
+_EXPERIMENT XII._
+
+The way, _Pyrophilus,_ of producing Whiteness by Chymical Præcipitations is
+very well worth our observing, for thereby Bodyes of very Differing Colours
+as well as Natures, though dissolv'd in Several Liquors, are all brought
+into _Calces_ or Powders that are White. Thus we find that not only
+Crabs-eyes, that are of themselves White, and Pearls that are almost so,
+but _Coral_ and _Minium_ that are Red, being dissolv'd in Spirit of
+Vinegar, may be uniformly Præcipitated by Oyl of _Tartar_ into White
+Powders. Thus Silver and Tin separately dissolv'd in _Aqua Fortis_, will
+the one Præcipitate it self, and the other be Præcipitated by common
+Salt-water into a White _Calx_, and so will Crude Lead and Quicksilver
+first dissolv'd likewise in _Aqua Fortis_. The like _Calx_ will be afforded
+as I have try'd by a Solution of that shining Mineral Tinglass dissolv'd in
+_Aqua Fortis_, and Præcipitated out of it; and divers of these _Calces_ may
+be made at least as Fair and White, if not better Colour'd, if instead of
+Oyl of _Tartar_ they were Præcipitated with Oyl of _Vitriol_, or with
+another Liquor I could Name. Nay, that Black Mineral _Antimony_ it self,
+being reduc'd by and with the Salts that concurr to the Composition of
+common Sublimate, into that Cleer though Unctuous Liquor that Chymists
+commonly call Rectifi'd Butter of _Antimony_, will by the bare affusion of
+store of Fair Water be struck down into that Snow-white Powder, which when
+the adhering Saltness is well wash'd off, Chymists are pleas'd to call
+_Mercurius Vitæ_, though the like Powder may be made of _Antimony_, without
+the addition of any _Mercury_ at all. And this Lactescence if I may so call
+it, does also commonly ensue when Spirit of Wine, being Impregnated with
+those parts of Gums or other Vegetable Concretions, that are suppos'd to
+abound with Sulphureous Corpuscles, fair Water is suddenly pour'd upon the
+Tincture or Solution. And I remember that very lately I did, for Tryal
+sake, on a Tincture of _Benjamin_ drawn with Spirit of Wine, and brought to
+be as Red as Blood, pour some fair Water, which presently mingling with the
+Liquor, immediately turn'd the whole Mixture White. But if such Seeming
+Milks be suffer'd to stand unstirr'd for a convenient while, they are wont
+to let fall to the bottome a Resinous Substance, which the Spirit of Wine
+Diluted and Weakned by the Water pour'd into it was unable to support any
+longer. And something of Kin to this change of Colour in Vegetables is
+that, which Chymists are wont to observe upon the pouring of Acid Spirits
+upon the Red Solution of _Sulphur_, dissolv'd in an Infusion of Pot-ashes,
+or in some other sharp _Lixivium_, the Præcipitated _Sulphur_ before it
+subsides, immediately turning the Red Liquor into a White one. And other
+Examples might be added of this way of producing Whiteness in Bodyes by
+Præcipitating them out of the Liquors wherein they have been Dissolv'd; but
+I think it may be more usefull to admonish you, _Pyrophilus_, that this
+observation admits of Restrictions, and is not so Universal, as by this
+time perhaps you have begun to think it; For though most Præcipitated
+Bodyes are White, yet I know some that are not; For Gold Dissolv'd in _Aqua
+Regis_, whether you Præcipitate it with Oyl of _Tartar_, or with Spirit of
+_Sal Armoniack_, will not afford a White but a Yellow _Calx_. _Mercury_
+also though reduc'd into Sublimate, and Præcipitated with Liquors abounding
+with Volatile Salts, as the Spirits drawn from Urine, Harts-horn, and other
+Animal substances, yet will afford, as we Noted in our first Experiment
+about Whiteness and Blackness, a White Præcipitate, yet with some Solutions
+hereafter to be mentioned, it will let fall an Orange-Tawny Powder. And so
+will Crude _Antimony_, if, being dissolv'd in a strong Lye, you pour (as
+farr as I remember) any Acid Liquor upon the Solution newly Filtrated,
+whilst it is yet Warm. And if upon the Filtrated Solution of _Vitriol_, you
+pour a Solution of one of these fix'd Salts, there will subside a Copious
+substance, very farr from having any Whiteness, which the Chymists are
+pleas'd to call, how properly I have elsewhere examin'd, the _Sulphur of
+Vitriol_. So that most part of Dissolv'd Bodyes being by Præcipitation
+brought to White Powders, and yet some affording Præcipitates of other
+Colours, the reason of both the Phænomena may deserve to be enquir'd into.
+
+
+_EXPERIMENT XIII._
+
+Some Learned Modern Writers[15] are of Opinion, that the Account upon which
+Whiteness and Blackness ought to be call'd, as they commonly are, the two
+Extreme Colours, is, That Blackness (by which I presume is meant the Bodyes
+endow'd with it) receives no other Colours; but Whiteness very easily
+receives them all; whence some of them compare Whiteness to the
+_Aristotelian Materia prima_, that being capable of any sort of Forms, as
+they suppose White Bodyes to be of every kind of Colour. But not to Dispute
+about Names or Expressions, the thing it self that is affirm'd as Matter of
+Fact, seems to be True enough in most Cases, not in all, or so, as to hold
+Universally. For though it be a common observation among Dyers, That
+Clothes, which have once been throughly imbu'd with Black, cannot so well
+afterwards be Dy'd into Lighter Colours, the præexistent Dark Colour
+infecting the Ingredients, that carry the Lighter Colour to be introduc'd,
+and making it degenerate into Some more Sad one; Yet the Experiments lately
+mention'd may shew us, that where the change of Colour in Black Bodies is
+attempted, not by mingling Bodyes of Lighter Colours with them, but by
+Addition of such things as are proper to alter the Texture of those
+Corpuscles that contain the Black Colour, 'tis no such difficult matter, as
+the lately mention'd Learned Men imagine, to alter the Colour of Black
+Bodyes. For we saw that Inks of several Kinds might in a trice be depriv'd
+of all their Blackness; and those made with Logwood and Red-Roses might
+also be chang'd, the one into a Red, the other into a Reddish Liquor; and
+with Oyl of _Vitriol_ I have sometimes turn'd Black pieces of Silk into a
+kind of Yellow, and though the Taffaty were thereby made Rotten, yet the
+spoyling of that does no way prejudice the Experiment, the change of Black
+Silk into Yellow, being never the less True, because the Yellow Silk is the
+less good. And as for Whiteness, I think the general affirmation of its
+being so easily Destroy'd or Transmuted by any other Colour, ought not to
+be receiv'd without some Cautions and Restrictions. For whereas, according
+to what I formerly Noted, Lead is by Calcination turned into that Red
+Powder we call _Minium_; And Tin by Calcination reduc'd to a White _Calx_,
+the common Putty that is sold and us'd so much in Shops, instead of being,
+as it is pretended and ought to be, only the _Calx_ of Tin, is, by the
+Artificers that make it, to save the charge of Tin, made, (as some, of
+themselves have confess'd, and as I long suspected by the Cheap rate it may
+be bought for) but of half Tin and half Lead, if not far more Lead than
+Tin, and yet the Putty in spight of so much Lead is a very White Powder,
+without disclosing any mixture of _Minium_. And so if you take two parts of
+Copper, which is a High-colour'd Metall, to but one of Tin, you may by
+Fusion bring them into one Mass, wherein the Whiteness of the Tin is much
+more Conspicuous and Predominant than the Reddishness of the Copper. And on
+this occasion it may not be Impertinent to mention an Experiment, which I
+relate upon the Credit of a very Honest man, whom I purposely enquir'd of
+about it, being my self not very fond of making Tryals with _Arsenick_, the
+Experiment is this, That if you Colliquate _Arsenick_ and Copper in a due
+proportion, the _Arsenick_ will Blanch the Copper both within and without,
+which is an Experiment well enough Known; but when I enquir'd, whether or
+no this White mixture being skilfully kept a while upon the Cupel would not
+let go its _Arsenick_, which made Whiteness its prædominant Colour, and
+return to the Reddishness of Copper, I was assur'd of the Affirmative; so
+that among Mineral Bodyes, some of those that are White, may be far more
+capable, than those I am reasoning with seem to have known, of Eclipsing
+others, and of making their Colour Prædominant in Mixtures. In further
+Confirmation of which may be added, that I remember that I also took a lump
+of Silver and Gold melted together, wherein by the Æstimate of a very
+Experienced Refiner, there might be about a fourth or third part of Gold,
+and yet the Yellow Colour of the Gold was so hid by the White of the
+Silver, that the whole Mass appear'd to be but Silver, and when it was
+rubb'd upon the Touchstone, an ordinary beholder could scarce have
+distinguish'd it from the Touch of common Silver; though if I put a little
+_Aqua Fortis_ upon any part of the White Surface it had given the
+Touchstone, the Silver in the moistned part being immediately taken up and
+conceal'd by the Liquor, the Golden Particles would presently disclose that
+native Yellow, and look rather as if Gold, than if the above mention'd
+mixture, had been rubb'd upon the Stone.
+
+  [15] See _Scaliger_ Exercit. 325. Sect. 9.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XIV._
+
+I took a piece of Black-horn, (polish'd as being part of a Comb) this with
+a piece of broken glass I scrap'd into many thin and curdled flakes, some
+shorter and some longer, and having laid a pretty Quantity of these
+scrapings together, I found, as I look'd for, that the heap they compos'd
+was White, and though, if I laid it upon a clean piece of White Paper, its
+Colour seem'd somewhat Eclips'd by the greater Whiteness of the Body it was
+compar'd with, looking somewhat like Linnen that had been sulli'd by a
+little wearing, yet if I laid it upon a very Black Body, as upon a Beaver
+Hatt, it then appear'd to be of a good White, which Experiment, that you
+may in a trice make when you please, seems very much to Disfavour both
+their Doctrine that would have Colours to flow from the Substantial Forms
+of Bodyes, and that of the Chymists also, who ascribe them to one or other
+of their three Hypostatical Principles; for though in our Case there was so
+great a Change made, that the same Body without being substantially either
+Increas'd or Lessened, passes immediately from one extreme Colour to
+another (and that too from Black to White) yet this so great and sudden
+change is effected by a slight Mechanical Transposition of parts, there
+being no Salt or _Sulphur_ or _Mercury_ that can be pretended to be Added
+or Taken away, nor yet any substantial Form that can reasonably be suppos'd
+to be Generated and Destroy'd, the Effect proceeding only from a Local
+Motion of the parts which so vary'd their Position as to multiply their
+distinct Surfaces, and to Qualifie them to Reflect far more Light to the
+Eye, than they could before they were scrap'd off from the entire piece of
+Black horn.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XV._
+
+And now, _Pyrophilus_, it will not be improper for us to take some notice
+of an Opinion touching the cause of Blackness, which I judged it not so
+seasonable to Question, till I I had set down some of the Experiments, that
+might justifie my dissent from it. You know that of late divers Learned
+Men, having adopted the three Hypostatical Principles, besides other
+Notions of the Chymists, are very inclinable to reduce all Qualities of
+Bodies to one or other of those three Principles, and Particularly assign
+for the cause of Blackness the Sootie steam of _adust_ or _torrifi'd
+Sulphur_. But I hope that what we have deliver'd above to countenance the
+Opinion we have propos'd about the Cause of Blackness, will so easily
+supply you with several Particulars that may be made use of against this
+Opinion, that I shall now represent to You but two things concerning it.
+
+
+And First it seems that the favourers of the Chymicall Theories might have
+pitcht upon some more proper term, to express the Efficient of Blackness
+than _Sulphur adust_; for we know that _common Sulphur_, not only when
+Melted, but even when Sublim'd, does not grow Black by suffering the Action
+of the fire, but continues and ascends Yellow, and rather more than less
+White, than it was before its being expos'd to the fire. And if it be set
+on fire, as when we make that acid Liquor, that Chymists call _Oleum
+Sulphuris per campanam_, it affords very little Soot, and indeed the flame
+yeelds so little, that it will scarce in any degree Black a sheet of White
+Paper, held a pretty while over the flame and smoak of it, which is
+observed rather to Whiten than Infect linnen, and which does plainly make
+Red Roses grow very Pale, but not at all Black, as far as the Smoak is
+permitted to reach the leaves. And I can shew you of a sort of fixt Sulphur
+made by an Industrious Laborant of your acquaintance, who assur'd me that
+he was wont to keep it for divers weeks together night and day in a naked
+and Violent fire, almost like that of the Glass-house, and when, to
+satisfie my Curiosity, I made him take out a lump of it, though it were
+glowing hot (and yet not melted,) it did not, when I had suffered it to
+cool, appear Black, the true Colour of it being a true Red. I know it may
+be said, that _Chymists_ in the Opinion above recited mean the _Principle
+of Sulphur_, and not _common Sulphur_ which receives its name, not from its
+being _all_ perfectly of a Sulphureous Nature, but for that _plenty_ and
+_Predominancy_ of the Sulphureous Principle in it. But allowing this, 'tis
+easie to reply, that still according to this very Reason, torrifi'd Sulphur
+should afford more Blackness, than most other concretes, wherein that
+Principle is confess'd to be far less copious. Also when I have expos'd
+Camphire to the fire in Close Vessels, as Inflamable, and consequenly
+(according to the Chymists) as Sulphureous a Body as it is, I could not by
+such a degree of Heat, as brought it to Fusion, and made it Boyl in the
+glass, impress any thing of Blackness, or of any other Colour, than its own
+pure White, upon this Vegetable concrete. But what shall we say to Spirit
+of Wine, which being made by a Chymical Analysis of the Liquor that affords
+it, and being totally Inflamable, seems to have a full right to the title
+they give it of _Sulphur Vegetabile_, & yet this fluid Sulphur not only
+contracts not any degree of Blackness by being often so heated, as to be
+made to Boyl, but when it burns away with an Actual flame, I have not found
+that it would discolour a piece of White Paper held over it, with any
+discernable soot. Tin also, that wants not, according to the Chymists, a
+_Sulphur Joviale_, when throughly burned by the fire into a _Calx_, is not
+Black, but eminently White. And I lately noted to you out of _Bellonius_,
+that the Charcoals of Oxy-cedar are not of the former of these two Colours,
+but of the latter. And the Smoak of our Tinby coals here in _England_, has
+been usually observ'd, rather to Blanch linnen then to Black it. To all
+which, other Particulars of the like nature might be added, but I rather
+choose to put you in mind of the third Experiment, about making Black
+Liquors, or Inks, of Bodies that were non of them Black before. For how can
+it be said, that when those Liquors are put together actually Cold, and
+continue so after their mixture, there intervenes any new _Adustion of
+Sulphur_ to produce the emergent Blackness? (and the same question will be
+appliable to the Blackness produc'd upon the blade of a Knife, that has cut
+Lemmons and some kind of Sowr apples, if the juyce (though both Actually
+and Potentially Cold) be not quickly wip'd of) And when by the instilling
+either of a few drops of Oyl of Vitriol as in the second Experiment, or of
+a little of the Liquor mention'd in the Passage pointed at in the fourth
+Experiment, (where I teach at once to Destroy one black Ink, and make
+another) the Blackness produc'd by those Experiments is presently
+destroy'd; if the Colour proceeded only from the Plenty of Sulphurous
+parts, torrify'd in the Black Bodies, I demand, what becomes of them, when
+the Colour so suddenly dissappears? For it cannot Reasonably be said, that
+all those that suffic'd to make so great a quantity of Black Matter, should
+resort to so very small a proportion of the Clarifying Liquor, (if I may so
+call it) as to be deluted by it, with out at all Denigrating it. And if it
+be said that the Instill'd Liquor dispers'd those Black Corpuscles, I
+demand, how that Dispersion comes to destroy their Blackness, but by making
+such a Local Motion of their parts, as destroys their former Texture? which
+may be a Matter of such moment in cases like ours, that I remember that I
+have in few houres, without addition, from Soot it self, attain'd pretty
+store of Crystalline Salt, and good store of Transparent Liquor, and (which
+I have on another occasion noted as remarkable) this so Black Substance had
+its Colour so alter'd, by the change of Texture it receiv'd from the fire,
+wherewith it was distill'd, that it did for a great while afford such
+plenty of very white Exhalations, that the Receiver, though large, seem'd
+to be almost fill'd with Milk.
+
+Secondly, But were it granted, as it is in some cases not Improbable, that
+divers Bodies may receive a Blackness from a Sootie Exhalation, occasion'd
+by the Adustion of their Sulphur, which (for the Reasons lately mention'd I
+should rather call their Oyly parts;) yet still this account is applicable
+but to some Particular Bodies, and will afford us no General Theory of
+Blackness. For if, for example, White Harts-horn, being, in Vessels well
+luted to each other, expos'd to the fire, be said to turn Black by the
+Infection of its own Smoak, I think I may justly demand, what it is that
+makes the Smoak or Soot it self Black, since no Such Colour, but its
+contrary, appear'd before in the Harts-horn? And with the same Reason, when
+we are told, that torrify'd Sulphur makes bodies Black, I desire to be told
+also, why Torrefaction makes Sulphur it self Black? nor will there be any
+Satisfactory Reason assign'd of these Quæries, without taking in those
+Fertile as well as intelligible Mechanical Principles of the Position and
+Texture of the Minute parts of the body in reference to the Light and the
+Eye; and these applicable Principles may Serve the turn in many cases,
+where the Adustion of Sulphur cannot be pretended; as in the appearing
+Blackness of an Open window, lookt upon at a somewhat remote distance from
+the house, as also in the Blackness Men think they see in the Holes that
+happen to be in White linnen, or Paper of the like Colour; and in the
+Increasing Blackness immediatly Produc'd barely by so rubbing Velvet, whose
+Piles were Inclin'd before, as to reduce them to a more Erected posture, in
+which and in many other cases formerly alleg'd, there appears nothing
+requisite to the Production of _the_ Blackness, but the hindering of the
+incident Beams of Light from rebounding plentifully enough to the Eye. To
+be short, those I reason with, do concerning Blackness, what the Chymists
+are wont also to do concerning other Qualities, namely to content
+themselves to tell us, in what Ingredient of a Mixt Body, the Quality
+enquir'd after, does reside, instead of explicating the Nature of it, which
+(to borrow a comparison from their own Laboratories) is much as if in an
+enquiry after the cause of Salivation, they should think it enough to tell
+us, that the several Kinds of Præcipitates of Gold and _Mercury_) as
+likewise of Quick-silver and Silver (for I know that make and use of such
+Precipitates also) do Salivate upon the account of the _Mercury_, which
+though Disguis'd abounds in them, whereas the Difficulty is as much to know
+upon what account _Mercury_ it self, rather than other Bodies, has that
+power of working by Salivation. Which I say not, as though it were not
+_something_ (and too often the most we can arrive at) to discover in which
+of the Ingredients of a Compounded Body, the Quality, whose Nature is
+sought, resides, but because, though this Discovery it self may pass for
+_something_, and is oftentimes more than what is taught us about the same
+subjects in the Schools, yet we ought not to think it _enough_, when more
+Clear and Particular accounts are to be had.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       THE
+               Experimental History
+                       OF
+                     COLOURS
+                      Begun.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 The Third PART.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                   Containing
+              Promiscuous Experiments
+                      About
+                     COLOURS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+EXPERIMENT I.
+
+Because that, according to the Conjectures I have above propos'd, one of
+the most General Causes of the Diversity of Colours in Opacous Bodyes, is,
+that some reflect the Light mingl'd with more, others with less of Shade
+(either as to Quantity, or as to Interruption) I hold it not unfit to
+mention in the first place, the Experiments that I thought upon to examine
+this Conjecture. And though coming to transcribe them out of some
+Physiological _Adversaria_ I had written in loose Papers, I cannot find one
+of the chief Records I had of my Tryals of this Nature, yet the Papers that
+scap'd miscarrying, will, I presume, suffice to manifest the main thing for
+which I now allege them; I find then Among my _Adversaria_, the following
+Narrative.
+
+_October_ the 11. About ten in the Morning in Sun-shiny Weather, (but not
+without fleeting Clouds) we took several sorts of Paper Stain'd, some of
+one Colour, and some of another; and in a Darken'd Room whose Window look'd
+Southward, we cast the Beams that came in at a hole about three Inches and
+a half in Diameter, upon a White wall that was plac'd on one side, about
+five foot distance from them.
+
+The White gave much the Brightest Reflection.
+
+The Green, Red, and Blew being Compar'd together, the Red gave much the
+strongest Reflection, and manifestly enough also threw its _Colour_ upon
+the Wall; The Green and Blew were scarce Discernable by their Colours, and
+seem'd to reflect an almost Equal Light.
+
+The Yellow Compar'd with the two last nam'd, Reflected somewhat more Light.
+
+The Red and Purple being Compar'd together, the former manifestly Reflected
+a good deal more Light.
+
+The Blew and Purple Compar'd together, the former seem'd to Reflect a
+little more Light, though the Purple Colour were more manifestly seen.
+
+A Sheet of very well fleck'd Marbl'd Paper being Apply'd as the others, did
+not cast any or its Distinct Colours upon the Wall; nor throw its Light
+upon it with an Equal Diffusion, but threw the Beams Unstain'd and Bright
+to this and that part of the Wall, as if it's Polish had given it the
+Nature of a specular Body. But comparing it with a sheet of White Paper, we
+found the Reflection of the latter to be much Stronger, it diffusing almost
+as much Light to a _good Extent_ as the Marble Paper did to _one part_ of
+the Wall.
+
+The Green and Purple left us somewhat in suspence which Reflected the most
+Light; only the Purple seem'd to have some little Advantage over the Green,
+which was Dark in its kind.
+
+Thus much I find in our above mention'd _Collections_, among which there
+are also some Notes concerning the Production of _Compounded Colours_, _by
+Reflection_ from Bodyes differingly Colour'd. And these Notes we intended
+should supply us with what we should mention as our second Experiment: but
+having lost the Paper that contain'd the Particulars, and remembring onely
+in General, that if the Objects which Reflected the Light were not Strongly
+Colour'd and somewhat Glossy, the Reflected Beams would not manifestly make
+a Compounded Colour upon the Wall, and even then but very Faintly, we shall
+now say no more of that Matter, only reserving our selves to mention
+hereafter the Composition of a Green, which we still retain in Memory.
+
+_EXPERIMENT II._
+
+We may add, _Pyrophilus_, on this Occasion, that though a Darken'd Room be
+Generally thought requisite to make the Colour of a Body appear by
+Reflection from another Body, that is not one of those that are commonly
+agreed upon to be Specular (as Polish'd Metall, Quick silver, Glass, Water,
+&c.) Yet I have often observ'd that when I wore Doublets Lin'd with some
+silken Stuff that was very Glossy and Vividly Colour'd, especially Red, I
+could in an Inlightned Room plainly enough Discern the Colour, upon the
+Pure White Linnen that came out at my Sleeve and reach'd to my Cufs; as if
+that Fine White Body were more Specular, than Colour'd and Unpolish'd
+Bodyes are thought Capable of being.
+
+_EXPERIMENT III._
+
+Whilst we were making the newly mention'd Experiments, we thought fit to
+try also what Composition of Colours might be made by Altering the Light in
+its Passage to the Eye by the Interposition not of Perfectly Diaphanous
+Bodies, (that having been already try'd by others as well as by us (as we
+shall soon have occasion to take notice) but of Semi-opacous Bodyes, and
+those such as look'd upon in an ordinary Light, and not held betwixt it and
+the Eye, are not wont to be Discriminated from the rest of Opacous Bodyes;
+of this Tryal, our mention'd _Adversaria_ present us the following Account.
+
+Holding these Sheets, sometimes one sometimes the other of them, before the
+Hole betwixt the Sun and the Eye, with the Colour'd sides obverted to the
+Sun; we found them _single_ to be somewhat Transparent, and appear of the
+same Colour as before, onely a little alter'd by the great Light they were
+plac'd in; but laying _two_ of them one over another and applying them so
+to the Hole, the Colours were compounded as follows.
+
+The Blew and Yellow scarce exhibited any thing but a Darker Yellow, which
+we ascrib'd to the Coarseness of the Blew Papers, and its Darkness in its
+Kind. For applying the Blew parts of the Marbl'd Paper with the Yellow
+Paper after the same manner, they exhibited a good Green.
+
+The Yellow and Red look'd upon together gave us but a Dark Red, somewhat
+(and but a little,) inclining to an Orange Colour.
+
+The Purple and Red look'd on together appear'd more Scarlet.
+
+The Purple and Yellow made an Orange.
+
+The Green and Red made a Dark Orange Tawny.
+
+The Green and Purple made the Purple appear more Dirty.
+
+The Blew and Purple made the Purple more Lovely, and far more Deep.
+
+The Red parts of the Marbl'd Paper look'd upon with the Yellow appear'd of
+a Red far more like Scarlet than without it.
+
+                                                                [Page 191]
+But the Fineness or Coarseness of the Papers, their being carefully or
+slightly Colour'd, and divers other Circumstances, may so vary the Events
+of such Experiments as these, that if, _Pyrophilus_, you would Build much
+on them, you must carefully Repeat them.
+
+_EXPERIMENT IV._
+
+The Triangular Prismatical Glass being the Instrument upon whose Effects we
+may the most Commodiously speculate the Nature of Emphatical Colours, (and
+perhaps that of Others too;) we thought it might be usefull to observe the
+several Reflections and Refractions which the Incident Beams of Light
+suffer in Rebounding from it, and Passing through it. And this we thought
+might be Best done, not (as is usual,) in an ordinary Inlightn'd Room,
+where (by reason of the Difficulty of doing otherwise) ev'n the Curious
+have left Particulars Unheeded, which may in a convenient place be easily
+taken notice of; but in a Darken'd Room, where by placing the Glass in a
+convenient Posture, the Various Reflections and Refractions may be
+Distinctly observ'd; and where it may appear _what_ Beams are Unting'd; and
+_which_ they are, that upon the Bodyes that terminate them, do Paint either
+the Primary or Secondary Iris. In pursuance of this we did in the above
+mention'd Darken'd Room, make observation of no less than four Reflections,
+and three Refractions that were afforded us by the same Prism, and thought
+that notwithstanding what was taught us by the Rules of Catoptricks and
+Dioptricks, it would not be amiss to find also, by hiding sometimes one
+part of the Prism, and sometimes another, and observing where the Light or
+Colour Vanish'd thereupon, by which Reflection and by which Refraction each
+of the several places whereon the Light rebounding from, or passing
+through, the Prism appear'd either Sincere or Tincted, was produc'd. But
+because it would be Tedious and not so Intelligible to deliver this in
+Words, I have thought fit to Referr You to the Annexed Scheme where the
+Newly mention'd particulars may be at one View taken Notice of.
+
+_EXPERIMENT V._
+
+[Illustration: _The Explication of the Scheme._]
+
+_PPP_. An Aequilaterotriangular Crystalline Prism, one of whose edges _P_.
+is placed directly towards the Sun.
+
+_A B_ & [alpha] [beta] Two rays from the Sun falling on the Prism at _B_
+[beta]. and thence partly reflected towards _C_ & [gamma]. and partly
+refracted towards _D_ & [delta].
+
+_B C_ & [beta] [gamma]. Those reflected Rays.
+
+_B D_ & [beta] [delta]. Those refracted Rays which are partly refracted
+towards _E_ & [epsilon]. and there paint an Iris 1 2 3 4 5. denoting the
+five consecutions of colours Red, Yellow, Green, Blew, and Purple; and are
+partly reflected towards _F_ & [zeta].
+
+_D F_ & [delta] [zeta]. Those Reflected Rays which are partly refracted
+towards _G_ & [eta]. colourless, and partly reflected, towards _H_ &
+[theta].
+
+_F H_ & [zeta] [theta]. Those reflected Rays which are refracted towards
+_I_ & [iota]. and there paint an other fainter Iris, the colours of which
+are contrary to the former 5 4 3 2 1. signifying Purple, Blew, Green,
+Yellow, Red, so that the Prism in this posture exhibits four Rainbows.
+
+I know not whether you will think it Inconsiderable to annex to this
+Experiment, That we observ'd in a Room not Darken'd, that the Prismatical
+Iris (if I may so call it) might be Reflected without losing any of its
+several _Colours_ (for we now consider not their _Order_) not onely from a
+plain Looking-glass and from the calm Surface of Fair Water, but also from
+a Concave Looking-glass; and that Refraction did as little Destroy those
+Colours as Reflection. For by the help of a large (double Convex)
+Burning-glass through which we Refracted the Suns Beams, we found that one
+part of the Iris might be made to appear either beyond, or on this side of
+the other Parts of the same Iris; but yet the same Vivid Colours would
+appear in the Displac'd part (if I may so term it) as in the other. To
+which I shall add, that having, by hiding the side of the Prism, obverted
+to the Sun with an Opacous Body, wherein only one small hole was left for
+the Light to pass through, reduc'd the Prismatical Iris (cast upon White
+Paper) into a very narrow compass, and look'd upon it througn a Microscope;
+the Colours appear'd the same as to kind that they did to the naked Eye.
+
+_EXPERIMENT VI._
+
+It may afford matter of Speculation to the Inquisitive, such as you,
+_Prophilus_, that as the Colours of outward Objects brought into a Darken'd
+Room, do so much depend for their Visibility upon the Dimness of the Light
+they are there beheld by; that the ordinary Light of the day being freely
+let in upon them, they immediately disappear: so our Tryals have inform'd
+us, that as to the Prismatical Iris painted on the Floor by the beams of
+the Sun Trajected through a Triangular-glass; though the Colours of it
+appear very Vivid ev'n at Noon-day, and in Sun shiny Weather, yet by a more
+Powerfull Light they may be made to disappear. For having sometimes, (in
+prosecution of some Conjectures of mine not now to be Insisted on,) taken a
+large Metalline Concave _Speculum_, and with it cast the converging Beams
+of the Sun upon a Prismatical Iris which I had caus'd to be projected upon
+the Floor, I found that the over-powerfull Light made the Colours of the
+Iris disappear. And if I so Reflected the Light as that it cross'd but the
+middle of the Iris, in that part only the Colours vanish'd or were made
+Invisible; those parts of the Iris that were on the right and left hand of
+the Reflected Light (which seem'd to divide them, and cut the Iris asunder)
+continuing to exhibit the same Colours as before. But upon this we must not
+now stay to Speculate.
+
+_EXPERIMENT VII._
+
+I have sometimes thought it worth while to take notice, whether or no the
+Colours of Opacous Bodies might not appear to the Eye somewhat Diversify'd,
+not only by the Disposition of the Superficial parts of the Bodyes
+themselves and by the Position of the Eye in Reference to the Object and
+the Light, (for these things are Notorious enough;) but according also to
+the Nature of the Lucid Body that shines upon them. And I remember that in
+Prosecution of this Curiosity, I observ'd a manifest Difference in some
+Kinds of Colour'd Bodyes look'd on by Day-light, and afterwards by the
+light of the Moon; either directly falling on them or Reflected upon them
+from a Concave Looking-glass. But not finding at present in my Collections
+about Colours any thing set down of this Kind, I shall, till I have
+opportunity to repeat them, content my self to add what I find Register'd
+concerning Colours look'd on by Candle-light, in regard that not only the
+Experiment is more easie to be repeated, but the Objects being the Same
+Sorts of Colour'd Paper lastly mention'd, the Collation of the two
+Experiments may help to make the Conjectures they will suggest somewhat the
+less uncertain.
+
+Within a few dayes of the time above mention'd, divers Sheets of Colour'd
+Paper that had been look'd upon before in the Sunshine were look'd upon at
+night by the light of a pretty big Candle, (snuff'd) and the Changes that
+were observ'd were these.
+
+The Yellow seem'd much fainter than in the Day, and inclinable to a pale
+Straw Colour.
+
+The Red seem'd little Chang'd; but seem'd to Reflect Light more strongly
+than any other Colour (for White was none of them.)
+
+A fair Deep Green look'd upon by it self seem'd to be a Dark Blew: But
+being look'd upon together with a Dark Blew, appear'd Greenish; and beheld
+together with a Yellow appear'd more Blew than at first.
+
+The Blew look'd more like a Deep Purple or Murray than it had done in the
+Daylight.
+
+The Purple seem'd very little alter'd.
+
+The Red look'd upon with the Yellow made the Yellow look almost like Brown
+Cap-paper.
+
+_N_. The Caution Subjoyned to the third Experiments is also Applicable to
+this.
+
+_EXPERIMENT VIII._
+
+But here I must not omit to subjoyn, that to satisfie our Selves, whether
+or no the Light of a Candle were not made unsincere, and as it were Ting'd
+with a Yellow Colour by the Admixtion of the Corpuscles it assumes from its
+Fuel; we did not content our selves with what appears to the Naked Eye, but
+taking a pretty thick Rod or Cylinder (for thin Peeces would not serve the
+turn) of deep Blew Glass, and looking upon the Candles flame at a
+Convenient distance througn it, we perceiv'd as we expected, the Flame to
+look Green; which as we often note, is the Colour wont to emerge from the
+Composition of Opacous Bodies, which were apart one of them Blew, and the
+other Yellow. And this perchance may be the main Reason of that which some
+observe, that a sheet of very White Paper being look'd upon by Candle
+light, 'tis not easie at first to discern it from a light Yellow or Lemon
+Colour; White Bodyes (as we have elsewhere observ'd) having more than those
+that are otherwise Colour'd, of a Specular Nature; in regard that though
+they exhibit not, (unless they be Polish'd,) the shape of the Luminary that
+shines on them, yet they Reflect its Light more Sincere and Untroubl'd, by
+either Shades or Refractions, than Bodyes of other Colours (as Blew, or
+Green, or Yellow or the like.)
+
+_EXPERIMENT IX._
+
+We took a Leaf of Such Foliated Gold as Apothecaries are wont to Gild their
+Pills with; and with the Edge of a Knife, (lightly moysten'd by drawing it
+over the Surface of the Tongue, and afterwards) laid upon the edge of the
+Gold Leaf; we so fasten'd it to the Knife, that being held against the
+light, it conctinu'd extended like a little Flagg. This Leaf being held
+very near the Eye, and obverted to the Light, appear'd so full of Pores,
+that it seem'd to have such a kind of Transparency as that of a Sive, or a
+piece of Cyprus, or a Love-Hood; but the Light that pass'd by these Pores
+was in its Passages So Temper'd with Shadow, and Modify'd, that the Eye
+discern'd no more a Golden Colour, but a Greenish Blew. And for other's
+satisfaction, we did in the Night look upon a Candle through such a Leaf of
+Gold; and by trying the Effect of Several Proportions of Distance betwixt
+the Leaf, the Eye and the Light, we quickly hit upon such a Position for
+the Leaf of Gold, as that the flame, look'd on through it, appear'd of a
+Greenish Blew, as we have seen in the Day time. The like Experiment try'd
+with a Leaf of Silver succeeded not well.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_EXPERIMENT X._
+
+We have sometimes found in the Shops of our Druggists, a certain Wood,
+which is there called _Lignum Nephriticum_, because the Inhabitants of the
+Country where it grows, are wont to use the Infusion of it made in fair
+Water against the Stone of the Kidneys, and indeed an Eminent Physician of
+our Acquaintance, who has very Particularly enquir'd into that Disease,
+assures me, that he has found such an Infusion one of the most effectual
+Remedyes, which he has ever tried against that formidable Disease. The
+ancientest Account I have met with of this Simple, is given us by the
+Experienc'd _Monardes_ in these Words. _Nobis,_ says he,[16] _Nova Hispania
+mittit quoddam ligni genus crassum & enode, cujus usus jam diu receptus
+fuit in his Regionibus ad Renum vitia & urinæ difficultates ac arenulas
+pellendas. Fit autem hac ratione, Lignum assulatim & minutim concisum in
+limpidissima aqua fontana maceratur, inque ea relinquitur, donec aqua à
+bibentibus absumpta sit, dimidia hora post injectum lignum aqua cæruleum
+colorem contrabit, qui sensim intenditur pro temporis diuturnitate, tametsi
+lignum candidum fit_. This Wood, _Pyrophilus_, may afford us an Experiment,
+which besides the singularity of it, may give no small assistance to an
+attentive Considerer towards the detection of the Nature of Colours. The
+Experiment as we made it is this. Take _Lignum Nephriticum_, and with a
+Knife cut it into thin Slices, put about a handfull of these Slices into
+two three or four pound of the purest Spring-water, let them infuse there a
+night, but if you be in hast, a much shorter time may suffice; _decant_
+this Impregnated Water into a clear Glass Vial, and if you hold it directly
+between the Light and your Eye, you shall see it wholly Tincted (excepting
+the very top of the Liquor, wherein you will some times discern a
+Sky-colour'd Circle) with an almost Golden Colour, unless your Infusion
+have been made too Strong of the Wood, for in that case it will against the
+Light appear somewhat Dark and Reddish, and requires to be diluted by the
+addition of a convenient quantity of fair Water. But if you hold this Vial
+from the Light, so that your Eye be plac'd betwixt the Window and the Vial,
+the Liquor will appear of a deep and lovely Cæruleous Colour, of which
+also the drops, if any be lying on the outside of the Glass, will seem to
+be very perfectly; And thus far we have try'd the Experiment, and found it
+to Succeed even by the Light of Candles of the larger size. If you so hold
+the Vial over against your Eyes, that it may have a Window on one side of
+it, and a Dark part of the Room both before it and on the other side, you
+shall see the Liquor partly of a Blewish and partly of a Golden Colour. If
+turning your back to the Window, you powr out some of the Liquor towards
+the Light and towards your Eyes, it will seem at the comming out of the
+Glass to be perfectly Cæruleous, but when it is fallen down a little way,
+the drops may seem Particolour'd, according as the Beams of Light do more
+or less fully Penetrate and Illustrate them. If you take a Bason about half
+full of Water, and having plac'd it so in the Sun-beams Shining into a
+Room, that one part of the Water may be freely illustrated by the Beams of
+Light, and the other part of it Darkned by the shadow of the Brim of the
+Bason, if then I say you drop of our Tincture, made somewhat strong, both
+into the Shaded and Illuminated parts of the Water, you may by looking upon
+it from several places, and by a little Agitation of the water, observe
+divers pleasing Phænomena which were tedious to particularize. If you powr
+a little of this Tincture upon a sheet of White Paper, so as the Liquor may
+remain of some depth upon it, you may perceive the Neighbouring drops to be
+partly of one Colour, and partly of the other, according to the position of
+your Eye in reference to the Light when it looks upon them, but if you powr
+off all the Liquor, the Paper will seem Dy'd of an almost Yellow Colour.
+And if a sheet of Paper with some of this Liquor in it be plac'd in a
+window where the Sunbeams may shine freely on it, then if you turn your
+back to the Sun and take a Pen or some such slender Body, and hold it
+over-thwart betwixt the Sun and the Liquor, you may perceive that the
+Shadow projected by the Pen upon the Liquor, will not all of it be a vulgar
+and Dark, but in part a curiously Colour'd shadow, that edge of it, which
+is next the Body that makes it, being almost of a lively Golden Colour, and
+the remoter verge of a Cæruleous one.
+
+  [16] _Nicolaus Monardes_ lib _simplic. ex India allatis_, cap. 27.
+
+These and other Phænomena, which I have observ'd in this delightfull
+Experiment, divers of my friends have look'd upon not without some wonder,
+and I remember an excellent Oculist finding by accident in a friends
+Chamber a fine Vial full of this Liquor, which I had given that friend, and
+having never heard any thing of the Experiment, nor having any Body near
+him that could tell him what this strange Liquor might be, was a great
+while apprehensive, as he presently after told me, that some strange new
+distemper was invading his Eyes. And I confess that the unusualness of the
+Phænomena made me very sollicitous to find out the Cause of this
+Experiment, and though I am far from pretending to have found it, yet my
+enquiries have, I suppose, enabled me to give such hints, as may lead your
+greater sagacity to the discovery of the Cause of this wonder. And first
+finding that this Tincture, if it were too copious in the water, Kept the
+Colours from being so lively, and their Change from being so discernable,
+and finding also that the Impregnating Virtue of this Wood did by its being
+frequently Infus'd in New Water by degrees Decay, I Conjectur'd that the
+Tincture afforded by the Wood must proceed from some Subtiler parts of it
+drawn forth by the Water, which swimming too and fro in it did so Modifie
+the Light, as to exhibit such and such Colours; and because these Subtile
+parts were so easily Soluble even in Cold water, I concluded that they must
+abound with Salts, and perhaps contain much of the Essential Salt, as the
+_Chymists_ call it, of the Wood. And to try whether these Subtile parts
+were Volatile enough to be Distill'd, without the Dissolution of their
+Texture, I carefully Distill'd some of the Tincted Liquor in very low
+Vessels, and the gentle heat of a Lamp Furnace; but found all that came
+over to be as Limpid and Colourless as Rock-water, and the Liquor remaining
+in the Vessel to be so deeply Cæruleous, that it requir'd to be oppos'd to
+a very strong Light to appear of any other Colour. I took likewise a Vial
+with Spirit of Wine, and a little Salt of Harts-horn, and found that there
+was a certain proportion to be met with betwixt the Liquor and the Salt,
+which made the Mixture fit to exhibit some little Variety of Colours not
+Observable in ordinary Liquors, as it was variously directed in reference
+to the Light and the Eye, but this Change of Colour was very far short from
+that which we had admir'd in our Tincture. But however, I suspected that
+the Tinging Particles did abound with such Salts, whose Texture, and the
+Colour springing from it, would probably be alter'd by peircing Acid Salts,
+which would in likelihood either make some Dissipation of their Parts, or
+Associate themselves to the like Bodies, and either way alter the Colour
+exhibited by them; whereupon Pouring into a small Vial full of Impregnated
+Water, a very little Spirit of Vinegar, I found that according to my
+Expectation, the Cæruleous Colour immediately vanish'd, but was deceiv'd
+in the Expectation I had, that the Golden Colour would do so too; for,
+which way soever I turned the Vial, either to or from the Light, I found
+the Liquor to appear always of a Yellowish Colour and no other: Upon this I
+imagin'd that the Acid Salts of the Vinegar having been able to deprive the
+Liquor of its Cæruleous Colour, a Sulphureous Salt being of a contrary
+Nature, would be able to Mortifie the Saline Particles of Vinegar, and
+Destroy their Effects; And accordingly having plac'd my Self betwixt the
+Window, and the Vial, and into the Same Liquor dropt a few drops of Oyl of
+Tartar _per Deliquium_, (as _Chymists_ call it) I observ'd with pleasure,
+that immediately upon the Diffusion of this Liquor, the Impregnated Water
+was restor'd to its former Cæruleous Colour; And this Liquor of _Tartar_
+being very Ponderous, and falling at first to the Bottom of the Vial, it
+was easie to observe that for a little while the Lower part of the Liquor
+appear'd deeply Cæruleous; whilst all the Upper part retain'd its former
+Yellowness, which it immediately lost as soon as either Agitation or Time
+had made a competent Diffusion of the Liquor of _Tartar_ through the Body
+of the former Tincture; and this restored Liquor did, as it was Look'd upon
+against or from the Light, exhibit the Same _Phænomena_ as the Tincted
+Water did, before either of the Adventitious Liquors was pour'd into it.
+
+Having made, _Pyrophilus_, divers Tryals upon this Nephritick Wood, we
+found mention made of it by the Industrious Jesuit _Kircherus_, who having
+received a Cup Turned of it from the _Mexican_ Procurator of his Society,
+has probably receiv'd also from him the Information he gives us concerning
+that _Exotick_ Plant, and therefore partly for that Reason, and partly
+because what he Writes concerning it, does not perfectly agree with what we
+have deliver'd, we shall not Scruple to acquaint you in his own Words, with
+as much of what he writes concerning our Wood, as is requisite to our
+present purpose. _Hoc loco_ (says he)[17] _neutiquam omittendum duximus
+quoddam ligni candidi Mexicani genus, quod Indigenæ Coalle & Tlapazatli
+vocant, quod etsi experientia hucusque non nisi Cæruleo aquam colore
+tingere docuerit, nos tamen continua experientia invenimus id aquam in omne
+Colorum genus transformare, quod merito cuipiam Paradoxum videri posset;
+Ligni frutex grandis, ut aiunt, non rarò in molem arboris excrescit,
+truncus illius eft crassus, enodis, instar piri arboris, folia ciceris
+foliis, aut rutæ haud absimilia, flores exigui, oblongi, lutei & spicatim
+digesti; est frigida & humida planta, licet parum recedat à medio
+temperamento. Hujus itaque descriptæ arboris lignum in poculum efformatum,
+aquam eidem infusam primo in aquam intense Cæruleam, colore floris
+Buglossæ; tingit, & quo diutius in eo steterit, tanto intensiorem colorem
+acquirit. Hanc igitur aquam si Vitreæ Sphæræ infuderis, lucique exposueris,
+ne ullum quidem Cærulei coloris vestigium apparebit, sed instar aquæ puræ
+putæ fontanæ limpidam claramque aspicientibus se præbebit. Porro si hanc
+phialam vitream versus locum magis umbrosum direxeris, totus humor
+gratissimum virorem referet; si adhuc umbrosioribus locis, subrubrum, & sic
+pro rerum objectarum conditione, mirum dictu, colorem mutabit; in tenebris
+verò vel in vase opaco posita, Cæruleum colorem suum resumet._
+
+  [17] Kircher. Art. Mag. lucis & umbræ, _lib. 1. part. 3._
+
+In this passage we may take notice of the following Particulars. And first,
+he calls it a White _Mexican_ Wood, whereas (not to mention that
+_Mornardes_ informs us that it is brought out of _Nova Hispania_) the Wood
+that we have met with in several places, and employ'd as _Lignum
+Nephriticum_, was not White, but for the most part of a much Darker Colour,
+not unlike that of the Sadder Colour'd Wood of Juniper. 'Tis true, that
+_Monardes_ himself also says, that the Wood is White; and it is affirm'd,
+that the Wood which is of a Sadder Colour is Adulterated by being Imbu'd
+with the Tincture of a Vegetable, in whose Decoction it is steep'd. But
+having purposely enquir'd of the Eminentest of our _English_ Druggists, he
+peremptorily deny'd it. And indeed, having consider'd some of the fairest
+Round pieces of this Wood that I could meet with in these Parts, I had
+Opportunity to take notice that in one or two of them it was the External
+part of the Wood that was White, and the more Inward part that was of the
+other Colour, the contrary of which would probably have appear'd, if the
+Wood had been Adulterated after the afore-mention'd manner. And I have at
+present by me a piece of such Wood, which for about an Inch next the Bark
+is White, and then as it were abruptly passes to the above-mention'd
+Colour, and yet this Wood by the Tincture, it afforded us in Water, appears
+to have its Colour'd part Genuine enough; for as for the White part, it
+appears upon tryal of both at once, much less enrich'd with the tingent
+Property.
+
+Next, whereas our Author tells us, that the Infusion of this Wood expos'd
+in a Vial to the Light, looks like Spring-water, in which he afterwards
+adds, that there is no Tincture to be seen in it, our Observation and his
+agree not, for the Liquor, which opposed to the Darker part of a Room
+exhibits a Sky-colour, did constantly, when held against the Light, appear
+Yellowish or Reddish, according as its Tincture was more Dilute or Deep;
+and then, whereas it has been already said, that the Cæruleous Colour was
+by Acid Salts abolished, this Yellowish one surviv'd without any
+considerable Alteration, so that unless our Author's Words be taken in a
+very Limited Sense, we must conclude, that either his Memory mis-inform'd
+him, or that his White _Nephritick_ Wood, and the Sadder Colour'd one which
+we employ'd, were not altogether of the same Nature: What he mentions of
+the Cup made of _Lignum Nephriticum_, we have not had Opportunity to try,
+not having been able to procure pieces of that Wood great enough, and
+otherwise fit to be turned into Cups; but as for what he says in the Title
+of his Experiment, that this Wood tinges the Water with all Sorts of
+Colours, that is much more than any of those pieces of Nephritick Wood that
+we have hitherto employ'd, was able to make good; The change of Colours
+discernable in a Vial full of Water, Impregnated by any of them, as it is
+directed towards a place more Lightsome or Obscure, being far from
+affording a Variety answerable to so promising a Title. And as for what he
+tells us, that in the Dark the Infusion of our Wood will resume a
+Cæruleous Colour, I wish he had Inform'd us how he Try'd it.
+
+But this brings into my mind, that having sometimes for Curiosity sake,
+brought a round Vial with a long Neck fill'd with the Tincture of _Lignum
+Nephriticum_ into the Darken'd Room already often mention'd, and holding it
+sometimes in, sometimes near the Sun-beams that enter'd at the hole, and
+sometimes partly in them, and partly out of them, the Glass being held in
+several postures, and look'd upon from several Neighbouring parts of the
+Room, disclos'd a much greater Variety of Colours than in ordinary
+inlightn'd Rooms it is wont to do; exhibiting, besides the usual Colours, a
+Red in some parts, and a Green in others, besides Intermediate Colours
+produc'd by the differing Degrees, and odd mixtures of Light and Shade.
+
+By all this You may see, _Pyrophilus_, the reasonableness of what we
+elsewhere had occasion to mention, when we have divers times told you, that
+it is usefull to have New Experiments try'd over again, though they were,
+at first, made by Knowing and Candid Men, such Reiterations of Experiments
+commonly exhibiting some New Phænomena, detecting some Mistake or hinting
+some Truth, in reference to them, that was not formerly taken notice of.
+And some of our friends have been pleas'd to think, that we have made no
+unusefull addition to this Experiment, by shewing a way, how in a moment
+our Liquor may be depriv'd of its Blewness, and restor'd to it again by the
+affusion of a very few drops of Liquors, which have neither of them any
+Colour at all of their own. And that which deserves some particular wonder,
+is, that the Cæruleous Tincture of our Wood is subject by the former
+Method to be Destroy'd or Restor'd, the Yellowish or Reddish Tincture
+continuing what it was. And that you may see, that Salts are of a
+considerable use in the striking of Colours, let me add to the many
+Experiments which may be afforded us to this purpose by the Dyers Trade,
+this Observation; That as far as we have hitherto try'd, those Liquors in
+general that are strong of Acid Salts have the Power of Destroying the
+Blewness of the Infusion of our Wood, and those Liquors indiscriminatly
+that abound with Sulphureous Salts, (under which I comprehend the Urinous
+and Volatile Salts of Animal Substances, and the Alcalisate or fixed Salts
+that are made by Incineration) have the vertue of Restoring it.
+
+_A Corollary of the Tenth Experiment._
+
+That this Experiment, _Pyrophilus_, may be as well Usefull as Delightfull
+to You, I must mind You, _Pyrophilus_, that in the newly mention'd
+Observation, I have hinted to You a New and Easie way of Discovering in
+many Liquors (for I dare not say in all) whether it be an Acid or
+Sulphureous Salt, that is Predominant; and that such a Discovery is
+oftentimes of great Difficulty, and may frequently be of great Use, he that
+is not a Stranger to the various Properties and Effects of Salts, and of
+how great moment it is to be able to distinguish their Tribes, may readily
+conceive. But to proceed to the way of trying other Liquors by an Infusion
+of our Wood, take it briefly thus. Suppose I have a mind to try whether I
+conjecture aright, when I imagine that Allom, though it be plainly a Mixt
+Body, does abound rather with Acid than Sulphureous Salt. To satisfie my
+self herein, I turn my back to the Light, and holding a small Vial full of
+the Tincture of _Lignum Nephriticum_, which look'd upon in that Position,
+appears Cæruleous, I drop into it a little of a strong Solution of Allom
+made in Fair Water, and finding upon the Affusion and shaking of this New
+liquor, that the Blewness formerly conspicuous in our Tincture does
+presently vanish, I am thereby incited to suppose, that the Salt
+Prædominant in Allom belongs to the Family of Sour Salts; but if on the
+other side I have a mind to examine whether or no I rightly conceive that
+Salt of Urine, or of Harts-horn is rather of a Saline Sulphureous (if I may
+so speak) than of an Acid Nature, I drop a little of the Saline Spirit of
+either into the Nephritick Tincture, and finding that the Cæruleous Colour
+is rather thereby Deepned than Destroy'd, I collect that the Salts, which
+constitute these Spirits, are rather Sulphureous than Acid. And to satisfie
+my self yet farther in this particular, I take a small Vial of fresh
+Tincture, and placing both it and my self in reference to the Light as
+formerly, I drop into the Infusion just as much Distill'd Vinegar, or other
+Acid liquor as will serve to Deprive it of its Blewness (which a few drops,
+if the Sour Liquor be strong, and the Vial small will suffice to do) then
+without changing my Posture, I drop and shake into the same Vial a small
+proportion of Spirit of Hartshorn or Urine, and finding that upon this
+affusion, the Tincture immediately recovers its Cæruleous Colour, I am
+thereby confirm'd firm'd in my former Opinion, of the Sulphureous Nature of
+these Salts. And so, whereas it is much doubted by Some Modern Chymists to
+what sort of Salt, that which is Prædominant in Quick-lime belongs, we have
+been perswaded to referr it rather to Lixiviate than Acid Salts, by having
+observ'd, that though an Evaporated Infusion of it will scarce yield such a
+Salt, as Ashes and other Alcalizate Bodyes are wont to do, yet if we
+deprive our Nephritick Tincture of its Blewness by just so much Distill'd
+Vinegar as is requisite to make that Colour Vanish, the _Lixivium_ of
+Quick-lime will immediately upon its Affusion recall the Banished Colour;
+but not so Powerfully as either of the Sulphureous Liquors formerly
+mention'd. And therefore I allow my self to guess at the _Strength_ of the
+Liquors examin'd by this Experiment, by the _Quantity_ of them which is
+sufficient to Destroy or Restore the Cæruleous Colour of our Tincture. But
+whether concerning Liquors, wherein neither Acid nor Alcalisate Salts are
+Eminently Prædominant, our Tincture will enable us to conjecture any thing
+more than that such Salts are not Prædominant in them, I take not upon me
+to determine here, but leave to further Tryal; For I find not that Spirit
+of Wine, Spirit of Tartar freed from Acidity, or Chymical Oyl of
+Turpentine, (although Liquors which must be conceiv'd very Saline, if
+Chymists have, which is here no place to Dispute, rightly ascrib'd tasts to
+the Saline Principle of Bodyes,) have any Remarkable Power either to
+deprive our Tincture of its Cæruleous Colour, or restore it, when upon the
+Affusion of Spirit of Vinegar it has disappear'd.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XI._
+
+And here I must not omit, _Pyrophilus_, to inform You, that we can shew You
+even in a Mineral Body something that may seem very near of Kin to the
+Changeable Quality of the Tincture of _Lignum Nephriticum_, for we have
+several flat pieces of Glass, of the thickness of ordinary Panes for
+Windows one of which being interposed betwixt the Eye and a clear Light,
+appears of a Golden Colour, not much unlike that of the moderate Tincture
+of our Wood, but being so look'd upon as that the Beams of light are not so
+much Trajected thorough it as Reflected from it to the Eye, that Yellow
+seems to degenerate into a pale Blew, somewhat like that of a Turquoise.
+And what which may also appear strange, is this, that if in a certain
+posture you hold one of these Plates Perpendicular to the Horizon, so that
+the Sun-beams shine upon half of it, the other half being Shaded, You may
+see that the part Shin'd upon will be of a much Diluter Yellow than the
+Shaded part which will appear much more Richly Colour'd; and if You alter
+the Posture of the Glass, so that it be not held Perpendicular, but
+Parallel in reference to the Horizon, You may see, (which perhaps you will
+admire) the Shaded part look of a Golden Colour, but the other that the Sun
+shines freely on, will appear considerably Blew, and as you remove any part
+of the Glass thus held Horizontally into the Sun-beams or Shade, it will in
+the twinkling of an Eye seem to pass from one of the above mention'd
+Colours to the other, the Sun-beams Trajected through it upon a sheet of
+White Paper held near it, do colour it with a Yellow, somewhat bordering
+upon a Red, but yet the Glass may be so oppos'd to the Sun, that it may
+upon Paper project a mix'd Colour here and there more inclin'd to Yellow,
+and here and there more to Blew. The other Phænomena of this odd Glass, I
+fear it would be scarce worth while to Record, and therefore I shall rather
+advertise You, _First_ that in the trying of these Experiments with it, you
+must take notice that one of the sides has either alone, or at least
+principally its Superficial parts dispos'd to the Reflection of the Blew
+Colour above nam'd, and that therefore you must have a care to keep that
+side nearest to the Eye. And next, that we have our selves made Glasses not
+unfit to exhibit an Experiment not unlike that I have been speaking of, by
+laying upon pieces of Glass some very finely foliated Silver, and giving it
+by degrees a much stronger Fire than is requisite or usual for the Tinging
+of Glasses of other Colours. And this Experiment, not to mention that it
+was made without a Furnace in which Artificers that Paint Glass are wont to
+be very Curious, is the more considerable, because, that though a Skilfull
+Painter could not deny to me that 'twas with Silver he Colour'd his Glasses
+Yellow; yet he told me, that when to Burn them (as they speak) he layes on
+the plates of Glass nothing but a _Calx_ of Silver Calcin'd without
+Corrosive Liquors, and Temper'd with Fair Water, the Plates are Ting'd of a
+fine Yellow that looks of a Golden Colour, which part soever of it you turn
+to or from the Light; whereas (whether it be what an Artificer would call
+Over-doing, or Burning, or else the imploying the Silver Crude that makes
+the Difference,) we have found more than once, that some Pieces of Glass
+prepar'd as we have related, though held against the Light they appear'd of
+a Transparent Yellow, yet look'd on with ones back turn'd to the Light they
+exhibited an Untransparent Blew.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XII._
+
+If you will allow me, _Pyrophilus_, for the avoiding of Ambiguity, to
+imploy the Word Pigments, to signifie such prepared materials (as
+Cochinele, Vermilion, Orpiment,) as Painters, Dyers and other Artificers
+make use of to impart or imitate particular Colours, I shall be the better
+understood in divers passages of the following papers, and particularly
+when I tell you, That the mixing of Pigments being no inconsiderable part
+of the Painters Art, it may seem an Incroachment in me to meddle with it.
+But I think I may easily be excus'd (though I do not altogether pass it by)
+if I restrain my self to the making of a Transient mention of some few of
+their Practices about this matter; and that only so far forth, as may
+warrant me to observe to you, that there are but few Simple and Primary
+Colours (if I may so call them) from whose Various Compositions all the
+rest do as it were Result. For though Painters can imitate the Hues (though
+not always the Splendor) of those almost Numberless differing Colours that
+are to be met with in the Works of Nature, and of Art, I have not yet
+found, that to exhibit this strange Variety they need imploy any more than
+_White_, and _Black_, and _Red_, and _Blew_, and _Yellow_; these _five_,
+Variously _Compounded_, and (if I may so speak) _Decompounded_, being
+sufficient to exhibit a Variety and Number of Colours, such, as those that
+are altogether Strangers to the Painters Pallets, can hardly imagine.
+
+Thus (for Instance) Black and White differingly mix'd, make a Vast company
+of Lighter and Darker Grays.
+
+Blew and Yellow make a huge Variety of Greens.
+
+Red and Yellow make Orange Tawny.
+
+Red with a little White makes a Carnation.
+
+Red with an Eye of Blew, makes a Purple; and by these simple Compositions
+again Compounded among themselves, the Skilfull Painter can produce what
+kind of Colour he pleases, and a great many more than we have yet Names
+for. But, as I intimated above, 'tis not my Design to prosecute this
+Subject, though I thought it not unfit to take some Notice of it, because
+we may hereafter have occasion to make use of what has been now deliver'd,
+to illustrate the Generation of Intermediate Colours; concerning which we
+must yet subjoyn this Caution, that to make the Rules about the Emergency
+of Colours, fit to be Relied upon, the Corpuscles whereof the Pigments
+consist must be such as do not Destroy one anothers Texture, for in case
+they do, the produced Colour may be very Different from that which would
+Result from the Mixture of other harmless Pigments of the same Colours, as
+I shall have Occasion to shew ere long.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XIII._
+
+It may also give much light to an Enquirer into the Nature of Colours, to
+know that not only in Green, but in many (if not all) other Colours, the
+Light of the Sun passing through Diaphanous Bodies of differing Hues may be
+tinged of the same Compound Colour, as if it came from some Painters
+Colours of the same Denomination, though this later be exhibited by
+Reflection, and be (as the former Experiment declares) manifestly
+Compounded of material Pigments. Wherefore to try the Composition of
+Colours by Trajection, we provided several Plates of Tinged Glass, which
+being laid two at a time one on the top of another, the Object look'd upon
+through them both, appear'd of a Compounded Colour, which agrees well with
+what we have observ'd in the second Experiment, of Looking against the
+Light through differingly Colour'd Papers. But we thought the Experiment
+would be more Satisfactory, if we procur'd the Sun-beams to be so Ting'd in
+their passage through Plates of Glass, as to exhibit the Compounded Colour
+upon a Sheet of White Paper. And though by reason of the Thickness of the
+Glasses, the Effect was but Faint, even when the Sun was High and Shin'd
+forth clear, yet, we easily remedied that by Contracting the Beams we cast
+on them by means of a Convex Burning-glass, which where it made the Beams
+much converge Increas'd the Light enough to make the Compounded Colour very
+manifest upon the Paper. By this means we observ'd, that the Beams
+trajected through Blew and Yellow compos'd a Green, that an intense and
+moderate Red did with Yellow make differing degrees of Saffron, and Orange
+Tawny Colours, that Green and Blew made a Colour partaking of both, such as
+that which some Latin Writers call _Pavonaceus_, that Red and Blew made a
+Purple, to which we might add other Colours, that we produc'd by the
+Combinations of Glasses differingly Ting'd, but that I want proper Words to
+express them in our Language, and had not when we made the Tryals, the
+Opportunity of consulting with a Painter, who perchance might have Suppli'd
+me with some of the terms I wanted.
+
+I know not whether it will be requisite to subjoyn on this Occasion, what I
+tried concerning Reflections from Colour'd Glasses, and other Transparent
+Bodies, namely, that having expos'd four or five sorts of them to the Sun,
+and cast the Reflected Beams upon White Paper held near at hand, the Light
+appear'd not manifestly Ting'd, but as if it had been Reflected from the
+Impervious parts of a Colourless Glass, only that Reflected from the Yellow
+was here and there stain'd with the same Colour, as if those Beams were not
+all Reflected from the Superficial, but some from the Internal parts of the
+Glass; upon which Occasion you may take notice, that a Skilfull Tradesman,
+who makes such Colour'd Glass told me, that where as the Red Pigment was
+but Superficial, the Yellow penetrated to the very midst of the Plate. But
+for further Satisfaction, not having the Opportunity to Foliate those
+Plates, and so turn them into Looking-glasses, we Foliated a Plate of
+_Muscovy_ Glass, and then laying on it a little Transparent Varnish of a
+Gold Colour, we expos'd it to the Sun-beams, so as to cast them upon a Body
+fit to receive them, on which the Reflected Light, appearing, as we
+expected, Yellow, manifested that Rebounding from the Specular part of the
+_Selenitis_, it was Ting'd in its return with the Colour of the Transparent
+Varnish through which it pass'd.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XIV._
+
+After what we have said of the Composition of Colours, it will now be
+seasonable to annex some Experiments that we made in favour of those
+Colours, that are taught in the Schools not to be Real, but only Apparent
+and Phantastical; For we found by Tryals, that these Colours might be
+Compounded, both with True and Stable Colours, and with one another, as
+well as unquestionably Genuine and Lasting Colours, and that the Colours
+resulting from such Compositions, would respectively deserve the same
+Denominations.
+
+For first, having by the Trajection of the Sun-beams through a Glass-prism
+thrown an Iris on the Floor, I found that by placing a Blew Glass at a
+convenient distance betwixt the Prism and the Iris, that part of the Iris
+that was before Yellow, might be made to appear Green, though not of a
+Grass Green, but of one more Dilute and Yellowish. And it seems not
+improbable, that the narrow Greenish List (if I may so call it) that is
+wont to be seen between the Yellow and Blew parts of the Iris, is made by
+the Confusion of those two Bordering Colours.
+
+Next, I found, that though the want of a sufficient Liveliness in either of
+the Compounding Colours, or a light Error in the manner of making the
+following Tryals, was enough to render some of them Unsuccessfull, yet when
+all necessary Circumstances were duely observ'd, the Event was answerable
+to our Expectation and Desire.
+
+And (as I formerly Noted) that Red and Blew compound a Purple, so I could
+produce this last nam'd Colour, by casting at some Distance from the Glass
+the Blew part of the Prismatical Iris (as I think it may be call'd for
+Distinction sake) upon a Lively Red, (for else the Experiment succeeds not
+so well.) And I remember, that sometimes when I try'd this upon a piece of
+Red Cloath, _that_ part of the Iris which would have been Blew, (as I try'd
+by covering that part of the Cloath with a piece of White Paper) and
+Compounded with the Red, wherewith the Cloath was Imbued before, appear'd
+of a fair Purple, did, when I came to View it near at hand, look very Odly,
+as if there were some strange Reflection or Refraction or both made in the
+Hairs of which that Cloath was composed.
+
+Calling likewise the Prismatical Iris upon a very Vivid Blew, I found that
+part of it, which would else have been the Yellow, appear Green. (Another
+somewhat differing Tryal, and yet fit to confirm this, you will find in the
+fifteenth Experiment.)
+
+But it may seem somewhat more strange, that though the Prismatical Iris
+being made by the Refraction of Light through a Body that has no Colour at
+all, must according to the Doctrine of the Schools consist of as purely
+Emphatical Colours, as may be, yet even these may be Compounded with one
+another, as well as Real Colours in the Grossest Pigments. For I took at
+once two Triangular Glasses, and one of them being kept fixt in the same
+Posture, that the Iris it projected on the Floor might not Waver, I cast on
+the same Floor another Iris with the other Prism, and Moving it too and fro
+to bring what part of the second Iris I pleas'd, to fall upon what part of
+the first I thought fit, we did sometimes (for a small Errour suffices to
+hinder the Success) obtain by this means a Green Colour in that part of the
+more Stable Iris, that before was Yellow, or Blew, and frequently by
+casting those Beams that in one of the Iris's made the Blew upon the Red
+parts of the other Iris, we were able to produce a lovely Purple, which we
+can Destroy or Recompose at pleasure, by Severing and Reapproaching the
+Edges of the two Iris's.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XV._
+
+On this occasion, _Pyrophilus_, I shall add, that finding the Glass-prism
+to be the usefullest Instrument Men have yet imploy'd about the
+Contemplation of Colours, and considering that Prisms hitherto in use are
+made of Glass, Transparent and Colourless, I thought it would not be amiss
+to try, what change the Superinduction of a Colour, without the Destruction
+of the Diaphaneity, would produce in the Colours exhibited by the Prism.
+But being unable to procure one to be made of Colour'd Glass, and fearing
+also that if it were not carefully made, the Thickness of it would render
+it too Opacous, I endeavoured to substitute one made of Clarify'd Rosin, or
+of Turpentine brought (as I elsewhere teach) to the consistence of a
+Transparent Gum. But though these Endeavours were not wholly lost, yet we
+found it so difficult to give these Materials their true Shape, that we
+chose rather to Varnish over an ordinary Prism with some of these few
+Pigments that are to be had Transparent; as accordingly we did first with
+Yellow, and then with Red, or rather Crimson, made with Lake temper'd with
+a convenient Oyl, and the Event was, That for want of good Transparent
+Colours, (of which you know there are but very few) both the Yellow and the
+Red made the Glass so Opacous, (though the Pigment were laid on but upon
+two Sides of the Glass, no more being absolutely necessary) that unless I
+look'd upon an Inlightned Window, or the Flame of a Candle, or some other
+Luminous or very Vivid object, I could scarce discern any Colours at all,
+especially when the Glass was cover'd with Red. But when I did look on such
+Objects, it appear'd (as I expected) that the Colour of the Pigment had
+Vitiated or Drown'd some of those which the Prism would according to its
+wont have exhibited, and mingling with others, Alter'd them: as I remember,
+that both to my Eyes, and others to whom I show'd it, when the Prism was
+cover'd with Yellow, it made those Parts of bright Objects, where the Blew
+would else have been Conspicuous, appear of a light Green. But,
+_Pyrophilus_, both the Nature of the Colours, and the Degree of
+Transparency, or of Darkness in the Pigment, besides divers other
+Circumstances, did so vary the _Phænomena_ of these Tryals, that till I can
+procure small Colour'd Prisms, or Hollow ones that may be filled with
+Tincted Liquor, or obtain Some better Pigments than those I was reduc'd to
+imploy, I shall forbear to Build any thing upon what has been delivered,
+and shall make no other use of it, than to invite you to prosecute the
+Inquiry further.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XVI._
+
+And here, _Pyrophilus_, since we are treating of Emphatical Colours, we
+shall add what we think not unworthy your Observation, and not unfit to
+afford some Exercise to the Speculative. For there are some Liquors, which
+though Colourless themselves, when they come to be Elevated, and Dispers'd
+into Exhalations, exhibit a conspicuous Colour, which they lose again, when
+they come to be Reconjoyn'd into a Liquor, as good Spirit of _Nitre_; or
+upon its account strong _Aqua-fortis_, though devoid of all appearance of
+Redness whilst they continue in the form of a Liquor, if a little Heat
+chance to turn the Minute parts of them into Vapour, the Steam will appear
+of a Reddish or deep Yellow Colour, which will Vanish when those
+Exhalations come to resume the form of Liquor.
+
+And not only if you look upon a Glass half full of _Aqua-fortis_, or Spirit
+of _Nitre_, and half full of _Nitrous_ steams proceeding from it, you will
+see the Upper part of the Glass of the Colour freshly mention'd, if through
+it you look upon the Light. But which is much more considerable, I have
+tried, that putting _Aqua-fortis_ in a long clear Glass, and adding a
+little Copper or some such open Metall to it, to excite Heat and Fumes, the
+Light trajected through those Fumes, and cast upon a sheet of White Paper,
+did upon that appear of the Colour that the Fumes did, when directly Look'd
+upon, as if the Light were as well Ting'd in its passage through these
+Fumes, as it would have been by passing through some Glass or Liquor in
+which the same Colour was Inherent.
+
+To which I shall further add, that having sometimes had the Curiosity to
+observe whether the Beams of the Sun near the Horizon trajected through a
+very Red Sky, would not (though such rednesses are taken to be but
+Emphatical Colours) exhibit the like Colour, I found that the Beams falling
+within a Room upon a very White Object, plac'd directly opposite to the
+Sun, disclos'd a manifest Redness, as if they had pass'd through a Colour'd
+_Medium_.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XVII._
+
+The emergency, _Pyrophilus_, of Colours upon the Coalition of the Particles
+of such Bodies as were neither of them of the Colour of that Mixture
+whereof they are the Ingredients, is very well worth our attentive
+Observation, as being of good use both Speculative and Practical; For much
+of the Mechanical use of Colours among Painters and Dyers, doth depend upon
+the Knowledge of what Colours may be produc'd by the Mixtures of Pigments
+so and so Colour'd. And (as we lately intimated) 'tis of advantage to the
+contemplative Naturalist, to know how many and which Colours are Primitive
+(if I may so call them) and Simple, because it both eases his Labour by
+confining his most sollicitous Enquiry to a small Number of Colours upon
+which the rest depend, and assists him to judge of the nature of particular
+compounded Colours, by shewing him from the Mixture of what more Simple
+ones, and of what Proportions of them to one another, the particular Colour
+to be consider'd does result. But because to insist on the Proportions, the
+Manner and the Effects of such Mixtures would oblige me to consider a
+greater part of the Painters Art and Dyers Trade, than I am well acquainted
+with, I confin'd my self to make Trial of _several ways to produce Green_,
+by the composition of Blew and Yellow. And shall in this place both
+Recapitulate most of the things I have Dispersedly deliver'd already
+concerning that Subject, and Recruit them.
+
+And first, whereas Painters (as I noted above) are wont to make Green by
+tempering Blew and Yellow, both of them made into a soft Consistence, with
+either Water or Oyl, or some Liquor of Kin to one of those two, according
+as the Picture is to be Drawn with those they call _water Colours_, or
+those they term _Oyl Colours_, I found that by choosing fit Ingredients,
+and mixing them in the form of Dry Powders, I could do, what I could not if
+the Ingredients were temper'd up with a Liquor; But the Blew and Yellow
+Powders must not only be finely Ground, but such as that the Corpuscles of
+the one may not be too unequal to those of the other, lest by their
+Disproportionate Minuteness the Smaller cover and hide the Greater. We us'd
+with good success a slight Mixture of the fine Powder of Bise, with that of
+Orpiment, or that of good Yellow Oker, I say a _slight_ Mixture, because we
+found that an _exquisite_ Mixture did not do so well, but by lightly
+mingling the two Pigments in several little Parcels, those of them in which
+the Proportion and Manner of Mixture was more Lucky, afforded us a good
+Green.
+
+2. We also learn'd in the Dye-houses, that Cloth being Dy'd Blew with Woad,
+is afterwards by the Yellow Decoction of _Luteola_ or Woud-wax or Wood-wax
+Dy'd into a Green Colour.
+
+3. You may also remember what we above Related, where we intimated, that
+having in a Darkn'd Room taken two Bodies, a Blew and a Yellow, and cast
+the Light Reflected from the one upon the other, we likewise obtain'd a
+Green.
+
+4. And you may remember, that we observ'd a Green to be produc'd, when in
+the same Darkn'd Room we look'd at the Hole at which alone the Light
+enter'd, through the Green and Yellow parts of a sheet of Marbl'd Paper
+laid over one another.
+
+5. We found too, that the Beams of the Sun being trajected through two
+pieces of Glass, the one Blew and the other Yellow, laid over one another,
+did upon a sheet of White paper on which they were made to fall, exhibit a
+lovely Green.
+
+6. I hope also, that you have not already forgot, what was so lately
+deliver'd, concerning the composition of a Green, with a Blew and Yellow;
+of which most Authors would call the one a _Real_, and the other an
+_Emphatical_.
+
+7. And I presume, you may have yet fresh in your memory, what the
+fourteenth Experiment informs you, concerning the exhibiting of a Green, by
+the help of a Blew and Yellow, that were both of them Emphatical.
+
+8. Wherefore we will proceed to take notice, that we also devis'd a way of
+trying whether or no Metalline Solutions though one of them at least had
+its Colour Adventitious, by the mixture of the _Menstruum_ employ'd to
+dissolve it, might not be made to compound a Green after the manner of
+other Bodies. And though this seem'd not easie to be perform'd by reason of
+the Difficulty of finding Metalline Solutions of the Colour requisite, that
+would mix without Præcipitating each other; yet after a while having
+consider'd the matter, the first Tryal afforded me the following
+Experiment. I took a High Yellow Solution of good Gold in _Aqua-Regis_,
+(made of _Aqua-fortis_, and as I remember half its weight of Spirit of
+Salt) To this I put a due Proportion of a deep and lovely Blew Solution of
+Crude Copper, (which I have elsewhere taught to be readily Dissoluble in
+strong Spirit of Urine) and these two Liquors though at first they seem'd a
+little to Curdle one another, yet being throughly mingl'd by Shaking, they
+presently, as had been Conjectur'd, united into a Transparent Green Liquor,
+which continu'd so for divers days that I kept it in a small Glass wherein
+'twas made, only letting fall a little Blackish Powder to the Bottom. The
+other _Phænomena_ of this Experiment belong not to this place, where it may
+suffice to take notice of the Production of a Green, and that the
+Experiment was more than once repeated with Success.
+
+9. And lastly, to try whether this way of compounding Colours would hold
+ev'n in Ingredients actually melted by the Violence of the Fire, provided
+their Texture were capable of safely induring Fusion, we caus'd some Blew
+and Yellow Ammel to be long and well wrought together in the Flame of a
+Lamp, which being Strongly and Incessantly blown on them kept them in some
+degree of Fusion, and at length (for the Experiment requires some Patience
+as well as Skil) we obtain'd the expected Ammel of a Green Colour.
+
+I know not, _Pyrophilus_, whether it be worth while to acquaint you with
+the ways that came into my Thoughts, whereby in some measure to explicate
+the first of the mention'd ways of making a Green; for I have sometimes
+Conjectur'd, that the mixture of the Bise and the Orpiment produc'd a Green
+by so altering the Superficial Asperity, which each of those Ingredients
+had apart, that the Light Incident on the mixture was Reflected with
+differing Shades, as to Quantity, or Order, or both, from those of either
+of the Ingredients, and such as the Light is wont to be Modify'd with, when
+it Reflects from Grass, or Leaves, or some of those other Bodies that we
+are wont to call Green. And sometimes too I have doubted, whether the
+produced Green might not be partly at least deriv'd from this, That the
+Beams that Rebound from the Corpuscles of the Orpiment, giving one kind of
+stroak upon the _Retina_, whose Perception we call Yellow, and the Beams
+Reflected from the Corpuscles of the Bise, giving another stroak upon the
+same _Retina_, like to Objects that are Blew, the Contiguity and Minuteness
+of these Corpuscles may make the Appulse of the Reflected Light fall upon
+the _Retina_ within so narrow a Compass, that the part they Beat upon being
+but as it were a Physical point, they may give a Compounded stroak, which
+may consequently exhibit a Compounded and new Kind of Sensation, as we see
+that two Strings of a Musical Instrument being struck together, making two
+Noises that arrive at the Ear at the same time as to Sense, yield a Sound
+differing from either of them, and as it were Compounded of both; Insomuch
+that if they be Discordantly ton'd, though each of them struck apart would
+yield a Pleasing Sound, yet being struck together they make but a Harsh and
+troublesome Noise. But this not being so fit a place to prosecute
+Speculations, I shall not insist, neither upon these Conjectures nor any
+others, which the Experiment we have been mentioning may have suggested to
+me. And I shall leave it to you, _Pyrophilus_, to derive what Instruction
+you can from comparing together the Various ways whereby a Yellow and a
+Blew can be made to Compound a Green. That which I now pretend to, being
+only to shew that the first of those mention'd ways, (not to take at
+present notice of the rest) does far better agree with our Conjectures
+about Colours, than either with the Doctrine of the Schools, or with that
+of the _Chymists_, both which seem to be very much Disfavour'd by it.
+
+For first, since in the Mixture of the two mention'd Powders I could by the
+help of a very excellent _Microscope_ (for ordinary ones will scarce serve
+the turn) discover that which seem'd to the naked Eye a Green Body, to be
+but a heap of Distinct, though very small Grains of Yellow Orpiment and
+Blew Bise confusedly enough Blended together, it appears that the Colour'd
+Corpuscles of either kind did each retain its own Nature and Colour; By
+which it may be guess'd, what meer Transposition and Juxtaposition of
+Minute and Singly unchang'd Particles of Matter can do to produce a new
+Colour; For that this Local Motion and new Disposition of the small parts
+of the Orpiment did Intervene is much more manifest than it is easie to
+Explicate how they should produce this new Green otherwise than by the new
+Manner of their being put together, and consequently by their new
+Disposition to Modifie the Incident Light by Reflecting it otherwise than
+they did before they were Mingl'd together.
+
+Secondly, The Green thus made being (if I may so speak) Mechanically
+produc'd, there is no pretence to derive it from I know not what
+incomprehensible Substantial Form, from which yet many would have us
+believe that Colours must flow; Nor does this Green, though a Real and
+Permanent, not a Phantastical and Vanid Colour, seem to be such an Inherent
+Quality as they would have it, since not only each part of the Mixture
+remains unalter'd in Colour, and consequently of a differing Colour from
+the Heap they Compose, but if the Eye be assisted by a _Microscope_ to
+discern things better and more distinctly than before it could, it sees not
+a Green Body, but a Heap of Blew and Yellow Corpuscles.
+
+And in the third place, I demand what either Sulphur, or Salt, or Mercury
+has to do in the Production of this Green; For neither the Bise nor the
+Orpiment were indu'd with that Colour before, and the bare Juxtaposition of
+the Corpuscles of the two Powders that work not upon each other, but might
+if we had convenient Instruments be separated, unalter'd, cannot with any
+probability be imagin'd either to Increase or Diminish any of the three
+Hypostatical Principles, (to which of them soever the _Chymists_ are
+pleas'd to ascribe Colours) nor does there here Intervene so much as Heat
+to afford them any colour to pretend, that at least there is made an
+Extraversion (as the _Helmontians_ speak) of the Sulphur or of any of the
+two other supposed Principles; But upon this Experiment we have already
+Reflected enough, if not more than enough for once.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XVIII._
+
+But here, _Pyrophilus_, I must advertise you, that 'tis not every Yellow
+and every Blew that being mingl'd will afford a Green; For in case one of
+the Ingredients do not Act only as endow'd with such a Colour, but as
+having a power to alter the Texture of the Corpuscles of the other, so as
+to Indispose them to Reflect the Light, as Corpuscles that exhibit a Blew
+or a Yellow are wont to Reflect it, the emergent Colour may be not Green,
+but such as the change of Texture in the Corpuscles of one or both of the
+Ingredients qualifies them to shew forth; as for instance, if you let fall
+a few Drops of Syrrup of Violets upon a piece of White Paper, though the
+Syrrup being spread will appear Blew, yet mingling with it two or three
+Drops of the lately mention'd Solution of Gold, I obtain'd not a Green but
+a Reddish mixture, which I expected from the remaining Power of the Acid
+Salts abounding in the Solution, such Salts or Saline Spirits being wont,
+as we shall see anon, though weakn'd, so to work upon that Syrrup as to
+change it into a Red or Reddish Colour. And to confirm that for which I
+allege the former Experiment, I shall add this other, that having made a
+very strong and high-colour'd Solution of Filings of Copper with Spirit of
+Urine, though the _Menstruum_ seem'd Glutted with the Metall, because I put
+in so much Filings that many of them remain'd for divers days Undissolv'd
+at the Bottom, yet having put three or four Drops of Syrrup of Violets upon
+White Paper, I found that the deep Blew Solution proportionably mingl'd
+with this other Blew Liquor did not make a Blew mixture, but, as I
+expected, a fair Green, upon the account of the Urinous Salt that was in
+the _Menstruum_.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XIX._
+
+To shew the _Chymists_, that Colours may be made to Appear or Vanish, where
+there intervenes no Accession or Change either of the Sulphureous, or the
+Saline, or the Mercurial principle (as they speak) of Bodies: I shall not
+make use of the Iris afforded by the Glass-prism, nor of the Colours to be
+seen in a fair Morning in those drops of Dew that do in a convenient manner
+Reflect and Refract the Beams of Light to the Eye; But I will rather mind
+them of what they may observe in their own Laboratories, namely, that
+divers, if not all, Chymical Essential Oyls, as also good Spirit of Wine,
+being shaken till they have good store of Bubbles, those Bubbles will (if
+attentively consider'd) appear adorn'd with various and lovely Colours,
+which all immediately Vanish, upon the relapsing of the Liquor that affords
+those Bubbles their Skins, into the rest of the Oyl, or Spirit of Wine, so
+that a Colourless Liquor may be made in a trice to exhibit variety of
+Colours, and may lose them in a moment without the Accession or Diminution
+of any of its Hypostatical Principles. And, by the way, 'tis not unworthy
+our notice, that some Bodies, as well Colourless, as Colour'd, by being
+brought to a great Thinness of parts, acquire Colours though they had none
+before, or Colours differing from them they were before endued with: For,
+not to insist on the Variety of Colours, that Water, made somewhat
+Glutinous by Sope, acquires, when 'tis blown into such Sphærical Bubbles as
+Boys are wont to make and play with; Turpentine (though it have a Colour
+deep enough of its own) may (by being blown into after a certain manner) be
+brought to afford Bubbles adorn'd with variety of Orient Colours, which
+though they Vanish after some while upon the breaking of the Bubbles, yet
+they would in likelihood always exhibit Colours upon their _Superfices_,
+(though not always the same in the same Parts of them, but Vary'd according
+to the Incidence of the Sight, and the Position of the Eye) if their
+Texture were durable enough: For I have seen one that was Skill'd at
+fashioning Glasses by the help of a Lamp, blowing some of them so strongly
+as to burst them, whereupon it was found, that the Tenacity of the Metall
+was such, that before it broke it suffer'd it self to be reduc'd into Films
+so extremely thin, that being kept clean they constantly shew'd on their
+Surfaces (but after the manner newly mention'd) the varying Colours of the
+Rain-bow, which were exceedingly Vivid, as I had often opportunity to
+observe in some, that I caus'd purposely to be made, to keep by me.
+
+But lest it should be objected, that the above mentioned Instances are
+drawn from Transparent Liquors, it may possibly appear, not impertinent to
+add, what I have sometimes thought upon, and several times tried, when I
+was considering the Opinions of the _Chymists_ about Colours, I took then a
+Feather of a convenient Bigness and Shape, and holding it at a fit distance
+betwixt my Eye and the Sun when he was near the Horizon, me thought there
+appear'd to me a Variety of little Rain-bows, with differing and very vivid
+Colours, of which none was constantly to be seen in the Feather; the like
+_Phænomenon_ I have at other times (though not with altogether so good
+success) produc'd, by interposing at a due distance a piece of Black
+Ribband betwixt the almost setting Sun and my Eye, not to mention the
+Trials I have made to the same purpose, with other Bodies.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XX._
+
+Take good Syrrup of Violets, Imprægnated with the Tincture of the flowers,
+drop a little of it upon a White Paper (for by that means the Change of
+Colour will be more conspicuous, and the Experiment may be practis'd in
+smaller Quantities) and on this Liquor let fall two or three drops of
+Spirit either of Salt or Vinegar, or almost any other eminently Acid
+Liquor, and upon the Mixture of these you shall find the Syrrup immediatly
+turn'd Red, and the way of Effecting such a Change has not been unknown to
+divers Persons who have produc'd the like, by Spirit of Vitriol, or juice
+of Limmons, but have Groundlessly ascrib'd the Effect to some Peculiar
+Quality of those two Liquors, whereas, (as we have already intimated)
+almost any Acid Salt will turn Syrrup of Violets Red. But to improve the
+Experiment, let me add what has not (that I know of) been hitherto
+observ'd, and has, when we first shew'd it them, appear'd something
+strange, even to those that have been inquisitive into the Nature of
+Colours; namely, that if instead of Spirit of Salt, or that of Vinegar, you
+drop upon the Syrrup of Violets a little Oyl of Tartar _per Deliquium_, or
+the like quantity of Solution of Potashes, and rubb them together with your
+finger, you shall find the Blew Colour of the Syrrup turn'd in a moment
+into a perfect Green, and the like may be perform'd by divers other
+Liquors, as we may have occasion elsewhere to Inform you.
+
+_Annotation upon the twentieth Experiment_.
+
+The use of what we lately deliver'd concerning the way of turning Syrrup of
+Violets, Red or Green, may be this; That, though it be a far more common
+and procurable Liquor than the Infusion of _Lignum Nephriticum_, it may yet
+be easily substituted in its Room, when we have a mind to examine, whether
+or no the Salt predominant in a Liquor or other Body, wherein 'tis Loose
+and Abundant, belong to the Tribe of _Acid_ Salts or not. For if such a
+Body turn the Syrrup of a Red or Reddish Purple Colour, it does for the
+most part argue the Body (especially if it be a distill'd Liquor) to abound
+with Acid Salt. But if the Syrrup be made Green, that argues the
+Predominant Salt to be of a Nature repugnant to that of the Tribe of Acids.
+For, as I find that either Spirit of Salt, or Oyl of Vitriol, or
+_Aqua-fortis_, or Spirit of Vinegar, or Juice of Lemmons, or any of the
+Acid Liquors I have yet had occasion to try, will turn Syrrup of Violets,
+of a _Red_, (or at least, of a _Reddish_ Colour, so I have found, that not
+only the Volatile Salts of all Animal Substances I have us'd, as Spirit of
+Harts-horn, of Urine, of Sal-Armoniack, of Blood, &c. but also all the
+Alcalizate Salts I have imploy'd, as the Solution of Salt of Tartar, of
+Pot-ashes, of common Wood-ashes, Lime-water, &c. will immediately change
+the Blew Syrrup, into a perfect Green. And by the same way (to hint that
+upon the by) I elsewhere show you, both the changes that Nature and Time
+produce, in the more Saline parts of some Bodies, may be discover'd, and
+also how ev'n such Chymically prepar'd Bodies, as belong not either to the
+Animal Kingdome, or to the Tribe of _Alcali's_, may have their new and
+superinduc'd Nature successfully Examin'd. In this place I shall only add,
+that not alone the Changing the Colour of the Syrrup, requires, that the
+Changing Body be more strong, of the Acid, or other sort of Salt that is
+Predominant in it, than is requisite for the working upon the Tincture of
+_Lignum Nephriticum_; but that in this is also, the Operation of the
+formerly mention'd Salts upon our Syrrup, differs from their Operation upon
+our Tinctures, that in this Liquor, if the Cæruleous Colour be _Destroy'd_
+by an Acid Salt, it may be _Restor'd_ by one that is either Volatile, or
+Lixiviate; whereas in Syrrup of Violets, though one of these contrary Salts
+will _destroy_ the Action of the other, yet neither of them will _restore_
+the Syrrup to its native Blew; but each of them will Change it into the
+Colour which it self doth (if I may so speak) affect, as we shall have
+Occasion to show in the Notes on the twenty fifth Experiment.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXI._
+
+There is a Weed, more known to Plowmen than belov'd by them, whose Flowers
+from their Colour are commonly call'd _Blew-bottles_, and _Corn-weed_ from
+their Growing among Corn[18]. These Flowers some Ladies do, upon the
+account of their Lovely Colour, think worth the being Candied, which when
+they are, they will long retain so fair a Colour, as makes them a very fine
+Sallad in the Winter. But I have try'd, that when they are freshly
+gather'd, they will afford a Juice, which when newly express'd, (for in
+some cases 'twill soon enough degenerate) affords a very deep and pleasant
+Blew. Now, (to draw this to our present Scope) by dropping on this fresh
+Juice, a little Spirit of Salt, (that being the Acid Spirit I had then at
+hand) it immediately turn'd (as I predicted) into a Red. And if instead of
+the Sowr Spirit I mingled with it a little strong Solution of an Alcalizate
+Salt, it did presently disclose a lovely Green; the same Changes being by
+those differing sorts of Saline Liquors, producible in this _Natural
+juice_, that we lately mention'd to have happen'd to that _factitious
+Mixture_, the Syrrup of Violets. And I remember, that finding this Blew
+Liquor, when freshly made, to be capable of serving in a Pen for an Ink of
+that Colour, I attempted by moistning one part of a piece of White Paper
+with the Spirit of Salt I have been mentioning, and another with some
+Alcalizate or Volatile Liquor, to draw a Line on the leisurely dry'd Paper,
+that should, e'vn before the Ink was dry, appear partly Blew, partly Red,
+and partly Green: But though the latter part of the Experiment succeeded
+not well, (whether because Volatile Salts are too Fugitive to be retain'd
+in the Paper, and Alcalizate ones are too Unctuous, or so apt to draw
+Moisture from the Air, that they keep the Paper from drying well) yet the
+former Part succeeded well enough; the Blew and Red being Conspicuous
+enough to afford a surprizing Spectacle to those, I acquaint not with (what
+I willingly allow you to call) the _Trick_.
+
+  [18] _Herbarists_ are wont to call this Plant _Cyanus vulgaris minor_.
+
+_Annotation upon the one and twentieth Experiment._
+
+But lest you should be tempted to think (_Pyrophilus_) that Volatile or
+Alcalizate Salts change Blews into Green, rather upon the score of the
+easie Transition of the former Colour into the latter, than upon the
+account of the Texture, wherein most Vegetables, that afford a Blew, seem,
+though otherwise differing, to be Allied, I will add, that when I purposely
+dissolv'd Blew Vitriol in fair Water, and thereby imbu'd sufficiently that
+Liquor with that Colour, a Lixiviate Liquor, and a Urinous Salt being
+Copiously pour'd upon distinct Parcels of it, did each of them, though
+perhaps with some Difference, turn the Liquor not Green, but of a deep
+Yellowish Colour, almost like that of Yellow Oker, which Colour the
+Precipitated Corpuscles retain'd, when they had Leisurely subsided to the
+Bottom. What this Precipitated Substance is, it is not needfull now to
+Enquire in this place, and in another, I have shown you, that
+notwithstanding its Colour, and its being Obtainable from an Acid
+_Menstruum_ by the help of Salt of Tartar, it is yet far enough from being
+the true Sulphur of Vitriol.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXII._
+
+Our next Experiment (_Pyrophilus_) will perhaps seem to be of a contrary
+Nature to the two former, made upon Syrrup of Violets, and Juice of
+Blew-bottles. For as in them by the Affusion of Oyl of Tartar, a Blewish
+Liquor is made Green, so in this, by the sole Mixture of the same Oyl, a
+Greenish Liquor becomes Blew. The hint of this Experiment was given us by
+the practice of some _Italian_ Painters, who being wont to Counterfeit
+_Ultra-marine Azure_ (as they call it) by Grinding Verdigrease with
+Sal-Armoniack, and some other Saline Ingredients, and letting them Rot (as
+they imagine) for a good while together in a Dunghill, we suppos'd, that
+the change of Colour wrought in the Verdigrease by this way of Preparation,
+must proceed from the Action of certain Volatile and Alcalizate Salts,
+abounding in some of the mingled Concretes, and brought to make a further
+Dissolution of the Copper abounding in the Verdigrease, and therefore we
+Conjectur'd, that if both the Verdigrease, and such Salts were dissolv'd in
+fair Water, the small Parts of both being therein more subdivided, and set
+at liberty, would have better access to each other, and thereby Incorporate
+much the more suddenly; And accordingly we found, that if upon a strong
+Solution of good French Verdigrease (for 'tis that we are wont to imploy,
+as the best) you pour a just quantity of Oyl of Tartar, and shake them well
+together, you shall immediately see a notable Change of Colour, and the
+Mixture will grow thick, and not transparent, but if you stay a while, till
+the Grosser part be Precipitated to, and setled in the Bottom, you may
+obtain a clear Liquor of a very lovely Colour, and exceeding delightfull to
+the Eye. But, you must have a care to drop in a competent Quantity of Oyl
+of Tartar, for else the Colour will not be so Deep, and Rich; and if
+instead of this Oyl you imploy a clear _Lixivium_ of Pot-ashes, you may
+have an Azure somewhat Lighter or Paler than, and therefore differing from,
+the former. And if instead of either of these Liquors, you make use of
+Spirit of Urine, or of Harts-horn, you may according to the Quantity and
+Quality of the Spirit you pour in, obtain some further Variety (though
+scarce considerable) of Cæruleous Liquors. And yet lately by the help of
+this Urinous Spirit we made a Blew Liquor, which not a few Ingenious
+Persons, and among them, some, whose Profession makes them very Conversant
+with Colours, have looked upon with some wonder. But these Azure Colour'd
+Liquors should be freed from the Subsiding matter, which the Salts of
+Tartar or Urine precipitate out of them, rather by being Decanted, than by
+Filtration. For by the latter of these ways we have sometimes found, the
+Colour of them very much Impair'd, and little Superiour to that of the
+grosser Substance, that it left in the Filtre.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXIII._
+
+That Roses held over the Fume of Sulphur, may quickly by it be depriv'd of
+their Colour, and have as much of their Leaves, as the Fume works upon,
+burn'd pale, is an Experiment, that divers others have tried, as well as I.
+But (_Pyrophilus_) it may seem somewhat strange to one that has never
+consider'd the Compounded nature of Brimstone, That, whereas the Fume of
+Sulphur will, as we have said, Whiten the Leaves of Roses; That Liquor,
+which is commonly call'd Oyl of Sulphur _per Campanam_, because it is
+suppos'd to be made by the Condensation of these Fumes in Glasses shap't
+like Bells, into a Liquor, does powerfully heighten the Tincture of Red
+Roses, and make it more Red and Vivid, as we have easily tried by putting
+some Red-Rose Leaves, that had been long dried, (and so had lost much of
+their Colour) into a Vial of fair Water. For a while after the Affusion of
+a convenient Quantity of the Liquor we are speaking of, both the Leaves
+themselves, and the Water they were Steep'd in, discover'd a very fresh and
+lovely Colour.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXIV._
+
+It may (_Pyrophilus_) somewhat serve to Illustrate, not only the Doctrine
+of _Pigments_, and of _Colours_, but divers other Parts of the _Corpuscular
+Philosophy_; as that explicates Odours, and many other things, not as the
+Schools by Aery Qualities, but by Real, though extremely Minute Bodies; to
+examine, how much of a Colourless Liquor, a very small Parcel of a Pigment
+may Imbue with a _discernable_ Colour. And though there be scarce any thing
+of Preciseness to be expected from such Trials, yet I presum'd, that (at
+least) I should be able to show a much further Subdivision of the Parts of
+Matter into _Visible_ Particles, than I have hitherto found taken notice
+of, and than most men would imagine; no Body, that I know of, having yet
+attempted to reduce this Matter to any Measure.
+
+The Bodies, the most promising for such a purpose, might seem to be the
+Metalls, especially Gold, because of the Multitude, and Minuteness of its
+Parts, which might be argu'd from the incomparable Closeness of its
+Texture: But though we tried a Solution of Gold made in _Aqua Regia_ first,
+and then in fair Water; yet in regard we were to determine the Pigment we
+imploy'd, not by _Bulk_ but _Weight_, and because also, that the Yellow
+Colour of Gold is but a faint one in Comparison of the deep Colour of
+_Cochineel_, we rather chose this to make our Trials with. But among divers
+of these it will suffice to set down one, which was carefully made in
+Vessels conveniently Shap'd; (and that in the presence of a Witness, and an
+Assistant) the Sum whereof I find among my _Adversaria_, Registred in the
+following Words. To which I shall only premise, (to lessen the wonder of so
+strange a diffusion of the Pigment) That _Cochineel_ will be better
+Dissolv'd, and have its Colour far more heightn'd by Spirit of Urine, than
+(I say not by common Water, but) by Rectify'd Spirit of Wine it self.
+
+The Note I spoke off is this. [One Grain of _Cochineel_ dissolv'd in a
+pretty Quantity of Spirit of Urine, and then dissolv'd further by degrees
+in fair Water, imparted a discernable, though but a very faint Colour, to
+about six Glass-fulls of Water, each of them containing about forty three
+Ounces and an half, which amounts to above a hundred twenty five thousand
+times its own Weight.]
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXV._
+
+It may afford a considerable Hint (_Pyrophilus_) to him, that would improve
+the Art of Dying, to know what change of Colours may be produc'd by the
+three several sorts of Salts already often mention'd, (some or other of
+which may be procur'd in Quantity at reasonable Rates) in the Juices,
+Decoctions, Infusions, and (in a word) the more soluble parts of
+Vegetables. And, though the design of this Discourse be the Improvement of
+Knowledge, not of Trades: yet thus much I shall not scruple to intimate
+here, That the Blew Liquors, mention'd in the twentieth and one and
+twentieth Experiments, are far from being the only Vegetable Substances,
+upon which Acid, Urinous, and Alcalizate Salts have the like Operations to
+those recited in those two Experiments. For Ripe _Privet Berries_ (for
+instance) being crush'd upon White Paper, though they stain it with a
+Purplish Colour, yet if we let fall on some part of it two or three drops
+of Spirit of Salt, and on the other part a little more of the Strong
+Solution of Pot-ashes, the former Liquor immediately turn'd that part of
+the Thick juice or Pulp, on which it fell, into a lovely Red, and the
+latter turn'd the other part of it into a delightfull Green. Though I will
+not undertake, that those Colours in that Substance shall not be much more
+Orient, than Lasting; and though (_Pyrophilus_) this Experiment may seem to
+be almost the same with those already deliver'd concerning Syrrup of
+Violets, and the Juice of Blew-bottles, yet I think it not amiss to take
+this Occasion to inform you, that this Experiment reaches much farther,
+than perhaps you yet imagine, and may be of good Use to those, whom it
+concerns to know, how Dying Stuffs may be wrought upon by Saline Liquors.
+For, I have found this Experiment to succeed in so many Various Berries,
+Flowers, Blossoms, and other finer Parts of Vegetables, that neither my
+Memory, nor my Leisure serves me to enumerate them. And it is somewhat
+surprizing to see, by how Differingly-colour'd Flowers, or Blossoms, (for
+example) the Paper being stain'd, will by an Acid Spirit be immediately
+turn'd Red, and by any _Alcaly_ or any Urinous Spirit turn'd Green;
+insomuch that ev'n the crush'd Blossoms of _Meserion_, (which I gather'd in
+Winter and frosty Weather) and those of Pease, crush'd upon White Paper,
+how remote soever their Colours be from Green, would in a moment pass into
+a deep Degree of that Colour, upon the Touch of an Alcalizate Liquor. To
+which let us add, That either of those new Pigments (if I may so call them)
+may by the Affusion of enough of a contrary Liquor, be presently chang'd
+from Red into Green, and from Green into Red, which Observation will hold
+also in Syrrup of Violets, Juices of Blew-bottles, &c.
+
+_Annotation._
+
+After what I have formerly deliver'd to evince, That there are many
+Instances, wherein new Colours are produc'd or acquir'd by Bodies, which
+_Chymists_ are wont to think destitute of Salt, or to whose change of
+Colours no new Accession of Saline Particles does appear to contribute, I
+think we may safely enough acknowledge, that we have taken notice of so
+many Changes made by the Intervention of Salts in the Colours of Mix'd
+Bodies, that it has lessen'd our Wonder, That though _many Chymists_ are
+wont to ascribe the Colours of Such Bodies to their Sulphureous, and _the
+rest_ to their Mercurial Principle; yet _Paracelsus_ himself directs us in
+the Indagation of Colours, to have an Eye principally upon Salts, as we
+find in that passage of his, wherein he takes upon him to Oblige his
+Readers much by Instructing them, of what things they are to expect the
+Knowledge from each of the three distinct Principles of Bodies. _Alias_
+(says he) _Colorum similis ratio est: De quibus brevem institutionem hanc
+attendite, quod scilicet colores omnes ex Sale prodeant. Sal enim dat
+colorem, dat Balsamum._[19] And a little beneath. _Iam natura Ipsa colores
+protrathit ex sale, cuique speciei dans illum, qui ipsi competit_, &c.
+After which he concludes; _Itaque qui rerum omnium corpora cognoscere vult,
+huic opus est, ut ante omnia cognoscat Sulphur, Ab hoc, qui desiderat
+novisse Colores is scientiam istorum petat à Sale, Qui scire vult Virtutes,
+is scrutetur arcana Mercurii. Sic nimirum fundamentum hauserit Mysteriorum,
+in quolibet crescenti indagandorum, prout natura cuilibet speciei ea
+ingessit_. But though _Paracelsus_ ascribes to each of his belov'd
+Hypostatical Principles, much more than I fear will be found to belong to
+it; yet if we please to consider Colours, not as _Philosophers_, but as
+_Dyers_, the concurrence of Salts to the striking and change of Colours,
+and their Efficacy, will, I suppose, appear so considerable, that we shall
+not need to quarrel much with _Paracelsus_, for ascribing in this place
+(for I dare not affirm that he uses to be still of one Mind) the Colours of
+Bodies to their Salts, if by Salts he here understood, not only Elementary
+Salts, but such also as are commonly taken for Salts, as Allom, Crystals of
+Tartar, Vitriol, &c. because the Saline principle does chiefly abound in
+them, though indeed they be, as we elsewhere declare, mix'd Bodies, and
+have most of them, besides what is Saline, both Sulphureous, Aqueous, and
+Gross or Earthy parts.
+
+  [19] Paracelsus de Mineral. tract. 1. pag. m. 243
+
+But though (_Pyrophilus_) I have observ'd a Red and Green to be produc'd,
+the former, by Acid Salts, the later by Salts not Acid, in the express
+Juices of so many differing Vegetable Substances, that the Observation, if
+persued, may prove (as I said) of good Use: yet to show you how much e'vn
+these Effects depend upon the particular Texture of Bodies, I must subjoyn
+some cases wherein I (who am somewhat backwards to admit Observations for
+Universal) had the Curiosity to discover, that the Experiments would not
+Uniformly succeed, and of these Exceptions, the chief that I now remember,
+are reducible to the following three.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXVI._
+
+And, (first) I thought fit to try the Operation of Acid Salts upon
+Vegetable Substances, that are already and by their own Nature Red. And
+accordingly I made Trial upon Syrrup of Clove-july-flowers, the clear
+express'd Juice of the succulent Berries of _Spina Cervina_, or Buckthorn
+(which I had long kept by me for the sake of its deep Colour) upon Red
+Roses, Infusion of Brazil, and divers other Vegetable Substances, on some
+of which crush'd (as is often mention'd) upon White Paper, (which is also
+to be understood in most of these Experiments, if no Circumstance of them
+argue otherwise) Spirit of Salt either made no considerable Change, or
+alter'd the Colour but from a Darker to a Lighter Red. How it will succeed
+in many other Vegetable Juices, and Infusions of the same Colour, I have at
+present so few at hand, that I must leave you to find it out your self. But
+as for the Operation of the other sorts of Salts upon these Red Substances,
+I found it not very Uniform, some Red, or Reddish Infusions, as of Roses,
+being turn'd thereby into a dirty Colour, but yet inclining to Green. Nor
+was the Syrrup of Clove-july-flowers turn'd by the solution of Pot-ashes to
+a much better, though somewhat a Greener, Colour. Another sort of Red
+Infusions was by an _Alcaly_ not turn'd into a Green, but advanc'd into a
+Crimson, as I shall have occasion to note ere long. But there were other
+sorts, as particularly the lovely Colour'd juice of Buckthorn Berries, that
+readily pass'd into a lovely Green.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXVII._
+
+Among other Vegetables, which we thought likely to afford Exceptions to the
+General Observation about the differing Changes of Colours produc'd by Acid
+and Sulphureous Salts, we thought fit to make Trial upon the Flowers of
+_Jasmin_, they being both White as to Colour, and esteem'd to be of a more
+Oyly nature than other Flowers. Whereupon having taken the White parts only
+of the Flowers, and rubb'd them somewhat hard with my Finger upon a piece
+of clean Paper, it appear'd very little Discolour'd. Nor had Spirit of
+Salt, wherewith I moisten'd one part of it, any considerable Operation upon
+it. But Spirit of Urine, and somewhat more effectually a strong Alcalizate
+Solution, did immediately turn the almost Colourless Paper moisten'd by the
+Juice of the _Jasmin_, not as those Liquors are wont to do, when put upon
+the Juices of other Flowers, of a good Green, but of a Deep, though
+somewhat Greenish Yellow, which Experiment I did afterwards at several
+times repeat with the like success. But it seems not that a great degree of
+Unctuousness is necessary to the Production of the like Effects, for when
+we try'd the Experiment with the Leaves of those purely White Flowers that
+appear about the end of Winter, and are commonly call'd _Snow drops_, the
+event, was not much unlike that, which, we have been newly mentioning.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXVIII._
+
+Another sort of Instances to show, how much changes of Colour effected by
+Salts, depend upon the particular Texture of the Colour'd Bodies, has been
+afforded me by several _Yellow_ Flowers, and other Vegetables, as Mary-gold
+Leaves, early Prim-roses, fresh Madder, &c. For being rubb'd upon White
+Paper, till they imbued it with their Colour, I found not, that by the
+addition of Alcalizate Liquors, nor yet by that of an Urinous Spirit, they
+would be turn'd either Green or Red: nor did so Acid a Spirit, as that of
+Salt, considerably alter their Colour, save that it seem'd a little to
+Dilute it. Only in some early Prim-roses it destroy'd the greatest part of
+the Colour, and made the Paper almost White agen. And Madder also afforded
+some thing peculiar, and very differing from what we have newly mention'd:
+For having gather'd Some Roots of it, and, (whilst they were recent)
+express'd upon White Paper the Yellow Juice, an Alcalizate Solution drop'd
+upon it did not turn it either Green or White, but Red. And the bruis'd
+Madder it self being drench'd with the like Alcalizate Solution, exchang'd
+also its Yellowishness for a Redness.
+
+_An admonition touching the four preceding Experiments._
+
+Having thus (_Pyrophilus_) given you divers Instances, to countenance the
+General observation deliver'd in the twenty fifth Experiment, and divers
+Exceptions whereby it ought to be Limited; I must leave the further Inquiry
+into these Matters to your own Industry. For not remembring at present many
+of those other Trials, long since made to satisfie my self about
+Particulars, and not having now the Opportunity to repeat them, I must
+content my Self to have given you the Hint, and the ways of prosecuting the
+search your Self; and only declare to you in general, that, As I have made
+many Trials, unmention'd in this Treatise, whose Events were agreeable to
+those mention'd in the twenty fifth Experiment, so (to name now no other
+Instances) what I have try'd with Acid and Sulphureous Salts upon the Pulp
+of Juniper Berries, rubb'd upon White Paper, inclines me to think, That
+among that vast Multitude, and strange Variety of Plants that adorn the
+face of the Earth, perhaps many other Vegetables may be found, on which
+such _Menstruums_ may not have such Operations, as upon the Juice of
+Violets, Pease-blossoms, &c. no nor upon any of those three other sorts of
+Vegetables, that I have taken notice of in the three fore-going
+Experiments. It sufficiently appearing ev'n by these, that the effects of a
+Salt upon the Juices of particular Vegetables do very much depend upon
+their particular Textures.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXIX._
+
+It may be of some Use towards the discovery of the nature of these Changes,
+which the Alimental Juice receives in some Vegetables, according to the
+differing degrees of their Maturity, and according to the differing kinds
+of Plants of the same Denomination, to observe what Operation Acid,
+Urinous, and Alcalizate Salts will have upon the Juices of the several
+sorts of the Vegetable substances I have been mentioning.
+
+To declare my meaning by an Example, I took from the same Cluster, one
+Blackberry full Ripe, and another that had not yet gone beyond a Redness,
+and rubbing apiece of white Paper, with the former, I observ'd, that the
+Juice adhering to it was of adark Reddish Colour, full of little Black
+Specks; and that this Juice by a drop of a strong _Lixivium_, was
+immediately turn'd into a Greenish Colour deep enough, by as much Urinous
+Spirit into a Colour much of Kin to the former, though somewhat differing,
+and fainter; and by a drop of Spirit of Salt into a fine and lightsome Red:
+where as the Red Berry being in like manner rubb'd upon Paper, left on it a
+Red Colour, which was very little alter'd by the Acid Spirit newly nam'd,
+and by the Urinous and Lixiviate Salts receiv'd changes of Colour differing
+from those that had been just before produc'd in the dark Juice of the Ripe
+Blackberry.
+
+I remember also, that though the Infusion of Damask-Roses would as well,
+though not so much, as that of Red, be heightned by Acid Spirits to an
+intense degree of Redness, and by Lixiviate Salts be brought to a Darkish
+Green; yet having for Trials sake taken a Rose, whose Leaves, which were
+large and numerous, like those of a Province Rose, were perfectly Yellow,
+though in a Solution of Salt of Tartar, they afforded a Green Blewish
+Tincture, yet I did not by an Acid Liquor obtain a Red one; all that the
+Saline Spirit I imploy'd, perform'd, being (if I much misremember not) to
+Dilute Somewhat the Yellowness of the Leaves. I would also have tried the
+Tincture of Yellow Violets, but could procure none. And if I were in those
+Islands of _Banda_, which are made Famous as well as Rich, by being the
+almost only places, where Cloves will prosper, I should think it worth my
+Curiosity to try, what Operation the three differing Kinds of Salts, I have
+so often mention'd, would have upon the Juice of this Spice, (express'd at
+the several Seasons of it) as it grows upon the Tree. Since good Authors
+inform us, (of what is remarkable) that these whether Fruits, or Rudiments
+of Fruits, are at first _White_, afterward _Green_, and then _Reddish_,
+before they be beaten off the Tree, after which being Dry'd before they are
+put up, they grow _Blackish_ as we see them. And one of the recentest
+_Herbarists_ informs us, that the Flower grows upon the top of the Clove it
+self, consisting of four small Leaves, like a Cherry Blossom, but of an
+excellent _Blew_. But (_Pyrophilus_) to return to our own Observations, I
+shall add, that I the rather choose, to mention to you an Example drawn
+from Roses, because that though I am apt to think, as I elsewhere
+advertise, that something may be guess'd at about some of the Qualities of
+the Juices of Vegetables, by the Resemblance or Disparity that we meet with
+in the Changes made of their Colours, by the Operation of the same kinds of
+Salts; yet that those Conjectures should be very warily made, may appear
+among other things, by the Instance I have chosen to give in Roses. For
+though, (as I formerly told you) the Dry'd Leaves, both of the Damask, and
+of Red ones, give a Red Tincture to Water sharpen'd with Acid Salts, yet
+the one sort of Leaves is known to have a Purgative faculty,[20] and the
+other are often, and divers ways, imploy'd for Binding.
+
+  [20] See _Parkinson_ Th. Boran. Trib. 9. cap. 26.
+
+And I also choose (_Pyrophilus_) to subjoyn this twenty ninth Experiment to
+those that precede it, about the change of the Colours of Vegetables by
+Salts, for these two reasons: The first, that you may not easily entertain
+Suspitions, if in the Trials of an Experiment of some of the Kinds formerly
+mention'd, you should meet with an Event somewhat differing from what my
+Relations may have made you expect. And the second, That you may hereby be
+invited to discern, that it may not be amiss to take notice of the
+particular Seasons wherein you gather the Vegetables which in Nicer
+Experiments you make use of. For, it I were not hindred both by haste and
+some justifiable Considerations, I could perhaps add considerable
+Instances, to those lately deliver'd, for the making out of this
+Observation; but for certain reasons I shall at present substitute a
+remarkable passage to be met with in that Laborious Herbarist Mr.
+_Parkinson_, where treating of the Virtues of the (already divers times
+mention'd) Buckthorn Berries, he subjoyns the following account of several
+Pigments that are made of them, not only according to the several ways of
+Handling them, but according to the differing Seasons of Maturity, at which
+they are Gather'd; _Of these Berries_, (says he) _are made three several
+sorts of Colours as they shall be gather'd, that is, being gather'd while
+they are Green, and kept Dry, are call'd Sapberries, which being steep'd
+into some Allom-water, or fresh bruis'd into Allom-water, they give a
+reasonable fair Yellow Colour which Painters use for their Work, and
+Book-binders to Colour the edges of Books, and Leather-dressers to Colour
+Leather, as they use also to make a Green Colour, call'd Sap-green, taken
+from the Berries when they are Black, being bruis'd and put into a Brass or
+Copper Kettle or Pan, and there suffer'd to abide three or four_ _Days, or
+a little heated upon the Fire, and some beaten Allom put unto them, and
+afterwards press'd forth, the Juice or Liquor is usually put in great
+Bladders tied with strong thred at the Head and hung up untill it be Dry,
+which is dissolv'd in Water or Wine, but Sack_ (he affirms) _is the best to
+preserve the Colour from Starving, (as they call it) that is, from
+Decaying, and make it hold fresh the longer. The third Colour (where of
+none_ (says he) _that I can find have made mention but only_ Tragus_) is a
+Purplish Colour, which is made of the Berries suffer'd to grow upon the
+Bushes untill the middle or end of_ November, _that they are ready to drop
+from the Trees._
+
+And, I remember (_Pyrophilus_) that I try'd, with a success that pleas'd me
+well enough, to make such a kind of Pigment, as Painters call Sap-green, by
+a way not unlike that, deliver'd here by our Author, but I cannot now find
+any thing relating to that matter among my loose Papers. And my Trials were
+made so many years ago, that I dare not trust my Memory for Circumstances,
+but will rather tell you, that in a noted Colour-shop, I brought them by
+Questions to confess to me, that they made their Sap-green much after the
+ways by our _Botanist_ here mention'd. And on this occasion I shall add an
+Observation, which though it does not strictly belong to this place, may
+well enough be mention'd here, namely, that I find by an account given us
+by the Learned _Clusius_, of _Alaternus_, that ev'n the Grosser Parts of
+the same Plant, are some of them one Colour, and some another; For speaking
+of that Plant, he tells us, that the _Portugalls_ use the Bark to Dye their
+Nets into a Red Colour, and with the Chips of the Wood, which are Whitish,
+they Dye a Blackish Blew.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXX._
+
+Among the Experiments that tend to shew that the change of Colours in
+Bodies may proceed from the Vary'd Texture of their Parts, and the
+consequent change of their Disposition to Reflect or Refract the Light,
+that sort of Experiments must not be left unmention'd, which is afforded us
+by Chymical Digestions. For, if _Chymists_ will believe several famous
+Writers about what they call the Philosophers Stone, they must acknowledge
+that the same Matter, seald up Hermetically in a Philosophical Egg, will by
+the continuance of Digestion, or if they will have it so (for it is not
+Material in our case which of the two it be) of Decoction, run through a
+great Variety of differing Colours, before it come to that of the Noblest
+_Elixir_; whether that be Scarlet, or Purple, or what ever other Kind of
+Red. But without building any thing on so Obtruse and Questionable an
+Operation, (which yet may be pertinently represented to those that believe
+the thing) we may observe, that divers Bodies digested in carefully-clos'd
+Vessels, will in tract of time, change their Colour: As I have elsewhere
+mention'd my having observ'd ev'n in Rectify'd Spirit of Harts-horn, and as
+is evident in the Precipitations of Amalgams of Gold, and Mercury, without
+Addition, where by the continuance of a due Heat the Silver-Colour'd
+Amalgam is reduc'd into a shining Red Powder. Further Instances of this
+Kind you may find here and there in divers places of my other Essays. And
+indeed it has been a thing, that has much contributed to deceive many
+_Chymists_, that there are more Bodies than one, which by Digestion will be
+brought to exhibit that Variety and Succession of Colours, which they
+imagine to be Peculiar to what they call the _True matter of the
+Philosophers_. But concerning this, I shall referr you to what you may
+elsewhere find in the Discourse written touching the passive Deceptions of
+_Chymists_, and more about the Production of Colours by Digestion you will
+meet with presently. Wherefore I shall now make only this Observation from
+what has been deliver'd, That in these Operations there appears not any
+cause to attribute the new Colours emergent to the Action of a new
+Substantial form, nor to any Increase or Decrement of either the Salt,
+Sulphur, or Mercury of the Matter that acquires new Colours: For the
+Vessels are clos'd, and these Principles according to the _Chymists_ are
+Ingenerable and Incorruptible; so that the Effect seems to proceed from
+hence, that the Heat agitating and shuffling the Corpuscles of the Body
+expos'd to it, does in process of time so change its Texture, as that the
+Transposed parts do Modifie the incident Light otherwise, than they did
+when the Matter appear'd of another Colour.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXXI._
+
+Among the several changes of Colour, which Bodies acquire or disclose by
+Digestion, it it very remarkable, that _Chymists_ find a Redness rather
+than any other Colour in most of the Tinctures they Draw, and ev'n in the
+more Gross Solutions they make of almost all Concretes, that abound either
+with Mineral or Vegetable Sulphur, though the _Menstruum_ imploy'd about
+these Solutions or Tinctures be never so Limpid or Colourless.
+
+This we have observ'd in I know not how many Tinctures drawn with Spirit of
+Wine from _Jalap_, _Guaicum_, and several other Vegetables; and not only in
+the Solutions of _Amber_, _Benzoin_, and divers other Concretes made with
+the same _Menstruum_, but also in divers Mineral Tinctures. And, not to
+urge that familiar Instance of the Ruby of Sulphur, as _Chymists_ upon the
+score of its Colour, call the Solution of Flowers of Brimstone, made with
+the Spirit of Turpentine, nor to take notice of other more known Examples
+of the aptness of Chymical Oyls, to produce a Red Colour with the Sulphur
+they extract, or dissolve; not to insist (I say) upon Instances of this
+nature, I shall further represent to you, as a thing remarkable, that, both
+Acid and Alcalizate Salts, though in most other cases of such contrary
+Operations, in reference to Colours, will with many Bodies that abound with
+Sulphureous, or with Oyly parts, produce a Red; as is manifest partly in
+the more Vulgar Instances of the Tinctures, or Solutions of Sulphur made
+with _Lixiviums_, either of Calcin'd Tartar or Pot-ashes, and other Obvious
+examples, partly by this, that the true Glass of Antimony extracted with
+some Acid Spirits, with or without Wine, will yield a Red Tincture, and
+that I know an Acid Liquor, which in a moment will turn Oyl of Turpentine
+into a deep Red. But among the many Instances I could give you of the easie
+Production of Redness by the Operation of Saline Spirit, as well as of
+Spirit of Wine; I remember two or three of those I have tried, which seem
+remarkable enough to deserve to be mention'd to you apart.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXXII._
+
+But before we set them down, it will not perhaps appear impertinent to
+premise;
+
+That there seems to be a manifest Disparity betwixt Red Liquors, so that
+some of them may be said to have a Genuine Redness in comparison of others,
+that have a Yellowish Redness: For if you take (for example) a good
+Tincture of _Chochineel_, dilute it never so much with fair Water, you will
+not (as far as I can judge by what I have tried) be able to make it a
+Yellow Liquor. Insomuch that a Single drop of a rich Solution of
+_Cochineel_ in Spirit of Urine, being Diluted with above an Ounce of fair
+Water, exhibited no Yellowishness at all, but a fair (though somewhat
+faint) Pinck or Carnation; and even when _Cochineel_ was by degrees Diluted
+much beyond the newly mention'd Colour, by the way formerly related to you
+in the twenty fourth Experiment, I remember not, that there appear'd in the
+whole Trial any Yellow. But if you take Balsom of Sulphur (for Instance)
+though it may appear in a Glass, where it has a good Thickness, to be of a
+deep Red, yet if you shake the Glass, or pour a few drops on a sheet of
+White Paper, spreading them on it with your Finger, the Balsom that falls
+back along the sides of the Glass, and that which stains the Paper, will
+appear Yellow, not Red. And there are divers Tinctures, such as that of
+Amber made with Spirit of Wine, (to name now no more) that will appear
+either Yellow or Red, according as the Vessels that they fill, are Slender
+or Broad.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXXIII._
+
+But to proceed to the Experiments I was about to deliver; _First_; Oyl or
+Spirit of Turpentine, though clear as fair Water, being Digested upon the
+purely White Sugar of Lead, has, in a short time, afforded us a high Red
+Tincture, that some Artists are pleas'd to call the Balsom of _Saturn_,
+which they very much (and probably not altogether without cause) extoll as
+an excellent Medicine in divers Outward affections.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXXIV._
+
+_Next_, take of common Brimstone finely powdred five Ounces, of
+Sal-Armoniack likewise pulveriz'd an equal weight, of beaten Quick-lime six
+Ounces, mix these Powders exquisitely, and Distill them through a Retort
+plac'd in Sand by degrees of Fire, giving at length as intense a Heat as
+you well can in Sand, there will come over (if you have wrought well) a
+Volatile Tincture of Sulphur, which may probably prove an excellent
+Medicine, and should have been mention'd among the other Preparations of
+Sulphur, which we have elsewhere imparted to you, but that it is very
+pertinent to our present Subject, The change of Colours. For though none of
+the Ingredients be Red, the Distill'd Liquor will be so: and this Liquor if
+it be well Drawn, will upon a little Agitation of the Vial first unstop'd
+(especially if it be held in a Warmer hand) lend forth a copious Fume, not
+Red, like that of Nitre, but White; And sometimes this Liquor may be so
+Drawn, that I remember, not long since, I took pleasure to observe in a
+parcel of it, that Ingredients not Red, did not only yield by Distillation
+a Volatile Spirit that was Red, but though that Liquor did upon the bare
+opening of the Bottle it was kept in, drive us away with the plenty and
+sulphureous sent of a White steam which it sent forth, yet the Liquor it
+self being touch'd by our Fingers, did immediately Dye them Black.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXXV._
+
+The third and _last_ Experiment I shall now mention to shew, how prone
+Bodies abounding in Sulphureous parts are to afford a Red Colour, is one,
+wherein by the Operation of a Saline Spirit upon a White or Whitish Body,
+which according to the _Chymists_ should be altogether Sulphureous, a
+Redness may be produc'd, not (as in the former Experiments) slowly, but in
+the twinkling of an Eye. We took then of the Essential Oyl of Anniseeds,
+which has this Peculiarity, that in Cold weather it loses its Fluidity and
+the greatest part of its Transparency, and looks like a White or Whitish
+Oyntment, and near at hand seems to consist of a Multitude of little soft
+Scales: Of this Coagulated Stuff we spread a little with a Knife upon a
+piece of White Paper, and letting fall on it, and mixing with it a drop or
+two of Oyl of Vitriol, immediately (as we fore-saw) there emerg'd together
+with some Heat and Smoak, a Blood-Red Colour, which therefore was in a
+trice produc'd by two Bodies, whereof the one had but a Whitish Colour, and
+the other (if carefully rectify'd) had no Colour at all.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXXVI._
+
+But on this Occasion (_Pyrophilus_) we must add once for all, that in many
+of the above-recited Experiments, though the changes of Colour happen'd as
+we have mention'd them: yet the emergent or produc'd Colour is oft times
+very subject to Degenerate, both quickly and much. Notwithstanding which,
+since the Changes, we have set down, do happen presently upon the Operation
+of the Bodies upon each other, or at the times by us specify'd; _that_ is
+sufficient both to justifie our Veracity, and to shew what we Intend; it
+not being Essential to the Genuineness of a Colour to be Durable. For a
+fading Leaf, that is ready to Rot, and moulder into Dust, may have as true
+a Yellow, as a Wedge of Gold, which so obstinately resists both Time and
+Fire. And the reason, why I take occasion from the former Experiment to
+subjoyn this general Advertisement, is, that I have several times observ'd,
+that the Mixture resulting from the Oyls of Vitriol, and of Anniseeds,
+though it acquire a thicker consistence than either of the Ingredients had,
+has quickly lost its Colour, turning in a very short time into a dirty
+Gray, at least in the Superficial parts, where 'tis expos'd to the Air;
+which last Circumstance I therefore mention, because that, though it seem
+probable, that this Degeneration of Colours may oft times and in divers
+cases proceed from the further Action of the Saline Corpuscles, and the
+other Ingredients upon one another, yet in many cases much of the Quick
+change of Colours seems ascribeable to the Air, as may be made probable by
+several reasons: The first whereof may be fetcht from the newly recited
+Example of the two Oyls; The next may be, that we have sometimes observ'd
+long Window-Curtains of light Colours, to have that part of them, which was
+expos'd to the Air, when the Window was open, of one Colour, and the lower
+part, that was sheltred from the Air by the Wall, of another Colour: And
+the third Argument may be fetch'd from divers Observations, both of others,
+and our own; For of that Pigment so well known in Painters Shops, by the
+name of _Turnsol_, our Industrious _Parkinson_, in the particular account
+he gives of the Plant that bears it, tells us also, That _the Berries when
+they are at their full Maturity, have within them between the outer Skin
+and the inward Kirnel or Seed, a certain Juice or Moisture, which being
+rubb'd upon Paper or Cloath, at the first appears of a fresh and lovely
+Green Colour, but presently changeth into a kind of Blewish Purple, upon
+the Cloath or Paper, and the same Cloath afterwards wet in Water, and wrung
+forth, will Colour the Water into a Claret Wine Colour, and these_
+(concludes he) _are those Raggs of Cloath, which are usually call'd_
+Turnsol _in the Druggists or Grocers Shops_[21]. And to this Observation of
+our _Botanist_ we will add an Experiment of our own, (made before we met
+with That) which, though in many Circumstances, very differing, serves to
+prove the same thing; for having taken of the deeply Red Juice of
+_Buckthorn_ Berries, which I bought of the Man that uses to sell it to the
+Apothecaries, to make their Syrrup _de Spina Cervina_, I let some of it
+drop upon a piece of White Paper, and having left it there for many hours,
+till the Paper was grown dry again, I found what I was inclin'd to suspect,
+namely, That this Juice was degenerated from a deep Red to a dirty kind of
+Greyish Colour, which, in a great part of the stain'd Paper seem'd not to
+have so much as an Eye of Red: Though a little Spirit of Salt or dissolv'd
+_Alcaly_ would turn this unpleasant Colour (as formerly I told you it would
+change the not yet alter'd Juice) into a Red or Green. And to satisfie my
+self, that this Degeneration of Colour did not proceed from the Paper, I
+drop'd some of the deep Red or Crimson Juice upon a White glaz'd Tile, and
+suffering it to dry on there, I found that ev'n in that Body, on which it
+could not Soak, and by which it could not be Wrought, it nevertheless lost
+its Colour. And these Instances (_Pyrophilus_) I am the more carefull to
+mention to you, that you may not be much Surpris'd or Discourag'd, if you
+should sometimes miss of performing punctually what I affirm my self to
+have done in point of changing Colours; since in these Experiments the
+over-sight or neglect of such little Circumstances, as in many others would
+not be perhaps considerable, may occasion the mis-carrying of a Trial. And
+I was willing also to take this occasion of Advertising you in the
+repeating of the Experiments mention'd in this Treatise, to make use of the
+Juices of Vegetables, and other things prepar'd for your Trials, as soon as
+ever they are ready, lest one or other of them grow less fit, if not quite
+unfit by delay; and to estimate the Event of the Trials by the Change, that
+is produc'd presently upon the due and sufficient Application of Actives to
+Passives, (as they speak) because in many cases the effects of such
+Mixtures may not be lasting, and the newly produc'd Colour may in a little
+time degenerate. But, (_Pyrophilus_) I forgot to add to the two former
+Observations lately made about Vegetables, a third of the same Import, made
+in Mineral substances, by telling you, That the better to satisfie a Friend
+or two in this particular, I sometimes made, according to some Conjectures
+of mine, this Experiment; That having dissolv'd good Silver in
+_Aqua-fortis_, and Precipitated it with Spirit of Salt, upon the first
+Decanting of the Liquor, the remaining Matter would be purely White; but
+after it had lain a while uncover'd, that part of it, that was Contiguous
+to the Air, would not only lose its Whiteness, but appear of a very Dark
+and almost Blackish Colour, I say that part that was Contiguous to the Air,
+because if that were gently taken off, the Subjacent part of the same Mass
+would appear very White, till that also, having continu'd a while expos'd
+to the Air, would likewise Degenerate. Now whether the Air perform these
+things by the means of a Subtile Salt, which we elsewhere show it not to be
+destitute of, or by a peircing Moisture, that is apt easily to insinuate it
+self into the Pores of some Bodies, and thereby change their Texture, and
+so their Colour; Or by solliciting the Avolation of certain parts of the
+Bodies, to which 'tis Contiguous; or by some other way, (which possibly I
+may elsewhere propose and consider) I have not now the leisure to
+discourse. And for the same reason, though I could add many other
+Instances, of what I formerly noted touching the emergency of Redness upon
+the Digestion of many Bodies, insomuch that I have often seen upon the
+Borders of _France_ (and probably we may have the like in _England_) a sort
+of Pears, which digested for some time with a little Wine, in a Vessel
+exactly clos'd, will in not many hours appear throughout of a deep Red
+Colour, (as also that of the Juice, wherein they are Stew'd, becomes) but
+ev'n on pure and white Salt of Tartar, pure Spirit of Wine, as clear as
+Rock-water, will (as we elsewhere declare) by long Digestion acquire a
+Redness; Though I say such Instances might be Multiply'd, and though there
+be some other Obvious changes of Colours, which happen so frequently, that
+they cannot but be as well Considerable as Notorious; such as is the
+Blackness of almost all Bodies burn'd in the open Air: yet our haste
+invites us to resign you the Exercise of enquiring into the Causes of these
+Changes. And certainly, the reason both _why_ the Soots of such differing
+Bodies are almost all of them all Black, _why_ so much the greater part of
+Vegetables should be rather Green than of any other Colour, and
+particularly (which more directly concerns this place) _why_ gentle Heats
+do so frequently in Chymical Operations produce rather a Redness than
+another Colour in digested _Menstruums_, not only Sulphureous, as Spirit of
+Wine, but Saline, as Spirit of Vinegar, may be very well worth a serious
+Inquiry; which I shall therefore recommend to _Pyrophilus_ and his
+Ingenious Friends.
+
+  [21] _Parkinson_, Thea. Bot. Trib. 4 cap. 12.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXXVII._
+
+It may seem somewhat strange, that if you take the Crimson Solution of
+_Cochineel_, or the Juice of Black Cherries, and of some other Vegetables
+that afford the like Colour, (which because many take but for a deep Red,
+we do with them sometimes call it so) and let some of it fall upon a piece
+of Paper, a drop or two of an Acid Spirit, such as Spirit of Salt, or
+_Aqua-fortis_, will immediately turn it into a fair Red. Whereas if you
+make an Infusion of Brazil in fair Water, and drop a little Spirit of Salt
+or _Aqua-fortis_ into it, that will destroy its Redness, and leave the
+Liquor of a Yellow, (sometimes Pale) I might perhaps plausibly enough say
+on this occasion, that if we consider the case a little more attentively,
+we may take notice, that the action of the Acid Spirit seems in both cases,
+but to weaken the Colour of the Liquor on which it falls. And so though it
+destroy Redness in the Tincture of Brazil, as well as produce Red in the
+Tincture of _Chochineel_, its Operations may be Uniform enough, since as
+Crimson seems to be little else than a very deep Red, with (perhaps) an Eye
+of Blew, so some kinds of Red seem (as I have lately noted) to be little
+else than heightned Yellow. And consequently in such Bodies, the Yellow
+seems to be but a diluted Red. And accordingly Alcalizate Solutions and
+Urinous Spirits, which seem dispos'd to Deepen the Colours of the Juices
+and Liquors of most Vegetables, will not only restore the Solution of
+_Cochineel_ and the Infusion of Brazil to the Crimson, whence the Spirit of
+Salt had chang'd them into a truer Red; but will also (as I lately told
+you) not only heighthen the Yellow Juice of Madder into Red, but advance
+the Red Infusion of Brazil to a Crimson. But I know not whether it will not
+be much safer to derive these Changes from vary'd Textures, than certain
+kinds of Bodies; and you will perhaps think it worth while, that I should
+add on this occasion, That it may deserve some Speculation, why,
+notwithstanding what we have been observing, though Blew and Purple seem to
+be deeper Colours than Red, and therefore the Juices of Plants of either of
+the two former Colours may (congruously enough to what has been just now
+noted) be turn'd Red by Spirit of Salt or _Aqua-fortis_, yet Blew Syrrup of
+Violets and some Purples should both by Oyl of Tartar and Spirit of Urine
+be chang'd into Green, which seems to be not a deeper but a more diluted
+Colour than Blew, if not also than Purple.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXXVIII._
+
+It would much contribute to the History of Colours, if _Chymists_ would in
+their Laboratories take a heedfull notice, and give us a faithfull account
+of the Colours observ'd in the Steams of Bodies either Sublim'd or
+Distill'd, and of the Colours of those Productions of the Fire, that are
+made up by the Coalition of those Steams. As (for Instance) we observe in
+the Distilling of pure Salt peter, that at a certain season of the
+Operation, the Body, though it seem either Crystalline, or White, affords
+very Red Fumes: whereas though Vitriol be Green or Blew, the Spirit of it
+is observ'd to come over in Whitish Fumes. The like Colour I have taken
+notice of in the Fumes of several other Concretes of differing Colours, and
+Natures, especially when Distill'd with strong Fires. And we elsewhere
+note, that ev'n Soot, as Black as it is, has fill'd our Receivers with such
+copious White Fumes, that they seem'd to have had their In-sides wash'd
+with Milk. And no less observable may be, the Distill'd Liqours, into which
+such Fumes convene, (for though we will not deny, that by skill and care a
+Reddish Liqour may be obtain'd from Nitre) yet the common Spirit of it, in
+the making ev'n of which store of these Red Fumes are wont to pass over
+into the Receiver, appears not to be at all Red. And besides, that neither
+the Spirit of Vitriol, nor that of Soot is any thing White; And, besides
+also, that as far as I have observ'd, most (for I say not all) of the
+Empyreumatical Oyls of Woods, and other Concretes, are either of a deep
+Red, or of a Colour between Red and Black; besides this, I say, 'tis very
+remarkable that notwithstanding that great Variety of Colours to be met
+with in the Herbs, Flowers, and other Bodies wont to be Distill'd in
+_Balneo_: yet (as far at least as our common Distillers Experience
+reacheth) all the Waters and Spirits that first come over by that way of
+Distillation, leave the Colours of their Concretes behind them, though
+indeed there be one or two Vegetables not commonly taken notice of, whose
+Distill'd Liqours I elsewhere observe to carry over the Tincture of the
+Concrete with them. And as in Distillations, so in Sublimations, it were
+worth while to take notice of what comes up, in reference to our present
+scope, by purposely performing them (as I have in some cafes done) in
+conveniently shap'd Glasses, that the Colour of the ascending Fumes may be
+discern'd; For it may afford a Naturalist good Information to observe the
+Congruities or the Differences betwixt the Colours of the ascending Fumes,
+and those of the _Flowers_, they compose by their Convention. For it is
+evident, that these _Flowers_, do many of them in point of Colour, much
+differ, not only from one another, but oft times from the Concretes that
+afforded them. Thus, (not here to repeat what I formerly noted of the Black
+Soots of very differingly Colour'd Bodies) though Camphire and Brimstone
+afford _Flowers_ much of their own Colour, save that those of Brimstone are
+wont to be a little Paler, than the Lumps that yielded them; yet ev'n of
+Red _Benzoin_, that sublim'd Substance, which _Chymists_ call its
+_Flowers_, is wont to be White or Whitish. And to omit other Instances,
+ev'n one and the same Black Mineral, Antimony, may be made to afford
+_Flowers_, some of them Red, and some Grey, and, which is more strange,
+some of them purely White. And 'tis the Prescription of some Glass-men by
+exquisitely mingling a convenient proportion of Brimstone, Sal-Armoniack,
+and Quicksilver, and Subliming them, together, to make a Sublimate of an
+excellent Blew; and though having caus'd the Experiment to be made, we
+found the produc'd Sublimate to be far from being of a lovely Colour, (as
+was promis'd) that there and there, it seem'd Blewish, and at least was of
+a Colour differing enough from either of the Ingredients, which is
+sufficient for our present purpose. But a much finer Colour is promis'd by
+some of the Empiricks, that pretend to Secrets, who tell us, that Orpiment,
+being Sublim'd, will afford among the Parts of it that fly Upward, some
+little Masses, which, though the Mineral it self be of a good Yellow, will
+be Red enough to emulate Rubies, both in Colour and Translucency. And this
+Experiment may, for ought I know, sometimes succeed; for I remember, that
+having in a small Bolt-head purposely sublim'd some powder'd Orpiment, we
+could in the Lower part of the Sublimate discern here and there some
+Reddish Lines, though much of the Upper part of the Sublimate consisted of
+a matter, which was not alone purely Yellow, but transparent almost like a
+Powder. And we have also this way obtain'd a Sublimate, the Lower part
+whereof though it consisted not of Rubies, yet the small pieces of it,
+which were Numerous enough, were of a pleasant Reddish Colour, and
+Glitter'd very prettily. But to insist on such kind of Trials and
+Observations (where the ascending Fumes of Bodies differ in Colour from the
+Bodies themselves) though it might indeed Inrich the History of Colours,
+would Robb me of too much of the little time I have to dispatch what I have
+further to tell you concerning them.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXXIX_
+
+Take the dry'd Buds (or Blossoms) of the Pomegranate Tree, (which are
+commonly call'd in the Shops _Balaustiums_) pull off the Reddish Leaves,
+and by a gentle Ebullition of them in fair Water, or by a competent
+Infusion of them in like Water well heated, extract a faint Reddish
+Tincture, which if the Liquor be turbid, you may Clarifie it by Filtrating
+it Into this, if you pour a little good Spirit of Urine, or some other
+Spirit abounding in the like sort of Volatile Salts, the Mixture will
+presently turn of a dark Greenish Colour, but if instead of the
+fore-mention'd Liquor, you drop into the simple Infusion a little rectify'd
+Spirit of Sea-Salt, the Pale and almost Colourless Liquor will immediately
+not only grow more Transparent, but acquire a high Redness, like that of
+Rich Claret Wine, which so suddenly acquir'd Colour, may as quickly be
+Destroy'd and turn'd into a dirty Blewish Green, by the affusion of a
+competent quantity of the above-mention'd Spirit of Urine.
+
+_Annotation._
+
+This Experiment may bring some Light to, and receive some from a couple of
+other Experiments, that I remember I have met with in the ingenious
+_Gassendus_'s Animadversions upon _Epicurus_'s Philosophy, whilst I was
+turning over the Leaves of those Learned Commentaries; (my Eyes being too
+weak to let me read such Voluminous Books quite thorough) And I the less
+scruple (notwithstanding my contrary Custom in this Treatise) to set down
+these Experiments of another, because I shall a little improve the latter
+of them, and because by comparing there with that which I have last
+recited, we may be assisted to Conjecture upon what account it is, that Oyl
+of Vitriol heightens the Tincture of Red-rose Leaves, since Spirit of Salt,
+which is a highly Acid _Menstruum_, but otherwise differing enough from Oyl
+of Vitriol, does the same thing. Our Authors Experiments then, as we made
+them, are these; We took about a Glass-full of luke-warm Water, and in it
+immerg'd a quantity of the Leaves of _Senna_, and presently upon the
+Immersion there did not appear any Redness in the Water, but dropping into
+it a little Oyl of Tartar, the Liquor soon discover'd a Redness to the
+watchfull Eye, whereas by a little of that Acid Liquor of Vitriol, which is
+like the former, undeservedly called Oyl, such a Colour would not be
+extracted from the infused _Senna_. On the other side we took some Red-rose
+Leaves dry'd, and having shaken them into a Glass of fair Water, they
+imparted to it no Redness, but upon the affusion of a little Oyl of Vitriol
+the Water was immediately turn'd Red, which it would not have been, if
+instead of Oyl of Vitriol, we had imployed Oyl of Tartar to produce that
+Colour: That these were _Gassendus_ his Experiments, I partly remember, and
+was assur'd by a Friend, who lately Transcribed them out of _Gassendus_ his
+Book, which I therefore add, because I have not now that Book at hand. And
+the design of _Gassendus_ in these Experiments our Friend affirms to be, to
+prove, that of things not Red a Redness may be made only by Mixture, and
+the Varied position of parts, wherein the Doctrine of that Subtil
+Philosopher doth not a little Authorize, what we have formerly delivered
+concerning the Emergency and Change of Colours. But the instances, that we
+have out of him set down, seem not to be the most Eminent, that may be
+produced of this truth: For our next Experiment will shew the production of
+several Colours out of Liquors, which have not any of them any such Colour,
+nor indeed any discernable one at all; and whereas though our Author tells
+us, that there was no Redness either in the Water, or the Leaves of
+_Senna_, or the Oyl of Tartar; And though it be true, that the Predominant
+Colour of the Leaves of _Senna_ be another than Red, yet we have try'd,
+that by steeping that Plant a Night even in Cold water, it would afford a
+very deep Yellow or Reddish Tincture without the help of the Oyl of Tartar,
+which seems to do little more than assist the Water to extract more nimbly
+a plenty of that Red Tincture, wherewith the Leaves of _Senna_ do of
+themselves abound, and having taken off the Tincture of _Senna_, made only
+with fair Water, before it grew to be Reddish, and Decanted it from the
+Leaves, we could not perceive, that by dropping some Oyl of Tartar into it,
+that Colour was considerable, though it were a little heightned into a
+Redness; which might have been expected, if the particles of the Oyl did
+eminently Co-operate, otherwise than we have expressed, to the production
+of this Redness.
+
+And as for the Experiment with Red-rose Leaves, the same thing may be
+alleged, for we found that such Leaves by bare Infusion for a Night and Day
+in fair Water, did afford us a Tincture bordering at least upon Redness,
+and that Colour being conspicuous in the Leaves themselves, would not by
+some seem so much to be produc'd as to be extracted by the affusion of Oyl
+of Vitriol. And the Experiment try'd with the dry'd Leaves of Damask-roses
+succeeded but imperfectly, but that is indeed observable to our Authors
+purpose, that Oyl of Tartar will not perform in this Experiment what Oyl of
+Vitriol doth; but because this last named Liquor is not so easily to be
+had, give me leave to Advertise you, that the Experiment will succeed, if
+instead of it you imploy _Aqua-fortis_. And though some Trials of our own
+formerly made, and others easily deducible from what we have already
+deliver'd, about the different Families and Operations of Salt, might
+enable us to present you an Experiment upon Red-rose Leaves, more
+accommodated to our Authors purpose, than that which he hath given us; yet
+our Reverence to so Candid a Philosopher, invites us rather to improve his
+Experiment, than substitute another in its place. Take therefore of the
+Tincture of Red-rose Leaves, (for with Damask-rose Leaves the Experiment
+succeedeth not well) made as before hath been taught with a little Oyl of
+Vitriol, and a good quantity of fair Water, pour off this Liquor into a
+clear Vial, half fill'd with Limpid water; till the Water held against the
+Light have acquir'd a competent Redness, without losing its Transparency,
+into this Tincture drop leisurely a little good Spirit of Urine, and
+shaking the Vial, which you must still hold against the Light, you shall
+see the Red Liquor immediately turn'd into a fine Greenish Blew, which
+Colour was not to be found in any of the Bodies, upon whose Mixture it
+emerg'd, and this Change is the more observable, because in many Bodies the
+Degenerating of Blew into Red is usual enough, but the turning of Red into
+Blew is very unfrequent. If at every drop of Spirit of Urine you shake the
+Vial containing the Red Tincture, you may delightfully observe a pretty
+variety of Colours in the passage of that Tincture from a Red to a Blew,
+and sometimes we have this way hit upon such a Liquor, as being look't upon
+against and from the Light, did seem faintly to emulate the above-mention'd
+Tincture of _Lignum Nephriticum_. And if you make the Tincture of Red-roses
+very high, and without Diluting it with fair Water, pour on the Spirit of
+Urine, you may have a Blew so deep, as to make the Liquor Opacous, but
+being dropt upon White Paper the Colour will soon disclose it self. Also
+having made the Red, and consequently the Blew Tincture very Transparent,
+and suffer'd it to rest in a small open Vial for a Day or two, we found
+according to our Conjecture, that not only the Blew but the Red Colour also
+was Vanish'd; the clear Liquor being of a bright Amber Colour, at the
+bottom of which subsided a Light, but Copious feculency of almost the same
+Colour, which seems to be nothing but the Tincted parts of the Rose Leaves
+drawn out by the Acid Spirits of the Oyl of Vitriol, and Precipitated by
+the Volatile Salt of the Spirit of Urine, which makes it the more probable,
+that the Redness drawn by the Oyl of Vitriol, was at least as well an
+extraction of the Tinging parts of the Roses, as a production of Redness;
+and lastly, if you be destitute of Spirit of Urine, you may change the
+Colour of the Tincture of Roses with many other Sulphureous Salts, as a
+strong Solution of Pot-ashes, Oyl of Tartar, &c. which yet are seldome so
+free from Feculency, as the Spirituous parts of Urine becomes by repeated
+Distillation.
+
+_Annotation_.
+
+On this, occasion, I call to mind, that I found, a way of producing, though
+not the same kind of Blew, as I have been mentioning, yet a Colour near of
+Kin to it, namely, a fair Purple, by imploying a Liquor not made Red by
+Art, instead of the Tincture of Red-roses, made with an Acid Spirit; And my
+way was only to take Log-wood, (a Wood very well known to Dyers) having by
+Infusion the Powder of it a while in fair Water made that Liquor Red, I
+dropt into it a _Tantillum_ of an Urinous Spirit, as that of Sal-Armoniack,
+(and I have done the same thing with an _Alcali_) by which the Colour was
+in a moment turn'd into a Rich, and lovely Purple. But care must be had,
+that you let not fall into a Spoonfull above two or three Drops, lest the
+Colour become so deep, as to make the Liquor too Opacous. And (to answer
+the other part of _Gassendus_ his Experiment) if instead of fair Water, I
+infus'd the Log-wood in Water made somewhat sowr by the Acid Spirit of
+Salt, I should obtain neither a Purple Liquor, nor a Red, but only a Yellow
+one.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XL._
+
+The Experiment I am now to mention to you, _Pyrophilus_, is that which both
+you, and all the other _Virtuosi_ that have seen it, have been pleas'd to
+think very strange; and indeed of all the Experiments of Colours, I have
+yet met with, it seems to be the fittest to recommend the Doctrine propos'd
+in this Treatise, and to shew that we need not suppose, that all Colours
+must necessarily be Inherent Qualities, flowing from the Substantial Forms
+of the Bodies they are said to belong to, since by a bare Mechanical change
+of Texture in the Minute parts of Bodies; two Colours may in a moment be
+Generated quite _De novo,_ and utterly Destroy'd. For there is this
+difference betwixt the following Experiment, and most of the others
+deliver'd in these Papers, that in this, the Colour that a Body already
+had, is not chang'd into another, but betwixt two Bodies, each of them
+apart devoid of Colour, there is in a moment generated a very deep Colour,
+and which if it were let alone, would be permanent; and yet by a very small
+Parcel of a third Body, that has no Colour of its own, (lest some may
+pretend I know not what Antipathy betwixt Colours) this otherwise permanent
+Colour will be in another trice so quite Destroy'd, that there will remain
+no foot-stepts either of it or of any other Colour in the whole Mixture.
+
+The Experiment is very easie, and it is thus perform'd: Take good common
+Sublimate, and fully satiate with it what quantity of Water you please,
+Filtre the Solution carefully through clean and close Paper, that it may
+drop down as Clear and Colourless as Fountain water. Then when you'l shew
+the Experiment, put of it about a Spoonfull into a small Wine-glass, or any
+other convenient Vessel made of clear Glass, and droping in three or four
+drops of good Oyl of Tartar, _per Deliquium_; well Filtred that it may
+likewise be without Colour, these two Limpid Liquors will in the twinkling
+of an Eye turn into an Opacous mixture of a deep Orange Colour, which by
+keeping the Glass continually shaking in your hand, you must preserve from
+setling too soon to the Bottom; And when the Spectators have a little
+beheld this first Change, then you must presently drop in about four or
+five drops of Oyl of Vitriol, and continuing to shake the Glass pretty
+strongly, that it may the Nimbler diffuse it self, the whole Colour, if you
+have gone Skilfully to work, will immediately disappear, and all the Liquor
+in the Glass will be Clear and Colourless as before, without so much as a
+Sediment at the Bottom. But for the more gracefull Trial of this
+Experiment, 'twill not be amiss to observe, First, That there should not be
+taken too much of the Solution of Sublimate, nor too much of the Oyl of
+Tartar drop'd in, to avoid the necessity of putting in so much Oyl of
+Vitriol as may make an Ebullition, and perhaps run over the Glass.
+Secondly, That 'tis convenient to keep the Glass always a little shaking,
+both for the better mixing of the Liquors, and to keep the Yellow Substance
+from Subsiding, which else it would in a short time do, though when 'tis
+subsided it will retain its Colour, and also be capable of being depriv'd
+of it by the Oyl newly mention'd. Thirdly, That if any Yellow matter stick
+at the sides of the Glass, 'tis but inclining the Glass, till the clarify'd
+Liquor can wash alongst it, and the Liquor will presently imbibe it, and
+deprive it of its Colour.
+
+Many have somewhat wondred, how I came to light upon this Experiment, but
+the Notions or Conjectures I have about the differing Natures of the
+Several Tribes of Salts, having led me to devise the Experiment, it will
+not be difficult for me to give you the Chymical Reason, if I may so speak,
+of the _Phænomenon_. Having then observ'd, that _Mercury_ being dissolv'd
+in Some _Menstruums_, would yield a dark Yellow Precipitate, and supposing
+that, as to this, common Water, and the Salts that stick to the _Mercury_
+would be equivalent to those Acid _Menstruums_, which work upon the
+_Quick-silver_, upon the account of their Saline particles, I substituted a
+Solution of Sublimate in fair Water, instead of a Solution of _Mercury_ in
+_Aqua-fortis_, or Spirit of _Nitre_, that simple Solution being both
+clearer and free from that very offensive Smell, which accompanies the
+Solutions of _Mercury_ made with those other corrosive Liquors; then I
+consider'd, that That, which makes the Yellow Colour, is indeed but a
+Precipitate made by the means of the Oyl of Tartar, which we drop in, and
+which, as _Chymists_ know, does generally precipitate Metalline Bodies
+corroded by Acid Salts; so that the Colour in our case results from the
+Coalition of the Mercurial particles with the Saline ones, wherewith they
+were formerly associated, and with the Alcalizate particles of the Salt of
+Tartar that swim up and down in the Oyl. Wherefore considering also, that
+very many of the effects of Lixiviate Liquors, upon the Solutions of other
+Bodies, may be destroy'd by Acid _Menstruums_, as I elsewhere more
+particularly declare, I concluded, that if I chose a very potently Acid
+Liquor, which by its Incisive power might undo the work of the Oyl of
+Tartar, and disperse again those Particles, which the other had by
+Precipitation associated, into such minute Corpuscles as were before singly
+Inconspicuous, they would become Inconspicuous again, and consequently
+leave the Liquor as Colourless as before the Precipitation was made.
+
+This, as I said, _Pyrophilus_, seems to be the Chymical reason of this
+Experiment, that is such a reason, as, supposing the truth of those
+Chymical Notions I have elsewhere I hope evinc'd, may give such an account
+of the _Phænomena_ as Chymical Notions can supply us with; but I both here
+and elsewhere make use of this way of speaking, to intimate that I am
+sufficiently aware of the difference betwixt a Chymical Explication of a
+_Phænomenon_, and one that is truly Philosophical or Mechanical; as in our
+present case, I tell you something, when I tell you that the Yellowness of
+the Mercurial Solution and the Oyl of Tartar is produc'd by the
+Precipitation occasion'd by the affusion of the latter of those Liquors,
+and that the destruction of the Colour proceeds from the Dissipation of
+that Curdl'd matter, whose Texture is destroy'd, and which is dissolv'd
+into Minute and Invisible particles by the potently Acid _Menstruum_, which
+is the reason, why there remains no Sediment in the Bottom, because the
+infused Oyl takes it up, and resolves it into hidden or invisible Parts, as
+Water does Salt or Sugar. But when I have told you all this, I am far from
+thinking I have told all that such an Inquisitive Person as your self would
+know, for I presume you would desire as well as I to learn (at least) why
+the Particles of the _Mercury_, of the Tartar, and of the Acid Salts
+convening together, should make rather an Orange Colour than a Red, or a
+Blew, or a Green, for 'tis not enough to say what I related a little
+before, that divers Mercurial Solutions, though otherwise made, would yield
+a Yellow precipitate, because the Question will recurr concerning them; and
+to give it a satisfactory answer, is, I freely acknowledge, more than I
+dare as yet pretend to.
+
+But to confirm my conjecture about the Chymical reason of our Experiment, I
+may add, that as I have (_viz._ pag. 34th. of this Treatise) elsewhere (on
+another occasion) told you, with Saline Liquors of another kind and nature
+than Salt of Tartar, (namely, with Spirit of Urine, and Liquors of kin to
+that) I can make the _Mercury_ precipitate out of the first simple Solution
+quite of another Colour than that hitherto mention'd; Nay, if instead of
+altering the Precipitating liquor, I alter'd the Texture of the Sublimate
+in such a way as my Notions about Salt requir'd, I could produce the same
+_Phænomenon_. For having purposely Sublim'd together Equal parts (or
+thereabout) of Sal-Armoniack and Sublimate, first diligently Mix'd, the
+ascending Flowers being diffolv'd in fair Water, and Filtred, gave a
+Solution Limpid and Colourless, like that of the other Sublimates, and yet
+an _Akaly_ drop'd into this Liquor did not turn it Yellow but White. And
+upon the same Grounds we may with _Quick-silver_, without the help of
+common Sublimate, prepare another sort of Flowers dissoluble in Water
+without Discolouring it, with which I could likewise do what I newly
+mention'd; to which I shall add, (what possibly you'l somewhat wonder at)
+That so much does the Colour depend upon the Texture resulting from the
+Convention of the several sorts of Corpuscles, that though in out
+Experiment, Oyl of Vitriol destroys the Yellow Colour, yet with
+_Quick-silver_ and fair Water, by the help of Oyl of Vitriol alone, we may
+easily make a kind of Precipitate of a fair and permanent Yellow, as you
+will e're long (in the forty second Expement of this third Part) be taught.
+And I may further add, that I chose Oyl of Vitriol, not so much for any
+other or peculiar Quality, as for its being, when 'tis well rectify'd,
+(which 'tis somewhat hazardous to bring it to be) not only devoid of Colour
+and in Smells, but extremely Strong and Incisive; For though common and
+undephlegmated _Aqua-fortis_ will not perform the same thing well, yet that
+which is made exceeding Strong by being carefully Dephlegm'd, will do it
+pretty well, though not so well as Oyl of Vitriol which is so Strong, that
+even without Rectification it may for a need be made use of. I will not
+here tell you what I have try'd, that I may be able to deprive at pleasure
+the Precipitate that one of the Sulphureous Liquors had made, by the
+copious Affusion of the other: Because I found, though this Experiment is
+too ticklish to let me give a full account of it in few words, I shall
+therefore tell you, that it is not only for once, that the other
+above-mention'd Experiment may be made, the same Numerical parcels of
+Liquor being still imploy'd in it; for after I have Clarify'd the Orange
+Colour'd Liquor, by the addition of as little of the Oyl of Viriol as will
+suffice to perform the effect, I can again at pleasure re-produce the
+Opacous Colour, by the dropping in of fresh Oyl of Tartar, and destroy it
+again by the Re-affusion of more of the Acid _Menstruum_; and yet oftner if
+I please, can I with these two contrariant Liquors recall and disperse the
+Colour, though by reason of the addition of so much new Liquor, in
+reference to the Mercurial particles, the Colour will at length appear more
+dilute and faint.
+
+_An improvement of the fortieth Experiment_.
+
+And, _Pyrophilus_, to confirm yet further the Notions that led me to think
+on the propos'd Experiment, I shall acquaint you with another, which when I
+had conveniency I have sometimes added to it, and which has to the
+Spectators appear'd little less Odd than the first; And though because the
+Liquor, requisite to make the Trial succeed well, must be on purpose
+prepar'd anew a while before, because it will not long retain its fitness
+for this work, I do but seldome annex this Experiment to the other, yet I
+shall tell you how I devis'd it, and how I make it. If you boyl Crude
+Antimony in a strong and clear _Lixivium_, you shall separate a Substance
+from it, which some Modern _Chymists_ are pleas'd to call its Sulphur, but
+how deservedly I shall not here examine, having elsewhere done it in an
+Opportune place; wherefore I shall now but need to take notice, that when
+this suppos'd Sulphur (not now to call it rather a kind of _Crocus_) is let
+fall by the Liquor upon its Refrigeration, it often settles in Flakes, or
+such like parcels of a Yellow Substance, (which being by the precedent
+dissolution reduc'd into Minute parts, may peradventure be made to take
+Fire much more easily than the Grosser Powder of unprepar'd Antimony would
+have done.) Considering therefore, that common Sulphur boyl'd in a
+_Lixivium_ may be Precipitated out of it by Rhenish-wine or White-wine,
+which are Sowrish Liquors, and have in them, as I elsewhere shew, an Acid
+Salt; and having found also by Trial, that with other Acid Liquors I could
+Precipitate out of Lixiviate Solvents some other Mineral concretions
+abounding with Sulphureous parts, of which sort is crude Antimony, I
+concluded it to be easie to Precipitate the Antimony dissolv'd, as was
+lately mention'd, with the Acid Oyl of Vitriol; and though common Sulphur
+yields a White Precipitate, which the _Chymists_ call _Lac Sulphuris_, yet
+I suppos'd the Precipitated Antimony would be of a deep Yellow Colour, as
+well, if made with Oyl of Vitriol, as if made only by Refrigeration and
+length of Time. From this 'twas easie to deduce this Experiment, that if
+you put into one Glass some of the freshly Impregnated and Filtrated
+Solution of Antimony, and into another some of the Orange-Colour'd Mixture,
+(which I formerly shew'd you how to make with a Mercurial Solution and Oyl
+of Tartar) a few drops of Oyl of Vitriol dropp'd into the last mention'd
+Glass, would, as I told you before, turn the Deep Yellow mixture into a
+Cleer Liquor; whereas a little of the same Oyl dropp'd out of the same Viol
+into the other Glass would presently (but not without some ill sent) turn
+the moderately cleer Solution into a Deep Yellow Substance, But this, as I
+Said, succeeds not well, unless you employ a _Lixivium_ that has but newly
+dissolv'd Antimony, and has not yet let it fall. But yet in Summer time, if
+your _Lixivium_ have been duly Impregnated and well Filtred after it is
+quite cold, it will for some dayes (perhaps much longer than I had occasion
+to try) retain Antimony enough to exhibit, upon the Affusion of the
+Corrosive Oyl, as much of a good Yellow Substance as is necessary to
+satisfie the Beholders of the Possibility of the Experiment.
+
+_Reflections upon the XL. Experiment Compared with the X. and XX._
+
+The Knowledge of the Distinction of Salts which we have propos'd, whereby
+they are discriminated into _Acid, Volatile,_ or _Salfuginous_ (if I may
+for Distinction sake so call the Fugitive Salts of Animal Substances) and
+_fix'd_ or _Alcalizate_, may possibly (by that little part which we have
+already deliver'd, of what we could say of its Applicableness) appear of so
+much Use in Natural Philosophy (especially in the Practick part of it) that
+I doubt not but it will be no Unwelcome Corollary of the Preceding
+Experiment, if by the help of it I teach you to distinguish, which of those
+Salts is Predominant in Chymical Liquors, as well as whether any of them be
+so or not. For though in our Notes upon the X. and XX. Experiments I have
+shown you a way by means of the Tincture of _Lignum Nephriticum_, or of
+Syrrup of Violets, to discover whether a propounded Salt be Acid or not,
+yet you can thereby only find in general that such and such Salts belong
+not to the Tribe of Acids, but cannot determine whether they belong to the
+Tribe of Urinous Salts (under which for distinction sake I comprehend all
+those Volatile Salts of Animal or other Substances that are contrary to
+Acids) or to that of Alcalies. For as well the one as the other of these
+Salino-Sulphurous Salts will restore the Cæruleous Colour to the Tincture
+of _Lignum Nephriticum_, and turn that of Syrrup of Violets into Green.
+Wherefore this XL. Experiment does opportunely supply the deficiency of
+those. For being sollicitous to find out some ready wayes of discriminating
+the Tribes of Chymical Salts, I found that all those I thought fit to make
+Tryal of, would, if they were of a Lixiviate Nature, make with Sublimate
+dissolv'd in Fair Water an _Orange Tawny_ Precipitate; whereas if they were
+of an Urinous Nature the Precipitate would be _White_ and Milky. So that
+having alwayes by me some Syrrup of Violets and some Solution of Sublimate,
+I can by the help of the first of those Liquors discover in a trice,
+whether the propounded Salt or Saline Body be of an Acid Nature or no, if
+it be I need (you know) inquire no further; but if it be not, I can very
+easily, and as readily distinguish between the other two kinds of Salts, by
+the White or Orange-Colour that is immediately produc'd, by letting fall a
+few Drops or Grains of the Salt to be examin'd, into a spoonfull of the
+cleer Solution of Sublimate. For Example, it has been suppos'd by some
+eminently Learned, That when Sal Armoniack being mingled with an Alcaly is
+forc'd from it by the Fire in close Vessels, the Volatile Salt that will
+thereby be obtain'd (if the Operation be skilfully perform'd,) is but a
+more fine and subtile sort of Sal Armoniack, which, 'tis presum'd, this
+Operation do's but more exquisitely purifie, than common Solutions,
+Filtrations, and Coagulations. But this Opinion may be easily shown to be
+Erroneous, as by other Arguments, so particularly by the lately deliver'd
+Method of distinguishing the Tribes of Salts. For the Saline Spirit of Sal
+Armoniack, as it is in many other manifest Qualities very like the Spirit
+of Urine, so like, that it will in a trice make Syrrup of Violets of a
+Lovely Green, turn a Solution of good Verdigrease into an Excellent Azure,
+and make the Solution of a Sublimate yield a White Precipitate, insomuch
+that in most (for I say not all of the Experiments) where I Aim onely at
+producing a sudden change of Colour, I scruple not to use Spirit of Sal
+Armoniack when it is at hand, instead of Spirit of Urine, as indeed it
+seems chiefly to consist (besides the flegm that helps to make it fluid) of
+the Volatile Urinous Salt (yet not excluding that of Soot) that abounds in
+the Sal Armoniack and is set at liberty from the Sea Salt wherewith it was
+formerly associated, and clogg'd, by the Operation of the Alcaly, that
+divides the Ingredients of Sal Armoniack, and retains that Sea Salt with it
+self. What use may be made of the like way of exploration in that inquiry
+which puzzles so many Modern Naturalists, whether the Rich Pigment (which
+we have often had occasion to mention) belongs to the Vegetable or Animal
+Kingdome, you may find in another place where I give you some account of
+what I try'd about Cocheneel. But I think it needless to exemplifie here
+our Method by any other Instances, many such being to be met with in divers
+parts of this Treatise; but I will rather advertise you, that, by this way
+of examining Chymical Liquors, you may not onely in most Cases conclude
+_Affirmatively_, but in some Cases _Negatively_. As since Spirit of Wine,
+and as far as I have try'd, those Chymical Oyles which Artists call
+Essential, did not (when I us'd them as I had us'd the several Families of
+Salts upon that Syrrup) turn Syrrup of Violets Red or Green, nor the
+Solution of Sublimate White or Yellow, I inferr'd it may thence be probably
+argued, that either they are destitute of Salt, or have such as belongs not
+to either of the three Grand families already often mention'd. When I went
+to examine the Spirit of Oak or of such like Concretes forced over through
+a Retort, I found by this means amongst others, that (as I elsewhere show)
+these Chymists are much mistaken in it, that account it a simple Liquor,
+and one of their Hypostatical Principles: for not to mention what flegm it
+may have, I found that with a few drops of one of this sort of Spirits
+mix'd with a good proportion of Syrrup of Violets, I could change the
+Colour and make it Purplish, by the affinity of which Colour to Redness, I
+conjectur'd that this Spirit had some Acid Corpuscles in it, and
+accordingly I found that as it would destroy the Blewness of a Tincture of
+_Lignum Nephriticum_, so being put upon Corals it would Corrode them, as
+common Spirit of Vinegar, and other Acid Liquors are wont to do. And
+farther to examine whether there were not a great part of the Liquor that
+was not of an Acid nature, having separated the Sour or Vinegar-like part
+from the rest, which (if I mistake not) is far the more Copious, we
+concluded as we had conjectured, the other or remaining part, though it had
+a strong taste as well as smell, to be of a nature differing from that of
+either of the three sorts of Salts above mention'd, since it did as little
+as Spirit of Wine, and Chymical Oyls, alter the Colour either of Syrrup of
+Violets or Solution of Sublimate, whence we also inferr'd that the change
+that had been made of that Syrrup into a Purple Colour, was effected by the
+Vinegar, that was one of the two Ingredients of the Liquor, which was wont
+to pass for a Simple or Uncompounded Spirit. And, upon this account, 'twas
+of the Spirit of Oak (and the like Concretes) freed from it's Vinegar that
+I elsewhere told you, that I had not then observ'd it, (and I have repeated
+the Tryal but very lately) to destroy the Cæruleous Tincture of _Lignum
+Nephriticum_. But this onely, _en passant_; for the Chief thing I had to
+add was this, That by the same way may be examin'd and discover'd, divers
+changes that are produc'd in Bodies either by Nature only, or by Art;
+either of them being able by changing the Texture of some Concretes I could
+name, to qualifie them to Operate after a New manner upon the above
+mention'd Syrrup, or Solution, or both. And by this means, to tell you that
+upon the by, I have been able to discover, that there may be made Bodies,
+which though they run _per Deliquium_, as readily as Salt of Tartar, belong
+in other respects, not to the family of Alcaliz, much less to that of
+Salfuginous, or that of Acid Salts. Perhaps too, I may know a way of making
+a highly operative Saline Body that shall neither change the Colour of
+Syrrup of Violets, nor Precipitate the Solution of Sublimate; And, I can
+likewise if I please conceal by what Liquors I perform such changes of
+Colour, as I have been mentioning to you, by quite altering the Texture of
+some ordinary Chymical productions, the Exploration of which is the main
+use of the fortieth Experiment, which I think teaches not a little, if it
+teach us to discover the nature of those things (in reference to Salt) that
+are obtain'd by the ordinary Chymical Analysis of mix'd Bodyes, though
+perhaps there may be other Bodyes prepar'd by Chymistry which may have the
+same Effects in the change of Colours; and yet be produc'd not from what
+Chymists call the Resolution of Bodies, but from their Composition. But the
+discoursing of things of this nature is more proper for another place. I
+shall now onely add, what might perhaps have been more seasonably told you
+before; That the Reason why the way of Exploration of Salts hitherto
+deliver'd, succeeds in the Solution of Sublimate, depends upon the
+particular Texture of that Solution, as well as upon the differing Natures
+of the Saline Liquors imploy'd to Precipitate it. For Gold dissolv'd in
+_Aqua Regia_, whether you Precipitate it with Oyl of Tartar which is an
+Alcaly, or with Spirit of Urine, or Sal Armoniack which belongs to the
+family of Volatile Salts, will either way afford a Yellow substance: though
+with such an Acid Liquor, as, I say not Spirit of Salt, the Body that
+yields it, being upon the matter an Ingredient of _Aqua Regis_, but Oyl of
+Vitriol it self, I did not find that I could Precipitate the Metall out of
+the Solution, or destroy the Colour of it, though the same Oyl of Vitriol
+would readily Precipitate Silver dissolv'd in _Aqua-fortis_. And if you
+dissolve pure Silver in _Aqua-fortis_, and suffer it to shoot into
+Crystals, the cleer Solution of these made in fair Water, will afford a
+very White Precipitate, whether it be made with an Alcaly, or an Acid
+Spirit, as that of Salt, whereas, which may seem somewhat strange, with
+Spirit of Sal Armoniack (that I us'd was made of Quicklime) I could obtain
+no such White Precipitate; that Volatile Spirit, nor (as I remember) that
+of Urine, scarce doing any more than striking down a very small quantity of
+Matter, which was neither White nor Whitish, so that the remaining Liquor
+being suffer'd to evaporate till the superfluous Moisture was gone, the
+greatest part of the Metalline Corpuscles with the Saline ones that had
+imbib'd them, concoagulated into Salt, as is usual in such Solutions,
+wherein the Metall has not been Precipitated.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XLI._
+
+Of Kin to the last or fortieth Experiment is another which I remember I
+have sometimes shewn to _Virtuosi_ that were pleas'd not to dislike it. I
+took Spirit of Urine made by Fermentation, and with a due proportion of
+Copper brought into small parts, I obtain'd a very lovely Azure Solution,
+and when I saw the Colour was such as was requisite, pouring into a clean
+Glass, about a spoonfull of this tincted Liquor, (of which I us'd to keep a
+Quantity by me,) I could by shaking into it some drops of Strong Oyl of
+Vitriol, deprive it in a trice of its Deep Colour, and make it look like
+Common-water.
+
+_Annotation_.
+
+This Experiment brings into my mind this other, which oftentimes succceds
+well enough, though not quite so well as the former; Namely, that if into
+about a small spoonfull of a Solution of good French Verdigrease made in
+fair Water, I drop't and shak'd some strong Spirit of Salt, or rather
+deflegm'd _Aqua Fortis_, the Greenness of the Solution would be made in a
+trice almost totally to disappear, & the Liquor held against the Light
+would scarce seeme other than Cleer or Limpid, to any but an Attentive Eye,
+which is therefore remarkable; because we know that _Aqua-fortis_ corroding
+Copper, which is it that gives the Colour to Verdigrease, is wont to reduce
+it to a Green Blew Solution. But if into the other altogether or almost
+Colourless Liquor I was speaking of, you drop a just quantity either of Oyl
+of Tartar or Spirit of Urine, you shall find that after the Ebullition is
+ceas'd, the mixture will disclose a lively Colour, though somewhat
+differing from that which the Solution of Verdigrease had at first.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XLII._
+
+That the Colour (_Pyrophilus_) of a Body may be chang'd by a Liquor which
+of it self is of no Colour, provided it be Saline, we have already
+manifested by a multitude of instances. Nor doth it seem so strange,
+because Saline Particles swimming up and down in Liquors, have been by many
+observ'd to be very operative in the Production and change of Colours. But
+divers of our Friends that are not acquainted with Chymical Operations have
+thought it very strange that a White Body, and a Dry one too, should
+immediately acquire a rich new Colour upon the bare affusion of
+Spring-Water destitute as well of adventitious Salt as of Tincture. And yet
+(_Pyrophilus_) the way of producing such a change of Colours may be easily
+enough lighted on by those that are conversant in the Solutions of Mercury.
+For we have try'd, that though by Evaporating a Solution of Quick-Silver in
+_Aqua-fortis_, and abstracting the Liquor till the remaining matter began
+to be well, but not too strongly dryed, fair Water pour'd on the remaining
+_Calx_ made it but somewhat Yellowish; yet when we took good Quick-Silver,
+and three or four times its weight of Oyl of Vitriol, in case we in a Glass
+Retort plac'd in Sand drew off the Saline _Menstruum_ from the Metalline
+Liquor, till there remain'd a dry _Calx_ at the bottome, though this
+Precipitate were a Snow White Body, yet upon pouring on it a large quantity
+of fair Water, we did almost in a moment perceive it to pass from a Milky
+Colour to one of the loveliest Light Yellows that ever we had beheld. Nor
+is the Turbith Mineral, that Chymists extol for its power to Salivate, and
+for other vertues, of a Colour much inferiour to this, though it be often
+made with a differing proportion of the Ingredients, a more troublesome
+way. For _Beguinus_,[22] who calls it _Mercurius præcipitatus optimus_,
+takes to one part of Quick-Silver, but two of Liquor, and that is Rectifi'd
+Oyl of Sulphur, which is (in _England_ at least) far more scarce and dear
+than Oyl of Vitriol; he also requires a previous Digestion, two or three
+Cohobations, and frequent Ablutions with hot Distill'd Water, with other
+prescriptions, which though they may conduce to the Goodness of the
+Medicine, which is that he aims at, are troublesome, and, our Tryals have
+inform'd you unneccessary to the _obtaining the Lemmon Colour_ which he
+regards not. But though we have very rarely seen either in Painters Shops,
+or elsewhere a finer Yellow than that which we have divers times this way
+produc'd (which is the more considerable, because durable and pleasant
+Yellows are very hard to be met with, as may appear by the great use which
+Painters are for its Colours sake fain to make of that pernicious and heavy
+Mineral, Orpiment) yet I fear our Yellow is too costly, to be like to be
+imploy'd by Painters, unless about Choice pieces of Work, nor do I know how
+well it will agree with every Pigment, especially, wich Oyl'd Colours. And
+whether this Experiment, though it have seem'd somewhat strange to most we
+have shown it to, be really of another Nature than those wherein Saline
+Liquors are imploy'd, may, as we formerly also hinted, be so plausibly
+doubted, that whether the Water pour'd on the _Calx_, do barely by imbibing
+some of its Saline parts alter its Colour by altering its Texture, or
+whether by dissolving the Concoagulated Salts, it does become a Saline
+_Menstruum_, and, as such, work upon the Mercury, I freely leave to you
+(_Pyrophilus_) to consider. And that I may give you some Assistance in your
+Enquiry, I will not only tell you, that I have several times with fair
+Water wash'd from this _Calx_, good store of strongly tasted Corpuscles,
+which by the abstraction of the _Menstruum_, I could reduce into Salt; but
+I will also subjoyn an Experiment, which I devis'd, to shew among other
+things, how much a real and permanent Colour may be as it were drawn forth
+by a Liquor that has neither Colour, nor so much as Saline or other Active
+parts, provided it can but bring the parts of the Body it imbibes to
+convene into clusters dispos'd after the manner requisite to the exhibiting
+of the emergent Colour. The Experiment was this.
+
+  [22] _Beguinus_, Tyr. Chy. Lib. 2º. Cap. 13º.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XLIII._
+
+We took good common Vitriol, and having beaten it to Powder, and put it
+into a Crucible, we kept it melted in a gentle heat, till by the
+Evaporation of some parts, and the shuffling of the rest, it had quite lost
+its former Colour, what remain'd we took out, and found it to be a friable
+_Calx_, of a dirty Gray. On this we pour'd fair Water, which it did not
+Colour Green or Blew, but only seem'd to make a muddy mixture with it, then
+stopping the Vial wherein the Ingredients were put, we let it stand in a
+quiet place for some dayes, and after many hours the water having dissolv'd
+a good part of the imperfectly calcin'd Body, the Vitriolate Corpuscles
+swiming to and fro in the Liquor, had time by their opportune Occursions to
+constitute many little Masses of Vitriol, which gave the water they
+impregnated a fair Vitriolate Colour; and this Liquor being pour'd off, the
+remaining dirty Powder did in process of time communicate the like Colour,
+but not so deep, to a second parcel of cleer Water that we pour'd on it.
+But this Experiment _Pyrophilus_ is, (to give you that hint by the way) of
+too Luciferous a Nature to be fit to be fully prosecuted, now that I am in
+haste, and willing to dispatch what remains. And we have already said of
+it, as much as is requisite to our present purpose.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XLIV._
+
+It may (_Pyrophilus_) somewhat contribute towards the shewing how much some
+Colours depend upon the less or greater mixture, and (as it were,)
+Contemperation of the Light with shades, to observe, how that sometimes the
+number of Particles, of the same Colour, receiv'd into the Pores of a
+Liquor, or swiming up and down in it, do seem much to vary the Colour of
+it. I could here present you with particular instances to show, how in many
+(if not most) consistent Bodyes, if the Colour be not a Light one, as
+White, Yellow, or the like, the closeness of parts in the Pigments makes it
+look Blackish, though when it is display'd and laid on thinly, it will
+perhaps appear to be either Blew, or Green, or Red. But the Colours of
+consistent Pigments, not being those which the Preamble of this Experiment
+has lead you to expect Examples in, I shall take the instances I am now to
+give you, rather from Liquors than Dry Bodyes. If then you put a little
+fair Water into a cleer and slender Vial, (or rather into one of those
+pipes of Glass, which we shall by and by mention;) and let fall into it a
+few drops of a strong Decoction or Infusion of _Cochineel_, or (for want of
+that) of _Brazil_; you may see the tincted drops descend like little Clouds
+into the Liquor; through which, if, by shaking the Vial, you diffuse them,
+they will turn the water either of a Pinck Colour, or like that which is
+wont to be made by the washing of raw flesh in fair Water; by dropping a
+little more of the Decoction, you may heighten the Colour into a fine Red,
+almost like that which ennobles Rubies; by continuing the affusion, you may
+bring the Liquor to a kind of a Crimson, and afterwards to a Dark and
+Opacous Redness, somewhat like that of Clotted Blood. And in the passage of
+the Liquor from one of these Colours to the other, you may observe, if you
+consider it attentively, divers other less noted Colours belonging to Red,
+to which it is not easie to give Names; especially considering how much the
+proportion of the Decoction to the fair Water, and the strength of that
+Decoction, together with that of the trajected Light and other
+Circumstances, may vary the Phænomena of this Experiment. For the
+convenienter making whereof, we use instead of a Vial, any slender Pipe of
+Glass of about a foot or more in length, and about the thickness of a mans
+little finger; For, if leaving one end of this Pipe open, you Seal up the
+other Hermetically, (or at least stop it exquisitely with a Cork well
+fitted to it, and over-laid with hard Sealing Wax melted, and rubb'd upon
+it;) you shall have a Glass, wherein may be observ'd the Variations of the
+Colours of Liquors much better than in large Vials, and wherein Experiments
+of this Nature may be well made with very small quantities of Liquor. And
+if you please, you may in this Pipe produce variety of Colours in the
+various parts of the Liquor, and keep them swimming upon one another
+unmix'd for a good while. And some have marveil'd to see, what variety of
+Colours we have sometimes (but I confess rather by chance than skill)
+produc'd in those Glasses, by the bare infusion of Brazil, variously
+diluted with fair Water, and alter'd by the Infusion of several Chymical
+Spirits and other Saline Liquors devoid themselves of Colour, and when the
+whole Liquor is reduc'd to an Uniform degree of Colour, I have taken
+pleasure to make that very Liquor seem to be of Colours gradually
+differing, by filling with it Glasses of a Conical figure, (whether the
+Glass have its basis in the ordinary position, or turn'd upwards.) And yet
+you need not Glasses of an extraordinary shape to see an instance of what
+the vari'd mixture of Light and Shadow can do in the diversifying of the
+Colour. For if you take but a large round Vial, with a somewhat long and
+slender Neck, and filling it with our Red Infusion of Brazil, hold it
+against the Light, you will discern a notable Disparity betwixt the Colour
+of that part of the Liquor which is in the Body of the Vial, and that which
+is more pervious to the Light in the Neck. Nay, I remember, that I once had
+a Glass and a Blew Liquor (consisting chiefly (or only, if my memory
+deceive me not,) of a certain Solution of Verdigrease) so fitted for my
+purpose, that though in other Glasses the Experiment would not succeed, yet
+when that particular Glass was fill'd with that Solution, in the Body of
+the Vial it appear'd of a Lovely Blew, and in the neck, (where the Light
+did more dilute the Colour,) of a manifest Green; and though I suspected
+there might be some latent Yellowness in the substance of the neck of the
+Glass, which might with the Blew compose that Green, yet was I not
+satisfi'd my self with my Conjecture, but the thing seem'd odd to me, as
+well as to divers curious persons to whom it was shown. And I lately had a
+Broad piece of Glass, which being look'd on against the Light seem'd clear
+enough, and held from the Light appear'd very lightly discolour'd, and yet
+it was a piece knock'd off from a great lump of Glass, to which if we
+rejoyn'd it, where it had been broken off, the whole Mass was as green as
+Grass. And I have several times us'd Bottles and stopples that were both
+made (as those, I had them from assur'd me) of the very same Metall, and
+yet whilst the bottle appear'd but inclining towards a Green, the Stopple
+(by reason of its great thickness) was of so deep a Colour that you would
+hardly believe they could possibly be made of the same materials. But to
+satisfie some Ingenious Men, on another occasion, I provided my self of a
+flat Glass (which I yet have by me,) with which if I look against the Light
+with the Broad side obverted to the Eye, it appeares like a good ordinary
+window Glass; but if I turn the Edge of it to my Eye, and place my Eye in a
+convenient posture in reference to the Light, it may contend for deepness
+of Colour with an Emerald. And this Greeness puts me in mind of a certain
+thickish, but not consistent Pigment I have sometimes made, and can show
+you when you please, which being dropp'd on a piece of White Paper appears,
+where any quantity of it is fallen, of a somewhat Crimson Colour, but being
+with ones finger spread thinly on the Paper does presently exhibit a fair
+Green, which seems to proceed only from its disclosing its Colour upon the
+Extenuation of its Depth into Superficies, if the change be not somewhat
+help'd by the Colours degenerating upon one or other of the Accounts
+formerly mention'd. Let me add, that having made divers Tryals with that
+Blew substance, which in Painters shops is call'd _Litmase_, we have
+sometimes taken Pleasure to observe, that being dissolv'd in a due
+proportion of fair Water, the Solution either oppos'd to the Light, or
+dropp'd upon White paper, did appear of a deep Colour betwixt Crimson and
+Purple; and yet that being spread very thin on the Paper and suffer'd to
+dry on there, the Paper was wont to appear Stain'd of a Fine Blew. And to
+satisfie my selfe, that the diversity came not from the Paper, which one
+might suspect capable of inbibing the Liquor, and altering the Colour, I
+made the Tryal upon a flat piece of purely White Glass'd Earth, (which I
+sometimes make use of about Experiments of Colours) with an Event not
+unlike the former.
+
+And now I speak of _Litmass_, I will add, that having this very day taken a
+piece of it, that I had kept by me these several years, to make Tryals
+about Colours, and having let fall a few drops of the strong Infusion of it
+in fair water, into a fine Crystal Glass, shap'd like an inverted Cone, and
+almost full of fair Water, I had now (as formerly) the pleasure to see, and
+to show others, how these few tincted drops variously dispersing themselves
+through the Limpid Water, exhibited divers Colours, or varieties of Purple
+and Crimson. And when the Corpuscles of the Pigment seem'd to have equally
+diffus'd themselves through the whole Liquor, I then by putting two or
+three drops of Spirit of Salt, first made an odd change in the Colour of
+the Liquor, as well as a visible commotion among its small parts, and in a
+short time chang'd it wholly into a very Glorious Yellow, like that of a
+Topaz. After which if I let fall a few drops of the strong and heavy
+Solution of Pot-ashes, whose weight would quickly carry it to the sharp
+bottome of the Glass, there would soon appear four very pleasant and
+distinct Colours; Namely, a Bright, but Dilute Colour at the picked bottome
+of the Glass; a Purple, a little higher; a deep and glorious Crimson,
+(which Crimson seem'd to terminate the operation of the Salt upward) in the
+confines betwixt the Purple and the Yellow; and an Excellent Yellow, the
+same that before enobled the whole Liquor, reaching from thence to the top
+of the Glass. And if I pleas'd to pour very gently a little Spirit of Sal
+Armoniack, upon the upper part of this Yellow, there would also be a Purple
+or a Crimson, or both, generated there, so that the unalter'd part of the
+Yellow Liquor appear'd intercepted betwixt the two Neighbouring Colours.
+
+My scope in this 3d. Experiment (_Pyrophilus_) is manifold, as first to
+invite you to be wary in judging of the Colour of Liquors in such Glasses
+as are therein recommended to you, and consequently as much, if not more,
+when you imploy other Glasses. Secondly, That you may not think it strange,
+that I often content my self to rub upon a piece of White paper, the Juice
+of Bodies I would examine, since not onely I could not easily procure a
+sufficient Quantity of the juices of divers of them; but in several Cases
+the Tryals of the quantities of such Juices in Glasses would make us more
+lyable to mistakes, than the way that in those cases I have made use of.
+Thirdly, I hope you will by these and divers other particulars deliver'd in
+this Treatise, be easily induc'd to think that I may have set down many
+Phænomena very faithfully, and just as they appear'd to me, and yet by
+reason of some unheeded circumstance in the conditions of the matter, and
+in the degree of Light, or the manner of trying the Experiment, you may
+find some things to vary from the Relations I make of them. Lastly, I
+design'd to give you an opportunity to free your self from the amazement
+which possesses most Men, at the Tricks of those Mountebancks that are
+commonly call'd Water-drinkers. For though not only the vulgar, but ev'n
+many persons that are far above that Rank, have so much admir'd to see, a
+man after having drunk a great deal of fair water, to spurt it out again in
+the form of Claret Wine, Sack, and Milk, that they have suspected the
+intervening of Magick, or some forbidden means to effect what they
+conceived above the power of Art; yet having once by chance had occasion to
+oblige a Wanderer that made profession of that and other Jugling Tricks, I
+was easily confirm'd by his Ingenious confession to me, That this so much
+Admir'd Art, indeed consisted rather in a few Tricks, than in any great
+Skill, in altering the Nature and Colours of things. And I am easy to be
+perswaded; that there may be a great deal of Truth in a little Pamphlet
+Printed divers years ago in English, wherein the Author undertakes to
+discover, and that (if I mistake not) by the confession of some of the
+Complices themselves, That a famous Water-drinker then much Admir'd in
+_England_, perform'd his pretended Transmutations of Liquors by the help of
+two or three inconsiderable preparations and mixtures of not unobvious
+Liquors, and chiefly of an Infusion of Brazil variously diluted and made
+Pale or Yellowish, (and otherwise alter'd) with Vinegar, the rest of their
+work being perform'd by the shape of the Glasses, by Craft and Legerdemane.
+And for my part, that which I marvel at in this business, is, the Drinkers
+being able to take down so much Water, and spout it out with that violence;
+though Custome and a Vomit seasonably taken before hand, may in some of
+them much facilitate the work. But as for the changes made in the Liquors,
+they were but few and slight in comparison of those, that the being
+conversant in Chymical Experiments, and dextrous in applying them to the
+Transmuting of Colours, may easily enough enable a man to make, as ev'n
+what has been newly deliver'd in this, and the foregoing Experiment;
+especially if we add to it the things contained in the XX, the XXXIX and
+the XL. Experiments, may perhaps have already perswaded You.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XLV._
+
+You may I presume (_Pyrophilus_) have taken notice, that in this whole
+Treatise, I purposely decline (as far as I well can) the mentioning of
+Elaborate Chymical Experiments, for fear of frighting you by their
+tediousness and difficulty; but yet in confirmation of what I have been
+newly telling you about the possibility of Varying the Colours of Liquors,
+better than the Water-drinkers are wont to do, I shall add, that _Helmont_
+used to make a preparation of Steel, which a very Ingenious Chymist, his
+Sons Friend, whom you know, sometimes employes for a succedaneum to the
+Spaw-waters, by Diluting this _Essentia Martis Liquida_ (as he calls it)
+with a due proportion of Water. Now that for which I mention to you this
+preparation, (which as he communicated to me, I know he will not refuse to
+_Pyrophilus_) is this, that though the Liquor (as I can shew you when you
+please) be almost of the Colour of a German (not an Oriental) Amethyst, and
+consequently remote enough from Green, yet a very few drops being let fall
+into a Large proportion of good Rhenish, or (in want of that) White Wine
+(which yet do's not quite so well) immediately turn'd the Liquor into a
+lovely Green, as I have not without delight shown several curious Persons.
+By which _Phænomenon_ you may learn, among other things, how requisite it
+is in Experiments about the changes of Colours heedfully to mind the
+Circumstances of them; for Water will not, as I have purposely try'd,
+concurr to the production of any such Green, nor did it give that Colour to
+moderate Spirit of Wine, wherein I purposely dissolv'd it, and Wine it self
+is a Liquor that few would suspect of being able to work suddenly any such
+change in a Metalline preparation of this Nature; and to satisfie my self
+that this new Colour proceeds rather from the peculiar Texture of the Wine,
+than from any greater Acidity, that Rhenish or White-wine (for that may not
+absurdly be suspected) has in comparison of Water; I purposely sharpen'd
+the Solution of this Essence in fair Water, with a good quantity of Spirit
+of Salt, notwithstanding which, the mixture acquir'd no Greenness. And to
+vary the Experiment a little, I try'd, that if into a Glass of Rhenish Wine
+made Green by this Essence, I dropp'd an Alcalizate Solution, or Urinous
+Spirit, the Wine would presently grow Turbid, and of an odd Dirty Colour;
+But if instead of dissolving the Essence in Wine, I dissolv'd it in fair
+Water sharpen'd perhaps with a little Spirit of Salt, then either the
+Urinous Spirit of Sal Armoniack, or the solution of the fix'd Salt of
+Pot-ashes would immediately turn it of a Yellowish Colour, the fix'd or
+Urinous Salt Precipitating the Vitriolate substance contain'd in the
+Essence. But here I must not forget to take notice of a circumstance that
+deserves to be compar'd with some part of the foregoing Experiment, for
+whereas our Essence imparts a Greenness to Wine, but not to Water, the
+Industrious _Olaus Wormius_[23] in his late _Musæum_ tells us of a rare
+kind of Turn-Sole which he calls _Bezetta Rubra_ given him by an Apothecary
+that knew not how it was made, whose lovely Redness would be easily
+communicated to Water, if it were immers'd in it; but scarce to Wine, and
+not at all to Spirit of Wine, in which last circumstance it agrees with
+what I lately told you of our Essence, notwithstanding their disagreement
+in other particulars.
+
+  [23] Libr. 2do Cap. 34.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XLVI._
+
+We have often taken notice, as of a remarkable thing, that Metalls as they
+appear to the Eye, before they come to be farther alter'd by other Bodyes,
+do exhibit Colours very different from those which the Fire and the
+_Menstruum_, either apart, or both together, do produce in them; especially
+considering that these Metalline Bodyes are after all these disguises
+reducible not only to their former Metalline Consistence and other more
+radical properties, but to their Colour too, as if Nature had given divers
+Metalls to each of them a double Colour, an _External_, and an _Internal_;
+But though upon a more attentive Consideration of this difference of
+Colours, it seem'd probable to me, that divers (for I say not all) of those
+Colours which we have just now call'd _Internal_, are rather produc'd by
+the Coalition of Metalline Particles with those of the Salts, or other
+Bodyes employ'd to work on them, than by the bare alteration of the parts
+of the Metalls themselves: and though therefore we may call the obvious
+Colours, Natural or Common, & the others Adventitious, yet because such
+changes of Colours, from whatsoever cause they be resolv'd to proceed may
+be properly enough taken in to illustrate our present Subject, we shall not
+scruple to take notice of some of them, especially because there are among
+them such as are produc'd without the intervention of Saline _Menstruums_.
+Of the Adventitious Colours of Metalline Bodies the Chief sorts seem to be
+these three. The first, such Colours as are produc'd without other
+Additaments by the Action of the fire upon Metalls. The next such as emerge
+from the Coalition of Metalline Particles with those of some _Menstruum_
+imploy'd to Corrode a Metall or Precipitate it; And the last, The Colours
+afforded by Metalline Bodyes either Colliquated with, or otherwise
+Penetrating into, other Bodies, especially fusible ones. But these
+(_Pyrophilus,_) are only as I told you, the _Chief_ sorts of the
+adventitious Colours of Metalls, for there may others belong to them, of
+which I shall hereafter have occasion to take notice of some, and of which
+also there possibly may be others that I never took notice of.
+
+And to begin with the first sort of Colours, 'tis well enough known to
+Chymists, that Tin being Calcin'd by fire alone is wont to afford a White
+_Calx_, and Lead Calcin'd by fire alone affords that most Common Red-Powder
+we call _Minium:_ Copper also Calcin'd _per se_, by a long or violent fire,
+is wont to yield (as far as I have had occasion to take notice of it) a
+very Dark or Blackish Powder; That Iron likewise may by the Action of
+Reverberated flames be turn'd into a Colour almost like that of Saffron,
+may be easily deduc'd from the Preparation of that Powder, which by reason
+of its Colour and of the Metall 'tis made of is by Chymists call'd, _Crocus
+Martis per se_. And that _Mercury_ made by the stress of Fire, may be
+turn'd into a Red Powder, which Chymists call Precipitate _per se_, I
+elsewhere more particularly declare.
+
+_Annotation I._
+
+It is not unworthy the Admonishing you, (_Pyrophilus_,) and it agrees very
+well with our Conjectures about the dependence of the change of a Body's
+Colour upon that of its Texture, that the same Metall may by the successive
+operation of the fire receive divers Adventitious Colours, as is evident in
+Lead, which before it come to so deep a Colour as that of _Minium_, may
+pass through divers others.
+
+_Annotation II_.
+
+Not only the _Calces_, but the Glasses of Metalls, Vitrify'd _per se_, may
+be of Colours differing from the Natural or Obvious Colour of the Metall;
+as I have observ'd in the Glass of Lead, made by long exposing Crude Lead
+to a violent fire, and what I have observ'd about the Glass or Slagg of
+Copper, (of which I can show you some of an odd kind of Texture,) may be
+elsewhere more conveniently related. I have likewise seen a piece of very
+Dark Glass, which an Ingenious Artificer that show'd it me profess'd
+himself to have made of Silver alone by an extreme _Violence_ (which seems
+to be no more than is needfull) of the fire.
+
+_Annotation III_.
+
+Minerals also by the Action of the Fire may be brought to afford Colours
+very differing from their own, as I not long since noted to you about the
+variously Colour'd Flowers of Antimony, to which we may add the Whitish
+Grey-Colour of its _Calx_, and the Yellow or Reddish Colour of the Glass,
+where into that _Calx_ may be flux'd.
+
+And I remember, that I elsewhere told you, that Vitriol Calcin'd with a
+very gentle heat, and afterwards with higher and higher degrees of it, may
+be made to pass through several Colours before it descends to a Dark
+Purplish Colour, whereto a strong fire is wont at length to reduce it. But
+to insist on the Colours produc'd by the Operation of fire upon several
+Minerals would take up farr more time than I have now to spare.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XLVII._
+
+The Adventitious Colours produc'd upon Metalls, or rather with them, by
+Saline Liquors, are many of them so well known to Chymists, that I would
+not here mention them, but that besides a not un-needed Testimony, I can
+add something of my own, to what I shall repeat about them, and divers
+Experiments which are familiar to Chymists, are as yet unknown to the
+greatest part of Ingenious Men.
+
+That Gold dissolv'd in _Aqua Regia_ ennobles the _Menstruum_ with its own
+Colour, is a thing that you cannot (_Pyrophilus_,) but have often seen. The
+Solutions of Mercury in _Aqua-fortis_ are not generally taken notice of, to
+give any notable Tincture to the _Menstruum_; but sometimes when the Liquor
+first falls upon the Quick Silver, I have observ'd a very remarkable,
+though not durable, Greenness, or Blewness to be produc'd, which is a
+_Phænomenon_ not unfit for you to consider, though I have not now the
+leisure to discourse upon it. Tin Corroded by _Aqua-fortis_ till the
+_Menstruum_ will work no farther on it, becomes exceeding White, but as we
+elsewhere note, does very easily of it self acquire the consistence, not of
+a Metalline _Calx_, but of a Coagulated matter, which we have observ'd with
+pleasure to look so like, either to curdled Milk, or curdled Whites of
+Eggs, that a person unacquainted with such Solutions may easily be mistaken
+in it. But when I purposely prepar'd a _Menstruum_ that would dissolve it
+as _Aqua-fortis_ dissolves Silver, and not barely Corrode it, and quickly
+let it fall again, I remember not that I took notice of any particular
+Colour in the Solution, as if the more Whitish Metalls did not much Tinge
+their _Menstruums_, though the conspicuously Colour'd Metalls as Gold, and
+Copper, do. For Lead dissolv'd in Spirit of Vinegar or _Aqua-fortis_ gives
+a Solution cleer enough, and if the _Menstruum_ be abstracted appears
+either Diaphanous or White. Of the Colour of Iron we have elsewhere said
+something: And 'tis worth noting, that though if that Metall be dissolv'd
+in oyl of Vitriol diluted with water, it affords a Salt or Magistery so
+like in colour, as well as some other Qualities, to other green Vitriol,
+that Chymists do not improperly call it _Vitriolum Martis_; yet I have
+purposely try'd, that, by changing the _Menstruum_, and pouring upon the
+filings of Steel, instead of oyl of Vitriol, _Aqua Fortis_, (whereof as I
+remember, I us'd 4 parts to one of the Metall) I obtain'd not a Green, but
+a Saffron Colour Solution; or rather a thick Liquor of a deep but yellowish
+Red. Common Silver, such as is to be met with in Coines, being dissolv'd in
+_Aqua fortis_, yields a Solution tincted like that of Copper, which is not
+to be wondred at, because in the coining of Silver, they are wont (as we
+elsewhere particularly inform you) to give it an Allay of Copper, and that
+which is sold in shops for refined silver, is not (so far as we have tryed)
+so perfectly free from that ignobler Metall, but that a Solution of It in
+_Aqua fortis_, will give a Venereal Tincture to the _Menstruum_. But we
+could not observe upon the solution of some Silver, which was perfectly
+refin'd, (such as some that we have, from which 8 or 10 times its weight of
+Lead has been blown off) that the _Menstruum_ though held against the Light
+in a Crystal Vial did manifestly disclose any Tincture, only it seem'd
+sometimes not to be quite destitute of a little, but very faint
+Blewishness.
+
+But here I must take notice, that of all the Metalls, there is not any
+which doth so easily and constantly disclose its unobvious colour as Copper
+doth. For not only in acid _Menstruums_ as _Aqua Fortis_ and Spirit of
+Vinegar, it gives a Blewish green solution, but if it be almost any way
+corroded, it _appears of one of those_ two colours, as may be observ'd in
+Verdigreese made several wayes, in that odd preparation of _Venus_, which
+we elsewhere teach you to make with Sublimate, and in the common Vitriols
+of _Venus_ deliver'd by Chymists; and so constant is the disposition of
+Copper, notwithstanding the disguise Artists put upon it, to disclose the
+colour we have been mentioning, that we have by forcing it up with _Sal
+Armoniack_ obtain'd a Sublimate of a Blewish Colour. Nay a famous Spagyrist
+affirms, that the very Mercury of it is green, but till he teach us an
+intelligible way of making such a Mercury, we must content ourselves to
+inform you, that we have had a Cupreous Body, that was Præcipitated out of
+a distill'd Liquor, that seem'd to be the the Sulphur of _Venus_, and
+seem'd even when flaming, of a Greenish Colour. And indeed Copper is a
+Metall so easily wrought upon by Liquors of several kinds, that I should
+tell you, I know not any Mineral, that will concurr to the production of
+such a variety of Colours as Copper dissol'd in several _Menstruums_, as
+Spirit of Vinegar, _Aqua fortis_, _Aqua Regis_, Spirit of Nitre, of Urine,
+of Soot, Oyls of several kinds, and I know not how many other Liquors, if
+the variety of somewhat differing colours (that Copper will be made to
+assume, as it is wrought upon by several Liquors) were not comprehended
+within the Limits of Greenish Blew, or Blewish Green.
+
+And yet I must advertise you (_Pyrophilus_) that being desirous to try if I
+could not make with crude Copper a Green Solution without the Blewishness
+that is wont to accompany its Vulgar Solutions, I bethought my self of
+using two _Menstruums_, which I had not known imploy'd to work on this
+Metall, and which I had certain Reasons to make Tryal of, as I successfully
+did. The one of these Liquors (if I much misremember not) was Spirit of
+Sugar distill'd in a Retort, which must be warily done, (if you will avoid
+breaking your glasses) and the other, Oyl or Spirit of Turpentine, which
+affords a fine Green Solution that is useful to me on several occasions.
+And yet to shew that the adventitious colour may result, as well from the
+true and permanent Copper it self, as the Salts wherewith 'tis corroded, I
+shall add, that if you take a piece of good _Dantzick_ Copperis, or any
+other Vitriol wherein _Venus_ is prædominant, and having moistened it in
+your Mouth, or with fair water, rubb it upon a whetted knife, or any other
+bright piece of Steel or Iron, it will (as we have formerly told you)
+present'y stain the Steel with a Reddish colour, like that of Copper, the
+reason of which, we must not now stay to inquire.
+
+_Annotation I._
+
+I presume you may have taken notice (_Pyrophilus_) that I have borrowed
+some of the Instances mention'd in this 47th Experiment, from the
+Laboratories of Chymists, and because in some (though very few) other
+passages of this Essay, I have likewise made use of Experiments mention'd
+also by some Spagyrical Writers, I think it not amiss to represent to you
+on this Occasion once for all, some things besides those which I intimated
+in the præamble of this present Experiment; For besides, that 'tis very
+allowable for a Writer to repeat an Experiment which he invented not, in
+case he improve it; And besides that many Experiments familiar to Chymists
+are unknown to the generality of Learned Men, who either never read
+Chymical processes, or never understood their meaning, or never durst
+believe them; besides these things, I say, I shall represent, That, as to
+the few Experiments I have borrowed from the Chymists, if they be very
+Vulgar, 'twould perhaps be difficult to ascribe each of them its own
+Author, and 'tis more than the generality of Chymists themselves can do:
+and if they be not of very known and familiar practise among them, unless
+the Authors wherein I found them had given me cause to believe, themselves
+had try'd them, I know not why I might not set them down, as a part of the
+_Phænomena_ of Colours which I present you; Many things unanimously enough
+deliver'd as matters of fact by (I know not how many Chymical Writers)
+being not to be rely'd on, upon the single Authority of such Authors: For
+Instance, as some Spagyrists deliver (perhaps amongst several deceitful
+processes) that _Saccarum Saturni_ with Spirit of Turpentine will afford a
+Balsom, so _Beguinus_ and many more tell us, that the same Concrete
+(_Saccarum Saturni_) will yield an incomparably fragrant Spirit, and a
+pretty Quantity of two several Oyles, and yet since many have complain'd,
+as well as I have done, that they could find no such odoriferous, but
+rather an ill-sented Liquor, and scarce any oyl in their Distillation of
+that sweet Vitriol, a wary person would as little build any thing on what
+they say of the former Experiment, as upon what they averr of the later,
+and therefore I scrupled not to mention this Red Balsom of which I have not
+seen any, (but what I made) among my other experiments about redness.
+
+_Annot. II._
+
+We have sometimes had the Curiosity to try what Colours Minerals, as
+Tinglass, Antimony, Spelter, &c. would yield in several _Menstruums_, nor
+have we forborn to try the Colours of stones, of which that famous one,
+(which _Helmont_ calls _Paracelsus's Ludus_) though it be digg'd out of the
+Earth and seem a true stone, has afforded in _Menstruums_ capable to
+dissolve so solid a stone, sometimes a Yellowish, sometimes a Red solution
+of both which I can show you. But though I have from Minerals obtain'd with
+several _Menstruums_ very differing Colours, and some such as perhaps you
+would be surpriz'd to see drawn from such Bodies: yet I must now pass by
+the particulars, being desirous to put an End to this Treatise, before I
+put an end to your Patience and my own.
+
+_Annotation III._
+
+And yet before I pass to the next Experiment, I must put you in mind, that
+the Colours of Metals may in many cases be further alter'd by imploying,
+either præcipitating Salts, or other convenient Substances to act upon
+their Solutions. Of this you may remember, that I have given you several
+Instances already, to which may be added such as these, That if Quicksilver
+be dissolv'd in _Aqua fortis_, and Præcipitated out of the Solution, either
+with water impregnated with Sea salt, or with the spirit of that Concrete,
+it falls to the Bottom in the form of a white powder, whereas if it be
+Præcipitated with an Alcaly, it will afford a Yellowish or tawny powder,
+and if there be no Præcipitation made, and the _Menstruum_ be drawn off
+with a convenient fire, the corroded Mercury will remain in the bottom, in
+the form of a substance that may be made to appear of differing Colours by
+differing degrees of Heat; As I remember that lately having purposely
+abstracted _Aqua fortis_ from some Quicksilver that we had dissolv'd in it,
+so that there remain'd a white _Calx_, exposing that to several degrees of
+Fire, and afterwards to a naked one, we obtain'd some new Colours, and at
+length the greatest part of the _Calx_ lying at the Bottome of the Vial,
+and being brought partly to a Deep Yellow, and partly to a Red Colour, the
+rest appear'd elevated to the upper part and neck of the Vial, some in the
+form of a Reddish, and some of an Ash-Colour Sublimate. But of the
+differing Colours which by differing wayes and working of Quick Silver with
+Fire, and Saline Bodies, may be produc'd in Precipitates, I may elsewhere
+have occasion to take further notice. I also told you not long since, that
+if you corrode Quick-silver with Oyl of Vitriol instead of _Aqua-fortis_,
+and abstract the _Menstruum_, there will remain a White _Calx_ which by the
+Affusion of Fair Water presently turns into a Lemmon Colour. And ev'n the
+_Succedaneum_ to a _Menstruum_ may sometimes serve the turn to change the
+Colours of a Metal. The lovely Red which Painters call Vermillion, is made
+of Mercury, which is of the Colour of Silver, and of Brimstone which is of
+Kin to that of Gold, Sublim'd up together in a certain proportion, as is
+vulgarly known to Spagyrists.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XLVIII._
+
+The third chief sort of the Adventitious Colours of Metals, is, that which
+is produc'd by associating them (especially when Calcin'd) with other
+fusible Bodies, and Principally Venice, and other fine Glass devoid of
+Colour.
+
+I have formerly given you an Example, whereby it may appear, that a Metal
+may impart to Glass a Colour much differing from its own, when I told you,
+how with Silver, I had given Glass a lovely Golden Colour. And I shall now
+add, that I have Learn'd from one of the Chief Artificers that sells
+Painted Glass, that those of his Trade Colour it Yellow with a preparation
+of the _Calx_ of Silver. Though having lately had occasion among other
+Tryals to mingle a few grains of Shell-silver (such as is imploy'd with the
+Pensil and Pen) with a convenient proportion of powder'd Crystal Glass,
+having kept them two or three hours in fusion, I was surpriz'd to find the
+Colliquated Mass to appear upon breaking the Crucible of a lovely Saphirine
+Blew, which made me suspect my Servant might have brought me a wrong
+Crucible, but he constantly affirm'd it to be the same wherein the Silver
+was put, and considerable Circumstances countenanc'd his Assertion, so that
+till I have opportunity to make farther Tryal, I cannot but suspect, either
+that Silver which is not (which is not very probable) brought to a perfect
+Fusion and Colliquation with Glass, may impart to it other Colours than
+when Neal'd upon it, or else (which is less unlikely) that though Silver
+Beaters usually chuse the finest Coyn they can get, as that which is most
+extensive under the Hammer, yet the Silver-leaves of which this Shel-silver
+was made, might retain so much Copper as to enable it to give the
+predominant tincture to the Glass.
+
+For, I must proceed to tell you (_Pyrophilus_) as another instance of the
+Adventitious Colours of Metals, that which is something strange, Namely,
+That though Copper Calcin'd _per se_ affords but a Dark and basely Colour'd
+_Calx_, yet the Glassmen do with it, as themselves inform me, Tinge their
+Glass green. And I remember, that when once we took some crude Copper, and
+by frequent Ignition quenching it in Water had reduc'd it to a Dark and
+Ill-colour'd Powder, and afterward kept it in Fusion in about a 100. times
+its weight of fine Glass, we had, though not a Green, yet a Blew colour'd
+Mass, which would perhaps have been Green, if we had hit right upon the
+Proportion of the Materials, and the Degree of Fire, and the Time wherein
+it ought to be kept in Fusion, so plentifully does that Metal abound in a
+Venerial Tincture, as Artists call it, and in so many wayes does it
+disclose that Richness. But though Copper do as we have said give somewhat
+near the like Colour to Glass, which it does to _Aqua-fortis_, yet it seems
+worth inquiry, whether those new Colours which Mineral Bodies disclose in
+melted Glass, proceed from the Coalition of the Corpuscles of the Mineral
+with the Particles of the Glass as such, or from the Action (excited or
+actuated by fire) of the Alcalizate Salt (which is a main Ingredient of
+Glass,) upon the Mineral Body, or from the concurrence of both these
+Causes, or else from any other. But to return to that which we were saying,
+we may observe that _Putty_ made by calcining together a proportion of Tin
+and Lead, as it is it self a White _Calx_, so does it turn the _Pitta di
+Crystallo_ (as the Glassmen call the matter of the Purer sort of Glass,
+wherewith it is Colliquated into a White Mass, which if it be opacous
+enough is employ'd, as we elsewhere declare, for White Amel. But of the
+Colours which the other Metals may be made to produce in Colourless Glass,
+and other Vitrifiable Bodies, that have native Colours of their own, I must
+leave you to inform your self upon Tryal, or at least must forbear to do it
+till another time, considering how many Annotations are to follow, upon
+what has in this and the two former Experiments been said already.
+
+_Annotation I._
+
+When the Materials of Glass being melted with Calcin'd Tin, have compos'd a
+Mass Undiaphanous and White, this White Amel is as it were the Basis of all
+those fine Concretes that Goldsmiths and several Artificers imploy in the
+curious Art of Enamelling. For this White and Fusible substance will
+receive into it self, without spoyling them, the Colours of divers other
+Mineral substances, which like it will indure the fire.
+
+_Annotation II._
+
+So that as by the present (XLVIII.) Experiment it appears, that divers
+Minerals will impart to fusible Masses, Colours differing from their own;
+so by the making and compounding of Amels, it may appear, that divers
+Bodies will both retain their Colour in the fire, and impart the _same_ to
+some others wherewith they were vitrifi'd, and in such Tryals as that
+mention'd in the 17. Experiment, where I told you, that ev'n in Amels a
+Blew and Yellow will compound a Green. 'Tis pretty to behold, not only that
+some Colours are of so fix'd a Nature, as to be capable of mixture without
+receiving any detriment by the fire, that do's so easily destroy or spoyl
+those of other Bodies; but Mineral Pigments may be mingled by fire little
+less regularly and successfully, than in ordinary Dyeing Fatts, the vulgar
+Colours are wont to be mingled by the help of Water.
+
+_Annotation III._
+
+'Tis not only Metalline, but other Mineral Bodies, that may be imploy'd, to
+give Tinctures unto Glass (and 'tis worth noting how small a quantity of
+some Mineral substances, will Tinge a Comparatively vast proportion of
+Glass, and we have sometimes attempted to Colour Glass, ev'n with Pretious
+Stones, and had cause to think the Experiment not cast away. And 'tis known
+by them that have look'd into the Art of Glass, that the Artificers use to
+tinge their Glass Blew, with that Dark Mineral _Zaffora_, (some of my
+Tryals on which I elsewhere acquaint you) which some would have to be a
+Mineral Earth, others a Stone, and others neither the one, nor the other,
+but which is confessedly of a Dark, but not a Blew Colour, though it be not
+agreed of what particular Colour it is. 'Tis likewise though a familiar yet
+a remarkable practise among those that Deal in the making of Glass, to
+imploy (as some of themselves have inform'd me) what they call Manganess,
+and some Authors call _Magnesia_ (of which I make particular mention in
+another Treatise) to exhibit in Glass not only other Colours than its own,
+(which is so like in Darkness or blackishness to the Load stone, that 'tis
+given by Mineralists, for one of the Reasons of its Latine Name) but
+Colours differing from one another. For though they use it, (which is
+somewhat strange) to Clarifye their Glass, and free it from that Blewish
+Greenish Colour, which else it would too often be subject to, yet they also
+imploy it in certain proportions, to tinge their Glass both with a Red
+colour, and with a Purplish or Murry, and putting in a greater Quantity,
+they also make with it that deep obscure Glass which is wont to pass for
+Black, which agrees very well with, and may serve to confirm what we noted
+near the beginning of the 44th Experiment, of the seeming Blackness of
+those Bodies that are overcharg'd with the Corpuscles of such Colours, as
+Red, or Blew, or Green, &c. And as by several Metals and other Minerals we
+can give various Colours to Glass, so on the other side, by the differing
+Colours that Mineral Oars, or other Mineral Powders being melted with Glass
+disclose in it, a good Conjecture may be oftentimes made of the Metall or
+known Mineral, that the Oar propos'd, either holds, or is most of kin to.
+And this easie way of examining Oars, may be in some cases of good use, and
+is not ill deliver'd by _Glauber_, to whom I shall at present refer you,
+for a more particular account of it: unless your Curiosity command also
+what I have observ'd about these matters; only I must here advertise you,
+that great circumspection is requisite to keep this way from proving
+fallacious, upon the account of the variations of Colour that may be
+produc'd by the differing proportions that may be us'd betwixt the Oar and
+the Glass, by the Richness or Poorness of the Oar it self, by the Degree of
+Fire, and (especially) by the Length of Time, during which the matter is
+kept in fusion; as you will easily gather from what you will quickly meet
+with in the following Annotation upon this present 48th Experiment.
+
+_Annotation IV._
+
+There is another way and differing enough from those already mention'd, by
+which Metalls may be brought to exhibit adventitious Colours: For by This,
+the Metall do's not so much impart a Colour to another Body, as receive a
+Colour from it, or rather both Bodies do by the new Texture resulting from
+their mistion produce a new Colour. I will not insist to this purpose upon
+the Examples afforded us by yellow Orpiment, and common Sea Salt, from
+which, sublim'd together, Chymists unanimously affirm their White or
+Crystalline Arsenick to be made: But 'tis not unworthy our noting, That
+though Yellow Orpiment be acknowledg'd to be the Copiousest by far of the
+two Ingredients of Arsenick, yet this last nam'd Body being duely added to
+the highest Colour'd Metall Copper, when 'tis in fusion, gives it a
+whiteness both within and without. Thus _Lapis Calaminaris_ changes and
+improves the Colour of Copper by turning it into Brass. And I have
+sometimes by the help of Zinck duely mix'd after a certain manner, given
+Copper one of the Richest Golden Colours that ever I have seen the Best
+true Gold Ennobled with. But pray have a care that such Hints fall not into
+any hands that may mis-imploy them.
+
+_Annotation V._
+
+Upon the Knowledge of the differing wayes of making Minerals and Metalls
+produce their adventitious Colours in Bodies capable of Vitrification,
+depends the pretty Art of making what Chymists by a Barbarous Word are
+pleas'd to call _Amanses_, that is counterfeit, or factitious Gemms, as
+Emeralds, Rubies, Saphires, Topazes, and the like. For in the making of
+these, though pure Sand or Calcin'd Crystal give the Body, yet 'tis for the
+most part some Metalline or Mineral _Calx_, mingled in a small proportion
+that gives the Colour. But though I have many years since taken delight, to
+divert my self with this pleasing Art, and have seen very pretty
+Productions of it, yet besides that I fear I have now forgot most of the
+little Skill I had in it, this is no place to entertain you with what would
+rather take up an intire Discourse, than be comprehended in an Annotation;
+wherefore the few things which I shall here take notice of to you, are only
+what belong to the present Argument, Namely,
+
+First, That I have often observ'd that Calcin'd Lead Colliquated with fine
+White Sand or Crystal, reduc'd by ignitions and subsequent extinctions in
+Water to a subtile Powder, will of it self be brought by a due Decoction to
+give a cleer Mass Colour'd like a _German_ Amethyst. For though this glass
+of Lead, is look'd upon by them that know no better way of making
+_Amanses_, as the grand Work of them all, yet which is an inconvenience
+that much blemishes this way, the Calcin'd Lead it self does not only
+afford matter to the _Amanses_, but has also as well as other Metals a
+Colour of its own, which as I was saying, I have often found to be like
+that of _German_ (as many call them) not Eastern Amethysts.
+
+Secondly, That nevertheless this Colour may be easily over-powr'd by those
+of divers other Mineral Pigments (if I may so call them) so that with a
+glass of Lead, you may Emulate (for Instance) the fresh and lovely
+Greenness of an Emerald, though in divers cases the Colour which the Lead
+it self upon Vitrification tends to, may vitiate that of the Pigment, which
+you would introduce into the Mass.
+
+Thirdly, That so much ev'n these Colours depend upon Texture, that in the
+Glass of Lead it self made of about three parts of _Lytharge_ or _Minium_
+Colliquated with one of very finely Powder'd Crystal or Sand, we have taken
+pleasure to make the mixture pass through differing Colours, as we kept it
+more or less in the Fusion. For it was not usually till after a pretty long
+Decoction that the Mass attain'd to the Amethystin Colour.
+
+Fourthly and lastly, That the degrees of Coction and other Circumstances
+may so vary the Colour produc'd in the same mass, that in a Crucible that
+was not great I have had fragments of the same Mass, in some of which
+perhaps not so big as a Hazel-Nut, you may discern four distinct Colours.
+
+_Annotation VI._
+
+You may remember (_Pyrophilus_) that when I mention'd the three sorts of
+adventitious Colours of Metals, I mention'd them but as the chief, not the
+only. For there may be other wayes, which though they do not in so strict a
+sense belong to the adventitious Colours of Metals, may not inconveniently
+be reduc'd to them. And of these I shall name now a couple, without denying
+that there may be more.
+
+The first may be drawn from the practise of those that Dye Scarlet. For the
+famousest Master in that Art, either in _England_ or _Holland_, has
+confess'd to me, that neither others, nor he can strike that lovely Colour
+which is now wont to be call'd the _Bow-Dye_, without their Materials be
+Boyl'd in Vessels, either made of, or lin'd with a particular Metall. But
+of what I have known attempted in this kind, I must not as yet for fear of
+prejudicing or displeasing others give you any particular Account.[24]
+
+The other way (_Pyrophilus_) of making Metals afford unobvious Colours, is
+by imbuing divers Bodies with Solutions of them made in their proper
+_Menstruum's_, As (for Instance) though Copper plentifully dissolv'd in
+_Aqua fortis_, will imbue several Bodies with the Colour of the Solution;
+Yet Some other Metalls will not (as I elsewhere tell you) and have often
+try'd. Gold dissolv'd in _Aqua Regia_, will, (which is not commonly known)
+Dye the Nails and Skin, and Hafts of Knives, and other things made of
+Ivory, not with a Golden, but a Purple Colour, which though it manifest it
+self but slowly, is very durable, and scarce ever to be wash'd out. And if
+I misremember not, I have already told you in this Treatise, that the purer
+Crystals of fine Silver made with _Aqua fortis_, though they appear White,
+will presently Dye the Skin and Nails, with a Black, or at least a very
+Dark Colour, which Water will not wash off, as it will ordinary Ink from
+the same parts. And divers other Bodies may the Same way be Dy'd, some of a
+Black, and others of a Blackish Colour.
+
+  [24] See the latter end of the fiftieth Experiment.
+
+And as Metalline, so likewise Mineral Solutions may produce Colours
+differing enough from those of the Liquors themselves. I shall not fetch an
+Example of this, from what we daily see happen in the powdring of Beef,
+which by the Brine imploy'd about it (especially if the flesh be over
+salted) do's oftentimes appear at our Tables of a Green, and sometimes of a
+Reddish Colour, (deep enough) nor shall I insist on the practise of some
+that deal in Salt Petre, who, (as I suspected, and as themselves
+acknowledg'd to me) do, with the mixture of a certain proportion of that;
+and common Salt, give a fine Redness, not only to Neats Tongues, but which
+is more pretty as well as difficult, to such flesh, as would otherwise be
+purely White; These Examples, I say, I shall decline insisting on, as
+chusing rather to tell you, that I have several times try'd, that a
+Solution of the Sulphur of Vitriol, or ev'n of common Sulphur, though the
+Liquor appear'd clear enough, would immediately tinge a piece of new Coin,
+or other clean Silver, sometimes with a Golden, sometimes with a deeper,
+and more Reddish colour, according to the strength of the Solution, and the
+quantity of it, that chanc'd to adhere to the Metall; which may take off
+your wonder that the water of the hot Spring at _Bath_, abounding with
+dissolv'd Substances of a very Sulphureous Nature, should for a while, as
+it were gild, the new or clean pieces of Silver coyn, that are for a due
+time immers'd in it. And to these may be added those formerly mention'd
+Examples of the adventitious Colours of Mineral Bodies; which brings into
+my mind, that, ev'n Vegetable Liquors, whether by degeneration, or by
+altering the Texture of the Body that imbibes them, may stain other Bodies
+with Colours differing enough, from their own, of which very good
+Herbarists have afforded us a notable Example, by affirming that the Juice
+of _Alcanna_ being green (in which state I could never here procure it)
+do's yet Dye the Skin and Nails of a Lasting Red. But I see this Treatise
+is like to prove too bulky without the addition of further Instances of
+this Nature.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XLIX._
+
+Meeting the other day, _Pyrophilus_, in an _Italian_ book, that treats of
+other matters, with a way of preparing what the Author calls a _Lacca_ of
+Vegetables, by which the _Italians_ mean a kind of Extract fit for
+Painting, like that rich _Lacca_ in English commonly call'd _Lake_, which
+is imploy'd by Painters as a glorious Red. And finding the Experiment not
+to be inconsiderable, and very defectively set down, it will not be amiss
+to acquaint you with what some Tryals have inform'd us, in reference to
+this Experiment, which both by our Italian Author, and by divers of his
+Countrymen, is look'd upon as no trifling Secret.
+
+Take then the root call'd in Latin _Curcuma_, and in English Turmerick,
+(which I made use of, because it was then at hand, and is among Vegetables
+fit for that purpose one of the most easiest to be had) and when it is
+beaten, put what Quantity of it you please into fair Water, adding to every
+pound of Water about a spoonfull or better of as strong a _Lixivium_ or
+Solution of Potashes as you can well make, clarifying it by Filtration
+before you put it to the Decocting water. Let these things boyl, or rather
+simper over a soft Fire in a clean glaz'd Earthen Vessel, till you find by
+the Immersion of a sheet of White Paper (or by some other way of Tryal)
+that the Liquor is sufficiently impregnated with the Golden Tincture of the
+Turmerick, then take the Decoction off the Fire, and Filter or Strain it
+that it may be clean, and leisurely dropping into it a strong Solution of
+Roch Allum, you shall find the Decoction as it were curdl'd, and the
+tincted part of it either to emerge, to subside, or to swim up and down,
+like little Yellow flakes; and if you pour this mixture into a Tunnel lin'd
+with Cap Paper, the Liquor that Filtred formerly so Yellow, will now pass
+clean thorow the Filtre, leaving its tincted, and as it were curdled parts
+in the Filtre, upon which fair Water must be so often pour'd, till you have
+Dulcifi'd the matter therein contain'd, the sign of which Dulcification is
+(you know) when the Water that has pass'd through it, comes from it as
+tasteless as it was pour'd on it. And if without Filtration you would
+gather together the flakes of this Vegetable Lake, you must pour a great
+Quantity of fair Water upon the Decoction after the affusion of the
+Alluminous Solution, and you shall find the Liquor to grow clearer, and the
+Lake to settle together at the bottom, or emerge to the top of the Water,
+though sometimes having not pour'd out a sufficient Quantity of fair Water,
+we have observ'd the Lake partly to subside, and partly to emerge, leaving
+all the middle of the Liquor clear. But to make this Lake fit for use, it
+must by repeated affusions of fresh Water, be Dulcifi'd from the adhering
+Salts, as well as that separated by Filtration, and be spread and suffer'd
+to dry leisurely upon pieces of Cloth, with Brown Paper, or Chalk, or
+Bricks under them to imbibe the Moisture[25].
+
+                                                                [Page 372]
+_Annotation I._
+
+Whereas it is presum'd that the Magistery of Vegetables obtain'd this way
+consists but of the more Soluble and Coloured parts of the Plants that
+afford it, I must take the liberty to Question the supposition. And for my
+so doing, I shall give you this account.
+
+According to the Notions (such as they were) that I had concerning Salts;
+Allom, though to sense a Homogeneous Body, ought not to be reckon'd among
+true Salts, but to be it self look'd upon as a kind of Magistery, in regard
+that as Native Vitriol (for such I have had) contains both a Saline
+substance and a Metall, whether Copper, or Iron, corroded by it, and
+associated with it; so Allom which may be of so near a kin to Vitriol, that
+in some places of _England_ (as we are assur'd by good Authority the same
+stone will sometimes afford both) seems manifestly to contain a peculiar
+kind of Acid Spirit, generated in the Bowels of the Earth, and some kind of
+stony matter dissolv'd by it. And though in making our ordinary Allom, the
+Workmen use the Ashes of a Sea Weed (vulgarly call'd Kelp) and Urine: yet
+those that should know, inform us, that, here in _England_, there is
+besides the factitious Allom, Allom made by Nature Without the help of
+those Additaments. Now (_Pyrophilus_) when I consider'd this composition of
+Allom, and that Alcalizate Salts are wont to Præcipitate what acid Salts
+have dissolv'd, I could not but be prone to suspect that the Curdled
+Matter, which is call'd the Magistery of Vegetables, may have in it no
+inconsiderable proportion of a stony substance Præcipitated out of the
+Allom by the _Lixivium_, wherein the Vegetable had been decocted, and to
+shew you, that there is no necessity, that all the curdl'd substance must
+belong to the Vegetable, I shall add, that I took a strong Solution of
+Allom, and having Filtred it, by pouring in a convenient Quantity of a
+strong Solution of Potashes, I presently, as I expected, turn'd the mixture
+into a kind of white Curds, which being put to Filtre, the Paper retain'd a
+stony _Calx_, copious enough, very White, and which seem'd to be of a
+Mineral Nature, both by some other signes, and this, that little Bits of it
+being put upon a live Coal, which was Gently Blown whilst they were on it,
+they did neither melt nor fly away, and you may keep a Quantity of this
+White substance for a good while, (nay for ought I can guess for a very
+long one) in a red hot Crucible without losing or spoiling it; nor did hot
+Water wherein I purposely kept another parcel of such _Calx_, seem to do
+any more than wash away the looser adhering Salts from the stony substance,
+which therefore seem'd unlikely to be separable by ablutions (though
+reiterated) from the Præcipitated parts of the Vegetable, whose Lake is
+intended. And to shew you, that there is likewise in Allom a Body, with
+which the fix'd Salt of the Alcalizate Solution will concoagulate into a
+Saline Substance differing from either of them, I shall add, that I have
+taken pleasure to recover out of the slowly exhal'd Liquor, that pass'd
+through the filtre, and left the foremention'd _Calx_ behind, a Body that
+at least seem'd a Salt very pretty to look on, as being very White, and
+consisting of an innumerable company of exceeding slender, and shining
+Particles, which would in part easily melt at the flame of a Candle, and in
+part flye away with some little noise. But of this substance, and its odd
+Qualities more perhaps elsewhere; for now I shall only take notice to you,
+that I have likewise with Urinous Salts, such as the Spirit of Sal
+Armoniack, as well as with the Spirit of Urine it self, Nay, (if I much
+mistake not) ev'n with Stale Urine undistil'd, easily Precipitated such a
+White _Calx_ as I was formerly speaking of, out of a Limpid Solution of
+Allom, so that there is need of Circumspection in judging of the Natures of
+Liquors by Precipitations wherein Allom intervenes, else we may sometimes
+mistakingly imagine that to be Precipitated out of a Liquor by Allom, which
+is rather Precipitated out of Allom by the Liquor: And this puts me in mind
+to tell you, that 'tis not unpleasant to behold how quickly the Solution of
+Allom (or injected lumps of Allom) do's occasion the severing of the
+colour'd parts of the Decoction from the Liquor that seem'd to have so
+perfectly imbib'd them.
+
+  [25] _The Curious Reader that desires further Information concerning
+  Lakes, may Resort to the 7th Book of_ Neri's _Art of Glass, Englished (6
+  or 7 years since the Writing of this 49th Experiment) and Illustrated
+  with Learned Observations, by the Inquisitive and experienc'd Dr._
+  Charles Merret.
+
+_Annot. II._
+
+The above mention'd way of making Lakes we have tryed not only with
+Turmerick, but also with Madder, which yielded us a Red Lake; and with Rue,
+which afforded us an extract, of (almost if not altogether) the same Colour
+with that of the leaves.
+
+But in regard that 'tis Principally the Alcalizate Salt of the Pot-ashes,
+which enables the water to Extract so powerfully the Tincture of the
+Decocted Vegetables, I fear that our Author may be mistaken by supposing
+that the Decoction will alwayes be of the very same Colour with the
+Vegetable it is made off. For Lixiviate Salts, to which Pot-ashes eminently
+belong, though by peircing and opening the Bodies of Vegetables, they
+prepare and dispose them to part readily with their Tincture, yet some
+Tinctures they do not only draw out, but likewise alter them, as may be
+easily made appear by many of the Experiments already set down in this
+Treatise, and though Allom being of an Acid Nature, its Solutions may in
+some Cases destroy the Adventitious Colours produc'd by the Alcaly, and
+restore the former: yet besides that Allom is not, as I have lately shown,
+a meer Acid Salt, but a mixt Body, and besides, that its operations are
+languid in comparison of the activity of Salts freed by Distillation, or by
+Incineration and Dissolution, from the most of their Earthy parts, we have
+seen already Examples, that in divers Cases an Acid Salt will not restore a
+Vegetable substance to the Colour of which an Alcalizate one had depriv'd
+it, but makes it assume a third very differing from both, as we formerly
+told you, that if Syrrup of Violets were by an Alcaly turn'd Green, (which
+Colour, as I have try'd, may be the same way produc'd in the Violet-leaves
+themselves without any Relation to a Syrrup) an Acid Salt would not make it
+Blew again, but Red. And though I have by this way of making Lakes, made
+Magisteries (for such they seem to be) of Brazil, and as I remember of
+Cochinele it self, and of other things, Red, Yellow or Green which Lakes
+were enobled with a Rich Colour, and others had no bad one; yet in some the
+colour of the Lake seem'd rather inferiour than otherwise to that of the
+Plant, and in others it seem'd both very differing, and much worse; but
+Writing this in a time and place where I cannot provide my self of Flowres
+and other Vegetables to prosecute such Tryals in a competent variety of
+Subjects, I am content not to be positive in delivering a judgment of this
+way of Lakes, till Experience, or You, _Pyrophilus_, shall have afforded me
+a fuller and more particular Information.
+
+_Annotation III._
+
+And on this occasion (_Pyrophilus_) I must here (having forgot to do it
+sooner) advertise you once for all, that having written several of the
+foregoing Experiments, not only in haste but at seasons of the year, and in
+places wherein I could not furnish my self with such Instruments, and such
+a variety of Materials, as the design of giving you an Introduction into
+the History of Colours requir'd, it can scarce be otherwise but that divers
+of the Experiments, that I have set down, may afford you some matter of new
+Tryals, if you think fit to supply the deficiencies of some of them
+(especially the freshly mention'd about Lakes, and those that concern
+Emphatical Colours) which deficiencies for want of being befriended with
+accommodations I could better discern than avoid.
+
+_Annotation IV._
+
+The use of Allom is very great as well as familiar in the Dyers Trade, and
+I have not been ill pleas'd with the use I have been able to make of it in
+preparing other pigments than those they imploy with Vegetable Juices. But
+the Lucriferous practises of Dyers and other Tradesmen, I do, for Reasons
+that you may know when you please, purposely forbear in this Essay, though
+not strictly from pointing at, yet from making it a part of my present work
+explicitly and circumstantially to deliver, especially since I now find
+(though late and not without some Blushes at my prolixity) that what I
+intended but for a short Essay, is already swell'd into almost a Volume.
+
+_EXPERIMENT L._
+
+Yet here, _Pyrophilus_, I must take leave to insert an Experiment, though
+perhaps you'l think its coming in here an Intrusion, For I confess its more
+proper place would have been among those Experiments, that were brought as
+proofs and applications of our Notions concerning the differences of Salts;
+but not having remembred to insert it in its fittest place, I had rather
+take notice of it in this, than leave it quite unmention'd: partly because
+it doth somewhat differ from the rest of our Experiments about Colours, in
+the way whereby 'tis made; and partly because the grounds upon which I
+devis'd it, may hint to you somewhat of the Method I use in Designing and
+Varying Experiments about Colours, and upon this account I shall inform
+you, not only What I did, but Why I did it.
+
+I consider'd then that the work of the former Experiments was either to
+change the Colour of a Body into another, or quite to destroy it, without
+giving it a successor, but I had a mind to give you also a way, whereby to
+turn a Body endued with one Colour into two Bodies, of Colours, as well as
+consistencies, very distinct from each other, and that by the help of a
+Body that had it self no Colour at all. In order to this, I remembred, that
+finding the Acidity of Spirit of Vinegar to be wholly destroy'd by its
+working upon _Minium_ (or calcin'd Lead) whereby the Saline particles of
+the _Menstruum_ have their Taste and Nature quite alter'd, I had, among
+other Conjectures I had built upon that change, rightly concluded, that the
+Solution of Lead in Spirit of Vinegar would alter the Colour of the Juices
+and Infusions of Several Plants, much after the like manner that I had
+found Oyl of Tartar to do; and accordingly I was quickly satisfied upon
+Tryal, that the Infusion of Rose-leaves would by a small quantity of this
+Solution well mingl'd with it, be immediately turn'd into a somewhat sad
+Green.
+
+And further, I had often found, that Oyl of Vitriol, though a potently Acid
+_Menstruum_, will yet Præcipitate many Bodies, both Mineral and others,
+dissolv'd not onely in _Aqua fortis_ (as some Chymists have observ'd) but
+particularly in Spirit of Vinegar, and I have further found, that the
+_Calces_ or Powders Præcipitated by this Liquor were usually fair and
+White.
+
+Laying these things together, 'twas not difficult to conclude, that if upon
+a good Tincture of Red Rose-leaves made with fair Water, I dropp'd a pretty
+quantity of a strong and sweet Solution of _Minium_, the Liquor would be
+turn'd into the like muddy Green Substance, as I have formerly intimated to
+You, that Oyl of Tartar would reduce it to, and that if then I added a
+convenient quantity of good Oyl of Vitriol, this last nam'd Liquor would
+have two distinct operations upon the Mixture, the one, that it would
+Præcipitate that resolv'd Lead in the form of a White Powder; the other,
+that it would Clarifie the muddy Mixture, and both restore, and exceedingly
+heighten the Redness of the Infusion of Roses, which was the most copious
+Ingredient of the Green composition, and accordingly trying the Experiment
+in a Wine glass sharp at the bottom (like an inverted Cone) that the
+subsiding Powder might seem to take up the more room, and be the more
+conspicuous, I found that when I had shaken the Green Mixture, that the
+colour'd Liquor might be the more equally dispersed, a few drops of the
+rectifi'd Oyl of Vitriol did presently turn the opacous Liquor into one
+that was cleer and Red, almost like a Rubie, and threw down good store of a
+Powder, which when 'twas settl'd, would have appear'd very White, if some
+interspers'd Particles of the red Liquor had not a little Allay'd the
+Purity, though not blemish'd the Beauty of the Colour. And to shew you,
+_Pyrophilus_, that these Effects do not flow from the Oyl of Vitriol, as it
+is such, but as it is a strongly Acid _Menstruum_, that has the property
+both to Præcipitate Lead, as well as some other Concretes out of Spirit of
+Vinegar, and to heighten the Colour of Red Rose-leaves, I add, that I have
+done the same thing, though perhaps not quite so well with Spirit of Salt,
+and that I could not do it with _Aqua-fortis_, because though that potent
+_Menstruum_ does as well as the others heighthen the Redness of Roses, yet
+it would not like them Precipitate Lead out of Spirit of Vinegar, but would
+rather have dissolv'd it, if it had not found it dissolv'd already.
+
+And as by this way we have produc'd a Red Liquor, and a White Precipitate
+out of a Dirty Green magistery of Rose-leaves, so by the same Method, you
+may produce a fair Yellow, and sometimes a Red Liquor, and the like
+Precipitate, out of an Infusion of a curious Purple Colour. For you may
+call to mind, that in the Annotation upon the 39th. Experiment I intimated
+to you, that I had with a few drops of an Alcaly turn'd the Infusion of
+Logg-wood into a lovely Purple. Now if instead of this Alcaly I substituted
+a very Strong and well Filtrated Solution of _Minium_, made with Spirit of
+Vinegar, and put about half as much of this Liquor as there was of the
+Infusion of Logg-wood, (that the mixture might afford a pretty deal of
+Precipitate,) the affusion of a convenient proportion of Spirit of Salt,
+would (if the Liquors were well and nimbly stirr'd together) presently
+strike down a Precipitate like that formerly mention'd, and turn the Liquor
+that swam above it, for the most part into a lovely Yellow.
+
+But for the advancing of this Experiment a little further, I consider'd,
+that in case I first turn'd a spoonfull of the infusion of Logg-wood
+Purple, by a convenient proportion of the Solution of _Minium_, the
+Affusion of Spirit of Sal Armnoniack, would Precipitate the Corpuscles of
+Lead conceal'd in the Solution of _Minium_, and yet not destroy the Purple
+colour of the Liquor; whereupon I thus proceeded; I took about a spoonfull
+of the _fresh_ Tincture of Logg-wood, (for I found that if it were _stale_
+the Experiment would not alwayes succeed,) and having put to it a
+convenient proportion of the Solution of _Minium_ to turn it into a deep
+and almost opacous Purple, I then drop'd in as much Spirit of Sal
+Armoniack, as I guess'd would Precipitate about half or more (but not all)
+of the Lead, and immediately stirring the mixture well together, I mingled
+the Precipitated parts with the others, so that they fell to the bottom,
+partly in the form of a Powder, and partly in the form of a Curdled
+Substance, that (by reason of the Predominancy of the Ting'd Corpuscles
+over the White) retain'd as well as the Supernatant Liquor; a Blewish
+Purple colour sufficiently Deep, and then instantly (but yet Warily,)
+pouring on a pretty Quantity of Spirit of Salt, the matter first
+Precipitated, was, by the above specified figure of the bottome of the
+Glass preserv'd from being reach'd by the Spirituous Salt; which hastily
+Precipitated upon it a new Bed (if I may so call it) of White Powder, being
+the remaining Corpuscles of the Lead, that the Urinous Spirit had not
+struck down: So that there appear'd in the Glass three distinct and very
+differingly colour'd Substances; a Purple or Violet-colour'd Precipitate at
+the bottom, a White and Carnation (sometimes a Variously colour'd)
+Precipitate over That, and at the Top of all a Transparent Liquor of a
+lovely Yellow, or Red.
+
+Thus you see, _Pyrophilus_, that though to some I may have seem'd to have
+lighted on this (50th.) Experiment by chance, and though others may
+imagine, that to have excogitated it, must have proceeded from some
+extraordinary insight into the nature of Colours, yet indeed, the devising
+of it need not be look'd upon as any great matter, especially to one that
+is a little vers'd in the notions, I have in these, and other Papers hinted
+concerning the differences of Salts. And perhaps I might add upon more than
+conjecture, that these very notions and some particulars scatteringly
+deliver'd in this Treatise, being skilfully put together, may suggest
+divers matters (at least,) about Colours, that will not be altogether
+Despicable. But those hinted, _Pyrophilus_, I must now leave such as You to
+prosecute, having already spent farr more time than I intended to allow my
+self in acquainting You with particular Experiments and Observations
+concerning the changes of Colour, to which I might have added many more,
+but that I hope I may have presented You with a competent number to make
+out in some measure what I have at the beginning of this Essay either
+propos'd as my Design in this Tract, or deliver'd as my Conjectures
+concerning these matters. And it not being my present Designe, as I have
+more than once Declar'd, to deliver any Positive Hypothesis or solemn
+Theory of Colours, but only to furnish You with some Experiments towards
+the framing of such a Theory; I shall add nothing to what I have said
+already, but a request that you would not be forward to think I have been
+mistaken in any thing I have deliver'd as matter of Fact concerning the
+changes of Colours, in case you should not every time you trye it, find it
+exactly to succeed. For besides the Contingencies to which we have
+elsewhere shewn some other Experiments to be obnoxious, the omission or
+variation of a seemingly unconsiderable circumstance, may hinder the
+success of an Experiment, wherein no other fault has been committed. Of
+which truth I shall only give you that single and almost obvious, but yet
+illustrious instance of the Art of Dying Scarlets, for though you should
+see every Ingredient that is us'd about it, though I should particularly
+inform You of the weight of each, and though you should be present at the
+kindling of the fire, and at the increasing and remitting of it, when ever
+the degree of Heat is to be alter'd, and though (in a word) you should see
+every thing done so particularly that you would scarce harbour the least
+doubt of your comprehending the whole Art: Yet if I should not disclose to
+You, that the Vessels, that immediately contain the Tinging Ingredients,
+are to be made of or to be lin'd with Tin, You would never be able by all
+that I could tell you else (at-least, if the Famousest and Candidest
+Artificers do not strangely delude themselves) to bring your Tincture of
+Chochinele to Dye a perfect Scarlet. So much depends upon the very Vessel,
+wherein the Tinging matters are boyl'd, and so great an Influence may an
+unheeded Circumstance have on the Success of Experiments concerning
+Colours.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    _FINIS._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                      A SHORT
+                      ACCOUNT
+                      OF SOME
+                    OBSERVATIONS
+                Made by Mr. _BOYLE_
+
+   About a _Diamond_ that _Shines_ in the Dark.
+
+      First enclosed in a Letter written to
+                      a Friend,
+
+And now together with it annexed to the Foregoing
+         Treatise, upon the score of the
+                   Affinity Betwixt
+                _Light_ and _Colours_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                     _LONDON,_
+
+      Printed for _Henry Herringman_. 1664
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                     A COPY
+                     OF THE
+                     LETTER
+
+ That Mr. _Boyle_ wrote to Sir _Robert Morray_,
+   to accompany the _Observations_ touching
+             the _Shining Diamond_.
+
+_SIR,_
+
+Though Sir _Robert Morray_ and Monsieur _Zulichem_ be Persons that have
+deserv'd so well of the Commonwealth of Learning, that I should think my
+self unworthy to be look'd upon as a Member of it, if I declin'd to Obey
+them, or to Serve them; yet I should not without Reluctancy send you the
+Notes, you desire for him, if I did not hope that you will transmit
+together with them, some Account why they are not less unworthy of his
+perusal; which, that you may do; I must inform you, how the writing of them
+was Occasion'd, which in short was thus. As I was just going out of Town,
+hearing that an Ingenious Gentleman of my Acquaintance, lately return'd
+from _Italy_, had a Diamond, that being rubb'd, would shine in the Dark,
+and that he was not far off, I snatch'd time from my Occasions to make him
+a Visit, but finding him ready to go abroad, and having in vain try'd to
+make the Stone yield any Light in the Day time, I borrow'd it of him for
+that Night, upon condition to restore it him within a Day or two at
+furthest, at _Gresham_ College, where we appointed to attend the meeting of
+the Society, that was then to be at that place. And hereupon I hasted that
+Evening out of Town, and finding after Supper that the Stone which in the
+Day time would afford no discernable Light, was really Conspicuous in the
+Dark, I was so taken with the Novelty, and so desirous to make some use of
+an opportunity that was like to last so little a while, that though at that
+time I had no body to assist me but a Foot-Boy, yet sitting up late, I made
+a shift that Night to try a pretty number of such of the things that then
+came into my thoughts, as were not in that place and time unpracticable.
+And the next Day being otherwise imploy'd, I was fain to make use of a
+drowsie part of the Night to set down hastily in Writing what I had
+observ'd, and without having the time in the Morning, to stay the
+transcribing of it, I order'd the Observations to be brought after me to
+_Gresham_ College, where you may remember, that they were together with the
+Stone it self shown to the Royal Society, by which they had the good
+Fortune not to be dislik'd, though several things were through hast
+omitted, some of which you will find in the Margin of the inclosed Paper.
+The substance of this short Narrative I hope you will let Monsieur
+_Zulichem_ know, that he may be kept from expecting any thing of finish'd
+in the Observations, and be dispos'd to excuse the want of it. But such as
+they are, I hope they will prove (without a Clinch) Luciferous Experiments,
+by setting the Speculations of the Curious on work, in a diligent Inquiry
+after the Nature of Light, towards the discovery of which, perhaps they
+have not yet met with so considerable an Experiment, since here we see
+Light produc'd in a dead and opacous Body, and that not as in rotten Wood,
+or in Fishes, or as in the _Bolonian_ Stone, by a Natural Corruption, or by
+a Violent Destruction of the Texture of the Body, but by so slight a
+Mechanical operation upon its Texture, as we seem to know what it is, and
+as is immediately perform'd, and that several wayes without at all
+prejudicing the Body, or making any sensible alterations in its Manifest
+Qualities. And I am the more willing to expose my hasty Tryals to Monsieur
+_Zulichem_, and to You, because, he being upon the Consideration of
+Dioptricks, so odd a _Phænomenon_ relateing to the Subject, as probably he
+treats of, Light will, I hope, excite a person to consider it, that is wont
+to consider things he treats of very well. And for you Sir, I hope you will
+both recrute and perfect the Observations you receive, For you know that I
+cannot add to them, having a good while since restor'd to Mr. _Clayton_ the
+Stone, which though it be now in the hands of a Prince that so highly
+deserves, by understanding them, the greatest Curiosities; yet he
+vouchsafes you that access to him as keeps me from doubting, you may easily
+obtain leave to make further Tryals with it, of such a Monarch as ours,
+that is not more inquisitive himself, than a favourer of them that are so.
+I doubt not but these Notes will put you in mind of the Motion you made to
+the Society, to impose upon me the Task of bringing in, what I had on other
+occasions observ'd concerning shining Bodies. But though I deny not, that I
+sometimes made observations about the _Bolonian_ Stone, and try'd some
+Experiments about some other shining Bodies; Yet the same Reasons that
+reduc'd me then to be unwilling to receive ev'n their commands, must now be
+my Apology for not answering your Expectations, Namely the abstruse nature
+of Light, and my being already over-burden'd, and but too much kept
+imploy'd by the Urgency of the Press, as well as by more concerning and
+distracting Occasions. But yet I will tell you some part of what I have met
+with in reference to the Stone, of which I send you an account. Because I
+find on the one side, that a great many think it no Rarity upon a mistaken
+perswasion, that not only there are store of Carbuncles, of which this is
+one; but that all Diamonds and other Glistering Jewels shine in the Dark.
+Whereas on the other side there are very Learn'd Men, who (plausibly
+enough) deny that there are any Carbuncles or shining Stones at all.
+
+And certainly, those Judicious men have much more to say for themselves,
+than the others commonly Plead, and therefore did deservedly look upon Mr.
+_Clayton_'s Diamond as a great Rarity. For not only _Boetius de Boot_, who
+is judg'd the best Author on this Subject, ascribes no such Virtue to
+Diamonds, but begins what he delivers of Carbuncles, with this passage.[26]
+_Magna fama est Carbunculi. Is vulgo putatur in tenebris Carbonis instar
+lucere; fortassis quia Pyropus seu Anthrax appellatus a veteribus fuit.
+Verum hactenus nemo nunquam verè asserere ausus fuit, se gemmam noctu
+lucentem vidisse. Garcias ab Horto proregis Indiæ Medicus, refert se
+allocutum fuisse, qui se vidisse affirmarent. Sed iis fidem non habuit._
+And a later Author, the Diligent and Judicious _Johannes de Laet_ in his
+Chapter of Carbuncles and of Rubies, has this passage. _Quia autem
+Carbunculi, Pyropi & Anthraces a veteribus nominantur, vulgo creditum fuit,
+Carbonis instar in tenebris lucere, quod tamen nullâ gemmâ hastenus
+deprehensum, licet à quibusdam temerè jactetur._ And the recentest Writer I
+have met with on this Subject, _Olaus Wormius_, in his Account of his well
+furnish'd _Musæum_, do's, where he treats of Rubies, concurr with the
+former Writers by these Words.[27] _Sunt qui Rubinum veterum Carbunculum
+esse existimant, sed deest una illa nota, quod in tenebris instar Anthracis
+non luceat: Ast talem Carbunculum in rerum naturâ non inveniri major pars
+Authoram existimant. Licet unum aut alterum in India apud Magnates quosdam
+reperiri scribant, cum tamen ex aliorum relatione id habeant saltem, sed
+ipsi non viderint._ In confirmation of which I shall only add, that hearing
+of a Rubie, so very Vivid, that the Jewellers themselves have several times
+begg'd leave of the fair Lady to whom it belong'd, that they might try
+their choicest Rubies by comparing them with That, I had the Opportunity by
+the Favour of this Lady and her Husband, (both which I have the Honour to
+be acquainted with) to make a Trial of this famous Rubie in the Night, and
+in a Room well Darkn'd, but not only could not discern any thing of Light,
+by looking on the Stone before any thing had been done to it, but could not
+by all my Rubbing bring it to afford the least Glimmering of Light.
+
+  [26] Boetius de Boot. Gem. & Lapid. Histor. Lib. 3. Cap. 8.
+
+  [27] Musæi Wormiani. Cap. 17.
+
+But, Sir, though I be very backward to admit strange things for truths, yet
+I am not very forward to reject them as impossibilities, and therefore I
+would not discourage any from making further Inquiry, whether or no there
+be Really in _Rerum natura_, any such thing as a true Carbuncle or Stone
+that without Rubbing will shine in the Dark. For if such a thing can be
+found, it may afford no small Assistance to the Curious in the
+Investigation of Light, besides the Nobleness and Rarity of the thing it
+selfe. And though _Vartomannus_ was not an Eye witness of what he relates,
+that the King of _Pegu_, one of the Chief Kings of the _East-Indies_, had a
+true Carbuncle of that Bigness and Splendour, that it shin'd very
+Gloriously in the Dark, and though _Garcias ab Horto_, the _Indian_
+Vice-Roys Physician, speaks of another Carbuncle, only upon the Report of
+one, that he Discours'd with, who affirmed himself to have seen it; yet as
+we are not sure that these Men that gave themselves out to be Eye-witnesses
+speak true, yet they may have done so for ought we know to the contrary.
+And I could present you with a much considerabler Testimony to the same
+purpose, if I had the permission of a Person concern'd, without whose leave
+I must not do it. I might tell you that _Marcus Paulus Venetus_[28] (whose
+suppos'd Fables, divers of our later Travellours and Navigatours have since
+found to be truths) speaking of the King of _Zeilan_ that then was, tells
+us, that he was said to have the best Rubie in the World, a Palm long and
+as big as a mans Arm, without spot, shining like a Fire, and he subjoyns,
+that the Great _Cham_, under whom _Paulus_ was a considerable Officer, sent
+and offer'd the value of a City for it; But the King answer'd, he would not
+give it for the treasure of the World, nor part with it, having been his
+Ancestours. And I could add, that in the Relation made by two _Russian_
+Cossacks of their Journey into _Catay_[29], written to their Emperour, they
+mention'd their having been told by the people of those parts, that their
+King had a Stone, which Lights as the Sun both Day and Night, call'd in
+their Language _Sarra_, which those Cossacks interpret a Ruby. But these
+Relations are too uncertain for me to build any thing upon, and therefore I
+shall proceed to tell you, that there came hither about two years since out
+of _America_, the Governour of one of the Principal Colonies there, an
+Ancient _Virtuoso_, and one that has the Honour to be a member of the Royal
+Society; this Gentleman finding some of the chief Affairs of his Country
+committed to another and me, made me divers Visits, and in one of them when
+I enquir'd what Rare Stones they had in those parts of the _Indies_ he
+belong'd to, he told me, that the _Indians_ had a Tradition that in a
+certain hardly accessible Hill, a pretty way up in the Country, there was a
+Stone which in the Night time shin'd very vividly, and to a great distance,
+and he assur'd me, that though he thought it not fit to venture himself so
+far among those Savages, yet he purposely sent thither a bold _Englishman_,
+with some Natives to be his guides, and that this Messenger brought him
+back word, that at a distance from the Hillock he had plainly perceiv'd
+such a shining Substance as the _Indians_ Tradition mention'd, and being
+stimulated by Curiosity, had slighted those Superstitious Fears of the
+Inhabitants, and with much ado by reason of the Difficulty of the way, had
+made a shift to clamber up to that part of the Hill, where, by a very
+heedful Observation, he suppos'd himself to have seen the Light: but
+whether 'twere that he had mistaken the place, or for some other Reason, he
+could not find it there, though when he was return'd to his former Station,
+he did agen see the Light shining in the same place where it shone before.
+A further Account of this Light I expect from the Gentleman that gave me
+this, who lately sent me the news of his being landed in that Country. And
+though I reserve to my self a full Liberty of Believing no more than I see
+cause; yet I do the less scruple to relate this, because a good part of it
+agrees well enough with another Story that I shall in the next place have
+occasion to subjoyn, in order whereunto I shall tell you, that though the
+Learned Authors I formerly mention'd, tell us, that no Writer has affirm'd
+his having himself seen a real Carbuncle, yet, considering the Light of Mr.
+_Claytons_ Diamond, it recall'd into my mind, that some years before, when
+I was Inquisitive about Stones, I had met with an old _Italian_ Book highly
+extoll'd to me by very competent Judges, and that though the Book were very
+scarce, I had purchas'd it at a dear Rate, for the sake of a few
+considerable passages I met with in it, and particularly one, which being
+very remarkable in it self, and pertinent to our present Argument, I shall
+put it for you, though not word for word, which I fear I have forgot to do,
+yet as to the Sense, into _English_.
+
+  [28] _Purchas_'s Pilgrim. lib. 1. cap. 4. pag. 104.
+
+  [29] In the year 1619.
+
+_Having promis'd_ (Says our Author)[30] _to say something of that most
+precious sort of Jewels,_ Carbuncles, _because they are very rarely to be
+met with, we shall briefly deliver what we know of them. In_ Clement _the
+seventh's time, I happen'd to see one of_ _them at a certain_ Ragusian
+_Merchants, nam'd_ Beigoio di Bona, _This was a Carbuncle white, of that
+kind of whiteness which we said was to be found in those Rubies of which we
+made mention a little above,_ (where he had said that those Rubies had a
+kind of Livid Whiteness or Paleness like that of a Calcidonian) _but it had
+in it a Lustre so pleasing and so marveilous, that it shin'd in the Dark,
+but not as much as colour'd Carbuncles, though it be true, that in an
+exceeding Dark place I saw it shine in the manner of fire almost gone out.
+But as for colour'd Carbuncles, it has not been my Fortune to have seen
+any, wherefore I will onely set down what I Learn'd about them Discoursing
+in my Youth with a_ Roman _Gentleman of antient Experience in matters of
+Jewels, who told me, That one_ Jacopo Cola _being by Night in a Vineyard of
+his, and espying something in the midst of it, that shin'd like a little_
+glowing Coal, at the foot of a Vine, went near towards the place where he
+thought himself to have seen that fire, but not finding it, he said, that
+being return'd to the same place, whence he had first descry'd it, and
+perceiving there the same splendor as before, he mark'd it so heedfully,
+that he came at length to it, where he took up a very little Stone, which
+he carry'd away with Transports and Joy. And the next day carrying it about
+to show it divers of his Friends, whilst he was relating after what manner
+he found it, there casually interven'd a _Venetian_ Embassadour,
+exceedingly expert in Jewels, who presently knowing it to be a Carbuncle,
+did craftily before he and the said _Jacopo_ parted (so that there was no
+Body present that understood the Worth of so Precious a Gemm) purchase it
+for the Value of 10. Crowns, and the next day left _Rome_ to shun the being
+necessitated to restore it, and (as he affirm'd) it was known within some
+while after that the said _Venetian_ Gentleman did in _Constantinople_ sell
+that Carbuncle to the then Grand Seignior, newly come to the Empire, for a
+hundred thousand Crowns. _And this is what I can say_ concerning
+_Carbuncles_, and this is not a little at least as to the first part of
+this account, where our _Cellini_ affirms himself to have seen a Real
+Carbuncle with his own Eyes, especially since this Author appears wary in
+what he delivers, and is inclin'd rather to lessen, than increase the
+wonder of it. And his Testimony is the more considerable, because though he
+were born a Subject neither to the Pope nor the then King of _France_ (that
+Royal _Virtuoso_ _Francis_ the first) yet both the one and the other of
+those Princes imploy'd him much about making of their Noblest Jewels. What
+is now reported concerning a Shining Substance to be seen in one of the
+Islands about _Scotland_, were very improper for me to mention to Sr.
+_Robert Morray_, to whom the first Information was Originally brought, and
+from whom I expect a farther (for I scarce dare expect a convincing)
+account of it. But I must not omit that some _Virtuoso_ questioning me the
+other day at _White-Hall_ about Mr. _Claytons_ Diamond, and meeting amongst
+them an Ingenious _Dutch_ Gentleman, whose Father was long Embassador for
+the Netherlands in _England_, I Learn'd of him, that, he is acquainted with
+a person, whose Name he told (but I do not well remember it) who was
+Admiral of the _Dutch_ in the _East-Indies_, and who assur'd this Gentleman
+_Monsieur Boreel_, that at his return from thence he brought back with him
+into _Holland_ a Stone, which though it look'd but like a Pale Dull
+Diamond, such as he saw Mr. _Claytons_ to be, yet was it a Real Carbuncle,
+and did without rubbing shine so much, that when the Admiral had occasion
+to open a Chest which he kept under Deck in a Dark place, where 'twas
+forbidden to bring Candles for fear of Mischances, as soon as he open'd the
+Trunck, the Stone would by its Native Light, shine so as to Illustrate a
+great part of it, and this Gentleman having very civilly and readily
+granted me the request I made him, to Write to the Admiral, who is yet
+alive in _Holland_, (and probably may still have the Jewel by him,) for a
+particular account of this Stone, I hope ere long to receive it, which will
+be the more welcome to me, not onely because so unlikely a thing needs a
+cleer evidence, but because I have had some suspition of that (supposing
+the truth of the thing) what may be a shining Stone in a very hot Countrey
+as the _East-Indies_, may perhaps cease to be so (at least in certain
+seasons,) in one as cold as _Holland_. For I observ'd in the Diamond I send
+you an account of, that not onely rubbing but a very moderate degree of
+warmth, though excited by other wayes, would make it shine a little. And
+'tis not impossible that there may be Stones as much more susceptible than
+that, of the Alterations requisite to make a Diamond shine, as that
+appeares to be more susceptible of them, than ordinary Diamonds. And I
+confess to you, that this is not the only odd suspition (for they are not
+so much as conjectures) that what I try'd upon this Diamond suggested to
+me. For not here to entertain you with the changes I think may be effected
+ev'n in harder sorts of Stones, by wayes not vulgar, nor very promising,
+because I may elsewhere have occasion to speak of them, and this Letter is
+but too Prolix already, that which I shall now acknowledge to you is, That
+I began to doubt whether there may not in some Cases be some Truth in what
+is said of the right Turquois, that it often changes Colour as the wearer
+is Sick or Well, and manifestly loses its splendor at his Death. For when I
+found that ev'n the warmth of an Affriction that lasted not above a quarter
+of a minute, Nay, that of my Body, (whose Constitution you know is none of
+the hottest) would make a manifest change in the solidest of Stones a
+Diamond, it seem'd not impossible, that certain warm and Saline steams
+issuing from the Body of a living man, may by their plenty or paucity, or
+by their peculiar Nature, or by the total absence of them, diversifie the
+Colour, and the splendor of so soft a Stone as the Turquois. And though I
+admir'd to see, that I know not how many Men otherwise Learn'd, should
+confidently ascribe to Jewels such Virtues as seem no way competible to
+Inanimate Agents, if to any Corporeal ones at all, yet as to what is
+affirm'd concerning the Turquois's changing Colour, I know not well how to
+reject the Affirmation of so Learned (and which in this case is much more
+considerable) so Judicious a Lapidary as _Boetius de Boot_[31], who upon
+his own particular and repeated Experience delivers so memorable a
+Narrative of the Turquois's changing Colour, that I cannot but think it
+worth your Perusal, especially since a much later and very Experienc'd
+Author, _Olaus Wormius_,[32] where he treats of that Stone, Confirms it
+with this Testimony. _Imprimis memorandum exemplum quod Anshelmus Boetius
+de seipso refert, tam mutati Coloris, quam à casu preservationis. Cui &
+ipse haud dissimile adferre possum, nisi ex Anshelmo petitum quis putaret._
+I remember that I saw two or three years since a _Turcois_ (worn in a Ring)
+wherein there were some small spots, which the _Virtuoso_ whose it was
+asur'd me he had observ'd to grow sometimes greater sometimes less, and to
+be sometimes in one part of the Stone, sometimes in another. And I having
+encourag'd to make Pictures from time to time of the Stone, and of the
+Situation of the cloudy parts, thatso their Motion may be more
+indisputable, and better observ'd, he came to me about the midle of this
+very week, and assur'd me that he had, as I wish'd, made from time to time
+Schemes or Pictures of the differing parts of the Stone, whereby the
+several Removes and motions of the above mentioned Clouds are very
+manifest, though the cause seem'd to him very occult: these Pictures he has
+promis'd to show me, and is very ready to put the Stone it self into my
+hands. But the ring having been the other day casually broken upon his
+finger, unless it can be taken out, and set again without any considerable
+heat, he is loath to have it medled with, for fear its peculiarity should
+be thereby destroy'd. And possibly his apprehension would have been
+strengthen'd, if I had had opportunity to tell him what is related by the
+Learned _Wormius_[33] of an acquaintance of his, that had a _Nephritick_
+stone, of whose eminent Virtues he had often Experience ev'n in himself,
+and for that cause wore it still about his Wrist; and yet going upon a time
+into a Bath of fair Water only, wherein certain Herbs had been boyl'd, the
+Stone by being wetted with this decoction, was depriv'd of all his Virtue,
+whence _Wormius_ takes Occasion to advertise the sick, to lay by such
+stones whensoever they make use of a Bath. And we might expect to find
+_Turcos_ likewise, easily to be wrought upon in point of Colour, if that
+were true, which the curious _Antonio Neri_, in his ingenious _Arte
+Vetraria_[34] teaches of it, namely, That _Turcois's discolour'd_ and grown
+white, will regain and acquire an excellent Colour, if you but keep them
+two or three days at most cover'd with Oyl of sweet Almonds kept in a
+temperate heat by warm ashes, I say if it were true, because I doubt
+whether it be so, and have not as yet had opportunity to satisfie my self
+by Tryals, because I find by the confession of the most Skilfull Persons
+among whom I have laid out for _Turcoises_, that the true ones are great
+rarities, though others be not at all so. And therefore I shall now only
+mind you of one thing that you know as well as I, namely, that the rare
+Stone which is called _Oculus Mundi_, if it be good in its Kind, will have
+so great a change made in its Texture by being barely left a while in the
+Languidest of Liquors, common Waters, that from Opacous it will become
+Transparent, and acquire a Lustre of which it will again be depriv'd,
+without using any other Art or Violence, by leaving it a while in the Air.
+And before experience had satisfy'd us of the truth of this, it seem'd as
+unlikely that common Water or Air, should work such great changes in that
+Gemm, as it now seems that the Effluviums of a human Body should effect
+lesser changes in a _Turcois_, especially if more susceptible of them, than
+other Stones of the same kind. But both my Watch and my Eyes tell me that
+'tis now high time to think of going to sleep, matters of this Nature, will
+be better, as well as more easily, clear'd by Conference, than Writing. And
+therefore since I think you know me too well to make it needfull for me to
+disclame Credulity, notwithstanding my having entertain'd you with all
+these Extravagancies; for you know well, how wide a difference I am wont to
+put betwixt things that barely _may be_, and things that _are_, and between
+those Relations that are but not unworthy to be inquir'd into, and those
+that are not worthy to be actually believ'd; without making Apologies for
+my Ravings, I shall readily comply with the drowsiness that calls upon me
+to release You, and the rather, because Monsieur _Zulichem_ being concern'd
+in your desire to know the few things I have observed about the shining
+Stone. To entertain those with Suspicions that are accustomed not to
+acquiesce but in Demonstrations, were a thing that cannot be look'd upon as
+other than very improper by,
+
+SIR,
+
+_Your most Affectionate_
+
+and
+
+_most Faithfull Servant,_
+
+RO. BOYLE.
+
+  [30] Benvonuto Cellini _nell Arte del_ Gioiellare, _Lib._ 1. _pag._ 10.
+
+  [31] The Narrative in the Authors own words, is this. _Ego_ (sayes he)
+  _sanctè affirmare possum me unam aureo Annulo inclusam perpetuo gestare,
+  cujus facultatem (si gemmæ est) nunquam satis admirari potui. Gestaverat
+  enim ante Triginta annos Hispanus quidam non procula puternis ædibus
+  habitans. Is cum vitâ functus esset, & ipsius suspellex (ut moris apud
+  nos est) venum exposita esset, inter cætera etiam Turcois exponebatur.
+  Verum nemo (licet complures eo concurrissent, ut eam propter Coloris
+  Elegantiam, quam vivo Domino habuerat emerent) sibi emptam voluit,
+  pristinum enim nitorem & Colorem prorsus amiserat, ut potius Malachites,
+  quam Turcois videretur. Aderat tum temporis gemmæ habendæ desiderio etiam
+  parens & frater meus, qui antea sæpius gratiam & elegantiam ipsius
+  viderant, mirabundi eam nunc tam esse deformem, Emit eam nihilominus
+  pater, satisque vili pretio, qua omnibus contemptui erat, ac presentes
+  non eam esse quam Hispanus gestarat, arbitrarentur. Domum reversus Pater,
+  qui tam turpem Gemmam gestare sibi indecorum putabat, eam mihi dono dat,
+  inquiens; Quandoquidem, fili mi, vulgi fama est, Turcoidem, ut facultates
+  suas exercere possit, dono dari debere tibi eam devoveo, ego acceptam
+  Gemmam sculptori trado, at gentilitia mea insignia illi, quamadmodum
+  fieri solet, in Jaspide Chalcedono, aliisque Ignobilioribus Gemmis,
+  insculperat. Turpe enim existimabam, hujusmodi Gemmâ ornatus gratia, dum
+  gratiam nullam haberet, uti. Paret Sculptor redditque Gemmam, quam gesto
+  pro annulo Signatorio. Vix per mensem gestaram, redit illi pristinus
+  color, sed non ita nitens propter Sculpturam, ac inæqualem superficiem.
+  Miramur omnes gemmam, atque id præcipuè quod color indies pulchrior
+  fieret. Id quià observabam, nunquam fere eam à manu deposui, ita ut nunc
+  adhuc candem gestem._
+
+  [32] _Olaus Wormius, in Musæ. 18º pag. 186._
+
+  [33] _Musæ. Worm._ pag. 99.
+
+  [34] Arte Vetraria, lib. 7 cap. 102.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                  OBSERVATIONS
+
+              Made this 27th.[35]
+           of _October_ 1663. about
+                 Mr. _Clayton's_
+                  Diamond.[36]
+
+Being look'd on in the Day time, though in a Bed, whose Curtains were
+carefully drawn, I could not discern it to Shine at all, though well
+Rubb'd, but about a little after Sun-set, whilst the Twilight yet lasted,
+Nay, this Morning[37] a pretty while after Sun-rising, (but before I had
+been abroad in the more freely inlightned Air of the Chamber) I could upon
+a light Affriction easily perceive the Stone to Shine.
+
+  [35] These were brought in and Read before the Royal Society, (the Day
+  following) _Oct._ 28. 1663.
+
+  [36] _The Stone it self being to be shown to the Royal Society, when the
+  Observations were deliver'd, I was willing (being in haste) to omit the
+  Description of it, which is in short, That it was a Flat or Table
+  Diamond, of about a third part of an Inch in length, and somewhat less in
+  breadth, that it was a Dull Stone, and of a very bad Water, having in the
+  Day time very little of the Vividness of ev'n ordinary Diamonds, and
+  being Blemished with a whitish Cloud about the middle of it, which
+  covered near a third part of the Stone._
+
+  [37] _Hast made me forget to take notice that I went abroad the same
+  Morning, the Sun shining forth clear enough, to look upon the Diamond
+  though a_ Microscope, _that I might try whether by that Magnifying Glass
+  any thing of peculiar could be discern'd in the Texture of the Stone, and
+  especially of the whitish Cloud that possest a good part of it. But for
+  all my attention I could not discover any peculiarity worth mentioning._
+
+Secondly, The Candles being removed, I could not in a Dark place discern
+the Stone to have any Light, when I looked on it, without having Rubb'd or
+otherwise prepar'd it.
+
+Thirdly, By two white Pibbles though hard Rubb'd one against another, nor
+by the long and vehement Affriction of Rock Crystal against a piece of Red
+cloath, nor yet by Rubbing two Diamonds set in Ring, as I had Rubb'd this
+Stone, I could produce any sensible degree of Light.
+
+Fourthly, I found this Diamond hard enough, not only to enable me to write
+readily with it upon Glass, but to Grave on Rock Crystal it self.
+
+Fifthly, I found this to have like other Diamonds, an Electrical
+faculty.[38]
+
+  [38] V. _For it drew light Bodies like Amber, Jet, and other Concretes
+  that are noted to do so; But its attractive power seem'd inferiour to
+  theirs._
+
+Sixthly, Being rubb'd upon my Cloaths, as is usual for the exciting of
+Amber, Wax, and other Electrical Bodies, it did in the Dark manifestly
+shine like Rotten Wood, or the Scales of Whitings, or other putrified Fish.
+
+Seventhly, But this Conspicuousness was Fainter than that of the Scales,
+and Slabber (if I may so call it) of Whitings, and much Fainter than the
+Light of a Glow-worm, by which I have been sometimes able to Read a short
+Word, whereas after an ordinary Affriction of this Diamond I was not able
+to discern distinctly by the Light of it any of the nearest Bodies: And
+this Glimmering also did very manifestly and considerably Decay presently
+upon the ceasing of the Affriction, though the Stone continued Visible some
+while after.
+
+Eighthly, But if it were Rubb'd upon a convenient Body for a pretty while,
+and Briskly enough, I found the Light would be for some moments much more
+considerable, almost like the Light of a Glow-worm, insomuch after I ceased
+Rubbing, I could with the Chaf'd stone exhibit a little Luminous Circle,
+like that, but not so bright as that which Children make by moving a stick
+Fir'd at the end, and in this case it would continue Visible about seven or
+eight times as long as I had been in Rubbing it.
+
+Ninthly, I found that holding it a while near[39] the Flame of a Candle,
+(from which yet I was carefull to avert my Eyes) and being immediately
+remov'd into the Dark, it disclosed some faint Glimmering, but inferiour to
+that, it was wont to acquire by Rubbing. And afterward holding it near a
+Fire that had but little Flame, I found the Stone to be rather less than
+more excited, than it had been by the Candle.
+
+  [39] IX. _We durst not hold it in the Flame of a Candle, no more than put
+  it into a naked Fire; For fear too Violent a Heat (which has been
+  observ'd to spoil many other precious Stones) should vitiate and impair a
+  Jewel, that was but borrow'd, and was suppos'd to be the only one of its
+  Kind._
+
+Tenthly, I likewise indeavour'd to make it Shine, by holding it a pretty
+while in a very Dark place, over a thick piece of Iron, that was well
+Heated, but not to that Degree as to be Visibly so. And though at length I
+found, that by this way also, the Stone acquired some Glimmering, yet it
+was less than by either of the other ways above mention'd.
+
+Eleventhly, I also brought it to some kind of Glimmering Light, by taking
+it into Bed with me, and holding it a good while upon a warm part of my
+Naked Body.
+
+Twelfthly, To satisfie my self, whether the Motion introduc'd into the
+Stone did generate the Light upon the account of its producing Heat there,
+I held it near the Flame of a Candle, till it was qualify'd to shine pretty
+well in the Dark, and then immediately I apply'd a slender Hair to try
+whether it would attract it, but found not that it did so; though if it
+were made to shine by Rubbing, it was as I formerly noted Electrical. And
+for further Confirmation, though I once purposedly kept it so near the hot
+Iron I just now mention'd, as to make it sensibly Warm, yet it shin'd more
+Dimly than it had done by Affriction or the Flame of a Candle, though by
+both those ways it had not acquir'd any warmth that was sensible.
+
+Thirteenthly, Having purposely rubb'd it upon several Bodies differing as
+to Colour, and as to Texture, there seem'd to be some little Disparity in
+the excitation (if I may so call it) of Light. Upon White and Red Cloths it
+seem'd to succeed best, especially in comparison of Black ones.
+
+Fourteenthly, But to try what it would do rubb'd upon Bodies more hard, and
+less apt to yield Heat upon a light Affriction, than Cloath, I first rubb'd
+it upon a white wooden Box, by which it was excited, and afterwards upon a
+piece of purely Glazed Earth, which seem'd during the Attrition to make it
+Shine better than any of the other Bodies had done, without excepting the
+White ones, which I add, lest the Effect should be wholly ascrib'd to the
+disposition White Bodies are wont to have to Reflect much Light.
+
+Fifteenthly, Having well excited the Stone, I nimbly plung'd it under
+Water[40], that I had provided for that purpose, and perceiv'd it to Shine
+whilst it was beneath the Surface of that Liquor, and this I did divers
+times. But when I indeavour'd to produce a Light by rubbing it upon the
+lately mentioned Cover of the Box, the Stone and it being both held beneath
+the Surface of the Water, I did not well satisfie my self in the Event of
+the Trial; But this I found, if I took the Stone out, and Rubb'd it upon a
+piece of Cloath, it would not as else it was wont to do, presently acquire
+a Luminousness, but needed to be rubb'd manifestly much longer before the
+desired Effect was found.
+
+  [40] XV. _We likewise Plung'd it as soon as we had excited it, under
+  Liquors of several sorts, as Spirit of Wine, Oyl both Chymical and
+  express'd, an Acid Spirit, and as I remember an Alcalizate Solution, and
+  found not any of those various Liquors to destroy its Shining property._
+
+Sixteenthly, I also try'd several times, that by covering it with my warm
+Spittle (having no warm Water at hand) it did not lose his Light.[41]
+
+  [41] XVI. _Having found by this Observation, that a warm Liquor would not
+  extinguish Light in the Diamond, I thought fit to try, whether by reason
+  of its warmth it would not excite it, and divers times I found, that if
+  it were kept therein, till the Water had leisure to communicate some of
+  its Heat to it, it would often shine as soon as it was taken out, and
+  probably we should have seen it Shine more, whilst it was in the Water,
+  if some degree of Opacity which heated Water is wont to acquire, upon the
+  score of the Numerous little Bubbles generated in it, had not kept us
+  from discerning the Lustre of the Stone._
+
+Seventeenthly, Finding that by Rubbing the Stone with the Flat side
+downwards, I did by reason of the Opacity of the Ring; and the sudden Decay
+of Light upon the ceasing of the Attrition, probably lose the sight of the
+Stones greatest Vividness; and supposing that the Commotion made in one
+part of the stone will be easily propagated all over, I sometimes held the
+piece of Cloath upon which I rubb'd it, so, that one side of the Stone was
+exposed to my Eye, whilst I was rubbing the other, whereby it appear'd more
+Vivid than formerly, and to make Luminous Tracts by its Motions too and
+fro. And sometimes holding the Stone upwards, I rubb'd its Broad side with
+a fine smooth piece of Transparent Horn, by which means the Light through
+that Diaphanous Substance, did whilst I was actually rubbing the Stone,
+appear so Brisk that sometimes and in some places it seem'd to have little
+Sparks of fire.
+
+Eighteenthly, I took also a piece of flat Blew Glass, and having rubb'd the
+Diamond well upon a Cloath, and nimbly clapt the Glass upon it, to try
+whether in case the Light could peirce it, it would by appearing Green, or
+of some other Colour than Blew, assist me to guess whether it self were
+sincere or no. But finding the Glass impervious to so faint a Light, I then
+thought it fit to try whether that hard Bodies would not by Attrition
+increase the Diamonds Light so as to become penetrable thereby, and
+accordingly when I rubb'd the Glass briskly upon the Stone, I found the
+Light to be Conspicuous enough, and somewhat Dy'd in its passage, but found
+it not easie to give a Name to the Colour it exhibited.
+
+Lastly, To comply with the Suspition I had upon the whole Matter, that the
+chief manifest Change wrought in the Stone, was by Compression of its
+parts, rather than Incalescence, I took a piece of white Tile well Glaz'd,
+and if I press'd the Stone hard against it, it seem'd though I did not rub
+it to and fro, to shine at the Sides: And however it did both very
+manifestly and vigorously Shine, if whilst I so press'd it, I mov'd it any
+way upon the Surface of the Tile, though I did not make it draw a Line of
+above a quarter of an Inch long, or thereabouts. And though I made it not
+move to and fro, but only from one end of the short Line to the other,
+without any return or Lateral motion. Nay, after it had been often rubb'd,
+and suffer'd to lose its Light again, not only it seem'd more easie to be
+excited than at the beginning of the Night; but if I did press hard upon it
+with my Finger, at the very instant that I drew it briskly off, it would
+disclose a very Vivid but exceeding short Liv'd Splendour, not to call it a
+little Coruscation.[42] So that a _Cartesian_ would scarce scruple to think
+he had found in this Stone no slight Confirmation of his Ingenious Masters
+_Hypothesis_, touching the Generation of Light in Sublunary Bodies, not
+sensibly Hot.
+
+  [42] _I after bethought my self of imploying a way, which produc'd the
+  desir'd Effect both sooner and better. For holding betwixt my Fingers a
+  Steel Bodkin, near the Lower part of it, I press'd the point hard against
+  the Surface of the Diamond, and much more if I struck the point against
+  it, the Coruscation would be extremely suddain, and very Vivid, though
+  very Vanishing too, and this way which commonly much surpris'd and
+  pleas'd the Spectators, seem'd far more proper than the other, to show
+  that pressure alone, if forcible enough, though it were so suddain, and
+  short, that it could not well be suppos'd to give the Stone any thing
+  near a sensible degree of Warmth, as may be suspected of Rubbing, yet
+  'tis sufficient to generate a very Vivid Light._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A Postscript.
+
+Annexed some Hours after the Observations were Written.
+
+_So many particulars taken notice of in one Night, may make this Stone
+appear a kind of Prodigie, and the rather, because having try'd as I
+formerly noted, not only a fine Artificial Crystal, and some also that is
+Natural, but a Ruby and two Diamonds, I did not find that any of these
+disclos'd the like Glimmering of Light;[43] yet after all, perceiving by
+the Hardness, and the Testimony of a Skilfull Goldsmith, that this was
+rather a Natural than Artificial Stone; for fear lest there might be some
+difference in the way of Setting, or in the shape of the Diamonds I made
+use of, neither of which was like this, a flat Table-stone, I thought fit
+to make a farther Trial of my own Diamonds, by such a brisk and assiduous
+Affriction as might make amends for the Disadvantages above-mention'd, in
+case they were the cause of the unsuccessfulness of the former Attempts:
+And accordingly I found, that by this way I could easily bring a Diamond I
+wore on my Finger to disclose a Light, that was sensible enough, and
+continued so though I cover'd it with Spittle, and us'd some other trials
+about it. And this will much lessen the wonder of all the formerly
+mention'd Observations, by shewing that the properties that are so strange
+are not peculiar to one Diamond, but may be found in others also, and
+perhaps in divers other hard and_ Diaphanous _Stones. Yet I hope that what
+this Discovery takes away from the Wonder of these Observations, it will
+add to the Instructiveness of them, by affording pregnants Hints, towards
+the Investigation of the Nature of Light._
+
+  [43] We afterwards, try'd precious Stones, as Diamonds, Rubies, Saphires,
+  and Emeralls, &c. but found not any of them to Shine except some
+  Diamonds, and of these we were not upon so little practice, able to
+  fore-tell before hand, which would be brought to Shine, and which would
+  not; For several very good Diamonds, either would not Shine at all, or
+  much less than others that were farr inferiour to them. And yet those
+  Ingenious Men are mistaken, that think a Diamond must be foul and cloudy,
+  as Mr. _Claytons_ was, to be fit for Shining; for as we could bring some
+  such to afford a Glimmering Light, so with some clear and excellent
+  Diamonds, we could do the like. But none of those many that we try'd of
+  all Kinds, were equal to the Diamond on which the Observations were made,
+  not only considering the degree of Light it afforded, but the easiness
+  wherewith it was excited, and the Comparatively great duration of its
+  Shining.
+
+FINIS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's notes.
+
+The Errata of the printed book have all been corrected.
+They were as follows:
+
+Pag. 142. l. 20. These words, And to manifest, with the rest of what is by
+a mistake further printed in this fourth Experiment, belongeth, and is to
+be referred to the end of the second Eperiment, p.137. pag. 145. l. 1. leg.
+matter. 146. l. 4. leg. Bolts-head. pag 161. in the marginal note l. 2.
+dele de ib. l. 3. lege lib 1. p 163. l. ult. insert where between the words
+places and the. p. 164 l. 1. dele that. ibid, l. 8. leg Epidermis. ibid. l.
+19 leg. 300. for 200. p. 169. l. 22. leg. into it. p. 170. l. 23. & 24.
+leg. Some Solutions hereafter to be mentioned, for the Solutions of
+Potashes, and other Lixiviate Salts. p. 171. l. 6. insert part of between
+the words most and dissolved p. 176. l. ult. insert the participle it
+between the words Judged and not p. 234. l. 4. leg. Woud-wax or Wood-wax.
+p. 320 l. 29. leg. urine for urne.
+
+In addition I have corrected the following original typos:
+
+The preface: I devis'd tbem -> I devis'd them
+The preface: make Expements -> make Experiments
+The Publisher to the reader: made of Eperiments -> made of Experiments
+I. Ch. III.6 divers Expements -> divers Experiments
+I. Ch. III.13 epecially with some sorts -> especially with some sorts
+II. Ch. II.8 Slightet Texture -> Slightest Texture
+II. Exp. I two Colonrs -> two Colours
+II. Exp. XIII were the change of Colour -> where the change
+III. Exp. XII avoiding of Ambignity -> avoiding of Ambiguity
+III. Exp. XXIX Juice of this Sipce -> Juice of this Spice
+III. Exp. XL forty second Expement -> forty second Experiment
+III. Exp. XLIV keep them swimning -> keep them swimming
+III. Exp. XLVI it seem'd propable to me -> it seem'd probable to me
+III. Exp. XLVII where not comprehended -> were not comprehended
+III. Exp. XLVIII frequent Igintion -> frequent Ignition
+III. Exp. L I could tell yon -> I could tell you
+A Copy of the Letter: nemo unqnam vere -> nemo nunquam vere
+(ib.): what is reladed -> what is related
+Observations: carefulsy drawn -> carefully drawn
+
+- and emended
+Phoenomenon/a to Phaenomenon/a 10 times and
+Coeruleous etc. -> Caeruleous 20 times
+
+
+
+
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+<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold;'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Experiments and Considerations Touching Colours, by Robert Boyle</div>
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
+most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
+of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
+at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
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+country where you are located before using this eBook.
+</div>
+<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Experiments and Considerations Touching Colours</div>
+<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Robert Boyle</div>
+<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'>Release Date: December 28, 2004 [eBook #14504]<br />
+[Most recently updated: April 8, 2021]</div>
+<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div>
+<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div>
+<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Robert Shimmin, Keith Edkins, the PG Online Distributed Proofreading Team and David Widger</div>
+<div style='margin-top:2em;margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EXPERIMENTS AND CONSIDERATIONS TOUCHING COLOURS ***</div>
+
+    <h1>
+      <span style="font-size:100%;">EXPERIMENTS</span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:50%;">AND</span><br /> <span style="font-size:100%;">CONSIDERATIONS</span><br />
+      <span style="font-size:50%;">Touching</span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:150%; letter-spacing:6px">COLOURS.</span><br />
+    </h1>
+    <p class="center">
+      First occasionally Written, among some other<br /> <i>Essays</i>, to a
+      Friend; and now suffer'd to<br /> come abroad as
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:50%;">THE</span><br /> <span style="font-size:50%;">BEGINNING</span><br />
+      <span style="font-size:50%;">Of An</span><br /> <span style="font-size:75%;">Experimental
+      History</span><br /> <span style="font-size:50%;">OF</span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:100%; letter-spacing:6px">COLOURS.</span><br />
+    </h2>
+    <hr class="short" />
+    <p class="center">
+      By the Honourable <i>ROBERT BOYLE</i>,<br /> Fellow of the ROYAL SOCIETY.
+    </p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Non fingendum, aut excogitandum, sed inveniendum,<br /> quid Natura
+      faciat, aut ferat</i>. Bacon.
+    </p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+    <h3>
+      <i>LONDON</i>.
+    </h3>
+    <p class="center">
+      Printed for <i>Henry Herringman</i> at the<br /> <i>Anchor</i> on the Lower
+      walk of the <i>New<br /> Exchange</i>. MDCLXIV.
+    </p>
+    <div class="figcenter" style="width:50%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/002a.png" alt="Decorative tile" />
+    </div>
+
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:50%; letter-spacing:6px">THE</span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:100%; letter-spacing:10px">PREFACE.</span><br />
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <img width="100" height="100" src="images/002b.png"
+      alt="Illuminated H in Having" /> <i>Aving in convenient places of the
+      following Treatise, mention'd the Motives, that induc'd me to write it,
+      and the Scope I propos'd to my self in it; I think it superfluous to
+      entertain the Reader now, with what he will meet with hereafter. And I
+      should judge it needless, to trouble others, or my self, with any thing of
+      Preface: were it not that I can scarce doubt, but this Book will fall into
+      the hands of some Readers, who being unacquainted with the difficulty of
+      attempts of this nature, will think itn strange that I should publish any
+      thing about Colours, without a particular Theory of them. But I dare
+      expect that Intelligent and Equitable Readers will consider on my behalf:
+      That the professed Design of this Treatise is to deliver things rather</i>
+      Historical <i>than</i> Dogmatical, <i>and consequently if I have added
+      divers new</i> speculative <i>Considerations and hints, which perhaps may
+      afford no despicable Assistance, towards the framing of a solid and
+      comprehensive Hypothesis, I have done at least as much as I promis'd, or
+      as the nature of my undertaking exacted. But another thing there is, which
+      if it should be objected, I fear I should not be able so easily to answer
+      it, and that is; That in the following treatise (especially in the Third
+      part of it) the Experiments might have been better Marshall'd, and some of
+      them deliver'd in fewer words. For I must confess that this Essay was
+      written to a private Friend, and that too, by snatches, at several times,
+      and places, and (after my manner) in loose sheets, of which I oftentimes
+      had not all by me that I had already written, when I was writing more, so
+      that it needs be no wonder if all the Experiments be not rang'd to the
+      best Advantage, and if some connections and consecutions of them might
+      easily have been mended. Especially since having carelessly laid by the
+      loose Papers, for several years after they were written, when I came to
+      put them together to dispatch them to the Press, I found some of those I
+      reckon'd upon, to be very unseasonably wanting. And to make any great
+      change in the order of the rest, was more than the Printers importunity,
+      and that, of my own avocations (and perhaps also considerabler
+      solicitations) would permit. But though some few preambles of the
+      particular Experiments might have (perchance) been spar'd, or shorten'd,
+      if I had had all my Papers under my View at once; Yet in the most of those
+      Introductory passages, the Reader will (I hope) find hints, or
+      Advertisements, as well as Transitions. If I sometimes seem to insist long
+      upon the circumstances of a Tryall, I hope I shall be easily excused by
+      those that both know, how nice divers experiments of Colours are, and
+      consider that I was not barely to</i> relate <i>them, but so as to teach a
+      young Gentleman to make them. And if I was not sollicitous, to make a
+      nicer division of the whole Treatise, than into three parts, whereof the
+      One contains some Considerations about Colours in general. The Other
+      exhibits a specimen of an Account of particular Colours, Exemplifi'd in
+      Whiteness and Blackness. And the Third promiscuous Experiments about the
+      remaining Colours (especially Red) in order to a Theory of them. If, I
+      say, I contented my self with this easie Division of my Discourse, it was
+      perhaps because I did not think it so necessary to be Curious about the
+      Method or Contrivance of a Treatise, wherein I do not pretend to present
+      my Reader with a compleat Fabrick, or so much as Modell; but only to bring
+      in Materials proper for the Building; And if I did not well know how
+      Ingenious the Curiosity and Civility of Friends makes them, to perswade
+      Men by specious allegations, to gratifie their desires; I should have been
+      made to believe by persons very well qualify'd to judge of matters of this
+      nature, that the following Experiments will not need the addition of
+      accurate Method and speculative Notions to procure Acceptance for the
+      Treatise that contains them: For it hath been represented, That in most of
+      them, as the Novelty will make them surprizing, and the Quickness of
+      performance, keep them from being tedious; so the sensible changes, that
+      are effected by them, are so manifest, so great, and so sudden, that
+      scarce any will be displeased to see them, and those that are any thing
+      Curious will scarce be able to see them, without finding themselves
+      excited, to make Reflexions upon Them. But though with me, who love to
+      measure Physical things by their</i> use, <i>not their</i> strangeness, <i>or</i>
+      prettiness, <i>the partiality of others prevails not to make me over value
+      these, or look upon them in themselves as other than Trifles: Yet I
+      confess, that ever since I did divers years ago shew some of them to a
+      Learned Company of</i> Virtuosi: <i>so many persons of differing
+      Conditions, and ev'n Sexes, have been Curious to see them, and pleas'd not
+      to Dislike them, that I cannot Despair, but that by complying with those
+      that urge the Publication of them, I may both gratifie and excite the
+      Curious, and lay perhaps a Foundation whereon either others or my self may
+      in time superstruct a substantial theory of Colours. And if</i> Aristotle,
+      <i>after his Master</i> Plato, <i>have rightly observ'd Admiration to be
+      the</i> Parent of Philosophy, <i>the wonder, some of these Trifles have
+      been wont to produce in all sorts of Beholders, and the access they have
+      sometimes gain'd ev'n to the Closets of Ladies, seem to promise, that
+      since the subject is so pleasing, that the Speculation appears as
+      Delightful! as Difficult, such easie and recreative Experiments, which
+      require but little time, or charge, or trouble in the making, and when
+      made are sensible and surprizing enough, may contribute more than others,
+      (far more important but as much more difficult) to recommend those parts
+      of Learning (Chymistry and Corpuscular Philosophy) by which they have been
+      produc'd, and to which they give Testimony ev'n to such kind of persons,
+      as value a pretty Trick more than a true Notion, and would scarce admit
+      Philosophy, if it approach'd them in another Dress: without the
+      strangeness or endearments of pleasantness to recommend it. I know that I
+      do but ill consult my own Advantage in the consenting to the Publication
+      of the following Treatise: For those things, which, whilst men knew not
+      how they were perform'd, appear'd so strange, will, when the way of making
+      them, and the Grounds on which I devis'd them, shall be Publick, quickly
+      lose all that their being</i> Rarityes, <i>and their</i> being thought
+      Mysteries, <i>contributed to recommend them. But 'tis fitter for
+      Mountebancks than Naturalis to desire to have their discoverys rather
+      admir'd than understood, and for my part I had much rather deserve the
+      thanks of the Ingenious, than enjoy the Applause of the Ignorant. And if I
+      can so farr contribute to the discovery of the nature of Colours, as to
+      help the Curious to it, I shall have reach'd my End, and sav'd my self
+      some Labour which else I may chance be tempted to undergo in prosecuting
+      that subect, and Adding to this Treatise, which I therefore call a</i>
+      History, <i>because it chiefly contains matters of fact, and which History
+      the Title declares me to look upon but as</i> Begun: <i>Because though
+      that above a hundred, not to say a hundred and fifty Experiments, (some
+      loose, and others interwoven amongst the discourses themselves) may
+      suffice to give a</i> Beginning <i>to a History not hitherto, that I know,
+      begun, by any; yet the subject is so fruitfull, and so worthy, that those
+      that are Curious of these Matters will be farr more wanting to themselves
+      than I can suspect, if what I now publish prove any more than a</i>
+      Beginning. <i>For, as I hope my Endeavours may afford them some assistance
+      towards this work, so those Endeavours are much too Vnfinish'd to give
+      them any discouragement, as if there were little left for others to do
+      towards the History of Colours.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>For (first) I have been willing to leave unmention'd the</i> most part
+      <i>of those Phænomena of Colours, that Nature presents us of her own
+      accord, (that is, without being guided or over-ruld by man) such as the
+      different Colours that several sorts of Fruites pass through before they
+      are perfectly ripe, and those that appear upon the fading of flowers and
+      leaves, and the putrifaction (and its several degrees) of fruits, &amp;c.
+      together with a thousand other obvious Instances of the changes of
+      colours. Nor have I</i> much <i>medled with those familiar Phænomena
+      wherein man is not an Idle spectator; such as the Greenness produc'd by
+      salt in Beef much powder'd, and the Redness produc'd in the shells of
+      Lobsters upon the boyling of those fishes; For I was willing to leave the</i>
+      gathering <i>of</i> Observations <i>to those that have not the Opportunity
+      to</i> make Experiments. <i>And for the same Reasons, among others, I did
+      purposly omit the Lucriferous practise of Trades-men about colours; as the
+      ways of making Pigments, of Bleanching wax, of dying Scarlet, &amp;c.
+      though to divers of them I be not a stranger, and of some I have myself
+      made Tryall.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Next; I did purposely pass by divers Experiments of other Writers that
+      I had made Tryall of (and that not without registring some of their
+      Events) unless I could some way or other improve them, because I wanted
+      leasure to insert them, and had thoughts of prosecuting the work once
+      begun of laying together those I had examin'd by themselves in case of my
+      not being prevented by others diligence. So that there remains not a
+      little, among the things that are already published, to imploy those that
+      have a mind to exercise themselves in repeating and examining them. And I
+      will not undertake, that</i> none <i>of the things deliver'd, ev'n in this
+      Treatise, though never so faithfully set down, may not prove to be thus
+      farr of this Sort, as to afford the Curious somewhat to add about them.
+      For I remember that I have somewhere in the Book it self acknowledged,
+      that having written it by snatches, partly in the Counntrey, and partly at
+      unseasonable times of the year, when the want of fit Instruments, and of a
+      competent variety of flowers, salts, Pigments, and other materials made me
+      leave some of the following Experiments, (especialy those about Emphatical
+      Colours) far more unfinish'd than they should have been, if it had been as
+      easie for me to</i> supply <i>what was wanting to compleat them, as to</i>
+      discern<i>. Thirdly to avoyd discouraging the young Gentleman I call
+      Pyrophilus, whom the less Familiar, and more Laborious operations of
+      Chymistry would probably have frighted, I purposely declin'd in what I
+      writ to him, the setting down any Number of such Chymicall Experiments,
+      as, by being very elaborate or tedious, would either require much skill,
+      or exercise his patience. And yet that this sort of Experiments is
+      exceedingly Numerous, and might more than a little inrich the History of
+      Colours, those that are vers'd in Chymical processes, will, I presume,
+      easily allow me.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>And (Lastly) for as much as I have occasion more than once in my
+      several Writings to treat either porposely or incidentally of matters
+      relating to Colours; I did not, perhaps, conceive my self oblig'd, to
+      deliver in one Treatise</i> all <i>that I would say concerning that
+      subject.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>But to conclude, by summing up what I would say concerning what I</i>
+      have <i>and what I</i> have not <i>done, in the following Papers; I shall
+      not</i> (on the one side) <i>deny, that considering that I pretended not
+      to write an accurate Treatise of Colours, but an Occasional Essay to
+      acquaint a private friend with what then occurrd to me of the things I had
+      thought or try'd concerning them; I might presume I did enough for once,
+      if I did clearly and faithfully set down, though not</i> all <i>the
+      Experiments I could, yet at least such a variety of them, that an
+      attentive Reader that shall consider the Grounds on which they have been
+      made, and the hints that are purposely (though dispersedly) couched in
+      them, may easily</i> compound <i>them, and otherwise</i> vary <i>them, so
+      as very much to increase their Number. And yet</i> (on the other side) <i>I
+      am so sensible both of how much I have, either out of necessity or choice,
+      left undone, and of the fruitfullness of the subject I have begun to
+      handle; that though I had performed far more then 'tis like many Readers
+      will judge I have, I should yet be very free to let them apply to my
+      Attempts that of</i> Seneca, <i>where having spoken of the Study of
+      Natures Mysteries, and Particularly of the Cause of Earth-Quakes, he
+      subjoins.<a name="NtA_1" id="NtA_1"></a><a href="#Nt_1"><sup>1</sup></a></i>
+      Nulla res consummata est dum incipit. Nec in hac tantum re omnium maxima
+      ac involutissimá, in quâ etiam cum multum actum erit, omnis ætas, quod
+      agat inveniet; sed in omni alio Negotio, longè semper à perfecto fuere
+      Principia.
+    </p>
+    <div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/012a.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:100%;"><i>The Publisher to the</i></span><br />
+      <span style="font-size:100%; letter-spacing:10px">READER.</span><br />
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <i>Friendly Reader,</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <img width="80" height="80" src="images/012b.png"
+      alt="Illuminated H in Here" />Ere is presented to thy view one of the
+      Abstrusest as well as the Gentilest Subjects of Natural Philosophy, the <i>Experimentall
+      History of Colours</i>; which though the Noble Author be pleased to think
+      but <i>Begun</i>, yet I must take leave to say, that I think it so well
+      begun, that the work is more than half dispatcht. Concerning which I
+      cannot but give this advertisement to the Reader, that I have heard the
+      Author express himself, that it would not surprise him, if it should
+      happen to be objected, that some of these Experiments have been already
+      published, partly by Chymists, and partly by two or three very fresh
+      Writers upon other Subjects. And though the number of these Experiments be
+      but very small, and though they be none of the considerablest, yet it may
+      on this occasion be further represented, that it is easie for our Author
+      to name several men, (of whose number I can truly name my self) who
+      remember either their having seen him make, or their having read, his
+      Accounts of the Experiments delivered in the following Tract several years
+      since, and long before the publication of the Books, wherein they are
+      mentioned. Nay in divers passages (where he could do it without any great
+      inconvenience) he hath struck out Experiments, which he had tryed many
+      years ago, because he since found them divulged by persons from whom he
+      had not the least hint of them; which yet is not touched, with design to
+      reflect upon any Ingenious Man, as if he were a Plagiary: For, though our
+      Generous Author were not reserved enough in showing his Experiments to
+      those that expressed a Curiosity to see them (amongst whom a very Learned
+      Man hath been pleased publickly to acknowledge it several years ago<a
+      name="NtA_2" id="NtA_2"></a><a href="#Nt_2"><sup>2</sup></a>; yet the same
+      thing may be well enough lighted on by persons that know nothing of one
+      another. And especially Chymical Laboratories may many times afford the
+      same <i>Phænomenon</i> about Colours to several persons at the same or
+      differing times. And as for the few <i>Phænomena</i> mentioned in the same
+      Chymical writers, as well as in the following Treatise, our Author hath
+      given an account, why he did not decline rejecting them, in the Anotations
+      upon the 47<sup>th</sup> Experiment of the third part. Not here to
+      mention, what he elsewhere saith, to shew what use may be Justifiably made
+      of Experiments not of his own devising by a writer of Natural History, if,
+      what he employes of others mens, be well examined or verified by himself.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the mean time, this Treatise is such, that there needs no other
+      invitation to peruse it, but that tis composed by one of the Deepest &amp;
+      Most indefatigable searchers of Nature, which, I think the World, as far
+      as I know it, affords. For mine own part, I feel a Secret Joy within me,
+      to see such beginings upon such <i>Themes</i>, it being demonstratively
+      true, <i>Mota facilius moveri</i>, which causeth me to entertain strong
+      hopes, that this Illustrious <i>Virtuoso</i> and Restless Inquirer into
+      Nature's Secrets will not stop here, but go on and prosper in the
+      Disquisition or the other principal Colours, <i>Green, Red</i>, and <i>Yellow</i>.
+      The Reasoning faculty set once afloat, will be carried on, and that with
+      ease, especially, when the productions thereof meet, as they do here, with
+      so greedy an Entertainment at home and abroad. I am confident, that the <b>ROYAL
+      SOCIETY</b>, lately constituted by his <b>MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY</b> <i>for
+      improving Natural knowledge</i>, will Judge it their interest to exhort
+      our Author to the prosecution of this Argument, considering, how much it
+      is their design and business to accumulate a good stock of such accurate
+      Observations and Experiments, as may afford them and their Offpring
+      genuine Matter to raise a Masculine Philosophy upon, whereby the Mind of
+      Man may be enobled with the Knowledge of solid Truths, and the Life of Man
+      benefited with ampler accommodations, than it hath been hitherto.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Our Great Author, one of the Pillars of that Illustrious Corporation, is
+      constantly furnishing large <i>Symbola</i>'s to this work, and is now
+      falln, as you see, upon so comprehensive and important a theme, as will,
+      if insisted on and compleated, prove one of the considerablest peeces of
+      that structure. To which, if he shall please to add his Treatise of <i>Heat</i>
+      and <i>Flame</i>, as he is ready to publish his Experimental Accounts of
+      <i>Cold</i>, I esteem, the World will be obliged to Him for having shewed
+      them both the <i>Right</i> and <i>Left Hand</i> of Nature, and the
+      Operations thereof.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The considering Reader will by this very Treatise see abundant cause to
+      sollicit the Author for more; sure I am, that of whatever of the
+      Productions of his Ingeny comes into <i>Forein parts</i> (where I am happy
+      in the acquaintance of many intelligent friends) is highly valued; And to
+      my knowledge, there are those among the French, that have lately begun to
+      learn English, on purpose to enable themselves to read his Books, being
+      impatient of their Traduction into Latin. If I durst say all, I know of
+      the Elogies received by me from abroad concerning Him, I should perhaps
+      make this Preamble too prolix, and certainly offend the modesty of our
+      Author.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Wherefore I shall leave this, and conclude with desiring the Reader, that
+      if he meet with other faults besides those, that the Errata take notice of
+      (as I believe he may) he will please to consider both the weakness of the
+      Authors eyes, for not reviewing, and the manifold Avocations of the
+      Publisher for not doing his part; who taketh his leave with inviting
+      those, that have also considered this Nice subject experimentally, to
+      follow the Example of our Noble Author, and impart such and the like
+      performances to the now very inquisitive world. <i>Farewell.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="author">
+      <i>H. O.</i>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/018.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:50%;">THE</span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:100%; letter-spacing:10px">CONTENTS.</span><br />
+    </h2>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      CHAP. I.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>The Author shews the Reason, first of his Writing on this Subject</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_1">1</a>.) <i>Next of his present manner of Handling it, and
+      why he partly declines a Methodical way</i> (<a href="#Page_2">2</a>.) <i>and
+      why he has partly made use of it in the History of</i> Whiteness <i>and</i>
+      Blackness. (<a href="#Page_3">3</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Chap. 2. <i>Some general Considerations are premis'd, first of the
+      Insignificancy of the Observasion of Colours in many Bodies</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.) <i>and the Importance of
+      it in others</i> (<a href="#Page_5">5</a>.) <i>as particularly in the
+      Tempering of Steel</i> (<a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>,
+      <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.) <i>The reason why other particular Instances are
+      in that place omitted</i> (<a href="#Page_9">9</a>) <i>A necessary
+      distinction about Colour premis'd</i> (<a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a
+      href="#Page_11">11</a>.) <i>That Colour is not Inherent in the Object</i>
+      (<a href="#Page_11">11</a>.) <i>prov'd first by the Phantasms of Colours
+      to</i> Dreaming <i>men, and</i> Lunaticks; <i>Secondly by the sensation or
+      apparition of Light upon a Blow given the Eye or the Distemper of the
+      Brain from internal Vapours</i> (<a href="#Page_12">12</a>.) <i>The Author
+      recites a particular Instance in himself; another that hapn'd to an
+      Excellent Person related to him</i> (<a href="#Page_13">13</a>.) <i>and a
+      third told him by an Ingenious Physician</i> (<a href="#Page_14">14</a>,
+      <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.) <i>Thirdly, from the change of Colours made by
+      the Sensory Disaffected</i> (<a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.)
+      <i>Some Instances of this are related by the Author, observ'd in himself</i>
+      (<a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.) <i>others told him
+      by a Lady of known Veracity</i> (<a href="#Page_18">18</a>.) <i>And others
+      told him by a very Eminent Man</i> (<a href="#Page_19">19</a>.) <i>But the
+      strange Instances afforded by such as are Bit by the</i> Tarantula <i>are
+      omitted, as more properly deliver'd in another place</i>. (<a
+      href="#Page_20">20</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Chap. 3. <i>That the Colour of Bodies depends chiefly on the disposition
+      of the Superficial parts, and partly upon the Variety of the Texture of
+      the Object</i> (<a href="#Page_21">21</a>.) <i>The former of these are
+      confirm'd by several Persons</i> (<a href="#Page_22">22</a>.) <i>and two
+      Instances, the first of the Steel mention'd before, the second of melted
+      Lead</i> (<a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.) <i>of
+      which last several Observables are noted</i> (<a href="#Page_25">25</a>.)
+      <i>A third Instance is added of the Porousness of the appearing smooth
+      Surface of Cork</i> (<a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.)
+      <i>And that the same kind of Porousness may be also in the other Colour'd
+      Bodies; And of what kind of Figures, the Superficial reflecting Particles
+      of them may be</i> (<a href="#Page_28">28</a>.) <i>and of what Bulks, and
+      closeness of Position</i> (<a href="#Page_29">29</a>.) <i>How much these
+      may conduce to the Generation of Colour instanc'd in the Whiteness of
+      Froth, and in the mixtures of Dry colour'd Powders</i> (<a href="#Page_30">30</a>.)
+      <i>A further explication of the Variety that may be in the Superficial
+      parts of Colour'd Bodies, that may cause that Effect, by an example drawn
+      from the Surface of the Earth</i> (<a href="#Page_31">31</a>.) <i>An
+      Apology for that gross Comparison</i> (<a href="#Page_32">32</a>.) <i>That
+      the appearances of the Superficial asperities may be Varied from the
+      position of the Eye, and several Instances given of such appearances</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.)
+      <i>That the appearance of the Superficial particles may be Varied also by
+      their Motion, confirm'd by an Instance of the smoaking Liquor</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_35">35</a>.) <i>especially if the Superficial parts be of such
+      a Nature as to appear divers in several Postures, explain'd by the variety
+      of Colours exhibited by the shaken Leaves of some Plants</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_36">36</a>.) <i>and by changeable Taffities</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.)
+      <i>The Authors wish that the Variety of Colours in Mother of Pearl were
+      examin'd with a</i> Microscope (<a href="#Page_40">40</a>.) <i>And his
+      Conjectures, that possibly good</i> Microscopes <i>might discover those
+      Superficial inequalities to be Real, which we now only imagine with his
+      reasons drawn partly from the Discoveries of the</i> Telescope, <i>and</i>
+      Microscope (<a href="#Page_41">41</a>.) <i>And partly also from the
+      Prodigiously strange example of a Blind man that could feel Colours</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_42">42</a>.) <i>whose History is Related</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.)
+      <i>The Authors conjecture and thoughts of it</i> (<a href="#Page_46">46</a>,
+      <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.)
+      <i>and several Conclusions and Corollaries drawn from it about the Nature
+      of Blackness and Black Bodies</i> (<a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a
+      href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.) <i>and about the
+      Asperities of several other Colour'd Bodies</i> (<a href="#Page_53">53</a>.)
+      <i>And from these, and some premis'd Considerations, are propos'd some
+      Conjectures; That the reason of the several Phænomena of Colours,
+      afterwards to be met with, depends upon the Disposition of the Seen parts
+      of the Object</i> (<a href="#Page_54">54</a>.) <i>That Liquors may alter
+      the Colours of each other, and of other Bodies, first by their Insinuating
+      themselves into the Pores, and filling them, whence the Asperity of the
+      Surface of a Body becomes alter'd, explicated with some Instances</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.) <i>Next by removing
+      those Bodies, which before hindred the appearance of the Genuine Colour,
+      confirm'd by several examples</i> (<a href="#Page_57">57</a>) <i>Thirdly,
+      by making a Fissure or Separation either in the Contiguous or Continued
+      Particles of a Body</i> (<a href="#Page_58">58</a>.) <i>Fourthly, by a
+      Union or Conjunction of the formerly separated Particles; Illustrated with
+      divers Instances of precipitated Bodies</i> (<a href="#Page_59">59</a>.)
+      <i>Fifthly, by Dislocating the parts, and putting them both into other
+      Orders and Postures, which is Illustrated with Instances</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.) <i>Sixthly, by Motion,
+      which is explain'd</i> (<a href="#Page_62">62</a>.) <i>And lastly, and
+      chiefly, by the Union of the Saline Bodies, with the Superficial parts of
+      another Body, whereby both their Bigness and Shape must necessarily be
+      alter'd</i> (<a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.) <i>Explain'd
+      by Experiments</i> (<a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.)
+      <i>That the Colour of Bodies may be Chang'd by the concurrence of two or
+      more of these ways</i> (<a href="#Page_67">67</a>.) <i>And besides all
+      these, Eight Reflective causes of Colours, there may be in Transparent
+      Bodies several Refractive</i> (<a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a
+      href="#Page_69">69</a>) <i>Why the Author thinks the Nature of Colours
+      deserves yet a further Inquiry</i> (<a href="#Page_69">69</a>.) <i>First
+      for that the little Motes of Dust exhibited very lovely Colours in a
+      darkned Room, whilst in a convenient posture to the Eye, which in other
+      Postures and Lights they did not</i> (<a href="#Page_70">70</a>.) <i>And
+      that though the smaller Parts of some Colour'd Bodies are Transparent, yet
+      of others they are not, so that the first Doubt's, whether the Superficial
+      parts create those Colours, and the second, whether there be any
+      Refraction at all in the later</i> (<a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a
+      href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.) <i>A famous
+      Controversie among Philosophers, about the Nature of Colour decided</i>. (<a
+      href="#Page_74">74</a>. <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Chap. 4. <i>The controversie stated about Real and Emphatical Colours</i>
+      (<a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.) <i>That the great
+      Disparity between them seems to be, partly their Duration in the same
+      state, and partly, that Genuine Colours are produc'd in Opacous Bodies by
+      Reflection, and Emphatical in Transparent by Refraction</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_78">78</a>.) <i>but that this is not to be taken in too large
+      a Sense, the Cautionary instance of Froth is alleged and insisted on</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.) <i>That the Duration
+      is not a sufficient Characteristick, exemplify'd by the duration of Froth,
+      and other Emphatical Colours, and the suddain fading of Flowers, and other
+      Bodies of Real ones</i> (<a href="#Page_80">80</a>.) <i>That the position
+      of the Eye is not necessary to the discerning Emphatical Colours, shew'd
+      by the seeing white Froth, or an Iris cast on the Wall by a Prism, in what
+      place of the Room soever the Eye be</i> (<a href="#Page_81">81</a>.) <i>which
+      proceeds from the specular Reflection of the Wall</i> (<a href="#Page_82">82</a>.)
+      <i>that Emphatical Colours may be Compounded, and that the present
+      Discourse is not much concern'd, whether there be, or be not made a
+      distinction between Real and Emphatical Colours</i>. (<a href="#Page_83">83</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Chap. 5. <i>Six Hypotheses about Colour recited</i> (<a href="#Page_84">84</a>,
+      <a href="#Page_85">85</a>) <i>Why the Author cannot more fully Speak of
+      any of these</i> (<a href="#Page_86">86</a>.) <i>nor Acquiesce in them</i>
+      (<a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.) <i>What</i>
+      Pyrophilus <i>is to expect in this Treatise</i> (<a href="#Page_88">88</a>,
+      <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.) <i>What Hypothesis of Light and Colour the
+      Author most inclines too</i> (<a href="#Page_90">90</a>.) <i>Why he thinks
+      neither that nor any other sufficient; and what his Difficulties are, that
+      make him decline all Hypotheses, and to think it very difficult to stick
+      to any.</i> (<a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h2>
+      Part the Second.
+    </h2>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Of the Nature of Whiteness and Blackness.</i>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      CHAP. I.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>The reason why the Author chose the Explication of Whiteness and
+      Blackness</i> (<a href="#Page_93">93</a>.) <i>Wherein</i> Democritus <i>thought
+      amiss of these</i> (<a href="#Page_94">94</a>.) Gassendus <i>his Opinion
+      about them</i> (<a href="#Page_95">95</a>.) <i>What the Author approves,
+      and a more full Explication of White, makinig it a Multiplicity of Light
+      or Reflections</i> (<a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.)
+      <i>Confirm'd first by the Whiteness of the</i> Meridian <i>Sun, observ'd
+      in Water</i> (<a href="#Page_98">98</a>.) <i>and of a piece of Iron
+      glowing Hot</i> (<a href="#Page_99">99</a>.) <i>Secondly, by the
+      Offensiveness of Snow to the Travellers eyes, confirm'd by an example of a
+      Person that has Travell'd much in Russia</i> (<a href="#Page_100">100</a>.)
+      <i>and by an Observation out of</i> Olaus Magnus (<a href="#Page_100">100</a>.)
+      <i>and that the Snow does inlighten and clear the Air in the Night,
+      confirm'd by the Mosco Physician, and Captain</i> James (<a
+      href="#Page_101">101</a>.) <i>But that Snow has no inherent Light, prov'd
+      by Experience</i> (<a href="#Page_102">102</a>.) <i>Thirdly, by the great
+      store of Reflections, from white Bodies observ'd in a darkned Room, and by
+      their unaptness to be Kindled by a Burning-glass</i> (<a href="#Page_103">103</a>.)
+      <i>Fourthly, the Specularness of White Bodies is confirm'd by the
+      Reflections in a dark Room from other Bodies</i> (<a href="#Page_104">104</a>.)
+      <i>and by the appearance of a River, which both to the Eye and in a
+      darkned Room appear'd White</i> (<a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a
+      href="#Page_106">106</a>.) <i>Fifthly, by the Whiteness of distill'd</i>
+      Mercury, <i>and that of the</i> Galaxie (<a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a
+      href="#Page_108">108</a>.) <i>and by the Whiteness of Froth, rais'd from
+      whites of Eggs beaten; that this Whiteness comes not from the Air, shew'd
+      by Experiments</i> (<a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.)
+      <i>where occasionally the Whiteness of Distill'd Oyls, Hot water, &amp;c.
+      are shew'd</i> (<a href="#Page_111">111</a>.) <i>That it seems not
+      necessary the Reflecting Surfaces should be Sphærical, confirm'd by
+      Experiments</i> (<a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.)
+      <i>Sixthly, by the Whiteness of the Powders of transparent Bodies</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_114">114</a>.) <i>Seventhly, by the Experiment of Whitening
+      and Burnishing Silver.</i> (<a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a
+      href="#Page_116">116</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Chap. 2. <i>A Recital of some Opinions about Blackness, and which the
+      Author inclines to</i> (<a href="#Page_117">117</a>.) <i>which he further
+      insists on and explicates</i> (<a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a
+      href="#Page_119">119</a>.) <i>and shews for what reasons he imbrac'd that
+      Hypothesis</i> (<a href="#Page_120">120</a>.) <i>First, from the contrary
+      Nature of Whiteness and Blackness, White reflecting most Beams outwards,
+      Black should reflect most inward</i> (<a href="#Page_120">120</a>.) <i>Next,
+      from the Black appearance of all Bodies, when Shadow'd; And the manner how
+      this paucity of Reflection outwards is caus'd, is further explicated, by
+      shewing that the Superficial parts may be Conical and Pyramical</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_121">121</a>.) <i>This and other Considerations formerly
+      deliver'd, Illustrated by Experiments with black and white Marble</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.) <i>Thirdly, from
+      the Black appearance of Holes in white Linnen, and from the appearance of
+      Velvet stroak'd several ways, and from an Observation of Carrots</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.) <i>Fourthly, from
+      the small Reflection from Black in a darkned Room</i> (<a href="#Page_125">125</a>,
+      <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.) <i>Fifthly, from the Experiment of a
+      Checker'd Tile expos'd to the Sun-beams</i> (<a href="#Page_127">127</a>.)
+      <i>which is to be preferr'd before a Similar Experiment try'd in</i>
+      Italy, <i>with black and white Marble</i> (<a href="#Page_128">128</a>.)
+      <i>Some other congruous Observations</i> (<a href="#Page_129">129</a>.) <i>Sixthly,
+      from the Roasting black'd Eggs in the Sun</i> (<a href="#Page_130">130</a>.)
+      <i>Seventhly, by the Observation of the Blind man lately mention'd, and of
+      another mention'd by</i> Bartholine (<a href="#Page_130">130</a>.) <i>That
+      notwithstanding all these Reasons, the Author is not absolutely Positive,
+      but remains yet a Seeker after the true Nature of Whiteness and Blackness.</i>
+      (<a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Experiments <i>in Consort, touching</i> Whiteness <i>and</i> Blackness.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The first</i> Experiment, <i>with a Solution of Sublimate, made White
+      with Spirit of Urine</i>, &amp;c. (<a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a
+      href="#Page_134">134</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The second</i> Experiment, <i>with an Infusion of Galls, made Black
+      with Vitriol</i>, &amp;c. (<a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.)
+      <i>further Discours'd of</i> (<a href="#Page_137">137</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The third</i> Experiment, <i>of the Blacking of Hartshorn, and Ivory,
+      and Tartar, and by a further Calcination making them White</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The fourth</i> Experiment, <i>limiting the</i> Chymist's <i>principle</i>,
+      Adusta nigra sed perusta alba, <i>by several Instances of Calcin'd
+      Alabaster, Lead, Antimony, Vitriol, and by the Testimony of</i> Bellonius,
+      <i>about the white Charcoles of</i> Oxy-cædar, <i>and by that of</i>
+      Camphire. (<a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a
+      href="#Page_142">142</a>.) <i>That which follows about Inks was misplac'd
+      by an Errour of the Printer, for it belongs to what has been formerly said
+      of Galls</i> (<a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The fifth</i> Experiment, <i>of the black Smoak of Camphire</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_144">144</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The sixth</i> Experiment, <i>of a black</i> Caput Mortuum, <i>of Oyl of
+      Vitriol, with Oyl of Worm-word, and also with Oyl of Winter-Savory</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_145">145</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The seventh</i> Experiment, <i>of whitening Wax</i> (<a href="#Page_146">146</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The eighth</i> Experiment, <i>with Tin-glass, and Sublimate</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The ninth</i> Experiment, <i>of a Black powder of Gold in the bottom of</i>
+      Aqua-fortis, <i>and of the Blacking of Refin'd Gold and Silver</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The tenth</i> Experiment, <i>of the staining Hair, Skin, Ivory</i>,
+      &amp;c. <i>Black, with Crystals of Silver</i> (<a href="#Page_150">150</a>,
+      <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The eleventh</i> Experiment, <i>about the Blackness of the Skin, and
+      Hair of</i> Negroes, <i>and Inhabitants of Hot Climates. Several
+      Objections are made, and the whole Matter more fully discours'd and stated
+      from several notable Histories and Observations</i> (from the <a
+      href="#Page_151">151</a> to the <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The twelfth</i> Experiment, <i>of the white Powders, afforded by
+      Precipitating several Bodies, as Crabs Eyes, Minium, Coral, Silver, Lead,
+      Tin, Quick-silver, Tin-glass, Antimony, Benzoin, and Resinous Gumms out of
+      Spirit of Wine</i>, &amp;c. <i>but this is not Universal, since other
+      Bodies, as Gold, Antimony, Quick-silver</i>, &amp;c. <i>may be
+      Precipitated of other Colours</i> (<a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a
+      href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The thirteenth</i> Experiment, <i>of Changing the Blackness of some
+      Bodies into other Colours</i> (<a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a
+      href="#Page_172">172</a>.) <i>and of Whitening what would be Minium, and
+      Copper, with Tin, and of Copper with Arsnick, which with Coppilling again
+      Vanishes; of covering the Colour of that of</i> 1/3 <i>of Gold with</i>
+      2/3 <i>of Silver melted in a Mass together</i> (<a href="#Page_173">173</a>,
+      <a href="#Page_174">174</a>)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The fourteenth</i> Experiment, <i>of turning the black Body of Horn
+      into a White immediately with Scraping, without changing the Substantial
+      form, or without the Intervention of Salt, Sulphur, or Mercury</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_176">176</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The fifteenth</i> Experiment, <i>contains several Instances against the
+      Opinion of the</i> Chymists <i>that Sulphur</i> Adust <i>is the cause of
+      Blackness, and the whole Matter is fully discuss'd and stated</i> (from <a
+      href="#Page_176">176</a> to <a href="#Page_184">184</a>)
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h2>
+      Part the Third.
+    </h2>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Concerning Promiscuous Experiments about Colours.</i>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      Experiment the First.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>IN confirmation of a former Conjecture about the Generation of Colours
+      from diversity of Reflections are set down several Observations made in a
+      Darkned room</i> (<a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Experiment <i>the second, That white Linnen seem'd Ting'd with the Red of
+      Silk plac'd near it in a light Room</i> (<a href="#Page_188">188</a>,<a
+      href="#Page_189">189</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Experiment <i>the third, Of the Trajection of Light through Colour'd
+      Papers</i> (<a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Experiment <i>the fourth, Observations of a Prism in a dark Room</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Experiment <i>the fifth, Of the Refracting and Reflecting Prismatical
+      Colours in a light Room</i> (<a href="#Page_193">193</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Experiment <i>the sixth, On the Vanishing of the</i> Iris <i>of the Prism,
+      upon the access of a greater adventitious Light</i> (<a href="#Page_194">194</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Experiment <i>the seventh, Of the appearances of the same Colour'd Papers
+      by Candle-light</i> (<a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Experiment <i>the eighth, Of the Yellowness of the Flame of a Candle</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_197">197</a>).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Experiment <i>the ninth, Of the Greenish Blew transparency of Leaf Gold</i>
+      (<a href="#Page_198">198</a>).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Experiment <i>the tenth, Of the curious Tinctures afforded by</i> Lignum
+      Nephriticum (from <a href="#Page_199">199</a> to <a href="#Page_203">203</a>).
+      <i>Several trials for the Investigation of the Nature of it</i> (from <a
+      href="#Page_204">204</a> to <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.) Kircher's <i>relation
+      of this Wood set down, and examin'd</i> (from <a href="#Page_206">206</a>
+      to <a href="#Page_212">212</a>). <i>A Corollary on this tenth</i>
+      Experiment, <i>shewing how it may be applicable for the Discovering,
+      whether any Salt be of an Acid, or a Sulphureous, and Alcalizate Nature</i>
+      (from <a href="#Page_213">213</a> to <a href="#Page_216">216</a>).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The eleventh</i> Experiment, <i>Of certain pieces of Glass that
+      afforded this Variety of Colours; And of the way of so Tinging any Plate
+      of Glass with Silver</i> (from <a href="#Page_216">216</a> to <a
+      href="#Page_219">219</a>).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The twelfth</i> Experiment, <i>Of the Mixing and Tempering of Painters
+      Pigments</i> (<a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a
+      href="#Page_221">221</a>).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The thirteenth</i> Experiment, <i>Of compounding several Colours by
+      Trajecting the Sun-beams through Ting'd Glasses</i> (from <a
+      href="#Page_221">221</a> to <a href="#Page_224">224</a>).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The fourteenth</i> Experiment, <i>Of the Compounding of Real and
+      Phantastical Colours, and the Results</i> (<a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a
+      href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.) <i>as also the
+      same of Phantastical Colours</i> (<a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a
+      href="#Page_227">227</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The fifteenth</i> Experiment, <i>Of Varying the Trajected</i> Iris <i>by
+      a Colour'd Prism</i> (<a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The sixteenth</i> Experiment, <i>Of the Red fumes of Spirit of</i>
+      Nitre, <i>and, the resembling Redness of the Horizontal Sun-beams</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The seventeenth</i> Experiment, <i>Of making a Green by nine Kinds of
+      Compositions</i> (from <a href="#Page_231">231</a> to <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.)
+      <i>And some Deductions from them against the necessity of recurring to
+      Substantial forms and Hypostatical principles for the production of
+      Colours</i> (from <a href="#Page_237">237</a> to <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The eighteenth</i> Experiment, <i>Of several Compositions of Blew and
+      Yellow which produce not a Green, and of the production of a Green by
+      other Colours</i> (<a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The nineteenth</i> Experiment, <i>contains several instances of
+      producing Colours, without the alteration of any Hypostatical principle,
+      by the Prism, Bubbles, and Feathers</i> ( from <a href="#Page_242">242</a>
+      to <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The twentieth</i> Experiment <i>Of turning the Blew of Violets into a
+      Red by Acid Salts, and to a Green by Alcalizate (<a href="#Page_245">245</a>,
+      <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.) and the use of it for Investigating the
+      Nature of Salts</i> (<a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The one and twentieth</i> Experiment, <i>of the same Changes effected
+      by the same means on the Blew Tinctures of Corn-flowers</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.) <i>And some
+      Restrictions to shew it not to be so general a propriety as one might
+      imagine</i> (<a href="#Page_251">251</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The twenty second</i> Experiment, <i>of turning a Solution of
+      Verdigrease into a Blew, with Alcalizate and Urinous Salts</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The twenty third</i> Experiment, <i>of taking away the Colour of Roses
+      with the Steams of Sulphur, and heightning them with the Steams Condens'd
+      into Oyl of Sulphur</i> per Campanam (<a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a
+      href="#Page_255">255</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The twenty fourth</i> Experiment, <i>of Tinging a great quantity of
+      Liquor with a very little Ting'd Substance, Instanced in</i> Cochineel
+      (from <a href="#Page_255">255</a> to <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The twenty fifth</i> Experiment, <i>of the more general use of
+      Alcalizate and Sulphureous Salts in the Tinctures of Vegetables, further
+      Instanced in the Tincture of Privet Berries, and of the Flowers of
+      Mesereon and Pease</i> (from <a href="#Page_257">257</a> to <a
+      href="#Page_259">259</a>.) <i>An</i> Annotation, <i>shewing that of the
+      three Hypostatical principles, Salt according to</i> Paracelsus <i>is the
+      most active about Colours</i> (from <a href="#Page_259">259</a> to <a
+      href="#Page_261">261</a>.) <i>Some things Precursory premis'd to three
+      several Instances next following, against the fore-mention'd Operations of
+      Salts</i> (<a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The twenty sixth</i> Experiment, <i>containing Trials with Acid and
+      Sulphureous Salts on the Red Tinctures of Clove-july-flowers, Buckthorn
+      Berries, Red-Roses, Brasil</i>, &amp;c. (<a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a
+      href="#Page_263">263</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The twenty seventh</i> Experiment, <i>of the changes of the Colour of
+      Jasmin flowers, and Snow drops, by Alcalizate and Sulphureous Salts</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The twenty eighth</i> Experiment, <i>of other differing Effects on
+      Mary-golds, Prim-roses, and fresh Madder</i> (<a href="#Page_265">265</a>.)
+      <i>with an Admonition, that these Salts may have differing Effects in the
+      changing of the tinctures of divers other Vegetables</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The twenty ninth</i> Experiment, <i>of the differing Effects of these
+      Salts on Ripe and Unripe Juices, instanced in Black-berries, and the
+      Juices of Roses</i> (from <a href="#Page_267">267</a> to <a
+      href="#Page_270">270</a>.) <i>Two reasons, why the Author added this
+      twenty ninth</i> Experiment, <i>the last of which is confirm'd by an
+      Instance of Mr.</i> Parkinson, <i>consonant to the Confession of the
+      Makers of such Colours</i> (<a href="#Page_272">272</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The thirtieth</i> Experiment, <i>of several changes in Colours by
+      Digestion, exemplify'd by an</i> Amalgam <i>of</i> <img
+      src="images/gold.png" class="noborder" width="16" height="18" alt="Gold" />
+      <i>and</i> <img src="images/mercury.png" class="noborder" width="16"
+      height="18" alt="Mercury" /> <i>and by Spirit of Harts-horn. And (to such
+      as believe it) by the changes of the</i> Elixir.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The thirty first</i> Experiment, <i>shewing that most Tinctures drawn
+      by Digestion Incline to a Red, instanc'd in</i> Jalap, Guaicum, <i>Amber,
+      Benzoin, Sulphur, Antimony</i>, &amp;c. (<a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a
+      href="#Page_277">277</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The thirty second</i> Experiment, <i>That some Reds with Diluting turn
+      Yellow, others not, exemplify'd by the Tincture of</i> Cochineel, <i>and
+      by Balsam of</i> Sulphur, <i>Tinctures of</i> Amber, &amp;c. (<a
+      href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The thirty third</i> Experiment, <i>of a Red Tincture of</i> Saccarum
+      <img src="images/lead.png" class="noborder" width="16" height="20"
+      alt="Saturni" /> <i>and Oyl of</i> Turpentine <i>made by Digestion</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_279">279</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The thirty fourth</i> Experiment, <i>of drawing a Volatile red Tincture
+      of Mercury</i>, <i>whose Steams were white, but it would Tinge the Skin
+      black </i> (<a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The thirty fifth</i> Experiment, <i>of a suddain way of making a Blood
+      red Colour with Oyl of</i> Vitriol, <i>and Oyl of</i> Anniseeds, <i>two
+      transparent Liquors </i> (<a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The thirty sixth</i> Experiment, <i>of the Degenerating of several
+      Colours exemplify'd in the last mention'd Blood red, and by Mr.</i>
+      Parkinsons <i>relation of</i> Turnsol, <i>by some Trials with the Juice of
+      Buck-thorn Berries, and other Vegetables, to which several notable
+      Considerations and Advertisements back'd with</i> Experiments <i>are
+      adjoyn'd</i> (from <a href="#Page_281">281</a> to <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The thirty seventh</i> Experiment, <i>Of Varying the Colour of the
+      Tinctures of</i> Cochineel, <i>Red-cherries, and Brasil, with Acid and
+      Sulphureous Salts, and divers Considerations thereon</i> (from <a
+      href="#Page_288">288</a> to <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The thirty eighth</i> Experiment, <i>About the Red fumes of some, and
+      White of other distill'd Bodies, and of their Coalition for the most part
+      into a transparent Liquor</i> (<a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a
+      href="#Page_291">291</a>.) <i>And of the various Colours of dry
+      Sublimations, exemplify'd with several</i> Experiments (<a href="#Page_292">292</a>,
+      <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The thirty ninth</i> Experiment, <i>Of Varying the Decoction of</i>
+      Balaustiums <i>with Acid and Urinous Salts</i> (<a href="#Page_294">294</a>,
+      <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.) <i>Some</i> Annotations <i>wherein two</i>
+      Experiments <i>of</i> Gassendus <i>are Related, Examined, and Improv'd</i>
+      (from <a href="#Page_295">295</a> to <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The fortieth</i> Experiment, <i>Of the no less Strange than Pleasant
+      changes made with a Solution of Sublimate</i> (from <a href="#Page_301">301</a>
+      to <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.) <i>The difference between a Chymical axd
+      Philosophical Solution of a</i> Phænomenon (<a href="#Page_307">307</a>,
+      <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.) <i>The Authors Chymical Explication of the</i>
+      Phænomena, <i>confirm d by several</i> Experiments <i>made on</i> Mercury,
+      <i>with several Saline Liquors</i> (from <a href="#Page_308">308</a> to <a
+      href="#Page_310">310</a>.) <i>An Improvement of the fortieth</i>
+      Experiment, <i>by a fresh Decoction of</i> Antimony <i>in a</i> Lixivium (<a
+      href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.)
+      <i>Reflections on the tenth, twentieth, and fortieth</i> Experiments, <i>compar'd
+      together, shewing a way with this Tincture of Sublimate to distinguish
+      whether any Saline Body to be examin'd be of a Urinous or Alcalizate
+      Nature</i> (from <a href="#Page_314">314</a> to <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.)
+      <i>The Examination of Spirit of</i> Sal-armoniack, <i>and Spirit of</i>
+      Oak <i>by these Principles</i> (from <a href="#Page_316">316</a> to <a
+      href="#Page_319">319</a>.) <i>That the Author knows ways of making highly
+      Operative Saline bodies, that produce none of the before mention'd effects</i>
+      (<a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.) <i>Some
+      notable</i> Experiments <i>about Solutions and Precipitations of Gold and
+      Silver</i> (<a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The one and fortieth</i> Experiment, <i>Of Depriving a deep Blew
+      Solution of Copper of its Colour</i> (<a href="#Page_322">322</a>.) <i>to
+      which is adjoyn'd the Discolouring or making Transparent a Solution of
+      Verdigrease, &amp;c. and another of Restoring or Increasing it</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The forty second</i> Experiment, <i>Of changing a Milk white
+      Precipitate of</i> Mercury <i>into a Yellow, by Affusion of fair Water,
+      with several Considerations thereon</i> (from <a href="#Page_323">323</a>
+      to <a href="#Page_326">326</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The forty third</i> Experiment, <i>Of Extracting a Green Solution with
+      fair Water out of imperfectly Calcin'd Vitriol</i> (<a href="#Page_327">327</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The forty fourth</i> Experiment, <i>Of the Deepning and Diluting of
+      several Tinctures, by the Affusions of Liquors, and by Conical Glasses
+      that contain'd them, Exemplify'd in the Tinctures of</i> Cochineel,
+      Brasil, Verdigrease, Glass, Litmus, <i>of which last on this occasion
+      several pleasant</i> Phænomena <i>are related</i> (from <a href="#Page_328">328</a>
+      to <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.) <i>To which are adjoyn'd certain
+      Cautional Corollaries </i> (<a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a
+      href="#Page_336">336</a>.) <i>The Waterdrinker and some of his Legerdemain
+      tricks related.</i>(<a href="#Page_337">337</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The forty fifth</i> Experiment, <i>Of the turning Rhenish and White
+      Wine into a lovely Green, with a preparation of Steel </i>(<a
+      href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.) <i>Some further
+      Trial made about these Tinctures, and a Similar</i> Experiment <i>of</i>
+      Olaus Wormius (<a href="#Page_340">340</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The forty sixth</i> Experiment, <i>Of the Internal Colour of Metalls
+      exhibited by Calcination</i> (<a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a
+      href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.) Annotation <i>the
+      first, That several degrees of Fire may disclose a differing Colour</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_343">343</a>.) Annotation <i>the second, That the Glasses of
+      Metalls may exhibit also other Kinds of Colours</i> (<a href="#Page_344">344</a>.)
+      Annotation <i>the third, That Minerals by several degrees of Fire may
+      disclose several Colours</i>(<a href="#Page_345">345</a>).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Experiment <i>the forty seventh, Of the Internal Colours of Metalls
+      disclos'd by their Dissolutions in several</i> Menstruums (from <a
+      href="#Page_345">345</a> to <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.) Annotation <i>the
+      first, The Authors Apology for Recording some already known</i>
+      Experiments, <i>without mentioning their Authors</i> (from <a
+      href="#Page_350">350</a> to <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.) Annotation <i>the
+      second, That some Minerals also by Dissolutions in</i> Menstruums <i>may
+      exhibit divers Colours</i>. Annotation <i>the third, That Metalls disclose
+      other Colours by Precipitations, instanc'd in</i> Mercury (from <a
+      href="#Page_353">353</a> to <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The forty eighth</i> Experiment, <i>Of Tinging Glass Blew with Leaf
+      Silver, and with Calcin'd Copper, and White with Putty</i> (from <a
+      href="#Page_355">355</a> to <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.) Annotation <i>the
+      first, That this white Glass is the Basis of Ammels</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_358">358</a>.) Annotion <i>the second, That Colour'd Glasses
+      may be Compounded like Colour'd Liquors in Dying Fats</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_359">359</a>.) Annotation <i>the third, Of Tinging Glass with
+      Minerel Substances, and of trying what Metalls they contain by this means</i>
+      (from <a href="#Page_360">360</a> to <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.)
+      Annotation <i>the fourth, That Metalls may be Ting'd by Mineralls</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_362">362</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.) Annotation <i>the
+      fifth, Of making several Kinds of Amauses or Counterfeit Stones</i> (from
+      <a href="#Page_363">363</a> to <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.) Annotation <i>the
+      sixth, Of the Scarlet Dye, of the Stains of dissolv'd Gold and Silver</i>
+      (<a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>) <i>Of the
+      Greenness of Salt Beef, and Redness of Neats Tongues from Salts; of
+      Gilding Silver with Bathe Water</i> (<a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a
+      href="#Page_369">369</a>.) <i>And Tinging the Nails and Skin with</i>
+      Alcanna (<a href="#Page_369">369</a>)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The forty ninth</i> Experiment, <i>Of making Lakes</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_369">369</a>.) <i>A particular example in Turmerick</i> (<a
+      href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.) Annotation <i>the
+      first, That in Precipitations wherein Allum is a Coefficient, a great part
+      of them may consist of the Stony particles of that Compound Body</i> (from
+      <a href="#Page_372">372</a> to <a href="#Page_375">375</a>.) Annotation <i>the
+      second, That Lakes may be made of other Substances, as Madder, Rue,</i>
+      &amp;c. <i>but that Alcalizate Salts do not Always Extract the same Colour
+      of which the Vegetable appears</i> (from <a href="#Page_376">376</a> to <a
+      href="#Page_378">378</a>.) Annotation <i>the third, That the</i>
+      Experiments <i>related may Hint divers others</i> (<a href="#Page_378">378</a>)
+      Annotation <i>the fourth, That Alum is usefull for the preparing other
+      than Vegetable Pigments</i> (<a href="#Page_379">379</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The fiftieth</i> Experiment, <i>Of the Similar effects of</i> Saccarum
+      <img src="images/lead.png" class="noborder" width="16" height="20"
+      alt="Saturni" /> <i>and</i> Alkalies, <i>of Precipitating with Oyl of</i>
+      Vitriol <i>out of</i> Aqua-fortis, <i>and Spirit of</i> Vinegar; <i>and of
+      divers Varyings of the Colours, with these Compounded</i> (from <a
+      href="#Page_380">380</a> to <a href="#Page_384">384</a>.) <i>Another very
+      pretty</i> Experiment, <i>with a Solution of</i> Minium (<a
+      href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.) <i>That these</i>
+      Experiments <i>Skilfully digested may hint divers matters about Colours</i>
+      (<a href="#Page_386">386</a>.) <i>The Authors Apologetick conclusion, in
+      which is Cursorily hinted the Bow or Scarlet Dye</i> (<a href="#Page_387">387</a>.)
+      <i>The Authors Letter to Sir</i> Robert Moray, <i>concerning his
+      Observations on the Shining Diamond</i> (<a href="#Page_391">391</a>.
+      &amp;c.) <i>And the Observations themselves</i>.
+    </p>
+    <div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/039b.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+    </div>
+    <!--  Page 1 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1"></a>[pg 1]</span>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/040a.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px"><i>THE</i></span><br />
+      <span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px"><i>EXPERIMENTAL HISTORY</i></span><br />
+      <span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px"><i>OF COLOURS BEGUN.</i></span><br />
+    </h2>
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px"><i>THE FIRST PART.</i></span><br />
+    </h2>
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px">CHAP. I.</span><br />
+    </h2>
+    <table>
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top">
+          1
+        </td>
+        <td>
+          <img width="80" height="80" src="images/040b.png" alt="Illuminated I" />
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      have seen you so passionately addicted, <i>Pyrophilus</i> to the
+      delightful Art of Limning and Painting, that I cannot but think my self
+      obliged to acquaint you with some of those things that have occurred to
+      mee concerning the changes of Colours. And I may expect that I shall as
+      well serve the <i>Virtuosi</i> in general, as gratifie you in particular,
+      by furnishing a person, who, I hope, will both improve my Communications,
+      and communicate his Improvements, with such Experiments and Observations
+      as may both invite you to enquire seriously into the Nature of Colours,
+      and assist you in the Investigation of it. This being the principal scope
+      of the following Tract, I should do that which might prevent my own
+      design,
+       <!--  Page 2 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2"></a>[pg
+      2]</span> if I should here attempt to deliver you an accurate and
+      particular Theory of Colours; for that were to present you with what I
+      desire to receive from you; and, as farr as in mee lay, to make that study
+      needless, to which I would engage you.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      2 Wherefore my present work shall be but to divert and recreate, as well
+      as excite you by the delivery of matters of fact, such as you may for the
+      most part try with much <i>ease</i>, and possibly not without some <i>delight</i>:
+      And lest you should expect any thing of Elaborate or Methodical in what
+      you will meet with here, I must confess to you before-hand, that the
+      seasons I was wont to chuse to devise and try Experiments about Colours,
+      were those daies, wherein having taken Physick, and finding my self as
+      unfit to speculate, as unwilling to be altogether idle, I chose this
+      diversion, as a kind of Mean betwixt the one and the other. And I have the
+      less scrupled to set down the following Experiments, as some of them came
+      to my mind, and as the Notes wherein I had set down the rest, occurr'd to
+      my hands, that by declining a Methodical way of delivering them, I might
+      leave you and my self the greater liberty and convenience to add to them,
+      and transpose them as shall appear expedient.
+       <!--  Page 3 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3"></a>[pg
+      3]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      3 Yea, that you may not think mee too reserv'd, or look upon an Enquiry
+      made up of meer Narratives, as somewhat jejune, am content to <i>premise</i>
+      a few considerations, that now offer themselves to my thoughts, which
+      relate in a more general way, either to the Nature of Colours, or to the
+      study of it. And I shall <i>insert</i> an <i>Essay</i>, as well
+      Speculative as Historical, of the Nature of Whiteness and Blackness, that
+      you may have a <i>Specimen</i> of the History of Colours, I have sometimes
+      had thoughts of; and if you dislike not the Method I have made use of, I
+      hope, you, and some of the <i>Virtuosi</i>, your friends, may be thereby
+      invited to go thorow with <i>Red, Blew, Yellow</i>, and the rest of the
+      particular Colours, as I have done with <i>White</i> and <i>Black</i>, but
+      with farr more sagacity and success. And if I can invite Ingenious men to
+      undertake such Tasks, I doubt not but the Curious will quickly obtain a
+      better Account of Colours, than as yet we have, since in our Method the
+      Theorical part of the Enquiry being attended, and as it were interwoven
+      with the Historical, whatever becomes of the disputable Conjectures, the
+      Philosophy of Colours will be promoted by the indisputable Experiments.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 4 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4"></a>[pg 4]</span>
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      CHAP. II.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      1 To come then in the first place to our more general Considerations, I
+      shall begin with saying something as to the Importance of examining the
+      Colours of Bodies. For there are some, especially <i>Chymists</i>, who
+      think, that a considerable diversity of Colours does constantly argue an
+      equal diversity of Nature, in the Bodies wherein it is conspicuous; but I
+      confess I am not altogether of their mind; for not to mention changeable
+      Taffaties, the blew and golden necks of Pidgeons, and divers Water-fowl,
+      Rainbows Natural and Artificial, and other Bodies, whose Colours the
+      Philosophers have been pleased to call not Real, but Apparent and
+      Phantastical; not to insist on these, I say, (for fear of needlesly
+      engaging in a Controversie) we see in Parrots, Goldfinches, and divers
+      other Birds, not only that the contiguous feathers which are probably as
+      near in properties as place, are some of them Red, and others White, some
+      of them Blew, &amp; others Yellow, <i>&amp;c.</i> but that in the several
+      parts of the self-same feather there may often be seen the greatest
+      disparity of Colours; and so in the leaves of Tulips, July-flowers, and
+      some other Vegetables
+       <!--  Page 5 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5"></a>[pg
+      5]</span> the several leaves, and even the several parts of the same leaf,
+      although no difference have been observed in their other properties, are
+      frequently found painted with very different Colours. And such a variety
+      we have much more admired in that lovely plant which is commonly, and not
+      unjustly call'd the <i>Marvayl of Peru</i>; for of divers scores of fine
+      Flowers, which in its season that gaudy Plant does almost daily produce, I
+      have scarce taken notice of any two that were dyed perfectly alike. But
+      though <i>Pyro</i>: such things as these, among others, keep mee from
+      daring to affirm, that the Diversity and change of Colours does <i>alwaies</i>
+      argue any great difference or alteration, betwixt, or in, the Bodies,
+      wherein it is to be discerned, yet that <i>oftentimes</i> the Alteration
+      of Colours does signifie considerable Alterations in the disposition of
+      parts of Bodies, may appear in the Extraction of Tinctures, and divers
+      other Chymical Operations, wherein the change of Colours is the chief, and
+      sometimes the only thing, by which the Artist regulates his proceeding,
+      and is taught to know when 'tis seasonable for him to leave off. Instances
+      of this sort are more obvious in divers sorts of fruits, as Cherries,
+      Plums, &amp;c. wherein, according as the Vegetable sap is sweetned, or
+      otherwise
+       <!--  Page 6 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6"></a>[pg
+      6]</span> ripened, by passing from one degree to another of Maturation,
+      the external part of the fruit passes likewise from one to another Colour.
+      But one of the noblest Instances I have met with of this kind, is not so
+      obvious; and that is the way of tempering Steel to make Gravers, Drills,
+      Springs, and other Mechanical Instruments, which we have divers times both
+      made Artificers practise in our presence, and tryed our selves, after the
+      following manner, First, the slender Steel to be tempered is to be
+      hardened by heating as much of it as is requisite among glowing Coals,
+      till it be glowing hot, but it must not be quenched assoon as it is taken
+      from the fire (for that would make it too brittle, and spoil it) but must
+      be held over a bason of water, till it descend from a White heat to a Red
+      one, which assoon as ever you perceive, you must immediately quench as
+      much as you desire to harden in the cold water. The Steel thus hardened,
+      will, if it be good, look somewhat White and must be made bright at the
+      end, that its change of Colours may be there conspicuous; and then holding
+      it so in the flame of a Candle, that the bright end may be, for about half
+      an inch, or more, out of the flame, that the smoak do not stain or sully
+      the brightness of it, you shall after a
+       <!--  Page 7 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7"></a>[pg
+      7]</span> while see that clean end, which is almost contiguous to the
+      flame, pass very nimbly from one Colour to another, as from a brighter
+      Yellow, to a deeper and reddish Yellow, which Artificers call a <i>sanguine</i>,
+      and from that to a fainter first, and then a a deeper Blew. And to bring
+      home this Experiment to our present purpose, it is found by daily
+      Experience, that each of these succeeding Colours argue such a change made
+      in the texture of the Steel, that if it be taken from the flame, and
+      immediately quenched in the tallow (whereby it is setled in whatever
+      temper it had before) when it is Yellow, it is of such a hardness as makes
+      it fit for Gravers Drills, and such like tools; but if it be kept a few
+      minutes longer in the flame till it grow Blew, it becomes much softer, and
+      unfit to make Gravers for Metalls, but fit to make Springs for Watches,
+      and such like Instruments, which are therefore commonly of that Colour;
+      and if the Steel be kept in the flame, after that this deep Blew hath
+      disclosed it self, it will grow so soft, as to need to be new hardened
+      again, before it can be brought to a temper, fit for Drills or Penknives.
+      And I confess <i>Pyro.</i> I have taken much pleasure to see the Colours
+      run along from the parts of the Steel contiguous to the flame, to the end
+      of the Instrument,
+       <!--  Page 8 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8"></a>[pg
+      8]</span> and succeed one another so fast, that if a man be not vigilant,
+      to thrust the Steel into the tallow at the very nick of time, at which it
+      has attain'd its due Colour, he shall miss of giving his tool the right
+      temper. But because the flame of a Candle is offensive to my weak eyes,
+      and because it is apt to either black or sully the contiguous part of the
+      Steel which is held in it, and thereby hinder the change of Colours from
+      being so long and clearly discern'd, I have sometimes made this Experiment
+      by laying the Steel to be tempered upon a heated bar of Iron, which we
+      finde also to be employ'd by some Artificers in the tempering of such
+      great Instruments, as are too big to be soon heated sufficiently by the
+      flame of a Candle. And you may easily satisfie your self <i>Pyro</i>: of
+      the differing hardness and toughness, which is ascribed to Steel temper'd
+      at different Colours, if you break but some slender wires of Steel so
+      temper'd, and observe how they differ in brittleness, and if with a file
+      you also make tryal of their various degrees of hardness.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      2 But <i>Pyrophilus</i>, I must not at present any further prosecute the
+      Consideration of the importance of Experiments about Colours, not only
+      because you will in the following papers finde some instances, that would
+      here
+       <!--  Page 9 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9"></a>[pg
+      9]</span> be presented you out of their due place, of the use that may be
+      made of such Experiments, in discovering in divers bodies, what kind the
+      salt is, that is predominant in them; but also because a speculative
+      Naturalist might justly enough allege, that as Light is so pleasing an
+      object, as to be well worth our looking on, though it discover'd to us
+      nothing but its self; so modifi'd Light called Colour, were worth our
+      contemplation, though by understanding its Nature we should be taught
+      nothing else. And however, I need not make either you or my self excuses
+      for entertaining you on the subject I am now about to treat of, since the
+      pleasure <i>Pyro</i>: takes in mixing and laying on of Colours, will I
+      presume keep him, and will (I am sure) keep mee from thinking it
+      troublesome to set down, especially after the tedious processes (about
+      other matters) wherewith I fear I may have tyr'd him, some easie, and not
+      unpleasant Experiments relating to that subject.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      3 But, before we descend to the more particular considerations, we are to
+      present you concerning Colours, I presume it will be seasonable to propose
+      at the very entrance a Distinction; the ignorance or neglect of which,
+      seems to mee to have frequently enough occasioned either mistakes or
+      confusion
+       <!--  Page 10 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10"></a>[pg
+      10]</span> in the Writings of divers Modern Philosophers; for Colour may
+      be considered, either as it is a quality residing in the body that is said
+      to be coloured, or to modifie the light after such or such a manner; or
+      else as the Light it self, which so modifi'd, strikes upon the organ of
+      sight, and so causes that Sensation which we call Colour; and that this
+      latter may be look'd upon as the more proper, though not the usual
+      acception of the word Colour, will be made probable by divers passages in
+      the insuing part of our discourse; and indeed it is the Light it self,
+      which after a certain manner, either mingled with shades, or some other
+      waies troubled, strikes our eyes, that does more immediately produce that
+      motion in the organ, upon whose account men say they see such or such a
+      Colour in the object; yet, because there is in the body that is said to be
+      coloured, a certain disposition of the superficial particles, whereby it
+      sends the Light reflected, or refracted, to our eyes thus and thus
+      alter'd, and not otherwise, it may also in some sense be said, that Colour
+      depends upon the visible body; and therefore we shall not be against that
+      way of speaking of Colours that is most used among the Modern Naturalists,
+      provided we be allowed to have recourse when occasion shall
+       <!--  Page 11 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11"></a>[pg
+      11]</span> require to the premis'd distinction, and to take the more
+      immediate cause of Colour to be the modifi'd Light it self, as it affects
+      the Sensory; though the disposition also of the colour'd body, as that
+      modifies the Light, may be call'd by that name Metonimically (to borrow a
+      School term) or Efficiently, that is in regard of its turning the Light,
+      that rebounds from it, or passes thorow it, into this or that particular
+      Colour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      4 I know not whether I may not on this occasion add, that Colour is so far
+      from being an Inherent quality of the object in the sense that is wont to
+      be declar'd by the Schools, or even in the sense of some Modern Atomists,
+      that, if we consider the matter more attentively, we shall see cause to
+      suspect, if not to conclude, that though Light do more immediately affect
+      the organ of sight, than do the bodies that send it thither, yet Light it
+      self produces the sensation of a Colour, but as it produces such a
+      determinate kind of local motion in some part of the brain; which, though
+      it happen most commonly from the motion whereinto the slender strings of
+      the <i>Retina</i> are put, by the appulse of Light, yet if the like motion
+      happen to be produc'd by any other cause, wherein the Light concurrs not
+      at
+       <!--  Page 12 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12"></a>[pg
+      12]</span> all, a man shall think he sees the same Colour. For proof of
+      this, I might put you in mind, that 'tis usual for dreaming men to think
+      they see the Images that appear to them in their sleep, adorn'd some with
+      this, and some with that lively Colour, whilst yet, both the curtains of
+      their bed, and those of their eyes are close drawn. And I might add the
+      confidence with which distracted persons do oftentimes, when they are
+      awake, think, they see black fiends in places, where there is no black
+      object in sight without them. But I will rather observe, that not only
+      when a man receives a great stroak upon his eye, or a very great one upon
+      some other part of his head, he is wont to see, as it were, flashes of
+      lightning, and little vivid, but vanishing flames, though perhaps his eyes
+      be shut: But the like apparitions may happen, when the motion proceeds not
+      from something without, but from something within the body, provided the
+      unwonted fumes that wander up and down in the head, or the propagated
+      concussion of any internal part in the body, do cause about the inward
+      extremities of the Optick Nerve, such a motion as is wont to be there
+      produc'd, when the stroak of the Light upon the <i>Retina</i> makes us
+      conclude, that we see either Light, or such and such a
+       <!--  Page 13 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13"></a>[pg
+      13]</span> Colour: This the most ingenious <i>Des Cartes</i> hath very
+      well observ'd, but because he seems not to have exemplifi'd it by any
+      unobvious or peculiar observation, I shall indeavour to illustrate this
+      doctrine by a few Instances.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      5 And first, I remember, that having, through Gods goodness, been free for
+      several years, from troublesome Coughs, being afterwards, by an accident,
+      suddenly cast into a violent one, I did often, when I was awaked in the
+      night by my distempers, observe, that upon coughing strongly, it would
+      seem to mee, that I saw very vivid, but immediately disappearing flames,
+      which I took particular notice of, because of the conjecture I am now
+      mentioning.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      6 An excellent and very discreet person, very near ally'd both to you and
+      mee, was relating to mee, that some time since, whilst she was talking
+      with some other Ladies, upon a sudden, all the objects, she looked upon,
+      appeared to her dyed with unusual Colours, some of one kind, and some of
+      another, but all so bright and vivid, that she should have been as much
+      delighted, as surpriz'd with them, but that finding the apparition to
+      continue, she fear'd it portended some very great alteration as to her
+      health: As indeed the day after she was assaulted
+       <!--  Page 14 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14"></a>[pg
+      14]</span> with such violence by Hysterical and Hypocondrical Distempers,
+      as both made her rave for some daies, and gave her, during that time, a
+      Bastard Palsey.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      7 Being a while since in a Town, where the Plague had made great havock,
+      and inquiring of an ingenious man, that was so bold, as without much
+      scruple to visit those that were sick of it, about the odd symptomes of a
+      Disease that had swept away so many there; he told mee, among other
+      things, that he was able to tell divers Patients, to whom he was called,
+      before they took their beds, or had any evident symptomes of the Plague,
+      that they were indeed infected upon peculiar observations, that being
+      asked, they would tell him that the neighbouring objects, and particularly
+      his cloths, appear'd to them beautifi'd with most glorious Colours, like
+      those of the Rainbow, oftentimes succeeding one another; and this he
+      affirm'd to be one of the most usual, as well as the most early symptomes,
+      by which this odd Pestilence disclos'd it self: And when I asked how long
+      the Patients were wont to be thus affected, he answered, that it was most
+      commonly for about a day; and when I further inquired whether or no
+      Vomits, which in that Pestilence were usually given, did not remove this
+      symptome
+       <!--  Page 15 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15"></a>[pg
+      15]</span> (For some used the taking of a Vomit, when they came ashore, to
+      cure themselves of the obstinate and troublesome giddiness caus'd by the
+      motion of the ship) reply'd, that generally, upon the evacuation made by
+      the Vomit, that strange apparition of Colours ceased, though the other
+      symptomes were not so soon abated, yet he added (to take notice of that
+      upon the by, because the observation may perchance do good) that an
+      excellent Physician, in whose company he was wont to visit the sick, did
+      give to almost all those to whom he was called, in the beginning before
+      Nature was much weakened, a pretty odd Vomit consisting of eight or ten
+      dramms of Infusion of <i>Crocus Metallorum</i>, and about half a dramm, or
+      much more, of White Vitriol, with such success, that scarce one of ten to
+      whom it was seasonably administred, miscarried.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      8 But to return to the consideration of Colours: As an apparition of them
+      may be produced by motions from within, without the assistance of an
+      outward object, so I have observed, that 'tis sometimes possible that the
+      Colour that would otherwise be produced by an outward object, may be
+      chang'd by some motion, or new texture already produced in the Sensory, as
+      long as that unusual motion, or new disposition
+       <!--  Page 16 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16"></a>[pg
+      16]</span> lasts; for I have divers times try'd, that after I have through
+      a Telescope look'd upon the Sun, though thorow a thick, red, or blew
+      glass, to make its splendor supportable to the eye, the impression upon
+      the <i>Retina</i>, would be not only so vivid, but so permanent, that if
+      afterwards I turned my eye towards a flame, it would appear to mee of a
+      Colour very differing from its usual one. And if I did divers times
+      successively shut and open the same eye, I should see the adventitious
+      Colour, (if I may so call it) changed or impair'd by degrees, till at
+      length (for this unusual motion of the eye would not presently cease) the
+      flame would appear to mee, of the same hew that it did to other beholders;
+      a not unlike effect I found by looking upon the Moon, when she was near
+      full, thorow an excellent Telescope, without colour'd Glass to screen my
+      eye with; But that which I desire may be taken notice of, because we may
+      elsewhere have occasion to reflect upon it, and because it seems not
+      agreeable to what Anatomists and Optical Writers deliver, touching the
+      relation of the two eyes to each other, is this circumstance, that though
+      my Right eye, with which I looked thorow the Telescope, were thus affected
+      by the over-strong impression of the light, yet when the flame
+       <!--  Page 17 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17"></a>[pg
+      17]</span> of a Candle, or some other bright object appear'd to me of a
+      very unusual Colour, whilst look'd upon with the Discompos'd Eye, or
+      (though not so notably) with both eyes at once; yet if I shut that Eye,
+      and looked upon the same object with the other, it would appear with no
+      other than its usual Colour, though if I again opened, and made use of the
+      Dazled eye, the vivid adventitious Colour would again appear. And on this
+      occasion I must not pretermit an Observation which may perswade us, that
+      an over-vehement stroak upon the Sensory, especially if it be naturally of
+      a weak constitution, may make a more lasting impression than one would
+      imagine, which impression may in some cases, as it were, mingle with, and
+      vitiate the action of vivid objects for a long time after.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For I know a Lady of unquestionable Veracity, who having lately, by a
+      desperate fall, receiv'd several hurts, and particularly a considerable
+      one upon a part of her face near her Eye, had her sight so troubl'd and
+      disorder'd, that, as she hath more than once related to me, not only when
+      the next morning one of her servants came to her bed side, to ask how she
+      did, his cloaths appear'd adorn'd with such variety of dazling Colours,
+      that she was fain presently to
+       <!--  Page 18 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18"></a>[pg
+      18]</span> command him to withdraw, but the Images in her Hangings, did,
+      for many daies after, appear to her, if the Room were not extraordinarily
+      darken'd, embellish'd with several offensively vivid Colours, which no
+      body else could see in them; And when I enquir'd whether or no White
+      Objects did not appear to her adorn'd with more luminous Colours than
+      others, and whether she saw not some which she could not now well describe
+      to any, whose eyes had never been distemper'd, she answer'd mee, that
+      sometimes she thought she saw Colours so new and glorious, that they were
+      of a peculiar kind, and such as she could not describe by their likeness
+      to any she had beheld either before or since, and that White Objects did
+      so much disorder her sight, that if several daies after her fall, she
+      look'd upon the inside of a Book, she fanci'd she saw there Colours like
+      those of the Rain-bow, and even when she thought her self pretty well
+      recover'd, and made bold to leave her Chamber, the coming into a place
+      where the Walls and Ceeling were whited over, made those Objects appear to
+      her cloath'd with such glorious and dazling Colours, as much offended her
+      sight, and made her repent her venturousness, and she added, that this
+      Distemper of her Eyes lasted no less
+       <!--  Page 19 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19"></a>[pg
+      19]</span> than five or six weeks, though, since that, she hath been able
+      to read and write much without finding the least Inconvenience in doing
+      so. I would gladly have known, whether if she had shut the Injur'd Eye,
+      the <i>Phænomena</i> would have been the same, when she employ'd only the
+      other, but I heard not of this accident early enough to satisfie that
+      Enquiry.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      9 Wherefore, I shall now add, that some years before, a person exceedingly
+      eminent for his profound Skil in almost all kinds of Philological
+      Learning, coming to advise with mee about a Distemper in his Eyes, told
+      me, among other Circumstances of it, that, having upon a time looked too
+      fixedly upon the Sun, thorow a Telescope, without any coloured Glass, to
+      take off from the dazling splendour of the Object, the excess of Light did
+      so strongly affect his Eye, that ever since, when he turns it towards a
+      Window, or any White Object, he fancies, he seeth a Globe of Light, of
+      about the bigness the Sun then appeared of to him, to pass before his
+      Eyes: And having Inquir'd of him, how long he had been troubled with this
+      Indisposition, he reply'd, that it was already nine or ten years, since
+      the Accident, that occasioned it, first befel him.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 20 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20"></a>[pg 20]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I could here subjoyn, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, some memorable Relations that I
+      have met with in the Account given us by the experienc'd <i>Epiphanius
+      Ferdinandus</i>, of the Symptomes he observ'd to be incident to those that
+      are bitten with the Tarantula, by which (Relations) I could probably shew,
+      that without any change in the Object, a change in the Instruments of
+      Vision may for a great while make some Colours appear Charming, and make
+      others Provoking, and both to a high degree, though neither of them
+      produc'd any such Effects before. These things, I say, I could here
+      subjoyn in confirmation of what I have been saying, to shew, that the
+      Disposition of the Organ is of great Importance in the Dijudications we
+      make of Colours, were it not that these strange Stories belonging more
+      properly to another Discourse, I had rather, (contenting my self to have
+      given you an Intimation of them here) that you should meet with them fully
+      deliver'd there.
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      CHAP. III.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      But, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, I would not by all that I have hitherto
+      discours'd, be thought to have forgotten the Distinction
+       <!--  Page 21 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21"></a>[pg
+      21]</span> (of Colour) that I mentioned to you about the beginning of the
+      third Section of the former Chapter; and therefore, after all I have said
+      of Colour, as it is modifi'd Light, and immediately affects the Sensory, I
+      shall now re-mind you, that I did not deny, but that Colour might in some
+      sense be consider'd as a Quality residing in the body that is said to be
+      Colour'd, and indeed the greatest part of the following Experiments referr
+      to Colour principally under that Notion, for there is in the bodyes we
+      call Colour'd, and chiefly in their Superficial parts, a certain
+      disposition, whereby they do so trouble the Light that comes from them to
+      our Eye, as that it there makes that distinct Impression, upon whose
+      Account we say, that the Seen body is either White or Black, or Red or
+      Yellow, or of any one determinate Colour. But because we shall (God
+      permiting) by the Experiments that are to follow some Pages hence, more
+      fully and particularly shew, that the Changes, and consequently in divers
+      places the Production and the appearance of Colours depends upon the
+      continuing or alter'd Texture of the Object, we shall in this place
+      intimate (and that too but as by the way) two or three things about this
+      Matter.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      2. And first it is not without some Reason,
+       <!--  Page 22 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22"></a>[pg
+      22]</span> that I ascribe Colour (in the sense formerly explan'd) <i>chiefly</i>
+      to the Superficial parts of Bodies, for not to question how much Opacous
+      Corpuscles may abound even in those Bodies we call Diaphanous, it seems
+      plain that of Opacous bodies we do indeed see little else than the
+      Superficies, for if we found the beams of Light that rebound from the
+      Object to the Eye, to peirce deep into the Colour'd body, we should not
+      judge it Opacous, but either Translucid, or at least Semi-diaphanous, and
+      though the Schools seem to teach us that Colour is a Penetrative Quality,
+      that reaches to the Innermost parts of the Object, as if a piece of
+      Sealing-wax be broken into never so many pieces, the Internal fragments
+      will be as Red as the External surface did appear, yet that is but a
+      Particular Example that will not overthrow the Reason lately offer'd,
+      especially since I can alleage other Examples of a contrary Import, and
+      two or three Negative Instances are sufficient to overthrow the Generality
+      of a Positive Rule, especially if that be built but upon One or a Few
+      Examples. Not (then) to mention Cherries, Plums, and I know not how many
+      other Bodies, wherein the skin is of one Colour, and what it hides of
+      another, I shall name a couple of Instances drawn from the Colours
+       <!--  Page 23 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23"></a>[pg
+      23]</span> of Durable bodies that are thought far more Homogeneous, and
+      have not parts that are either Organical, or of a Nature approaching
+      thereunto.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      3 To give you the first Instance, I shall need but to remind you of what I
+      told you a little after the beginning of this Essay, touching the Blew and
+      Red and Yellow, that may be produc'd upon a piece of temper'd Steel, for
+      these Colours though they be very Vivid, yet if you break the Steel they
+      adorn, they will appear to be but Superficial; not only the innermost
+      parts of the Metall, but those that are within a hairs breadth of the
+      Superficies, having not any of these Colours, but retaining that of the
+      Steel it self. Besides that, we may as well confirm this Observation, as
+      some other particulars we elsewhere deliver concerning Colours, by the
+      following Experiment which we purposely made.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      4 We took a good quantity of clean Lead, and melted it with a strong Fire,
+      and then immediately pouring it out into a clean Vessel of a convenient
+      shape and matter, (we us'd one of Iron, that the great and sudden Heat
+      might not injure it) and then carefully and nimbly taking off the Scum
+      that floated on the top, we perceiv'd, as we expected, the smooth and
+       <!--  Page 24 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24"></a>[pg
+      24]</span> glossie Surface of the melted matter, to be adorn'd with a very
+      glorious Colour, which being as Transitory as Delightfull, did almost
+      immediately give place to another vivid Colour, and that was as quickly
+      succeeded by a third, and this as it were chas'd away by a fourth, and so
+      these wonderfully vivid Colours successively appear'd and vanish'd, (yet
+      the same now and then appearing the second time) till the Metall ceasing
+      to be hot enough to afford any longer this pleasing Spectacle, the Colours
+      that chanc'd to adorn the Surface, when the Lead thus began to cool,
+      remain'd upon it; but were so Superficial, that how little soever we
+      scrap'd off the Surface of the Lead, we did in such places scrape off all
+      the Colour, and discover only that which is natural to the Metall it self,
+      which receiving its adventitious Colours, only when the heat was very
+      Intense, and in that part which was expos'd to the comparatively very cold
+      Air, (which by other Experiments seems to abound with subtil Saline parts,
+      perhaps not uncapable of working upon Lead so dispos'd:) These things I
+      say, together with my observing that whatever parts of the so strongly
+      melted Lead were expos'd a while to the Air, turn'd into a kind of Scum or
+      Litharge,
+       <!--  Page 25 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25"></a>[pg
+      25]</span> how bright and clean soever they appear'd before, suggested to
+      me some Thoughts or Ravings, which I have not now time to acquaint You
+      with. One that did not know me, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, would perchance think I
+      endeavour'd to impose upon You by relating this Experiment, which I have
+      several times try'd, but the Reason why the <i>Phænomena</i> mention'd
+      have not been taken notice of, may be, that unless Lead be brought to a
+      much higher degree of Fusion or Fluidity than is usual, or than is indeed
+      requisite to make it melt, the <i>Phænomena</i> I mention'd will scarce at
+      all disclose themselves; And we have also observ'd that this successive
+      appearing and vanishing of vivid Colours, was wont to be impair'd or
+      determin'd whilst the Metal expos'd to the Air remain'd yet hotter than
+      one would readily suspect. And one thing I must further Note, of which I
+      leave You to search after the Reason, namely, that the same Colours did
+      not always and regularly succeed one another, as is usually in Steel, but
+      in the diversify'd Order mention'd in this following Note, which I was
+      scarce able to write down, the succession of the Colours was so very
+      quick, whether that proceeded from the differing degrees of Heat in the
+      Lead expos'd to the cool Air, or from some
+       <!--  Page 26 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26"></a>[pg
+      26]</span> other Reason, I leave you to examine.
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <p>
+        [<i>Blew, Yellow, Purple, Blew; Green, Purple, Blew, Yellow, Red;
+        Purple, Blew, Yellow and Blew, Yellow, Blew, Purple, Green mixt, Yellow,
+        Red, Blew, Green, Yellow, Red, Purple, Green</i>.]
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      5. The <i>Atomists</i> of Old, and some Learned men of late, have
+      attempted to explicate the variety of Colours in Opacous bodies from the
+      various Figures of their Superficial parts; the attempt is Ingenious, and
+      the Doctrine seems partly True, but I confess I think there are divers
+      other things that must be taken in as concurrent to produce those
+      differing forms of Asperity, whereon the Colours of Opacous bodies seem to
+      depend. To declare this a little, we must assume, that the Surfaces of all
+      such Bodies how Smooth or polite soever they may appear to our Dull Sight
+      and Touch, are exactly smooth only in a popular, or at most in a Physical
+      sense, but not in a strict and rigid sense.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      6. This, excellent <i>Microscopes</i> shew us in many Bodies, that seem
+      Smooth to our naked Eyes; and this not only as to the little Hillocks or
+      Protuberancies that swell
+       <!--  Page 27 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27"></a>[pg
+      27]</span> above that which may be conceiv'd to be the Plain or Level of
+      the consider'd Surface, for it is obvious enough to those that are any
+      thing conversant with such Glasses, but as to numerous Depressions beneath
+      that Level, of which sort of Cavities by the help of a <i>Microscope</i>,
+      which the greatest Artificer that makes them, judges to be the greatest
+      Magnifying Glass in <i>Europe</i>, except one that equals it, we have on
+      the Surface of a thin piece of Cork that appear'd smooth to the Eye,
+      observ'd about sixty in a Row, within the length of less then an 31 and 32
+      part of an Inch, (for the Glass takes in no longer a space at one view)
+      and these Cavities (which made that little piece of Cork look almost like
+      an empty Honey-comb) were not only very distinct, and figur'd like one
+      another, but of a considerable bigness, and a scarce credible depth;
+      insomuch that their distinct shadows as well as sides were plainly
+      discern'd and easiy to be reckon'd, and might have been well
+      distinguish'd, though they had been ten times lesser than they were; which
+      I thought it not amiss to mention to you <i>Pyrophilus</i> upon the by,
+      that you may thence make some Estimate, what a strange Inequality, and
+      what a multitude of little Shades, there may really be, in a
+       <!--  Page 28 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28"></a>[pg
+      28]</span> scarce sensible part of the Physical superficies, though the
+      naked Eye sees no such matter. And as Excellent <i>Microscopes</i> shew us
+      this Ruggedness in many Bodies that pass for Smooth, so there are divers
+      Experiments, though we must not now stay to urge them, which seem to
+      perswade us of the same thing as to the rest of such Bodies as we are now
+      treating off; So, that there is no sensible part of an Opacous body, that
+      may not be conceiv'd to be made up of a multitude of singly insensible
+      Corpuscles, but in the giving these surfaces that disposition, which makes
+      them alter the Light that reflects thence to the Eye after the manner
+      requisite to make the Object appear Green, Blew, &amp;c. the Figures of
+      these Particles have <i>a great</i>, but not <i>the only</i> stroak. 'Tis
+      true indeed that the protuberant Particles may be of very great variety of
+      Figures, Sphærical, Elliptical, Conical, Cylindrical, Polyedrical, and
+      some very irregular, and that according to the Nature of these, and the
+      situation of the Lucid body, the Light must be variously affected, after
+      one manner from Surfaces (I now speak of Physical Surfaces) consisting of
+      Sphaerical, and in another from those that are made up of Conical or
+      Cylindrical Corpuscles; some
+       <!--  Page 29 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29"></a>[pg
+      29]</span> being fitted to reflect more of the incident Beams of Light,
+      others less, and some towards one part, others towards another. But
+      besides this difference of Shape, there may be divers other things that
+      may eminently concurr to vary the forms of Asperity that Colours so much
+      depend on. For, willingly allowing the Figure of the Particles in the
+      first place, I consider secondly, that the superficial Corpuscles, if I
+      may so call them, may be bigger in one Body, and less in another, and
+      consequently fitted to allay the Light falling on them with greater
+      shades. Next, the protuberant Particles may be set more or less close
+      together, that is, there may be a greater or a smaller number of them
+      within the compass of one, than within the compass of another small part
+      of the Surface of the same Extent, and how much these Qualities may serve
+      to produce Colour may be somewhat guess'd at, by that which happens in the
+      Agitation of Water; for if the Bubbles that are thereby made be Great, and
+      but Few, the Water will scarce acquire a sensible Colour, but if it be
+      reduc'd to a Froth, consisting of Bubbles, which being very Minute and
+      Contiguous to each other, are a multitude of them crowded into a narrow
+      Room, the Water (turned to
+       <!--  Page 30 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30"></a>[pg
+      30]</span> Froth) does then exhibit a very manifest White Colour,<a
+      name="NtA_3" id="NtA_3"></a><a href="#Nt_3"><sup>3</sup></a> (to which
+      these last nam'd Conditions of the Bubbles do as well as their Convex
+      figure contribute) and that for Reasons to be mention'd anon. Besides, it
+      is not necessary that the Superficial particles that exhibit one Colour,
+      should be all of them Round, or all Conical, or all of any one Shape, but
+      Corpuscles of differing Figures may be mingled on the Surface of the
+      Opacous Body, as when the Corpuscles that make a Blew colour, and those
+      that make a Yellow, come to be Accurately and Skilfully mix'd, they make
+      up a Green, which though it seem one simple Colour, yet in this case
+      appears to be made by Corpuscles of very differing Kinds, duely commix'd.
+      Moreover the Figure and Bigness of the little Depressions, Cavities,
+      Furrows or Pores intercepted betwixt these protuberant Corpuscles, are as
+      well to be consider'd as the Sizes and Shapes of the Corpuscles
+      themselves: For we may conceive the Physical superficies of a Body, where
+      (as we said) its Colour does as it were reside, to be cut Transversly by a
+      Mathematical plain, which you know is conceiv'd to be without any Depth or
+      Thickness at all, and then as
+       <!--  Page 31 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31"></a>[pg
+      31]</span> some parts of the Physical Superficies will be Protuberant; or
+      swell above this last plain, so others may be depress'd beneath it; as (to
+      explane my self by a gross Comparison) in divers places of the Surface of
+      the Earth, there are not only Neighbouring Hills, Trees, &amp;c. that are
+      rais'd above the Horizontal Level of the Valley, but Rivers, Wells, Pits
+      and other Cavities that are depress'd beneath it, and that such
+      Protuberant and Concave parts of a Surface may remit the Light so
+      differingly, as much to vary a Colour, some examples and other things,
+      that we shall hereafter have occasion to take notice off in this Tract,
+      will sufficiently declare, till when, it may suffice to put you in mind,
+      that of two Flat-sides of the same piece of, for example, red Marble, the
+      one being diligently Polished, and the other left to its former Roughness,
+      the differing degrees or sorts of Asperity, for the side that is smooth to
+      the Touch wants not its Roughness, will so diversifie the Light reflected
+      from the several Plains to the Eye, that a Painter would employ two
+      differing Colours to represent them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      7. And I hope, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, you will not think it strange or
+      impertinent, that I employ in divers passages of these Papers,
+       <!--  Page 32 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32"></a>[pg
+      32]</span> examples drawn from Bodies and Shadows far more Gross, than
+      those minute Protuberances and shady Pores on which in most cases the
+      Colour of a Body as 'tis an Inherent Quality or Disposition of its
+      Surface, seems to depend. For sometimes I employ such Examples, rather to
+      declare my Meaning, than prove my Conjecture; things, whom their Smallness
+      makes Insensible, being better represented to the Imagination by such
+      familiar Objects, as being like them enough in other respects, are of a
+      Visible bulk. And next, though the Beams of Light are such subtil Bodies,
+      that in respect of them, even Surfaces that are sensibly Smooth, are not
+      exactly so, but have their own degree of Roughness, consisting of little
+      Protuberances and Depressions; and though consequently such Inequalities
+      may suffice to give Bodies differing Colours, as we see in Marble that
+      appears White or Black, or Red or Blew, even when the most carefully
+      Polish'd, yet 'tis plain by the late Instance of Red Marble, and many
+      others, that even bigger Protuberances and greater Shades may likewise so
+      Diversifie the Roughness of a Bodies Superficies, as manifestly to concurr
+      to the varying of its Colour, whereby such Examples appear to be proper
+      enough
+       <!--  Page 33 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33"></a>[pg
+      33]</span> to be employ'd in such a Subject as we have now in hand. And
+      having hinted thus much on this Occasion, I now proceed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      8. The Situation also of the Superficial particles is considerable, which
+      I distinguish into the Posture of the single Corpuscles, in respect of the
+      Light, and of the Eye, and the Order of them in reference also to one
+      another; for a Body may otherwise reflect the Light, when its Superficial
+      particles are more erected upon the Plain that may be conceiv'd to pass
+      along their Basis, and when the Points or Extremes of such Particles are
+      Obverted to the Eye, than when those Particles are so Inclin'd, that their
+      Sides are in great part Discernable, as the Colour of Plush or Velvet will
+      appear Vary'd to you, if you carefully stroak part of it one way, and part
+      of it another, the posture of the particular Thrids, in reference to the
+      Light, or the Eye, becoming thereby different. And you may observe in a
+      Field of ripe Corn blown upon by the Wind, that there will appear as it
+      were Waves of a Colour (at least Gradually) differing from that of the
+      rest of the Field, the Wind by Depressing some of the Ears, and not at the
+      same time others, making the one Reflect more from
+       <!--  Page 34 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34"></a>[pg
+      34]</span> the Lateral and Strawy parts, than do the rest. And so, when
+      Doggs are so angry, as to Erect the Hairs upon their Necks, and upon some
+      other parts of their Bodies, those Parts seem to acquire a Colour vary'd
+      from that which the same Hairs made, when in their usual Posture they did
+      farr more stoop. And that the Order wherein the Superficial Corpuscles are
+      Rang'd is not to be neglected, we may guess by turning of Water into
+      Froth, the beating of Glass, and the scraping of Horns, in which cases the
+      Corpuscles that were before so marshall'd as to be Perspicuous, do by the
+      troubling of that Order become Dispos'd to terminate and reflect more
+      Light, and thereby to appear Whitish. And there are other ways in which
+      the Order of the Protuberant parts, in reference to the Eye, may much
+      contribute to the appearing of a particular Colour, for I have often
+      observ'd, that when Pease are Planted, or Set in Parallel Lines, and are
+      Shot up about half a Foot above the Surface of the Ground, by looking on
+      the Field or Plot of Ground from that part towards which the Parallel
+      Lines tended, the greater part of the Ground by farr would appear of its
+      own dirty Colour, but if I look'd upon it Transversly, the Plot
+       <!--  Page 35 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35"></a>[pg
+      35]</span> would appear very Green, the upper parts of the Pease hindering
+      the intercepted parts of the Ground, which as I said retain'd their wonted
+      Colour, from being discover'd by the Eye. And I know not, <i>Pyrophilus</i>,
+      whether I might not add, that even the Motion of the Small Parts of a
+      Visible Object may in some cases contribute, though it be not so easie to
+      say how, to the Producing or the Varying of a Colour; for I have several
+      times made a Liquor, which when it has well settled in a close Vial, is
+      Transparent and Colourless, but as soon as the Glass is unstopp'd, begins
+      to fly away very plentifully in a White and Opacous fume; and there are
+      other Bodies, whose Fumes, when they fill a Receiver, would make one
+      suspect it contains Milk, and yet when these Fumes settle into a Liquor,
+      that Liquor is not White, but Transparent; And such White Fumes I have
+      seen afforded by unstopping a Liquor I know, which yet is it self
+      Diaphanous and Red; Nor are these the only Instances of this Kind, that
+      our Tryals can supply us with. And if the Superficial Corpuscles be of the
+      Grosser sort, and be so Framed, that their differing Sides or Faces may
+      exhibit differing Colours, then the Motion or Rest of those Corpuscles may
+      be
+       <!--  Page 36 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36"></a>[pg
+      36]</span> considerable, as to the Colour of the Superficies they compose,
+      upon this account, that sometimes more, sometimes fewer of the Sides
+      dispos'd to exhibit such a Colour may by this means become or continue
+      more Obverted to the Eye than the rest, and compose a Physical Surface,
+      that will be more or less sensibly interrupted; As, to explane my meaning,
+      by proposing a gross Example, I remember, that in some sorts of Leavy
+      Plants thick set by one another, the two sides of whose Leaves were of
+      somewhat differing Colours, there would be a notable Disparity as to
+      Colour, if you look'd upon them both when the Leaves being at Rest had
+      their upper and commonly expos'd sides Obverted to the Eye, and when a
+      breath of Wind passing thorow them, made great Numbers of the usually
+      Hidden sides of the Leaves become conspicuous. And though the Little
+      Bodies, we were lately speaking of, may Singly and Apart seem almost
+      Colourless, yet when Many of them are plac'd by one another, so near, that
+      the Eye does not easily discern an Interruption, within a sensible space,
+      they may exhibit a Colour; as we see, that though a Slenderest Thrid of
+      Dy'd Silk do's, whilst look'd on Single, seem almost quite Devoyd of
+      Redness, (for instance)
+       <!--  Page 37 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37"></a>[pg
+      37]</span> yet when numbers of these Thrids are brought together into one
+      Skein, their Colour becomes notorious.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      9. But the same Occasion that invited me to say what I have mention'd
+      concerning the Leaves of Trees, invites me also to give you some account
+      of what happens in Changeable Taffities, where we see differing Colours,
+      as it were, Emerge and Vanish upon the Ruffling of the same piece of Silk:
+      As I have divers times with Pleasure observ'd, by the help of such a <i>Microscope</i>,
+      as, though it do not very much Magnifie the Object, has in recompence this
+      great Conveniency, that you may easily, as fast as you please, remove it
+      from one part to another of a Large Object, of which the Glass taking a
+      great part at once, you may thereby presently Survey the Whole. Now by the
+      help of such a <i>Microscope</i> I could easily (as I began to say)
+      discern, that in a piece of Changeable Taffity, (that appear'd, for
+      Instance, sometimes Red, and sometimes Green) the Stuff was compos'd of
+      Red thrids and Green, passing under and over each other, and crossing one
+      another in almost innumerable points; and if I look'd through the Glass
+      upon any considerable portion of the Stuff, that (for example sake) to the
+       <!--  Page 38 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38"></a>[pg
+      38]</span> naked Eye appear'd to be Red, I could plainly see, that in that
+      Position, the Red thrids were Conspicuous, and reflected a vivid Light;
+      and though I could also perceive, that there were Green ones, yet by
+      reason of their disadvantagious Position in the <i>Physical Surface</i> of
+      the Taffity, they were in part hid by the more Protuberant Thrids of the
+      other Colour; and for the same cause, the Reflection from as much of the
+      Green as was discover'd, was comparatively but Dim and Faint. And if, on
+      the contrary, I look'd through the <i>Microscope</i> upon any part that
+      appear'd Green, I could plainly see that the Red thrids were less fully
+      expos'd to the Eye, and obscur'd by the Green ones, which therefore made
+      up the Predominant Colour. And by observing the Texture of the Silken
+      Stuff, I could easisy so expose the Thrids either of the one Colour or of
+      the other to my Eye, as at pleasure to exhibit an apparition of Red or
+      Green, or make those Colours succeed one another: So that, when I observ'd
+      their Succession by the help of the Glass, I could mark how the
+      Predominant Colour did as it were start out, when the Thrids that
+      exhibited it came to be advanagiously plac'd; And by making little Folds
+      in the Stuff after a certain manner,
+       <!--  Page 39 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39"></a>[pg
+      39]</span> the Sides that met and terminated in those Folds, would appear
+      to the naked Eye, one of them Red, and the other Green. When Thrids of
+      more than two differing Colours chance to be Interwoven, the resulting
+      changeableness of the Taffity may be also somewhat different. But I choose
+      to give an Instance in the Stuff I have been speaking off, because the
+      mixture being more Simple, the way whereby the Changeableness is produc'd,
+      may be the more easily apprehended: and though Reason alone might readily
+      enough lead a considering Man to guess at the Explication, in case he knew
+      how Changeable Taffities are made: yet I thought it not impertinent to
+      mention it, because both Scholars and Gentlemen are wont to look upon the
+      Inquiry into Manufactures, as a <i>Mechanick</i> imployment, and
+      consequently below Them; and because also with such a <i>Microscope</i> as
+      I have been mentioning, the discovery is as well Pleasant as Satisfactory,
+      and may afford Hints of the Solution of other <i>Phænomena</i> of Colours.
+      And it were not amiss, that some diligent Inquiry were made, whether the
+      <i>Microscope</i> would give us an account of the Variableness of Colour,
+      that is so Conspicuous and so Delightfull in Mother of Pearl, in Opalls,
+      and some
+       <!--  Page 40 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40"></a>[pg
+      40]</span> other resembling Bodies: For though I remember I did formerly
+      attempt something of that Kind (fruitlesly enough) upon Mother of Pearl,
+      yet not having then the advantage of my best <i>Microscope</i>, nor some
+      Conveniences that might have been wish'd, I leave it to you, who have
+      better Eyes, to try what you can do further; since 'twill be <i>Some</i>
+      discovery to find, that, in this case, the best Eyes and <i>Microscopes</i>
+      themselves can make <i>None</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      10. I confess, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that a great part of what I have
+      deliver'd, (or propos'd rather) concerning the differing forms of Asperity
+      in Bodies, by which Differences the incident Light either comes to be
+      Reflected with more or less of Shade, and with that Shade more or less
+      Interrupted, or else happens to be also otherwise Modify'd or Troubl'd, is
+      but Conjectural. But I am not sure, that if it were not for the Dullness
+      of our Senses, either these or some other Notions of Kin to them, might be
+      better Countenanc'd; for I am apt to suspect, that if we were Sharp
+      sighted enough, or had such perfect <i>Microscopes</i>, as I fear are more
+      to be wish'd than hop'd for, our promoted Sense might discern in the
+      Physical Surfaces of Bodies, both a great many latent Ruggidnesses, and
+      the particular
+       <!--  Page 41 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41"></a>[pg
+      41]</span> Sizes, Shapes, and Situations of the extremely little Bodies
+      that cause them, and perhaps might perceive among other Varieties that we
+      now can but imagine, how those little Protuberances and Cavities do
+      Interrupt and Dilate the Light, by mingling with it a multitude of little
+      and singly undiscernable Shades, though some of them more, and some of
+      them less Minute, some less, and some more Numerous; according to the
+      Nature and Degree of the particular Colour we attribute to the Visible
+      Object; as we see, that in the Moon we can with Excellent <i>Telescopes</i>
+      discern many Hills and Vallies, and as it were Pits and other Parts,
+      whereof some are more, and some less Vividly illustrated, and others have
+      a fainter, others a deeper Shade, though the naked Eye can discern no such
+      matter in that Planet. And with an Excellent <i>Microscope</i>, where the
+      <i>Naked</i> Eye did see but a Green powder, the <i>Assisted</i> Eye as we
+      noted above, could discern particular Granules, some of them of a Blew,
+      and some of them of a Yellow colour, which Corpuscles we had beforehand
+      caus'd to be exquisitly mix'd to compound the Green.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      11. And, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that you may not think me altogether
+      extravagant in what I
+       <!--  Page 42 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42"></a>[pg
+      42]</span> have said of the Possibility, (for I speak of no more) of
+      discerning the differing forms of Asperity in the Surfaces of Bodies of
+      several Colours, I'l here set down a Memorable particular that chanc'd to
+      come to my Knowledge, since I writ a good part of this <i>Essay</i>; and
+      it is this. Meeting casually the other Day with the deservedly Famous<a
+      name="NtA_4" id="NtA_4"></a><a href="#Nt_4"><sup>4</sup></a> Dr. <i>J.
+      Finch</i>, Extraordinary <i>Anatomist</i> to that Great Patron of the <i>Virtuosi</i>,
+      the now Great Duke of <i>Toscany</i>, and enquiring of this Ingenious
+      Person, what might be the chief Rarity he had seen in his late return out
+      of <i>Italy</i> into <i>England</i>, he told me, it was a Man at <i>Maestricht</i>
+      in the Low-Countrys, who at certain times can discern and <i>distinguish
+      Colours by the Touch</i> with his Fingers. You'l easily Conclude, that
+      this is farr more strange, than what I propos'd but as <i>not Impossible</i>;
+      since the Sense of the <i>Retina</i> seeming to be much more Tender and
+      quick than that of those Grosser Filaments, Nerves or Membranes of our
+      Fingers, wherewith we use to handle Gross and Hard Bodies, it seems scarce
+      credible, that any Accustomance, or Diet, or peculiarity of Constitution,
+      should enable a Man to distinguish
+       <!--  Page 43 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43"></a>[pg
+      43]</span> with such Gross and Unsuitable Organs, such Nice and Subtile
+      Differences as those of the forms of Asperity, that belong to differing
+      Colours, to receive whose Languid and Delicate Impressions by the
+      Intervention of Light, Nature seems to have appointed and contexed into
+      the <i>Retina</i> the tender and delicate Pith of the Optick Nerve.
+      Wherefore I confess, I propos'd divers Scruples, and particularly whether
+      the Doctor had taken care to bind a Napkin or Hankerchief over his Eyes so
+      carefully, as to be sure he could make no use of his Sight, though he had
+      but Counterfeited the want of it, to which I added divers other Questions,
+      to satisfie my Self, whether there were any Likelihood of Collusion or
+      other Tricks. But I found that the Judicious Doctor having gone farr out
+      of his way, purposely to satisfie Himself and his Learned Prince about
+      this Wonder, had been very Watchfull and Circumspect to keep <i>Himself</i>
+      from being Impos'd upon. And that he might not through any mistake in
+      point of Memory mis-inform <i>Me</i>, he did me the Favour at my Request,
+      to look out the Notes he had Written for his Own and his Princes
+      Information, the summ of which Memorials, as far as we shall mention them
+      here, was this, That the Doctor
+       <!--  Page 44 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44"></a>[pg
+      44]</span> having been inform'd at <i>Utrecht</i>, that there Lived one at
+      some Miles distance from <i>Maestricht</i>, who could distinguish Colours
+      by the Touch, when he came to the last nam'd Town, he sent a Messenger for
+      him, and having Examin'd him, was told upon Enquiry these Particulars:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That the Man's name was <i>John Vermaasen</i>, at that time about 33 Years
+      of Age; that when he was but two years Old, he had the Small Pox, which
+      rendred him absolutely Blind: That at this present he is an <i>Organist</i>,
+      and serves that Office in a publick Quire.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That the Doctor discoursing with him over Night, the Blind man affirm'd,
+      that he could distinguish Colours by the Touch, but that he could not do
+      it, unless he were Fasting; Any quantity of Drink taking from him that
+      Exquisitness of Touch, which is requisite to so Nice a Sensation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That hereupon the Doctor provided against the next Morning seven pieces of
+      Ribbon, of these seven Colours, Black, White, Red, Blew, Green, Yellow,
+      and Gray, but as for <i>mingled</i> Colours, this <i>Vermaasen</i> would
+      not undertake to discern them, though if offer'd, he would tell that they
+      were <i>Mix'd</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That to discern the Colour of the Ribbon,
+       <!--  Page 45 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45"></a>[pg
+      45]</span> he places it betwixt the Thumb and the Fore-finger, but his
+      most exquisite perception was in his Thumb, and much better in the right
+      Thumb than in the left.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That after the Blind man had four or five times told the Doctor the
+      several Colours, (though Blinded with a Napkin for fear he might have some
+      Sight) the Doctor found he was twice mistaken, for he call'd the White
+      Black, and the Red Blew, but still, he, before his Errour, would lay them
+      by in Pairs, saying, that though he could easily distinguish them from all
+      others, yet those two Pairs were not easily distinguish'd amongst
+      themselves, whereupon the Doctor desir'd to be told by him what kind of
+      Discrimination he had of Colours by his Touch, to which he gave a reply,
+      for whose sake chiefly I insert all this Narrative in this place, namely,
+      That all the difference was more or less Asperity, for says he, (I give
+      you the Doctor's own words) Black feels as if you were feeling Needles
+      points, or some harsh Sand, and Red feels very Smooth.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That the Doctor having desir'd him to tell in Order the difference of
+      Colours to his Touch, he did as follows;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Black and White are the most asperous
+       <!--  Page 46 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46"></a>[pg
+      46]</span> or unequal of all Colours, and so like, that 'tis very hard to
+      distinguish them, but Black is the most Rough of the two, Green is next in
+      Asperity, Gray next to Green in Asperity, Yellow is the fifth in degree of
+      Asperity, Red and Blew are so like, that they are as hard to distinguish
+      as Black and White, but Red is somewhat more Asperous than Blew, so that
+      Red has the sixth place, and Blew the seventh in Asperity.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      12. To these Informations the Obliging Doctor was pleas'd to add the
+      welcome present of three of those very pieces of Ribbon, whose Colours in
+      his presence the Blind man had distinguished, pronouncing the one Gray,
+      the other Red, and the third Green, which I keep by me as Rarities, and
+      the rather, because he fear'd the rest were miscarry'd.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      13. Before I saw the Notes that afforded me the precedent Narrative, I
+      confess I suspected this man might have thus discriminated Colours, rather
+      by the Smell than by the Touch; for some of the Ingredients imployed by
+      Dyers to Colour things, have Sents, that are not so Languid, nor so near
+      of Kin, but that I thought it not impossible that a very Critical Nose
+      might distinguish them, and this I the rather suspected, because he
+      requir'd, that the Ribbons,
+       <!--  Page 47 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47"></a>[pg
+      47]</span> whose Colours he was to Name, should be offer'd him Fasting in
+      the morning; for I have observ'd in Setting Doggs, that the feeding of
+      them (especially with some sorts of Aliments) does very much impair the
+      exquisite sent of their Noses. And though some of the foregoing
+      particulars would have prevented that Conjecture, yet I confess to you (<i>Pyrophilus</i>)
+      that I would gladly have had the Opportunity of Examining this Man my
+      self, and of Questioning him about divers particulars which I do not find
+      to have been yet thought upon. And though it be not incredible to me, that
+      since the Liquors that Dyers imploy to tinge, are qualifi'd to do so by
+      multitudes of little Corpuscles of the Pigment or Dying stuff, which are
+      dissolved and extracted by the Liquor, and swim to and fro in it, those
+      Corpuscles of Colour (as the <i>Atomists</i> call them) insinuating
+      themselves into, and filling all the Pores of the Body to be Dyed, may
+      Asperate its Superficies more or less according to the Bigness and Texture
+      of the Corpuscles of the Pigment; yet I can scarce believe, that our Blind
+      man could distinguish all the Colours he did, meerly by the Ribbons having
+      more or less of Asperity, so that I cannot but think, notwithstanding this
+      History, that the Blind man
+       <!--  Page 48 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48"></a>[pg
+      48]</span> distinguish'd Colours not only by the <i>Degrees</i> of
+      Asperity in the Bodies offer'd to him, but by <i>Forms</i> of it, though
+      this (latter) would perhaps have been very difficult for him to make an
+      Intelligible mention of, because those Minute disparities having not been
+      taken notice of by men for want of touch as Exquisite as our Blind Mans,
+      are things he could not have Intelligibly express'd, which will easily
+      seem Probable, if you consider, that under the name of Sharp, and Sweet,
+      and Sour, there are abundance of, as it were, immediate peculiar Relishes
+      or Tasts in differing sorts of Wine, which though Critical and Experienc'd
+      Palats can easily discern themselves cannot make them be understood by
+      others, such Minute differences not having hitherto any Distinct names
+      assign'd them. And it seems that there was somthing in the Forms of
+      Asperity that was requisite to the Distinction of Colours, besides the
+      Degree of it, since he found it so difficult to distingush Black and White
+      from one another, though not from other Colours. For I might urge, that he
+      seems not consonant to himself about the <i>Red</i>, which as you have
+      seen in one place, he represents as somewhat more Asperous than the <i>Blew</i>;
+      and in another, very Smooth: But because he speaks of this Smoothness in
+      that place,
+       <!--  Page 49 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49"></a>[pg
+      49]</span> where he mentions the Roughness of <i>Black</i>, we may
+      favourably presume that he might mean but a <i>comparative Smoothness</i>;
+      and therefore I shall not Insist on this, but rather Countenance my
+      Conjecture by this, that he found it so Difficult, not only, to
+      Discriminate Red and Blew, (though the first of our promiscuous
+      Experiments will inform you, that the Red reflects by great Odds more
+      Light than the other) but also to distinguish Black and White from one
+      another, though not from other Colours. And indeed, though in the Ribbonds
+      that were offer'd him, they might be almost equally Rough, yet in such
+      slender Corpuscles as those of Colour, there may easily enough be
+      Conceiv'd, not only a greater Closeness of Parts, or else Paucity of
+      Protuberant Corpuscles, and the little extant Particles may be otherwise
+      Figur'd, and Rang'd in the White than in the Black, but the Cavities may
+      be much Deeper in the one than the other.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      14. And perhaps, (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) it may prove some <i>Illustration of
+      what I mean</i>, and help you to conceive how <i>this may</i> be, if I
+      Represent, that where the Particles are so exceeding Slender, we may allow
+      the Parts expos'd to the Sight and Touch to be a little Convex in
+      comparison of the Erected
+       <!--  Page 50 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50"></a>[pg
+      50]</span> Particle of Black Bodies, as if there were Wyres I know not how
+      many times Slenderer than a Hair: whether you suppose them to be Figur'd
+      like Needles, or Cylindrically, like the Hairs of a Brush, with
+      Hemisphærical (or at least Convex) Tops, they will be so very Slender, and
+      consequently the Points both of the one sort and the other so very Sharp,
+      that even an exquisite Touch will be able to distinguish no greater
+      Difference between them, than that which our Blind man allow'd, when
+      comparing Black and White Bodies, he said, that the latter was the less
+      Rough of the two. Nor is every Kind of Roughness, though Sensible enough,
+      Inconsistent with Whiteness, there being Cases, wherein the Physical
+      Superficies of a Body is made by the same Operation both <i>Rough</i> and
+      <i>white</i>, as when the Level Surface of clear Water being by agitation
+      Asperated with a multitude of Unequal Bubbles, do's thereby acquire a
+      Whiteness; and as a Smooth piece of Glass, by being Scratch'd with a
+      Diamond, do's in the Asperated part of its Surface disclose the same
+      Colour. But more (perchance) of this elsewhere.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      15. And therefore, we shall here pass by the Question, whether any thing
+      might
+       <!--  Page 51 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51"></a>[pg
+      51]</span> be consider'd about the Opacity of the Corpuscles of Black
+      Pigments, and the <i>Comparative</i> Diaphaneity of those of many White
+      Bodies, apply'd to our present Case; and proceed, to represent, That the
+      newly mention'd Exiguity and Shape of the extant Particles being suppos'd,
+      it will then be considerable what we lately but Hinted, (and therefore
+      must now somewhat Explane) That the Depth of the little Cavities,
+      intercepted between the extant Particles, without being so much greater in
+      Black Bodies than in White ones, as to be perceptibly so to the Gross
+      Organs of Touch, may be very much greater in reference to their
+      Disposition of Reflecting the imaginary subtile Beams of Light. For in
+      Black Bodies, those Little intercepted Cavities, and other Depressions,
+      may be so Figur'd, so Narrow and so Deep, that the incident Beams of
+      Light, which the more extant Parts of the Physical Superficies are
+      dispos'd to Reflect inwards, may be Detain'd there, and prove unable to
+      Emerge; whilst in a White Body, the Slender Particles may not only by
+      their Figure be fitted to Reflect the Light copiously outwards, but the
+      intercepted Cavities being not Deep, nor perhaps very Narrow, the Bottoms
+      of them may be so Constituted, as to
+       <!--  Page 52 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52"></a>[pg
+      52]</span> be fit to Reflect outwards much of the Light that falls even
+      upon Them; as you may possibly better apprehend, when we shall come to
+      treat of Whiteness and Blackness. In the mean time it may suffice, that
+      you take Notice with me, that the Blind mans Relations import no necessity
+      of Concluding, that, though, because, according to the Judgment of his
+      Touch, Black was the Roughest, as it is the Darkest of Colours, therefore
+      White, which (according to us) is the Lightest, should be also the
+      Smoothest: since I observe, that he makes Yellow to be two Degrees more
+      Asperous than Blew, and as much less Asperous than Green; whereas indeed,
+      Yellow do's not only appear to the Eye a Lighter Colour than Blew, but (by
+      our first Experiment hereafter to be mention'd) it will appear, that
+      Yellow reflected much more Light than Blew, and manifestly more than
+      Green, (which we need not much wonder at, since in this Colour and the two
+      others (Blew and Yellow) 'tis not <i>only</i> the <i>Reflected Light</i>
+      that is to be considered, since to produce both these, <i>Refraction</i>
+      seems to Intervene, which by its Varieties may much alter the Case:) which
+      both seems to strengthen the Conjecture I was formerly proposing, that
+      there was something else
+       <!--  Page 53 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53"></a>[pg
+      53]</span> in the <i>Kinds</i> of Asperity, as well as in the <i>Degrees</i>
+      of it, which enabled our Blind man to Discriminate Colours, and do's at
+      least show, that we cannot in all Cases from the bare Difference in the
+      Degrees of Asperity betwixt Colours, safely conclude, that the Rougher of
+      any two always Reflects the least Light.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      16. But this notwithstanding, (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) and what ever Curiosity
+      I may have had to move some Questions to our Sagacious Blind man, yet thus
+      much I think you will admit us to have gain'd by his Testimony, that since
+      many Colours may be felt with the Circumstances above related, the
+      Surfaces of such Coloured Bodies must certainly have differing <i>Degrees</i>,
+      and in all probability have differing <i>Forms</i> or Kinds of Asperity
+      belonging to them, which is all the Use that my present attempt obliges me
+      to make of the History above deliver'd, that being sufficient to prove, <i>that</i>
+      Colour do's much depend upon the Disposition of the Superficial parts of
+      Bodies, and to shew in general, <i>wherein</i> 'tis probable that such a
+      Disposition do's (principally at least) consist.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      17. But to return to what I was saying before I began to make mention of
+      our Blind <i>Organist</i>, what we have deliver'd
+       <!--  Page 54 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54"></a>[pg
+      54]</span> touching the causes of the several Forms or Asperity that may
+      Diversifie the Surfaces of Colour'd Bodies, may perchance somewhat assist
+      us to make some Conjectures in the general, at several of the ways whereby
+      'tis possible for the Experiments hereafter to be mention'd, to produce
+      the suddain changes of Colours that are wont to be Consequent upon them;
+      for most of these <i>Phænomena</i> being produc'd by the Intervention of
+      Liquors, and these for the most part abounding with very Minute, Active,
+      and Variously Figur'd Saline Corpuscles, Liquors so Qualify'd may well
+      enough very Nimbly after the Texture of the Body they are imploy'd to Work
+      upon, and so may change the form of Asperity, and thereby make them Remit
+      to the Eye the Light that falls on them, after another manner than they
+      did before, and by that means Vary the Colour, so farr forth as it depends
+      upon the Texture or Disposition of the Seen Parts of the Object, which I
+      say, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that you may not think I would absolutely exclude
+      all other ways of Modifying the Beams of Light between their Parting from
+      the Lucid Body, and their Reception into the common Sensory.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      18. Now there seem to me divers ways,
+       <!--  Page 55 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55"></a>[pg
+      55]</span> by which we may conceive that Liquors may Nimbly alter the
+      Colour of one another, and of other Bodies, upon which they Act, but my
+      present haste will allow me to mention but some of them, without Insisting
+      so much as upon those I shall name.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      19. And first, the Minute Corpuscles that compose a Liquor may early
+      insinuate themselves into those Pores of Bodies, whereto their Size and
+      Figure makes them Congruous, and these Pores they may either exactly Fill,
+      or but Inadequately, and in this latter Case they will for the most part
+      alter the Number and Figure, and always the Bigness of the former Pores.
+      And in what capacity soever these Corpuscles of a Liquor come to be Lodg'd
+      or Harbour'd in the Pores that admit them, the Surface of the Body will
+      for the most part have its Asperity alter'd, and the Incident Light that
+      meets with a Grosser Liquor in the little Cavities that before contain'd
+      nothing but Air, or some yet Subtiler Fluid, will have its Beams either
+      Refracted, or Imbib'd, or else Reflected more or less Interruptedly, than
+      they would be, if the Body had been Unmoistned, as we see, that even fair
+      Water falling on white Paper, or Linnen, and divers other Bodies
+       <!--  Page 56 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56"></a>[pg
+      56]</span> apt to soak it in, will for some such Reasons as those newly
+      mention'd, immediately alter the Colour of them, and for the most part
+      make it Sadder than that of the Unwetted Parts of the same Bodies. And so
+      you may see, that when in the Summer the High-ways are Dry and Dusty, if
+      there falls store of Rain, they will quickly appear of a much Darker
+      Colour than they did before, and if a Drop of Oyl be let fall upon a Sheet
+      of White Paper, that part of it, which by the Imbibition of the Liquor
+      acquires a greater Continuity, and some Transparency, will appear much
+      Darker than the rest, many of the Incident Beams of Light being now
+      Transmitted, that otherwise would be Reflected towards the Beholders Eyes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      20. Secondly, A Liquor may alter the Colour of a Body by freeing it from
+      those things that hindred it from appearing in its Genuine Colour; and
+      though this may be said to be rather a Restauration of a Body to its own
+      Colour, or a Retection of its native Colour, than a Change, yet still
+      there Intervenes in it a change of the Colour which the Body appear'd to
+      be of before this Operation. And such a change a Liquor may work, either
+      by Dissolving, or Corroding, or by some such way of
+       <!--  Page 57 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57"></a>[pg
+      57]</span> carrying off that Matter, which either Veil'd or Disguis'd the
+      Colour that afterwards appears. Thus we restore Old pieces of Dirty Gold
+      to a clean and nitid Yellow, by putting them into the Fire, and into <i>Aqua-fortis</i>,
+      which take off the adventitious Filth that made that pure Metall look of a
+      Dirty Colour. And there is also an easie way to restore Silver Coyns to
+      their due Lustre, by fetching off that which Discolour'd them. And I know
+      a <i>Chymical</i> Liquor, which I employ'd to restore pieces of Cloath
+      spotted with Grease to their proper Colour, by Imbibing the Spotted part
+      with this Liquor, which Incorporating with the Grease, and yet being of a
+      very Volatile Nature, does easily carry it away with it Self. And I have
+      sometimes try'd, that by Rubbing upon a good Touch-stone a certain <i>Metalline</i>
+      mixture so Compounded, that the Impression it left upon the Stone appear'd
+      of a very differing Colour from that of Gold, yet a little of <i>Aqua-fortis</i>
+      would in a Trice make the Golden Colour disclose it self, by Dissolving
+      the other <i>Metalline</i> Corpuscles that conceal'd those of the Gold,
+      which you know that <i>Menstruum</i> will leave Untouch'd.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      21. Thirdly, A Liquor may alter the
+       <!--  Page 58 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58"></a>[pg
+      58]</span> Colour of a Body by making a Comminution of its Parts, and that
+      principally two ways, the first by Disjoyning and Dissipating those
+      Clusters of Particles, if I may so call them, which stuck more Loosely
+      together, being fastned only by some more easily Dissoluble Ciment, which
+      seems to be the Case of some of the following Experiments, where you'l
+      find the Colour of many Corpuscles brought to cohere by having been
+      Precipitated together, Destroy'd by the Affusion of very peircing and
+      incisive Liquors. The other of the two ways I was speaking of, is, by
+      Dividing the Grosser and more Solid Particles into Minute ones, which will
+      be always Lesser, and for the most part otherwise Shap'd than the Entire
+      Corpuscle so Divided, as it will happen in a piece of Wood reduc'd into
+      Splinters or Chips, or as when a piece of Chrystal heated red Hot and
+      quench'd in Cold water is crack'd into a multitude of little Fragments,
+      which though they fall not asunder, alter the Disposition of the Body of
+      the Chrystal, as to its manner of Reflecting the Light, as we shall have
+      Occasion to shew hereafter.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      22. There is a fourth way contrary to the third, whereby a Liquor may
+      change the Colour of another Body, especially of
+       <!--  Page 59 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59"></a>[pg
+      59]</span> another Fluid, and that is, by procuring the Coalition of
+      several Particles that before lay too Scatter'd and Dispers'd to exhibit
+      the Colour that afterwards appears. Thus sometimes when I have had a
+      Solution of Gold so Dilated, that I doubted whether the Liquor had really
+      Imbib'd any true Gold or no, by pouring in a little <i>Mercury</i>, I have
+      been quickly able to satisfie my Self, that the Liquor contain'd Gold,
+      that Mettall after a little while Cloathing the Surface of the <i>Quick-silver</i>,
+      with a Thin Film of its own Livery. And chiefly, though not only by this
+      way of bringing the Minute parts of Bodies together in such Numbers as to
+      make them become Notorious to the Eye, many of these Colours seem to be
+      Generated which are produc'd by Precipitations, especially by such as are
+      wont to be made with fair Water, as when Resinous Gumms dissolv'd in
+      Spirit of Wine, are let fall again, if the Spirit be Copiously diluted
+      with that weakning Liquor. And so out of the Rectify'd and Transparent
+      Butter of <i>Antimony</i>, by the bare Mixture of fair Water, there will
+      be plentifully Precipitated that Milk-white Substance, which by having its
+      Looser Salts well wash'd off, is turn'd into that Medicine, which Vulgar
+      <i>Chymists</i> are pleas'd to call <i>Mercurius Vitæ.</i>
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 60 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60"></a>[pg 60]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      23. A fifth way, by which a Liquor may change the Colour of a Body, is, by
+      Dislocating the Parts, and putting them out of their former Order into
+      another, and perhaps also altering the Posture of the single Corpuscles as
+      well as their Order or Situation in respect of one another. What certain
+      Kinds of Commotion or Dislocation of the Parts of a Body may do towards
+      the Changing its Colour, is not only evident in the Mutations of Colour
+      observable in <i>Quick-silver</i>, and some other Concretes long kept by
+      <i>Chymists</i> in a Convenient Heat, though in close Vessels, but in the
+      Obvious Degenerations of Colour, which every Body may take notice of in
+      Bruis'd Cherries, and other Fruit, by comparing after a while the Colour
+      of the Injur'd with that of the Sound part of the same Fruit. And that
+      also such Liquors, as we have been speaking of, may greatly Discompose the
+      Textures of many Bodies, and thereby alter the Disposition of their
+      Superficial parts, the great Commotion made in Metalls, and several other
+      Bodies by <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, Oyl of <i>Vitriol</i>, and other Saline <i>Menstruums</i>,
+      may easily perswade us, and what such Vary'd Situations of Parts may do
+      towards the Diversifying of the manner of their Reflecting the Light, may
+       <!--  Page 61 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61"></a>[pg
+      61]</span> be Guess'd in some Measure by the Beating of Transparent Glass
+      into a White Powder, but farr better by the Experiments lately Pointed at,
+      and hereafter Deliver'd, as the Producing and Destroying Colours by the
+      means of subtil Saline Liquors, by whose Affusion the Parts of other
+      Liquors are manifestly both Agitated, and likewise Dispos'd after another
+      manner than they were before such Affusion. And in some <i>Chymical</i>
+      Oyls, as particularly that of Lemmon Pills, by barely Shaking the Glass,
+      that holds it, into Bubbles, that Transposition of the Parts which is
+      consequent to the Shaking, will shew you on the Surfaces of the Bubbles
+      exceeding Orient and Lively Colours, which when the Bubbles relapse into
+      the rest of the Oyl, do immediately Vanish.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      24. I know not, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, whether I should mention as a Distinct
+      way, because it is of a somewhat more General Nature, that Power, whereby
+      a Liquor may alter the Colour of another Body, by putting the Parts of it
+      into Motion; For though possibly the Motion so produc'd, does, as such,
+      seldome suddenly change the Colour of the Body whose Parts are Agitated,
+      yet this seems to be one of the most General, however not Immediate causes
+      of
+       <!--  Page 62 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62"></a>[pg
+      62]</span> the Quick change of Colours in Bodies. For the Parts being put
+      into Motion by the adventitious Liquor, divers of them that were before
+      United, may become thereby Disjoyn'd, and when that Motion ceases or
+      decays others of them may stick together, and that in a new Order, by
+      which means the Motion may sometimes produce Permanent changes of Colours,
+      as in the Experiment you will meet with hereafter, of presently turning a
+      Snowy White Body into a Yellow, by the bare Affusion of fair Water, which
+      probably so Dissolves the Saline Corpuscles that remain'd in the <i>Calx</i>,
+      and sets them at Liberty to Act upon one another, and the Metall, far more
+      Powerfully than the Water without the Assistance of such Saline Corpuscles
+      could do. And though you rubb Blew <i>Vitriol</i>, how Venereal and
+      Unsophisticated soever it be, upon the Whetted Blade of a Knife, it will
+      not impart to the Iron its Latent Colour, but if you moisten the <i>Vitriol</i>
+      with your Spittle, or common Water, the Particles of the Liquor disjoyning
+      those of the <i>Vitriol</i>, and thereby giving them the Various Agitation
+      requisite to Fluid Bodies, the Metalline Corpuscles of the thus Dissolv'd
+      <i>Vitriol</i> will Lodge themselves in Throngs in the Small and Congruous
+       <!--  Page 63 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63"></a>[pg
+      63]</span> Pores of the Iron they are Rubb'd on, and so give the Surface
+      of it the Genuine Colour of the Copper.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      25. There remains yet a way, <i>Pyrophilus</i> to be mention'd, by which a
+      Liquor may alter the Colour of another Body, and this seems the most
+      Important of all, because though it be nam'd but as One, yet it may indeed
+      comprehend Many, and that is, by Associating the Saline Corpuscles, or any
+      other Sort of the more Rigid ones of the Liquor, with the Particles of the
+      Body that it is employ'd to Work upon. For these Adventitious Corpuscles
+      Associating themselves with the Protuberant Particles of the Surface of a
+      Colour'd Body, must necessarily alter their Bigness, and will most
+      commonly alter their Shape. And how much the Colours of Bodies depend upon
+      the Bulk and Figure of their Superficial Particles, you may Guess by this,
+      that eminent antient <i>Philosophers</i> and divers <i>Moderns</i>, have
+      thought that all Colours might in a general way be made out by these two;
+      whose being Diversify'd, will in our Case be attended with these two
+      Circumstances, the One, that the Protuberant Particles being Increas'd in
+      Bulk, they will oftentimes be Vary'd as to the Closness or Laxity of
+       <!--  Page 64 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64"></a>[pg
+      64]</span> their Order, fewer of them being contain'd within the same
+      Sensible (though Minute) space than before; or else by approaching to one
+      another, they must Straighten the Pores, and it may be too, they will by
+      their manner of Associating themselves with the Protuberant Particles,
+      intercept new Pores. And this invites me to consider farther, that the
+      Adventitious Corpuscles, I have been speaking of, may likewise produce a
+      great Change as well in the Little Cavities or Pores as in the
+      Protuberances of a Colour'd Body; for besides what we have just now taken
+      notice of, they may by Lodging themselves in those little Cavities, fill
+      them up, and it may well happen, that they may not only fill the Pores
+      they Insinuate themselves into, but likewise have their Upper Parts extant
+      above them; and partly by these new Protuberances, partly by Increasing
+      the Bulk of the former, these Extraneous Corpuscles may much alter the
+      Number and Bigness of the Surfaces Pores, changing the Old and
+      Intercepting new ones. And then 'tis Odds, but the Order of the Little
+      Extancies, and consequently that of the Little Depressions in point of
+      Situation will be alter'd likewise: as if you dissolve <i>Quick-silver</i>
+      in some kind of <i>Aqua-fortis</i>,
+       <!--  Page 65 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65"></a>[pg
+      65]</span> the Saline Particles of the <i>Menstruum</i> Associating
+      themselves with the Mercurial Corpuscles, will make a Green Solution,
+      which afterwards easily enough Degenerates. And Red Lead or <i>Minium</i>
+      being Dissolv'd in Spirit of Vinegar, yields not a Red, but a Clear
+      Solution, the Redness of the Lead being by the Liquor Destroy'd. But a
+      better Instance may be taken from Copper, for I have try'd, that if upon a
+      Copper-plate you let some Drops of weak <i>Aqua-fortis</i> rest for a
+      while, the Corpuscles of the <i>Menstruum</i>, joyning with those of the
+      Metall, will produce a very sensible Asperity upon the Surface of the
+      Plate, and will Concoagulate that way into very minute Grains of a Pale
+      Blew <i>Vitriol</i>; whereas if upon another part of the same Plate you
+      suffer a little strong Spirit of Urine to rest a competent time, you shall
+      find the Asperated Surface adorn'd with a Deeper and Richer Blew. And the
+      same <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, that will quickly change the Redness of Red Lead
+      into a Darker Colour, will, being put upon Crude Lead, produce a Whitish
+      Substance, as with Copper it did a Blewish. And as with Iron it will
+      produce a Reddish, and on White Quills a Yellowish, so much may the
+      Coalition of the Parts of the same
+       <!--  Page 66 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66"></a>[pg
+      66]</span> Liquor, with the differingly Figur'd Particles of Stable
+      Bodies, divers ways Asperate the differingly Dispos'd Surfaces, and to
+      Diversifie the Colour of those Bodies. And you'l easily believe, that in
+      many changes of Colour, that happen upon the Dissolutions of Metalls, and
+      Precipitations made with Oyl of <i>Tartar</i>, and the like Fix'd Salts,
+      there may Intervene a Coalition of Saline Corpuscles with the Particles of
+      the Body Dissolv'd or Precipitated, if you examine how much the <i>Vitriol</i>
+      of a Metall may be Heavier than the Metalline part of it alone, upon the
+      Score of the Saline parts Concoagulated therewith, and, that in Several
+      Precipitations the weight of the <i>Calx</i> does for the same Reason much
+      exceed that of the Metall, when it was first put in to be Dissolv'd.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      26. But, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, to consider these Matters more particularly
+      would be to forget that I declar'd against Adventuring, at least for this
+      time, at particular Theories of Colours, and that accordingly you may
+      justly expect from me rather Experiments than Speculations, and therefore
+      I shall Dismiss this Subject of the Forms of Superficial Asperity in
+      Colour'd Bodies, as soon as I shall but have nam'd to you by way of
+      Supplement to what we have
+       <!--  Page 67 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67"></a>[pg
+      67]</span> hitherto Discours'd in this Section, a Couple of Particulars,
+      (which you'l easily grant me) The one, That there are divers other ways
+      for the speedy Production even of True and Permanent Colours in Bodies,
+      besides those Practicable by the help of Liquors; for proof of which
+      Advertisement, though several Examples might be alleged, yet I shall need
+      but Re-mind you of what I mention'd to you above, touching the change of
+      Colours suddenly made on Temper'd Steel, and on Lead, by the Operation of
+      Heat, without the Intervention of a Liquor. But the other particular I am
+      to observe to you is of more Importance to our present Subject and it is,
+      That though Nature and Art may in some cases so change the Asperity of the
+      Superficial parts of a Body, as to change its Colour by either of the ways
+      I have propos'd Single or Unassisted, yet for the most part 'tis by two or
+      three, or perhaps by more of the fore-mention'd ways Associated together,
+      that the Effect is produc'd, and if you consider how Variously those
+      several ways and some others Ally'd unto them, which I have left
+      unmention'd, may be Compounded and Apply'd, you will not much wonder that
+      such fruitfull, whether Principles (or Manners of Diversification)
+       <!--  Page 68 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68"></a>[pg
+      68]</span> should be fitted to Change or Generate no small store of
+      Differing Colours.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      27. Hitherto, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, we have in discoursing of the Asperity of
+      Bodies consider'd the little Protuberances of other Superficial particles
+      which make up that Roughness, as if we took it for granted, that they must
+      be perfectly Opacous and Impenetrable by the Beams of Light, and so, must
+      contribute to the Variety of Colours as they terminate more or less Light,
+      and reflect it to the Eye mix'd with more or less of thus or thus mingl'd
+      Shades. But to deal Ingenuously with you, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, before I
+      proceed any further, I must not conceal from you, that I have often
+      thought it worth a Serious Enquiry, whether or no Particles of Matter,
+      each of them sing'y Insensible, and therefore small enough to be capable
+      of being such Minute Particles as the <i>Atomists</i> both of old and of
+      late have (not absurdly) called <i>Corpuscula Coloris</i>, may not yet
+      consist each of them of divers yet Minuter Particles, betwixt which we may
+      conceive little Commissures where they Adhere to one another, and,
+      however, may not be Porous enough to be, at least in some degree, Pervious
+      to the unimaginably subtile Corpuscles that make up the Beams of
+       <!--  Page 69 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69"></a>[pg
+      69]</span> Light, and consequently to be in such a degree Diaphanous. For,
+      <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that the proposed Enquiry may be of moment to him that
+      searches after the Nature of Colour, you'l easily grant, if you consider,
+      that whereas Perfectly Opacous bodies can but reflect the incident Beams
+      of Light, those that are Diaphanous are qualified to refract them too, and
+      that Refraction has such a stroak in the Production of Colours, as you
+      cannot but have taken notice of, and perhaps admir'd in the Colours
+      generated by the Trajection of Light through Drops of Water that exhibit a
+      Rain-bow, through Prismatical glasses, and through divers other
+      Transparent bodies. But 'tis like, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, you'l more easily
+      allow that about this matter 'tis rather Important to have a Certainty,
+      than that 'tis Rational to entertain a Doubt; wherefore I must mention to
+      you some of the Reasons that make me think it may need a further Enquiry,
+      for I find that in a Darkned Room, where the Light is permitted to enter
+      but at One hole, the little wandering Particles of Dust, that are commonly
+      called Motes, and, unless in the Sunbeams, are not taken notice of by the
+      unassisted Sight, I have, I say, often observ'd, that these roving
+      Corpuscles being look'd on by an Eye plac'd on one side of the
+       <!--  Page 70 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70"></a>[pg
+      70]</span> Beams that enter'd the Little hole, and by the Darkness having
+      its Pupill much Enlarg'd, I could discern that these Motes as soon as they
+      came within the compass of the Luminous, whether Cylinder or Inverted
+      Cone, if I may so call it, that was made up by the Unclouded Beams of the
+      Sun, did in certain positions appear adorn'd with very vivid Colours, like
+      those of the Rain-bow, or rather like those of very Minute, but Sparkling
+      fragments of Diamonds; and as soon as the Continuance of their Motion had
+      brought them to an Inconvenient position in reference to the Light and the
+      Eye, they were only visible without Darting any lively Colours as before,
+      which seems to argue that these little Motes, or minute Fragments, of
+      several sorts of bodies reputed Opacous, and only crumbled as to their
+      Exteriour and Looser parts into Dust, did not barely Reflect the Beams
+      that fell upon them, but remit them to the Eye Refracted too. We may also
+      observe, that several Bodies, (as well some of a Vegetable, as others of
+      an Animal nature) which are wont to pass for Opacous, appear in great part
+      Transparent, when they are reduc'd into Thin parts, and held against a
+      powerful Light. This I have not only taken notice of in pieces of Ivory
+      reduc'd but into Thick leaves, as also in divers considerable
+       <!--  Page 71 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71"></a>[pg
+      71]</span> Thick shells of Fishes, and in shaving of Wood, but I have also
+      found that a piece of Deal, far thicker than one would easily imagine,
+      being purposly interposed betwixt my Eye plac'd in a Room, and the clear
+      Daylight, was not only somewhat Transparent, but (perhaps by reason of its
+      Gummous nature) appear'd quite through of a lovely Red. And in the Darkned
+      Room above mention'd, Bodies held against the hole at which the Light
+      enter'd, appear'd far less Opacous then they would elsewhere have done,
+      insomuch that I could easily and plainly see through the whole Thickness
+      of my Hand, the Motions of a Body plac'd (at a very near distance indeed,
+      but yet) beyond it. And even in Minerals, the Opacity is not always so
+      great as many think, if the Body be made Thin, for White Marble though of
+      a pretty Thickness, being within a Due distance plac'd betwixt the Eye and
+      a Convenient Light, will Suffer the Motions of ones Finger to be well
+      discern'd through it, and so will pieces, Thick enough, of many common
+      Flints. But above all, that Instance is remarkable, that is afforded us by
+      <i>Muscovie</i> glass, (which some call <i>Selenites</i>, others <i>Lapis
+      Specularis</i>) for though plates of this Mineral, though but of a
+      moderate Thickness, do often appear Opacous, yet if
+       <!--  Page 72 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72"></a>[pg
+      72]</span> one of these be Dextrously split into the thinnest Leaves 'tis
+      made up of, it will yield such a number of them, as scarce any thing but
+      Experience could have perswaded me, and these Leaves will afford the most
+      Transparent sort of consistent Bodies, that, for ought I have observ'd,
+      are yet known; and a single Leaf or Plate will be so far from being
+      Opacous, that 'twill scarce be so much as Visible. And multitudes of
+      Bodies there are, whose Fragments seem Opacous to the naked Eye, which
+      yet, when I have included them in good <i>Microscopes</i>, appear'd
+      Transparent; but, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, on the other side I am not yet sure
+      that there are no Bodies, whose Minute Particles even in such a <i>Microscope</i>
+      as that of mine, which I was lately mentioning, will not appear
+      Diaphanous. For having consider'd <i>Mercury</i> Precipitated <i>per se</i>,
+      the little Granules that made up the powder, look'd like little fragments
+      of Coral beheld by the naked Eye at a Distance (for very Near at hand
+      Coral will sometimes, especially if it be Good, shew some Transparency.)
+      Filings likewise of Steel and Copper, though in an excellent <i>Microscope</i>,
+      and a fair Day, they show'd like pretty Big Fragments of those Metalls,
+      and had considerable Brightness on some of their Surfaces, yet I was not
+      satisfi'd, that I perceiv'd
+       <!--  Page 73 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73"></a>[pg
+      73]</span> any Reflection from the Inner parts of any of the Filings. Nay,
+      having look'd in my best <i>Microscope</i> upon the Red <i>Calx</i> of
+      Lead, (commonly call'd <i>Minium</i>) neither I, nor any I shew'd it to,
+      could discern it to be other than Opacous, though the Day were Clear, and
+      the Object strongly Enlightned. And the deeply Red Colour of <i>Vitriol</i>
+      appear'd in the same <i>Microscope</i> (notwithstanding the great
+      Comminution effected by the Fire) but like Grossy beaten Brick. So that,
+      <i>Pyrophilus</i>, I shall willingly resign you the care of making some
+      further Enquiries into the Subject we have now been considering; for I
+      confess, as I told you before, that I think that the Matter may need a
+      further Scrutiny, nor would I be forward to Determine how far or in what
+      cases the Transparency or Semi-diaphaniety of the Superficial Corpuscles
+      of Bigger Bodies, may have an Interest in the Production of their Colours,
+      especially because that even in divers White bodies, as Beaten Glass, Snow
+      and Froth, where it seems manifest that the Superficial parts are singly
+      Diaphanous, (being either Water, or Air, or Glass) we see not that such
+      Variety of Colours are produc'd as usually are by the Refraction of Light,
+      even in those Bodies, when by their Bigness, Shape, &amp;c. they are
+      conveniently
+       <!--  Page 74 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74"></a>[pg
+      74]</span> qualify'd to exhibit such Various and Lively Colours as those
+      of the Rain-bow, and of Prismatical Glasses.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      28. By what has been hitherto discours'd, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, we may be
+      assisted to judge of that famous Controversie which was of Old disputed
+      betwixt the <i>Epicureans</i> and other <i>Atomists</i> on the one side,
+      and most other <i>Philosophers</i> on the other side. The former Denying
+      Bodies to be Colour'd in the Dark, and the Latter making Colour to be an
+      Inherent quality, as well as Figure, Hardness; Weight, or the like. For
+      though this Controversie be Reviv'd, and hotly Agitated among the <i>Moderns</i>,
+      yet I doubt whether it be not in great part a Nominal dispute, and
+      therefore let us, according to the Doctrine formerly deliver'd,
+      Distinguish the Acceptions of the word Colour, and say, that if it be
+      taken in the Stricter Sense, the <i>Epicureans</i> seem to be in the
+      Right, for if Colour be indeed, though not according to them, but Light
+      Modify'd, how can we conceive that it can Subsist in the Dark, that is,
+      where it must be suppos'd there is no Light; but on the other side, if
+      Colour be consider'd as a certain Constant Disposition of the Superficial
+      parts of the Object to Trouble the Light they Reflect after such and such
+      a Determinate manner,
+       <!--  Page 75 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75"></a>[pg
+      75]</span> this Constant, and, if I may so speak, Modifying disposition
+      persevering in the Object, whether it be Shin'd upon or no, there seems no
+      just reason to deny, but that in this Sense, Bodies retain their Colour as
+      well in the Night as Day; or, to Speak a little otherwise, it may be said,
+      that Bodies are Potentially Colour'd in the Dark, and Actually in the
+      Light. But of this Matter discoursing more fully elsewhere, as 'tis a
+      difficulty that concerns Qualities in general, I shall forbear to insist
+      on it here.
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      CHAP. IV
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      1. Of greater Moment in the Investigation of the Nature of Colours is the
+      Controversie, Whether those of the Rain-bow, and those that are often seen
+      in Clouds, before the Rising, or after the Setting of the Sun; and in a
+      word, Whether those other Colours, that are wont to be call'd Emphatical,
+      ought or ought not to be accounted True Colours. I need not tell you that
+      the Negative is the Common Opinion, especially in the Schools, as may
+      appear by that Vulgar distinction of Colours, whereby these under
+      Consideration are term'd Apparent, by way of Opposition
+       <!--  Page 76 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76"></a>[pg
+      76]</span> to those that in the other Member of the Distinction are call'd
+      True or Genuine. This question I say seems to me of Importance, upon this
+      Account, that it being commonly Granted, (or however, easie enough to be
+      Prov'd) that Emphatical Colours are Light it self Modify'd by Refractions
+      chiefly, with a concurrence sometimes of Reflections, and perhaps some
+      other Accidents depending on these two; if these Emphatical Colours be
+      resolv'd to be Genuine, it will seem consequent, that Colours, or at least
+      divers of them, are but Diversify'd Light, and not such Real and Inherent
+      qualities as they are commonly thought to be.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      2. Now since we are wont to esteem the Echoes and other Sounds of Bodies,
+      to be True Sounds, all their Odours to be True Odours, and (to be short)
+      since we judge other Sensible Qualities to be True ones, because they are
+      the proper Objects of some or other of our Senses, I see not why
+      Emphatical Colours, being the proper and peculiar Objects of the Organ of
+      Sight, and capable to Affect it as Truly and as Powerfully as other
+      Colours, should be reputed but Imaginary ones.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And if we have (which perchance you'l allow) formerly evinc'd Colour,
+      (when
+       <!--  Page 77 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77"></a>[pg
+      77]</span> the word is taken in its more Proper sense) to be but Modify'd
+      Light, there will be small Reason to deny these to be true Colours, which
+      more manifestly than others disclose themselves to be produc'd by
+      Diversifications of the Light.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      3. There is indeed taken notice of a Difference betwixt these Apparent
+      colours, and those that are wont to be esteem'd Genuine, as to the
+      Duration, which has induc'd some Learned Men to call the former rather
+      Evanid than Fantastical. But as the Ingenious <i>Gassendus</i> does
+      somewhere Judiciously observe, if this way of Arguing were Good, the
+      Greeness of a Leaf ought to pass for Apparent, because, soon Fading into a
+      Yellow, it Scarce lasts at all, in comparison of the Greeness of an
+      Emerauld. I shall add, that if the Sun-beams be in a convenient manner
+      trajected through a Glass-prism, and thrown upon some well-shaded Object
+      within a Room, the Rain-bow thereby Painted on the Surface of the Body
+      that Terminates the Beams, may oftentimes last longer than Some Colours I
+      have produc'd in certain Bodies, which would justly, and without scruple
+      be accounted Genuine Colours, and yet suddenly Degenerate, and lose their
+      Nature.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      4. A greater Disparity betwixt Emphatical
+       <!--  Page 78 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78"></a>[pg
+      78]</span> Colours, and others, may perhaps be taken from this, that
+      Genuine Colours seem to be produc'd in Opacous Bodies by Reflection, but
+      Apparent ones in Diaphanous Bodies, and principally by Refraction, I say
+      Principally rather than Solely, because in some cases Reflection also may
+      concurr, but still this seems not to conclude these Latter Colours not to
+      be True ones. Nor must what has been newly said of the Differences of True
+      and Apparent Colours, be interpreted in too Unlimited a Sense, and
+      therefore it may perhaps somewhat Assist you, both to Reflect upon the two
+      fore-going Objections, and to judge of some other Passages which you'l
+      meet with in this Tract, if I take this Occasion to observe to you, that
+      if Water be Agitated into Froth, it exhibits you know a White colour,
+      which soon after it Loses upon the Resolution of the Bubbles into Air and
+      Water, now in this case either the Whiteness of the Froth is a True Colour
+      or not, if it be, then True Colours, supposing the Water pure and free
+      from Mixtures of any thing Tenacious, may be as Short-liv'd as those of
+      the Rain-bow; also the Matter, wherein the Whiteness did Reside, may in a
+      few moments perfectly Lose all foot-steps or remains of it. And
+       <!--  Page 79 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79"></a>[pg
+      79]</span> besides, even Diaphanous Bodies may be capable of exhibiting
+      True Colours by Reflection, for that Whiteness is so produc'd, we shall
+      anon make it probable. But if on the other side it be said, that the
+      Whiteness of Froth is an Emphatical Colour, then it must no longer be
+      said, that Fantastical Colours require a certain Position of the Luminary
+      and the Eye, and must be Vary'd or Destroy'd by the Change thereof, since
+      Froth appears White, whether the Sun be Rising or Setting, or in the
+      Meridian, or any where between it and the Horizon, and from what
+      (Neighbouring) place soever the Beholders Eye looks upon it. And since by
+      making a Liquor Tenacious enough, yet without Destroying its Transparency,
+      or Staining it with any Colour, you may give the Little Films, whereof the
+      Bubbles consist, such a Texture, as may make the Froth last very many
+      Hours, if not some Days, or even Weeks, it will render it somewhat
+      Improper to assign Duration for the Distinguishing Character to
+      Discriminate Genuine from Fantastical Colours. For such Froth may much
+      outlast the Undoubtedly true Colours of some of Nature's Productions, as
+      in that Gaudy Plant not undeservedly call'd the Mervail of <i>Peru</i>,
+      the Flowers do often Fade, the
+       <!--  Page 80 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80"></a>[pg
+      80]</span> same Day they are Blown; And I have often seen a <i>Virginian</i>
+      Flower, which usually Withers within the compass of a Day; and I am
+      credibly Inform'd, that not far from hence a curious Herborist has a
+      Plant, whose Flowers perish in about an Hour. But if the Whiteness of
+      Water turn'd into Froth must therefore be reputed Emphatical, because it
+      appears not that the Nature of the Body is Alter'd, but only that the
+      Disposition of its Parts in reference to the Incident Light is Chang'd,
+      why may not the Whiteness be accounted Emphatical too, which I shall shew
+      anon to be Producible, barely by such another change in Black Horn? and
+      yet this so easily acquir'd Whiteness seems to be as truly its Colour as
+      the Blackness was before, and at least is more Permanent than the
+      Greenness of Leaves, the Redness of Roses, and, in short, than the Genuine
+      Colours of the most part of Nature's Productions. It may indeed be further
+      Objected, that according as the Sun or other Luminous Body changes place,
+      these Emphatical Colours alter or vanish. But not to repeat what I have
+      just now said, I shall add, that if a piece of Cloath in a Drapers Shop
+      (in such the Light being seldome Primary) be variously Folded, it will
+      appear of differing
+       <!--  Page 81 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81"></a>[pg
+      81]</span> Colours, as the Parts happen to be more Illuminated or more
+      Shaded, and if you stretch it Flat, it will commonly exhibit some one
+      Uniform Colour, and yet these are not wont to be reputed Emphatical, so
+      that the Difference seems to be chiefly this, that in the Case of the
+      Rain-bow, and the like, the Position of the Luminary Varies the Colour,
+      and in the Cloath I have been mentioning, the Position of the Object does
+      it. Nor am I forward to allow that in all Cases the Apparition of
+      Emphatical Colours requires a Determinate position of the Eye, for if Men
+      will have the Whiteness of Froth Emphatical, you know what we have already
+      Inferr'd from thence. Besides, the Sun-beams trajected through a
+      Triangular Glass, after the manner lately mention'd, will, upon the Body
+      that Terminates them, Paint a Rain-bow, that may be seen whether the Eye
+      be plac'd on the Right Hand of it or the Left, or Above or Beneath it, or
+      Before or Behind it; and though there may appear some Little Variation in
+      the Colours of the Rain-bow, beheld from Differing parts of the Room, yet
+      such a Diversity may be also observ'd by an Attentive Eye in Real Colours,
+      look'd upon under the like Circumstances, Nor will it follow,
+       <!--  Page 82 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82"></a>[pg
+      82]</span> that because there remains no Footsteps of the Colour upon the
+      Object, when the Prism is Remov'd, that therefore the Colour was not Real,
+      since the Light was truly Modify'd by the Refraction and Reflection it
+      Suffer'd in its Trajection through the Prism; and the Object in our case
+      serv'd for a Specular Body, to Reflect that Colour to the Eye. And that
+      you may not be Startled, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that I should Venture to say,
+      that a Rough and Coiour'd Object may serve for a <i>Speculum</i> to
+      Reflect the Artificial Rain-bow I have been mentioning, consider what
+      usually happens in Darkned Rooms, where a Wall, or other Body conveniently
+      Situated within, may so Reflect the Colours of Bodies, without the Room,
+      that they may very clearly be Discern'd and Distinguish'd, and yet 'tis
+      taken for granted, that the Colours seen in a Darkned Room, though they
+      leave no Traces of themselves upon the Wall or Body that Receives them,
+      are the True Colours of the External Objects, together with which the
+      Colours of the Images are Mov'd or do Rest. And the Errour is not in the
+      Eye, whose Office is only to perceive the Appearances of things, and which
+      does Truly so, but in the Judging or Estimative faculty, which Mistakingly
+       <!--  Page 83 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83"></a>[pg
+      83]</span> concludes that Colour to belong to the Wall, which does indeed
+      belong to the Object, because the Wall is that from whence the Beams of
+      Light that carry the Visible <i>Species</i>, do come in Straight Lines
+      directly to the Eye, as for the same Reason we are wont at a certain
+      Distance from Concave Sphærical Glasses, to perswade our Selves that we
+      see the Image come forth to Meet us, and Hang in the Air betwixt the Glass
+      and Us, because the Reflected Beams that Compose the image cross in that
+      place, where the Image seems to be, and thence, and not from the Glass, do
+      in Direct Lines take their Course to the Eye, and upon the like Cause it
+      is, that divers Deceptions in Sounds and other Sensible Objects do depend,
+      as we elsewhere declare.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      5. I know not, whether I need add, that I have purposely Try'd, (as you'l
+      find some Pages hence, and will perhaps think somewhat strange) that
+      Colours that are call'd Emphatical, because not Inherent in, the Bodies in
+      which they Appear, may be Compounded with one another, as those that are
+      confessedly Genuine may. But when all this is said, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, I
+      must Advertise you, that it is but Problematically Spoken, and that though
+      I think the Opinion
+       <!--  Page 84 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84"></a>[pg
+      84]</span> I have endeavour'd to fortifie Probable, yet a great part of
+      our Discourse concerning Colours may be True, whether that Opinion be so
+      or not.
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      CHAP. V.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      1. There are you know, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, besides those Obsolete Opinions
+      about Colours which have been long since Rejected, very Various Theories
+      that have each of them, even at this day, Eminent Men for its Abetters;
+      for the Peripatetick Schools, though they dispute amongst themselves
+      divers particulars concerning Colours, yet in this they seem Unanimously
+      enough to Agree, that Colours are Inherent and Real Qualities, which the
+      Light doth but Disclose, and not concurr to Produce. Besides there are <i>Moderns</i>,
+      who with a slight Variation adopt the Opinion of <i>Plato</i>, and as he
+      would have Colour to be nothing but a Kind of Flame consisting of Minute
+      Corpuscles as it were Darted by the Object against the Eye, to whose Pores
+      their Littleness and Figure made them congruous, so these would have
+      Colour to be an Internal Light of the more Lucid parts of the Object,
+      Darkned and consequently Alter'd by the Various Mixtures of the less
+      Luminous
+       <!--  Page 85 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85"></a>[pg
+      85]</span> parts. There are also others, who in imitation of some of the
+      Ancient <i>Atomists</i>, make Colour not to be Lucid steam, but yet a
+      Corporeal <i>Effluvium</i> issuing out of the Colour'd Body, but the
+      Knowingst of these have of late Reform'd their Hypothesis, by
+      acknowledging and adding that some External Light is necessary to Excite,
+      and as <i>they</i> speak, Sollicit these Corpuscles of Colour as <i>they</i>
+      call them, and Bring them to the Eye. Another and more principal Opinion
+      of the <i>Modern</i> Philosophers, to which this last nam'd may by a
+      Favourable explication be reconcil'd, is that which derives Colours from
+      the Mixture of Light and Darkness, or rather Light and Shadows. And as for
+      the <i>Chymists</i> 'tis known, that the generality of them ascribes the
+      Origine of Colours to the Sulphureous Principle in Bodies, though I find,
+      as I elsewhere largely shew, that some of the Chiefest of them derive
+      Colours rather from Salt than Sulphur, and others, from the third
+      Hypostatical Principle, <i>Mercury</i>. And as for the <i>Cartesians</i> I
+      need not tell you, that they, supposing the Sensation of Light to bee
+      produc'd by the Impulse made upon the Organs of Sight, by certain
+      extremely Minute and Solid Globules, to which the Pores of the Air and
+      other Diaphanous
+       <!--  Page 86 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86"></a>[pg
+      86]</span> bodies are pervious, endeavour to derive the Varieties of
+      Colours from the Various Proportion of the Direct Progress or Motion of
+      these Globules to their Circumvolution or Motion about their own Centre,
+      by which Varying Proportion they are by this Hypothesis suppos'd qualify'd
+      to strike the Optick Nerve after several Distinct manners, so to produce
+      the perception of Differing Colours.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      2. Besides these six principal Hypotheses, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, there may be
+      some others, which though Less known, may perhaps as well as thesc deserve
+      to be taken into consideration by you; but that I should copiously debate
+      any of them at present, I presume you will not expect, if you consider the
+      Scope of these Papers, and the Brevity I have design'd in them, and
+      therefore I shall at this time only take notice to you in the general of
+      two or three things that do more peculiarly concern the Treatise you have
+      now in your hands.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      3. And first, though the Embracers of the Several Hypotheses I have been
+      naming to you, by undertaking each Sect of them to explicate Colours
+      indefinitely, by the particular Hypotheses they maintain, seem to hold it
+      forth as the only Needful Theory about that Subject, yet for my part I
+      doubt
+       <!--  Page 87 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87"></a>[pg
+      87]</span> whether any one of all these Hypotheses have a right to be
+      admitted Exclusively to all others, for I think it Probable, that
+      Whiteness and Blackness may be explicated by Reflection alone without
+      Refraction, as you'l find endeavour'd in the Discourse you'l meet with
+      e're long Of the Origine of Whiteness and Blackness, and on the other
+      side, since I have not found that by any Mixture of White and True Black,
+      (for there is a Blewish Black which many mistake for a Genuine) there can
+      be a Blew, a Yellow, or a Red, to name no other Colours, produced, and
+      since we do find that these Colours may be produc'd in the Glass-prism and
+      other Transparent bodies, by the help of Refractions, it seems that
+      Refraction is to be taken in into the Explication of some Colours, to
+      whose Generation they seem to concurr, either by making a further or other
+      Commixture of Shades with the Refracted Light, or by some other way not
+      now to be discours'd. And as it seems not improbable, that in case the
+      Pores of the Air, and other Diaphanous bodies be every where almost fill'd
+      with such <i>Globuli</i> as the <i>Cartesians</i> suppose, the Various
+      kind of Motion of these <i>Globuli</i>, may in many cases have no small
+      stroak in Varying our Perception of Colour, so
+       <!--  Page 88 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88"></a>[pg
+      88]</span> without the Supposition of these <i>Globuli</i>, which 'tis not
+      so easie to evince, I think we may probably enough conceive in general,
+      that the Eye may be Variously affected, not only by the Entire Beams of
+      Light that fall upon it as they are such, but by the Order, and by the
+      Degree of Swiftness, and in a word by the Manner according to which the
+      Particles that compose each Particular Beam arrive at the Sensory, so that
+      whatever be the Figure of the Little Corpuscles, of which the Beams of
+      Light consist, not only the Celerity or Slowness of their Revolution or
+      Rotation in reference to their Progressive Motion, but their more Absolute
+      Celerity, their Direct or Undulating Motion, and other Accidents, which
+      may attend their Appulse to the Eye, may fit them to make Differing
+      Impressions on it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      4. Secondly, For these and the like Considerations, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, I
+      must desire that you would look upon this little Treatise, not as a
+      Discourse written Principally to maintain any of the fore-mention'd
+      Theories, Exclusively to all others, or substitute a New one of my Own,
+      but as the beginning of a History of Colours, upon which, when you and
+      your Ingenious friends shall have Enrich'd it, a Solid Theory may be
+       <!--  Page 89 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89"></a>[pg
+      89]</span> safely built. But yet because this History is not meant barely
+      for a Register of the things recorded in it, but for an <i>Apparatus</i>
+      to a sound and comprehensitive Hypothesis, I thought fit, so to temper the
+      whole Discourse, as to make it as conducible, as conveniently I can to
+      that End, and therefore I have not scrupled to let you see that I was
+      willing, as to save you the labour of Cultivating some Theories that I
+      thought would never enable you to reach the Ends you aim at, so to
+      contract your Enquiries into a Narrow compass, for both which purposes I
+      thought it requisite to do these two things, the <i>One</i>, to set down
+      some Experiments which by the help of the Reflections and Insinuations
+      that attend them, may assist you to discover the Infirmness and
+      Insufficiency both of the common Peripatetick Doctrine, and of the now
+      more applauded Theory of the <i>Chymists</i> about Colour, because those
+      two Doctrines having Possess'd themselves, the one of the most part of the
+      Schools, and the other of the Esteem of the Generality ef Physicians and
+      other Learned Men, whose Professions and Ways of Study do not exact that
+      they should Scrupulously examine the very First and Simplest Principles of
+      Nature, I fear'd it would be to
+       <!--  Page 90 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90"></a>[pg
+      90]</span> little purpose, without doing something to discover the
+      Insufficiency of these Hypotheses, that I should, (which was the <i>Other</i>
+      thing I thought requisite for me to do) set down among my other
+      Experiments those in the greatest Number, that may let you see, that, till
+      I shall be Better Inform'd, I encline to take Colour to be a Modification
+      of Light, and would invite you chiefly to Cultivate that Hypothesis, and
+      Improve it to the making out of the Generation of Particular Colours, as I
+      have Endeavour'd to apply it to the Explication of Whiteness and
+      Blackness.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      5. Thirdly. But, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, though this be at present the
+      Hypothesis I preferr, yet I propose it but in a General Sense, teaching
+      only that the Beams of Light, Modify'd by the Bodies whence they are sent
+      (Reflected or Refracted) to the Eye, produce there that Kind of Sensation,
+      Men commonly call Colour; But whether I think this Modification of the
+      Light to be perform'd by Mixing it with Shades, or by Varying the
+      Proportion of the Progress and Rotation of the <i>Cartesian Globuli
+      Cælestes</i>, or by some other way which I am not now to mention, I
+      pretend not here to Declare. Much less do I pretend to Determine, or
+      scarce so much as to Hope to
+       <!--  Page 91 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91"></a>[pg
+      91]</span> know all that were requisite to be Known, to give You, or even
+      my Self, a perfect account of the Theory of Vision and Colours, for in
+      Order to such an undertaking I would first Know what Light is, and if it
+      be a Body (as a Body or the Motion of a Body it seems to be) what Kind of
+      Corpuscles for Size and Shape it consists of, with what Swiftness they
+      move Forwards, and Whirl about their own Centres. Then I would Know the
+      Nature of Refraction, which I take to be one of the Abstrusest things (not
+      to explicate Plausibly, but to explicate Satisfactorily) that I have met
+      with in Physicks; I would further Know what Kind and what Degree of
+      Commixture of Darkness or Shades is made by Refractions or Reflections, or
+      both, in the Superficial particles of those Bodies, that being Shin'd
+      upon, constantly exhibit the one, for Instance, a Blew, the other a
+      Yellow, the third a Red Colour; I would further Know why this
+      Contemperation of Light and Shade, that is made, for Example, by the Skin
+      of a Ripe Cherry, should exhibit a Red, and not a Green, and the Leaf of
+      the same Tree should exhibit a Green rather than a Red; and indeed,
+      Lastly, why since the Light that is Modify'd into these Colours consists
+      but of Corpuscles
+       <!--  Page 92 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92"></a>[pg
+      92]</span> moved against the <i>Retina</i> or Pith of the Optick Nerve, it
+      should there not barely give a Stroak, but produce a Colour, whereas a
+      Needle wounding likewise the Eye, would not produce Colour but Pain.
+      These, and perhaps other things I should think requisite to be Known,
+      before I should judge my Self to have fully Comprehended the True and
+      Whole Nature of Colours; and therefore, though by making the Experiments
+      and Reflections deliver'd in this Paper, I have endeavour'd somewhat to
+      Lessen my Ignorance in this Matter, and think it far more Desireable to
+      discover a Little, than to discover Nothing, yet I pretend but to make it
+      Probable by the Experiments I mention, that some Colours may be Plausibly
+      enough Explicated in the General by the Doctrine here propos'd; For
+      whensoever I would Descend to the Minute and Accurate Explication of
+      Particulars, I find my Self very Sensible of the great Obscurity of
+      things, without excepting those which we never see but when they are
+      Enlightned, and confess with <i>Scaliger</i><a name="NtA_5" id="NtA_5"></a><a
+      href="#Nt_5"><sup>5</sup></a>, <i>Latet natura hæc</i>, (says he, Speaking
+      of that of Colour) <i>&amp; sicut aliarum rerum species in profundissima
+      caligine inscitiæ humanæ.</i>
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 93 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93"></a>[pg 93]</span>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/132a.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px"><i>THE</i></span><br />
+      <span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px"><i>EXPERIMENTAL HISTORY</i></span><br />
+      <span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px"><i>OF COLOURS.</i></span><br />
+    </h2>
+    <hr />
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px">PART. II.</span><br />
+    </h2>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Of the Nature of Whiteness and Blackness</i>.
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px">CHAP. I.</span><br />
+    </h2>
+    <table>
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top">
+          1.
+        </td>
+        <td>
+          <img width="80" height="80" src="images/132b.png"
+          alt="Illuminated T in Though" />
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      Hough after what I have acknowledged, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, of the Abstruse
+      Nature of Colours in <i>particular</i>, you will easily believe, that I
+      pretend not to give you a Satisfactory account of Whiteness and Blackness;
+      Yet not wholly to frustrate your Expectation of my offering something by
+      way of Specimen towards the Explication of some Colours in particular,
+       <!--  Page 94 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94"></a>[pg
+      94]</span> I shall make choice of These as the most Simple Ones, (and by
+      reason of their mutual Opposition the Least hardly explicable) about which
+      to present you my Thoughts, upon condition you will take them at most to
+      be my Conjectures, not my Opinions.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      2. When I apply'd my Self to consider, how the cause of Whiteness might be
+      explan'd by Intelligible and Mechanical Principles, I remembred not to
+      have met with any thing among the Antient <i>Corpuscularian</i>
+      Philosophers, touching the Quality we call Whiteness, save that <i>Democritus</i>
+      is by <i>Aristotle</i> said to have ascrib'd the Whiteness of Bodies to
+      their Smoothness, and on the contrary their Blackness to their Asperity.<a
+      name="NtA_6" id="NtA_6"></a><a href="#Nt_6"><sup>6</sup></a> But though
+      about the Latter of those Qualities his Opinion be allowable, as we shall
+      see anon, yet that he heeds a Favourable Interpretation in what is
+      Deliver'd concerning the First, (at least if his Doctrine be not
+      Mis-represented in this point, as it has been in many others) we shall
+      quickly have Occasion to manifest. But amongst the <i>Moderns</i>, the
+      most Learned <i>Gassendus</i> in his Ingenious Epistle publish'd in the
+      Year 1642. <i>De apparente
+       <!--  Page 95 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95"></a>[pg
+      95]</span> Magnitudine solis humilis &amp; sublimis</i>, reviving the <i>Atomical</i>
+      Philosophy, has, though but Incidentally, deliver'd something towards the
+      Explication of Whiteness upon Mechanical Principles: And because no Man
+      that I know of, has done so before him, I shall, to be sure to do him
+      Right, give you his Sense in his own Words:<a name="NtA_7" id="NtA_7"></a><a
+      href="#Nt_7"><sup>7</sup></a> <i>Cogites velim</i> (says he) <i>lucem
+      quidem in Diaphano nullius coloris videri, sed in Opaco tamen terminante
+      Candicare, ac tantò magis, quantò densior seu collectior fuerit. Deinde
+      aquam non esse quidem coloris ex se candidi &amp; radium tamen ex eâ
+      reflexum versus oculum candicare. Rursus cum plana aquæ Superficies non
+      nisi ex una parte eam reflexionem faciat: si contigerit tamen illam in
+      aliquot bullas intumescere, bullam unamquamque reflectionem facere, &amp;
+      candoris speciem creare certa Superficiei parte. Ad hæc Spumam ex aqua
+      pura non alia ratione videri candescere &amp; albescerere quam quod sit
+      congeries confertissima minutissimarum bullarum, quarum unaquæque suum
+      radium reflectit, unde continens candor alborve apparet. Denique Nivem
+      nihil aliud videri quam speciem purissimæ spumæ ex bullulis quam
+      minutissimis &amp; confertissimis cohærentis. Sed ridiculam me exhibeam,
+      si tales meas nugas uberius proponem.</i>
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 96 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96"></a>[pg 96]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      3. But though in this passage, that very Ingenous Person has Anticipated
+      part of what I should say; Yet I presume you will for all that expect,
+      that I should give you a fuller Account of that Notion of Whiteness, which
+      I have the least Exceptions to, and of the Particulars whence I deduce it,
+      which to do, I must mention to you the following Experiments and
+      Observations.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Whiteness then consider'd as a Quality in the Object, seems chiefly to
+      depend upon this, That the Superficies of the Body that is call'd White,
+      is Asperated by almost innumerable Small Surfaces, which being of an
+      almost Specular Nature, are also so Plac'd, that some Looking this way,
+      and some that way, they yet Reflect the Rays of Light that fall on them,
+      not towards one another, but outwards towards the Spectators Eye. In this
+      Rude and General account of Whiteness, it seems that besides those
+      Qualities, which are common to Bodies of other Colours, as for instance
+      the Minuteness and Number of the Superficial parts, the two chief things
+      attributed to Bodies as White are made to be, First, that its Little
+      Protuberances and Superficial parts be of somewhat a Specular Nature, that
+      they may as little Looking-glasses each of them Reflect the Beams it
+       <!--  Page 97 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97"></a>[pg
+      97]</span> receives, (or the little Picture of the Sun made on it) without
+      otherwise considerably Altering them; whereas in most other Colours, they
+      are wont to be much Chang'd, by being also Refracted, or by being Return'd
+      to the Eye, mixt with Shades or otherwise. And next, that its Superficial
+      parts be so Situated, that they Retain not the Incident Rays of Light by
+      Reflecting them Inwards, but Send them almost all Back, so that the
+      Outermost Corpuscles of a White Body, having their Various Little Surfaces
+      of a Specular Nature, a Man can from no place Behold the Body, but that
+      there will be among those Innumerable <i>Superficieculæ</i>, that Look
+      some one way, and some another, enough of them Obverted to his Eye, to
+      afford like a broken Looking-glass, a confused Idæa, or Representation of
+      Light, and make such an Impression on the Organ, as that for which Men are
+      wont to call a Body White. But this Notion will perhaps be best Explan'd
+      by the same Experiments and Observations, on which it is Built, And
+      therefore I shall now advance to <i>Them</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      4. And in the first place I consider, that the Sun and other Powerfully
+      Lucid Bodies, are not only wont to Offend, which we call to Dazle our
+      Eyes, but that if any
+       <!--  Page 98 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98"></a>[pg
+      98]</span> Colour be to be Ascrib'd to them as they are Lucid, it seems it
+      should be Whiteness: For the Sun at Noon-day, and in Clear weather, and
+      when his Face is less Troubled, and as it were Stained by the Steams of
+      Sublunary Bodies, and when his Beams have much less of the Atmosphere to
+      Traject in their Passage to our Eyes, appears of a Colour more approaching
+      to White, than when nearer the Horizon, the Interposition of certain Sorts
+      of Fumes and Vapours make him oftentimes appear either Red, or at least
+      more Yellow. And when the Sun Shines upon that Natural Looking-glass, a
+      Smooth water, that part of it, which appears to this or that particular
+      Beholder, the most Shin'd on, does to his Eye seem far Whiter than the
+      rest. And here I shall add, that I have sometimes had the Opportunity to
+      observe a thing, that may make to my present purpose, namely, that when
+      the Sun was Veil'd over as it were, with a Thin White Cloud, and yet was
+      too Bright to be Look'd upon Directly without Dazling, by casting my Eyes
+      upon a Smooth water, as we sometimes do to observe Eclipses without
+      prejudice to our Eyes, the Sun then not far from the Meridian, appear'd to
+      me not Red, but so White, that 'twas
+       <!--  Page 99 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99"></a>[pg
+      99]</span> not without some Wonder, that I made the Observation. Besides,
+      though we in <i>English</i> are wont to say, a thing is Red hot, as an
+      Expression of its being Superlatively <i>Ignitum</i>, (if I may so Speak
+      for want of a proper <i>English</i> word) yet in the Forges of Smiths, and
+      the Furnaces of other Artificers, by that which they call a White heat,
+      they mean a further Degree of <i>Ignition</i>, than by that which both
+      they and we call a Red heat.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      5. Secondly, I consider, that common Experience informs us, that as much
+      Light Over-powers the Eye, so when the Ground is covered with Snow, (a
+      Body extremely White) those that have Weak Eyes are wont to complain of
+      too much Light: And even those that have not, are generally Sensible of an
+      Extraordinary measure of Light in the Air; and if they are fain to Look
+      very long upon the Snow, find their Sight Offended by it. On which
+      occasion we may call to mind what <i>Xenophon</i> relates, that his <i>Cyrus</i>
+      marching his Army for divers days through Mountains covered with Snow, the
+      Dazling splendor of its Whiteness prejudic'd the Sight of very many of his
+      Souldiers, and Blinded some of them; and other Stories of that Nature be
+      met with in Writers of good
+       <!--  Page 100 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100"></a>[pg
+      100]</span> Note. And the like has been affirm'd to me by credible Persons
+      of my own Acquaintance, and especially by one who though Skill'd in
+      Physick and not Ancient confess'd to me when I purposely ask'd him, that
+      not only during his stay in <i>Muscovy</i>, he found his Eyes much
+      Impair'd, by being reduc'd frequently to Travel in the Snow, but that the
+      Weakness of his Eyes did not Leave him when he left that Country, but has
+      follow'd him into these Parts, and yet continues to Trouble him. And to
+      this doth agree what I as well as others have observ'd, namely, that when
+      I Travell'd by Night, when the Ground was all cover'd with Snow, though
+      the Night otherwise would not have been Lightsome, yet I could very well
+      see to Choose my way. But much more Remarkable to my present purpose is
+      that, which I have met with in <i>Olaus Magnus</i>,<a name="NtA_8"
+      id="NtA_8"></a><a href="#Nt_8"><sup>8</sup></a> concerning the way of
+      Travelling in Winter in the <i>Northern</i> Regions, where the Days of
+      that Season are so very Short; for after other things not needfull to be
+      here Transcribed: <i>Iter</i>, says he, <i>Diurnum duo scilicet montana
+      milliaria (quæ 12 Italica sunt) consiciunt. Nocte verò sub splendissima
+      luna, duplatum iter consumunt aut triplatum. Neque id incommodè fit,
+       <!--  Page 101 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101"></a>[pg
+      101]</span> cum nivium reverberatione lunaris splendo<sup>ris</sup>
+      sublimes &amp; declives campos illustret, ac etiam montium præcipitia ac
+      noxias feras à lorgè prospiciant evitandas</i>. Which Testimony I the less
+      Scruple to allege, because that it agrees very well with what has been
+      Affirm'd to me by a Physician of <i>Mosco</i>, whom the Notion I have been
+      Treating of concerning Whiteness invited me to ask whether he could not
+      See much farther when he Travell'd by Night in <i>Russia</i> than he could
+      do in <i>England</i>, or elsewhere, when there was no Snow upon the
+      Ground; For this Ingenious Person inform'd me, that he could See Things at
+      a farr greater Distance, and with more Clearness, when he Travell'd by
+      Night on the <i>Russian</i> Snow, though without the Assistance of
+      Moon-shine, than we in these Parts would easily be perswaded. Though it
+      seems not unlikely to me, that the Intenseness of the Cold may contribute
+      something to the considerableness of the Effect, by much Clearing the Air
+      of Darkish Steams, which in these more Temperate Climates are wont to
+      Thicken it in Snowy weather: For having purposely inquir'd of this Doctor,
+      and consulted that Ingenious Navigator Captain <i>James</i>'s Voyage
+      hereafter to be further mention'd, I find both their Relations
+       <!--  Page 102 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102"></a>[pg
+      102]</span> agree in this, that in Dark Frosty Nights they could Discover
+      more Stars, and See the rest Clearer than we in <i>England</i> are wont to
+      do.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      6. I know indeed that divers Learned Men think, that Snow so strongly
+      Affects our Eye, not by a Borrow'd, but a Native Light; But I venture to
+      give it as a Proof, that White Bodies reflect more Light than Others,
+      because having once purposely plac'd a parcel of Snow in a Room carefully
+      Darkned, that no Celestial Light might come to fall upon it; neither I,
+      nor an ingenous Person, (Skill'd in Opticks) whom I desir'd for a Witness,
+      could find, that it had any other Light than what it receiv'd. And
+      however, 'tis usual among those that Travel in Dark Nights, that the
+      Guides wear something of White to be Discern'd by, there being scarce any
+      Night so Dark, but that in the Free Air there remains some Light, though
+      Broken and Debilitated perhaps by a thousand Reflections from the Opacous
+      Corpuscles that Swim in the Air, and lend it to one another before it
+      comes to arrive at the Eye.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      7. Thirdly, And the better to shew that White Bodies reflect store of
+      Light, in comparson of those that are otherwise Colour'd, I did in the
+      Darkn'd Room,
+       <!--  Page 103 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103"></a>[pg
+      103]</span> formerly mention'd, hold not far from the Hole, at which the
+      Light was admitted, a Sheet only of White Paper, from whence casting the
+      Sun-beams upon a White Wall, whereunto it was Obverted, it manifestly
+      appear'd both to Me, and to the Person I took for a Witness of the
+      Experiment, that it Reflected a far greater Light, than any of the other
+      Colours formerly mention'd, the Light so thrown upon one Wall notably
+      Enlightning it, and by it a good part of the Room. And yet further to show
+      you, that White Bodies Reflect the Beams From them, and not Towards
+      themselves, Let me add, that Ordinary Burning-glasses, such as are wont to
+      be employ'd to light Tobacco, will not in a great while Burn, or so much
+      as Discolour a Sheet of White Paper. Insomuch that even when I was a Boy,
+      and Lov'd to make Tryals with Burning-glasses, I could not but wonder at
+      this Odd <i>Phænomenon</i>, which set me very Early upon Guessing at the
+      Nature of Whiteness, especially because I took notice, that the Image of
+      the Sun upon a White Paper was not so well Defin'd (the Light seeming too
+      Diffus'd) as upon Black, and because I try'd, that Blacking over the Paper
+      with Ink, not only the Ink would be quickly Dry'd up, but the
+       <!--  Page 104 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104"></a>[pg
+      104]</span> Paper that I could not Burn before, would be quickly set on
+      Fire. I have also try'd, that by exposing my Hand with a Thin Black Glove
+      over it to the Warm Sun, it was thereby very quickly and considerably more
+      Heated, than if I took off the Glove, and held my Hand Naked, or put on it
+      another Glove of Thin but White Leather. And having thus shewn you, <i>Pyrophilus</i>,
+      that White Bodies reflect the most Light of any, let us now proceed, to
+      consider what is further to be taken notice of in them, in order to our
+      present Enquiry.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      8. And Fourthly, whereas among the Dispositions we attributed to White
+      Bodies, we also intimated this, That such Bodies are apt, like <i>Speculums</i>,
+      though but Imperfect ones, to Reflect the Light that falls on them
+      Untroubled or Unstain'd, we shall besides other particulars to be met with
+      in these Papers, offer you this in favour of the Conjecture; That in the
+      Darkned Room several times mention'd in this Treatse, we try'd that the
+      Sun-beams being cast from a Coloured Body upon a neighbouring White Wall,
+      the Determinate Colour of the Body was from the Wall reflected to the Eye;
+      whereas we could in divers cases manifestly Alter the Colour arriving at
+      the Eye, by Substituting
+       <!--  Page 105 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105"></a>[pg
+      105]</span> at a convenient Distance, a (conveniently) Colour'd (and
+      Glossy) Body instead of the White Wall. As by throwing the Beams from a
+      Yellow Body upon a Blew, there would be Exhibited a kind of Green, as in
+      the Experiments about Colours is more fully Declar'd.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      9. I know not whether I should on this Occasion take notice, that when, as
+      when looking upon the Calm and Smooth Surface of a River betwixt my Eye
+      and the Sun, it appear'd to be a natural <i>Speculum</i>, wherein that
+      Part which Reflected to my Eye the Entire and defin'd Image of the Sun,
+      and the Beams less remote from those which exhibited That Image, appear'd
+      indeed of a great and Whitish Brightness, but the rest Comparatively Dark
+      enough: if afterwards the Superficies chanc'd to be a little, but not much
+      troubled, by a gentle Breath of Wind, and thereby reduc'd into a Multitude
+      of Small and Smooth <i>Speculums</i>, the Surface of the River would
+      suitably to the Doctrine lately deliver'd, at a Distance appear very much
+      of Kin to White, though it would lose that Brightness or Whiteness upon
+      the Return of the Surface to Calmness and an Uniform Level. And I have
+      sometimes for Tryals sake brought in by a Lenticular Glass, the Image of a
+      River, Shin'd upon
+       <!--  Page 106 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106"></a>[pg
+      106]</span> by the Sun, into an Upper Room Darkn'd, and Distant about a
+      Quarter of a Mile from the River, by which means the Numerous Declining
+      Surfaces of the Water appear'd so Contracted, that upon the Body that
+      receiv'd the Images, the whole River appear'd a very White Object at two
+      or three paces distance. But if we drew Near it, this Whiteness appear'd
+      to proceed from an Innumerable company of Lucid Reflections, from the
+      several Gently wav'd Superficies of the Water, which look'd Near at hand
+      like a Multitude of very Little, but Shining Scales of Fish, of which many
+      did every moment Disappear, and as many were by the Sun, Wind and River
+      generated anew. But though this Observation seem'd Sufficiently to
+      discover, how the Appearing Whiteness in that case was Produc'd, yet in
+      some other cases Water may have the Same, though not so Vivid a Colour
+      upon other Accounts; for oftentimes it happens that the Smooth Surface of
+      the Water does appear Bright or Whitish, by reason of the Reflection not
+      immediatly of the Images of the Sun, but of the Brightness of the Sky; and
+      in such cases a Convenient Wind may where it passes along make the Surface
+      look Black, by causing many such Furrows and Cavities, as may make the
+      Inflected Superficies
+       <!--  Page 107 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107"></a>[pg
+      107]</span> of the Water reflect the Brightness of the Sky rather Inward
+      than Outward. And again if the Wind increase into a Storm, the Water may
+      appear White, especially near the Shore and the Ship, namely because the
+      Rude Agitation Breaks it into Fome or Froth. So much do Whiteness and
+      Blackness depend upon the Disposition of the Superficial parts of a Body
+      to Reflect the Beams of Light Inward or Outward. But that as White Bodies
+      reflect the most Light of any, so there Superficial Particles are, in the
+      Sense newly Deliver'd, of a Specular Nature, I shall now further endeavour
+      to shew both by the making of Specular bodies White, and the making of a
+      White body Specular.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      10. In the Fifth place then, I will inform You, that (not to repeat what
+      <i>Gassendus</i> observes concerning Water) I have for Curiosity sake
+      Distill'd Quicksilver in a Cucurbit, fitted with a Capacious Glass-head,
+      and observ'd that when the Operation was perform'd by the Degrees of Fire
+      requisite for my purpose, there would stick to the Inside of the Alembick
+      a multitude of Little round drops of <i>Mercury</i>. And as you know that
+      <i>Mercury</i> is a Specular Body, so each of these Little drops was a
+      small round Looking-glass,
+       <!--  Page 108 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108"></a>[pg
+      108]</span> and a Multitude of them lying Thick and Near one another, they
+      did both in my Judgment, and that of those I Invited to see it, make the
+      Glass they were fastened to, appear manifestly a White Body. And yet as I
+      said, this Whiteness depended upon the Minuteness and Nearness of the
+      Little Mercurial <i>Globuli</i>, the Convexity of whose Surfaces fitted
+      them to represent in a Narrow compass a Multitude of Little Lucid Images
+      to differingly situated Beholders. And here let me observe a thing that
+      seems much to countenance the Notion I have been recommending: namely,
+      that whereas divers parts of the Sky, and especially the Milky-way, do to
+      the naked Eye appear White, (as the name it self imports) yet the Galaxie
+      look'd upon through the Telescope, does not shew White, but appears to be
+      made up of a Vast multitude of Little Starrs; so that a Multitude of Lucid
+      Bodies, if they be so Small that they cannot Singly or apart be discern'd
+      by the Eye, and if they be sufficiently Thick set by one another, may by
+      their confus'd beams appear to the Eye One White Body. And why it is not
+      possible, that the like may be done, when a Multitude of Bright and Little
+      Corpuscles being crowded together, are made to send together Vivid beams
+      to the Eye,
+       <!--  Page 109 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109"></a>[pg
+      109]</span> though they Shine but as the Planets by a Borrow'd Light?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      11. But to return to our Experiments. We may take notice, That the White
+      of an Egg, though in part Transparent, yet by its power of Reflecting some
+      Incident Rays of Light, is in some measure a Natural <i>Speculum</i>,
+      being long agitated with a Whisk or Spoon, loses its Transparency, and
+      becomes very White, by being turn'd into Froth, that is into an Aggregate
+      of Numerous small Bubbles, whose Convex Superficies fits them to Reflect
+      the Light every way Outwards. And 'tis worth Noting, that when Water, for
+      instance, is Agitated into Froth, if the Bubbles be Great and Few, the
+      Whiteness will be but Faint, because the number of <i>Specula</i> within a
+      Narrow compass is but Small, and they are not Thick set enough to Reflect
+      so Many Little Images or Beams of the Lucid Body, as are requisite to
+      produce a Vigorous sensation of Whiteness: And partly least it should be
+      said, that the Whiteness of such Globulous Particles proceeds from the Air
+      Included in the Froth; (which to make good, it should be prov'd that the
+      Air it self is White) and partly to illustrate the better the Notion we
+      have propos'd of Whiteness, I shall add, that I purposely made this
+      Experiment, I took a quantity
+       <!--  Page 110 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110"></a>[pg
+      110]</span> Fair water, &amp; put to it in a clear Glass phial, a
+      convenient quantity of Oyl or Spirit of Turpentine, because that Liquor
+      will not incorporate with Water, and yet is almost as Clear and Colourless
+      as it; these being Gently Shaken together, the Agitation breaks the Oyl
+      (which as I said, is Indispos'd to Mix like Wine or Milk <i>per minima</i>
+      with the Water) into a Multitude of Little Globes, which each of them
+      Reflecting Outwards a Lucid Image, make the Imperfect Mixture of the two
+      Liquors appear Whitish; but if by Vehemently Shaking the Glass for a
+      competent time you make a further Comminution of the Oyl into far more
+      Numerous and Smaller <i>Globuli</i>, and thereby confound it also better
+      with the Water, the Mixture will appear of a Much greater Whiteness, and
+      almost like Milk; whereas if the Glass be a while let alone, the Colour
+      will by degrees Impair, as the Oyly globes grow Fewer and Bigger, and at
+      length will quite Vanish, leaving both the Liquors Distinct and Diaphanous
+      as before. And such a Tryal hath not ill succeeded, when insteed of the
+      Colourless Oyl of Turpentine I took a Yellow Mixture made of a good
+      Proportion of Crude Turpentine dissolv'd in that Liquor; and (if I
+      mis-remember not) it also Succeeded better than one would
+       <!--  Page 111 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111"></a>[pg
+      111]</span> expect, when I employ'd an Oyl brought by Filings of Copper
+      infused in it, to a deep Green. And this (by the way) may be the Reason,
+      why often times when the Oyls of some Spices and of Anniseeds &amp;c. are
+      Distilled in a Limbec with Water, the Water (as I have several times
+      observ'd) comes over Whitish, and will perhaps continue so for a good
+      while, because if the Fire be made too Strong, the subtile Chymical Oyl is
+      thereby much Agitated and Broken, and Blended with the Water in such
+      Numerous and Minute Globules, as cannot easily in a short time Emerge to
+      the Top of the Water, and whilst they Remain in it, make it, for the
+      Reason newly intimated, look Whitish; and perhaps upon the same Ground a
+      cause may be rendred, why Hot water is observ'd to be usually more Opacous
+      and Whitish, than the same Water Cold, the Agitation turning the more
+      Spirituous or otherwise Conveniently Dispos'd Particles of the Water into
+      Vapours, thereby Producing in the Body of the Liquor a Multitude of Small
+      Bubbles, which interrupt the Free passage, that the Beams of Light would
+      else have Every way, and from the Innermost parts of the Water Reflect
+      many of them Outwards. These and the like Examples, <i>Pyrophilus</i>,
+       <!--  Page 112 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112"></a>[pg
+      112]</span> have induc'd me to Suspect, that the Superficial Particles of
+      White bodies, may for the Most part be as well Convex as Smooth; I content
+      my self to say <i>Suspect</i> and <i>for the most part</i>, because it
+      seems not Easie to prove, that when Diaphanous bodies, as we shall see by
+      and by, are reduc'd into White Powders, each Corpuscle must needs be of a
+      Convex Superficies, since perhaps it may Suffice that Specular Surfaces
+      look severally ways. For (as we have seen) when a Diaphanous Body comes to
+      be reduc'd to very Minute parts, it thereby requires a Multitude of Little
+      Surfaces within a Narrow compass. And though each of these should not be
+      of a Figure Convenient to Reflect a Round Image of the Sun, yet even from
+      such an Inconveniently Figur'd body, there may be Reflected some (either
+      Streight or Crooked) Physical Line of Light, which Line I call Physical,
+      because it has some Breadth in it, and in which Line in many cases some
+      Refraction of the Light falling upon the Body it depends on, may
+      contribute to the Brightness, as if a Slender Wire, or Solid Cylinder of
+      Glass be expos'd to the Light, you shall see in some part of it a vivid
+      Line of Light, and if we were able to draw out and lay together a
+      Multitude of these Little
+       <!--  Page 113 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113"></a>[pg
+      113]</span> Wires or Thrids of Glass, so Slender, that the Eye could not
+      discern a Distance betwixt the Luminous Lines, there is little doubt (as
+      far as I can guess by a Tryal purposely made with very Slender, but far
+      less Slender Thrids of Glass, whose Aggregate was Look'd upon one way
+      White) but the whole Physical Superficies compos'd of them, would to the
+      Eye appear White, and if so, it will not be always necessary that the
+      Figure of those Corpuscles, that make a Body appear White, should be <i>Globulous</i>.
+      And as for Snow it self, though the Learned <i>Gassendus</i> (as we have
+      seen above) makes it to seem nothing else but a pure Frozen Froth,
+      consisting of exceedingly Minute and Thickset Bubbles; yet I see no
+      necessity of Admitting that, since not only by the Variously and Curiously
+      Figur'd Snow, that I have divers times had the Opportunity with Pleasure
+      to observe, but also by the Common Snow, it rather doth appear both to the
+      Naked Eye, and in a <i>Microscope</i>, often, if not most commonly, to
+      consist principally of Little Slender Icicles of several Shapes, which
+      afford such Numerous Lines of Light, as we have been newly Speaking of.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      12. Sixthly, If you take a Diaphanous Body, as for instance a Piece of
+      Glass, and
+       <!--  Page 114 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114"></a>[pg
+      114]</span> reduce it to Powder, the same Body, which when it was Entire,
+      freely Transmitted the Beams of Light, acquiring by Contusion a multitude
+      of Minute Surfaces, each of which is as it were a Little, but Imperfect <i>Speculum</i>,
+      is qualify'd to Reflect in a Confus'd manner, so many either Beams, or
+      Little and Singly Unobservable Images of the Lucid Body, that from a
+      Diaphanous it Degenerates into a White Body. And I remember, I have for
+      Trials sake taken Lumps of Rock Crystal, and Heating them Red hot in a
+      Crucible, I found according to my Expectation, that being Quench'd in Fair
+      water, even those that remain'd in seemingly entire Lumps exchang'd their
+      Translucency for Whiteness, the Ignition and Extinction having as it were
+      Crack'd each Lump into a multitude of Minute Bodies, and thereby given it
+      a great multitude of new Surfaces. And ev'n with Diaphanous Bodies, that
+      are Colour'd, there may be this way a Greater Degree of Whiteness
+      produced, than one would lightly think; as I remember, I have by Contusion
+      obtain'd Whitish Powders of <i>Granates</i>, Glass of <i>Antimony</i>, and
+      <i>Emeralds</i> finely Beaten, and you may more easily make the
+      Experiment, by taking Good Venereal <i>Vitriol</i> of a Deep Blew,
+       <!--  Page 115 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115"></a>[pg
+      115]</span> and comparing with some of the Entire Crystalls purposely
+      reserv'd, some of the Subtile Powder of the same Salt, which will
+      Comparatively exhibit a very considerable degree of Whitishness.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      13. Seventhly, And as by a Change of Position in the Parts, a Body that is
+      not White, may be made White, so by a Slight change of the Texture of its
+      Surface, a White Body may be Depriv'd of its Whiteness. For if, (as I have
+      try'd in Gold-smiths Shops) you take a piece of Silver that has been
+      freshly Boyl'd, as the Artificers call it, (which is done by, first
+      Brushing, and then Decocting it with Salt and Tartar, and perhaps some
+      other Ingredients) you shall find it to be of a Lovely White. But if you
+      take a piece of Smooth Steel, and therewith Burnish a part of it, which
+      may be presently done, you shall find that Part will Lose its Whiteness,
+      and turn a <i>Speculum</i>, looking almost every where Dark, as other
+      Looking-glasses do, which may not a little confirm our Doctrine. For by
+      this we may guess, what it is chiefly that made the Body White before, by
+      considering that all that was done to deprive it of that Whiteness, was
+      only to Depress the Little Protuberances that were before on the Surface
+      of the Silver
+       <!--  Page 116 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116"></a>[pg
+      116]</span> into one Continu'd Superficies, and thereby effect this, that
+      now the Image of the Lucid Body, and consequently a Kind of Whiteness
+      shall appear to your Eye, but in some place of the greater Silver
+      Looking-glass (whence the Beams reflected at an Angle Equal to that
+      wherewith they fall on it, may reach your Eye) whilst the Asperity
+      remain'd Undestroy'd, the Light falling on innumerable Little <i>Specula</i>
+      Obverted some one way, and some another, did from all Sensibly
+      Distinguishable parts of the Superficies reflect confus'd Beams or
+      Representations of Light to the Beholders Eye, from whence soever he
+      chance to Look upon it. And among the Experiments annex'd to this
+      Discourse, you will find One, wherein by the Change of Texture in Bodies,
+      Whiteness is in a Trice both Generated and Destroy'd.
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      CHAP. II.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      1. What we have Discours'd of Whiteness, may somewhat Assist us to form a
+      Notion of Blackness, those two Qualities being Contrary enough to
+      Illustrate each other. Yet among the Antient <i>Philosophers</i> I find
+      less Assistance
+       <!--  Page 117 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117"></a>[pg
+      117]</span> to form a Notion of Blackness than of Whiteness, only <i>Democritus</i>
+      in the passage above Recited out of <i>Aristotle</i> has given a General
+      Hint of the Cause of this Colour, by referring the Blackness of Bodies to
+      their Asperity. But this I call but a General Hint, because those Bodies
+      that are Green, and Purple, and Blew, seem to be so as well as Black ones,
+      upon the Account of their Superficial Asperity. But among the <i>Moderns</i>,
+      the formerly mention'd <i>Gassendus</i>, perhaps invited by this Hint of
+      <i>Democritus</i>, has Incidentally in another Epistle given us, though a
+      very Short, yet a somewhat Clearer account of the Nature of Blackness in
+      these words: <i>Existimare par est corpora suâpte Naturâ nigra constare ex
+      particulis, quarum Superficieculæ scabræ sint, nec facilè lucem extrorsum
+      reflectant.</i> I wish this Ingenious Man had enlarg'd himself upon this
+      Subject; For indeed it seems, that as that which makes a Body White, is
+      chiefly such a Disposition of its Parts, that it Reflects (I mean without
+      much Interruption) more of the Light that falls on it, than Bodies of any
+      other Colour do, so that which makes a Body Black is principally a
+      Peculiar kind of Texture, chiefly of its Superficial Particle, whereby it
+      does as it were Dead the Light
+       <!--  Page 118 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118"></a>[pg
+      118]</span> that falls on it, so that very little is Reflected Outwards to
+      the Eye.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      2. And this Texture may be Explicated two, and perhaps more than two
+      several ways, whereof the first is by Supposing in the Superficies of the
+      Black Body a Particular kind of Asperity, whereby the Superficial
+      Particles reflect but Few of the Incident Beams Outwards, and the rest
+      Inwards towards the Body it self. As if for Instance, we should conceive
+      the Surface of a Black Body to be Asperated by an almost Numberless throng
+      of Little Cylinders, Pyramids, Cones, and other such Corpuscles, which by
+      their being Thick Set and <i>Erected</i>, reflect the Beams of Light from
+      one to another Inwards, and send them too and fro so often, that at length
+      they are Lost before they can come to Rebound out again to the Eye. And
+      this is the first of the two mention'd ways of Explicating Blackness. The
+      other way is by Supposing the Texture of Black Bodies to be such, that
+      either by their Yielding to the Beams of Light, or upon some other
+      Account, they do as it were Dead the Beams of Light, and keep them from
+      being Reflected in any Plenty, or with any Considerable Vigour of Motion,
+      Outwards. According to this Notion it may be said, that
+       <!--  Page 119 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119"></a>[pg
+      119]</span> the Corpuscles that make up the Beams of Light, whether they
+      be Solary <i>Effluviums</i>, or Minute Particles of some Ætherial
+      Substance, Thrusting on one another from the Lucid Body, do, falling on
+      Black Bodies, meet with such a Texture, that such Bodies receive Into
+      themselves, and Retain almost all the Motion communicated to them by the
+      Corpuscles that make up the Beams of Light, and consequently Reflect but
+      Few of them, or those but Languidly, towards the Eye, it happening here
+      almost in like manner as to a ball, which thrown against a Stone or Floor,
+      would Rebound a great way Upwards, but Rebounds very Little or not at all,
+      when it is thrown against Water, or Mud, or a Loose Net, because the Parts
+      yield, and receive into themselves the Motion, on whose Account the Ball
+      should be Reflected Outwards. But this Last way of Explicating Blackness,
+      I shall content my Self to have Propos'd, without either Adopting it, or
+      absolutely Rejecting it. For the Hardness of Touchstones, Black Marble and
+      other Bodies, that being Black are Solid, seem to make it somewhat
+      Improbable, that such Bodies should be of so Yielding a Texture, unless we
+      should say, that some Bodies may be more Dispos'd to Yield to the Impulses
+      of
+       <!--  Page 120 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120"></a>[pg
+      120]</span> the Corpuscles of Light by reason of a Peculiar Texture, than
+      other Bodies, that in other Tryals appear to be Softer than they. But
+      though the Former of these two Explications of Blackness be that, by which
+      we shall Endeavour to give an Account of it, yet as we said, we shall not
+      Absolutely Reject this Latter, partly because they both Agree in this,
+      that Black Bodies Reflect but Little of the Light that falls on them, and
+      partly because it is not Impossible, that in some Cases both the
+      Disposition of the Superficial particles, as to Figure and Position, and
+      the Yielding of the Body, or some of its Parts, may joyntly, though not in
+      an Equal measure concurr to the rendring of a Body Black. The
+      Considerations that induc'd me to propose this Notion of Blackness, as I
+      Explan'd it, are principally these:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      3. First, That as I lately said, Whiteness and Blackness being generally
+      reputed to be Contrary Qualities, Whiteness depending as I said upon the
+      Disposition of the Parts of a Body to Reflect much Light, it seems likely,
+      that Blackness may depend upon a Contrary Disposition of the Black Bodies
+      Surface; But upon this I shall not Insist.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      4. Next then we see, that if a Body of
+       <!--  Page 121 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121"></a>[pg
+      121]</span> One and the same Colour be plac'd, part in the Sun-beams, and
+      part in the Shade, that part which is not Shin'd on will appear more of
+      Kin to Blackness than the other, from which more Light Rebounds to the
+      Eye; And Dark Colours seem the Blacker, the less Light they are Look'd
+      upon in, and we think all Things Black in the Dark, when they send no
+      Beams to make Impressions on our Organs of Sight, so that Shadows and
+      Darkness are near of Kin, and Shaddow we know is but a Privation of Light;
+      and accordingly Blackness seems to proceed from the Paucity of Beams
+      Reflected from the Black Body to the Eye, I say the Paucity of Beams,
+      because those Bodies that we call Black, as Marble, Jeat, &amp;c. are
+      Short of being perfectly so, else we should not See them at all. But
+      though the Beams that fall on the Sides of those Erected Particles that we
+      have been mentioning, do Few of them return Outwards, yet those that fall
+      upon the Points of those Cylinders, Cones, or Pyramids, may thence Rebound
+      to the Eye, though they make there but a Faint Impression, because they
+      Arrive not there, but Mingl'd with a great Proportion of Little Shades.
+      This may be Confirm'd by my having procur'd a Large piece of Black
+       <!--  Page 122 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122"></a>[pg
+      122]</span> Marble well Polish'd, and brought to the Form of a Large
+      Sphærical and Concave <i>Speculum</i>; For on the Inside this Marble being
+      well Polish'd, was a kind of Dark Looking-glass, wherein I could plainly
+      see a Little Image of the Sun, when that Shin'd upon it. But this Image
+      was very far from Offending and Dazling my Eyes, as it would have done
+      from another <i>Speculum</i>; Nor, though the <i>Speculum</i> were Large,
+      could I in a Long time, or in a Hot Sun set a piece of Wood on Fire,
+      though a far less <i>Speculum</i> of the same Form, and of a more
+      Reflecting Matter, would have made it Flame in a Trice.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      5. And on this Occasion we may as well in Reference to something formerly
+      deliver'd concerning Whiteness, as in Reference to what has been newly
+      said, Subjoyn what we further observ'd touching the Differing Reflections
+      of Light from White and Black Marble, namely, that having taking a pretty
+      Large Mortar of White Marble, New and Polish'd in the Inside, and Expos'd
+      it to the Sun, we found that it Reflected a great deal of Glaring Light,
+      but so Dispers'd, that we could not make the Reflected Beams concurr in
+      any such Conspicuous <i>Focus</i>, as that newly taken notice of in the
+      Black Marble, though
+       <!--  Page 123 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123"></a>[pg
+      123]</span> perhaps there may enough of them be made to meet near the
+      Bottom, to make some Kind of <i>Focus</i>, especially since by holding in
+      the Night-time a Candle at a convenient Distance, we were able to procure
+      a Concourse of some, though not many of the Reflected Beams, at about two
+      Inches distant from the Bottom of the Mortar: But we found the Heat even
+      of the Sunbeams so Dispersedly Reflected to be very Languid, even in
+      Comparison of the Black Marbles <i>Focus</i>. And the Little Picture of
+      the Sun, that appear'd upon the White Marble as a <i>Speculum</i>, was but
+      very Faint and exceeding ill Defin'd. Secondly, That taking two pieces of
+      Plain and Polish'd Surfaces, and casting on them Successively the Beams of
+      the Same Candle, In such manner, as that the Neighbouring Superficies
+      being Shaded by an Opacous and Perforated Body, the Incident Beams were
+      permitted to pass but through a Round Hole of about Half an Inch Diameter,
+      the Circle of Light that appear'd on the White Marble was in Comparison
+      very Bright, but very ill Defin'd; whereas that on the Black Marble was
+      far less Luminous, but much more precisely Defin'd.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      6. Thirdly, When you Look upon a piece of Linnen that has Small Holes in
+      it,
+       <!--  Page 124 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124"></a>[pg
+      124]</span> those Holes appear very Black, and Men are often deceiv'd in
+      taking Holes for Spots of Ink; And Painters to represent Holes, make use
+      of Black, the Reason of which seems to be, that the Beams that fall on
+      those Holes, fall into them So Deep, that none of them is Reflected back
+      to the Eye. And in narrow Wells part of the Mouth seems Black, because the
+      Incident Beams are Reflected Downwards from one side to another, till they
+      can no more Rebound to the Eye.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      We may consider too, that if Differing parts of the same piece of Black
+      Velvet be stroak'd Opposite ways, the piece of Velvet will appear of two
+      Distinct kinds of Blackness, the one far Darker than the other, of which
+      Disparity the Reason Seems to be, that in the Less obscure part of the
+      Velvet, the Little Silken Piles whereof 'tis made up, being Inclin'd,
+      there is a Greater part of each of them Obverted to the Eye, whereas in
+      the other part the Piles of Silk being more Erected, there are far Fewer
+      Beams Reflected Outwards from the Lateral parts of each Pile, So that most
+      of those that Rebound to the Eye, come from the Tops of the Piles, which
+      make but a small part of the whole Superficies, that may be cover'd by the
+      piece of Velvet.
+       <!--  Page 125 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125"></a>[pg
+      125]</span> Which Explication I propose, not that I think the Blackness of
+      the Velvet proceeds from the Cause assign'd, since each Single Pile of
+      Silk is Black by reason of its Texture, in what Position soever you Look
+      upon it; But that the Greater Blackness of one of these Tuffts seems to
+      proceed from the Greater Paucity of Beams Reflected from it, and that from
+      the Fewness of those Parts of a Surface that Reflect Beams, and the
+      Multitude of those Shaded Parts that Reflect none. And I remember, that I
+      have oftentimes observ'd, that the Position of Particular Bodies far
+      greater than Piles of Silk in reference to the Eye, may notwithstanding
+      their having each of them a Colour of its own, make one part of their
+      Aggregate appear far Darker than the other; For I have near Great Towns
+      often taken notice, that a Cart-load of Carrots pack'd up, appear'd of a
+      much Darker Colour when Look'd upon, where the Points of the Carrots were
+      Obverted to the Eye, than where the Sides of them were so.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      7. Fourthly, In a Darkned Room, I purposely observ'd, that if the
+      Sun-beams, which came in at the Hole were receiv'd upon White or any other
+      Colour, and directed to a Convenient place of the Room,
+       <!--  Page 126 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126"></a>[pg
+      126]</span> they would Manifestly, though not all Equally, Encrease the
+      Light of that Part; whereas if we Substituted, either a piece of Black
+      Cloth or Black Velvet, it would so Dead the Incident Beams, that the place
+      (newly mention'd) whereto I Obverted the Black Body, would be Less
+      Enlightned than it was before, when it received its Light but from the
+      Weak and Oblique Reflections of the Floor and Walls of a pretty Large
+      Room, through which the Beams that came in at the Hole were Confusedly and
+      Brokenly Dispers'd.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      8. Fifthly, And to shew that the Beams that fall on Black Bodies, as they
+      do not Rebound Outwards to the Eye, so they are Reflected towards the Body
+      it self, as the Nature of those Erected Particles to which we have imputed
+      Blackness, requires, we will add an Experiment that will also confirm our
+      Doctrine touching Whiteness; Namely, that we took a Broad and Large Tile,
+      and having Whitened over one half of the Superficies of it, and Black'd
+      the other, we expos'd it to the Summer Sun; And having let it lye there a
+      convenient time (for the Difference is more Apparent, if it have not lain
+      there too long) we found, as we expected, that whilst the Whited part of
+      the Tile remained Cool enough, the
+       <!--  Page 127 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127"></a>[pg
+      127]</span> Black'd part of the same Tile was grown not only Sensible, but
+      very Hot, (sometimes to a strong Degree.) And to satisfie some of our
+      Friends the more, we have sometimes left upon the Surface of the Tile,
+      besides the White and Black parts thereof, a part that Retain'd the native
+      Red of the Tile it self, and Exposing them to the Sun, we observ'd this
+      Last mention'd to have Contracted a Heat in comparison of the White, but a
+      Heat Inferiour to that of the Black, of which the Reason seems to be, that
+      the Superficial Particles of Black Bodies, being, as we said, more
+      Erected, than those of White or Red ones, the Corpuscles of Light falling
+      on their sides, being for the most part Reflected Inwards from one
+      Particle to another, and thereby engag'd as it were and kept from
+      Rebounding Upwards, they communicate their brisk Motion, wherewith they
+      were impell'd against the Black Body, (upon whose account had they fallen
+      upon a White Body, they would have been Reflected Outwards) to the Small
+      parts of the Black Body, and thereby Produce in those Small parts such an
+      Agitation, as (when we feel it) we are wont to call Heat. I have been
+      lately inform'd, that an Observation near of Kin to Ours, has been made by
+      some Learned Men in <i>France</i> and
+       <!--  Page 128 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128"></a>[pg
+      128]</span> <i>Italy</i>, by long Exposing to a very Hot Sun, two pieces
+      of Marble, the one White, the other Black; But though the Observation be
+      worthy of them, and may confirm the same Truth with Our Experiment, yet
+      besides that our Tryal needs not the Summer, nor any Great Heat to
+      succeed, It seems to have this Advantage above the other, that whereas
+      Bodies more Solid, and of a Closer Texture, though they use to be more
+      Slowly Heated, are wont to receive a Greater Degree of Heat from the Sun
+      or Fire, than (<i>Cæteris paribus</i>) Bodies of a Slightest Texture; I
+      have found by the Information of Stone-cutters, and by other ways of
+      Enquiry, that Black Marble is much Solider and Harder than White, so that
+      possibly the Difference betwixt the Degrees of Heat they receive from the
+      Sunbeams will by many be ascrib'd to the Difference of their Texture,
+      rather than to that of their Colour, though I think our Experiment will
+      make it Probable enough that the greater part of that Difference may well
+      be ascrib'd to that Disposition of Parts, which makes the one Reflect the
+      Sunbeams Inward; and the other Outwards. And with this Doctrine accords
+      very well, that Rooms hung with Black, are not only Darker than else they
+      would be, but are
+       <!--  Page 129 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129"></a>[pg
+      129]</span> wont to be Warmer too; Insomuch that I have known a great
+      Lady, whose Constitution was somewhat Tender, complain that she was wont
+      to catch Cold, when she went out into the Air, after having made any long
+      Visits to Persons, whose Rooms were hung with Black. And this is not the
+      only Lady I have heard complain of the Warmth of such Rooms, which though
+      perhaps it may be partly imputed to the <i>Effluvia</i> of those Materials
+      wherewith the hangings were Dy'd, yet probably the Warmth of such Rooms
+      depends chiefly upon the same Cause that the Darkness does; As (not to
+      repeat what I formerly Noted touching my Gloves,) to satisfie some Curious
+      Persons of that Sex, I have convinc'd them, by Tryall, that of two Pieces
+      of Silken Stuff given me by themselves, and expos'd in their Presence, to
+      the same Window, Shin'd on by that Sun, the White was <i>considerably</i>
+      Heated, when the Black was not so much as <i>Sensibly</i> so.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      9. Sixthly, I remember, that Acquainting one Day a <i>Virtuoso</i> of
+      Unsuspected Credit, that had Visited Hot Countries, with part of what I
+      have here Deliver'd concerning Blackness, he Related to me by way of
+      Confirmation of it, a very notable
+       <!--  Page 130 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130"></a>[pg
+      130]</span> Experiment, which he had both others make, and Made himself in
+      a Warm Climate, namely, that having carefully Black'd over Eggs, and
+      Expos'd them to the Hot Sun, they were thereby in no very Long time well
+      Roasted, to which Effect I conceive the Heat of the Climate must have
+      Concurr'd with the Disposition of the Black Surface to Reflect the
+      Sunbeams Inward, for I remember, that having made that among other Tryals
+      in <i>England</i>, though in Summer-time, the Eggs I Expos'd, acquir'd
+      indeed a considerable Degree of Heat, but yet not so Intense a One, as
+      prov'd Sufficient to Roast them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      10. Seventhly, and Lastly, Our Conjectures at the Nature of Blackness may
+      be somewhat Confirm'd by the (formerly mention'd) Observation of the Blind
+      <i>Dutch-man</i>, that Discerns Colours with his Fingers; for he Says,
+      that he Feels a greater Roughness upon the Surfaces of Black Bodies, than
+      upon those of Red, or Yellow, or Green. And I remember, that the Diligent
+      <i>Bartholinus</i> says,<a name="NtA_9" id="NtA_9"></a><a href="#Nt_9"><sup>9</sup></a>
+      that a Blind Earl of <i>Mansfield</i> could Distinguish White from Black
+      only by the Touch, which would Sufficiently Argue a great Disparity in the
+      Asperities, or other
+       <!--  Page 131 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131"></a>[pg
+      131]</span> Superficial Textures of Bodies of those two Colours, if the
+      Learn'd Relator had Affirm'd the Matter upon his own Knowledge.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      II. These, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, are the chief things that Occurr to me at
+      present, about the Nature of Whiteness and Blackness, which it they have
+      Rendred it so much as Probable, that in <i>Most</i>; or at least <i>Many</i>
+      Cases, the Causes of these Qualities may be such as I have Adventur'd to
+      Deliver, it is as much as I Pretend to; for till I have Opportunity to
+      Examine the Matter by some further Tryals, I am not sure, but that in some
+      White and Black Bodies, there may Concurr to the Colour some peculiar
+      Texture or Disposition of the Body, whereby the Motion of the Small
+      Corpuscles that make up the Incident Beams of Light, may be Differingly
+      Modify'd, before they reach the Eye, especially in this, that White Bodies
+      do not only Copiously Reflect those Incident Corpuscles Outwards, but
+      Reflect them Briskly, and do not otherwise Alter them in the manner of
+      their Motion. Nor shall I now stay to Enquire, whether some of those other
+      ways, (as a Disposition to Alter the Velocity, the Rotation, or the Order
+      and Manner of Appulse so the Eye of the Reflected Corpuscles
+       <!--  Page 132 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132"></a>[pg
+      132]</span> that Compos'd the Incident Beams of Light) which we mention'd
+      when we consider'd the Production of Colours in General, may not in some
+      Cases be Applicable to those of White and Black Bodies: For I am yet so
+      much a <i>Seeker</i> in this Matter, and so little Wedded to the Opinions
+      I have propos'd, that what I am to add shall be but the Beginning of a
+      Collection of Experiments and Observation towards the History of Whiteness
+      and Blackness, without at present interposing my Explications of them,
+      that so, I may assist your Enquires without much Fore-stalling or Biassing
+      your Judgment.
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <!--  Page 133 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133"></a>[pg 133]</span>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/172a.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:100%; letter-spacing:10px">EXPERIMENT</span><br />
+      <span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px">IN</span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:100%; letter-spacing:10px">CONSORT,</span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:50%;">Touching</span><br /> <span style="font-size:100%;">Whiteness
+      &amp; Blackness.</span><br />
+    </h2>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      EXPERIMENT I.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <img width="80" height="80" src="images/172b.png"
+      alt="Illuminated H in Having" /> Aving promis'd in the <a href="#Page_114">114</a>,
+      and <a href="#Page_115">115</a>. Pages of the foregoing Discourse of
+      Whiteness and Blackness, to shew, that those two Colours may by a change
+      of Texture in bodies, each of them apart Diaphanous and Colourless, be at
+      pleasure and in a trice as well Generated as Destroy'd, We shall begin
+      with Experiments that may acquit us of that promise.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Take then what Quantity you please of Fair Water, and having Heated it,
+      put into it as much good Common Sublimate, as it is able to Dissolve, and
+      (to be sure of having
+       <!--  Page 134 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134"></a>[pg
+      134]</span> it well glutted:) continue putting in the Sublimate, till some
+      of it lye Untouch'd in the bottom of the Liquor, Filter this Solution
+      through Cap-paper, to have it cleer and limpid, and into a spoonfull or
+      two thereof, (put into a clean glass vessel,) shake about four or five
+      drops (according as you took more or less of this Solution) of good limpid
+      Spirits of Urine, and immediately the whole mixture will appear White like
+      Milk, to which mixture if you presently add a convenient proportion of
+      Rectifi'd <i>Aqua Fortis</i> (for the number of drops is hard to
+      determine, because of the Differing Strength of the liquor, but easily
+      found by tryal) the Whiteness will presently disappear, and the whole
+      mixture become Transparent, which you may, if you please, again reduce to
+      a good degree of Whiteness (though inferiour to the first) onely by a more
+      copious affusion of fresh Spirit of Urine. <i>N</i>. First, That it is not
+      so necessary to employ either <i>Aqua Fortis</i> or Spirit of Urine about
+      this Experiment, but that we have made it with other liquors instead of
+      these, of which perhaps more elsewhere. Secondly, That this Experiment,
+      though not made with the same <i>Menstruums</i>, nor producing the same
+      Colour is yet much of Kin to that other to be
+       <!--  Page 135 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135"></a>[pg
+      135]</span> mentioned in this Tract among our other Experiments of
+      Colours, about turning a Solution of Præcipitate into an Orange-colour,
+      and the Chymical Reason being much alike in both, the annexing it to one
+      of them may suffice FOR both.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT II.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Make a strong Infusion of broken Galls in Fair Water, and having Filtred
+      it into a clean Vial, add more of the same liquor to it, till you have
+      made it somewhat Transparent, and sufficiently diluted the Colour, for the
+      credit of the Experiment, lest otherwise the Darkness of the liquor might
+      make it be objected, that 'twas already almost Ink; Into this Infusion
+      shake a convenient quantity of a Cleer, but very strong Solution of
+      Vitriol, and you shall immediately see the mixture turn Black almost like
+      Ink, and such a way of producing Blackness is vulgar enough; but if
+      presently after you doe upon this mixture drop a small quantity of good
+      oyl of Vitriol, and, by shaking the Vial disperse it nimbly through the
+      two other liquors, you shall (if you perform your part well, and have
+      employ'd oyl of Vitriol Cleer and Strong enough) see the Darkness of the
+      liquor presently begin
+       <!--  Page 136 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136"></a>[pg
+      136]</span> to be discuss'd, and grow pretty Cleer and Transparent, losing
+      its Inky Blackness, which you may again restore to it by the affusion of a
+      small quantity of a very strong Solution of Salt of Tartar. And though
+      neither of these Atramentous liquors will seem other than very Pale Ink,
+      if you write with a clean Pen dipt in them, yet that is common to them
+      with some sorts of Ink that prove very good when Dry, as I have also
+      found, that when I made these carefully, what I wrote with either of them,
+      especially with the Former, would when throughly Dry grow Black enough not
+      to appear bad Ink. This Experiment of taking away and restoring Blackness
+      from and to the liquors, we have likewise tryed in Common Ink; but there
+      it succeeds not so well, and but very slowly, by reason that the Gum wont
+      to be employed in the making it, does by its Tenacity oppose the
+      operations of the above mention'd Saline liquors. But to consider Gum no
+      more, what some kind of Præcipitation may have to do in the producing and
+      destroying of Inks without it, I have elsewhere given you some occasion
+      and assistance to enquire; But I must not now stay to do so my self, only
+      I shall take notice to you, that though it be taken for granted that
+      bodies will not be Præcipitated by Alcalizat Salts,
+       <!--  Page 137 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137"></a>[pg
+      137]</span> that have not first been dissolved in some Acid <i>Menstruums</i>,
+      yet I have found upon tryals, which my conjectures lead me to make on
+      purpose, That divers Vegetables <i>barely infus'd</i>, or, <i>but slightly
+      decocted in common water</i>, would, upon the affusion of a Strong and
+      Cleer <i>Lixivium</i> of Potashes, and much more of some other
+      Præcipitating liquors that I sometimes employ, afford good store of a
+      Crudled matter, such as I have had in the Præcipitations of Vegetable
+      substances, by the intervention of Acid things, and that this matter was
+      easily separable from the rest of the liquor, being left behind by it in
+      the Filtre; and in making the first Ink mention'd in this Experiment, I
+      found that I could by Filtration separate pretty store of a very Black
+      pulverable substance, that remain'd in the Filtre, and when the Ink was
+      made Cleer again by the Oyl of Vitriol, the affusion of dissolv'd <i>Sal
+      Tartari</i> seem'd but to Præcipitate, and thereby to Unite and render
+      Conspicuous the particles of the Black mixture that had before been
+      dispers'd into very Minute and singly Invisible particles by the Incisive
+      and resolving power of the highly Corrosive Oyl of Vitriol.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <!--  Erratum: insert: -->
+      And to manifest, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that Galls are not so requisite as
+      many suppose to the making Atramentous Liquors, we have sometimes made the
+      following Experiment, We took dryed Rose leaves and Decocted them for a
+      while in Fair Water, into two or three spoonfulls of this Decoction we
+      shook a few drops of a strong and well filtrated Solution of Vitriol
+      (which perhaps had it been Green would have done as well) and immediately
+      the mixture did turn Black, and when into this mixture presently after it
+      was made, we shook a just Proportion of <i>Aqua Fortis</i>, we turn'd it
+      from a Black Ink to a deep Red one, which by the affusion of a little
+      Spirit of Urine may be reduc'd immediately to an Opacous and Blackish
+      Colour. And in regard, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that in the former Experiments,
+      both the Infusion of Galls, and the Decoction of Roses, and the Solution
+      of Copperis employ'd about them, are endow'd each of them with its own
+      Colour, there may be a more noble Experiment of the sudden production of
+      Blackness made by the way mention'd in the Second Section of the Second
+      Part of our Essays, for though upon the Confusion of the two Liquors there
+      mention'd, there do immediately emerge a very Black mixture, yet both the
+      Infusion of <i>Orpiment</i> and the Solution of <i>Minium</i> were before
+      their being joyn'd together, Limpid and Colourless.
+      <!--  end insert -->
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 138 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138"></a>[pg 138]</span>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT III.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      If pieces of White Harts-horn be with a competent degree of Fire distill'd
+      in a Glass-retort, they will, after the avolation of the Flegm, Spirit,
+      Volatile Salt, and the looser and lighter parts of the Oleagenous
+      substance, remain behind of a Cole-black colour. And even Ivory it self
+      being skilfully Burnt (how I am wont to do it, I have elsewhere set down)
+      affords Painters one of the best and deepest Blacks they have, and yet in
+      the Instance of distill'd Harts-horn, the operation being made in
+      Glass-vessels carefully clos'd, it appears there is no Extraneous Black
+      substance that Insinuates it self into White Harts-horn, and thereby makes
+      it turn Black; but that the Whiteness is destroy'd, and the Blackness
+      generated, only by a Change of Texture, made in the burnt Body, by the
+      Recess of some parts and the Transposition of others. And though I
+      remember not that in many Distillations of Harts-horn I ever sound the <i>Cap.
+      Mort</i>. to pass from Black to a true Whiteness, whilst it continu'd in
+      Clos'd vessels, yet having taken out the Cole-black fragments, and
+      Calcin'd them in Open vessels, I could in few hours quite destroy that
+      Blackness, &amp; without
+       <!--  Page 139 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139"></a>[pg
+      139]</span> sensibly changing their Bulk or Figure, reduce them to great
+      Whiteness. So much do these two Colours depend upon the Disposition of the
+      little parts, that the Bodies wherein they are to be met with do consist
+      of. And we find, that if Whitewine Tartar, or even the white Crystalls of
+      such Tartar be burnt without being truly Calcin'd, the <i>Cap. Mortuum</i>
+      (as the Chymists call the more Fixt part) will be Black. But if you
+      further continue the Calcination till you have perfectly Incinerated the
+      Tartar, &amp; kept it long enough in a Strong fire, the remaining <i>Calx</i>
+      will be White. And so we see that not only other Vegetable substances, but
+      even White woods, as the Hazel, will yield a Black Charcoal, and
+      afterwards Whitish ashes; And so Animal substances naturally White, as
+      Bones and Eggshels, will grow Black upon the being Burnt, and White again
+      when they are perfectly Calcin'd.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT IV.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      But yet I much Question whether that Rule delivered by divers, as well
+      Philosophers as Chymists, <i>adusta nigra, sed perusta alba</i>, will hold
+      as Universally as is presum'd, since I have several Examples to allege
+      against
+       <!--  Page 140 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140"></a>[pg
+      140]</span> it: For I have found that by burning Alablaster, so as both to
+      make it appear to boyl almost like Milk, and to reduce it to a very fine
+      Powder, it would not at all grow Black, but retain its Pure and Native
+      Whiteness, and though by keeping it longer than is usual in the fire, I
+      produced but a faint Yellow, even in that part of the Powder that lay
+      nearest the top of the Crucible, yet having purposely enquired of an
+      Experienced Stone-cutter, who is Curious enough in tryng Conclusions in
+      his own Trade, he told me he had found that if Alabaster or Plaster of
+      Paris be very long kept in a Strong fire, the whole heap of burnt Powder
+      would exchange its Whiteness for a much deeper Colour than the Yellow I
+      observ'd. Lead being Calcin'd with a Strong fire turns (after having
+      purhaps run thorough divers other Colour) into <i>Minium</i>, whose Colour
+      we know is a deep red; and if you urge this <i>Minium</i>, as I have
+      purposely done with a Strong fire, you may much easier find a Glassie and
+      Brittle Body darker than <i>Minium</i>, than any white <i>Calx</i> or
+      Glass. 'Tis known among Chymists, that the white <i>Calx</i> of Antimony,
+      by the further and more vehement operation of the fire, may be melted into
+      Glass, which we have obtain'd of a Red Colour, which is
+       <!--  Page 141 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141"></a>[pg
+      141]</span> far deeper than that of the <i>Calx</i> of Burnt Antimony, and
+      though common Glafs of Antimony being usually Adulterated with <i>Borax</i>,
+      have its Colour thereby diluted, oftentimes to a very pale Yellow; yet not
+      onely ours made more sincerily, was, as we said, of a Colour less remote
+      from Black, than was the <i>Calx</i>; but we observ'd, that by Melting it
+      once or twice more, and so exposing it to the further operation of the
+      Fire, we had, as we expected, the Colour heightned. To which we shall add
+      but this one Instance, (which is worth the taking notice of in Reference
+      to Colours:) That, if you take Blew, but Unsophisticated, Vitriol, and
+      burn it very slowly, and with a Gentle degree of Heat, you may observe,
+      that when it has Burnt but a Little, and yet so far as that you may rub it
+      to Powder betwixt your fingers, it will be of a White or Whitish Colour;
+      But if you Prosecute the Calcination, this Body which by a light Adustion
+      was made White, will pass through other Colours, as Gray, Yellowish, and
+      Red; and if you further burn it with a Long and Vehement fire, by that
+      time it comes to be <i>Perustum</i>, it will be of a dark purple, nearer
+      to Black, not only than the first <i>Calx</i>, but than the Vitriol before
+      it at all felt the fire. I might add that <i>Crocus</i>
+       <!--  Page 142 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142"></a>[pg
+      142]</span> <i>Martis</i> (<i>per se</i> as they call it) made by the
+      Lasting violence of the Reverberated flames is not so near a Kin to White,
+      as the Iron or Steel that afforded it was before its Calcinations; but
+      that I suppose, these Instances may Suffice to satisfie you, that Minerals
+      are to be excepted out of the forementioned Rule, which perhaps, though it
+      seldome fail in substances belonging to the Vegetable or Animal Kingdome,
+      may yet be Question'd even in some of these, if that be true, which the
+      Judicious Traveller <i>Bellonius</i> affirms, that Charcoales made out of
+      the Wood of <i>Oxycæder</i> are White; And I could not find that though in
+      Retorts Hartshorn and other White Bodies will be Denigrated by Heat, yet
+      Camphire would not at all lose its Whiteness, though I have purposely kept
+      it in such a heat, as made it melt and boyl.
+    </p>
+    <!-- Erratum: delete: And to manifest, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that Galls are not
+      so requisite as many suppose to the making Atramentous Liquors, we have
+      sometimes made the following Experiment, We took dryed Rose leaves and
+      Decocted them for a while in Fair Water, into two or three spoonfulls of
+      this Decoction we shook a few drops of a strong and well filtrated
+      Solution of Vitriol (which perhaps had it been Green would have done as
+      well) and immediately the mixture did turn Black, and when into this
+      mixture presently after it was made, we shook a just Proportion of <i>Aqua
+      Fortis</i>, we turn'd it from a Black Ink to a deep Red one, which by the
+      affusion of a little Spirit of Urine may be reduc'd immediately to an
+      Opacous and Blackish Colour. And in regard, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that in the
+      former Experiments, both the Infusion of Galls, and the Decoction of
+      Roses, and the Solution of Copperis employ'd about them, are endow'd each
+      of them with its own Colour, there may be a more noble Experiment of the
+      sudden production of Blackness made by the way mention'd in the Second
+      Section of the Second Part of our Essays, for though upon the Confusion of
+      the two Liquors there mention'd, there do immediately emerge a very Black
+      mixture, yet both the Infusion of <i>Orpiment</i> and the Solution of
+      <i>Minium</i> were before their being joyn'd together, Limpid and
+      Colourless. -->
+    <!--  Page 143 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143"></a>[pg 143]</span>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT V.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      And now I speak of Camphire, it puts me in mind of adding this Experiment,
+      That, though as I said in Clos'd Glasses, I could not Denigrate it by
+      Heat, but it would Sublime to the sides and top of the Glass,
+       <!--  Page 144 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144"></a>[pg
+      144]</span> as it was before, yet not only it will, being set on fire in
+      the Free Air, send forth a Copious smoak, but having purposely upon some
+      of it that was Flaming, clapt a Large Glass, almost in the form of a Hive,
+      (but more Slender only) with a Hole at the top, (which I caus'd to be made
+      to trye Experiments of Fire and Flame in) it continued so long burning
+      that it Lin'd all the Inside of the Glass with a Soot as Black as Ink, and
+      so Copious, that the Closeness of the Vessel consider'd, almost all that
+      part of the White Camphire that did take Fire, seem'd to have been chang'd
+      into that deep Black Substance.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT VI</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      And this also brings into my mind another Experiment that I made about the
+      production of Blackness, whereof, for Reasons too long to be here deduced,
+      I expected and found a good Success, an it was this: I took Rectifi'd Oyl
+      of Vitriol (that I might have the Liquor Clean as well as Strong) and by
+      degrees mixt with it a convenient proportion of the Essential Oyl, as
+      Chymists call it, of Wormwood, drawn over with store of Water in a Limbec,
+      and warily Distilling the mixture in a Retort, there remain'd
+       <!--  Page 145 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145"></a>[pg
+      145]</span> a scarce credible quantity of dry Matter
+      <!--  Erratum: delete: s -->, Black as a Coal. And because the Oyl of
+      Wormwood, though a Chymical Oyl drawn by a <i>Virtuoso</i>, seem'd to have
+      somewhat in it of the Colour of the Plant, I Substituted in its Room, the
+      Pure and Subtile Essential Oyl of Winter-Savory, and mixing little by
+      little this Liquor, with (if I mis-remember not) an Equal weight of the
+      formerly mention'd Rectifi'd Oyl of Vitriol, and Distilling them as before
+      in a Retort, besides what there pass'd over into the Receiver, even these
+      two clear Liquors left me a Considerable Proportion, (though not so great
+      as the two former) of a Substance Black as Pitch, which I yet Keep by me
+      as a Rarity.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT VII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      A way of Whiting Wax Cheaply and in Great Quantity may be a thing of good
+      Oeconomical Use, and we have elsewhere set down the Practice of Trades-men
+      that Blanch it; But here Treating of Whiteness only in Order to the
+      Philosophy of Colours, I shall not Examine which of the Slow wayes may be
+      best Employ'd, to free Wax from the Yellow Melleous parts, but shall
+      rather set down a Quick
+       <!--  Page 146 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146"></a>[pg
+      146]</span> way of making it White, though but in very Small Quantities.
+      Take then a little Yellow Wax, scraped or thinly sliced, and putting it
+      into a
+       <!-- Erratum: was C... -->Bolts-head or some other Convenient Glass, pour
+      to it a pretty deal of Spirit of Wine, and placing the Vessel in Warm
+      Sand, Encrease the Heat by degrees, till the Spirit of Wine begin to
+      Simper or to Boyl a little; and continuing that degree of Fire, if you
+      have put Liquor enough, you will quickly have the Wax dissolv'd, then
+      taking it off the fire, you may either suffer it to Cool as hastily as
+      with Safety to the Glass you can, or Pour it whilst 'tis yet Hot into a
+      Filtre of Paper, and either in the Glass where it Cools, or in the Filtre,
+      you will soon find the Wax and <i>Menstruum</i> together reduc'd into a
+      White Substance, almost like Butter, which by letting the Spirit Exhale
+      will shrink into a much Lesser Bulk, but still retaining its Whiteness.
+      And that which is pretty in the working of this Magistery of Wax, is, that
+      the Yellowness vanishes, neither appearing in the Spirit of Wine that
+      passes Limpid through the Filtre, nor in the Butter of Wax, if I may so
+      call it, that, as I said, is White.
+       <!--  Page 147 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147"></a>[pg
+      147]</span>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT VIII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      There is an Experiment, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, which though I do not so
+      exactly remember, and though it be somewhat Nice to make, yet I am willing
+      to Acquaint You with, because the thing Produc'd, though it be but a
+      Curiosity, is wont not a little to please the Beholders, and it is a way
+      of turning by the help of a Dry Substance, an almost Golden-Colour'd
+      Concrete, into a White one, the Several Tryals are not at present so fresh
+      in my Memory to enable me to tell you Certainly, whether an Equal onely or
+      a Double weight of Common Sublimate must be taken in reference to the
+      Tinglass, but if I mistake not, there was in the Experiment that succeeded
+      best, Two parts of the Former taken to One of the Latter. These
+      Ingredients being finely Powdred and Exactly mix'd, we Sublim'd together
+      by degrees of fire (the due Gradation of which is in this Experiment a
+      thing of main Importance) there ascended a matter of a very peculiar
+      Texture, for it was for the most part made up of very Thin, Smooth, Soft
+      and Slippery Plates, almost like the finest sort of the Scales of Fishes,
+      but of so Lovely a White Inclining to
+       <!--  Page 148 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148"></a>[pg
+      148]</span> Pearl-Colour, and of so Curious and Shining a Gloss, that they
+      appear'd in some respect little Inferiour to Orient Pearls, and in other
+      Regards, they seem'd to Surpass them, and were Applauded for a sort of the
+      Prettiest Trifles that we had ever prepar'd to Amuse the Eye. I will not
+      undertake that though you'l hardly miss changing the Colour of your
+      shining Tinglass, yet you will the first or perhaps the second time hit
+      Right upon the way of making the Glistring Sublimate I have been
+      mentioning.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT IX.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      When we Dissolve in <i>Aqua Fortis</i> a mixture of Gold and Silver melted
+      into one Lump, it usually happens that the Powder of Gold that falls to
+      the bottom, as not being Dissoluble by that <i>Menstruum</i>, will not
+      have its own Yellow, but appear of a Black Colour, though neither the
+      Gold, nor the Silver, nor the <i>Aqua Fortis</i> did before manifest any
+      Blackness. And divers Alchymists, when they make Solutions of Minerals
+      they would Examine, are very Glad, if they see a Black Powder Præcipitated
+      to the Bottom, taking it for a Hopefull Sign, that those Particles are of
+      a Golden Nature,
+       <!--  Page 149 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149"></a>[pg
+      149]</span> which appear in a Colour so ordinary to Gold parted from other
+      Metalls by <i>Aqua Fortis</i>, that it is a trouble to the Refiner to
+      Reduce the Præcipitated <i>Calx</i> to its Native Colour. For though, (as
+      we have try'd,) that may be Quickly enough done by Fire, which will make
+      this Gold look very Gloriously (as indeed 'tis at least one of the Best
+      wayes that is Practis'd for the Refining of Gold,) yet it requires both
+      Watchfulness and Skill, to give it such a Degree of Fire as will serve to
+      Restore it to its Lustre, without giving it such a One, as may bring it to
+      Fusion, to which the Minuteness of the <i>Corpuseles</i> it consists of
+      makes the Powder very apt. And this brings into my Mind, that having taken
+      a Flat and Bright piece of Gold, that was Refin'd by a Curious and
+      Skilfull Person on purpose to Trye to what height of Purity Gold could be
+      brought by Art, I found that this very piece, as Glorious as it look'd,
+      being rubb'd a little upon a piece of fine clean Linnen, did sully it with
+      a kind of Black; and the like I have observ'd in Refin'd Silver, which I
+      therefore mention, because I formerly suspected that the Impurity of the
+      Metall might have been the only Cause of what I have divers times obferv'd
+      in wearing Silver-hilted Swords, Namely, that
+       <!--  Page 150 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150"></a>[pg
+      150]</span> where they rubb'd upon my Clothes, if they were of a
+      Light-Colour'd Cloath, the Affriction would quickly Black them; and
+      Congruously hereunto I have found Pens Blackt almost all over, when I had
+      a while carri'd them about me in a Silver Ink-case. To which I shall only
+      add, that whereas in these several Instances of Denigration, the Metalls
+      are worn off, or otherwise Reduc'd into very Minute Parts, that
+      Circumstance may prove not Unworthy your Notice.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT X.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      That a Solution of Silver does Dye Hair of a Black Colour, is a Known
+      Experiment, which some persons more Curious than Dextrous, have so
+      Unluckily made upon themselves as to make their Friends very Merry. And I
+      remember that the other day, I made my self some Sport by an Improvement
+      of this Observation, for having dissolv'd some Pure Silver in <i>Aqua
+      Fortis</i>, and Evaporated the <i>Menstruum ad siccitatem</i>, as they
+      speak, I caus'd a Quantity of fair Water to be pour'd upon the <i>Calx</i>
+      two or three several times, and to be at each Evaporated, till the <i>Calx</i>
+      was very Drye, and all the Greenish Blewness that is wont to appear in
+      Common Crystals of Silver,
+       <!--  Page 151 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151"></a>[pg
+      151]</span> was quite carry'd away. Then I made those I meant to Deceive,
+      Moisten some part of their Skin with their own Spittle, and slightly Rub
+      the moistned parts with a little of this Prepar'd Silver, Whereupon they
+      Admir'd to see, that a Snow-white Body laid upon the White Skin should
+      presently produce a deep Blackness, as if the stains had been made with
+      Ink, especially considering that this Blackness could not, like that
+      produc'd by ordinary Ink, be readily Wash'd off, but requir'd many Hours,
+      and part of it some dayes to its Obliteration. And with the same White <i>Calx</i>
+      and a little Fair Water we likewise Stain'd the White Hafts of Knives,
+      with a lasting Black in those parts where the <i>Calx</i> was Plentifully
+      enough laid on, for where it was laid on but very Thinly, the Stain was
+      not quite of so Deep a Colour.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XI</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The Cause of the Blackness of those many Nations, which by one common Name
+      we are wont to call <i>Negroes</i>, has been long since Disputed of by
+      Learned Men, who possibly had not done amiss, if they had also taken into
+      Consideration, why some whole races of other Animals besides Men, as
+       <!--  Page 152 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152"></a>[pg
+      152]</span> Foxes and Hares, are Distinguish'd by a Blackness not familiar
+      to the Generality of Animals of the same Species; The General Opinion (to
+      be mention'd a little lower) has been rejected even by some of the Antient
+      Geographers, and among our Moderns <i>Ortelius</i> and divers other
+      Learned Men have Question'd it. But this is no place to mention what
+      thoughts I have had to and fro about these Matters: Only as I shall freely
+      Acknowledge, that to me the inquiry seems more Abstruse than it does to
+      many others, and that because consulting with Authors, and with Books of
+      Voyages, and with Travellers, to satisfie my self in matters of Fact, I
+      have met with some things among them, which seem not to agree very well
+      with the Notions of the most Classick Authors concerning these things; for
+      it being my Present Work to deliver rather matters Historical than
+      Theorys, I shall Annex Some few of my Collections, instead of a Solemn
+      Disputation. It is commonly presum'd that the Heat of the Climate wherein
+      they live, is the reason, why so many Inhabitants of the Scorching Regions
+      of <i>Africa</i> are Black; and there is this familiar Observation to
+      Countenance this Conjecture, That we plainly see that Mowers, Reapers, and
+      other Countrey-people,
+       <!--  Page 153 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153"></a>[pg
+      153]</span> who spend the most part of the Hot Summer dayes expos'd to the
+      Sun, have the skin of their Hands and Faces, which are the parts
+      immediately Expos'd to the Sun and Air, made of a Darker Colour than
+      before, and consequently tending to Blackness; And Contrarywise we observe
+      that the <i>Danes</i> and some other people that Inhabit Cold Climates,
+      and even the <i>English</i> who feel not so Rigorous a Cold, have usually
+      Whiter faces than the <i>Spaniards</i>, <i>Portugalls</i> and other
+      European Inhabitants of Hotter Climates. But this Argument I take to be
+      far more Specious than Convincing; for though the Heat of the Sun may
+      Darken the Colour of the Skin, by that Operation, which we in <i>English</i>
+      call Sun-burning, yet Experience doth not Evince, that I remember, That
+      that Heat alone can produce a Discolouring that shall amount to a true
+      Blackness, like that of <i>Negroes</i>, and we shall see by and by that
+      even the Children of some <i>Negroes</i> not yet 10. dayes Old (perhaps
+      not so much by three quarters of that time) will notwithstanding their
+      Infancy be of the same Hue with their Parents. Besides, there is this
+      strong Argument to be alleg'd against the Vulgar Opinion, that in divers
+      places in <i>Asia</i> under the same Parallel, or even of the same
+       <!--  Page 154 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154"></a>[pg
+      154]</span> Degree of Latitude with the <i>African</i> Regions Inhabited
+      by Blacks, the People are at most but Tawny;<a name="NtA_10" id="NtA_10"></a><a
+      href="#Nt_10"><sup>10</sup></a> And in <i>Africa</i> it self divers
+      Nations in the Empire of <i>Ethiopia</i> are not <i>Negroes</i>, though
+      Situated in the Torrid Zone, and as neer the Æquinoctial, as other Nations
+      that are so (as the Black Inhabitants of <i>Zeylan</i> and <i>Malabar</i>
+      are not in our Globes plac'd so near the Line as <i>Amara</i> the
+      Famousest place in <i>Ethiopia</i>.) Moreover, (that which is of no small
+      Moment in our present Disquisition) I find not by the best Navigators and
+      Travellers to the <i>West-Indies</i>, whose Books or themselves I have
+      consulted on this Subject, that excepting perhaps one place or two of
+      small extent, there are any Blacks Originally Natives of any part of <i>America</i>
+      (for the Blacks now there have been by the <i>Europeans</i> long
+      Transplanted thither) though the New World contain in it so great a
+      Variety of Climates, and particularly reach quite Cross the Torri'd Zone
+      from one Tropick to another. And enough it be true that the <i>Danes</i>
+      be a Whiter People than the <i>Spaniards</i>, yet that may proceed rather
+      from other causes (not here to be enquired into) than from the Coldness of
+      the Climate, since not onely the
+       <!--  Page 155 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155"></a>[pg
+      155]</span> <i>Swedes</i> and other Inhabitants of those Cold Countreys,
+      are not usually so White as the <i>Danes</i>, nor Whiter than other
+      Nations in proportion to their Vicinity to the Pole. [And since the
+      Writing of the former part of this Essay, having an opportunity on a
+      Solemn occasion to take Notice of the Numerous Train of Some Extraordinary
+      Embassadours sent from the <i>Russian</i> Emperour to a great Monarch,
+      observ'd, that (though it were then Winter) the Colour of their Hair and
+      Skin was far less Whitish than the <i>Danes</i> who Inhabit a milder
+      Region is wont to be, but rather for the most part of a Darkish Brown; And
+      the Physician to the Embassadour with whom those <i>Russes</i> came, being
+      ask'd by me whether in <i>Muscovy</i> it self the Generality of the People
+      were more inclin'd to have Dark-colour'd Hair than Flaxen, he answer'd
+      Affirmatively; but seem'd to suspect that the True and Antient <i>Russians</i>,
+      a Sept of whom he told me he had met with in one of the Provinces of that
+      vast Empire, were rather White like the <i>Danes</i>, than any thing near
+      so Brown as the present <i>Muscovites</i> whom he guesses to be descended
+      of the <i>Tartars</i>, and to have inherited their Colour from them.] But
+      to Prosecute our former Discourse, I shall add for further Proof of the
+      Conjecture I was
+       <!--  Page 156 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156"></a>[pg
+      156]</span> countenancing that good Authors inform us that there are <i>Negroes</i>
+      in <i>Africa</i> not far from the <i>Cape of good Hope</i>, and
+      consequently beyond the Southern Tropick, and without the Torrid Zone,
+      much about the same Northern Latitude (or very little more) wherein there
+      are divers <i>American</i> Nations that are not <i>Negroes</i>, and
+      wherein the Inhabitants of <i>Candia</i>, some parts of <i>Sicily</i>, and
+      even of <i>Spain</i> are not so much as Tawny-Mores. But (which is a fresh
+      and strong Argument against the common Opinion,) I find by our recent
+      Relations of <i>Greenland</i> (our Accounts whereof we owe to the
+      Curiosity of that Royal <i>Virtuoso</i> the present King of <i>Denmark</i>,)
+      that the Inhabitants are Olive-colour'd, or rather of a Darker Hiew. But
+      if the Case were the same with Men, and those other kinds of Animals I
+      formerly nam'd, I should offer something as a considerable proof, That,
+      Cold may do much towards the making Men White or Black, and however I
+      shall let down the Observation as I have met with it, as worthy to come
+      into the History of Whiteness and Blackness, and it is, that in some parts
+      of <i>Russia</i> and of <i>Livonia</i> it is affirm'd by <i>Olaus Magnus</i>
+      and others, that Hares and Foxes (some add Partridges) which before were
+      Black, or Red, or
+       <!--  Page 157 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157"></a>[pg
+      157]</span> Gray, do in the depth of Winter become White by reason of the
+      great Cold; (for that it should be, as some conceive, by Looking upon the
+      Snow, seems improbable upon divers accounts) And I remember that having
+      purposely enquir'd of a <i>Virtuoso</i> who lately Travell'd through <i>Livonia</i>
+      to <i>Mosco</i> concerning the Truth of this Tradition, he both told me,
+      he believ'd it, and added, that he saw divers of those lately nam'd
+      Animals either in <i>Russia</i> or <i>Livonia</i>, (for I do not very well
+      remember whether of the two) which, though White when he saw them in
+      Winter, they assur'd him had been Black, or of other Colours before the
+      Winter began, and would be so again when it was over. But for further
+      satisfaction, I also consulted one that had for some years been an Eminent
+      Physician in <i>Russia</i>, who though he rejected some other Traditions
+      that are generally enough believ'd concerning that Countrey, told me
+      nevertheless, that he saw no cause to doubt of this Tradition of <i>Olaus
+      Magnus</i> as to Foxes and Hares, not onely because 'tis the common and
+      uncontroul'd Assertion of the Natives, but also because he himself in the
+      Winter could never that he remember'd see Foxes and Hares of any other
+      Colour than White; And I my self having seen a small White
+       <!--  Page 158 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158"></a>[pg
+      158]</span> Fox brought out of <i>Russia</i> into <i>England</i> towards
+      the latter end of Winter, foretold those that shew'd him me, that he would
+      change Colour in Summer, and accordingly coming to look upon him again in
+      <i>July</i>, I found that the Back and Sides, together with the upper part
+      of the Head and Tayl were already grown of a Dark Colour, the lower part
+      of the Head and Belly containing as yet a Whiteness. Let me add, that were
+      it not for some scruple I have, I should think more than what <i>Olaus</i>
+      relates, confirm'd by the judicious <i>Olearius</i>, who was twice
+      employ'd into those parts as a Publick Minister, who in his Account of <i>Moscovy</i>
+      has this Passage: <i>The Hares there are Gray; but in some Provinces they
+      grow white in the Winter</i>. And within some few Lines after: <i>It is
+      not very Difficult to find the Cause of this Change, which certainly
+      proceeds only from the Outward Cold, since I know that even in Summer,
+      Hares will change Colour, if they be kept a competent time in a Cellar</i>;
+      I say, were it not for Some Scruple, because I take notice, that in the
+      same Page the Author Affirms, that the like change of Colour that happens
+      to Hares in some Provinces of <i>Muscovy</i>, happens to them also in <i>Livonia</i>,
+      and yet immediately subjoyns, that in <i>Curland</i> the Hares vary not
+      their Colour in Winter,
+       <!--  Page 159 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159"></a>[pg
+      159]</span> though these two last named Countries be contiguous, (that is)
+      sever'd only by the River of <i>Dugna</i>; For it is scarce conceivable
+      how Cold alone should have, in Countries so near, so strangely differing
+      an operation, though no less strange a thing is confess'd by many, that
+      ascribe the Complexion of <i>Negroes</i> to the Heat of the Sun, when they
+      would have the River of <i>Cenega</i> so to bound the <i>Moors</i>, that
+      though on the North-side they are but Tawny, on the other side they are
+      Black.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      There is another Opinion concerning the Complexion of <i>Negroes</i>, that
+      is not only embrac'd by many of the more Vulgar Writers, but likewise by
+      that ingenious Traveller Mr. <i>Sandys</i>, and by a late most learned
+      Critick, besides other men of Note, and these would have the Blackness of
+      <i>Negroes</i> an effect of <i>Noah's</i> Curse ratify'd by God's, upon <i>Cham</i>;
+      But though I think that even a Naturalist may without disparagement
+      believe all the Miracles attested by the Holy Scriptures, yet in this case
+      to flye to a Supernatural Cause, will, I fear, look like Shifting off the
+      Difficulty, instead of Resolving it; for we enquire not the First and
+      Universal, but the Proper, Immediate, and Physical Cause of the Jetty
+      Colour of <i>Negroes</i>; And not only we do not find expressed in the
+       <!--  Page 160 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160"></a>[pg
+      160]</span> Scripture, that the Curse meant by <i>Noah</i> to <i>Cham</i>,
+      was the Blackness of his Posterity, but we do find plainly enough there
+      that the Curse was quite another thing, namely that he should be a Servant
+      of Servants, that is by an Ebraism, a very Abject Servant to his Brethren,
+      which accordingly did in part come to pass, when the <i>Israelites</i> of
+      the posterity of <i>Sem</i>, subdued the <i>Canaanites</i>, that descended
+      from <i>Cham</i>, and kept them in great Subjection. Nor is it evident
+      that Blackness is a Curse, for Navigators tell us of Black Nations, who
+      think so much otherwise of their own condition, that they paint the Devil
+      White. Nor is Blackness inconsistent with Beauty, which even to our
+      European Eyes consists not so much in Colour, as an Advantageous Stature,
+      a Comely Symmetry of the parts of the Body, and Good Features in the Face.
+      So that I see not why Blackness should be thought such a Curse to the <i>Negroes</i>,
+      unless perhaps it be, that being wont to go Naked in those Hot Climates,
+      the Colour of their Skin does probably, according to the Doctrine above
+      deliver'd, make the Sun-beams more Scorching to them, than they would
+      prove to a people of a White Complexion.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Greater probability there is, That the Principal Cause (for I would not
+      exclude
+       <!--  Page 161 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161"></a>[pg
+      161]</span> all concurrent ones) of the Blackness of <i>Negroes</i> is
+      some Peculiar and Seminal Impression, for not onely we see that <i>Blackmore</i>
+      boyes brought over into these Colder Climates lose not their Colour; But
+      good Authors inform us, That the Off-spring of <i>Negroes</i> Transplanted
+      out of <i>Africa</i>, above a hundred years ago, retain still the
+      Complexion of their Progenitors, though possibly in Tract of time it will
+      decay; As on the other side, the White people removing into very Hot
+      Climates, have their Skins by the Heat of the Sun scorch'd into Dark
+      Colours; yet neither they, nor their Children have been observ'd, even in
+      the Countreys of <i>Negroes</i>, to descend to a Colour amounting to that
+      of the Natives; whereas I remember I have Read in <i>Pisos</i><a
+      name="NtA_11" id="NtA_11"></a><a href="#Nt_11"><sup>11</sup></a> excellent
+      account of <i>Brasile</i>, that betwixt the <i>Americans</i> and <i>Negroes</i>
+      are generated a distinct sort of Men, which they call <i>Cabocles</i>, and
+      betwixt <i>Portugalls</i> and <i>Æthiopian</i> women, He tells us, he has
+      sometimes seen Twins, whereof one had a White skin, the other a Black; not
+      to mention here some other instances, he gives, that the productions of
+      the mixtures of differing people, that is (indeed,) the effects of Seminal
+      Impressions which they
+       <!--  Page 162 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162"></a>[pg
+      162]</span> consequently argue to have been their Causes; and we shall not
+      much scruple at this, if we consider, that even Organical parts may
+      receive great Differences from such peculiar Impressions, upon what
+      account soever they came to be setled in the first Individual persons,
+      from whom they are Propogated to Posterity, as we see in the Blobber-Lips
+      and Flat-Noses of most Nations of <i>Negroes</i>. And if we may Credit
+      what Learned men deliver concerning the Little Feet of the <i>Chinesses</i>,
+      the <i>Macrocephali</i> taken notice of by <i>Hippocrates</i>, will not be
+      the only Instance we might apply to our present purpose. And on this
+      occasion it will not perchance be Impertinent to add something of what I
+      have observ'd in other Animals, as that there is a sort of Hens that want
+      Rumps; And that (not to mention that in several places there is a sort of
+      Crows or Daws that are not Cole-black as ours, but partly of a Whitish
+      Colour) in spight of <i>Porphyries</i> examples of Inseparable Accidents,
+      I have seen a perfectly White Raven, as to Bill as well as Feathers, which
+      I attentively considered, for fear of being impos'd upon. And this recalls
+      into my Memory, what a very Ingenious Physician has divers times related
+      to me of a young Lady, to whom being call'd, he found that though
+       <!--  Page 163 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163"></a>[pg
+      163]</span> she much complain'd of want of Health, yet there appear'd so
+      little cause either in her Body, or her Condition to Guess that She did
+      any more than fancy her self Sick, that scrupling to give her Physick, he
+      perswaded her Friends rather to divert her Mind by little Journeys of
+      Pleasure, in one of which going to Visit St. <i>Winifrids</i> Well, this
+      Lady, who was a <i>Catholick</i>, and devout in her Religion, and a pretty
+      while in the Water to perform some Devotions, and had occasion to fix her
+      Eyes very attentively upon the Red pipple-stones, which in a scatter'd
+      order made up a good part of those that appear'd through the water, and a
+      while after growing Bigg, she was deliver'd of a Child, whose White Skin
+      was Copiously speckl'd with spots of the Colour and Bignesss of those
+      Stones, and though now this Child have already liv'd several years, yet
+      she still retains them. I have but two things to add concerning the
+      Blackness of <i>Negroes</i>, the one is, that the Seat of that Colour
+      seems to be but the thin <i>Epidermes</i>, or outward Skin, for I knew a
+      young <i>Negroe</i>, who having been lightly Sick of the Small Pox or
+      Measles, (for it was doubted which of the two was his Disease) I found by
+      enquiry of a person that was concern'd for him, that in those places
+       <!--  Erratum: insert --> where the little Tumors
+       <!--  Page 164 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164"></a>[pg
+      164]</span>
+       <!--  Erratum: dele. that --> had broke their passage through the Skin,
+      when they were gone, they left Within specks behind them; And the lately
+      commended <i>Piso</i> assures us, that having the opportunity in <i>Brasil</i>
+      to Dissect many <i>Negroes</i>, he cleerly found that their Blackness went
+      no deeper than the very outward Skin, which <i>Cuticula</i> or <i>Epidermis</i>
+       <!--  Erratum: for Epiderms --> being remov'd, the undermost Skin or <i>Cutis</i>
+      appear'd just as White as that of <i>Europæan</i> Bodyes. And the like has
+      been affirmed to me by a Physician of our own, whom, hearing he had
+      Dissectcd a <i>Negroe</i> here in <i>England</i>, I consulted about this
+      particular. The other thing to be here taken notice of concerning <i>Negroes</i>
+      is, That having enquir'd of an Intelligent acquaintance of mine (who keeps
+      in the <i>Indies</i> about 300.
+       <!-- Erratum: for 200. --> of them as well Women as Men to work in his
+      Plantations,) whether their Children come Black into the world; he
+      answer'd, That they did not, but were brought forth of almost the like
+      Reddish Colour with our <i>European</i> Children; and having further
+      enquir'd, how long it was before these Infants appear'd Black, be reply'd,
+      that 'twas not wont to be many daies. And agreeable to this account I find
+      that, given us in a freshly publish'd French Book written by a <i>Jesuit</i>,
+      that had good opportunity
+       <!--  Page 165 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165"></a>[pg
+      165]</span> of Knowing the Truth of what he Delivers, for being one of the
+      Missionaries of his Order into the Southern <i>America</i> upon the
+      Laudable Design of Converting Infidels to Christianity, he Baptiz'd
+      several Infants, which when newly Born, were much of the same Colour with
+      <i>European</i> Babes, but within about a Week began to appear of the Hue
+      of their Parents. But more Pregnant is the Testimony of our Countrey-man
+      <i>Andrew Battel</i>, who being sent Prisoner by the <i>Portugalls</i> to
+      <i>Angola</i>, liv'd there, and in the adjoyning Regions, partly as a
+      Prisoner, partly as a Pilot, and partly as a Souldier, near 18. years, and
+      he mentioning the <i>African</i> Kingdom of <i>Longo</i>, peopl'd with
+      Blacks, has this passage:<a name="NtA_12" id="NtA_12"></a><a href="#Nt_12"><sup>12</sup></a>
+      <i>The Children in this Countrey are Born White, and change their Colour
+      in two dayes to a Perfect Black</i>. As for Example, <i>The</i> Portugalls
+      <i>which dwell in the Kingdome of</i> Longo <i>have sometimes Children by
+      the</i> Negroe<i>-women, and many times the Fathers are deceived,
+      thinking, when the Child is Born, that it is theirs, and within two dayes
+      it proves the Son or Daughter of a</i> Negroe,<i> which the</i> Portugalls
+      <i>greatly grieve at</i>; And the same person has elsewhere a Relation,
+      which, if he have made no use at all of the
+       <!--  Page 166 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166"></a>[pg
+      166]</span> liberty of a Traveller, is very well worth our Notice, since
+      this, together with that we have formerly mention'd of Seminal
+      Impressions, shews a possibility, that a Race of <i>Negroes</i> might be
+      begun, though none of the Sons of <i>Adam</i>, for many Precedent
+      Generations were of that Complexion. For I see not why it should not be at
+      least as possible, that White Parents may sometimes have Black Children,
+      as that <i>African Negroes</i> should sometimes have lastingly White ones,
+      especially since concurrent causes may easily more befriend the
+      Productions of the Former kind, than under the scorching Heat of <i>Africa</i>
+      those of the Latter. And I remember on the occasion of what he delivers,
+      that of the White Raven formerly mention'd, the Possessor affirm'd to me,
+      that in the Nest out of which he was taken White, they found with him but
+      one other Young one, and that he was of as Jetty a Black as any common
+      Raven. But let us hear our Author himself<a name="NtA_13" id="NtA_13"></a><a
+      href="#Nt_13"><sup>13</sup></a>; <i>Here are</i> (sayes he, speaking of
+      the formerly mention'd Regions) <i>Born in this Countrey White Children,
+      which is very rare among them, for their Parents are</i> Negroes; <i>And
+      when any of them are Born, they are presented to the King, and are call'd</i>
+      Dondos; <i>these are as White as any
+       <!--  Page 167 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167"></a>[pg
+      167]</span> White Men. These are the Kings Witches, and are brought up in
+      Witchcraft, and alwayes wait on the King: There is no man that dare meddle
+      with these</i> Dondos, <i>if they go to the Market they may take what they
+      lift, for all Men stand in awe of them. The King of</i> Longo <i>hath four
+      of them</i>. And yet this Countrey in our Globes is plac'd almost in the
+      midst of the Torrid Zone (four or five Degrees Southward of the Line.) And
+      our Author elsewhere tells us of the Inhabitants, that they are so fond of
+      their Blackness, that they will not suffer any that is not of that Colour
+      (as the <i>Portugalls</i> that come to Trade thither) to be so much as
+      Buri'd in their Land, of which he annexes a particular example,<a
+      name="NtA_14" id="NtA_14"></a><a href="#Nt_14"><sup>14</sup></a> that may
+      be seen in his Voyage preserv'd by our Industrious Countreyman Mr. <i>Purchas</i>.
+      But it is high time for me to dismiss Observations, and go on with
+      Experiments.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The way, <i>Pyrophilus,</i> of producing Whiteness by Chymical
+      Præcipitations is very well worth our observing, for thereby Bodyes of
+      very Differing Colours as well as Natures, though dissolv'd in Several
+      Liquors,
+       <!--  Page 168 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168"></a>[pg
+      168]</span> are all brought into <i>Calces</i> or Powders that are White.
+      Thus we find that not only Crabs-eyes, that are of themselves White, and
+      Pearls that are almost so, but <i>Coral</i> and <i>Minium</i> that are
+      Red, being dissolv'd in Spirit of Vinegar, may be uniformly Præcipitated
+      by Oyl of <i>Tartar</i> into White Powders. Thus Silver and Tin separately
+      dissolv'd in <i>Aqua Fortis</i>, will the one Præcipitate it self, and the
+      other be Præcipitated by common Salt-water into a White <i>Calx</i>, and
+      so will Crude Lead and Quicksilver first dissolv'd likewise in <i>Aqua
+      Fortis</i>. The like <i>Calx</i> will be afforded as I have try'd by a
+      Solution of that shining Mineral Tinglass dissolv'd in <i>Aqua Fortis</i>,
+      and Præcipitated out of it; and divers of these <i>Calces</i> may be made
+      at least as Fair and White, if not better Colour'd, if instead of Oyl of
+      <i>Tartar</i> they were Præcipitated with Oyl of <i>Vitriol</i>, or with
+      another Liquor I could Name. Nay, that Black Mineral <i>Antimony</i> it
+      self, being reduc'd by and with the Salts that concurr to the Composition
+      of common Sublimate, into that Cleer though Unctuous Liquor that Chymists
+      commonly call Rectifi'd Butter of <i>Antimony</i>, will by the bare
+      affusion of store of Fair Water be struck down into that Snow-white
+      Powder, which when the adhering Saltness is well wash'd
+       <!--  Page 169 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169"></a>[pg
+      169]</span> off, Chymists are pleas'd to call <i>Mercurius Vitæ</i>,
+      though the like Powder may be made of <i>Antimony</i>, without the
+      addition of any <i>Mercury</i> at all. And this Lactescence if I may so
+      call it, does also commonly ensue when Spirit of Wine, being Impregnated
+      with those parts of Gums or other Vegetable Concretions, that are suppos'd
+      to abound with Sulphureous Corpuscles, fair Water is suddenly pour'd upon
+      the Tincture or Solution. And I remember that very lately I did, for Tryal
+      sake, on a Tincture of <i>Benjamin</i> drawn with Spirit of Wine, and
+      brought to be as Red as Blood, pour some fair Water, which presently
+      mingling with the Liquor, immediately turn'd the whole Mixture White. But
+      if such Seeming Milks be suffer'd to stand unstirr'd for a convenient
+      while, they are wont to let fall to the bottome a Resinous Substance,
+      which the Spirit of Wine Diluted and Weakned by the Water pour'd into it
+       <!--  Erratum: for into it -->, was unable to support any longer. And
+      something of Kin to this change of Colour in Vegetables is that, which
+      Chymists are wont to observe upon the pouring of Acid Spirits upon the Red
+      Solution of <i>Sulphur</i>, dissolv'd in an Infusion of Pot-ashes, or in
+      some other sharp <i>Lixivium</i>, the Præcipitated <i>Sulphur</i> before
+      it subsides, immediately turning the Red Liquor
+       <!--  Page 170 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170"></a>[pg
+      170]</span> into a White one. And other Examples might be added of this
+      way of producing Whiteness in Bodyes by Præcipitating them out of the
+      Liquors wherein they have been Dissolv'd; but I think it may be more
+      usefull to admonish you, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that this observation admits
+      of Restrictions, and is not so Universal, as by this time perhaps you have
+      begun to think it; For though most Præcipitated Bodyes are White, yet I
+      know some that are not; For Gold Dissolv'd in <i>Aqua Regis</i>, whether
+      you Præcipitate it with Oyl of <i>Tartar</i>, or with Spirit of <i>Sal
+      Armoniack</i>, will not afford a White but a Yellow <i>Calx</i>. <i>Mercury</i>
+      also though reduc'd into Sublimate, and Præcipitated with Liquors
+      abounding with Volatile Salts, as the Spirits drawn from Urine,
+      Harts-horn, and other Animal substances, yet will afford, as we Noted in
+      our first Experiment about Whiteness and Blackness, a White Præcipitate,
+      yet with
+       <!--  Erratum for: the Solution of Pot-ashes and other Lixiviate Salts
+        read: --> some Solutions hereafter to be mentioned, it will let fall an
+      Orange-Tawny Powder. And so will Crude <i>Antimony</i>, if, being
+      dissolv'd in a strong Lye, you pour (as farr as I remember) any Acid
+      Liquor upon the Solution newly Filtrated, whilst it is yet Warm. And if
+      upon the Filtrated Solution of <i>Vitriol</i>, you pour a Solution of
+       <!--  Page 171 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171"></a>[pg
+      171]</span> one of these fix'd Salts, there will subside a Copious
+      substance, very farr from having any Whiteness, which the Chymists are
+      pleas'd to call, how properly I have elsewhere examin'd, the <i>Sulphur of
+      Vitriol</i>. So that most
+       <!--  Erratum: insert --> part of Dissolv'd Bodyes being by Præcipitation
+      brought to White Powders, and yet some affording Præcipitates of other
+      Colours, the reason of both the Phænomena may deserve to be enquir'd into.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XIII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Some Learned Modern Writers<a name="NtA_15" id="NtA_15"></a><a
+      href="#Nt_15"><sup>15</sup></a> are of Opinion, that the Account upon
+      which Whiteness and Blackness ought to be call'd, as they commonly are,
+      the two Extreme Colours, is, That Blackness (by which I presume is meant
+      the Bodyes endow'd with it) receives no other Colours; but Whiteness very
+      easily receives them all; whence some of them compare Whiteness to the <i>Aristotelian
+      Materia prima</i>, that being capable of any sort of Forms, as they
+      suppose White Bodyes to be of every kind of Colour. But not to Dispute
+      about Names or Expressions, the thing it self that is affirm'd as Matter
+      of Fact, seems to be True enough in most Cases, not in all, or so,
+       <!--  Page 172 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172"></a>[pg
+      172]</span> as to hold Universally. For though it be a common observation
+      among Dyers, That Clothes, which have once been throughly imbu'd with
+      Black, cannot so well afterwards be Dy'd into Lighter Colours, the
+      præexistent Dark Colour infecting the Ingredients, that carry the Lighter
+      Colour to be introduc'd, and making it degenerate into Some more Sad one;
+      Yet the Experiments lately mention'd may shew us, that where the change of
+      Colour in Black Bodies is attempted, not by mingling Bodyes of Lighter
+      Colours with them, but by Addition of such things as are proper to alter
+      the Texture of those Corpuscles that contain the Black Colour, 'tis no
+      such difficult matter, as the lately mention'd Learned Men imagine, to
+      alter the Colour of Black Bodyes. For we saw that Inks of several Kinds
+      might in a trice be depriv'd of all their Blackness; and those made with
+      Logwood and Red-Roses might also be chang'd, the one into a Red, the other
+      into a Reddish Liquor; and with Oyl of <i>Vitriol</i> I have sometimes
+      turn'd Black pieces of Silk into a kind of Yellow, and though the Taffaty
+      were thereby made Rotten, yet the spoyling of that does no way prejudice
+      the Experiment, the change of Black Silk into Yellow, being never the less
+      True, because
+       <!--  Page 173 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173"></a>[pg
+      173]</span> the Yellow Silk is the less good. And as for Whiteness, I
+      think the general affirmation of its being so easily Destroy'd or
+      Transmuted by any other Colour, ought not to be receiv'd without some
+      Cautions and Restrictions. For whereas, according to what I formerly
+      Noted, Lead is by Calcination turned into that Red Powder we call <i>Minium</i>;
+      And Tin by Calcination reduc'd to a White <i>Calx</i>, the common Putty
+      that is sold and us'd so much in Shops, instead of being, as it is
+      pretended and ought to be, only the <i>Calx</i> of Tin, is, by the
+      Artificers that make it, to save the charge of Tin, made, (as some, of
+      themselves have confess'd, and as I long suspected by the Cheap rate it
+      may be bought for) but of half Tin and half Lead, if not far more Lead
+      than Tin, and yet the Putty in spight of so much Lead is a very White
+      Powder, without disclosing any mixture of <i>Minium</i>. And so if you
+      take two parts of Copper, which is a High-colour'd Metall, to but one of
+      Tin, you may by Fusion bring them into one Mass, wherein the Whiteness of
+      the Tin is much more Conspicuous and Predominant than the Reddishness of
+      the Copper. And on this occasion it may not be Impertinent to mention an
+      Experiment, which I relate upon the Credit of a very Honest man,
+       <!--  Page 174 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174"></a>[pg
+      174]</span> whom I purposely enquir'd of about it, being my self not very
+      fond of making Tryals with <i>Arsenick</i>, the Experiment is this, That
+      if you Colliquate <i>Arsenick</i> and Copper in a due proportion, the <i>Arsenick</i>
+      will Blanch the Copper both within and without, which is an Experiment
+      well enough Known; but when I enquir'd, whether or no this White mixture
+      being skilfully kept a while upon the Cupel would not let go its <i>Arsenick</i>,
+      which made Whiteness its prædominant Colour, and return to the Reddishness
+      of Copper, I was assur'd of the Affirmative; so that among Mineral Bodyes,
+      some of those that are White, may be far more capable, than those I am
+      reasoning with seem to have known, of Eclipsing others, and of making
+      their Colour Prædominant in Mixtures. In further Confirmation of which may
+      be added, that I remember that I also took a lump of Silver and Gold
+      melted together, wherein by the Æstimate of a very Experienced Refiner,
+      there might be about a fourth or third part of Gold, and yet the Yellow
+      Colour of the Gold was so hid by the White of the Silver, that the whole
+      Mass appear'd to be but Silver, and when it was rubb'd upon the
+      Touchstone, an ordinary beholder could scarce have distinguish'd it from
+      the Touch of common
+       <!--  Page 175 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175"></a>[pg
+      175]</span> Silver; though if I put a little <i>Aqua Fortis</i> upon any
+      part of the White Surface it had given the Touchstone, the Silver in the
+      moistned part being immediately taken up and conceal'd by the Liquor, the
+      Golden Particles would presently disclose that native Yellow, and look
+      rather as if Gold, than if the above mention'd mixture, had been rubb'd
+      upon the Stone.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XIV.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      I took a piece of Black-horn, (polish'd as being part of a Comb) this with
+      a piece of broken glass I scrap'd into many thin and curdled flakes, some
+      shorter and some longer, and having laid a pretty Quantity of these
+      scrapings together, I found, as I look'd for, that the heap they compos'd
+      was White, and though, if I laid it upon a clean piece of White Paper, its
+      Colour seem'd somewhat Eclips'd by the greater Whiteness of the Body it
+      was compar'd with, looking somewhat like Linnen that had been sulli'd by a
+      little wearing, yet if I laid it upon a very Black Body, as upon a Beaver
+      Hatt, it then appear'd to be of a good White, which Experiment, that you
+      may in a trice make when you please, seems very much to Disfavour both
+      their Doctrine
+       <!--  Page 176 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176"></a>[pg
+      176]</span> that would have Colours to flow from the Substantial Forms of
+      Bodyes, and that of the Chymists also, who ascribe them to one or other of
+      their three Hypostatical Principles; for though in our Case there was so
+      great a Change made, that the same Body without being substantially either
+      Increas'd or Lessened, passes immediately from one extreme Colour to
+      another (and that too from Black to White) yet this so great and sudden
+      change is effected by a slight Mechanical Transposition of parts, there
+      being no Salt or <i>Sulphur</i> or <i>Mercury</i> that can be pretended to
+      be Added or Taken away, nor yet any substantial Form that can reasonably
+      be suppos'd to be Generated and Destroy'd, the Effect proceeding only from
+      a Local Motion of the parts which so vary'd their Position as to multiply
+      their distinct Surfaces, and to Qualifie them to Reflect far more Light to
+      the Eye, than they could before they were scrap'd off from the entire
+      piece of Black horn.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XV.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      And now, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, it will not be improper for us to take some
+      notice of an Opinion touching the cause of Blackness, which I judged
+       <!--  Erratum: insert --> it not so seasonable to Question, till I
+       <!--  Page 177 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177"></a>[pg
+      177]</span> I had set down some of the Experiments, that might justifie my
+      dissent from it. You know that of late divers Learned Men, having adopted
+      the three Hypostatical Principles, besides other Notions of the Chymists,
+      are very inclinable to reduce all Qualities of Bodies to one or other of
+      those three Principles, and Particularly assign for the cause of Blackness
+      the Sootie steam of <i>adust</i> or <i>torrifi'd Sulphur</i>. But I hope
+      that what we have deliver'd above to countenance the Opinion we have
+      propos'd about the Cause of Blackness, will so easily supply you with
+      several Particulars that may be made use of against this Opinion, that I
+      shall now represent to You but two things concerning it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And First it seems that the favourers of the Chymicall Theories might have
+      pitcht upon some more proper term, to express the Efficient of Blackness
+      than <i>Sulphur adust</i>; for we know that <i>common Sulphur</i>, not
+      only when Melted, but even when Sublim'd, does not grow Black by suffering
+      the Action of the fire, but continues and ascends Yellow, and rather more
+      than less White, than it was before its being expos'd to the fire. And if
+      it be set on fire, as when we make that acid Liquor, that Chymists call <i>Oleum
+      Sulphuris per campanam</i>, it affords
+       <!--  Page 178 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178"></a>[pg
+      178]</span> very little Soot, and indeed the flame yeelds so little, that
+      it will scarce in any degree Black a sheet of White Paper, held a pretty
+      while over the flame and smoak of it, which is observed rather to Whiten
+      than Infect linnen, and which does plainly make Red Roses grow very Pale,
+      but not at all Black, as far as the Smoak is permitted to reach the
+      leaves. And I can shew you of a sort of fixt Sulphur made by an
+      Industrious Laborant of your acquaintance, who assur'd me that he was wont
+      to keep it for divers weeks together night and day in a naked and Violent
+      fire, almost like that of the Glass-house, and when, to satisfie my
+      Curiosity, I made him take out a lump of it, though it were glowing hot
+      (and yet not melted,) it did not, when I had suffered it to cool, appear
+      Black, the true Colour of it being a true Red. I know it may be said, that
+      <i>Chymists</i> in the Opinion above recited mean the <i>Principle of
+      Sulphur</i>, and not <i>common Sulphur</i> which receives its name, not
+      from its being <i>all</i> perfectly of a Sulphureous Nature, but for that
+      <i>plenty</i> and <i>Predominancy</i> of the Sulphureous Principle in it.
+      But allowing this, 'tis easie to reply, that still according to this very
+      Reason, torrifi'd Sulphur should afford more Blackness, than most other
+      concretes,
+       <!--  Page 179 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179"></a>[pg
+      179]</span> wherein that Principle is confess'd to be far less copious.
+      Also when I have expos'd Camphire to the fire in Close Vessels, as
+      Inflamable, and consequenly (according to the Chymists) as Sulphureous a
+      Body as it is, I could not by such a degree of Heat, as brought it to
+      Fusion, and made it Boyl in the glass, impress any thing of Blackness, or
+      of any other Colour, than its own pure White, upon this Vegetable
+      concrete. But what shall we say to Spirit of Wine, which being made by a
+      Chymical Analysis of the Liquor that affords it, and being totally
+      Inflamable, seems to have a full right to the title they give it of <i>Sulphur
+      Vegetabile</i>, &amp; yet this fluid Sulphur not only contracts not any
+      degree of Blackness by being often so heated, as to be made to Boyl, but
+      when it burns away with an Actual flame, I have not found that it would
+      discolour a piece of White Paper held over it, with any discernable soot.
+      Tin also, that wants not, according to the Chymists, a <i>Sulphur Joviale</i>,
+      when throughly burned by the fire into a <i>Calx</i>, is not Black, but
+      eminently White. And I lately noted to you out of <i>Bellonius</i>, that
+      the Charcoals of Oxy-cedar are not of the former of these two Colours, but
+      of the latter. And the Smoak of our Tinby coals here in <i>England</i>,
+      has been
+       <!--  Page 180 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180"></a>[pg
+      180]</span> usually observ'd, rather to Blanch linnen then to Black it. To
+      all which, other Particulars of the like nature might be added, but I
+      rather choose to put you in mind of the third Experiment, about making
+      Black Liquors, or Inks, of Bodies that were non of them Black before. For
+      how can it be said, that when those Liquors are put together actually
+      Cold, and continue so after their mixture, there intervenes any new <i>Adustion
+      of Sulphur</i> to produce the emergent Blackness? (and the same question
+      will be appliable to the Blackness produc'd upon the blade of a Knife,
+      that has cut Lemmons and some kind of Sowr apples, if the juyce (though
+      both Actually and Potentially Cold) be not quickly wip'd of) And when by
+      the instilling either of a few drops of Oyl of Vitriol as in the second
+      Experiment, or of a little of the Liquor mention'd in the Passage pointed
+      at in the fourth Experiment, (where I teach at once to Destroy one black
+      Ink, and make another) the Blackness produc'd by those Experiments is
+      presently destroy'd; if the Colour proceeded only from the Plenty of
+      Sulphurous parts, torrify'd in the Black Bodies, I demand, what becomes of
+      them, when the Colour so suddenly dissappears? For it cannot Reasonably be
+      said, that all those that
+       <!--  Page 181 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181"></a>[pg
+      181]</span> suffic'd to make so great a quantity of Black Matter, should
+      resort to so very small a proportion of the Clarifying Liquor, (if I may
+      so call it) as to be deluted by it, with out at all Denigrating it. And if
+      it be said that the Instill'd Liquor dispers'd those Black Corpuscles, I
+      demand, how that Dispersion comes to destroy their Blackness, but by
+      making such a Local Motion of their parts, as destroys their former
+      Texture? which may be a Matter of such moment in cases like ours, that I
+      remember that I have in few houres, without addition, from Soot it self,
+      attain'd pretty store of Crystalline Salt, and good store of Transparent
+      Liquor, and (which I have on another occasion noted as remarkable) this so
+      Black Substance had its Colour so alter'd, by the change of Texture it
+      receiv'd from the fire, wherewith it was distill'd, that it did for a
+      great while afford such plenty of very white Exhalations, that the
+      Receiver, though large, seem'd to be almost fill'd with Milk.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Secondly, But were it granted, as it is in some cases not Improbable, that
+      divers Bodies may receive a Blackness from a Sootie Exhalation, occasion'd
+      by the Adustion of their Sulphur, which (for the Reasons lately mention'd
+      I should rather call their Oyly parts;) yet still this account
+       <!--  Page 182 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182"></a>[pg
+      182]</span> is applicable but to some Particular Bodies, and will afford
+      us no General Theory of Blackness. For if, for example, White Harts-horn,
+      being, in Vessels well luted to each other, expos'd to the fire, be said
+      to turn Black by the Infection of its own Smoak, I think I may justly
+      demand, what it is that makes the Smoak or Soot it self Black, since no
+      Such Colour, but its contrary, appear'd before in the Harts-horn? And with
+      the same Reason, when we are told, that torrify'd Sulphur makes bodies
+      Black, I desire to be told also, why Torrefaction makes Sulphur it self
+      Black? nor will there be any Satisfactory Reason assign'd of these
+      Quæries, without taking in those Fertile as well as intelligible
+      Mechanical Principles of the Position and Texture of the Minute parts of
+      the body in reference to the Light and the Eye; and these applicable
+      Principles may Serve the turn in many cases, where the Adustion of Sulphur
+      cannot be pretended; as in the appearing Blackness of an Open window,
+      lookt upon at a somewhat remote distance from the house, as also in the
+      Blackness Men think they see in the Holes that happen to be in White
+      linnen, or Paper of the like Colour; and in the Increasing Blackness
+      immediatly Produc'd barely by so rubbing Velvet,
+       <!--  Page 183 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183"></a>[pg
+      183]</span> whose Piles were Inclin'd before, as to reduce them to a more
+      Erected posture, in which and in many other cases formerly alleg'd, there
+      appears nothing requisite to the Production of <i>the</i> Blackness, but
+      the hindering of the incident Beams of Light from rebounding plentifully
+      enough to the Eye. To be short, those I reason with, do concerning
+      Blackness, what the Chymists are wont also to do concerning other
+      Qualities, namely to content themselves to tell us, in what Ingredient of
+      a Mixt Body, the Quality enquir'd after, does reside, instead of
+      explicating the Nature of it, which (to borrow a comparison from their own
+      Laboratories) is much as if in an enquiry after the cause of Salivation,
+      they should think it enough to tell us, that the several Kinds of
+      Præcipitates of Gold and <i>Mercury</i>) as likewise of Quick-silver and
+      Silver (for I know that make and use of such Precipitates also) do
+      Salivate upon the account of the <i>Mercury</i>, which though Disguis'd
+      abounds in them, whereas the Difficulty is as much to know upon what
+      account <i>Mercury</i> it self, rather than other Bodies, has that power
+      of working by Salivation. Which I say not, as though it were not <i>something</i>
+      (and too often the most we can arrive at) to discover in which of the
+       <!--  Page 184 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184"></a>[pg
+      184]</span> Ingredients of a Compounded Body, the Quality, whose Nature is
+      sought, resides, but because, though this Discovery it self may pass for
+      <i>something</i>, and is oftentimes more than what is taught us about the
+      same subjects in the Schools, yet we ought not to think it <i>enough</i>,
+      when more Clear and Particular accounts are to be had.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 185 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185"></a>[pg 185]</span>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/224a.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:50%;">THE</span><br /> <span style="font-size:75%;">Experimental
+      History</span><br /> <span style="font-size:50%;">OF</span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:150%; letter-spacing:6px">COLOURS.</span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:75%;">Begun.</span>
+    </h2>
+    <hr />
+    <h2>
+      The Third PART.
+    </h2>
+    <hr />
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:50%;">Containing</span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:75%;">Promiscuous Experiments</span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:50%;">About</span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:100%; letter-spacing:6px">COLOURS.</span>
+    </h2>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      EXPERIMENT I.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <img width="80" height="80" src="images/224b.png"
+      alt="Illuminated B in Because" /> Ecause that, according to the Conjectures
+      I have above propos'd, one of the most General Causes of the Diversity of
+      Colours in Opacous Bodyes, is, that some reflect the Light mingl'd with
+      more, others with less of Shade (either
+       <!--  Page 186 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186"></a>[pg
+      186]</span> as to Quantity, or as to Interruption) I hold it not unfit to
+      mention in the first place, the Experiments that I thought upon to examine
+      this Conjecture. And though coming to transcribe them out of some
+      Physiological <i>Adversaria</i> I had written in loose Papers, I cannot
+      find one of the chief Records I had of my Tryals of this Nature, yet the
+      Papers that scap'd miscarrying, will, I presume, suffice to manifest the
+      main thing for which I now allege them; I find then Among my <i>Adversaria</i>,
+      the following Narrative.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>October</i> the 11. About ten in the Morning in Sun-shiny Weather, (but
+      not without fleeting Clouds) we took several sorts of Paper Stain'd, some
+      of one Colour, and some of another; and in a Darken'd Room whose Window
+      look'd Southward, we cast the Beams that came in at a hole about three
+      Inches and a half in Diameter, upon a White wall that was plac'd on one
+      side, about five foot distance from them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The White gave much the Brightest Reflection.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Green, Red, and Blew being Compar'd together, the Red gave much the
+      strongest Reflection, and manifestly enough also threw its <i>Colour</i>
+      upon the Wall; The Green and Blew were scarce Discernable
+       <!--  Page 187 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187"></a>[pg
+      187]</span> by their Colours, and seem'd to reflect an almost Equal Light.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Yellow Compar'd with the two last nam'd, Reflected somewhat more
+      Light.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Red and Purple being Compar'd together, the former manifestly
+      Reflected a good deal more Light.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Blew and Purple Compar'd together, the former seem'd to Reflect a
+      little more Light, though the Purple Colour were more manifestly seen.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A Sheet of very well fleck'd Marbl'd Paper being Apply'd as the others,
+      did not cast any or its Distinct Colours upon the Wall; nor throw its
+      Light upon it with an Equal Diffusion, but threw the Beams Unstain'd and
+      Bright to this and that part of the Wall, as if it's Polish had given it
+      the Nature of a specular Body. But comparing it with a sheet of White
+      Paper, we found the Reflection of the latter to be much Stronger, it
+      diffusing almost as much Light to a <i>good Extent</i> as the Marble Paper
+      did to <i>one part</i> of the Wall.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Green and Purple left us somewhat in suspence which Reflected the most
+      Light; only the Purple seem'd to have some little Advantage over the
+      Green, which was Dark in its kind.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thus much I find in our above mention'd
+       <!--  Page 188 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188"></a>[pg
+      188]</span> <i>Collections</i>, among which there are also some Notes
+      concerning the Production of <i>Compounded Colours</i>, <i>by Reflection</i>
+      from Bodyes differingly Colour'd. And these Notes we intended should
+      supply us with what we should mention as our second Experiment: but having
+      lost the Paper that contain'd the Particulars, and remembring onely in
+      General, that if the Objects which Reflected the Light were not Strongly
+      Colour'd and somewhat Glossy, the Reflected Beams would not manifestly
+      make a Compounded Colour upon the Wall, and even then but very Faintly, we
+      shall now say no more of that Matter, only reserving our selves to mention
+      hereafter the Composition of a Green, which we still retain in Memory.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT II.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      We may add, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, on this Occasion, that though a Darken'd
+      Room be Generally thought requisite to make the Colour of a Body appear by
+      Reflection from another Body, that is not one of those that are commonly
+      agreed upon to be Specular (as Polish'd Metall, Quick silver, Glass,
+      Water, &amp;c.) Yet I have often observ'd that when I wore Doublets Lin'd
+      with some silken
+       <!--  Page 189 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189"></a>[pg
+      189]</span> Stuff that was very Glossy and Vividly Colour'd, especially
+      Red, I could in an Inlightned Room plainly enough Discern the Colour, upon
+      the Pure White Linnen that came out at my Sleeve and reach'd to my Cufs;
+      as if that Fine White Body were more Specular, than Colour'd and
+      Unpolish'd Bodyes are thought Capable of being.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT III.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Whilst we were making the newly mention'd Experiments, we thought fit to
+      try also what Composition of Colours might be made by Altering the Light
+      in its Passage to the Eye by the Interposition not of Perfectly Diaphanous
+      Bodies, (that having been already try'd by others as well as by us (as we
+      shall soon have occasion to take notice) but of Semi-opacous Bodyes, and
+      those such as look'd upon in an ordinary Light, and not held betwixt it
+      and the Eye, are not wont to be Discriminated from the rest of Opacous
+      Bodyes; of this Tryal, our mention'd <i>Adversaria</i> present us the
+      following Account.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Holding these Sheets, sometimes one sometimes the other of them, before
+      the Hole betwixt the Sun and the Eye, with
+       <!--  Page 190 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190"></a>[pg
+      190]</span> the Colour'd sides obverted to the Sun; we found them <i>single</i>
+      to be somewhat Transparent, and appear of the same Colour as before, onely
+      a little alter'd by the great Light they were plac'd in; but laying <i>two</i>
+      of them one over another and applying them so to the Hole, the Colours
+      were compounded as follows.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Blew and Yellow scarce exhibited any thing but a Darker Yellow, which
+      we ascrib'd to the Coarseness of the Blew Papers, and its Darkness in its
+      Kind. For applying the Blew parts of the Marbl'd Paper with the Yellow
+      Paper after the same manner, they exhibited a good Green.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Yellow and Red look'd upon together gave us but a Dark Red, somewhat
+      (and but a little,) inclining to an Orange Colour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Purple and Red look'd on together appear'd more Scarlet.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Purple and Yellow made an Orange.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Green and Red made a Dark Orange Tawny.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Green and Purple made the Purple appear more Dirty.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Blew and Purple made the Purple more Lovely, and far more Deep.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Red parts of the Marbl'd Paper look'd upon with the Yellow appear'd of
+      a
+       <!--  Page 191 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191"></a>[pg
+      191]</span> Red far more like Scarlet than without it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But the Fineness or Coarseness of the Papers, their being carefully or
+      slightly Colour'd, and divers other Circumstances, may so vary the Events
+      of such Experiments as these, that if, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, you would Build
+      much on them, you must carefully Repeat them.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT IV.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The Triangular Prismatical Glass being the Instrument upon whose Effects
+      we may the most Commodiously speculate the Nature of Emphatical Colours,
+      (and perhaps that of Others too;) we thought it might be usefull to
+      observe the several Reflections and Refractions which the Incident Beams
+      of Light suffer in Rebounding from it, and Passing through it. And this we
+      thought might be Best done, not (as is usual,) in an ordinary Inlightn'd
+      Room, where (by reason of the Difficulty of doing otherwise) ev'n the
+      Curious have left Particulars Unheeded, which may in a convenient place be
+      easily taken notice of; but in a Darken'd Room, where by placing the Glass
+      in a convenient Posture, the Various Reflections and Refractions may be
+      Distinctly observ'd; and where it may appear <i>what</i> Beams are
+      Unting'd;
+       <!--  Page 192 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192"></a>[pg
+      192]</span> and <i>which</i> they are, that upon the Bodyes that terminate
+      them, do Paint either the Primary or Secondary Iris. In pursuance of this
+      we did in the above mention'd Darken'd Room, make observation of no less
+      than four Reflections, and three Refractions that were afforded us by the
+      same Prism, and thought that notwithstanding what was taught us by the
+      Rules of Catoptricks and Dioptricks, it would not be amiss to find also,
+      by hiding sometimes one part of the Prism, and sometimes another, and
+      observing where the Light or Colour Vanish'd thereupon, by which
+      Reflection and by which Refraction each of the several places whereon the
+      Light rebounding from, or passing through, the Prism appear'd either
+      Sincere or Tincted, was produc'd. But because it would be Tedious and not
+      so Intelligible to deliver this in Words, I have thought fit to Referr You
+      to the Annexed Scheme where the Newly mention'd particulars may be at one
+      View taken Notice of.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT V.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <table width="100%" cellpadding="5">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <a href="images/232.png"><img width="400" height="418"
+          src="images/232.png" alt="The Explication of the Scheme." /></a><br />
+          <h3>
+            The Explication of the Scheme.
+          </h3>
+        </td>
+        <td valign="top">
+          <p>
+            <i>PPP</i>. An Aequilaterotriangular Crystalline Prism, one of whose
+            edges <i>P</i>. is placed directly towards the Sun.
+          </p>
+          <p>
+            <i>A B</i> &amp; &alpha; &beta; Two rays from the Sun falling on the
+            Prism at <i>B</i> &beta;. and thence partly reflected towards <i>C</i>
+            &amp; &gamma;. and partly refracted towards <i>D</i> &amp; &delta;.
+          </p>
+          <p>
+            <i>B C</i> &amp; &beta; &gamma;. Those reflected Rays.
+          </p>
+          <p>
+            <i>B D</i> &amp; &beta; &delta;. Those refracted Rays which are
+            partly refracted towards <i>E</i> &amp; &epsilon;. and there paint
+            an Iris 1 2 3 4 5. denoting the five consecutions of colours Red,
+            Yellow, Green, Blew, and Purple; and are partly reflected towards <i>F</i>
+            &amp; &zeta;.
+          </p>
+          <p>
+            <i>D F</i> &amp; &delta; &zeta;. Those Reflected Rays which are
+            partly refracted towards <i>G</i> &amp; &eta;. colourless, and
+            partly reflected, towards <i>H</i> &amp; &theta;.
+          </p>
+          <p>
+            <i>F H</i> &amp; &zeta; &theta;. Those reflected Rays which are
+            refracted towards <i>I</i> &amp; &iota;. and there paint an other
+            fainter Iris, the colours of which are contrary to the former 5 4 3
+            2 1. signifying Purple, Blew, Green, Yellow, Red, so that the Prism
+            in this posture exhibits four Rainbows.
+          </p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <!--  Page 193 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193"></a>[pg 193]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I know not whether you will think it Inconsiderable to annex to this
+      Experiment, That we observ'd in a Room not Darken'd, that the Prismatical
+      Iris (if I may so call it) might be Reflected without losing any of its
+      several <i>Colours</i> (for we now consider not their <i>Order</i>) not
+      onely from a plain Looking-glass and from the calm Surface of Fair Water,
+      but also from a Concave Looking-glass; and that Refraction did as little
+      Destroy those Colours as Reflection. For by the help of a large (double
+      Convex) Burning-glass through which we Refracted the Suns Beams, we found
+      that one part of the Iris might be made to appear either beyond, or on
+      this side of the other Parts of the same Iris; but yet the same Vivid
+      Colours would appear in the Displac'd part (if I may so term it) as in the
+      other. To which I shall add, that having, by hiding the side of the Prism,
+      obverted to the Sun with an Opacous Body, wherein only one small hole was
+      left for the Light to pass through, reduc'd the Prismatical Iris (cast
+      upon White Paper) into a very narrow compass, and look'd upon it througn a
+      Microscope; the Colours appear'd the same as to kind that they did to the
+      naked Eye.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 194 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194"></a>[pg 194]</span>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT VI.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      It may afford matter of Speculation to the Inquisitive, such as you, <i>Prophilus</i>,
+      that as the Colours of outward Objects brought into a Darken'd Room, do so
+      much depend for their Visibility upon the Dimness of the Light they are
+      there beheld by; that the ordinary Light of the day being freely let in
+      upon them, they immediately disappear: so our Tryals have inform'd us,
+      that as to the Prismatical Iris painted on the Floor by the beams of the
+      Sun Trajected through a Triangular-glass; though the Colours of it appear
+      very Vivid ev'n at Noon-day, and in Sun shiny Weather, yet by a more
+      Powerfull Light they may be made to disappear. For having sometimes, (in
+      prosecution of some Conjectures of mine not now to be Insisted on,) taken
+      a large Metalline Concave <i>Speculum</i>, and with it cast the converging
+      Beams of the Sun upon a Prismatical Iris which I had caus'd to be
+      projected upon the Floor, I found that the over-powerfull Light made the
+      Colours of the Iris disappear. And if I so Reflected the Light as that it
+      cross'd but the middle of the Iris, in that part only the Colours vanish'd
+      or were made Invisible; those
+       <!--  Page 195 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195"></a>[pg
+      195]</span> parts of the Iris that were on the right and left hand of the
+      Reflected Light (which seem'd to divide them, and cut the Iris asunder)
+      continuing to exhibit the same Colours as before. But upon this we must
+      not now stay to Speculate.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT VII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      I have sometimes thought it worth while to take notice, whether or no the
+      Colours of Opacous Bodies might not appear to the Eye somewhat
+      Diversify'd, not only by the Disposition of the Superficial parts of the
+      Bodyes themselves and by the Position of the Eye in Reference to the
+      Object and the Light, (for these things are Notorious enough;) but
+      according also to the Nature of the Lucid Body that shines upon them. And
+      I remember that in Prosecution of this Curiosity, I observ'd a manifest
+      Difference in some Kinds of Colour'd Bodyes look'd on by Day-light, and
+      afterwards by the light of the Moon; either directly falling on them or
+      Reflected upon them from a Concave Looking-glass. But not finding at
+      present in my Collections about Colours any thing set down of this Kind, I
+      shall, till I have opportunity to repeat them, content my self to add what
+      I find Register'd concerning
+       <!--  Page 196 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196"></a>[pg
+      196]</span> Colours look'd on by Candle-light, in regard that not only the
+      Experiment is more easie to be repeated, but the Objects being the Same
+      Sorts of Colour'd Paper lastly mention'd, the Collation of the two
+      Experiments may help to make the Conjectures they will suggest somewhat
+      the less uncertain.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Within a few dayes of the time above mention'd, divers Sheets of Colour'd
+      Paper that had been look'd upon before in the Sunshine were look'd upon at
+      night by the light of a pretty big Candle, (snuff'd) and the Changes that
+      were observ'd were these.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Yellow seem'd much fainter than in the Day, and inclinable to a pale
+      Straw Colour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Red seem'd little Chang'd; but seem'd to Reflect Light more strongly
+      than any other Colour (for White was none of them.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A fair Deep Green look'd upon by it self seem'd to be a Dark Blew: But
+      being look'd upon together with a Dark Blew, appear'd Greenish; and beheld
+      together with a Yellow appear'd more Blew than at first.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Blew look'd more like a Deep Purple or Murray than it had done in the
+      Daylight.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 197 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197"></a>[pg 197]</span>
+      The Purple seem'd very little alter'd.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Red look'd upon with the Yellow made the Yellow look almost like Brown
+      Cap-paper.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>N</i>. The Caution Subjoyned to the third Experiments is also
+      Applicable to this.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT VIII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      But here I must not omit to subjoyn, that to satisfie our Selves, whether
+      or no the Light of a Candle were not made unsincere, and as it were Ting'd
+      with a Yellow Colour by the Admixtion of the Corpuscles it assumes from
+      its Fuel; we did not content our selves with what appears to the Naked
+      Eye, but taking a pretty thick Rod or Cylinder (for thin Peeces would not
+      serve the turn) of deep Blew Glass, and looking upon the Candles flame at
+      a Convenient distance througn it, we perceiv'd as we expected, the Flame
+      to look Green; which as we often note, is the Colour wont to emerge from
+      the Composition of Opacous Bodies, which were apart one of them Blew, and
+      the other Yellow. And this perchance may be the main Reason of that which
+      some observe, that a sheet of very White Paper being look'd upon by Candle
+      light, 'tis not easie at first to discern it from
+       <!--  Page 198 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198"></a>[pg
+      198]</span> a light Yellow or Lemon Colour; White Bodyes (as we have
+      elsewhere observ'd) having more than those that are otherwise Colour'd, of
+      a Specular Nature; in regard that though they exhibit not, (unless they be
+      Polish'd,) the shape of the Luminary that shines on them, yet they Reflect
+      its Light more Sincere and Untroubl'd, by either Shades or Refractions,
+      than Bodyes of other Colours (as Blew, or Green, or Yellow or the like.)
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT IX.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      We took a Leaf of Such Foliated Gold as Apothecaries are wont to Gild
+      their Pills with; and with the Edge of a Knife, (lightly moysten'd by
+      drawing it over the Surface of the Tongue, and afterwards) laid upon the
+      edge of the Gold Leaf; we so fasten'd it to the Knife, that being held
+      against the light, it conctinu'd extended like a little Flagg. This Leaf
+      being held very near the Eye, and obverted to the Light, appear'd so full
+      of Pores, that it seem'd to have such a kind of Transparency as that of a
+      Sive, or a piece of Cyprus, or a Love-Hood; but the Light that pass'd by
+      these Pores was in its Passages So Temper'd with Shadow, and Modify'd,
+      that the Eye discern'd
+       <!--  Page 199 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199"></a>[pg
+      199]</span> no more a Golden Colour, but a Greenish Blew. And for other's
+      satisfaction, we did in the Night look upon a Candle through such a Leaf
+      of Gold; and by trying the Effect of Several Proportions of Distance
+      betwixt the Leaf, the Eye and the Light, we quickly hit upon such a
+      Position for the Leaf of Gold, as that the flame, look'd on through it,
+      appear'd of a Greenish Blew, as we have seen in the Day time. The like
+      Experiment try'd with a Leaf of Silver succeeded not well.
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT X.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      We have sometimes found in the Shops of our Druggists, a certain Wood,
+      which is there called <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>, because the Inhabitants
+      of the Country where it grows, are wont to use the Infusion of it made in
+      fair Water against the Stone of the Kidneys, and indeed an Eminent
+      Physician of our Acquaintance, who has very Particularly enquir'd into
+      that Disease, assures me, that he has found such an Infusion one of the
+      most effectual Remedyes, which he has ever tried against that formidable
+      Disease. The ancientest Account I have met with of this Simple, is given
+      us by the Experienc'd <i>Monardes</i> in these Words.
+       <!--  Page 200 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200"></a>[pg
+      200]</span> <i>Nobis,</i> says he,<a name="NtA_16" id="NtA_16"></a><a
+      href="#Nt_16"><sup>16</sup></a> <i>Nova Hispania mittit quoddam ligni
+      genus crassum &amp; enode, cujus usus jam diu receptus fuit in his
+      Regionibus ad Renum vitia &amp; urinæ difficultates ac arenulas pellendas.
+      Fit autem hac ratione, Lignum assulatim &amp; minutim concisum in
+      limpidissima aqua fontana maceratur, inque ea relinquitur, donec aqua à
+      bibentibus absumpta sit, dimidia hora post injectum lignum aqua cæruleum
+      colorem contrabit, qui sensim intenditur pro temporis diuturnitate,
+      tametsi lignum candidum fit</i>. This Wood, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, may afford
+      us an Experiment, which besides the singularity of it, may give no small
+      assistance to an attentive Considerer towards the detection of the Nature
+      of Colours. The Experiment as we made it is this. Take <i>Lignum
+      Nephriticum</i>, and with a Knife cut it into thin Slices, put about a
+      handfull of these Slices into two three or four pound of the purest
+      Spring-water, let them infuse there a night, but if you be in hast, a much
+      shorter time may suffice; <i>decant</i> this Impregnated Water into a
+      clear Glass Vial, and if you hold it directly between the Light and your
+      Eye, you shall see it wholly Tincted (excepting the very top of the
+      Liquor, wherein you will some times discern a Sky-colour'd Circle) with
+       <!--  Page 201 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201"></a>[pg
+      201]</span> an almost Golden Colour, unless your Infusion have been made
+      too Strong of the Wood, for in that case it will against the Light appear
+      somewhat Dark and Reddish, and requires to be diluted by the addition of a
+      convenient quantity of fair Water. But if you hold this Vial from the
+      Light, so that your Eye be plac'd betwixt the Window and the Vial, the
+      Liquor will appear of a deep and lovely Cæruleous Colour, of which also
+      the drops, if any be lying on the outside of the Glass, will seem to be
+      very perfectly; And thus far we have try'd the Experiment, and found it to
+      Succeed even by the Light of Candles of the larger size. If you so hold
+      the Vial over against your Eyes, that it may have a Window on one side of
+      it, and a Dark part of the Room both before it and on the other side, you
+      shall see the Liquor partly of a Blewish and partly of a Golden Colour. If
+      turning your back to the Window, you powr out some of the Liquor towards
+      the Light and towards your Eyes, it will seem at the comming out of the
+      Glass to be perfectly Cæruleous, but when it is fallen down a little way,
+      the drops may seem Particolour'd, according as the Beams of Light do more
+      or less fully Penetrate and Illustrate them. If you take a Bason about
+       <!--  Page 202 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202"></a>[pg
+      202]</span> half full of Water, and having plac'd it so in the Sun-beams
+      Shining into a Room, that one part of the Water may be freely illustrated
+      by the Beams of Light, and the other part of it Darkned by the shadow of
+      the Brim of the Bason, if then I say you drop of our Tincture, made
+      somewhat strong, both into the Shaded and Illuminated parts of the Water,
+      you may by looking upon it from several places, and by a little Agitation
+      of the water, observe divers pleasing Phænomena which were tedious to
+      particularize. If you powr a little of this Tincture upon a sheet of White
+      Paper, so as the Liquor may remain of some depth upon it, you may perceive
+      the Neighbouring drops to be partly of one Colour, and partly of the
+      other, according to the position of your Eye in reference to the Light
+      when it looks upon them, but if you powr off all the Liquor, the Paper
+      will seem Dy'd of an almost Yellow Colour. And if a sheet of Paper with
+      some of this Liquor in it be plac'd in a window where the Sunbeams may
+      shine freely on it, then if you turn your back to the Sun and take a Pen
+      or some such slender Body, and hold it over-thwart betwixt the Sun and the
+      Liquor, you may perceive that the Shadow projected by the Pen upon the
+      Liquor, will not all of it be a vulgar
+       <!--  Page 203 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203"></a>[pg
+      203]</span> and Dark, but in part a curiously Colour'd shadow, that edge
+      of it, which is next the Body that makes it, being almost of a lively
+      Golden Colour, and the remoter verge of a Cæruleous one.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      These and other Phænomena, which I have observ'd in this delightfull
+      Experiment, divers of my friends have look'd upon not without some wonder,
+      and I remember an excellent Oculist finding by accident in a friends
+      Chamber a fine Vial full of this Liquor, which I had given that friend,
+      and having never heard any thing of the Experiment, nor having any Body
+      near him that could tell him what this strange Liquor might be, was a
+      great while apprehensive, as he presently after told me, that some strange
+      new distemper was invading his Eyes. And I confess that the unusualness of
+      the Phænomena made me very sollicitous to find out the Cause of this
+      Experiment, and though I am far from pretending to have found it, yet my
+      enquiries have, I suppose, enabled me to give such hints, as may lead your
+      greater sagacity to the discovery of the Cause of this wonder. And first
+      finding that this Tincture, if it were too copious in the water, Kept the
+      Colours from being so lively, and their Change from being so discernable,
+      and
+       <!--  Page 204 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204"></a>[pg
+      204]</span> finding also that the Impregnating Virtue of this Wood did by
+      its being frequently Infus'd in New Water by degrees Decay, I Conjectur'd
+      that the Tincture afforded by the Wood must proceed from some Subtiler
+      parts of it drawn forth by the Water, which swimming too and fro in it did
+      so Modifie the Light, as to exhibit such and such Colours; and because
+      these Subtile parts were so easily Soluble even in Cold water, I concluded
+      that they must abound with Salts, and perhaps contain much of the
+      Essential Salt, as the <i>Chymists</i> call it, of the Wood. And to try
+      whether these Subtile parts were Volatile enough to be Distill'd, without
+      the Dissolution of their Texture, I carefully Distill'd some of the
+      Tincted Liquor in very low Vessels, and the gentle heat of a Lamp Furnace;
+      but found all that came over to be as Limpid and Colourless as Rock-water,
+      and the Liquor remaining in the Vessel to be so deeply Cæruleous, that it
+      requir'd to be oppos'd to a very strong Light to appear of any other
+      Colour. I took likewise a Vial with Spirit of Wine, and a little Salt of
+      Harts-horn, and found that there was a certain proportion to be met with
+      betwixt the Liquor and the Salt, which made the Mixture fit to exhibit
+      some little Variety
+       <!--  Page 205 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205"></a>[pg
+      205]</span> of Colours not Observable in ordinary Liquors, as it was
+      variously directed in reference to the Light and the Eye, but this Change
+      of Colour was very far short from that which we had admir'd in our
+      Tincture. But however, I suspected that the Tinging Particles did abound
+      with such Salts, whose Texture, and the Colour springing from it, would
+      probably be alter'd by peircing Acid Salts, which would in likelihood
+      either make some Dissipation of their Parts, or Associate themselves to
+      the like Bodies, and either way alter the Colour exhibited by them;
+      whereupon Pouring into a small Vial full of Impregnated Water, a very
+      little Spirit of Vinegar, I found that according to my Expectation, the
+      Cæruleous Colour immediately vanish'd, but was deceiv'd in the Expectation
+      I had, that the Golden Colour would do so too; for, which way soever I
+      turned the Vial, either to or from the Light, I found the Liquor to appear
+      always of a Yellowish Colour and no other: Upon this I imagin'd that the
+      Acid Salts of the Vinegar having been able to deprive the Liquor of its
+      Cæruleous Colour, a Sulphureous Salt being of a contrary Nature, would be
+      able to Mortifie the Saline Particles of Vinegar, and Destroy their
+       <!--  Page 206 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206"></a>[pg
+      206]</span> Effects; And accordingly having plac'd my Self betwixt the
+      Window, and the Vial, and into the Same Liquor dropt a few drops of Oyl of
+      Tartar <i>per Deliquium</i>, (as <i>Chymists</i> call it) I observ'd with
+      pleasure, that immediately upon the Diffusion of this Liquor, the
+      Impregnated Water was restor'd to its former Cæruleous Colour; And this
+      Liquor of <i>Tartar</i> being very Ponderous, and falling at first to the
+      Bottom of the Vial, it was easie to observe that for a little while the
+      Lower part of the Liquor appear'd deeply Cæruleous; whilst all the Upper
+      part retain'd its former Yellowness, which it immediately lost as soon as
+      either Agitation or Time had made a competent Diffusion of the Liquor of
+      <i>Tartar</i> through the Body of the former Tincture; and this restored
+      Liquor did, as it was Look'd upon against or from the Light, exhibit the
+      Same <i>Phænomena</i> as the Tincted Water did, before either of the
+      Adventitious Liquors was pour'd into it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Having made, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, divers Tryals upon this Nephritick Wood,
+      we found mention made of it by the Industrious Jesuit <i>Kircherus</i>,
+      who having received a Cup Turned of it from the <i>Mexican</i> Procurator
+      of his Society, has probably receiv'd also from him the Information he
+      gives us concerning
+       <!--  Page 207 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207"></a>[pg
+      207]</span> that <i>Exotick</i> Plant, and therefore partly for that
+      Reason, and partly because what he Writes concerning it, does not
+      perfectly agree with what we have deliver'd, we shall not Scruple to
+      acquaint you in his own Words, with as much of what he writes concerning
+      our Wood, as is requisite to our present purpose. <i>Hoc loco</i> (says
+      he)<a name="NtA_17" id="NtA_17"></a><a href="#Nt_17"><sup>17</sup></a> <i>neutiquam
+      omittendum duximus quoddam ligni candidi Mexicani genus, quod Indigenæ
+      Coalle &amp; Tlapazatli vocant, quod etsi experientia hucusque non nisi
+      Cæruleo aquam colore tingere docuerit, nos tamen continua experientia
+      invenimus id aquam in omne Colorum genus transformare, quod merito cuipiam
+      Paradoxum videri posset; Ligni frutex grandis, ut aiunt, non rarò in molem
+      arboris excrescit, truncus illius eft crassus, enodis, instar piri
+      arboris, folia ciceris foliis, aut rutæ haud absimilia, flores exigui,
+      oblongi, lutei &amp; spicatim digesti; est frigida &amp; humida planta,
+      licet parum recedat à medio temperamento. Hujus itaque descriptæ arboris
+      lignum in poculum efformatum, aquam eidem infusam primo in aquam intense
+      Cæruleam, colore floris Buglossæ; tingit, &amp; quo diutius in eo
+      steterit, tanto intensiorem colorem acquirit. Hanc igitur aquam si Vitreæ
+      Sphæræ infuderis, lucique exposueris, ne ullum quidem Cærulei coloris
+       <!--  Page 208 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208"></a>[pg
+      208]</span> vestigium apparebit, sed instar aquæ puræ putæ fontanæ
+      limpidam claramque aspicientibus se præbebit. Porro si hanc phialam
+      vitream versus locum magis umbrosum direxeris, totus humor gratissimum
+      virorem referet; si adhuc umbrosioribus locis, subrubrum, &amp; sic pro
+      rerum objectarum conditione, mirum dictu, colorem mutabit; in tenebris
+      verò vel in vase opaco posita, Cæruleum colorem suum resumet.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In this passage we may take notice of the following Particulars. And
+      first, he calls it a White <i>Mexican</i> Wood, whereas (not to mention
+      that <i>Mornardes</i> informs us that it is brought out of <i>Nova
+      Hispania</i>) the Wood that we have met with in several places, and
+      employ'd as <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>, was not White, but for the most
+      part of a much Darker Colour, not unlike that of the Sadder Colour'd Wood
+      of Juniper. 'Tis true, that <i>Monardes</i> himself also says, that the
+      Wood is White; and it is affirm'd, that the Wood which is of a Sadder
+      Colour is Adulterated by being Imbu'd with the Tincture of a Vegetable, in
+      whose Decoction it is steep'd. But having purposely enquir'd of the
+      Eminentest of our <i>English</i> Druggists, he peremptorily deny'd it. And
+      indeed, having consider'd some of the fairest Round pieces of this
+       <!--  Page 209 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209"></a>[pg
+      209]</span> Wood that I could meet with in these Parts, I had Opportunity
+      to take notice that in one or two of them it was the External part of the
+      Wood that was White, and the more Inward part that was of the other
+      Colour, the contrary of which would probably have appear'd, if the Wood
+      had been Adulterated after the afore-mention'd manner. And I have at
+      present by me a piece of such Wood, which for about an Inch next the Bark
+      is White, and then as it were abruptly passes to the above-mention'd
+      Colour, and yet this Wood by the Tincture, it afforded us in Water,
+      appears to have its Colour'd part Genuine enough; for as for the White
+      part, it appears upon tryal of both at once, much less enrich'd with the
+      tingent Property.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Next, whereas our Author tells us, that the Infusion of this Wood expos'd
+      in a Vial to the Light, looks like Spring-water, in which he afterwards
+      adds, that there is no Tincture to be seen in it, our Observation and his
+      agree not, for the Liquor, which opposed to the Darker part of a Room
+      exhibits a Sky-colour, did constantly, when held against the Light, appear
+      Yellowish or Reddish, according as its Tincture was more Dilute or Deep;
+      and
+       <!--  Page 210 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210"></a>[pg
+      210]</span> then, whereas it has been already said, that the Cæruleous
+      Colour was by Acid Salts abolished, this Yellowish one surviv'd without
+      any considerable Alteration, so that unless our Author's Words be taken in
+      a very Limited Sense, we must conclude, that either his Memory
+      mis-inform'd him, or that his White <i>Nephritick</i> Wood, and the Sadder
+      Colour'd one which we employ'd, were not altogether of the same Nature:
+      What he mentions of the Cup made of <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>, we have not
+      had Opportunity to try, not having been able to procure pieces of that
+      Wood great enough, and otherwise fit to be turned into Cups; but as for
+      what he says in the Title of his Experiment, that this Wood tinges the
+      Water with all Sorts of Colours, that is much more than any of those
+      pieces of Nephritick Wood that we have hitherto employ'd, was able to make
+      good; The change of Colours discernable in a Vial full of Water,
+      Impregnated by any of them, as it is directed towards a place more
+      Lightsome or Obscure, being far from affording a Variety answerable to so
+      promising a Title. And as for what he tells us, that in the Dark the
+      Infusion of our Wood will resume a Cæruleous Colour, I wish he had
+      Inform'd us how he Try'd it.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 211 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211"></a>[pg 211]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But this brings into my mind, that having sometimes for Curiosity sake,
+      brought a round Vial with a long Neck fill'd with the Tincture of <i>Lignum
+      Nephriticum</i> into the Darken'd Room already often mention'd, and
+      holding it sometimes in, sometimes near the Sun-beams that enter'd at the
+      hole, and sometimes partly in them, and partly out of them, the Glass
+      being held in several postures, and look'd upon from several Neighbouring
+      parts of the Room, disclos'd a much greater Variety of Colours than in
+      ordinary inlightn'd Rooms it is wont to do; exhibiting, besides the usual
+      Colours, a Red in some parts, and a Green in others, besides Intermediate
+      Colours produc'd by the differing Degrees, and odd mixtures of Light and
+      Shade.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      By all this You may see, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, the reasonableness of what we
+      elsewhere had occasion to mention, when we have divers times told you,
+      that it is usefull to have New Experiments try'd over again, though they
+      were, at first, made by Knowing and Candid Men, such Reiterations of
+      Experiments commonly exhibiting some New Phænomena, detecting some Mistake
+      or hinting some Truth, in reference to them, that was not formerly taken
+      notice of. And some of our friends have been pleas'd to
+       <!--  Page 212 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212"></a>[pg
+      212]</span> think, that we have made no unusefull addition to this
+      Experiment, by shewing a way, how in a moment our Liquor may be depriv'd
+      of its Blewness, and restor'd to it again by the affusion of a very few
+      drops of Liquors, which have neither of them any Colour at all of their
+      own. And that which deserves some particular wonder, is, that the
+      Cæruleous Tincture of our Wood is subject by the former Method to be
+      Destroy'd or Restor'd, the Yellowish or Reddish Tincture continuing what
+      it was. And that you may see, that Salts are of a considerable use in the
+      striking of Colours, let me add to the many Experiments which may be
+      afforded us to this purpose by the Dyers Trade, this Observation; That as
+      far as we have hitherto try'd, those Liquors in general that are strong of
+      Acid Salts have the Power of Destroying the Blewness of the Infusion of
+      our Wood, and those Liquors indiscriminatly that abound with Sulphureous
+      Salts, (under which I comprehend the Urinous and Volatile Salts of Animal
+      Substances, and the Alcalisate or fixed Salts that are made by
+      Incineration) have the vertue of Restoring it.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 213 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213"></a>[pg 213]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>A Corollary of the Tenth Experiment.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That this Experiment, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, may be as well Usefull as
+      Delightfull to You, I must mind You, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that in the newly
+      mention'd Observation, I have hinted to You a New and Easie way of
+      Discovering in many Liquors (for I dare not say in all) whether it be an
+      Acid or Sulphureous Salt, that is Predominant; and that such a Discovery
+      is oftentimes of great Difficulty, and may frequently be of great Use, he
+      that is not a Stranger to the various Properties and Effects of Salts, and
+      of how great moment it is to be able to distinguish their Tribes, may
+      readily conceive. But to proceed to the way of trying other Liquors by an
+      Infusion of our Wood, take it briefly thus. Suppose I have a mind to try
+      whether I conjecture aright, when I imagine that Allom, though it be
+      plainly a Mixt Body, does abound rather with Acid than Sulphureous Salt.
+      To satisfie my self herein, I turn my back to the Light, and holding a
+      small Vial full of the Tincture of <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>, which look'd
+      upon in that Position, appears Cæruleous, I drop into it a little of a
+      strong Solution of Allom made in Fair Water, and finding upon the
+       <!--  Page 214 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214"></a>[pg
+      214]</span> Affusion and shaking of this New liquor, that the Blewness
+      formerly conspicuous in our Tincture does presently vanish, I am thereby
+      incited to suppose, that the Salt Prædominant in Allom belongs to the
+      Family of Sour Salts; but if on the other side I have a mind to examine
+      whether or no I rightly conceive that Salt of Urine, or of Harts-horn is
+      rather of a Saline Sulphureous (if I may so speak) than of an Acid Nature,
+      I drop a little of the Saline Spirit of either into the Nephritick
+      Tincture, and finding that the Cæruleous Colour is rather thereby Deepned
+      than Destroy'd, I collect that the Salts, which constitute these Spirits,
+      are rather Sulphureous than Acid. And to satisfie my self yet farther in
+      this particular, I take a small Vial of fresh Tincture, and placing both
+      it and my self in reference to the Light as formerly, I drop into the
+      Infusion just as much Distill'd Vinegar, or other Acid liquor as will
+      serve to Deprive it of its Blewness (which a few drops, if the Sour Liquor
+      be strong, and the Vial small will suffice to do) then without changing my
+      Posture, I drop and shake into the same Vial a small proportion of Spirit
+      of Hartshorn or Urine, and finding that upon this affusion, the Tincture
+      immediately recovers its Cæruleous Colour, I am thereby confirm'd
+       <!--  Page 215 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215"></a>[pg
+      215]</span> firm'd in my former Opinion, of the Sulphureous Nature of
+      these Salts. And so, whereas it is much doubted by Some Modern Chymists to
+      what sort of Salt, that which is Prædominant in Quick-lime belongs, we
+      have been perswaded to referr it rather to Lixiviate than Acid Salts, by
+      having observ'd, that though an Evaporated Infusion of it will scarce
+      yield such a Salt, as Ashes and other Alcalizate Bodyes are wont to do,
+      yet if we deprive our Nephritick Tincture of its Blewness by just so much
+      Distill'd Vinegar as is requisite to make that Colour Vanish, the <i>Lixivium</i>
+      of Quick-lime will immediately upon its Affusion recall the Banished
+      Colour; but not so Powerfully as either of the Sulphureous Liquors
+      formerly mention'd. And therefore I allow my self to guess at the <i>Strength</i>
+      of the Liquors examin'd by this Experiment, by the <i>Quantity</i> of them
+      which is sufficient to Destroy or Restore the Cæruleous Colour of our
+      Tincture. But whether concerning Liquors, wherein neither Acid nor
+      Alcalisate Salts are Eminently Prædominant, our Tincture will enable us to
+      conjecture any thing more than that such Salts are not Prædominant in
+      them, I take not upon me to determine here, but leave to further Tryal;
+      For I find not that Spirit of
+       <!--  Page 216 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216"></a>[pg
+      216]</span> Wine, Spirit of Tartar freed from Acidity, or Chymical Oyl of
+      Turpentine, (although Liquors which must be conceiv'd very Saline, if
+      Chymists have, which is here no place to Dispute, rightly ascrib'd tasts
+      to the Saline Principle of Bodyes,) have any Remarkable Power either to
+      deprive our Tincture of its Cæruleous Colour, or restore it, when upon the
+      Affusion of Spirit of Vinegar it has disappear'd.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XI.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      And here I must not omit, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, to inform You, that we can
+      shew You even in a Mineral Body something that may seem very near of Kin
+      to the Changeable Quality of the Tincture of <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>,
+      for we have several flat pieces of Glass, of the thickness of ordinary
+      Panes for Windows one of which being interposed betwixt the Eye and a
+      clear Light, appears of a Golden Colour, not much unlike that of the
+      moderate Tincture of our Wood, but being so look'd upon as that the Beams
+      of light are not so much Trajected thorough it as Reflected from it to the
+      Eye, that Yellow seems to degenerate into a pale Blew, somewhat like that
+      of a Turquoise. And what which may also appear strange, is this,
+       <!--  Page 217 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217"></a>[pg
+      217]</span> that if in a certain posture you hold one of these Plates
+      Perpendicular to the Horizon, so that the Sun-beams shine upon half of it,
+      the other half being Shaded, You may see that the part Shin'd upon will be
+      of a much Diluter Yellow than the Shaded part which will appear much more
+      Richly Colour'd; and if You alter the Posture of the Glass, so that it be
+      not held Perpendicular, but Parallel in reference to the Horizon, You may
+      see, (which perhaps you will admire) the Shaded part look of a Golden
+      Colour, but the other that the Sun shines freely on, will appear
+      considerably Blew, and as you remove any part of the Glass thus held
+      Horizontally into the Sun-beams or Shade, it will in the twinkling of an
+      Eye seem to pass from one of the above mention'd Colours to the other, the
+      Sun-beams Trajected through it upon a sheet of White Paper held near it,
+      do colour it with a Yellow, somewhat bordering upon a Red, but yet the
+      Glass may be so oppos'd to the Sun, that it may upon Paper project a mix'd
+      Colour here and there more inclin'd to Yellow, and here and there more to
+      Blew. The other Phænomena of this odd Glass, I fear it would be scarce
+      worth while to Record, and therefore I shall rather advertise You, <i>First</i>
+      that in the trying of these Experiments
+       <!--  Page 218 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218"></a>[pg
+      218]</span> with it, you must take notice that one of the sides has either
+      alone, or at least principally its Superficial parts dispos'd to the
+      Reflection of the Blew Colour above nam'd, and that therefore you must
+      have a care to keep that side nearest to the Eye. And next, that we have
+      our selves made Glasses not unfit to exhibit an Experiment not unlike that
+      I have been speaking of, by laying upon pieces of Glass some very finely
+      foliated Silver, and giving it by degrees a much stronger Fire than is
+      requisite or usual for the Tinging of Glasses of other Colours. And this
+      Experiment, not to mention that it was made without a Furnace in which
+      Artificers that Paint Glass are wont to be very Curious, is the more
+      considerable, because, that though a Skilfull Painter could not deny to me
+      that 'twas with Silver he Colour'd his Glasses Yellow; yet he told me,
+      that when to Burn them (as they speak) he layes on the plates of Glass
+      nothing but a <i>Calx</i> of Silver Calcin'd without Corrosive Liquors,
+      and Temper'd with Fair Water, the Plates are Ting'd of a fine Yellow that
+      looks of a Golden Colour, which part soever of it you turn to or from the
+      Light; whereas (whether it be what an Artificer would call Over-doing, or
+      Burning, or else the imploying the Silver
+       <!--  Page 219 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219"></a>[pg
+      219]</span> Crude that makes the Difference,) we have found more than
+      once, that some Pieces of Glass prepar'd as we have related, though held
+      against the Light they appear'd of a Transparent Yellow, yet look'd on
+      with ones back turn'd to the Light they exhibited an Untransparent Blew.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      If you will allow me, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, for the avoiding of Ambiguity, to
+      imploy the Word Pigments, to signifie such prepared materials (as
+      Cochinele, Vermilion, Orpiment,) as Painters, Dyers and other Artificers
+      make use of to impart or imitate particular Colours, I shall be the better
+      understood in divers passages of the following papers, and particularly
+      when I tell you, That the mixing of Pigments being no inconsiderable part
+      of the Painters Art, it may seem an Incroachment in me to meddle with it.
+      But I think I may easily be excus'd (though I do not altogether pass it
+      by) if I restrain my self to the making of a Transient mention of some few
+      of their Practices about this matter; and that only so far forth, as may
+      warrant me to observe to you, that there are but few Simple and Primary
+      Colours (if I may so call them)
+       <!--  Page 220 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220"></a>[pg
+      220]</span> from whose Various Compositions all the rest do as it were
+      Result. For though Painters can imitate the Hues (though not always the
+      Splendor) of those almost Numberless differing Colours that are to be met
+      with in the Works of Nature, and of Art, I have not yet found, that to
+      exhibit this strange Variety they need imploy any more than <i>White</i>,
+      and <i>Black</i>, and <i>Red</i>, and <i>Blew</i>, and <i>Yellow</i>;
+      these <i>five</i>, Variously <i>Compounded</i>, and (if I may so speak) <i>Decompounded</i>,
+      being sufficient to exhibit a Variety and Number of Colours, such, as
+      those that are altogether Strangers to the Painters Pallets, can hardly
+      imagine.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thus (for Instance) Black and White differingly mix'd, make a Vast company
+      of Lighter and Darker Grays.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Blew and Yellow make a huge Variety of Greens.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Red and Yellow make Orange Tawny.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Red with a little White makes a Carnation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Red with an Eye of Blew, makes a Purple; and by these simple Compositions
+      again Compounded among themselves, the Skilfull Painter can produce what
+      kind of Colour he pleases, and a great many more than we have yet Names
+      for. But, as I intimated above, 'tis not my Design
+       <!--  Page 221 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221"></a>[pg
+      221]</span> to prosecute this Subject, though I thought it not unfit to
+      take some Notice of it, because we may hereafter have occasion to make use
+      of what has been now deliver'd, to illustrate the Generation of
+      Intermediate Colours; concerning which we must yet subjoyn this Caution,
+      that to make the Rules about the Emergency of Colours, fit to be Relied
+      upon, the Corpuscles whereof the Pigments consist must be such as do not
+      Destroy one anothers Texture, for in case they do, the produced Colour may
+      be very Different from that which would Result from the Mixture of other
+      harmless Pigments of the same Colours, as I shall have Occasion to shew
+      ere long.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XIII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      It may also give much light to an Enquirer into the Nature of Colours, to
+      know that not only in Green, but in many (if not all) other Colours, the
+      Light of the Sun passing through Diaphanous Bodies of differing Hues may
+      be tinged of the same Compound Colour, as if it came from some Painters
+      Colours of the same Denomination, though this later be exhibited by
+      Reflection, and be (as the
+       <!--  Page 222 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222"></a>[pg
+      222]</span> former Experiment declares) manifestly Compounded of material
+      Pigments. Wherefore to try the Composition of Colours by Trajection, we
+      provided several Plates of Tinged Glass, which being laid two at a time
+      one on the top of another, the Object look'd upon through them both,
+      appear'd of a Compounded Colour, which agrees well with what we have
+      observ'd in the second Experiment, of Looking against the Light through
+      differingly Colour'd Papers. But we thought the Experiment would be more
+      Satisfactory, if we procur'd the Sun-beams to be so Ting'd in their
+      passage through Plates of Glass, as to exhibit the Compounded Colour upon
+      a Sheet of White Paper. And though by reason of the Thickness of the
+      Glasses, the Effect was but Faint, even when the Sun was High and Shin'd
+      forth clear, yet, we easily remedied that by Contracting the Beams we cast
+      on them by means of a Convex Burning-glass, which where it made the Beams
+      much converge Increas'd the Light enough to make the Compounded Colour
+      very manifest upon the Paper. By this means we observ'd, that the Beams
+      trajected through Blew and Yellow compos'd a Green, that an intense and
+      moderate Red did with Yellow make differing
+       <!--  Page 223 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223"></a>[pg
+      223]</span> degrees of Saffron, and Orange Tawny Colours, that Green and
+      Blew made a Colour partaking of both, such as that which some Latin
+      Writers call <i>Pavonaceus</i>, that Red and Blew made a Purple, to which
+      we might add other Colours, that we produc'd by the Combinations of
+      Glasses differingly Ting'd, but that I want proper Words to express them
+      in our Language, and had not when we made the Tryals, the Opportunity of
+      consulting with a Painter, who perchance might have Suppli'd me with some
+      of the terms I wanted.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I know not whether it will be requisite to subjoyn on this Occasion, what
+      I tried concerning Reflections from Colour'd Glasses, and other
+      Transparent Bodies, namely, that having expos'd four or five sorts of them
+      to the Sun, and cast the Reflected Beams upon White Paper held near at
+      hand, the Light appear'd not manifestly Ting'd, but as if it had been
+      Reflected from the Impervious parts of a Colourless Glass, only that
+      Reflected from the Yellow was here and there stain'd with the same Colour,
+      as if those Beams were not all Reflected from the Superficial, but some
+      from the Internal parts of the Glass; upon which Occasion you may take
+      notice, that a Skilfull Tradesman, who makes such Colour'd
+       <!--  Page 224 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224"></a>[pg
+      224]</span> Glass told me, that where as the Red Pigment was but
+      Superficial, the Yellow penetrated to the very midst of the Plate. But for
+      further Satisfaction, not having the Opportunity to Foliate those Plates,
+      and so turn them into Looking-glasses, we Foliated a Plate of <i>Muscovy</i>
+      Glass, and then laying on it a little Transparent Varnish of a Gold
+      Colour, we expos'd it to the Sun-beams, so as to cast them upon a Body fit
+      to receive them, on which the Reflected Light, appearing, as we expected,
+      Yellow, manifested that Rebounding from the Specular part of the <i>Selenitis</i>,
+      it was Ting'd in its return with the Colour of the Transparent Varnish
+      through which it pass'd.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XIV.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      After what we have said of the Composition of Colours, it will now be
+      seasonable to annex some Experiments that we made in favour of those
+      Colours, that are taught in the Schools not to be Real, but only Apparent
+      and Phantastical; For we found by Tryals, that these Colours might be
+      Compounded, both with True and Stable Colours, and with one another, as
+      well as unquestionably Genuine and Lasting Colours, and that the Colours
+       <!--  Page 225 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225"></a>[pg
+      225]</span> resulting from such Compositions, would respectively deserve
+      the same Denominations.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For first, having by the Trajection of the Sun-beams through a Glass-prism
+      thrown an Iris on the Floor, I found that by placing a Blew Glass at a
+      convenient distance betwixt the Prism and the Iris, that part of the Iris
+      that was before Yellow, might be made to appear Green, though not of a
+      Grass Green, but of one more Dilute and Yellowish. And it seems not
+      improbable, that the narrow Greenish List (if I may so call it) that is
+      wont to be seen between the Yellow and Blew parts of the Iris, is made by
+      the Confusion of those two Bordering Colours.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Next, I found, that though the want of a sufficient Liveliness in either
+      of the Compounding Colours, or a light Error in the manner of making the
+      following Tryals, was enough to render some of them Unsuccessfull, yet
+      when all necessary Circumstances were duely observ'd, the Event was
+      answerable to our Expectation and Desire.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And (as I formerly Noted) that Red and Blew compound a Purple, so I could
+      produce this last nam'd Colour, by casting at some Distance from the Glass
+      the Blew
+       <!--  Page 226 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226"></a>[pg
+      226]</span> part of the Prismatical Iris (as I think it may be call'd for
+      Distinction sake) upon a Lively Red, (for else the Experiment succeeds not
+      so well.) And I remember, that sometimes when I try'd this upon a piece of
+      Red Cloath, <i>that</i> part of the Iris which would have been Blew, (as I
+      try'd by covering that part of the Cloath with a piece of White Paper) and
+      Compounded with the Red, wherewith the Cloath was Imbued before, appear'd
+      of a fair Purple, did, when I came to View it near at hand, look very
+      Odly, as if there were some strange Reflection or Refraction or both made
+      in the Hairs of which that Cloath was composed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Calling likewise the Prismatical Iris upon a very Vivid Blew, I found that
+      part of it, which would else have been the Yellow, appear Green. (Another
+      somewhat differing Tryal, and yet fit to confirm this, you will find in
+      the fifteenth Experiment.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But it may seem somewhat more strange, that though the Prismatical Iris
+      being made by the Refraction of Light through a Body that has no Colour at
+      all, must according to the Doctrine of the Schools consist of as purely
+      Emphatical Colours, as may be, yet even these may be Compounded with one
+      another, as well as Real Colours in
+       <!--  Page 227 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227"></a>[pg
+      227]</span> the Grossest Pigments. For I took at once two Triangular
+      Glasses, and one of them being kept fixt in the same Posture, that the
+      Iris it projected on the Floor might not Waver, I cast on the same Floor
+      another Iris with the other Prism, and Moving it too and fro to bring what
+      part of the second Iris I pleas'd, to fall upon what part of the first I
+      thought fit, we did sometimes (for a small Errour suffices to hinder the
+      Success) obtain by this means a Green Colour in that part of the more
+      Stable Iris, that before was Yellow, or Blew, and frequently by casting
+      those Beams that in one of the Iris's made the Blew upon the Red parts of
+      the other Iris, we were able to produce a lovely Purple, which we can
+      Destroy or Recompose at pleasure, by Severing and Reapproaching the Edges
+      of the two Iris's.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XV.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      On this occasion, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, I shall add, that finding the
+      Glass-prism to be the usefullest Instrument Men have yet imploy'd about
+      the Contemplation of Colours, and considering that Prisms hitherto in use
+      are made of Glass, Transparent and Colourless, I thought it would not be
+      amiss to try,
+       <!--  Page 228 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228"></a>[pg
+      228]</span> what change the Superinduction of a Colour, without the
+      Destruction of the Diaphaneity, would produce in the Colours exhibited by
+      the Prism. But being unable to procure one to be made of Colour'd Glass,
+      and fearing also that if it were not carefully made, the Thickness of it
+      would render it too Opacous, I endeavoured to substitute one made of
+      Clarify'd Rosin, or of Turpentine brought (as I elsewhere teach) to the
+      consistence of a Transparent Gum. But though these Endeavours were not
+      wholly lost, yet we found it so difficult to give these Materials their
+      true Shape, that we chose rather to Varnish over an ordinary Prism with
+      some of these few Pigments that are to be had Transparent; as accordingly
+      we did first with Yellow, and then with Red, or rather Crimson, made with
+      Lake temper'd with a convenient Oyl, and the Event was, That for want of
+      good Transparent Colours, (of which you know there are but very few) both
+      the Yellow and the Red made the Glass so Opacous, (though the Pigment were
+      laid on but upon two Sides of the Glass, no more being absolutely
+      necessary) that unless I look'd upon an Inlightned Window, or the Flame of
+      a Candle, or some other Luminous or very Vivid object,
+       <!--  Page 229 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229"></a>[pg
+      229]</span> I could scarce discern any Colours at all, especially when the
+      Glass was cover'd with Red. But when I did look on such Objects, it
+      appear'd (as I expected) that the Colour of the Pigment had Vitiated or
+      Drown'd some of those which the Prism would according to its wont have
+      exhibited, and mingling with others, Alter'd them: as I remember, that
+      both to my Eyes, and others to whom I show'd it, when the Prism was
+      cover'd with Yellow, it made those Parts of bright Objects, where the Blew
+      would else have been Conspicuous, appear of a light Green. But, <i>Pyrophilus</i>,
+      both the Nature of the Colours, and the Degree of Transparency, or of
+      Darkness in the Pigment, besides divers other Circumstances, did so vary
+      the <i>Phænomena</i> of these Tryals, that till I can procure small
+      Colour'd Prisms, or Hollow ones that may be filled with Tincted Liquor, or
+      obtain Some better Pigments than those I was reduc'd to imploy, I shall
+      forbear to Build any thing upon what has been delivered, and shall make no
+      other use of it, than to invite you to prosecute the Inquiry further.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 230 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230"></a>[pg 230]</span>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XVI.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      And here, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, since we are treating of Emphatical Colours,
+      we shall add what we think not unworthy your Observation, and not unfit to
+      afford some Exercise to the Speculative. For there are some Liquors, which
+      though Colourless themselves, when they come to be Elevated, and Dispers'd
+      into Exhalations, exhibit a conspicuous Colour, which they lose again,
+      when they come to be Reconjoyn'd into a Liquor, as good Spirit of <i>Nitre</i>;
+      or upon its account strong <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, though devoid of all
+      appearance of Redness whilst they continue in the form of a Liquor, if a
+      little Heat chance to turn the Minute parts of them into Vapour, the Steam
+      will appear of a Reddish or deep Yellow Colour, which will Vanish when
+      those Exhalations come to resume the form of Liquor.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And not only if you look upon a Glass half full of <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, or
+      Spirit of <i>Nitre</i>, and half full of <i>Nitrous</i> steams proceeding
+      from it, you will see the Upper part of the Glass of the Colour freshly
+      mention'd, if through it you look upon the Light. But which is much more
+      considerable, I
+       <!--  Page 231 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231"></a>[pg
+      231]</span> have tried, that putting <i>Aqua-fortis</i> in a long clear
+      Glass, and adding a little Copper or some such open Metall to it, to
+      excite Heat and Fumes, the Light trajected through those Fumes, and cast
+      upon a sheet of White Paper, did upon that appear of the Colour that the
+      Fumes did, when directly Look'd upon, as if the Light were as well Ting'd
+      in its passage through these Fumes, as it would have been by passing
+      through some Glass or Liquor in which the same Colour was Inherent.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To which I shall further add, that having sometimes had the Curiosity to
+      observe whether the Beams of the Sun near the Horizon trajected through a
+      very Red Sky, would not (though such rednesses are taken to be but
+      Emphatical Colours) exhibit the like Colour, I found that the Beams
+      falling within a Room upon a very White Object, plac'd directly opposite
+      to the Sun, disclos'd a manifest Redness, as if they had pass'd through a
+      Colour'd <i>Medium</i>.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XVII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The emergency, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, of Colours upon the Coalition of the
+      Particles of such Bodies as were neither of them of the Colour of that
+      Mixture whereof they are the
+       <!--  Page 232 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232"></a>[pg
+      232]</span> Ingredients, is very well worth our attentive Observation, as
+      being of good use both Speculative and Practical; For much of the
+      Mechanical use of Colours among Painters and Dyers, doth depend upon the
+      Knowledge of what Colours may be produc'd by the Mixtures of Pigments so
+      and so Colour'd. And (as we lately intimated) 'tis of advantage to the
+      contemplative Naturalist, to know how many and which Colours are Primitive
+      (if I may so call them) and Simple, because it both eases his Labour by
+      confining his most sollicitous Enquiry to a small Number of Colours upon
+      which the rest depend, and assists him to judge of the nature of
+      particular compounded Colours, by shewing him from the Mixture of what
+      more Simple ones, and of what Proportions of them to one another, the
+      particular Colour to be consider'd does result. But because to insist on
+      the Proportions, the Manner and the Effects of such Mixtures would oblige
+      me to consider a greater part of the Painters Art and Dyers Trade, than I
+      am well acquainted with, I confin'd my self to make Trial of <i>several
+      ways to produce Green</i>, by the composition of Blew and Yellow. And
+      shall in this place both Recapitulate most of the things I have
+      Dispersedly deliver'd
+       <!--  Page 233 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233"></a>[pg
+      233]</span> already concerning that Subject, and Recruit them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And first, whereas Painters (as I noted above) are wont to make Green by
+      tempering Blew and Yellow, both of them made into a soft Consistence, with
+      either Water or Oyl, or some Liquor of Kin to one of those two, according
+      as the Picture is to be Drawn with those they call <i>water Colours</i>,
+      or those they term <i>Oyl Colours</i>, I found that by choosing fit
+      Ingredients, and mixing them in the form of Dry Powders, I could do, what
+      I could not if the Ingredients were temper'd up with a Liquor; But the
+      Blew and Yellow Powders must not only be finely Ground, but such as that
+      the Corpuscles of the one may not be too unequal to those of the other,
+      lest by their Disproportionate Minuteness the Smaller cover and hide the
+      Greater. We us'd with good success a slight Mixture of the fine Powder of
+      Bise, with that of Orpiment, or that of good Yellow Oker, I say a <i>slight</i>
+      Mixture, because we found that an <i>exquisite</i> Mixture did not do so
+      well, but by lightly mingling the two Pigments in several little Parcels,
+      those of them in which the Proportion and Manner of Mixture was more
+      Lucky, afforded us a good Green.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 234 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234"></a>[pg 234]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      2. We also learn'd in the Dye-houses, that Cloth being Dy'd Blew with
+      Woad, is afterwards by the Yellow Decoction of <i>Luteola</i> or
+       <!--  Erratum: insert --> Woud-wax or Wood-wax Dy'd into a Green Colour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      3. You may also remember what we above Related, where we intimated, that
+      having in a Darkn'd Room taken two Bodies, a Blew and a Yellow, and cast
+      the Light Reflected from the one upon the other, we likewise obtain'd a
+      Green.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      4. And you may remember, that we observ'd a Green to be produc'd, when in
+      the same Darkn'd Room we look'd at the Hole at which alone the Light
+      enter'd, through the Green and Yellow parts of a sheet of Marbl'd Paper
+      laid over one another.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      5. We found too, that the Beams of the Sun being trajected through two
+      pieces of Glass, the one Blew and the other Yellow, laid over one another,
+      did upon a sheet of White paper on which they were made to fall, exhibit a
+      lovely Green.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      6. I hope also, that you have not already forgot, what was so lately
+      deliver'd, concerning the composition of a Green, with a Blew and Yellow;
+      of which most Authors would call the one a <i>Real</i>, and the other an
+      <i>Emphatical</i>.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 235 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235"></a>[pg 235]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      7. And I presume, you may have yet fresh in your memory, what the
+      fourteenth Experiment informs you, concerning the exhibiting of a Green,
+      by the help of a Blew and Yellow, that were both of them Emphatical.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      8. Wherefore we will proceed to take notice, that we also devis'd a way of
+      trying whether or no Metalline Solutions though one of them at least had
+      its Colour Adventitious, by the mixture of the <i>Menstruum</i> employ'd
+      to dissolve it, might not be made to compound a Green after the manner of
+      other Bodies. And though this seem'd not easie to be perform'd by reason
+      of the Difficulty of finding Metalline Solutions of the Colour requisite,
+      that would mix without Præcipitating each other; yet after a while having
+      consider'd the matter, the first Tryal afforded me the following
+      Experiment. I took a High Yellow Solution of good Gold in <i>Aqua-Regis</i>,
+      (made of <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, and as I remember half its weight of Spirit
+      of Salt) To this I put a due Proportion of a deep and lovely Blew Solution
+      of Crude Copper, (which I have elsewhere taught to be readily Dissoluble
+      in strong Spirit of Urine) and these two Liquors though at first they
+      seem'd a little to Curdle one another, yet being throughly mingl'd by
+      Shaking,
+       <!--  Page 236 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236"></a>[pg
+      236]</span> they presently, as had been Conjectur'd, united into a
+      Transparent Green Liquor, which continu'd so for divers days that I kept
+      it in a small Glass wherein 'twas made, only letting fall a little
+      Blackish Powder to the Bottom. The other <i>Phænomena</i> of this
+      Experiment belong not to this place, where it may suffice to take notice
+      of the Production of a Green, and that the Experiment was more than once
+      repeated with Success.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      9. And lastly, to try whether this way of compounding Colours would hold
+      ev'n in Ingredients actually melted by the Violence of the Fire, provided
+      their Texture were capable of safely induring Fusion, we caus'd some Blew
+      and Yellow Ammel to be long and well wrought together in the Flame of a
+      Lamp, which being Strongly and Incessantly blown on them kept them in some
+      degree of Fusion, and at length (for the Experiment requires some Patience
+      as well as Skil) we obtain'd the expected Ammel of a Green Colour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I know not, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, whether it be worth while to acquaint you
+      with the ways that came into my Thoughts, whereby in some measure to
+      explicate the first of the mention'd ways of making a Green; for I have
+      sometimes Conjectur'd, that the mixture
+       <!--  Page 237 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237"></a>[pg
+      237]</span> of the Bise and the Orpiment produc'd a Green by so altering
+      the Superficial Asperity, which each of those Ingredients had apart, that
+      the Light Incident on the mixture was Reflected with differing Shades, as
+      to Quantity, or Order, or both, from those of either of the Ingredients,
+      and such as the Light is wont to be Modify'd with, when it Reflects from
+      Grass, or Leaves, or some of those other Bodies that we are wont to call
+      Green. And sometimes too I have doubted, whether the produced Green might
+      not be partly at least deriv'd from this, That the Beams that Rebound from
+      the Corpuscles of the Orpiment, giving one kind of stroak upon the <i>Retina</i>,
+      whose Perception we call Yellow, and the Beams Reflected from the
+      Corpuscles of the Bise, giving another stroak upon the same <i>Retina</i>,
+      like to Objects that are Blew, the Contiguity and Minuteness of these
+      Corpuscles may make the Appulse of the Reflected Light fall upon the <i>Retina</i>
+      within so narrow a Compass, that the part they Beat upon being but as it
+      were a Physical point, they may give a Compounded stroak, which may
+      consequently exhibit a Compounded and new Kind of Sensation, as we see
+      that two Strings of a Musical Instrument being struck together, making two
+       <!--  Page 238 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238"></a>[pg
+      238]</span> Noises that arrive at the Ear at the same time as to Sense,
+      yield a Sound differing from either of them, and as it were Compounded of
+      both; Insomuch that if they be Discordantly ton'd, though each of them
+      struck apart would yield a Pleasing Sound, yet being struck together they
+      make but a Harsh and troublesome Noise. But this not being so fit a place
+      to prosecute Speculations, I shall not insist, neither upon these
+      Conjectures nor any others, which the Experiment we have been mentioning
+      may have suggested to me. And I shall leave it to you, <i>Pyrophilus</i>,
+      to derive what Instruction you can from comparing together the Various
+      ways whereby a Yellow and a Blew can be made to Compound a Green. That
+      which I now pretend to, being only to shew that the first of those
+      mention'd ways, (not to take at present notice of the rest) does far
+      better agree with our Conjectures about Colours, than either with the
+      Doctrine of the Schools, or with that of the <i>Chymists</i>, both which
+      seem to be very much Disfavour'd by it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For first, since in the Mixture of the two mention'd Powders I could by
+      the help of a very excellent <i>Microscope</i> (for ordinary ones will
+      scarce serve the turn) discover that which seem'd to the naked Eye a Green
+       <!--  Page 239 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239"></a>[pg
+      239]</span> Body, to be but a heap of Distinct, though very small Grains
+      of Yellow Orpiment and Blew Bise confusedly enough Blended together, it
+      appears that the Colour'd Corpuscles of either kind did each retain its
+      own Nature and Colour; By which it may be guess'd, what meer Transposition
+      and Juxtaposition of Minute and Singly unchang'd Particles of Matter can
+      do to produce a new Colour; For that this Local Motion and new Disposition
+      of the small parts of the Orpiment did Intervene is much more manifest
+      than it is easie to Explicate how they should produce this new Green
+      otherwise than by the new Manner of their being put together, and
+      consequently by their new Disposition to Modifie the Incident Light by
+      Reflecting it otherwise than they did before they were Mingl'd together.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Secondly, The Green thus made being (if I may so speak) Mechanically
+      produc'd, there is no pretence to derive it from I know not what
+      incomprehensible Substantial Form, from which yet many would have us
+      believe that Colours must flow; Nor does this Green, though a Real and
+      Permanent, not a Phantastical and Vanid Colour, seem to be such an
+      Inherent Quality as they would have it, since not only each part of
+       <!--  Page 240 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240"></a>[pg
+      240]</span> the Mixture remains unalter'd in Colour, and consequently of a
+      differing Colour from the Heap they Compose, but if the Eye be assisted by
+      a <i>Microscope</i> to discern things better and more distinctly than
+      before it could, it sees not a Green Body, but a Heap of Blew and Yellow
+      Corpuscles.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And in the third place, I demand what either Sulphur, or Salt, or Mercury
+      has to do in the Production of this Green; For neither the Bise nor the
+      Orpiment were indu'd with that Colour before, and the bare Juxtaposition
+      of the Corpuscles of the two Powders that work not upon each other, but
+      might if we had convenient Instruments be separated, unalter'd, cannot
+      with any probability be imagin'd either to Increase or Diminish any of the
+      three Hypostatical Principles, (to which of them soever the <i>Chymists</i>
+      are pleas'd to ascribe Colours) nor does there here Intervene so much as
+      Heat to afford them any colour to pretend, that at least there is made an
+      Extraversion (as the <i>Helmontians</i> speak) of the Sulphur or of any of
+      the two other supposed Principles; But upon this Experiment we have
+      already Reflected enough, if not more than enough for once.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 241 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241"></a>[pg 241]</span>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XVIII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      But here, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, I must advertise you, that 'tis not every
+      Yellow and every Blew that being mingl'd will afford a Green; For in case
+      one of the Ingredients do not Act only as endow'd with such a Colour, but
+      as having a power to alter the Texture of the Corpuscles of the other, so
+      as to Indispose them to Reflect the Light, as Corpuscles that exhibit a
+      Blew or a Yellow are wont to Reflect it, the emergent Colour may be not
+      Green, but such as the change of Texture in the Corpuscles of one or both
+      of the Ingredients qualifies them to shew forth; as for instance, if you
+      let fall a few Drops of Syrrup of Violets upon a piece of White Paper,
+      though the Syrrup being spread will appear Blew, yet mingling with it two
+      or three Drops of the lately mention'd Solution of Gold, I obtain'd not a
+      Green but a Reddish mixture, which I expected from the remaining Power of
+      the Acid Salts abounding in the Solution, such Salts or Saline Spirits
+      being wont, as we shall see anon, though weakn'd, so to work upon that
+      Syrrup as to change it into a Red or Reddish Colour. And to confirm that
+      for which I allege the former
+       <!--  Page 242 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242"></a>[pg
+      242]</span> Experiment, I shall add this other, that having made a very
+      strong and high-colour'd Solution of Filings of Copper with Spirit of
+      Urine, though the <i>Menstruum</i> seem'd Glutted with the Metall, because
+      I put in so much Filings that many of them remain'd for divers days
+      Undissolv'd at the Bottom, yet having put three or four Drops of Syrrup of
+      Violets upon White Paper, I found that the deep Blew Solution
+      proportionably mingl'd with this other Blew Liquor did not make a Blew
+      mixture, but, as I expected, a fair Green, upon the account of the Urinous
+      Salt that was in the <i>Menstruum</i>.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XIX.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      To shew the <i>Chymists</i>, that Colours may be made to Appear or Vanish,
+      where there intervenes no Accession or Change either of the Sulphureous,
+      or the Saline, or the Mercurial principle (as they speak) of Bodies: I
+      shall not make use of the Iris afforded by the Glass-prism, nor of the
+      Colours to be seen in a fair Morning in those drops of Dew that do in a
+      convenient manner Reflect and Refract the Beams of Light to the Eye; But I
+      will rather mind them of what they may observe in their
+       <!--  Page 243 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243"></a>[pg
+      243]</span> own Laboratories, namely, that divers, if not all, Chymical
+      Essential Oyls, as also good Spirit of Wine, being shaken till they have
+      good store of Bubbles, those Bubbles will (if attentively consider'd)
+      appear adorn'd with various and lovely Colours, which all immediately
+      Vanish, upon the relapsing of the Liquor that affords those Bubbles their
+      Skins, into the rest of the Oyl, or Spirit of Wine, so that a Colourless
+      Liquor may be made in a trice to exhibit variety of Colours, and may lose
+      them in a moment without the Accession or Diminution of any of its
+      Hypostatical Principles. And, by the way, 'tis not unworthy our notice,
+      that some Bodies, as well Colourless, as Colour'd, by being brought to a
+      great Thinness of parts, acquire Colours though they had none before, or
+      Colours differing from them they were before endued with: For, not to
+      insist on the Variety of Colours, that Water, made somewhat Glutinous by
+      Sope, acquires, when 'tis blown into such Sphærical Bubbles as Boys are
+      wont to make and play with; Turpentine (though it have a Colour deep
+      enough of its own) may (by being blown into after a certain manner) be
+      brought to afford Bubbles adorn'd with variety of Orient Colours, which
+      though
+       <!--  Page 244 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244"></a>[pg
+      244]</span> they Vanish after some while upon the breaking of the Bubbles,
+      yet they would in likelihood always exhibit Colours upon their <i>Superfices</i>,
+      (though not always the same in the same Parts of them, but Vary'd
+      according to the Incidence of the Sight, and the Position of the Eye) if
+      their Texture were durable enough: For I have seen one that was Skill'd at
+      fashioning Glasses by the help of a Lamp, blowing some of them so strongly
+      as to burst them, whereupon it was found, that the Tenacity of the Metall
+      was such, that before it broke it suffer'd it self to be reduc'd into
+      Films so extremely thin, that being kept clean they constantly shew'd on
+      their Surfaces (but after the manner newly mention'd) the varying Colours
+      of the Rain-bow, which were exceedingly Vivid, as I had often opportunity
+      to observe in some, that I caus'd purposely to be made, to keep by me.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But lest it should be objected, that the above mentioned Instances are
+      drawn from Transparent Liquors, it may possibly appear, not impertinent to
+      add, what I have sometimes thought upon, and several times tried, when I
+      was considering the Opinions of the <i>Chymists</i> about Colours, I took
+      then a Feather of a convenient Bigness
+       <!--  Page 245 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245"></a>[pg
+      245]</span> and Shape, and holding it at a fit distance betwixt my Eye and
+      the Sun when he was near the Horizon, me thought there appear'd to me a
+      Variety of little Rain-bows, with differing and very vivid Colours, of
+      which none was constantly to be seen in the Feather; the like <i>Phænomenon</i>
+      I have at other times (though not with altogether so good success)
+      produc'd, by interposing at a due distance a piece of Black Ribband
+      betwixt the almost setting Sun and my Eye, not to mention the Trials I
+      have made to the same purpose, with other Bodies.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XX.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Take good Syrrup of Violets, Imprægnated with the Tincture of the flowers,
+      drop a little of it upon a White Paper (for by that means the Change of
+      Colour will be more conspicuous, and the Experiment may be practis'd in
+      smaller Quantities) and on this Liquor let fall two or three drops of
+      Spirit either of Salt or Vinegar, or almost any other eminently Acid
+      Liquor, and upon the Mixture of these you shall find the Syrrup immediatly
+      turn'd Red, and the way of Effecting such a Change has not been unknown to
+      divers Persons
+       <!--  Page 246 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246"></a>[pg
+      246]</span> who have produc'd the like, by Spirit of Vitriol, or juice of
+      Limmons, but have Groundlessly ascrib'd the Effect to some Peculiar
+      Quality of those two Liquors, whereas, (as we have already intimated)
+      almost any Acid Salt will turn Syrrup of Violets Red. But to improve the
+      Experiment, let me add what has not (that I know of) been hitherto
+      observ'd, and has, when we first shew'd it them, appear'd something
+      strange, even to those that have been inquisitive into the Nature of
+      Colours; namely, that if instead of Spirit of Salt, or that of Vinegar,
+      you drop upon the Syrrup of Violets a little Oyl of Tartar <i>per
+      Deliquium</i>, or the like quantity of Solution of Potashes, and rubb them
+      together with your finger, you shall find the Blew Colour of the Syrrup
+      turn'd in a moment into a perfect Green, and the like may be perform'd by
+      divers other Liquors, as we may have occasion elsewhere to Inform you.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation upon the twentieth Experiment</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The use of what we lately deliver'd concerning the way of turning Syrrup
+      of Violets, Red or Green, may be this; That, though it be a far more
+      common and procurable
+       <!--  Page 247 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247"></a>[pg
+      247]</span> Liquor than the Infusion of <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>, it may
+      yet be easily substituted in its Room, when we have a mind to examine,
+      whether or no the Salt predominant in a Liquor or other Body, wherein 'tis
+      Loose and Abundant, belong to the Tribe of <i>Acid</i> Salts or not. For
+      if such a Body turn the Syrrup of a Red or Reddish Purple Colour, it does
+      for the most part argue the Body (especially if it be a distill'd Liquor)
+      to abound with Acid Salt. But if the Syrrup be made Green, that argues the
+      Predominant Salt to be of a Nature repugnant to that of the Tribe of
+      Acids. For, as I find that either Spirit of Salt, or Oyl of Vitriol, or <i>Aqua-fortis</i>,
+      or Spirit of Vinegar, or Juice of Lemmons, or any of the Acid Liquors I
+      have yet had occasion to try, will turn Syrrup of Violets, of a <i>Red</i>,
+      (or at least, of a <i>Reddish</i> Colour, so I have found, that not only
+      the Volatile Salts of all Animal Substances I have us'd, as Spirit of
+      Harts-horn, of Urine, of Sal-Armoniack, of Blood, &amp;c. but also all the
+      Alcalizate Salts I have imploy'd, as the Solution of Salt of Tartar, of
+      Pot-ashes, of common Wood-ashes, Lime-water, &amp;c. will immediately
+      change the Blew Syrrup, into a perfect Green. And by the same way (to hint
+      that upon
+       <!--  Page 248 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248"></a>[pg
+      248]</span> the by) I elsewhere show you, both the changes that Nature and
+      Time produce, in the more Saline parts of some Bodies, may be discover'd,
+      and also how ev'n such Chymically prepar'd Bodies, as belong not either to
+      the Animal Kingdome, or to the Tribe of <i>Alcali's</i>, may have their
+      new and superinduc'd Nature successfully Examin'd. In this place I shall
+      only add, that not alone the Changing the Colour of the Syrrup, requires,
+      that the Changing Body be more strong, of the Acid, or other sort of Salt
+      that is Predominant in it, than is requisite for the working upon the
+      Tincture of <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>; but that in this is also, the
+      Operation of the formerly mention'd Salts upon our Syrrup, differs from
+      their Operation upon our Tinctures, that in this Liquor, if the Cæruleous
+      Colour be <i>Destroy'd</i> by an Acid Salt, it may be <i>Restor'd</i> by
+      one that is either Volatile, or Lixiviate; whereas in Syrrup of Violets,
+      though one of these contrary Salts will <i>destroy</i> the Action of the
+      other, yet neither of them will <i>restore</i> the Syrrup to its native
+      Blew; but each of them will Change it into the Colour which it self doth
+      (if I may so speak) affect, as we shall have Occasion to show in the Notes
+      on the twenty fifth Experiment.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 249 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249"></a>[pg 249]</span>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXI.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      There is a Weed, more known to Plowmen than belov'd by them, whose Flowers
+      from their Colour are commonly call'd <i>Blew-bottles</i>, and <i>Corn-weed</i>
+      from their Growing among Corn<a name="NtA_18" id="NtA_18"></a><a
+      href="#Nt_18"><sup>18</sup></a>. These Flowers some Ladies do, upon the
+      account of their Lovely Colour, think worth the being Candied, which when
+      they are, they will long retain so fair a Colour, as makes them a very
+      fine Sallad in the Winter. But I have try'd, that when they are freshly
+      gather'd, they will afford a Juice, which when newly express'd, (for in
+      some cases 'twill soon enough degenerate) affords a very deep and pleasant
+      Blew. Now, (to draw this to our present Scope) by dropping on this fresh
+      Juice, a little Spirit of Salt, (that being the Acid Spirit I had then at
+      hand) it immediately turn'd (as I predicted) into a Red. And if instead of
+      the Sowr Spirit I mingled with it a little strong Solution of an
+      Alcalizate Salt, it did presently disclose a lovely Green; the same
+      Changes being by those differing sorts of Saline Liquors, producible in
+      this <i>Natural juice</i>, that we lately mention'd to
+       <!--  Page 250 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250"></a>[pg
+      250]</span> have happen'd to that <i>factitious Mixture</i>, the Syrrup of
+      Violets. And I remember, that finding this Blew Liquor, when freshly made,
+      to be capable of serving in a Pen for an Ink of that Colour, I attempted
+      by moistning one part of a piece of White Paper with the Spirit of Salt I
+      have been mentioning, and another with some Alcalizate or Volatile Liquor,
+      to draw a Line on the leisurely dry'd Paper, that should, e'vn before the
+      Ink was dry, appear partly Blew, partly Red, and partly Green: But though
+      the latter part of the Experiment succeeded not well, (whether because
+      Volatile Salts are too Fugitive to be retain'd in the Paper, and
+      Alcalizate ones are too Unctuous, or so apt to draw Moisture from the Air,
+      that they keep the Paper from drying well) yet the former Part succeeded
+      well enough; the Blew and Red being Conspicuous enough to afford a
+      surprizing Spectacle to those, I acquaint not with (what I willingly allow
+      you to call) the <i>Trick</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation upon the one and twentieth Experiment.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But lest you should be tempted to think (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) that Volatile
+      or Alcalizate
+       <!--  Page 251 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251"></a>[pg
+      251]</span> Salts change Blews into Green, rather upon the score of the
+      easie Transition of the former Colour into the latter, than upon the
+      account of the Texture, wherein most Vegetables, that afford a Blew, seem,
+      though otherwise differing, to be Allied, I will add, that when I
+      purposely dissolv'd Blew Vitriol in fair Water, and thereby imbu'd
+      sufficiently that Liquor with that Colour, a Lixiviate Liquor, and a
+      Urinous Salt being Copiously pour'd upon distinct Parcels of it, did each
+      of them, though perhaps with some Difference, turn the Liquor not Green,
+      but of a deep Yellowish Colour, almost like that of Yellow Oker, which
+      Colour the Precipitated Corpuscles retain'd, when they had Leisurely
+      subsided to the Bottom. What this Precipitated Substance is, it is not
+      needfull now to Enquire in this place, and in another, I have shown you,
+      that notwithstanding its Colour, and its being Obtainable from an Acid <i>Menstruum</i>
+      by the help of Salt of Tartar, it is yet far enough from being the true
+      Sulphur of Vitriol.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Our next Experiment (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) will perhaps seem to be of a
+      contrary Nature
+       <!--  Page 252 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252"></a>[pg
+      252]</span> to the two former, made upon Syrrup of Violets, and Juice of
+      Blew-bottles. For as in them by the Affusion of Oyl of Tartar, a Blewish
+      Liquor is made Green, so in this, by the sole Mixture of the same Oyl, a
+      Greenish Liquor becomes Blew. The hint of this Experiment was given us by
+      the practice of some <i>Italian</i> Painters, who being wont to
+      Counterfeit <i>Ultra-marine Azure</i> (as they call it) by Grinding
+      Verdigrease with Sal-Armoniack, and some other Saline Ingredients, and
+      letting them Rot (as they imagine) for a good while together in a
+      Dunghill, we suppos'd, that the change of Colour wrought in the
+      Verdigrease by this way of Preparation, must proceed from the Action of
+      certain Volatile and Alcalizate Salts, abounding in some of the mingled
+      Concretes, and brought to make a further Dissolution of the Copper
+      abounding in the Verdigrease, and therefore we Conjectur'd, that if both
+      the Verdigrease, and such Salts were dissolv'd in fair Water, the small
+      Parts of both being therein more subdivided, and set at liberty, would
+      have better access to each other, and thereby Incorporate much the more
+      suddenly; And accordingly we found, that if upon a strong Solution of good
+      French Verdigrease (for 'tis that we
+       <!--  Page 253 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253"></a>[pg
+      253]</span> are wont to imploy, as the best) you pour a just quantity of
+      Oyl of Tartar, and shake them well together, you shall immediately see a
+      notable Change of Colour, and the Mixture will grow thick, and not
+      transparent, but if you stay a while, till the Grosser part be
+      Precipitated to, and setled in the Bottom, you may obtain a clear Liquor
+      of a very lovely Colour, and exceeding delightfull to the Eye. But, you
+      must have a care to drop in a competent Quantity of Oyl of Tartar, for
+      else the Colour will not be so Deep, and Rich; and if instead of this Oyl
+      you imploy a clear <i>Lixivium</i> of Pot-ashes, you may have an Azure
+      somewhat Lighter or Paler than, and therefore differing from, the former.
+      And if instead of either of these Liquors, you make use of Spirit of
+      Urine, or of Harts-horn, you may according to the Quantity and Quality of
+      the Spirit you pour in, obtain some further Variety (though scarce
+      considerable) of Cæruleous Liquors. And yet lately by the help of this
+      Urinous Spirit we made a Blew Liquor, which not a few Ingenious Persons,
+      and among them, some, whose Profession makes them very Conversant with
+      Colours, have looked upon with some wonder. But these Azure Colour'd
+      Liquors
+       <!--  Page 254 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254"></a>[pg
+      254]</span> should be freed from the Subsiding matter, which the Salts of
+      Tartar or Urine precipitate out of them, rather by being Decanted, than by
+      Filtration. For by the latter of these ways we have sometimes found, the
+      Colour of them very much Impair'd, and little Superiour to that of the
+      grosser Substance, that it left in the Filtre.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXIII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      That Roses held over the Fume of Sulphur, may quickly by it be depriv'd of
+      their Colour, and have as much of their Leaves, as the Fume works upon,
+      burn'd pale, is an Experiment, that divers others have tried, as well as
+      I. But (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) it may seem somewhat strange to one that has
+      never consider'd the Compounded nature of Brimstone, That, whereas the
+      Fume of Sulphur will, as we have said, Whiten the Leaves of Roses; That
+      Liquor, which is commonly call'd Oyl of Sulphur <i>per Campanam</i>,
+      because it is suppos'd to be made by the Condensation of these Fumes in
+      Glasses shap't like Bells, into a Liquor, does powerfully heighten the
+      Tincture of Red Roses, and make it more Red and Vivid, as we have easily
+      tried by putting some Red-Rose Leaves,
+       <!--  Page 255 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255"></a>[pg
+      255]</span> that had been long dried, (and so had lost much of their
+      Colour) into a Vial of fair Water. For a while after the Affusion of a
+      convenient Quantity of the Liquor we are speaking of, both the Leaves
+      themselves, and the Water they were Steep'd in, discover'd a very fresh
+      and lovely Colour.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXIV.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      It may (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) somewhat serve to Illustrate, not only the
+      Doctrine of <i>Pigments</i>, and of <i>Colours</i>, but divers other Parts
+      of the <i>Corpuscular Philosophy</i>; as that explicates Odours, and many
+      other things, not as the Schools by Aery Qualities, but by Real, though
+      extremely Minute Bodies; to examine, how much of a Colourless Liquor, a
+      very small Parcel of a Pigment may Imbue with a <i>discernable</i> Colour.
+      And though there be scarce any thing of Preciseness to be expected from
+      such Trials, yet I presum'd, that (at least) I should be able to show a
+      much further Subdivision of the Parts of Matter into <i>Visible</i>
+      Particles, than I have hitherto found taken notice of, and than most men
+      would imagine; no Body, that I know of, having yet attempted to reduce
+      this Matter to any Measure.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 256 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256"></a>[pg 256]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Bodies, the most promising for such a purpose, might seem to be the
+      Metalls, especially Gold, because of the Multitude, and Minuteness of its
+      Parts, which might be argu'd from the incomparable Closeness of its
+      Texture: But though we tried a Solution of Gold made in <i>Aqua Regia</i>
+      first, and then in fair Water; yet in regard we were to determine the
+      Pigment we imploy'd, not by <i>Bulk</i> but <i>Weight</i>, and because
+      also, that the Yellow Colour of Gold is but a faint one in Comparison of
+      the deep Colour of <i>Cochineel</i>, we rather chose this to make our
+      Trials with. But among divers of these it will suffice to set down one,
+      which was carefully made in Vessels conveniently Shap'd; (and that in the
+      presence of a Witness, and an Assistant) the Sum whereof I find among my
+      <i>Adversaria</i>, Registred in the following Words. To which I shall only
+      premise, (to lessen the wonder of so strange a diffusion of the Pigment)
+      That <i>Cochineel</i> will be better Dissolv'd, and have its Colour far
+      more heightn'd by Spirit of Urine, than (I say not by common Water, but)
+      by Rectify'd Spirit of Wine it self.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Note I spoke off is this. [One Grain of <i>Cochineel</i> dissolv'd in
+      a pretty Quantity of Spirit of Urine, and then dissolv'd
+       <!--  Page 257 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257"></a>[pg
+      257]</span> further by degrees in fair Water, imparted a discernable,
+      though but a very faint Colour, to about six Glass-fulls of Water, each of
+      them containing about forty three Ounces and an half, which amounts to
+      above a hundred twenty five thousand times its own Weight.]
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXV.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      It may afford a considerable Hint (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) to him, that would
+      improve the Art of Dying, to know what change of Colours may be produc'd
+      by the three several sorts of Salts already often mention'd, (some or
+      other of which may be procur'd in Quantity at reasonable Rates) in the
+      Juices, Decoctions, Infusions, and (in a word) the more soluble parts of
+      Vegetables. And, though the design of this Discourse be the Improvement of
+      Knowledge, not of Trades: yet thus much I shall not scruple to intimate
+      here, That the Blew Liquors, mention'd in the twentieth and one and
+      twentieth Experiments, are far from being the only Vegetable Substances,
+      upon which Acid, Urinous, and Alcalizate Salts have the like Operations to
+      those recited in those two Experiments. For Ripe <i>Privet Berries</i>
+      (for instance) being crush'd
+       <!--  Page 258 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258"></a>[pg
+      258]</span> upon White Paper, though they stain it with a Purplish Colour,
+      yet if we let fall on some part of it two or three drops of Spirit of
+      Salt, and on the other part a little more of the Strong Solution of
+      Pot-ashes, the former Liquor immediately turn'd that part of the Thick
+      juice or Pulp, on which it fell, into a lovely Red, and the latter turn'd
+      the other part of it into a delightfull Green. Though I will not
+      undertake, that those Colours in that Substance shall not be much more
+      Orient, than Lasting; and though (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) this Experiment may
+      seem to be almost the same with those already deliver'd concerning Syrrup
+      of Violets, and the Juice of Blew-bottles, yet I think it not amiss to
+      take this Occasion to inform you, that this Experiment reaches much
+      farther, than perhaps you yet imagine, and may be of good Use to those,
+      whom it concerns to know, how Dying Stuffs may be wrought upon by Saline
+      Liquors. For, I have found this Experiment to succeed in so many Various
+      Berries, Flowers, Blossoms, and other finer Parts of Vegetables, that
+      neither my Memory, nor my Leisure serves me to enumerate them. And it is
+      somewhat surprizing to see, by how Differingly-colour'd Flowers, or
+      Blossoms, (for example) the Paper being
+       <!--  Page 259 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259"></a>[pg
+      259]</span> stain'd, will by an Acid Spirit be immediately turn'd Red, and
+      by any <i>Alcaly</i> or any Urinous Spirit turn'd Green; insomuch that
+      ev'n the crush'd Blossoms of <i>Meserion</i>, (which I gather'd in Winter
+      and frosty Weather) and those of Pease, crush'd upon White Paper, how
+      remote soever their Colours be from Green, would in a moment pass into a
+      deep Degree of that Colour, upon the Touch of an Alcalizate Liquor. To
+      which let us add, That either of those new Pigments (if I may so call
+      them) may by the Affusion of enough of a contrary Liquor, be presently
+      chang'd from Red into Green, and from Green into Red, which Observation
+      will hold also in Syrrup of Violets, Juices of Blew-bottles, &amp;c.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After what I have formerly deliver'd to evince, That there are many
+      Instances, wherein new Colours are produc'd or acquir'd by Bodies, which
+      <i>Chymists</i> are wont to think destitute of Salt, or to whose change of
+      Colours no new Accession of Saline Particles does appear to contribute, I
+      think we may safely enough acknowledge,
+       <!--  Page 260 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260"></a>[pg
+      260]</span> that we have taken notice of so many Changes made by the
+      Intervention of Salts in the Colours of Mix'd Bodies, that it has lessen'd
+      our Wonder, That though <i>many Chymists</i> are wont to ascribe the
+      Colours of Such Bodies to their Sulphureous, and <i>the rest</i> to their
+      Mercurial Principle; yet <i>Paracelsus</i> himself directs us in the
+      Indagation of Colours, to have an Eye principally upon Salts, as we find
+      in that passage of his, wherein he takes upon him to Oblige his Readers
+      much by Instructing them, of what things they are to expect the Knowledge
+      from each of the three distinct Principles of Bodies. <i>Alias</i> (says
+      he) <i>Colorum similis ratio est: De quibus brevem institutionem hanc
+      attendite, quod scilicet colores omnes ex Sale prodeant. Sal enim dat
+      colorem, dat Balsamum.</i><a name="NtA_19" id="NtA_19"></a><a href="#Nt_19"><sup>19</sup></a>
+      And a little beneath. <i> Iam natura Ipsa colores protrathit ex sale,
+      cuique speciei dans illum, qui ipsi competit</i>, &amp;c. After which he
+      concludes; <i>Itaque qui rerum omnium corpora cognoscere vult, huic opus
+      est, ut ante omnia cognoscat Sulphur, Ab hoc, qui desiderat novisse
+      Colores is scientiam istorum petat à Sale, Qui scire vult Virtutes, is
+      scrutetur arcana Mercurii. Sic nimirum fundamentum hauserit Mysteriorum,
+      in quolibet crescenti indagandorum,
+       <!--  Page 261 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261"></a>[pg
+      261]</span> prout natura cuilibet speciei ea ingessit</i>. But though <i>Paracelsus</i>
+      ascribes to each of his belov'd Hypostatical Principles, much more than I
+      fear will be found to belong to it; yet if we please to consider Colours,
+      not as <i>Philosophers</i>, but as <i>Dyers</i>, the concurrence of Salts
+      to the striking and change of Colours, and their Efficacy, will, I
+      suppose, appear so considerable, that we shall not need to quarrel much
+      with <i>Paracelsus</i>, for ascribing in this place (for I dare not affirm
+      that he uses to be still of one Mind) the Colours of Bodies to their
+      Salts, if by Salts he here understood, not only Elementary Salts, but such
+      also as are commonly taken for Salts, as Allom, Crystals of Tartar,
+      Vitriol, &amp;c. because the Saline principle does chiefly abound in them,
+      though indeed they be, as we elsewhere declare, mix'd Bodies, and have
+      most of them, besides what is Saline, both Sulphureous, Aqueous, and Gross
+      or Earthy parts.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But though (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) I have observ'd a Red and Green to be
+      produc'd, the former, by Acid Salts, the later by Salts not Acid, in the
+      express Juices of so many differing Vegetable Substances, that the
+      Observation, if persued, may prove (as I said) of good Use: yet to show
+      you how much e'vn these Effects depend upon the
+       <!--  Page 262 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262"></a>[pg
+      262]</span> particular Texture of Bodies, I must subjoyn some cases
+      wherein I (who am somewhat backwards to admit Observations for Universal)
+      had the Curiosity to discover, that the Experiments would not Uniformly
+      succeed, and of these Exceptions, the chief that I now remember, are
+      reducible to the following three.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXVI.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      And, (first) I thought fit to try the Operation of Acid Salts upon
+      Vegetable Substances, that are already and by their own Nature Red. And
+      accordingly I made Trial upon Syrrup of Clove-july-flowers, the clear
+      express'd Juice of the succulent Berries of <i>Spina Cervina</i>, or
+      Buckthorn (which I had long kept by me for the sake of its deep Colour)
+      upon Red Roses, Infusion of Brazil, and divers other Vegetable Substances,
+      on some of which crush'd (as is often mention'd) upon White Paper, (which
+      is also to be understood in most of these Experiments, if no Circumstance
+      of them argue otherwise) Spirit of Salt either made no considerable
+      Change, or alter'd the Colour but from a Darker to a Lighter Red. How it
+      will succeed in many other Vegetable Juices,
+       <!--  Page 263 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263"></a>[pg
+      263]</span> and Infusions of the same Colour, I have at present so few at
+      hand, that I must leave you to find it out your self. But as for the
+      Operation of the other sorts of Salts upon these Red Substances, I found
+      it not very Uniform, some Red, or Reddish Infusions, as of Roses, being
+      turn'd thereby into a dirty Colour, but yet inclining to Green. Nor was
+      the Syrrup of Clove-july-flowers turn'd by the solution of Pot-ashes to a
+      much better, though somewhat a Greener, Colour. Another sort of Red
+      Infusions was by an <i>Alcaly</i> not turn'd into a Green, but advanc'd
+      into a Crimson, as I shall have occasion to note ere long. But there were
+      other sorts, as particularly the lovely Colour'd juice of Buckthorn
+      Berries, that readily pass'd into a lovely Green.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXVII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Among other Vegetables, which we thought likely to afford Exceptions to
+      the General Observation about the differing Changes of Colours produc'd by
+      Acid and Sulphureous Salts, we thought fit to make Trial upon the Flowers
+      of <i>Jasmin</i>, they being both White as to Colour, and esteem'd to be
+      of a more Oyly nature than other Flowers. Whereupon having taken
+       <!--  Page 264 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264"></a>[pg
+      264]</span> the White parts only of the Flowers, and rubb'd them somewhat
+      hard with my Finger upon a piece of clean Paper, it appear'd very little
+      Discolour'd. Nor had Spirit of Salt, wherewith I moisten'd one part of it,
+      any considerable Operation upon it. But Spirit of Urine, and somewhat more
+      effectually a strong Alcalizate Solution, did immediately turn the almost
+      Colourless Paper moisten'd by the Juice of the <i>Jasmin</i>, not as those
+      Liquors are wont to do, when put upon the Juices of other Flowers, of a
+      good Green, but of a Deep, though somewhat Greenish Yellow, which
+      Experiment I did afterwards at several times repeat with the like success.
+      But it seems not that a great degree of Unctuousness is necessary to the
+      Production of the like Effects, for when we try'd the Experiment with the
+      Leaves of those purely White Flowers that appear about the end of Winter,
+      and are commonly call'd <i>Snow drops</i>, the event, was not much unlike
+      that, which, we have been newly mentioning.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXVIII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Another sort of Instances to show, how much changes of Colour effected by
+      Salts, depend upon the particular Texture of the
+       <!--  Page 265 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265"></a>[pg
+      265]</span> Colour'd Bodies, has been afforded me by several <i>Yellow</i>
+      Flowers, and other Vegetables, as Mary-gold Leaves, early Prim-roses,
+      fresh Madder, &amp;c. For being rubb'd upon White Paper, till they imbued
+      it with their Colour, I found not, that by the addition of Alcalizate
+      Liquors, nor yet by that of an Urinous Spirit, they would be turn'd either
+      Green or Red: nor did so Acid a Spirit, as that of Salt, considerably
+      alter their Colour, save that it seem'd a little to Dilute it. Only in
+      some early Prim-roses it destroy'd the greatest part of the Colour, and
+      made the Paper almost White agen. And Madder also afforded some thing
+      peculiar, and very differing from what we have newly mention'd: For having
+      gather'd Some Roots of it, and, (whilst they were recent) express'd upon
+      White Paper the Yellow Juice, an Alcalizate Solution drop'd upon it did
+      not turn it either Green or White, but Red. And the bruis'd Madder it self
+      being drench'd with the like Alcalizate Solution, exchang'd also its
+      Yellowishness for a Redness.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 266 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266"></a>[pg 266]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>An admonition touching the four preceding Experiments.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Having thus (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) given you divers Instances, to countenance
+      the General observation deliver'd in the twenty fifth Experiment, and
+      divers Exceptions whereby it ought to be Limited; I must leave the further
+      Inquiry into these Matters to your own Industry. For not remembring at
+      present many of those other Trials, long since made to satisfie my self
+      about Particulars, and not having now the Opportunity to repeat them, I
+      must content my Self to have given you the Hint, and the ways of
+      prosecuting the search your Self; and only declare to you in general,
+      that, As I have made many Trials, unmention'd in this Treatise, whose
+      Events were agreeable to those mention'd in the twenty fifth Experiment,
+      so (to name now no other Instances) what I have try'd with Acid and
+      Sulphureous Salts upon the Pulp of Juniper Berries, rubb'd upon White
+      Paper, inclines me to think, That among that vast Multitude, and strange
+      Variety of Plants that adorn the face of the Earth, perhaps many other
+      Vegetables may be found, on which such <i>Menstruums</i> may not
+       <!--  Page 267 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267"></a>[pg
+      267]</span> have such Operations, as upon the Juice of Violets,
+      Pease-blossoms, &amp;c. no nor upon any of those three other sorts of
+      Vegetables, that I have taken notice of in the three fore-going
+      Experiments. It sufficiently appearing ev'n by these, that the effects of
+      a Salt upon the Juices of particular Vegetables do very much depend upon
+      their particular Textures.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXIX.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      It may be of some Use towards the discovery of the nature of these
+      Changes, which the Alimental Juice receives in some Vegetables, according
+      to the differing degrees of their Maturity, and according to the differing
+      kinds of Plants of the same Denomination, to observe what Operation Acid,
+      Urinous, and Alcalizate Salts will have upon the Juices of the several
+      sorts of the Vegetable substances I have been mentioning.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To declare my meaning by an Example, I took from the same Cluster, one
+      Blackberry full Ripe, and another that had not yet gone beyond a Redness,
+      and rubbing apiece of white Paper, with the former, I observ'd, that the
+      Juice adhering to it was of adark Reddish Colour, full of little
+       <!--  Page 268 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268"></a>[pg
+      268]</span> Black Specks; and that this Juice by a drop of a strong <i>Lixivium</i>,
+      was immediately turn'd into a Greenish Colour deep enough, by as much
+      Urinous Spirit into a Colour much of Kin to the former, though somewhat
+      differing, and fainter; and by a drop of Spirit of Salt into a fine and
+      lightsome Red: where as the Red Berry being in like manner rubb'd upon
+      Paper, left on it a Red Colour, which was very little alter'd by the Acid
+      Spirit newly nam'd, and by the Urinous and Lixiviate Salts receiv'd
+      changes of Colour differing from those that had been just before produc'd
+      in the dark Juice of the Ripe Blackberry.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I remember also, that though the Infusion of Damask-Roses would as well,
+      though not so much, as that of Red, be heightned by Acid Spirits to an
+      intense degree of Redness, and by Lixiviate Salts be brought to a Darkish
+      Green; yet having for Trials sake taken a Rose, whose Leaves, which were
+      large and numerous, like those of a Province Rose, were perfectly Yellow,
+      though in a Solution of Salt of Tartar, they afforded a Green Blewish
+      Tincture, yet I did not by an Acid Liquor obtain a Red one; all that the
+      Saline Spirit I imploy'd, perform'd, being (if I much misremember
+       <!--  Page 269 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269"></a>[pg
+      269]</span> not) to Dilute Somewhat the Yellowness of the Leaves. I would
+      also have tried the Tincture of Yellow Violets, but could procure none.
+      And if I were in those Islands of <i>Banda</i>, which are made Famous as
+      well as Rich, by being the almost only places, where Cloves will prosper,
+      I should think it worth my Curiosity to try, what Operation the three
+      differing Kinds of Salts, I have so often mention'd, would have upon the
+      Juice of this Spice, (express'd at the several Seasons of it) as it grows
+      upon the Tree. Since good Authors inform us, (of what is remarkable) that
+      these whether Fruits, or Rudiments of Fruits, are at first <i>White</i>,
+      afterward <i>Green</i>, and then <i>Reddish</i>, before they be beaten off
+      the Tree, after which being Dry'd before they are put up, they grow <i>Blackish</i>
+      as we see them. And one of the recentest <i>Herbarists</i> informs us,
+      that the Flower grows upon the top of the Clove it self, consisting of
+      four small Leaves, like a Cherry Blossom, but of an excellent <i>Blew</i>.
+      But (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) to return to our own Observations, I shall add,
+      that I the rather choose, to mention to you an Example drawn from Roses,
+      because that though I am apt to think, as I elsewhere advertise, that
+      something may be guess'd at about
+       <!--  Page 270 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270"></a>[pg
+      270]</span> some of the Qualities of the Juices of Vegetables, by the
+      Resemblance or Disparity that we meet with in the Changes made of their
+      Colours, by the Operation of the same kinds of Salts; yet that those
+      Conjectures should be very warily made, may appear among other things, by
+      the Instance I have chosen to give in Roses. For though, (as I formerly
+      told you) the Dry'd Leaves, both of the Damask, and of Red ones, give a
+      Red Tincture to Water sharpen'd with Acid Salts, yet the one sort of
+      Leaves is known to have a Purgative faculty,<a name="NtA_20" id="NtA_20"></a><a
+      href="#Nt_20"><sup>20</sup></a> and the other are often, and divers ways,
+      imploy'd for Binding.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And I also choose (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) to subjoyn this twenty ninth
+      Experiment to those that precede it, about the change of the Colours of
+      Vegetables by Salts, for these two reasons: The first, that you may not
+      easily entertain Suspitions, if in the Trials of an Experiment of some of
+      the Kinds formerly mention'd, you should meet with an Event somewhat
+      differing from what my Relations may have made you expect. And the second,
+      That you may hereby be invited to discern, that it may not be amiss to
+      take notice of the particular Seasons wherein you gather the Vegetables
+      which
+       <!--  Page 271 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271"></a>[pg
+      271]</span> in Nicer Experiments you make use of. For, it I were not
+      hindred both by haste and some justifiable Considerations, I could perhaps
+      add considerable Instances, to those lately deliver'd, for the making out
+      of this Observation; but for certain reasons I shall at present substitute
+      a remarkable passage to be met with in that Laborious Herbarist Mr. <i>Parkinson</i>,
+      where treating of the Virtues of the (already divers times mention'd)
+      Buckthorn Berries, he subjoyns the following account of several Pigments
+      that are made of them, not only according to the several ways of Handling
+      them, but according to the differing Seasons of Maturity, at which they
+      are Gather'd; <i>Of these Berries</i>, (says he) <i>are made three several
+      sorts of Colours as they shall be gather'd, that is, being gather'd while
+      they are Green, and kept Dry, are call'd Sapberries, which being steep'd
+      into some Allom-water, or fresh bruis'd into Allom-water, they give a
+      reasonable fair Yellow Colour which Painters use for their Work, and
+      Book-binders to Colour the edges of Books, and Leather-dressers to Colour
+      Leather, as they use also to make a Green Colour, call'd Sap-green, taken
+      from the Berries when they are Black, being bruis'd and put into a Brass
+      or Copper Kettle or Pan, and there suffer'd to abide three or four</i>
+       <!--  Page 272 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272"></a>[pg
+      272]</span> <i>Days, or a little heated upon the Fire, and some beaten
+      Allom put unto them, and afterwards press'd forth, the Juice or Liquor is
+      usually put in great Bladders tied with strong thred at the Head and hung
+      up untill it be Dry, which is dissolv'd in Water or Wine, but Sack</i> (he
+      affirms) <i>is the best to preserve the Colour from Starving, (as they
+      call it) that is, from Decaying, and make it hold fresh the longer. The
+      third Colour (where of none</i> (says he) <i>that I can find have made
+      mention but only</i> Tragus<i>) is a Purplish Colour, which is made of the
+      Berries suffer'd to grow upon the Bushes untill the middle or end of</i>
+      November, <i>that they are ready to drop from the Trees.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And, I remember (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) that I try'd, with a success that
+      pleas'd me well enough, to make such a kind of Pigment, as Painters call
+      Sap-green, by a way not unlike that, deliver'd here by our Author, but I
+      cannot now find any thing relating to that matter among my loose Papers.
+      And my Trials were made so many years ago, that I dare not trust my Memory
+      for Circumstances, but will rather tell you, that in a noted Colour-shop,
+      I brought them by Questions to confess to me, that they made their
+      Sap-green much after the ways by our <i>Botanist</i> here mention'd. And
+      on this occasion
+       <!--  Page 273 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273"></a>[pg
+      273]</span> I shall add an Observation, which though it does not strictly
+      belong to this place, may well enough be mention'd here, namely, that I
+      find by an account given us by the Learned <i>Clusius</i>, of <i>Alaternus</i>,
+      that ev'n the Grosser Parts of the same Plant, are some of them one
+      Colour, and some another; For speaking of that Plant, he tells us, that
+      the <i>Portugalls</i> use the Bark to Dye their Nets into a Red Colour,
+      and with the Chips of the Wood, which are Whitish, they Dye a Blackish
+      Blew.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXX.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Among the Experiments that tend to shew that the change of Colours in
+      Bodies may proceed from the Vary'd Texture of their Parts, and the
+      consequent change of their Disposition to Reflect or Refract the Light,
+      that sort of Experiments must not be left unmention'd, which is afforded
+      us by Chymical Digestions. For, if <i>Chymists</i> will believe several
+      famous Writers about what they call the Philosophers Stone, they must
+      acknowledge that the same Matter, seald up Hermetically in a Philosophical
+      Egg, will by the continuance of Digestion, or if they will have it so (for
+      it is not Material in our case which of the two it be)
+       <!--  Page 274 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274"></a>[pg
+      274]</span> of Decoction, run through a great Variety of differing
+      Colours, before it come to that of the Noblest <i>Elixir</i>; whether that
+      be Scarlet, or Purple, or what ever other Kind of Red. But without
+      building any thing on so Obtruse and Questionable an Operation, (which yet
+      may be pertinently represented to those that believe the thing) we may
+      observe, that divers Bodies digested in carefully-clos'd Vessels, will in
+      tract of time, change their Colour: As I have elsewhere mention'd my
+      having observ'd ev'n in Rectify'd Spirit of Harts-horn, and as is evident
+      in the Precipitations of Amalgams of Gold, and Mercury, without Addition,
+      where by the continuance of a due Heat the Silver-Colour'd Amalgam is
+      reduc'd into a shining Red Powder. Further Instances of this Kind you may
+      find here and there in divers places of my other Essays. And indeed it has
+      been a thing, that has much contributed to deceive many <i>Chymists</i>,
+      that there are more Bodies than one, which by Digestion will be brought to
+      exhibit that Variety and Succession of Colours, which they imagine to be
+      Peculiar to what they call the <i>True matter of the Philosophers</i>. But
+      concerning this, I shall referr you to what you may elsewhere find in the
+      Discourse written touching the
+       <!--  Page 275 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275"></a>[pg
+      275]</span> passive Deceptions of <i>Chymists</i>, and more about the
+      Production of Colours by Digestion you will meet with presently. Wherefore
+      I shall now make only this Observation from what has been deliver'd, That
+      in these Operations there appears not any cause to attribute the new
+      Colours emergent to the Action of a new Substantial form, nor to any
+      Increase or Decrement of either the Salt, Sulphur, or Mercury of the
+      Matter that acquires new Colours: For the Vessels are clos'd, and these
+      Principles according to the <i>Chymists</i> are Ingenerable and
+      Incorruptible; so that the Effect seems to proceed from hence, that the
+      Heat agitating and shuffling the Corpuscles of the Body expos'd to it,
+      does in process of time so change its Texture, as that the Transposed
+      parts do Modifie the incident Light otherwise, than they did when the
+      Matter appear'd of another Colour.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXXI.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Among the several changes of Colour, which Bodies acquire or disclose by
+      Digestion, it it very remarkable, that <i>Chymists</i> find a Redness
+      rather than any other Colour in most of the Tinctures they Draw, and ev'n
+      in the more Gross Solutions they
+       <!--  Page 276 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276"></a>[pg
+      276]</span> make of almost all Concretes, that abound either with Mineral
+      or Vegetable Sulphur, though the <i>Menstruum</i> imploy'd about these
+      Solutions or Tinctures be never so Limpid or Colourless.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This we have observ'd in I know not how many Tinctures drawn with Spirit
+      of Wine from <i>Jalap</i>, <i>Guaicum</i>, and several other Vegetables;
+      and not only in the Solutions of <i>Amber</i>, <i>Benzoin</i>, and divers
+      other Concretes made with the same <i>Menstruum</i>, but also in divers
+      Mineral Tinctures. And, not to urge that familiar Instance of the Ruby of
+      Sulphur, as <i>Chymists</i> upon the score of its Colour, call the
+      Solution of Flowers of Brimstone, made with the Spirit of Turpentine, nor
+      to take notice of other more known Examples of the aptness of Chymical
+      Oyls, to produce a Red Colour with the Sulphur they extract, or dissolve;
+      not to insist (I say) upon Instances of this nature, I shall further
+      represent to you, as a thing remarkable, that, both Acid and Alcalizate
+      Salts, though in most other cases of such contrary Operations, in
+      reference to Colours, will with many Bodies that abound with Sulphureous,
+      or with Oyly parts, produce a Red; as is manifest partly in the more
+      Vulgar Instances of the Tinctures, or Solutions of
+       <!--  Page 277 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277"></a>[pg
+      277]</span> Sulphur made with <i>Lixiviums</i>, either of Calcin'd Tartar
+      or Pot-ashes, and other Obvious examples, partly by this, that the true
+      Glass of Antimony extracted with some Acid Spirits, with or without Wine,
+      will yield a Red Tincture, and that I know an Acid Liquor, which in a
+      moment will turn Oyl of Turpentine into a deep Red. But among the many
+      Instances I could give you of the easie Production of Redness by the
+      Operation of Saline Spirit, as well as of Spirit of Wine; I remember two
+      or three of those I have tried, which seem remarkable enough to deserve to
+      be mention'd to you apart.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXXII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      But before we set them down, it will not perhaps appear impertinent to
+      premise;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That there seems to be a manifest Disparity betwixt Red Liquors, so that
+      some of them may be said to have a Genuine Redness in comparison of
+      others, that have a Yellowish Redness: For if you take (for example) a
+      good Tincture of <i>Chochineel</i>, dilute it never so much with fair
+      Water, you will not (as far as I can judge by what I have tried) be able
+      to make it a Yellow Liquor. Insomuch that a Single
+       <!--  Page 278 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278"></a>[pg
+      278]</span> drop of a rich Solution of <i>Cochineel</i> in Spirit of
+      Urine, being Diluted with above an Ounce of fair Water, exhibited no
+      Yellowishness at all, but a fair (though somewhat faint) Pinck or
+      Carnation; and even when <i>Cochineel</i> was by degrees Diluted much
+      beyond the newly mention'd Colour, by the way formerly related to you in
+      the twenty fourth Experiment, I remember not, that there appear'd in the
+      whole Trial any Yellow. But if you take Balsom of Sulphur (for Instance)
+      though it may appear in a Glass, where it has a good Thickness, to be of a
+      deep Red, yet if you shake the Glass, or pour a few drops on a sheet of
+      White Paper, spreading them on it with your Finger, the Balsom that falls
+      back along the sides of the Glass, and that which stains the Paper, will
+      appear Yellow, not Red. And there are divers Tinctures, such as that of
+      Amber made with Spirit of Wine, (to name now no more) that will appear
+      either Yellow or Red, according as the Vessels that they fill, are Slender
+      or Broad.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXXIII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      But to proceed to the Experiments I was about to deliver; <i>First</i>;
+      Oyl or Spirit
+       <!--  Page 279 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279"></a>[pg
+      279]</span> of Turpentine, though clear as fair Water, being Digested upon
+      the purely White Sugar of Lead, has, in a short time, afforded us a high
+      Red Tincture, that some Artists are pleas'd to call the Balsom of <i>Saturn</i>,
+      which they very much (and probably not altogether without cause) extoll as
+      an excellent Medicine in divers Outward affections.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXXIV.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Next</i>, take of common Brimstone finely powdred five Ounces, of
+      Sal-Armoniack likewise pulveriz'd an equal weight, of beaten Quick-lime
+      six Ounces, mix these Powders exquisitely, and Distill them through a
+      Retort plac'd in Sand by degrees of Fire, giving at length as intense a
+      Heat as you well can in Sand, there will come over (if you have wrought
+      well) a Volatile Tincture of Sulphur, which may probably prove an
+      excellent Medicine, and should have been mention'd among the other
+      Preparations of Sulphur, which we have elsewhere imparted to you, but that
+      it is very pertinent to our present Subject, The change of Colours. For
+      though none of the Ingredients be Red, the Distill'd Liquor will be so:
+      and this Liquor if it
+       <!--  Page 280 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280"></a>[pg
+      280]</span> be well Drawn, will upon a little Agitation of the Vial first
+      unstop'd (especially if it be held in a Warmer hand) lend forth a copious
+      Fume, not Red, like that of Nitre, but White; And sometimes this Liquor
+      may be so Drawn, that I remember, not long since, I took pleasure to
+      observe in a parcel of it, that Ingredients not Red, did not only yield by
+      Distillation a Volatile Spirit that was Red, but though that Liquor did
+      upon the bare opening of the Bottle it was kept in, drive us away with the
+      plenty and sulphureous sent of a White steam which it sent forth, yet the
+      Liquor it self being touch'd by our Fingers, did immediately Dye them
+      Black.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXXV.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The third and <i>last</i> Experiment I shall now mention to shew, how
+      prone Bodies abounding in Sulphureous parts are to afford a Red Colour, is
+      one, wherein by the Operation of a Saline Spirit upon a White or Whitish
+      Body, which according to the <i>Chymists</i> should be altogether
+      Sulphureous, a Redness may be produc'd, not (as in the former Experiments)
+      slowly, but in the twinkling of an Eye. We took then of the Essential Oyl
+      of Anniseeds,
+       <!--  Page 281 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281"></a>[pg
+      281]</span> which has this Peculiarity, that in Cold weather it loses its
+      Fluidity and the greatest part of its Transparency, and looks like a White
+      or Whitish Oyntment, and near at hand seems to consist of a Multitude of
+      little soft Scales: Of this Coagulated Stuff we spread a little with a
+      Knife upon a piece of White Paper, and letting fall on it, and mixing with
+      it a drop or two of Oyl of Vitriol, immediately (as we fore-saw) there
+      emerg'd together with some Heat and Smoak, a Blood-Red Colour, which
+      therefore was in a trice produc'd by two Bodies, whereof the one had but a
+      Whitish Colour, and the other (if carefully rectify'd) had no Colour at
+      all.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXXVI.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      But on this Occasion (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) we must add once for all, that in
+      many of the above-recited Experiments, though the changes of Colour
+      happen'd as we have mention'd them: yet the emergent or produc'd Colour is
+      oft times very subject to Degenerate, both quickly and much.
+      Notwithstanding which, since the Changes, we have set down, do happen
+      presently upon the Operation of the Bodies upon each other, or at the
+      times by us specify'd;
+       <!--  Page 282 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282"></a>[pg
+      282]</span> <i>that</i> is sufficient both to justifie our Veracity, and
+      to shew what we Intend; it not being Essential to the Genuineness of a
+      Colour to be Durable. For a fading Leaf, that is ready to Rot, and moulder
+      into Dust, may have as true a Yellow, as a Wedge of Gold, which so
+      obstinately resists both Time and Fire. And the reason, why I take
+      occasion from the former Experiment to subjoyn this general Advertisement,
+      is, that I have several times observ'd, that the Mixture resulting from
+      the Oyls of Vitriol, and of Anniseeds, though it acquire a thicker
+      consistence than either of the Ingredients had, has quickly lost its
+      Colour, turning in a very short time into a dirty Gray, at least in the
+      Superficial parts, where 'tis expos'd to the Air; which last Circumstance
+      I therefore mention, because that, though it seem probable, that this
+      Degeneration of Colours may oft times and in divers cases proceed from the
+      further Action of the Saline Corpuscles, and the other Ingredients upon
+      one another, yet in many cases much of the Quick change of Colours seems
+      ascribeable to the Air, as may be made probable by several reasons: The
+      first whereof may be fetcht from the newly recited Example of the two
+      Oyls; The next may be, that we have sometimes observ'd
+       <!--  Page 283 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283"></a>[pg
+      283]</span> long Window-Curtains of light Colours, to have that part of
+      them, which was expos'd to the Air, when the Window was open, of one
+      Colour, and the lower part, that was sheltred from the Air by the Wall, of
+      another Colour: And the third Argument may be fetch'd from divers
+      Observations, both of others, and our own; For of that Pigment so well
+      known in Painters Shops, by the name of <i>Turnsol</i>, our Industrious <i>Parkinson</i>,
+      in the particular account he gives of the Plant that bears it, tells us
+      also, That <i>the Berries when they are at their full Maturity, have
+      within them between the outer Skin and the inward Kirnel or Seed, a
+      certain Juice or Moisture, which being rubb'd upon Paper or Cloath, at the
+      first appears of a fresh and lovely Green Colour, but presently changeth
+      into a kind of Blewish Purple, upon the Cloath or Paper, and the same
+      Cloath afterwards wet in Water, and wrung forth, will Colour the Water
+      into a Claret Wine Colour, and these</i> (concludes he) <i>are those Raggs
+      of Cloath, which are usually call'd</i> Turnsol <i>in the Druggists or
+      Grocers Shops</i><a name="NtA_21" id="NtA_21"></a><a href="#Nt_21"><sup>21</sup></a>.
+      And to this Observation of our <i>Botanist</i> we will add an Experiment
+      of our own, (made before we met with That) which, though in many
+      Circumstances, very
+       <!--  Page 284 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284"></a>[pg
+      284]</span> differing, serves to prove the same thing; for having taken of
+      the deeply Red Juice of <i>Buckthorn</i> Berries, which I bought of the
+      Man that uses to sell it to the Apothecaries, to make their Syrrup <i>de
+      Spina Cervina</i>, I let some of it drop upon a piece of White Paper, and
+      having left it there for many hours, till the Paper was grown dry again, I
+      found what I was inclin'd to suspect, namely, That this Juice was
+      degenerated from a deep Red to a dirty kind of Greyish Colour, which, in a
+      great part of the stain'd Paper seem'd not to have so much as an Eye of
+      Red: Though a little Spirit of Salt or dissolv'd <i>Alcaly</i> would turn
+      this unpleasant Colour (as formerly I told you it would change the not yet
+      alter'd Juice) into a Red or Green. And to satisfie my self, that this
+      Degeneration of Colour did not proceed from the Paper, I drop'd some of
+      the deep Red or Crimson Juice upon a White glaz'd Tile, and suffering it
+      to dry on there, I found that ev'n in that Body, on which it could not
+      Soak, and by which it could not be Wrought, it nevertheless lost its
+      Colour. And these Instances (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) I am the more carefull to
+      mention to you, that you may not be much Surpris'd or Discourag'd, if you
+      should sometimes miss of performing
+       <!--  Page 285 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285"></a>[pg
+      285]</span> punctually what I affirm my self to have done in point of
+      changing Colours; since in these Experiments the over-sight or neglect of
+      such little Circumstances, as in many others would not be perhaps
+      considerable, may occasion the mis-carrying of a Trial. And I was willing
+      also to take this occasion of Advertising you in the repeating of the
+      Experiments mention'd in this Treatise, to make use of the Juices of
+      Vegetables, and other things prepar'd for your Trials, as soon as ever
+      they are ready, lest one or other of them grow less fit, if not quite
+      unfit by delay; and to estimate the Event of the Trials by the Change,
+      that is produc'd presently upon the due and sufficient Application of
+      Actives to Passives, (as they speak) because in many cases the effects of
+      such Mixtures may not be lasting, and the newly produc'd Colour may in a
+      little time degenerate. But, (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) I forgot to add to the
+      two former Observations lately made about Vegetables, a third of the same
+      Import, made in Mineral substances, by telling you, That the better to
+      satisfie a Friend or two in this particular, I sometimes made, according
+      to some Conjectures of mine, this Experiment; That having dissolv'd good
+      Silver in <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, and Precipitated it with Spirit of Salt,
+      upon
+       <!--  Page 286 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286"></a>[pg
+      286]</span> the first Decanting of the Liquor, the remaining Matter would
+      be purely White; but after it had lain a while uncover'd, that part of it,
+      that was Contiguous to the Air, would not only lose its Whiteness, but
+      appear of a very Dark and almost Blackish Colour, I say that part that was
+      Contiguous to the Air, because if that were gently taken off, the
+      Subjacent part of the same Mass would appear very White, till that also,
+      having continu'd a while expos'd to the Air, would likewise Degenerate.
+      Now whether the Air perform these things by the means of a Subtile Salt,
+      which we elsewhere show it not to be destitute of, or by a peircing
+      Moisture, that is apt easily to insinuate it self into the Pores of some
+      Bodies, and thereby change their Texture, and so their Colour; Or by
+      solliciting the Avolation of certain parts of the Bodies, to which 'tis
+      Contiguous; or by some other way, (which possibly I may elsewhere propose
+      and consider) I have not now the leisure to discourse. And for the same
+      reason, though I could add many other Instances, of what I formerly noted
+      touching the emergency of Redness upon the Digestion of many Bodies,
+      insomuch that I have often seen upon the Borders of <i>France</i> (and
+      probably we may have the like in
+       <!--  Page 287 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287"></a>[pg
+      287]</span> <i>England</i>) a sort of Pears, which digested for some time
+      with a little Wine, in a Vessel exactly clos'd, will in not many hours
+      appear throughout of a deep Red Colour, (as also that of the Juice,
+      wherein they are Stew'd, becomes) but ev'n on pure and white Salt of
+      Tartar, pure Spirit of Wine, as clear as Rock-water, will (as we elsewhere
+      declare) by long Digestion acquire a Redness; Though I say such Instances
+      might be Multiply'd, and though there be some other Obvious changes of
+      Colours, which happen so frequently, that they cannot but be as well
+      Considerable as Notorious; such as is the Blackness of almost all Bodies
+      burn'd in the open Air: yet our haste invites us to resign you the
+      Exercise of enquiring into the Causes of these Changes. And certainly, the
+      reason both <i>why</i> the Soots of such differing Bodies are almost all
+      of them all Black, <i>why</i> so much the greater part of Vegetables
+      should be rather Green than of any other Colour, and particularly (which
+      more directly concerns this place) <i>why</i> gentle Heats do so
+      frequently in Chymical Operations produce rather a Redness than another
+      Colour in digested <i>Menstruums</i>, not only Sulphureous, as Spirit of
+      Wine, but Saline, as Spirit of Vinegar, may be very well worth
+       <!--  Page 288 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288"></a>[pg
+      288]</span> a serious Inquiry; which I shall therefore recommend to <i>Pyrophilus</i>
+      and his Ingenious Friends.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXXVII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      It may seem somewhat strange, that if you take the Crimson Solution of <i>Cochineel</i>,
+      or the Juice of Black Cherries, and of some other Vegetables that afford
+      the like Colour, (which because many take but for a deep Red, we do with
+      them sometimes call it so) and let some of it fall upon a piece of Paper,
+      a drop or two of an Acid Spirit, such as Spirit of Salt, or <i>Aqua-fortis</i>,
+      will immediately turn it into a fair Red. Whereas if you make an Infusion
+      of Brazil in fair Water, and drop a little Spirit of Salt or <i>Aqua-fortis</i>
+      into it, that will destroy its Redness, and leave the Liquor of a Yellow,
+      (sometimes Pale) I might perhaps plausibly enough say on this occasion,
+      that if we consider the case a little more attentively, we may take
+      notice, that the action of the Acid Spirit seems in both cases, but to
+      weaken the Colour of the Liquor on which it falls. And so though it
+      destroy Redness in the Tincture of Brazil, as well as produce Red in the
+      Tincture of <i>Chochineel</i>, its Operations may be Uniform
+       <!--  Page 289 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289"></a>[pg
+      289]</span> enough, since as Crimson seems to be little else than a very
+      deep Red, with (perhaps) an Eye of Blew, so some kinds of Red seem (as I
+      have lately noted) to be little else than heightned Yellow. And
+      consequently in such Bodies, the Yellow seems to be but a diluted Red. And
+      accordingly Alcalizate Solutions and Urinous Spirits, which seem dispos'd
+      to Deepen the Colours of the Juices and Liquors of most Vegetables, will
+      not only restore the Solution of <i>Cochineel</i> and the Infusion of
+      Brazil to the Crimson, whence the Spirit of Salt had chang'd them into a
+      truer Red; but will also (as I lately told you) not only heighthen the
+      Yellow Juice of Madder into Red, but advance the Red Infusion of Brazil to
+      a Crimson. But I know not whether it will not be much safer to derive
+      these Changes from vary'd Textures, than certain kinds of Bodies; and you
+      will perhaps think it worth while, that I should add on this occasion,
+      That it may deserve some Speculation, why, notwithstanding what we have
+      been observing, though Blew and Purple seem to be deeper Colours than Red,
+      and therefore the Juices of Plants of either of the two former Colours may
+      (congruously enough to what has been just now noted) be turn'd Red by
+       <!--  Page 290 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290"></a>[pg
+      290]</span> Spirit of Salt or <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, yet Blew Syrrup of
+      Violets and some Purples should both by Oyl of Tartar and Spirit of Urine
+      be chang'd into Green, which seems to be not a deeper but a more diluted
+      Colour than Blew, if not also than Purple.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXXVIII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      It would much contribute to the History of Colours, if <i>Chymists</i>
+      would in their Laboratories take a heedfull notice, and give us a
+      faithfull account of the Colours observ'd in the Steams of Bodies either
+      Sublim'd or Distill'd, and of the Colours of those Productions of the
+      Fire, that are made up by the Coalition of those Steams. As (for Instance)
+      we observe in the Distilling of pure Salt peter, that at a certain season
+      of the Operation, the Body, though it seem either Crystalline, or White,
+      affords very Red Fumes: whereas though Vitriol be Green or Blew, the
+      Spirit of it is observ'd to come over in Whitish Fumes. The like Colour I
+      have taken notice of in the Fumes of several other Concretes of differing
+      Colours, and Natures, especially when Distill'd with strong Fires. And we
+      elsewhere note, that ev'n Soot, as Black as it is, has fill'd our
+      Receivers
+       <!--  Page 291 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291"></a>[pg
+      291]</span> with such copious White Fumes, that they seem'd to have had
+      their In-sides wash'd with Milk. And no less observable may be, the
+      Distill'd Liqours, into which such Fumes convene, (for though we will not
+      deny, that by skill and care a Reddish Liqour may be obtain'd from Nitre)
+      yet the common Spirit of it, in the making ev'n of which store of these
+      Red Fumes are wont to pass over into the Receiver, appears not to be at
+      all Red. And besides, that neither the Spirit of Vitriol, nor that of Soot
+      is any thing White; And, besides also, that as far as I have observ'd,
+      most (for I say not all) of the Empyreumatical Oyls of Woods, and other
+      Concretes, are either of a deep Red, or of a Colour between Red and Black;
+      besides this, I say, 'tis very remarkable that notwithstanding that great
+      Variety of Colours to be met with in the Herbs, Flowers, and other Bodies
+      wont to be Distill'd in <i>Balneo</i>: yet (as far at least as our common
+      Distillers Experience reacheth) all the Waters and Spirits that first come
+      over by that way of Distillation, leave the Colours of their Concretes
+      behind them, though indeed there be one or two Vegetables not commonly
+      taken notice of, whose Distill'd Liqours I elsewhere observe to carry over
+       <!--  Page 292 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292"></a>[pg
+      292]</span> the Tincture of the Concrete with them. And as in
+      Distillations, so in Sublimations, it were worth while to take notice of
+      what comes up, in reference to our present scope, by purposely performing
+      them (as I have in some cafes done) in conveniently shap'd Glasses, that
+      the Colour of the ascending Fumes may be discern'd; For it may afford a
+      Naturalist good Information to observe the Congruities or the Differences
+      betwixt the Colours of the ascending Fumes, and those of the <i>Flowers</i>,
+      they compose by their Convention. For it is evident, that these <i>Flowers</i>,
+      do many of them in point of Colour, much differ, not only from one
+      another, but oft times from the Concretes that afforded them. Thus, (not
+      here to repeat what I formerly noted of the Black Soots of very
+      differingly Colour'd Bodies) though Camphire and Brimstone afford <i>Flowers</i>
+      much of their own Colour, save that those of Brimstone are wont to be a
+      little Paler, than the Lumps that yielded them; yet ev'n of Red <i>Benzoin</i>,
+      that sublim'd Substance, which <i>Chymists</i> call its <i>Flowers</i>, is
+      wont to be White or Whitish. And to omit other Instances, ev'n one and the
+      same Black Mineral, Antimony, may be made to afford <i>Flowers</i>, some
+      of them Red, and some Grey, and, which is more strange,
+       <!--  Page 293 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293"></a>[pg
+      293]</span> some of them purely White. And 'tis the Prescription of some
+      Glass-men by exquisitely mingling a convenient proportion of Brimstone,
+      Sal-Armoniack, and Quicksilver, and Subliming them, together, to make a
+      Sublimate of an excellent Blew; and though having caus'd the Experiment to
+      be made, we found the produc'd Sublimate to be far from being of a lovely
+      Colour, (as was promis'd) that there and there, it seem'd Blewish, and at
+      least was of a Colour differing enough from either of the Ingredients,
+      which is sufficient for our present purpose. But a much finer Colour is
+      promis'd by some of the Empiricks, that pretend to Secrets, who tell us,
+      that Orpiment, being Sublim'd, will afford among the Parts of it that fly
+      Upward, some little Masses, which, though the Mineral it self be of a good
+      Yellow, will be Red enough to emulate Rubies, both in Colour and
+      Translucency. And this Experiment may, for ought I know, sometimes
+      succeed; for I remember, that having in a small Bolt-head purposely
+      sublim'd some powder'd Orpiment, we could in the Lower part of the
+      Sublimate discern here and there some Reddish Lines, though much of the
+      Upper part of the Sublimate consisted of a matter, which was not alone
+      purely
+       <!--  Page 294 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294"></a>[pg
+      294]</span> Yellow, but transparent almost like a Powder. And we have also
+      this way obtain'd a Sublimate, the Lower part whereof though it consisted
+      not of Rubies, yet the small pieces of it, which were Numerous enough,
+      were of a pleasant Reddish Colour, and Glitter'd very prettily. But to
+      insist on such kind of Trials and Observations (where the ascending Fumes
+      of Bodies differ in Colour from the Bodies themselves) though it might
+      indeed Inrich the History of Colours, would Robb me of too much of the
+      little time I have to dispatch what I have further to tell you concerning
+      them.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXXIX</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Take the dry'd Buds (or Blossoms) of the Pomegranate Tree, (which are
+      commonly call'd in the Shops <i>Balaustiums</i>) pull off the Reddish
+      Leaves, and by a gentle Ebullition of them in fair Water, or by a
+      competent Infusion of them in like Water well heated, extract a faint
+      Reddish Tincture, which if the Liquor be turbid, you may Clarifie it by
+      Filtrating it Into this, if you pour a little good Spirit of Urine, or
+      some other Spirit abounding in the like sort of Volatile Salts, the
+      Mixture will
+       <!--  Page 295 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295"></a>[pg
+      295]</span> presently turn of a dark Greenish Colour, but if instead of
+      the fore-mention'd Liquor, you drop into the simple Infusion a little
+      rectify'd Spirit of Sea-Salt, the Pale and almost Colourless Liquor will
+      immediately not only grow more Transparent, but acquire a high Redness,
+      like that of Rich Claret Wine, which so suddenly acquir'd Colour, may as
+      quickly be Destroy'd and turn'd into a dirty Blewish Green, by the
+      affusion of a competent quantity of the above-mention'd Spirit of Urine.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This Experiment may bring some Light to, and receive some from a couple of
+      other Experiments, that I remember I have met with in the ingenious <i>Gassendus</i>'s
+      Animadversions upon <i>Epicurus</i>'s Philosophy, whilst I was turning
+      over the Leaves of those Learned Commentaries; (my Eyes being too weak to
+      let me read such Voluminous Books quite thorough) And I the less scruple
+      (notwithstanding my contrary Custom in this Treatise) to set down these
+      Experiments of another, because I shall a little improve the latter of
+      them, and because by comparing there with that which I have last recited,
+      we may be assisted to Conjecture
+       <!--  Page 296 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296"></a>[pg
+      296]</span> upon what account it is, that Oyl of Vitriol heightens the
+      Tincture of Red-rose Leaves, since Spirit of Salt, which is a highly Acid
+      <i>Menstruum</i>, but otherwise differing enough from Oyl of Vitriol, does
+      the same thing. Our Authors Experiments then, as we made them, are these;
+      We took about a Glass-full of luke-warm Water, and in it immerg'd a
+      quantity of the Leaves of <i>Senna</i>, and presently upon the Immersion
+      there did not appear any Redness in the Water, but dropping into it a
+      little Oyl of Tartar, the Liquor soon discover'd a Redness to the
+      watchfull Eye, whereas by a little of that Acid Liquor of Vitriol, which
+      is like the former, undeservedly called Oyl, such a Colour would not be
+      extracted from the infused <i>Senna</i>. On the other side we took some
+      Red-rose Leaves dry'd, and having shaken them into a Glass of fair Water,
+      they imparted to it no Redness, but upon the affusion of a little Oyl of
+      Vitriol the Water was immediately turn'd Red, which it would not have
+      been, if instead of Oyl of Vitriol, we had imployed Oyl of Tartar to
+      produce that Colour: That these were <i>Gassendus</i> his Experiments, I
+      partly remember, and was assur'd by a Friend, who lately Transcribed them
+      out of <i>Gassendus</i> his Book, which I
+       <!--  Page 297 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297"></a>[pg
+      297]</span> therefore add, because I have not now that Book at hand. And
+      the design of <i>Gassendus</i> in these Experiments our Friend affirms to
+      be, to prove, that of things not Red a Redness may be made only by
+      Mixture, and the Varied position of parts, wherein the Doctrine of that
+      Subtil Philosopher doth not a little Authorize, what we have formerly
+      delivered concerning the Emergency and Change of Colours. But the
+      instances, that we have out of him set down, seem not to be the most
+      Eminent, that may be produced of this truth: For our next Experiment will
+      shew the production of several Colours out of Liquors, which have not any
+      of them any such Colour, nor indeed any discernable one at all; and
+      whereas though our Author tells us, that there was no Redness either in
+      the Water, or the Leaves of <i>Senna</i>, or the Oyl of Tartar; And though
+      it be true, that the Predominant Colour of the Leaves of <i>Senna</i> be
+      another than Red, yet we have try'd, that by steeping that Plant a Night
+      even in Cold water, it would afford a very deep Yellow or Reddish Tincture
+      without the help of the Oyl of Tartar, which seems to do little more than
+      assist the Water to extract more nimbly a plenty of that Red Tincture,
+      wherewith the Leaves of <i>Senna</i>
+       <!--  Page 298 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298"></a>[pg
+      298]</span> do of themselves abound, and having taken off the Tincture of
+      <i>Senna</i>, made only with fair Water, before it grew to be Reddish, and
+      Decanted it from the Leaves, we could not perceive, that by dropping some
+      Oyl of Tartar into it, that Colour was considerable, though it were a
+      little heightned into a Redness; which might have been expected, if the
+      particles of the Oyl did eminently Co-operate, otherwise than we have
+      expressed, to the production of this Redness.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And as for the Experiment with Red-rose Leaves, the same thing may be
+      alleged, for we found that such Leaves by bare Infusion for a Night and
+      Day in fair Water, did afford us a Tincture bordering at least upon
+      Redness, and that Colour being conspicuous in the Leaves themselves, would
+      not by some seem so much to be produc'd as to be extracted by the affusion
+      of Oyl of Vitriol. And the Experiment try'd with the dry'd Leaves of
+      Damask-roses succeeded but imperfectly, but that is indeed observable to
+      our Authors purpose, that Oyl of Tartar will not perform in this
+      Experiment what Oyl of Vitriol doth; but because this last named Liquor is
+      not so easily to be had, give me leave to Advertise you, that the
+      Experiment will succeed,
+       <!--  Page 299 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299"></a>[pg
+      299]</span> if instead of it you imploy <i>Aqua-fortis</i>. And though
+      some Trials of our own formerly made, and others easily deducible from
+      what we have already deliver'd, about the different Families and
+      Operations of Salt, might enable us to present you an Experiment upon
+      Red-rose Leaves, more accommodated to our Authors purpose, than that which
+      he hath given us; yet our Reverence to so Candid a Philosopher, invites us
+      rather to improve his Experiment, than substitute another in its place.
+      Take therefore of the Tincture of Red-rose Leaves, (for with Damask-rose
+      Leaves the Experiment succeedeth not well) made as before hath been taught
+      with a little Oyl of Vitriol, and a good quantity of fair Water, pour off
+      this Liquor into a clear Vial, half fill'd with Limpid water; till the
+      Water held against the Light have acquir'd a competent Redness, without
+      losing its Transparency, into this Tincture drop leisurely a little good
+      Spirit of Urine, and shaking the Vial, which you must still hold against
+      the Light, you shall see the Red Liquor immediately turn'd into a fine
+      Greenish Blew, which Colour was not to be found in any of the Bodies, upon
+      whose Mixture it emerg'd, and this Change is the more observable, because
+      in many Bodies
+       <!--  Page 300 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300"></a>[pg
+      300]</span> the Degenerating of Blew into Red is usual enough, but the
+      turning of Red into Blew is very unfrequent. If at every drop of Spirit of
+      Urine you shake the Vial containing the Red Tincture, you may delightfully
+      observe a pretty variety of Colours in the passage of that Tincture from a
+      Red to a Blew, and sometimes we have this way hit upon such a Liquor, as
+      being look't upon against and from the Light, did seem faintly to emulate
+      the above-mention'd Tincture of <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>. And if you make
+      the Tincture of Red-roses very high, and without Diluting it with fair
+      Water, pour on the Spirit of Urine, you may have a Blew so deep, as to
+      make the Liquor Opacous, but being dropt upon White Paper the Colour will
+      soon disclose it self. Also having made the Red, and consequently the Blew
+      Tincture very Transparent, and suffer'd it to rest in a small open Vial
+      for a Day or two, we found according to our Conjecture, that not only the
+      Blew but the Red Colour also was Vanish'd; the clear Liquor being of a
+      bright Amber Colour, at the bottom of which subsided a Light, but Copious
+      feculency of almost the same Colour, which seems to be nothing but the
+      Tincted parts of the Rose Leaves drawn out by the Acid
+       <!--  Page 301 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301"></a>[pg
+      301]</span> Spirits of the Oyl of Vitriol, and Precipitated by the
+      Volatile Salt of the Spirit of Urine, which makes it the more probable,
+      that the Redness drawn by the Oyl of Vitriol, was at least as well an
+      extraction of the Tinging parts of the Roses, as a production of Redness;
+      and lastly, if you be destitute of Spirit of Urine, you may change the
+      Colour of the Tincture of Roses with many other Sulphureous Salts, as a
+      strong Solution of Pot-ashes, Oyl of Tartar, &amp;c. which yet are seldome
+      so free from Feculency, as the Spirituous parts of Urine becomes by
+      repeated Distillation.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On this, occasion, I call to mind, that I found, a way of producing,
+      though not the same kind of Blew, as I have been mentioning, yet a Colour
+      near of Kin to it, namely, a fair Purple, by imploying a Liquor not made
+      Red by Art, instead of the Tincture of Red-roses, made with an Acid
+      Spirit; And my way was only to take Log-wood, (a Wood very well known to
+      Dyers) having by Infusion the Powder of it a while in fair Water made that
+      Liquor Red, I dropt into it a <i>Tantillum</i> of an Urinous Spirit, as
+      that of Sal-Armoniack,
+       <!--  Page 302 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302"></a>[pg
+      302]</span> (and I have done the same thing with an <i>Alcali</i>) by
+      which the Colour was in a moment turn'd into a Rich, and lovely Purple.
+      But care must be had, that you let not fall into a Spoonfull above two or
+      three Drops, lest the Colour become so deep, as to make the Liquor too
+      Opacous. And (to answer the other part of <i>Gassendus</i> his Experiment)
+      if instead of fair Water, I infus'd the Log-wood in Water made somewhat
+      sowr by the Acid Spirit of Salt, I should obtain neither a Purple Liquor,
+      nor a Red, but only a Yellow one.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XL.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The Experiment I am now to mention to you, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, is that
+      which both you, and all the other <i>Virtuosi</i> that have seen it, have
+      been pleas'd to think very strange; and indeed of all the Experiments of
+      Colours, I have yet met with, it seems to be the fittest to recommend the
+      Doctrine propos'd in this Treatise, and to shew that we need not suppose,
+      that all Colours must necessarily be Inherent Qualities, flowing from the
+      Substantial Forms of the Bodies they are said to belong to, since by a
+      bare Mechanical change of Texture in the Minute parts of Bodies; two
+      Colours may in
+       <!--  Page 303 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303"></a>[pg
+      303]</span> a moment be Generated quite <i>De novo,</i> and utterly
+      Destroy'd. For there is this difference betwixt the following Experiment,
+      and most of the others deliver'd in these Papers, that in this, the Colour
+      that a Body already had, is not chang'd into another, but betwixt two
+      Bodies, each of them apart devoid of Colour, there is in a moment
+      generated a very deep Colour, and which if it were let alone, would be
+      permanent; and yet by a very small Parcel of a third Body, that has no
+      Colour of its own, (lest some may pretend I know not what Antipathy
+      betwixt Colours) this otherwise permanent Colour will be in another trice
+      so quite Destroy'd, that there will remain no foot-stepts either of it or
+      of any other Colour in the whole Mixture.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Experiment is very easie, and it is thus perform'd: Take good common
+      Sublimate, and fully satiate with it what quantity of Water you please,
+      Filtre the Solution carefully through clean and close Paper, that it may
+      drop down as Clear and Colourless as Fountain water. Then when you'l shew
+      the Experiment, put of it about a Spoonfull into a small Wine-glass, or
+      any other convenient Vessel made of clear Glass, and droping in three or
+      four
+       <!--  Page 304 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304"></a>[pg
+      304]</span> drops of good Oyl of Tartar, <i>per Deliquium</i>; well
+      Filtred that it may likewise be without Colour, these two Limpid Liquors
+      will in the twinkling of an Eye turn into an Opacous mixture of a deep
+      Orange Colour, which by keeping the Glass continually shaking in your
+      hand, you must preserve from setling too soon to the Bottom; And when the
+      Spectators have a little beheld this first Change, then you must presently
+      drop in about four or five drops of Oyl of Vitriol, and continuing to
+      shake the Glass pretty strongly, that it may the Nimbler diffuse it self,
+      the whole Colour, if you have gone Skilfully to work, will immediately
+      disappear, and all the Liquor in the Glass will be Clear and Colourless as
+      before, without so much as a Sediment at the Bottom. But for the more
+      gracefull Trial of this Experiment, 'twill not be amiss to observe, First,
+      That there should not be taken too much of the Solution of Sublimate, nor
+      too much of the Oyl of Tartar drop'd in, to avoid the necessity of putting
+      in so much Oyl of Vitriol as may make an Ebullition, and perhaps run over
+      the Glass. Secondly, That 'tis convenient to keep the Glass always a
+      little shaking, both for the better mixing of the Liquors, and to keep the
+      Yellow Substance from Subsiding, which
+       <!--  Page 305 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305"></a>[pg
+      305]</span> else it would in a short time do, though when 'tis subsided it
+      will retain its Colour, and also be capable of being depriv'd of it by the
+      Oyl newly mention'd. Thirdly, That if any Yellow matter stick at the sides
+      of the Glass, 'tis but inclining the Glass, till the clarify'd Liquor can
+      wash alongst it, and the Liquor will presently imbibe it, and deprive it
+      of its Colour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Many have somewhat wondred, how I came to light upon this Experiment, but
+      the Notions or Conjectures I have about the differing Natures of the
+      Several Tribes of Salts, having led me to devise the Experiment, it will
+      not be difficult for me to give you the Chymical Reason, if I may so
+      speak, of the <i>Phænomenon</i>. Having then observ'd, that <i>Mercury</i>
+      being dissolv'd in Some <i>Menstruums</i>, would yield a dark Yellow
+      Precipitate, and supposing that, as to this, common Water, and the Salts
+      that stick to the <i>Mercury</i> would be equivalent to those Acid <i>Menstruums</i>,
+      which work upon the <i>Quick-silver</i>, upon the account of their Saline
+      particles, I substituted a Solution of Sublimate in fair Water, instead of
+      a Solution of <i>Mercury</i> in <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, or Spirit of <i>Nitre</i>,
+      that simple Solution being both clearer and free from that very offensive
+      Smell, which accompanies the Solutions
+       <!--  Page 306 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306"></a>[pg
+      306]</span> of <i>Mercury</i> made with those other corrosive Liquors;
+      then I consider'd, that That, which makes the Yellow Colour, is indeed but
+      a Precipitate made by the means of the Oyl of Tartar, which we drop in,
+      and which, as <i>Chymists</i> know, does generally precipitate Metalline
+      Bodies corroded by Acid Salts; so that the Colour in our case results from
+      the Coalition of the Mercurial particles with the Saline ones, wherewith
+      they were formerly associated, and with the Alcalizate particles of the
+      Salt of Tartar that swim up and down in the Oyl. Wherefore considering
+      also, that very many of the effects of Lixiviate Liquors, upon the
+      Solutions of other Bodies, may be destroy'd by Acid <i>Menstruums</i>, as
+      I elsewhere more particularly declare, I concluded, that if I chose a very
+      potently Acid Liquor, which by its Incisive power might undo the work of
+      the Oyl of Tartar, and disperse again those Particles, which the other had
+      by Precipitation associated, into such minute Corpuscles as were before
+      singly Inconspicuous, they would become Inconspicuous again, and
+      consequently leave the Liquor as Colourless as before the Precipitation
+      was made.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This, as I said, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, seems to be the Chymical reason of
+      this Experiment, that
+       <!--  Page 307 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307"></a>[pg
+      307]</span> is such a reason, as, supposing the truth of those Chymical
+      Notions I have elsewhere I hope evinc'd, may give such an account of the
+      <i>Phænomena</i> as Chymical Notions can supply us with; but I both here
+      and elsewhere make use of this way of speaking, to intimate that I am
+      sufficiently aware of the difference betwixt a Chymical Explication of a
+      <i>Phænomenon</i>, and one that is truly Philosophical or Mechanical; as
+      in our present case, I tell you something, when I tell you that the
+      Yellowness of the Mercurial Solution and the Oyl of Tartar is produc'd by
+      the Precipitation occasion'd by the affusion of the latter of those
+      Liquors, and that the destruction of the Colour proceeds from the
+      Dissipation of that Curdl'd matter, whose Texture is destroy'd, and which
+      is dissolv'd into Minute and Invisible particles by the potently Acid <i>Menstruum</i>,
+      which is the reason, why there remains no Sediment in the Bottom, because
+      the infused Oyl takes it up, and resolves it into hidden or invisible
+      Parts, as Water does Salt or Sugar. But when I have told you all this, I
+      am far from thinking I have told all that such an Inquisitive Person as
+      your self would know, for I presume you would desire as well as I to learn
+      (at least) why the Particles of the
+       <!--  Page 308 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308"></a>[pg
+      308]</span> <i>Mercury</i>, of the Tartar, and of the Acid Salts convening
+      together, should make rather an Orange Colour than a Red, or a Blew, or a
+      Green, for 'tis not enough to say what I related a little before, that
+      divers Mercurial Solutions, though otherwise made, would yield a Yellow
+      precipitate, because the Question will recurr concerning them; and to give
+      it a satisfactory answer, is, I freely acknowledge, more than I dare as
+      yet pretend to.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But to confirm my conjecture about the Chymical reason of our Experiment,
+      I may add, that as I have (<i>viz.</i> pag. 34<sup>th</sup>. of this
+      Treatise) elsewhere (on another occasion) told you, with Saline Liquors of
+      another kind and nature than Salt of Tartar, (namely, with Spirit of
+      Urine, and Liquors of kin to that) I can make the <i>Mercury</i>
+      precipitate out of the first simple Solution quite of another Colour than
+      that hitherto mention'd; Nay, if instead of altering the Precipitating
+      liquor, I alter'd the Texture of the Sublimate in such a way as my Notions
+      about Salt requir'd, I could produce the same <i>Phænomenon</i>. For
+      having purposely Sublim'd together Equal parts (or thereabout) of
+      Sal-Armoniack and Sublimate, first diligently Mix'd, the ascending Flowers
+      being diffolv'd in fair Water,
+       <!--  Page 309 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309"></a>[pg
+      309]</span> and Filtred, gave a Solution Limpid and Colourless, like that
+      of the other Sublimates, and yet an <i>Akaly</i> drop'd into this Liquor
+      did not turn it Yellow but White. And upon the same Grounds we may with <i>Quick-silver</i>,
+      without the help of common Sublimate, prepare another sort of Flowers
+      dissoluble in Water without Discolouring it, with which I could likewise
+      do what I newly mention'd; to which I shall add, (what possibly you'l
+      somewhat wonder at) That so much does the Colour depend upon the Texture
+      resulting from the Convention of the several sorts of Corpuscles, that
+      though in out Experiment, Oyl of Vitriol destroys the Yellow Colour, yet
+      with <i>Quick-silver</i> and fair Water, by the help of Oyl of Vitriol
+      alone, we may easily make a kind of Precipitate of a fair and permanent
+      Yellow, as you will e're long (in the forty second Expement of this third
+      Part) be taught. And I may further add, that I chose Oyl of Vitriol, not
+      so much for any other or peculiar Quality, as for its being, when 'tis
+      well rectify'd, (which 'tis somewhat hazardous to bring it to be) not only
+      devoid of Colour and in Smells, but extremely Strong and Incisive; For
+      though common and undephlegmated <i>Aqua-fortis</i> will not perform
+       <!--  Page 310 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310"></a>[pg
+      310]</span> the same thing well, yet that which is made exceeding Strong
+      by being carefully Dephlegm'd, will do it pretty well, though not so well
+      as Oyl of Vitriol which is so Strong, that even without Rectification it
+      may for a need be made use of. I will not here tell you what I have try'd,
+      that I may be able to deprive at pleasure the Precipitate that one of the
+      Sulphureous Liquors had made, by the copious Affusion of the other:
+      Because I found, though this Experiment is too ticklish to let me give a
+      full account of it in few words, I shall therefore tell you, that it is
+      not only for once, that the other above-mention'd Experiment may be made,
+      the same Numerical parcels of Liquor being still imploy'd in it; for after
+      I have Clarify'd the Orange Colour'd Liquor, by the addition of as little
+      of the Oyl of Viriol as will suffice to perform the effect, I can again at
+      pleasure re-produce the Opacous Colour, by the dropping in of fresh Oyl of
+      Tartar, and destroy it again by the Re-affusion of more of the Acid <i>Menstruum</i>;
+      and yet oftner if I please, can I with these two contrariant Liquors
+      recall and disperse the Colour, though by reason of the addition of so
+      much new Liquor, in reference to the Mercurial particles, the Colour will
+      at length appear more dilute and faint.
+       <!--  Page 311 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311"></a>[pg
+      311]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>An improvement of the fortieth Experiment</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, to confirm yet further the Notions that led me to
+      think on the propos'd Experiment, I shall acquaint you with another, which
+      when I had conveniency I have sometimes added to it, and which has to the
+      Spectators appear'd little less Odd than the first; And though because the
+      Liquor, requisite to make the Trial succeed well, must be on purpose
+      prepar'd anew a while before, because it will not long retain its fitness
+      for this work, I do but seldome annex this Experiment to the other, yet I
+      shall tell you how I devis'd it, and how I make it. If you boyl Crude
+      Antimony in a strong and clear <i>Lixivium</i>, you shall separate a
+      Substance from it, which some Modern <i>Chymists</i> are pleas'd to call
+      its Sulphur, but how deservedly I shall not here examine, having elsewhere
+      done it in an Opportune place; wherefore I shall now but need to take
+      notice, that when this suppos'd Sulphur (not now to call it rather a kind
+      of <i>Crocus</i>) is let fall by the Liquor upon its Refrigeration, it
+      often settles in Flakes, or such like parcels of a Yellow Substance,
+      (which being by the precedent
+       <!--  Page 312 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312"></a>[pg
+      312]</span> dissolution reduc'd into Minute parts, may peradventure be
+      made to take Fire much more easily than the Grosser Powder of unprepar'd
+      Antimony would have done.) Considering therefore, that common Sulphur
+      boyl'd in a <i>Lixivium</i> may be Precipitated out of it by Rhenish-wine
+      or White-wine, which are Sowrish Liquors, and have in them, as I elsewhere
+      shew, an Acid Salt; and having found also by Trial, that with other Acid
+      Liquors I could Precipitate out of Lixiviate Solvents some other Mineral
+      concretions abounding with Sulphureous parts, of which sort is crude
+      Antimony, I concluded it to be easie to Precipitate the Antimony
+      dissolv'd, as was lately mention'd, with the Acid Oyl of Vitriol; and
+      though common Sulphur yields a White Precipitate, which the <i>Chymists</i>
+      call <i>Lac Sulphuris</i>, yet I suppos'd the Precipitated Antimony would
+      be of a deep Yellow Colour, as well, if made with Oyl of Vitriol, as if
+      made only by Refrigeration and length of Time. From this 'twas easie to
+      deduce this Experiment, that if you put into one Glass some of the freshly
+      Impregnated and Filtrated Solution of Antimony, and into another some of
+      the Orange-Colour'd Mixture, (which I formerly shew'd you how to make with
+      a
+       <!--  Page 313 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313"></a>[pg
+      313]</span> Mercurial Solution and Oyl of Tartar) a few drops of Oyl of
+      Vitriol dropp'd into the last mention'd Glass, would, as I told you
+      before, turn the Deep Yellow mixture into a Cleer Liquor; whereas a little
+      of the same Oyl dropp'd out of the same Viol into the other Glass would
+      presently (but not without some ill sent) turn the moderately cleer
+      Solution into a Deep Yellow Substance, But this, as I Said, succeeds not
+      well, unless you employ a <i>Lixivium</i> that has but newly dissolv'd
+      Antimony, and has not yet let it fall. But yet in Summer time, if your <i>Lixivium</i>
+      have been duly Impregnated and well Filtred after it is quite cold, it
+      will for some dayes (perhaps much longer than I had occasion to try)
+      retain Antimony enough to exhibit, upon the Affusion of the Corrosive Oyl,
+      as much of a good Yellow Substance as is necessary to satisfie the
+      Beholders of the Possibility of the Experiment.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Reflections upon the XL. Experiment Compared with the X. and XX.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Knowledge of the Distinction of Salts which we have propos'd, whereby
+      they are discriminated into <i>Acid, Volatile,</i>
+       <!--  Page 314 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314"></a>[pg
+      314]</span> or <i>Salfuginous</i> (if I may for Distinction sake so call
+      the Fugitive Salts of Animal Substances) and <i>fix'd</i> or <i>Alcalizate</i>,
+      may possibly (by that little part which we have already deliver'd, of what
+      we could say of its Applicableness) appear of so much Use in Natural
+      Philosophy (especially in the Practick part of it) that I doubt not but it
+      will be no Unwelcome Corollary of the Preceding Experiment, if by the help
+      of it I teach you to distinguish, which of those Salts is Predominant in
+      Chymical Liquors, as well as whether any of them be so or not. For though
+      in our Notes upon the X. and XX. Experiments I have shown you a way by
+      means of the Tincture of <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>, or of Syrrup of
+      Violets, to discover whether a propounded Salt be Acid or not, yet you can
+      thereby only find in general that such and such Salts belong not to the
+      Tribe of Acids, but cannot determine whether they belong to the Tribe of
+      Urinous Salts (under which for distinction sake I comprehend all those
+      Volatile Salts of Animal or other Substances that are contrary to Acids)
+      or to that of Alcalies. For as well the one as the other of these
+      Salino-Sulphurous Salts will restore the Cæruleous Colour to the Tincture
+      of <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>, and turn that of Syrrup of Violets
+       <!--  Page 315 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315"></a>[pg
+      315]</span> into Green. Wherefore this XL. Experiment does opportunely
+      supply the deficiency of those. For being sollicitous to find out some
+      ready wayes of discriminating the Tribes of Chymical Salts, I found that
+      all those I thought fit to make Tryal of, would, if they were of a
+      Lixiviate Nature, make with Sublimate dissolv'd in Fair Water an <i>Orange
+      Tawny</i> Precipitate; whereas if they were of an Urinous Nature the
+      Precipitate would be <i>White</i> and Milky. So that having alwayes by me
+      some Syrrup of Violets and some Solution of Sublimate, I can by the help
+      of the first of those Liquors discover in a trice, whether the propounded
+      Salt or Saline Body be of an Acid Nature or no, if it be I need (you know)
+      inquire no further; but if it be not, I can very easily, and as readily
+      distinguish between the other two kinds of Salts, by the White or
+      Orange-Colour that is immediately produc'd, by letting fall a few Drops or
+      Grains of the Salt to be examin'd, into a spoonfull of the cleer Solution
+      of Sublimate. For Example, it has been suppos'd by some eminently Learned,
+      That when Sal Armoniack being mingled with an Alcaly is forc'd from it by
+      the Fire in close Vessels, the Volatile Salt that will thereby be obtain'd
+      (if the Operation be skilfully perform'd,)
+       <!--  Page 316 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316"></a>[pg
+      316]</span> is but a more fine and subtile sort of Sal Armoniack, which,
+      'tis presum'd, this Operation do's but more exquisitely purifie, than
+      common Solutions, Filtrations, and Coagulations. But this Opinion may be
+      easily shown to be Erroneous, as by other Arguments, so particularly by
+      the lately deliver'd Method of distinguishing the Tribes of Salts. For the
+      Saline Spirit of Sal Armoniack, as it is in many other manifest Qualities
+      very like the Spirit of Urine, so like, that it will in a trice make
+      Syrrup of Violets of a Lovely Green, turn a Solution of good Verdigrease
+      into an Excellent Azure, and make the Solution of a Sublimate yield a
+      White Precipitate, insomuch that in most (for I say not all of the
+      Experiments) where I Aim onely at producing a sudden change of Colour, I
+      scruple not to use Spirit of Sal Armoniack when it is at hand, instead of
+      Spirit of Urine, as indeed it seems chiefly to consist (besides the flegm
+      that helps to make it fluid) of the Volatile Urinous Salt (yet not
+      excluding that of Soot) that abounds in the Sal Armoniack and is set at
+      liberty from the Sea Salt wherewith it was formerly associated, and
+      clogg'd, by the Operation of the Alcaly, that divides the Ingredients of
+      Sal Armoniack, and retains that Sea Salt with it self. What use may be
+       <!--  Page 317 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317"></a>[pg
+      317]</span> made of the like way of exploration in that inquiry which
+      puzzles so many Modern Naturalists, whether the Rich Pigment (which we
+      have often had occasion to mention) belongs to the Vegetable or Animal
+      Kingdome, you may find in another place where I give you some account of
+      what I try'd about Cocheneel. But I think it needless to exemplifie here
+      our Method by any other Instances, many such being to be met with in
+      divers parts of this Treatise; but I will rather advertise you, that, by
+      this way of examining Chymical Liquors, you may not onely in most Cases
+      conclude <i>Affirmatively</i>, but in some Cases <i>Negatively</i>. As
+      since Spirit of Wine, and as far as I have try'd, those Chymical Oyles
+      which Artists call Essential, did not (when I us'd them as I had us'd the
+      several Families of Salts upon that Syrrup) turn Syrrup of Violets Red or
+      Green, nor the Solution of Sublimate White or Yellow, I inferr'd it may
+      thence be probably argued, that either they are destitute of Salt, or have
+      such as belongs not to either of the three Grand families already often
+      mention'd. When I went to examine the Spirit of Oak or of such like
+      Concretes forced over through a Retort, I found by this means amongst
+      others, that (as I elsewhere show) these Chymists are
+       <!--  Page 318 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318"></a>[pg
+      318]</span> much mistaken in it, that account it a simple Liquor, and one
+      of their Hypostatical Principles: for not to mention what flegm it may
+      have, I found that with a few drops of one of this sort of Spirits mix'd
+      with a good proportion of Syrrup of Violets, I could change the Colour and
+      make it Purplish, by the affinity of which Colour to Redness, I
+      conjectur'd that this Spirit had some Acid Corpuscles in it, and
+      accordingly I found that as it would destroy the Blewness of a Tincture of
+      <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>, so being put upon Corals it would Corrode them,
+      as common Spirit of Vinegar, and other Acid Liquors are wont to do. And
+      farther to examine whether there were not a great part of the Liquor that
+      was not of an Acid nature, having separated the Sour or Vinegar-like part
+      from the rest, which (if I mistake not) is far the more Copious, we
+      concluded as we had conjectured, the other or remaining part, though it
+      had a strong taste as well as smell, to be of a nature differing from that
+      of either of the three sorts of Salts above mention'd, since it did as
+      little as Spirit of Wine, and Chymical Oyls, alter the Colour either of
+      Syrrup of Violets or Solution of Sublimate, whence we also inferr'd that
+      the change that had been made of that Syrrup into a Purple Colour, was
+       <!--  Page 319 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319"></a>[pg
+      319]</span> effected by the Vinegar, that was one of the two Ingredients
+      of the Liquor, which was wont to pass for a Simple or Uncompounded Spirit.
+      And, upon this account, 'twas of the Spirit of Oak (and the like
+      Concretes) freed from it's Vinegar that I elsewhere told you, that I had
+      not then observ'd it, (and I have repeated the Tryal but very lately) to
+      destroy the Cæruleous Tincture of <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>. But this
+      onely, <i>en passant</i>; for the Chief thing I had to add was this, That
+      by the same way may be examin'd and discover'd, divers changes that are
+      produc'd in Bodies either by Nature only, or by Art; either of them being
+      able by changing the Texture of some Concretes I could name, to qualifie
+      them to Operate after a New manner upon the above mention'd Syrrup, or
+      Solution, or both. And by this means, to tell you that upon the by, I have
+      been able to discover, that there may be made Bodies, which though they
+      run <i>per Deliquium</i>, as readily as Salt of Tartar, belong in other
+      respects, not to the family of Alcaliz, much less to that of Salfuginous,
+      or that of Acid Salts. Perhaps too, I may know a way of making a highly
+      operative Saline Body that shall neither change the Colour of Syrrup of
+      Violets, nor Precipitate the Solution of Sublimate; And, I can
+       <!--  Page 320 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320"></a>[pg
+      320]</span> likewise if I please conceal by what Liquors I perform such
+      changes of Colour, as I have been mentioning to you, by quite altering the
+      Texture of some ordinary Chymical productions, the Exploration of which is
+      the main use of the fortieth Experiment, which I think teaches not a
+      little, if it teach us to discover the nature of those things (in
+      reference to Salt) that are obtain'd by the ordinary Chymical Analysis of
+      mix'd Bodyes, though perhaps there may be other Bodyes prepar'd by
+      Chymistry which may have the same Effects in the change of Colours; and
+      yet be produc'd not from what Chymists call the Resolution of Bodies, but
+      from their Composition. But the discoursing of things of this nature is
+      more proper for another place. I shall now onely add, what might perhaps
+      have been more seasonably told you before; That the Reason why the way of
+      Exploration of Salts hitherto deliver'd, succeeds in the Solution of
+      Sublimate, depends upon the particular Texture of that Solution, as well
+      as upon the differing Natures of the Saline Liquors imploy'd to
+      Precipitate it. For Gold dissolv'd in <i>Aqua Regia</i>, whether you
+      Precipitate it with Oyl of Tartar which is an Alcaly, or with Spirit of
+      Urine
+       <!--  Erratum: for Urne --> , or Sal Armoniack which belongs to the
+      family of
+       <!--  Page 321 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321"></a>[pg
+      321]</span> Volatile Salts, will either way afford a Yellow substance:
+      though with such an Acid Liquor, as, I say not Spirit of Salt, the Body
+      that yields it, being upon the matter an Ingredient of <i>Aqua Regis</i>,
+      but Oyl of Vitriol it self, I did not find that I could Precipitate the
+      Metall out of the Solution, or destroy the Colour of it, though the same
+      Oyl of Vitriol would readily Precipitate Silver dissolv'd in <i>Aqua-fortis</i>.
+      And if you dissolve pure Silver in <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, and suffer it to
+      shoot into Crystals, the cleer Solution of these made in fair Water, will
+      afford a very White Precipitate, whether it be made with an Alcaly, or an
+      Acid Spirit, as that of Salt, whereas, which may seem somewhat strange,
+      with Spirit of Sal Armoniack (that I us'd was made of Quicklime) I could
+      obtain no such White Precipitate; that Volatile Spirit, nor (as I
+      remember) that of Urine, scarce doing any more than striking down a very
+      small quantity of Matter, which was neither White nor Whitish, so that the
+      remaining Liquor being suffer'd to evaporate till the superfluous Moisture
+      was gone, the greatest part of the Metalline Corpuscles with the Saline
+      ones that had imbib'd them, concoagulated into Salt, as is usual in such
+      Solutions, wherein the Metall has not been Precipitated.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 322 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322"></a>[pg 322]</span>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XLI.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Of Kin to the last or fortieth Experiment is another which I remember I
+      have sometimes shewn to <i>Virtuosi</i> that were pleas'd not to dislike
+      it. I took Spirit of Urine made by Fermentation, and with a due proportion
+      of Copper brought into small parts, I obtain'd a very lovely Azure
+      Solution, and when I saw the Colour was such as was requisite, pouring
+      into a clean Glass, about a spoonfull of this tincted Liquor, (of which I
+      us'd to keep a Quantity by me,) I could by shaking into it some drops of
+      Strong Oyl of Vitriol, deprive it in a trice of its Deep Colour, and make
+      it look like Common-water.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This Experiment brings into my mind this other, which oftentimes succceds
+      well enough, though not quite so well as the former; Namely, that if into
+      about a small spoonfull of a Solution of good French Verdigrease made in
+      fair Water, I drop't and shak'd some strong Spirit of Salt, or rather
+      deflegm'd <i>Aqua Fortis</i>, the Greenness of the Solution would be made
+      in a trice almost
+       <!--  Page 323 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323"></a>[pg
+      323]</span> totally to disappear, &amp; the Liquor held against the Light
+      would scarce seeme other than Cleer or Limpid, to any but an Attentive
+      Eye, which is therefore remarkable; because we know that <i>Aqua-fortis</i>
+      corroding Copper, which is it that gives the Colour to Verdigrease, is
+      wont to reduce it to a Green Blew Solution. But if into the other
+      altogether or almost Colourless Liquor I was speaking of, you drop a just
+      quantity either of Oyl of Tartar or Spirit of Urine, you shall find that
+      after the Ebullition is ceas'd, the mixture will disclose a lively Colour,
+      though somewhat differing from that which the Solution of Verdigrease had
+      at first.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XLII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      That the Colour (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) of a Body may be chang'd by a Liquor
+      which of it self is of no Colour, provided it be Saline, we have already
+      manifested by a multitude of instances. Nor doth it seem so strange,
+      because Saline Particles swimming up and down in Liquors, have been by
+      many observ'd to be very operative in the Production and change of
+      Colours. But divers of our Friends that are not acquainted with Chymical
+      Operations have thought it very strange that a White Body, and a Dry one
+       <!--  Page 324 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324"></a>[pg
+      324]</span> too, should immediately acquire a rich new Colour upon the
+      bare affusion of Spring-Water destitute as well of adventitious Salt as of
+      Tincture. And yet (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) the way of producing such a change
+      of Colours may be easily enough lighted on by those that are conversant in
+      the Solutions of Mercury. For we have try'd, that though by Evaporating a
+      Solution of Quick-Silver in <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, and abstracting the Liquor
+      till the remaining matter began to be well, but not too strongly dryed,
+      fair Water pour'd on the remaining <i>Calx</i> made it but somewhat
+      Yellowish; yet when we took good Quick-Silver, and three or four times its
+      weight of Oyl of Vitriol, in case we in a Glass Retort plac'd in Sand drew
+      off the Saline <i>Menstruum</i> from the Metalline Liquor, till there
+      remain'd a dry <i>Calx</i> at the bottome, though this Precipitate were a
+      Snow White Body, yet upon pouring on it a large quantity of fair Water, we
+      did almost in a moment perceive it to pass from a Milky Colour to one of
+      the loveliest Light Yellows that ever we had beheld. Nor is the Turbith
+      Mineral, that Chymists extol for its power to Salivate, and for other
+      vertues, of a Colour much inferiour to this, though it be often made with
+      a differing proportion of the Ingredients,
+       <!--  Page 325 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325"></a>[pg
+      325]</span> a more troublesome way. For <i>Beguinus</i>,<a name="NtA_22"
+      id="NtA_22"></a><a href="#Nt_22"><sup>22</sup></a> who calls it <i>Mercurius
+      præcipitatus optimus</i>, takes to one part of Quick-Silver, but two of
+      Liquor, and that is Rectifi'd Oyl of Sulphur, which is (in <i>England</i>
+      at least) far more scarce and dear than Oyl of Vitriol; he also requires a
+      previous Digestion, two or three Cohobations, and frequent Ablutions with
+      hot Distill'd Water, with other prescriptions, which though they may
+      conduce to the Goodness of the Medicine, which is that he aims at, are
+      troublesome, and, our Tryals have inform'd you unneccessary to the <i>obtaining
+      the Lemmon Colour</i> which he regards not. But though we have very rarely
+      seen either in Painters Shops, or elsewhere a finer Yellow than that which
+      we have divers times this way produc'd (which is the more considerable,
+      because durable and pleasant Yellows are very hard to be met with, as may
+      appear by the great use which Painters are for its Colours sake fain to
+      make of that pernicious and heavy Mineral, Orpiment) yet I fear our Yellow
+      is too costly, to be like to be imploy'd by Painters, unless about Choice
+      pieces of Work, nor do I know how well it will agree with every Pigment,
+      especially, wich Oyl'd Colours. And whether this
+       <!--  Page 326 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326"></a>[pg
+      326]</span> Experiment, though it have seem'd somewhat strange to most we
+      have shown it to, be really of another Nature than those wherein Saline
+      Liquors are imploy'd, may, as we formerly also hinted, be so plausibly
+      doubted, that whether the Water pour'd on the <i>Calx</i>, do barely by
+      imbibing some of its Saline parts alter its Colour by altering its
+      Texture, or whether by dissolving the Concoagulated Salts, it does become
+      a Saline <i>Menstruum</i>, and, as such, work upon the Mercury, I freely
+      leave to you (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) to consider. And that I may give you some
+      Assistance in your Enquiry, I will not only tell you, that I have several
+      times with fair Water wash'd from this <i>Calx</i>, good store of strongly
+      tasted Corpuscles, which by the abstraction of the <i>Menstruum</i>, I
+      could reduce into Salt; but I will also subjoyn an Experiment, which I
+      devis'd, to shew among other things, how much a real and permanent Colour
+      may be as it were drawn forth by a Liquor that has neither Colour, nor so
+      much as Saline or other Active parts, provided it can but bring the parts
+      of the Body it imbibes to convene into clusters dispos'd after the manner
+      requisite to the exhibiting of the emergent Colour. The Experiment was
+      this.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 327 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327"></a>[pg 327]</span>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XLIII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      We took good common Vitriol, and having beaten it to Powder, and put it
+      into a Crucible, we kept it melted in a gentle heat, till by the
+      Evaporation of some parts, and the shuffling of the rest, it had quite
+      lost its former Colour, what remain'd we took out, and found it to be a
+      friable <i>Calx</i>, of a dirty Gray. On this we pour'd fair Water, which
+      it did not Colour Green or Blew, but only seem'd to make a muddy mixture
+      with it, then stopping the Vial wherein the Ingredients were put, we let
+      it stand in a quiet place for some dayes, and after many hours the water
+      having dissolv'd a good part of the imperfectly calcin'd Body, the
+      Vitriolate Corpuscles swiming to and fro in the Liquor, had time by their
+      opportune Occursions to constitute many little Masses of Vitriol, which
+      gave the water they impregnated a fair Vitriolate Colour; and this Liquor
+      being pour'd off, the remaining dirty Powder did in process of time
+      communicate the like Colour, but not so deep, to a second parcel of cleer
+      Water that we pour'd on it. But this Experiment <i>Pyrophilus</i> is, (to
+      give you that hint by the way) of too Luciferous a Nature to be fit to be
+       <!--  Page 328 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328"></a>[pg
+      328]</span> fully prosecuted, now that I am in haste, and willing to
+      dispatch what remains. And we have already said of it, as much as is
+      requisite to our present purpose.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XLIV.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      It may (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) somewhat contribute towards the shewing how
+      much some Colours depend upon the less or greater mixture, and (as it
+      were,) Contemperation of the Light with shades, to observe, how that
+      sometimes the number of Particles, of the same Colour, receiv'd into the
+      Pores of a Liquor, or swiming up and down in it, do seem much to vary the
+      Colour of it. I could here present you with particular instances to show,
+      how in many (if not most) consistent Bodyes, if the Colour be not a Light
+      one, as White, Yellow, or the like, the closeness of parts in the Pigments
+      makes it look Blackish, though when it is display'd and laid on thinly, it
+      will perhaps appear to be either Blew, or Green, or Red. But the Colours
+      of consistent Pigments, not being those which the Preamble of this
+      Experiment has lead you to expect Examples in, I shall take the instances
+      I am now to give you, rather from Liquors than Dry Bodyes. If then you put
+      a little fair Water into a
+       <!--  Page 329 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329"></a>[pg
+      329]</span> cleer and slender Vial, (or rather into one of those pipes of
+      Glass, which we shall by and by mention;) and let fall into it a few drops
+      of a strong Decoction or Infusion of <i>Cochineel</i>, or (for want of
+      that) of <i>Brazil</i>; you may see the tincted drops descend like little
+      Clouds into the Liquor; through which, if, by shaking the Vial, you
+      diffuse them, they will turn the water either of a Pinck Colour, or like
+      that which is wont to be made by the washing of raw flesh in fair Water;
+      by dropping a little more of the Decoction, you may heighten the Colour
+      into a fine Red, almost like that which ennobles Rubies; by continuing the
+      affusion, you may bring the Liquor to a kind of a Crimson, and afterwards
+      to a Dark and Opacous Redness, somewhat like that of Clotted Blood. And in
+      the passage of the Liquor from one of these Colours to the other, you may
+      observe, if you consider it attentively, divers other less noted Colours
+      belonging to Red, to which it is not easie to give Names; especially
+      considering how much the proportion of the Decoction to the fair Water,
+      and the strength of that Decoction, together with that of the trajected
+      Light and other Circumstances, may vary the Phænomena of this Experiment.
+      For the convenienter making whereof, we use
+       <!--  Page 330 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330"></a>[pg
+      330]</span> instead of a Vial, any slender Pipe of Glass of about a foot
+      or more in length, and about the thickness of a mans little finger; For,
+      if leaving one end of this Pipe open, you Seal up the other Hermetically,
+      (or at least stop it exquisitely with a Cork well fitted to it, and
+      over-laid with hard Sealing Wax melted, and rubb'd upon it;) you shall
+      have a Glass, wherein may be observ'd the Variations of the Colours of
+      Liquors much better than in large Vials, and wherein Experiments of this
+      Nature may be well made with very small quantities of Liquor. And if you
+      please, you may in this Pipe produce variety of Colours in the various
+      parts of the Liquor, and keep them swimming upon one another unmix'd for a
+      good while. And some have marveil'd to see, what variety of Colours we
+      have sometimes (but I confess rather by chance than skill) produc'd in
+      those Glasses, by the bare infusion of Brazil, variously diluted with fair
+      Water, and alter'd by the Infusion of several Chymical Spirits and other
+      Saline Liquors devoid themselves of Colour, and when the whole Liquor is
+      reduc'd to an Uniform degree of Colour, I have taken pleasure to make that
+      very Liquor seem to be of Colours gradually differing, by filling with it
+      Glasses of a Conical figure, (whether the Glass have
+       <!--  Page 331 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331"></a>[pg
+      331]</span> its basis in the ordinary position, or turn'd upwards.) And
+      yet you need not Glasses of an extraordinary shape to see an instance of
+      what the vari'd mixture of Light and Shadow can do in the diversifying of
+      the Colour. For if you take but a large round Vial, with a somewhat long
+      and slender Neck, and filling it with our Red Infusion of Brazil, hold it
+      against the Light, you will discern a notable Disparity betwixt the Colour
+      of that part of the Liquor which is in the Body of the Vial, and that
+      which is more pervious to the Light in the Neck. Nay, I remember, that I
+      once had a Glass and a Blew Liquor (consisting chiefly (or only, if my
+      memory deceive me not,) of a certain Solution of Verdigrease) so fitted
+      for my purpose, that though in other Glasses the Experiment would not
+      succeed, yet when that particular Glass was fill'd with that Solution, in
+      the Body of the Vial it appear'd of a Lovely Blew, and in the neck, (where
+      the Light did more dilute the Colour,) of a manifest Green; and though I
+      suspected there might be some latent Yellowness in the substance of the
+      neck of the Glass, which might with the Blew compose that Green, yet was I
+      not satisfi'd my self with my Conjecture, but the thing seem'd odd to me,
+      as well as to divers curious
+       <!--  Page 332 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332"></a>[pg
+      332]</span> persons to whom it was shown. And I lately had a Broad piece
+      of Glass, which being look'd on against the Light seem'd clear enough, and
+      held from the Light appear'd very lightly discolour'd, and yet it was a
+      piece knock'd off from a great lump of Glass, to which if we rejoyn'd it,
+      where it had been broken off, the whole Mass was as green as Grass. And I
+      have several times us'd Bottles and stopples that were both made (as
+      those, I had them from assur'd me) of the very same Metall, and yet whilst
+      the bottle appear'd but inclining towards a Green, the Stopple (by reason
+      of its great thickness) was of so deep a Colour that you would hardly
+      believe they could possibly be made of the same materials. But to satisfie
+      some Ingenious Men, on another occasion, I provided my self of a flat
+      Glass (which I yet have by me,) with which if I look against the Light
+      with the Broad side obverted to the Eye, it appeares like a good ordinary
+      window Glass; but if I turn the Edge of it to my Eye, and place my Eye in
+      a convenient posture in reference to the Light, it may contend for
+      deepness of Colour with an Emerald. And this Greeness puts me in mind of a
+      certain thickish, but not consistent Pigment I have sometimes made, and
+      can show you when you please,
+       <!--  Page 333 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333"></a>[pg
+      333]</span> which being dropp'd on a piece of White Paper appears, where
+      any quantity of it is fallen, of a somewhat Crimson Colour, but being with
+      ones finger spread thinly on the Paper does presently exhibit a fair
+      Green, which seems to proceed only from its disclosing its Colour upon the
+      Extenuation of its Depth into Superficies, if the change be not somewhat
+      help'd by the Colours degenerating upon one or other of the Accounts
+      formerly mention'd. Let me add, that having made divers Tryals with that
+      Blew substance, which in Painters shops is call'd <i>Litmase</i>, we have
+      sometimes taken Pleasure to observe, that being dissolv'd in a due
+      proportion of fair Water, the Solution either oppos'd to the Light, or
+      dropp'd upon White paper, did appear of a deep Colour betwixt Crimson and
+      Purple; and yet that being spread very thin on the Paper and suffer'd to
+      dry on there, the Paper was wont to appear Stain'd of a Fine Blew. And to
+      satisfie my selfe, that the diversity came not from the Paper, which one
+      might suspect capable of inbibing the Liquor, and altering the Colour, I
+      made the Tryal upon a flat piece of purely White Glass'd Earth, (which I
+      sometimes make use of about Experiments of Colours) with an Event not
+      unlike the former.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 334 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334"></a>[pg 334]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And now I speak of <i>Litmass</i>, I will add, that having this very day
+      taken a piece of it, that I had kept by me these several years, to make
+      Tryals about Colours, and having let fall a few drops of the strong
+      Infusion of it in fair water, into a fine Crystal Glass, shap'd like an
+      inverted Cone, and almost full of fair Water, I had now (as formerly) the
+      pleasure to see, and to show others, how these few tincted drops variously
+      dispersing themselves through the Limpid Water, exhibited divers Colours,
+      or varieties of Purple and Crimson. And when the Corpuscles of the Pigment
+      seem'd to have equally diffus'd themselves through the whole Liquor, I
+      then by putting two or three drops of Spirit of Salt, first made an odd
+      change in the Colour of the Liquor, as well as a visible commotion among
+      its small parts, and in a short time chang'd it wholly into a very
+      Glorious Yellow, like that of a Topaz. After which if I let fall a few
+      drops of the strong and heavy Solution of Pot-ashes, whose weight would
+      quickly carry it to the sharp bottome of the Glass, there would soon
+      appear four very pleasant and distinct Colours; Namely, a Bright, but
+      Dilute Colour at the picked bottome of the Glass; a Purple, a little
+      higher; a deep and glorious Crimson, (which Crimson
+       <!--  Page 335 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335"></a>[pg
+      335]</span> seem'd to terminate the operation of the Salt upward) in the
+      confines betwixt the Purple and the Yellow; and an Excellent Yellow, the
+      same that before enobled the whole Liquor, reaching from thence to the top
+      of the Glass. And if I pleas'd to pour very gently a little Spirit of Sal
+      Armoniack, upon the upper part of this Yellow, there would also be a
+      Purple or a Crimson, or both, generated there, so that the unalter'd part
+      of the Yellow Liquor appear'd intercepted betwixt the two Neighbouring
+      Colours.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My scope in this 3<sup>d</sup>. Experiment (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) is
+      manifold, as first to invite you to be wary in judging of the Colour of
+      Liquors in such Glasses as are therein recommended to you, and
+      consequently as much, if not more, when you imploy other Glasses.
+      Secondly, That you may not think it strange, that I often content my self
+      to rub upon a piece of White paper, the Juice of Bodies I would examine,
+      since not onely I could not easily procure a sufficient Quantity of the
+      juices of divers of them; but in several Cases the Tryals of the
+      quantities of such Juices in Glasses would make us more lyable to
+      mistakes, than the way that in those cases I have made use of. Thirdly, I
+      hope you will by these and divers other
+       <!--  Page 336 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336"></a>[pg
+      336]</span> particulars deliver'd in this Treatise, be easily induc'd to
+      think that I may have set down many Phænomena very faithfully, and just as
+      they appear'd to me, and yet by reason of some unheeded circumstance in
+      the conditions of the matter, and in the degree of Light, or the manner of
+      trying the Experiment, you may find some things to vary from the Relations
+      I make of them. Lastly, I design'd to give you an opportunity to free your
+      self from the amazement which possesses most Men, at the Tricks of those
+      Mountebancks that are commonly call'd Water-drinkers. For though not only
+      the vulgar, but ev'n many persons that are far above that Rank, have so
+      much admir'd to see, a man after having drunk a great deal of fair water,
+      to spurt it out again in the form of Claret Wine, Sack, and Milk, that
+      they have suspected the intervening of Magick, or some forbidden means to
+      effect what they conceived above the power of Art; yet having once by
+      chance had occasion to oblige a Wanderer that made profession of that and
+      other Jugling Tricks, I was easily confirm'd by his Ingenious confession
+      to me, That this so much Admir'd Art, indeed consisted rather in a few
+      Tricks, than in any great Skill, in altering the Nature and Colours of
+      things. And I am easy
+       <!--  Page 337 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337"></a>[pg
+      337]</span> to be perswaded; that there may be a great deal of Truth in a
+      little Pamphlet Printed divers years ago in English, wherein the Author
+      undertakes to discover, and that (if I mistake not) by the confession of
+      some of the Complices themselves, That a famous Water-drinker then much
+      Admir'd in <i>England</i>, perform'd his pretended Transmutations of
+      Liquors by the help of two or three inconsiderable preparations and
+      mixtures of not unobvious Liquors, and chiefly of an Infusion of Brazil
+      variously diluted and made Pale or Yellowish, (and otherwise alter'd) with
+      Vinegar, the rest of their work being perform'd by the shape of the
+      Glasses, by Craft and Legerdemane. And for my part, that which I marvel at
+      in this business, is, the Drinkers being able to take down so much Water,
+      and spout it out with that violence; though Custome and a Vomit seasonably
+      taken before hand, may in some of them much facilitate the work. But as
+      for the changes made in the Liquors, they were but few and slight in
+      comparison of those, that the being conversant in Chymical Experiments,
+      and dextrous in applying them to the Transmuting of Colours, may easily
+      enough enable a man to make, as ev'n what has been newly deliver'd in
+      this, and the foregoing Experiment; especially if we add
+       <!--  Page 338 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338"></a>[pg
+      338]</span> to it the things contained in the XX, the XXXIX and the XL.
+      Experiments, may perhaps have already perswaded You.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XLV.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      You may I presume (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) have taken notice, that in this
+      whole Treatise, I purposely decline (as far as I well can) the mentioning
+      of Elaborate Chymical Experiments, for fear of frighting you by their
+      tediousness and difficulty; but yet in confirmation of what I have been
+      newly telling you about the possibility of Varying the Colours of Liquors,
+      better than the Water-drinkers are wont to do, I shall add, that <i>Helmont</i>
+      used to make a preparation of Steel, which a very Ingenious Chymist, his
+      Sons Friend, whom you know, sometimes employes for a succedaneum to the
+      Spaw-waters, by Diluting this <i>Essentia Martis Liquida</i> (as he calls
+      it) with a due proportion of Water. Now that for which I mention to you
+      this preparation, (which as he communicated to me, I know he will not
+      refuse to <i>Pyrophilus</i>) is this, that though the Liquor (as I can
+      shew you when you please) be almost of the Colour of a German (not an
+      Oriental) Amethyst, and consequently remote enough from Green,
+       <!--  Page 339 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339"></a>[pg
+      339]</span> yet a very few drops being let fall into a Large proportion of
+      good Rhenish, or (in want of that) White Wine (which yet do's not quite so
+      well) immediately turn'd the Liquor into a lovely Green, as I have not
+      without delight shown several curious Persons. By which <i>Phænomenon</i>
+      you may learn, among other things, how requisite it is in Experiments
+      about the changes of Colours heedfully to mind the Circumstances of them;
+      for Water will not, as I have purposely try'd, concurr to the production
+      of any such Green, nor did it give that Colour to moderate Spirit of Wine,
+      wherein I purposely dissolv'd it, and Wine it self is a Liquor that few
+      would suspect of being able to work suddenly any such change in a
+      Metalline preparation of this Nature; and to satisfie my self that this
+      new Colour proceeds rather from the peculiar Texture of the Wine, than
+      from any greater Acidity, that Rhenish or White-wine (for that may not
+      absurdly be suspected) has in comparison of Water; I purposely sharpen'd
+      the Solution of this Essence in fair Water, with a good quantity of Spirit
+      of Salt, notwithstanding which, the mixture acquir'd no Greenness. And to
+      vary the Experiment a little, I try'd, that if into a Glass of Rhenish
+      Wine made Green by this Essence,
+       <!--  Page 340 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340"></a>[pg
+      340]</span> I dropp'd an Alcalizate Solution, or Urinous Spirit, the Wine
+      would presently grow Turbid, and of an odd Dirty Colour; But if instead of
+      dissolving the Essence in Wine, I dissolv'd it in fair Water sharpen'd
+      perhaps with a little Spirit of Salt, then either the Urinous Spirit of
+      Sal Armoniack, or the solution of the fix'd Salt of Pot-ashes would
+      immediately turn it of a Yellowish Colour, the fix'd or Urinous Salt
+      Precipitating the Vitriolate substance contain'd in the Essence. But here
+      I must not forget to take notice of a circumstance that deserves to be
+      compar'd with some part of the foregoing Experiment, for whereas our
+      Essence imparts a Greenness to Wine, but not to Water, the Industrious <i>Olaus
+      Wormius</i><a name="NtA_23" id="NtA_23"></a><a href="#Nt_23"><sup>23</sup></a>
+      in his late <i>Musæum</i> tells us of a rare kind of Turn-Sole which he
+      calls <i>Bezetta Rubra</i> given him by an Apothecary that knew not how it
+      was made, whose lovely Redness would be easily communicated to Water, if
+      it were immers'd in it; but scarce to Wine, and not at all to Spirit of
+      Wine, in which last circumstance it agrees with what I lately told you of
+      our Essence, notwithstanding their disagreement in other particulars.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 341 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341"></a>[pg 341]</span>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XLVI.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      We have often taken notice, as of a remarkable thing, that Metalls as they
+      appear to the Eye, before they come to be farther alter'd by other Bodyes,
+      do exhibit Colours very different from those which the Fire and the <i>Menstruum</i>,
+      either apart, or both together, do produce in them; especially considering
+      that these Metalline Bodyes are after all these disguises reducible not
+      only to their former Metalline Consistence and other more radical
+      properties, but to their Colour too, as if Nature had given divers Metalls
+      to each of them a double Colour, an <i>External</i>, and an <i>Internal</i>;
+      But though upon a more attentive Consideration of this difference of
+      Colours, it seem'd probable to me, that divers (for I say not all) of
+      those Colours which we have just now call'd <i>Internal</i>, are rather
+      produc'd by the Coalition of Metalline Particles with those of the Salts,
+      or other Bodyes employ'd to work on them, than by the bare alteration of
+      the parts of the Metalls themselves: and though therefore we may call the
+      obvious Colours, Natural or Common, &amp; the others Adventitious, yet
+      because such changes of Colours, from whatsoever cause they be resolv'd to
+       <!--  Page 342 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342"></a>[pg
+      342]</span> proceed may be properly enough taken in to illustrate our
+      present Subject, we shall not scruple to take notice of some of them,
+      especially because there are among them such as are produc'd without the
+      intervention of Saline <i>Menstruums</i>. Of the Adventitious Colours of
+      Metalline Bodies the Chief sorts seem to be these three. The first, such
+      Colours as are produc'd without other Additaments by the Action of the
+      fire upon Metalls. The next such as emerge from the Coalition of Metalline
+      Particles with those of some <i>Menstruum</i> imploy'd to Corrode a Metall
+      or Precipitate it; And the last, The Colours afforded by Metalline Bodyes
+      either Colliquated with, or otherwise Penetrating into, other Bodies,
+      especially fusible ones. But these (<i>Pyrophilus,</i>) are only as I told
+      you, the <i>Chief</i> sorts of the adventitious Colours of Metalls, for
+      there may others belong to them, of which I shall hereafter have occasion
+      to take notice of some, and of which also there possibly may be others
+      that I never took notice of.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And to begin with the first sort of Colours, 'tis well enough known to
+      Chymists, that Tin being Calcin'd by fire alone is wont to afford a White
+      <i>Calx</i>, and Lead Calcin'd by fire alone affords that most Common
+      Red-Powder we call <i>Minium:</i> Copper also
+       <!--  Page 343 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343"></a>[pg
+      343]</span> Calcin'd <i>per se</i>, by a long or violent fire, is wont to
+      yield (as far as I have had occasion to take notice of it) a very Dark or
+      Blackish Powder; That Iron likewise may by the Action of Reverberated
+      flames be turn'd into a Colour almost like that of Saffron, may be easily
+      deduc'd from the Preparation of that Powder, which by reason of its Colour
+      and of the Metall 'tis made of is by Chymists call'd, <i>Crocus Martis per
+      se</i>. And that <i>Mercury</i> made by the stress of Fire, may be turn'd
+      into a Red Powder, which Chymists call Precipitate <i>per se</i>, I
+      elsewhere more particularly declare.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation I.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is not unworthy the Admonishing you, (<i>Pyrophilus</i>,) and it agrees
+      very well with our Conjectures about the dependence of the change of a
+      Body's Colour upon that of its Texture, that the same Metall may by the
+      successive operation of the fire receive divers Adventitious Colours, as
+      is evident in Lead, which before it come to so deep a Colour as that of <i>Minium</i>,
+      may pass through divers others.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 344 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344"></a>[pg 344]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation II</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Not only the <i>Calces</i>, but the Glasses of Metalls, Vitrify'd <i>per
+      se</i>, may be of Colours differing from the Natural or Obvious Colour of
+      the Metall; as I have observ'd in the Glass of Lead, made by long exposing
+      Crude Lead to a violent fire, and what I have observ'd about the Glass or
+      Slagg of Copper, (of which I can show you some of an odd kind of Texture,)
+      may be elsewhere more conveniently related. I have likewise seen a piece
+      of very Dark Glass, which an Ingenious Artificer that show'd it me
+      profess'd himself to have made of Silver alone by an extreme <i>Violence</i>
+      (which seems to be no more than is needfull) of the fire.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation III</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Minerals also by the Action of the Fire may be brought to afford Colours
+      very differing from their own, as I not long since noted to you about the
+      variously Colour'd Flowers of Antimony, to which we may add the Whitish
+      Grey-Colour of its <i>Calx</i>, and the Yellow or Reddish Colour of the
+      Glass, where into that <i>Calx</i> may be flux'd.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And I remember, that I elsewhere told
+       <!--  Page 345 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345"></a>[pg
+      345]</span> you, that Vitriol Calcin'd with a very gentle heat, and
+      afterwards with higher and higher degrees of it, may be made to pass
+      through several Colours before it descends to a Dark Purplish Colour,
+      whereto a strong fire is wont at length to reduce it. But to insist on the
+      Colours produc'd by the Operation of fire upon several Minerals would take
+      up farr more time than I have now to spare.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XLVII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The Adventitious Colours produc'd upon Metalls, or rather with them, by
+      Saline Liquors, are many of them so well known to Chymists, that I would
+      not here mention them, but that besides a not un-needed Testimony, I can
+      add something of my own, to what I shall repeat about them, and divers
+      Experiments which are familiar to Chymists, are as yet unknown to the
+      greatest part of Ingenious Men.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That Gold dissolv'd in <i>Aqua Regia</i> ennobles the <i>Menstruum</i>
+      with its own Colour, is a thing that you cannot (<i>Pyrophilus</i>,) but
+      have often seen. The Solutions of Mercury in <i>Aqua-fortis</i> are not
+      generally taken notice of, to give any notable Tincture to the <i>Menstruum</i>;
+      but sometimes when the
+       <!--  Page 346 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346"></a>[pg
+      346]</span> Liquor first falls upon the Quick Silver, I have observ'd a
+      very remarkable, though not durable, Greenness, or Blewness to be
+      produc'd, which is a <i>Phænomenon</i> not unfit for you to consider,
+      though I have not now the leisure to discourse upon it. Tin Corroded by <i>Aqua-fortis</i>
+      till the <i>Menstruum</i> will work no farther on it, becomes exceeding
+      White, but as we elsewhere note, does very easily of it self acquire the
+      consistence, not of a Metalline <i>Calx</i>, but of a Coagulated matter,
+      which we have observ'd with pleasure to look so like, either to curdled
+      Milk, or curdled Whites of Eggs, that a person unacquainted with such
+      Solutions may easily be mistaken in it. But when I purposely prepar'd a <i>Menstruum</i>
+      that would dissolve it as <i>Aqua-fortis</i> dissolves Silver, and not
+      barely Corrode it, and quickly let it fall again, I remember not that I
+      took notice of any particular Colour in the Solution, as if the more
+      Whitish Metalls did not much Tinge their <i>Menstruums</i>, though the
+      conspicuously Colour'd Metalls as Gold, and Copper, do. For Lead dissolv'd
+      in Spirit of Vinegar or <i>Aqua-fortis</i> gives a Solution cleer enough,
+      and if the <i>Menstruum</i> be abstracted appears either Diaphanous or
+      White. Of the Colour of Iron we have elsewhere said something: And 'tis
+      worth
+       <!--  Page 347 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347"></a>[pg
+      347]</span> noting, that though if that Metall be dissolv'd in oyl of
+      Vitriol diluted with water, it affords a Salt or Magistery so like in
+      colour, as well as some other Qualities, to other green Vitriol, that
+      Chymists do not improperly call it <i>Vitriolum Martis</i>; yet I have
+      purposely try'd, that, by changing the <i>Menstruum</i>, and pouring upon
+      the filings of Steel, instead of oyl of Vitriol, <i>Aqua Fortis</i>,
+      (whereof as I remember, I us'd 4 parts to one of the Metall) I obtain'd
+      not a Green, but a Saffron Colour Solution; or rather a thick Liquor of a
+      deep but yellowish Red. Common Silver, such as is to be met with in
+      Coines, being dissolv'd in <i>Aqua fortis</i>, yields a Solution tincted
+      like that of Copper, which is not to be wondred at, because in the coining
+      of Silver, they are wont (as we elsewhere particularly inform you) to give
+      it an Allay of Copper, and that which is sold in shops for refined silver,
+      is not (so far as we have tryed) so perfectly free from that ignobler
+      Metall, but that a Solution of It in <i>Aqua fortis</i>, will give a
+      Venereal Tincture to the <i>Menstruum</i>. But we could not observe upon
+      the solution of some Silver, which was perfectly refin'd, (such as some
+      that we have, from which 8 or 10 times its weight of Lead has been blown
+      off) that the <i>Menstruum</i>
+       <!--  Page 348 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348"></a>[pg
+      348]</span> though held against the Light in a Crystal Vial did manifestly
+      disclose any Tincture, only it seem'd sometimes not to be quite destitute
+      of a little, but very faint Blewishness.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But here I must take notice, that of all the Metalls, there is not any
+      which doth so easily and constantly disclose its unobvious colour as
+      Copper doth. For not only in acid <i>Menstruums</i> as <i>Aqua Fortis</i>
+      and Spirit of Vinegar, it gives a Blewish green solution, but if it be
+      almost any way corroded, it <i>appears of one of those</i> two colours, as
+      may be observ'd in Verdigreese made several wayes, in that odd preparation
+      of <i>Venus</i>, which we elsewhere teach you to make with Sublimate, and
+      in the common Vitriols of <i>Venus</i> deliver'd by Chymists; and so
+      constant is the disposition of Copper, notwithstanding the disguise
+      Artists put upon it, to disclose the colour we have been mentioning, that
+      we have by forcing it up with <i>Sal Armoniack</i> obtain'd a Sublimate of
+      a Blewish Colour. Nay a famous Spagyrist affirms, that the very Mercury of
+      it is green, but till he teach us an intelligible way of making such a
+      Mercury, we must content ourselves to inform you, that we have had a
+      Cupreous Body, that was Præcipitated out of a distill'd Liquor, that
+      seem'd to be the
+       <!--  Page 349 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349"></a>[pg
+      349]</span> the Sulphur of <i>Venus</i>, and seem'd even when flaming, of
+      a Greenish Colour. And indeed Copper is a Metall so easily wrought upon by
+      Liquors of several kinds, that I should tell you, I know not any Mineral,
+      that will concurr to the production of such a variety of Colours as Copper
+      dissol'd in several <i>Menstruums</i>, as Spirit of Vinegar, <i>Aqua
+      fortis</i>, <i>Aqua Regis</i>, Spirit of Nitre, of Urine, of Soot, Oyls of
+      several kinds, and I know not how many other Liquors, if the variety of
+      somewhat differing colours (that Copper will be made to assume, as it is
+      wrought upon by several Liquors) were not comprehended within the Limits
+      of Greenish Blew, or Blewish Green.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And yet I must advertise you (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) that being desirous to
+      try if I could not make with crude Copper a Green Solution without the
+      Blewishness that is wont to accompany its Vulgar Solutions, I bethought my
+      self of using two <i>Menstruums</i>, which I had not known imploy'd to
+      work on this Metall, and which I had certain Reasons to make Tryal of, as
+      I successfully did. The one of these Liquors (if I much misremember not)
+      was Spirit of Sugar distill'd in a Retort, which must be warily done, (if
+      you will avoid breaking your
+       <!--  Page 350 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350"></a>[pg
+      350]</span> glasses) and the other, Oyl or Spirit of Turpentine, which
+      affords a fine Green Solution that is useful to me on several occasions.
+      And yet to shew that the adventitious colour may result, as well from the
+      true and permanent Copper it self, as the Salts wherewith 'tis corroded, I
+      shall add, that if you take a piece of good <i>Dantzick</i> Copperis, or
+      any other Vitriol wherein <i>Venus</i> is prædominant, and having
+      moistened it in your Mouth, or with fair water, rubb it upon a whetted
+      knife, or any other bright piece of Steel or Iron, it will (as we have
+      formerly told you) present'y stain the Steel with a Reddish colour, like
+      that of Copper, the reason of which, we must not now stay to inquire.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation I.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I presume you may have taken notice (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) that I have
+      borrowed some of the Instances mention'd in this 47<sup>th</sup>
+      Experiment, from the Laboratories of Chymists, and because in some (though
+      very few) other passages of this Essay, I have likewise made use of
+      Experiments mention'd also by some Spagyrical Writers, I think it not
+      amiss to represent to you on this Occasion once for all, some things
+      besides
+       <!--  Page 351 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351"></a>[pg
+      351]</span> those which I intimated in the præamble of this present
+      Experiment; For besides, that 'tis very allowable for a Writer to repeat
+      an Experiment which he invented not, in case he improve it; And besides
+      that many Experiments familiar to Chymists are unknown to the generality
+      of Learned Men, who either never read Chymical processes, or never
+      understood their meaning, or never durst believe them; besides these
+      things, I say, I shall represent, That, as to the few Experiments I have
+      borrowed from the Chymists, if they be very Vulgar, 'twould perhaps be
+      difficult to ascribe each of them its own Author, and 'tis more than the
+      generality of Chymists themselves can do: and if they be not of very known
+      and familiar practise among them, unless the Authors wherein I found them
+      had given me cause to believe, themselves had try'd them, I know not why I
+      might not set them down, as a part of the <i>Phænomena</i> of Colours
+      which I present you; Many things unanimously enough deliver'd as matters
+      of fact by (I know not how many Chymical Writers) being not to be rely'd
+      on, upon the single Authority of such Authors: For Instance, as some
+      Spagyrists deliver (perhaps amongst several deceitful processes) that <i>Saccarum
+      Saturni</i>
+       <!--  Page 352 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352"></a>[pg
+      352]</span> with Spirit of Turpentine will afford a Balsom, so <i>Beguinus</i>
+      and many more tell us, that the same Concrete (<i>Saccarum Saturni</i>)
+      will yield an incomparably fragrant Spirit, and a pretty Quantity of two
+      several Oyles, and yet since many have complain'd, as well as I have done,
+      that they could find no such odoriferous, but rather an ill-sented Liquor,
+      and scarce any oyl in their Distillation of that sweet Vitriol, a wary
+      person would as little build any thing on what they say of the former
+      Experiment, as upon what they averr of the later, and therefore I scrupled
+      not to mention this Red Balsom of which I have not seen any, (but what I
+      made) among my other experiments about redness.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annot. II.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      We have sometimes had the Curiosity to try what Colours Minerals, as
+      Tinglass, Antimony, Spelter, &amp;c. would yield in several <i>Menstruums</i>,
+      nor have we forborn to try the Colours of stones, of which that famous
+      one, (which <i>Helmont</i> calls <i>Paracelsus's Ludus</i>) though it be
+      digg'd out of the Earth and seem a true stone, has afforded in <i>Menstruums</i>
+      capable to dissolve so solid a stone, sometimes a Yellowish,
+       <!--  Page 353 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353"></a>[pg
+      353]</span> sometimes a Red solution of both which I can show you. But
+      though I have from Minerals obtain'd with several <i>Menstruums</i> very
+      differing Colours, and some such as perhaps you would be surpriz'd to see
+      drawn from such Bodies: yet I must now pass by the particulars, being
+      desirous to put an End to this Treatise, before I put an end to your
+      Patience and my own.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation III.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And yet before I pass to the next Experiment, I must put you in mind, that
+      the Colours of Metals may in many cases be further alter'd by imploying,
+      either præcipitating Salts, or other convenient Substances to act upon
+      their Solutions. Of this you may remember, that I have given you several
+      Instances already, to which may be added such as these, That if
+      Quicksilver be dissolv'd in <i>Aqua fortis</i>, and Præcipitated out of
+      the Solution, either with water impregnated with Sea salt, or with the
+      spirit of that Concrete, it falls to the Bottom in the form of a white
+      powder, whereas if it be Præcipitated with an Alcaly, it will afford a
+      Yellowish or tawny powder, and if there be no Præcipitation made, and the
+      <i>Menstruum</i> be drawn off with a convenient
+       <!--  Page 354 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354"></a>[pg
+      354]</span> fire, the corroded Mercury will remain in the bottom, in the
+      form of a substance that may be made to appear of differing Colours by
+      differing degrees of Heat; As I remember that lately having purposely
+      abstracted <i>Aqua fortis</i> from some Quicksilver that we had dissolv'd
+      in it, so that there remain'd a white <i>Calx</i>, exposing that to
+      several degrees of Fire, and afterwards to a naked one, we obtain'd some
+      new Colours, and at length the greatest part of the <i>Calx</i> lying at
+      the Bottome of the Vial, and being brought partly to a Deep Yellow, and
+      partly to a Red Colour, the rest appear'd elevated to the upper part and
+      neck of the Vial, some in the form of a Reddish, and some of an Ash-Colour
+      Sublimate. But of the differing Colours which by differing wayes and
+      working of Quick Silver with Fire, and Saline Bodies, may be produc'd in
+      Precipitates, I may elsewhere have occasion to take further notice. I also
+      told you not long since, that if you corrode Quick-silver with Oyl of
+      Vitriol instead of <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, and abstract the <i>Menstruum</i>,
+      there will remain a White <i>Calx</i> which by the Affusion of Fair Water
+      presently turns into a Lemmon Colour. And ev'n the <i>Succedaneum</i> to a
+      <i>Menstruum</i> may sometimes serve the turn to change the Colours of a
+      Metal. The lovely
+       <!--  Page 355 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355"></a>[pg
+      355]</span> Red which Painters call Vermillion, is made of Mercury, which
+      is of the Colour of Silver, and of Brimstone which is of Kin to that of
+      Gold, Sublim'd up together in a certain proportion, as is vulgarly known
+      to Spagyrists.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XLVIII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The third chief sort of the Adventitious Colours of Metals, is, that which
+      is produc'd by associating them (especially when Calcin'd) with other
+      fusible Bodies, and Principally Venice, and other fine Glass devoid of
+      Colour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have formerly given you an Example, whereby it may appear, that a Metal
+      may impart to Glass a Colour much differing from its own, when I told you,
+      how with Silver, I had given Glass a lovely Golden Colour. And I shall now
+      add, that I have Learn'd from one of the Chief Artificers that sells
+      Painted Glass, that those of his Trade Colour it Yellow with a preparation
+      of the <i>Calx</i> of Silver. Though having lately had occasion among
+      other Tryals to mingle a few grains of Shell-silver (such as is imploy'd
+      with the Pensil and Pen) with a convenient proportion of powder'd Crystal
+      Glass, having kept them two or three
+       <!--  Page 356 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356"></a>[pg
+      356]</span> hours in fusion, I was surpriz'd to find the Colliquated Mass
+      to appear upon breaking the Crucible of a lovely Saphirine Blew, which
+      made me suspect my Servant might have brought me a wrong Crucible, but he
+      constantly affirm'd it to be the same wherein the Silver was put, and
+      considerable Circumstances countenanc'd his Assertion, so that till I have
+      opportunity to make farther Tryal, I cannot but suspect, either that
+      Silver which is not (which is not very probable) brought to a perfect
+      Fusion and Colliquation with Glass, may impart to it other Colours than
+      when Neal'd upon it, or else (which is less unlikely) that though Silver
+      Beaters usually chuse the finest Coyn they can get, as that which is most
+      extensive under the Hammer, yet the Silver-leaves of which this
+      Shel-silver was made, might retain so much Copper as to enable it to give
+      the predominant tincture to the Glass.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For, I must proceed to tell you (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) as another instance of
+      the Adventitious Colours of Metals, that which is something strange,
+      Namely, That though Copper Calcin'd <i>per se</i> affords but a Dark and
+      basely Colour'd <i>Calx</i>, yet the Glassmen do with it, as themselves
+      inform me, Tinge their Glass green. And I remember, that when once we took
+      some crude Copper,
+       <!--  Page 357 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357"></a>[pg
+      357]</span> and by frequent Ignition quenching it in Water had reduc'd it
+      to a Dark and Ill-colour'd Powder, and afterward kept it in Fusion in
+      about a 100. times its weight of fine Glass, we had, though not a Green,
+      yet a Blew colour'd Mass, which would perhaps have been Green, if we had
+      hit right upon the Proportion of the Materials, and the Degree of Fire,
+      and the Time wherein it ought to be kept in Fusion, so plentifully does
+      that Metal abound in a Venerial Tincture, as Artists call it, and in so
+      many wayes does it disclose that Richness. But though Copper do as we have
+      said give somewhat near the like Colour to Glass, which it does to <i>Aqua-fortis</i>,
+      yet it seems worth inquiry, whether those new Colours which Mineral Bodies
+      disclose in melted Glass, proceed from the Coalition of the Corpuscles of
+      the Mineral with the Particles of the Glass as such, or from the Action
+      (excited or actuated by fire) of the Alcalizate Salt (which is a main
+      Ingredient of Glass,) upon the Mineral Body, or from the concurrence of
+      both these Causes, or else from any other. But to return to that which we
+      were saying, we may observe that <i>Putty</i> made by calcining together a
+      proportion of Tin and Lead, as it is it self a White <i>Calx</i>, so does
+      it turn the <i>Pitta di Crystallo</i> (as the
+       <!--  Page 358 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358"></a>[pg
+      358]</span> Glassmen call the matter of the Purer sort of Glass, wherewith
+      it is Colliquated into a White Mass, which if it be opacous enough is
+      employ'd, as we elsewhere declare, for White Amel. But of the Colours
+      which the other Metals may be made to produce in Colourless Glass, and
+      other Vitrifiable Bodies, that have native Colours of their own, I must
+      leave you to inform your self upon Tryal, or at least must forbear to do
+      it till another time, considering how many Annotations are to follow, upon
+      what has in this and the two former Experiments been said already.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation I.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When the Materials of Glass being melted with Calcin'd Tin, have compos'd
+      a Mass Undiaphanous and White, this White Amel is as it were the Basis of
+      all those fine Concretes that Goldsmiths and several Artificers imploy in
+      the curious Art of Enamelling. For this White and Fusible substance will
+      receive into it self, without spoyling them, the Colours of divers other
+      Mineral substances, which like it will indure the fire.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 359 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359"></a>[pg 359]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation II.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So that as by the present (XLVIII.) Experiment it appears, that divers
+      Minerals will impart to fusible Masses, Colours differing from their own;
+      so by the making and compounding of Amels, it may appear, that divers
+      Bodies will both retain their Colour in the fire, and impart the <i>same</i>
+      to some others wherewith they were vitrifi'd, and in such Tryals as that
+      mention'd in the 17. Experiment, where I told you, that ev'n in Amels a
+      Blew and Yellow will compound a Green. 'Tis pretty to behold, not only
+      that some Colours are of so fix'd a Nature, as to be capable of mixture
+      without receiving any detriment by the fire, that do's so easily destroy
+      or spoyl those of other Bodies; but Mineral Pigments may be mingled by
+      fire little less regularly and successfully, than in ordinary Dyeing
+      Fatts, the vulgar Colours are wont to be mingled by the help of Water.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation III.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      'Tis not only Metalline, but other Mineral Bodies, that may be imploy'd,
+      to give Tinctures unto Glass (and 'tis worth noting
+       <!--  Page 360 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360"></a>[pg
+      360]</span> how small a quantity of some Mineral substances, will Tinge a
+      Comparatively vast proportion of Glass, and we have sometimes attempted to
+      Colour Glass, ev'n with Pretious Stones, and had cause to think the
+      Experiment not cast away. And 'tis known by them that have look'd into the
+      Art of Glass, that the Artificers use to tinge their Glass Blew, with that
+      Dark Mineral <i>Zaffora</i>, (some of my Tryals on which I elsewhere
+      acquaint you) which some would have to be a Mineral Earth, others a Stone,
+      and others neither the one, nor the other, but which is confessedly of a
+      Dark, but not a Blew Colour, though it be not agreed of what particular
+      Colour it is. 'Tis likewise though a familiar yet a remarkable practise
+      among those that Deal in the making of Glass, to imploy (as some of
+      themselves have inform'd me) what they call Manganess, and some Authors
+      call <i>Magnesia</i> (of which I make particular mention in another
+      Treatise) to exhibit in Glass not only other Colours than its own, (which
+      is so like in Darkness or blackishness to the Load stone, that 'tis given
+      by Mineralists, for one of the Reasons of its Latine Name) but Colours
+      differing from one another. For though they use it, (which is somewhat
+      strange) to Clarifye their Glass, and free
+       <!--  Page 361 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361"></a>[pg
+      361]</span> it from that Blewish Greenish Colour, which else it would too
+      often be subject to, yet they also imploy it in certain proportions, to
+      tinge their Glass both with a Red colour, and with a Purplish or Murry,
+      and putting in a greater Quantity, they also make with it that deep
+      obscure Glass which is wont to pass for Black, which agrees very well
+      with, and may serve to confirm what we noted near the beginning of the 44<sup>th</sup>
+      Experiment, of the seeming Blackness of those Bodies that are overcharg'd
+      with the Corpuscles of such Colours, as Red, or Blew, or Green, &amp;c.
+      And as by several Metals and other Minerals we can give various Colours to
+      Glass, so on the other side, by the differing Colours that Mineral Oars,
+      or other Mineral Powders being melted with Glass disclose in it, a good
+      Conjecture may be oftentimes made of the Metall or known Mineral, that the
+      Oar propos'd, either holds, or is most of kin to. And this easie way of
+      examining Oars, may be in some cases of good use, and is not ill deliver'd
+      by <i>Glauber</i>, to whom I shall at present refer you, for a more
+      particular account of it: unless your Curiosity command also what I have
+      observ'd about these matters; only I must here advertise you, that great
+      circumspection is
+       <!--  Page 362 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362"></a>[pg
+      362]</span> requisite to keep this way from proving fallacious, upon the
+      account of the variations of Colour that may be produc'd by the differing
+      proportions that may be us'd betwixt the Oar and the Glass, by the
+      Richness or Poorness of the Oar it self, by the Degree of Fire, and
+      (especially) by the Length of Time, during which the matter is kept in
+      fusion; as you will easily gather from what you will quickly meet with in
+      the following Annotation upon this present 48<sup>th</sup> Experiment.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation IV.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      There is another way and differing enough from those already mention'd, by
+      which Metalls may be brought to exhibit adventitious Colours: For by This,
+      the Metall do's not so much impart a Colour to another Body, as receive a
+      Colour from it, or rather both Bodies do by the new Texture resulting from
+      their mistion produce a new Colour. I will not insist to this purpose upon
+      the Examples afforded us by yellow Orpiment, and common Sea Salt, from
+      which, sublim'd together, Chymists unanimously affirm their White or
+      Crystalline Arsenick to be made: But 'tis not unworthy our noting, That
+      though Yellow
+       <!--  Page 363 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363"></a>[pg
+      363]</span> Orpiment be acknowledg'd to be the Copiousest by far of the
+      two Ingredients of Arsenick, yet this last nam'd Body being duely added to
+      the highest Colour'd Metall Copper, when 'tis in fusion, gives it a
+      whiteness both within and without. Thus <i>Lapis Calaminaris</i> changes
+      and improves the Colour of Copper by turning it into Brass. And I have
+      sometimes by the help of Zinck duely mix'd after a certain manner, given
+      Copper one of the Richest Golden Colours that ever I have seen the Best
+      true Gold Ennobled with. But pray have a care that such Hints fall not
+      into any hands that may mis-imploy them.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation V.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Upon the Knowledge of the differing wayes of making Minerals and Metalls
+      produce their adventitious Colours in Bodies capable of Vitrification,
+      depends the pretty Art of making what Chymists by a Barbarous Word are
+      pleas'd to call <i>Amanses</i>, that is counterfeit, or factitious Gemms,
+      as Emeralds, Rubies, Saphires, Topazes, and the like. For in the making of
+      these, though pure Sand or Calcin'd Crystal give the Body, yet 'tis for
+      the most part some Metalline or Mineral <i>Calx</i>, mingled in a
+       <!--  Page 364 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364"></a>[pg
+      364]</span> small proportion that gives the Colour. But though I have many
+      years since taken delight, to divert my self with this pleasing Art, and
+      have seen very pretty Productions of it, yet besides that I fear I have
+      now forgot most of the little Skill I had in it, this is no place to
+      entertain you with what would rather take up an intire Discourse, than be
+      comprehended in an Annotation; wherefore the few things which I shall here
+      take notice of to you, are only what belong to the present Argument,
+      Namely,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      First, That I have often observ'd that Calcin'd Lead Colliquated with fine
+      White Sand or Crystal, reduc'd by ignitions and subsequent extinctions in
+      Water to a subtile Powder, will of it self be brought by a due Decoction
+      to give a cleer Mass Colour'd like a <i>German</i> Amethyst. For though
+      this glass of Lead, is look'd upon by them that know no better way of
+      making <i>Amanses</i>, as the grand Work of them all, yet which is an
+      inconvenience that much blemishes this way, the Calcin'd Lead it self does
+      not only afford matter to the <i>Amanses</i>, but has also as well as
+      other Metals a Colour of its own, which as I was saying, I have often
+      found to be like that of <i>German</i> (as many call them) not Eastern
+      Amethysts.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Secondly, That nevertheless this Colour
+       <!--  Page 365 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365"></a>[pg
+      365]</span> may be easily over-powr'd by those of divers other Mineral
+      Pigments (if I may so call them) so that with a glass of Lead, you may
+      Emulate (for Instance) the fresh and lovely Greenness of an Emerald,
+      though in divers cases the Colour which the Lead it self upon
+      Vitrification tends to, may vitiate that of the Pigment, which you would
+      introduce into the Mass.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thirdly, That so much ev'n these Colours depend upon Texture, that in the
+      Glass of Lead it self made of about three parts of <i>Lytharge</i> or <i>Minium</i>
+      Colliquated with one of very finely Powder'd Crystal or Sand, we have
+      taken pleasure to make the mixture pass through differing Colours, as we
+      kept it more or less in the Fusion. For it was not usually till after a
+      pretty long Decoction that the Mass attain'd to the Amethystin Colour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Fourthly and lastly, That the degrees of Coction and other Circumstances
+      may so vary the Colour produc'd in the same mass, that in a Crucible that
+      was not great I have had fragments of the same Mass, in some of which
+      perhaps not so big as a Hazel-Nut, you may discern four distinct Colours.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 366 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366"></a>[pg 366]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation VI.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You may remember (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) that when I mention'd the three sorts
+      of adventitious Colours of Metals, I mention'd them but as the chief, not
+      the only. For there may be other wayes, which though they do not in so
+      strict a sense belong to the adventitious Colours of Metals, may not
+      inconveniently be reduc'd to them. And of these I shall name now a couple,
+      without denying that there may be more.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The first may be drawn from the practise of those that Dye Scarlet. For
+      the famousest Master in that Art, either in <i>England</i> or <i>Holland</i>,
+      has confess'd to me, that neither others, nor he can strike that lovely
+      Colour which is now wont to be call'd the <i>Bow-Dye</i>, without their
+      Materials be Boyl'd in Vessels, either made of, or lin'd with a particular
+      Metall. But of what I have known attempted in this kind, I must not as yet
+      for fear of prejudicing or displeasing others give you any particular
+      Account.<a name="NtA_24" id="NtA_24"></a><a href="#Nt_24"><sup>24</sup></a>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The other way (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) of making Metals afford unobvious
+      Colours, is by imbuing divers Bodies with Solutions of them made in their
+      proper <i>Menstruum's</i>, As (for
+       <!--  Page 367 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367"></a>[pg
+      367]</span> Instance) though Copper plentifully dissolv'd in <i>Aqua
+      fortis</i>, will imbue several Bodies with the Colour of the Solution; Yet
+      Some other Metalls will not (as I elsewhere tell you) and have often
+      try'd. Gold dissolv'd in <i>Aqua Regia</i>, will, (which is not commonly
+      known) Dye the Nails and Skin, and Hafts of Knives, and other things made
+      of Ivory, not with a Golden, but a Purple Colour, which though it manifest
+      it self but slowly, is very durable, and scarce ever to be wash'd out. And
+      if I misremember not, I have already told you in this Treatise, that the
+      purer Crystals of fine Silver made with <i>Aqua fortis</i>, though they
+      appear White, will presently Dye the Skin and Nails, with a Black, or at
+      least a very Dark Colour, which Water will not wash off, as it will
+      ordinary Ink from the same parts. And divers other Bodies may the Same way
+      be Dy'd, some of a Black, and others of a Blackish Colour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And as Metalline, so likewise Mineral Solutions may produce Colours
+      differing enough from those of the Liquors themselves. I shall not fetch
+      an Example of this, from what we daily see happen in the powdring of Beef,
+      which by the Brine imploy'd about it (especially if the flesh be
+       <!--  Page 368 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368"></a>[pg
+      368]</span> over salted) do's oftentimes appear at our Tables of a Green,
+      and sometimes of a Reddish Colour, (deep enough) nor shall I insist on the
+      practise of some that deal in Salt Petre, who, (as I suspected, and as
+      themselves acknowledg'd to me) do, with the mixture of a certain
+      proportion of that; and common Salt, give a fine Redness, not only to
+      Neats Tongues, but which is more pretty as well as difficult, to such
+      flesh, as would otherwise be purely White; These Examples, I say, I shall
+      decline insisting on, as chusing rather to tell you, that I have several
+      times try'd, that a Solution of the Sulphur of Vitriol, or ev'n of common
+      Sulphur, though the Liquor appear'd clear enough, would immediately tinge
+      a piece of new Coin, or other clean Silver, sometimes with a Golden,
+      sometimes with a deeper, and more Reddish colour, according to the
+      strength of the Solution, and the quantity of it, that chanc'd to adhere
+      to the Metall; which may take off your wonder that the water of the hot
+      Spring at <i>Bath</i>, abounding with dissolv'd Substances of a very
+      Sulphureous Nature, should for a while, as it were gild, the new or clean
+      pieces of Silver coyn, that are for a due time immers'd in it. And to
+      these may be added those formerly mention'd Examples
+       <!--  Page 369 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369"></a>[pg
+      369]</span> of the adventitious Colours of Mineral Bodies; which brings
+      into my mind, that, ev'n Vegetable Liquors, whether by degeneration, or by
+      altering the Texture of the Body that imbibes them, may stain other Bodies
+      with Colours differing enough, from their own, of which very good
+      Herbarists have afforded us a notable Example, by affirming that the Juice
+      of <i>Alcanna</i> being green (in which state I could never here procure
+      it) do's yet Dye the Skin and Nails of a Lasting Red. But I see this
+      Treatise is like to prove too bulky without the addition of further
+      Instances of this Nature.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XLIX.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Meeting the other day, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, in an <i>Italian</i> book, that
+      treats of other matters, with a way of preparing what the Author calls a
+      <i>Lacca</i> of Vegetables, by which the <i>Italians</i> mean a kind of
+      Extract fit for Painting, like that rich <i>Lacca</i> in English commonly
+      call'd <i>Lake</i>, which is imploy'd by Painters as a glorious Red. And
+      finding the Experiment not to be inconsiderable, and very defectively set
+      down, it will not be amiss to acquaint you with what some Tryals have
+      inform'd us, in reference to this
+       <!--  Page 370 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370"></a>[pg
+      370]</span> Experiment, which both by our Italian Author, and by divers of
+      his Countrymen, is look'd upon as no trifling Secret.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Take then the root call'd in Latin <i>Curcuma</i>, and in English
+      Turmerick, (which I made use of, because it was then at hand, and is among
+      Vegetables fit for that purpose one of the most easiest to be had) and
+      when it is beaten, put what Quantity of it you please into fair Water,
+      adding to every pound of Water about a spoonfull or better of as strong a
+      <i>Lixivium</i> or Solution of Potashes as you can well make, clarifying
+      it by Filtration before you put it to the Decocting water. Let these
+      things boyl, or rather simper over a soft Fire in a clean glaz'd Earthen
+      Vessel, till you find by the Immersion of a sheet of White Paper (or by
+      some other way of Tryal) that the Liquor is sufficiently impregnated with
+      the Golden Tincture of the Turmerick, then take the Decoction off the
+      Fire, and Filter or Strain it that it may be clean, and leisurely dropping
+      into it a strong Solution of Roch Allum, you shall find the Decoction as
+      it were curdl'd, and the tincted part of it either to emerge, to subside,
+      or to swim up and down, like little Yellow flakes; and if you pour this
+      mixture into a Tunnel lin'd with Cap Paper, the Liquor that Filtred
+      formerly
+       <!--  Page 371 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371"></a>[pg
+      371]</span> so Yellow, will now pass clean thorow the Filtre, leaving its
+      tincted, and as it were curdled parts in the Filtre, upon which fair Water
+      must be so often pour'd, till you have Dulcifi'd the matter therein
+      contain'd, the sign of which Dulcification is (you know) when the Water
+      that has pass'd through it, comes from it as tasteless as it was pour'd on
+      it. And if without Filtration you would gather together the flakes of this
+      Vegetable Lake, you must pour a great Quantity of fair Water upon the
+      Decoction after the affusion of the Alluminous Solution, and you shall
+      find the Liquor to grow clearer, and the Lake to settle together at the
+      bottom, or emerge to the top of the Water, though sometimes having not
+      pour'd out a sufficient Quantity of fair Water, we have observ'd the Lake
+      partly to subside, and partly to emerge, leaving all the middle of the
+      Liquor clear. But to make this Lake fit for use, it must by repeated
+      affusions of fresh Water, be Dulcifi'd from the adhering Salts, as well as
+      that separated by Filtration, and be spread and suffer'd to dry leisurely
+      upon pieces of Cloth, with Brown Paper, or Chalk, or Bricks under
+       <!--  Page 372 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372"></a>[pg
+      372]</span> them to imbibe the Moisture<a name="NtA_25" id="NtA_25"></a><a
+      href="#Nt_25"><sup>25</sup></a>.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation I.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Whereas it is presum'd that the Magistery of Vegetables obtain'd this way
+      consists but of the more Soluble and Coloured parts of the Plants that
+      afford it, I must take the liberty to Question the supposition. And for my
+      so doing, I shall give you this account.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      According to the Notions (such as they were) that I had concerning Salts;
+      Allom, though to sense a Homogeneous Body, ought not to be reckon'd among
+      true Salts, but to be it self look'd upon as a kind of Magistery, in
+      regard that as Native Vitriol (for such I have had) contains both a Saline
+      substance and a Metall, whether Copper, or Iron, corroded by it, and
+      associated with it; so Allom which may be of so near a kin to Vitriol,
+      that in some places of <i>England</i> (as we are assur'd by good Authority
+      the same stone will
+       <!--  Page 373 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373"></a>[pg
+      373]</span> sometimes afford both) seems manifestly to contain a peculiar
+      kind of Acid Spirit, generated in the Bowels of the Earth, and some kind
+      of stony matter dissolv'd by it. And though in making our ordinary Allom,
+      the Workmen use the Ashes of a Sea Weed (vulgarly call'd Kelp) and Urine:
+      yet those that should know, inform us, that, here in <i>England</i>, there
+      is besides the factitious Allom, Allom made by Nature Without the help of
+      those Additaments. Now (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) when I consider'd this
+      composition of Allom, and that Alcalizate Salts are wont to Præcipitate
+      what acid Salts have dissolv'd, I could not but be prone to suspect that
+      the Curdled Matter, which is call'd the Magistery of Vegetables, may have
+      in it no inconsiderable proportion of a stony substance Præcipitated out
+      of the Allom by the <i>Lixivium</i>, wherein the Vegetable had been
+      decocted, and to shew you, that there is no necessity, that all the
+      curdl'd substance must belong to the Vegetable, I shall add, that I took a
+      strong Solution of Allom, and having Filtred it, by pouring in a
+      convenient Quantity of a strong Solution of Potashes, I presently, as I
+      expected, turn'd the mixture into a kind of white Curds, which being put
+      to Filtre, the Paper retain'd a stony
+       <!--  Page 374 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374"></a>[pg
+      374]</span> <i>Calx</i>, copious enough, very White, and which seem'd to
+      be of a Mineral Nature, both by some other signes, and this, that little
+      Bits of it being put upon a live Coal, which was Gently Blown whilst they
+      were on it, they did neither melt nor fly away, and you may keep a
+      Quantity of this White substance for a good while, (nay for ought I can
+      guess for a very long one) in a red hot Crucible without losing or
+      spoiling it; nor did hot Water wherein I purposely kept another parcel of
+      such <i>Calx</i>, seem to do any more than wash away the looser adhering
+      Salts from the stony substance, which therefore seem'd unlikely to be
+      separable by ablutions (though reiterated) from the Præcipitated parts of
+      the Vegetable, whose Lake is intended. And to shew you, that there is
+      likewise in Allom a Body, with which the fix'd Salt of the Alcalizate
+      Solution will concoagulate into a Saline Substance differing from either
+      of them, I shall add, that I have taken pleasure to recover out of the
+      slowly exhal'd Liquor, that pass'd through the filtre, and left the
+      foremention'd <i>Calx</i> behind, a Body that at least seem'd a Salt very
+      pretty to look on, as being very White, and consisting of an innumerable
+      company of exceeding slender, and shining Particles, which
+       <!--  Page 375 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375"></a>[pg
+      375]</span> would in part easily melt at the flame of a Candle, and in
+      part flye away with some little noise. But of this substance, and its odd
+      Qualities more perhaps elsewhere; for now I shall only take notice to you,
+      that I have likewise with Urinous Salts, such as the Spirit of Sal
+      Armoniack, as well as with the Spirit of Urine it self, Nay, (if I much
+      mistake not) ev'n with Stale Urine undistil'd, easily Precipitated such a
+      White <i>Calx</i> as I was formerly speaking of, out of a Limpid Solution
+      of Allom, so that there is need of Circumspection in judging of the
+      Natures of Liquors by Precipitations wherein Allom intervenes, else we may
+      sometimes mistakingly imagine that to be Precipitated out of a Liquor by
+      Allom, which is rather Precipitated out of Allom by the Liquor: And this
+      puts me in mind to tell you, that 'tis not unpleasant to behold how
+      quickly the Solution of Allom (or injected lumps of Allom) do's occasion
+      the severing of the colour'd parts of the Decoction from the Liquor that
+      seem'd to have so perfectly imbib'd them.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 376 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376"></a>[pg 376]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annot. II.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The above mention'd way of making Lakes we have tryed not only with
+      Turmerick, but also with Madder, which yielded us a Red Lake; and with
+      Rue, which afforded us an extract, of (almost if not altogether) the same
+      Colour with that of the leaves.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But in regard that 'tis Principally the Alcalizate Salt of the Pot-ashes,
+      which enables the water to Extract so powerfully the Tincture of the
+      Decocted Vegetables, I fear that our Author may be mistaken by supposing
+      that the Decoction will alwayes be of the very same Colour with the
+      Vegetable it is made off. For Lixiviate Salts, to which Pot-ashes
+      eminently belong, though by peircing and opening the Bodies of Vegetables,
+      they prepare and dispose them to part readily with their Tincture, yet
+      some Tinctures they do not only draw out, but likewise alter them, as may
+      be easily made appear by many of the Experiments already set down in this
+      Treatise, and though Allom being of an Acid Nature, its Solutions may in
+      some Cases destroy the Adventitious Colours produc'd by the Alcaly, and
+      restore the former: yet
+       <!--  Page 377 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377"></a>[pg
+      377]</span> besides that Allom is not, as I have lately shown, a meer Acid
+      Salt, but a mixt Body, and besides, that its operations are languid in
+      comparison of the activity of Salts freed by Distillation, or by
+      Incineration and Dissolution, from the most of their Earthy parts, we have
+      seen already Examples, that in divers Cases an Acid Salt will not restore
+      a Vegetable substance to the Colour of which an Alcalizate one had
+      depriv'd it, but makes it assume a third very differing from both, as we
+      formerly told you, that if Syrrup of Violets were by an Alcaly turn'd
+      Green, (which Colour, as I have try'd, may be the same way produc'd in the
+      Violet-leaves themselves without any Relation to a Syrrup) an Acid Salt
+      would not make it Blew again, but Red. And though I have by this way of
+      making Lakes, made Magisteries (for such they seem to be) of Brazil, and
+      as I remember of Cochinele it self, and of other things, Red, Yellow or
+      Green which Lakes were enobled with a Rich Colour, and others had no bad
+      one; yet in some the colour of the Lake seem'd rather inferiour than
+      otherwise to that of the Plant, and in others it seem'd both very
+      differing, and much worse; but Writing this in a time and place where I
+      cannot provide my self of Flowres and other Vegetables to prosecute
+       <!--  Page 378 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378"></a>[pg
+      378]</span> such Tryals in a competent variety of Subjects, I am content
+      not to be positive in delivering a judgment of this way of Lakes, till
+      Experience, or You, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, shall have afforded me a fuller and
+      more particular Information.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation III.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And on this occasion (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) I must here (having forgot to do
+      it sooner) advertise you once for all, that having written several of the
+      foregoing Experiments, not only in haste but at seasons of the year, and
+      in places wherein I could not furnish my self with such Instruments, and
+      such a variety of Materials, as the design of giving you an Introduction
+      into the History of Colours requir'd, it can scarce be otherwise but that
+      divers of the Experiments, that I have set down, may afford you some
+      matter of new Tryals, if you think fit to supply the deficiencies of some
+      of them (especially the freshly mention'd about Lakes, and those that
+      concern Emphatical Colours) which deficiencies for want of being
+      befriended with accommodations I could better discern than avoid.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 379 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379"></a>[pg 379]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation IV.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The use of Allom is very great as well as familiar in the Dyers Trade, and
+      I have not been ill pleas'd with the use I have been able to make of it in
+      preparing other pigments than those they imploy with Vegetable Juices. But
+      the Lucriferous practises of Dyers and other Tradesmen, I do, for Reasons
+      that you may know when you please, purposely forbear in this Essay, though
+      not strictly from pointing at, yet from making it a part of my present
+      work explicitly and circumstantially to deliver, especially since I now
+      find (though late and not without some Blushes at my prolixity) that what
+      I intended but for a short Essay, is already swell'd into almost a Volume.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT L.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Yet here, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, I must take leave to insert an Experiment,
+      though perhaps you'l think its coming in here an Intrusion, For I confess
+      its more proper place would have been among those Experiments, that were
+      brought as proofs and applications of our Notions concerning the
+      differences of
+       <!--  Page 380 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380"></a>[pg
+      380]</span> Salts; but not having remembred to insert it in its fittest
+      place, I had rather take notice of it in this, than leave it quite
+      unmention'd: partly because it doth somewhat differ from the rest of our
+      Experiments about Colours, in the way whereby 'tis made; and partly
+      because the grounds upon which I devis'd it, may hint to you somewhat of
+      the Method I use in Designing and Varying Experiments about Colours, and
+      upon this account I shall inform you, not only What I did, but Why I did
+      it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I consider'd then that the work of the former Experiments was either to
+      change the Colour of a Body into another, or quite to destroy it, without
+      giving it a successor, but I had a mind to give you also a way, whereby to
+      turn a Body endued with one Colour into two Bodies, of Colours, as well as
+      consistencies, very distinct from each other, and that by the help of a
+      Body that had it self no Colour at all. In order to this, I remembred,
+      that finding the Acidity of Spirit of Vinegar to be wholly destroy'd by
+      its working upon <i>Minium</i> (or calcin'd Lead) whereby the Saline
+      particles of the <i>Menstruum</i> have their Taste and Nature quite
+      alter'd, I had, among other Conjectures I had built upon that change,
+      rightly concluded, that the Solution of Lead
+       <!--  Page 381 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381"></a>[pg
+      381]</span> in Spirit of Vinegar would alter the Colour of the Juices and
+      Infusions of Several Plants, much after the like manner that I had found
+      Oyl of Tartar to do; and accordingly I was quickly satisfied upon Tryal,
+      that the Infusion of Rose-leaves would by a small quantity of this
+      Solution well mingl'd with it, be immediately turn'd into a somewhat sad
+      Green.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And further, I had often found, that Oyl of Vitriol, though a potently
+      Acid <i>Menstruum</i>, will yet Præcipitate many Bodies, both Mineral and
+      others, dissolv'd not onely in <i>Aqua fortis</i> (as some Chymists have
+      observ'd) but particularly in Spirit of Vinegar, and I have further found,
+      that the <i>Calces</i> or Powders Præcipitated by this Liquor were usually
+      fair and White.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Laying these things together, 'twas not difficult to conclude, that if
+      upon a good Tincture of Red Rose-leaves made with fair Water, I dropp'd a
+      pretty quantity of a strong and sweet Solution of <i>Minium</i>, the
+      Liquor would be turn'd into the like muddy Green Substance, as I have
+      formerly intimated to You, that Oyl of Tartar would reduce it to, and that
+      if then I added a convenient quantity of good Oyl of Vitriol, this last
+      nam'd Liquor would have two distinct operations upon the Mixture, the one,
+      that
+       <!--  Page 382 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382"></a>[pg
+      382]</span> it would Præcipitate that resolv'd Lead in the form of a White
+      Powder; the other, that it would Clarifie the muddy Mixture, and both
+      restore, and exceedingly heighten the Redness of the Infusion of Roses,
+      which was the most copious Ingredient of the Green composition, and
+      accordingly trying the Experiment in a Wine glass sharp at the bottom
+      (like an inverted Cone) that the subsiding Powder might seem to take up
+      the more room, and be the more conspicuous, I found that when I had shaken
+      the Green Mixture, that the colour'd Liquor might be the more equally
+      dispersed, a few drops of the rectifi'd Oyl of Vitriol did presently turn
+      the opacous Liquor into one that was cleer and Red, almost like a Rubie,
+      and threw down good store of a Powder, which when 'twas settl'd, would
+      have appear'd very White, if some interspers'd Particles of the red Liquor
+      had not a little Allay'd the Purity, though not blemish'd the Beauty of
+      the Colour. And to shew you, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that these Effects do not
+      flow from the Oyl of Vitriol, as it is such, but as it is a strongly Acid
+      <i>Menstruum</i>, that has the property both to Præcipitate Lead, as well
+      as some other Concretes out of Spirit of Vinegar, and to heighten the
+      Colour of Red Rose-leaves, I add, that I
+       <!--  Page 383 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383"></a>[pg
+      383]</span> have done the same thing, though perhaps not quite so well
+      with Spirit of Salt, and that I could not do it with <i>Aqua-fortis</i>,
+      because though that potent <i>Menstruum</i> does as well as the others
+      heighthen the Redness of Roses, yet it would not like them Precipitate
+      Lead out of Spirit of Vinegar, but would rather have dissolv'd it, if it
+      had not found it dissolv'd already.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And as by this way we have produc'd a Red Liquor, and a White Precipitate
+      out of a Dirty Green magistery of Rose-leaves, so by the same Method, you
+      may produce a fair Yellow, and sometimes a Red Liquor, and the like
+      Precipitate, out of an Infusion of a curious Purple Colour. For you may
+      call to mind, that in the Annotation upon the 39<sup>th</sup>. Experiment
+      I intimated to you, that I had with a few drops of an Alcaly turn'd the
+      Infusion of Logg-wood into a lovely Purple. Now if instead of this Alcaly
+      I substituted a very Strong and well Filtrated Solution of <i>Minium</i>,
+      made with Spirit of Vinegar, and put about half as much of this Liquor as
+      there was of the Infusion of Logg-wood, (that the mixture might afford a
+      pretty deal of Precipitate,) the affusion of a convenient proportion of
+      Spirit of Salt, would (if the Liquors were well and nimbly stirr'd
+      together) presently
+       <!--  Page 384 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384"></a>[pg
+      384]</span> strike down a Precipitate like that formerly mention'd, and
+      turn the Liquor that swam above it, for the most part into a lovely
+      Yellow.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But for the advancing of this Experiment a little further, I consider'd,
+      that in case I first turn'd a spoonfull of the infusion of Logg-wood
+      Purple, by a convenient proportion of the Solution of <i>Minium</i>, the
+      Affusion of Spirit of Sal Armnoniack, would Precipitate the Corpuscles of
+      Lead conceal'd in the Solution of <i>Minium</i>, and yet not destroy the
+      Purple colour of the Liquor; whereupon I thus proceeded; I took about a
+      spoonfull of the <i>fresh</i> Tincture of Logg-wood, (for I found that if
+      it were <i>stale</i> the Experiment would not alwayes succeed,) and having
+      put to it a convenient proportion of the Solution of <i>Minium</i> to turn
+      it into a deep and almost opacous Purple, I then drop'd in as much Spirit
+      of Sal Armoniack, as I guess'd would Precipitate about half or more (but
+      not all) of the Lead, and immediately stirring the mixture well together,
+      I mingled the Precipitated parts with the others, so that they fell to the
+      bottom, partly in the form of a Powder, and partly in the form of a
+      Curdled Substance, that (by reason of the Predominancy of the Ting'd
+      Corpuscles over
+       <!--  Page 385 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385"></a>[pg
+      385]</span> the White) retain'd as well as the Supernatant Liquor; a
+      Blewish Purple colour sufficiently Deep, and then instantly (but yet
+      Warily,) pouring on a pretty Quantity of Spirit of Salt, the matter first
+      Precipitated, was, by the above specified figure of the bottome of the
+      Glass preserv'd from being reach'd by the Spirituous Salt; which hastily
+      Precipitated upon it a new Bed (if I may so call it) of White Powder,
+      being the remaining Corpuscles of the Lead, that the Urinous Spirit had
+      not struck down: So that there appear'd in the Glass three distinct and
+      very differingly colour'd Substances; a Purple or Violet-colour'd
+      Precipitate at the bottom, a White and Carnation (sometimes a Variously
+      colour'd) Precipitate over That, and at the Top of all a Transparent
+      Liquor of a lovely Yellow, or Red.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thus you see, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that though to some I may have seem'd to
+      have lighted on this (50<sup>th</sup>.) Experiment by chance, and though
+      others may imagine, that to have excogitated it, must have proceeded from
+      some extraordinary insight into the nature of Colours, yet indeed, the
+      devising of it need not be look'd upon as any great matter, especially to
+      one that is a little vers'd in the notions, I have in these, and other
+      Papers
+       <!--  Page 386 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386"></a>[pg
+      386]</span> hinted concerning the differences of Salts. And perhaps I
+      might add upon more than conjecture, that these very notions and some
+      particulars scatteringly deliver'd in this Treatise, being skilfully put
+      together, may suggest divers matters (at least,) about Colours, that will
+      not be altogether Despicable. But those hinted, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, I must
+      now leave such as You to prosecute, having already spent farr more time
+      than I intended to allow my self in acquainting You with particular
+      Experiments and Observations concerning the changes of Colour, to which I
+      might have added many more, but that I hope I may have presented You with
+      a competent number to make out in some measure what I have at the
+      beginning of this Essay either propos'd as my Design in this Tract, or
+      deliver'd as my Conjectures concerning these matters. And it not being my
+      present Designe, as I have more than once Declar'd, to deliver any
+      Positive Hypothesis or solemn Theory of Colours, but only to furnish You
+      with some Experiments towards the framing of such a Theory; I shall add
+      nothing to what I have said already, but a request that you would not be
+      forward to think I have been mistaken in any thing I have deliver'd as
+      matter of Fact concerning the changes of Colours, in case you
+       <!--  Page 387 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387"></a>[pg
+      387]</span> should not every time you trye it, find it exactly to succeed.
+      For besides the Contingencies to which we have elsewhere shewn some other
+      Experiments to be obnoxious, the omission or variation of a seemingly
+      unconsiderable circumstance, may hinder the success of an Experiment,
+      wherein no other fault has been committed. Of which truth I shall only
+      give you that single and almost obvious, but yet illustrious instance of
+      the Art of Dying Scarlets, for though you should see every Ingredient that
+      is us'd about it, though I should particularly inform You of the weight of
+      each, and though you should be present at the kindling of the fire, and at
+      the increasing and remitting of it, when ever the degree of Heat is to be
+      alter'd, and though (in a word) you should see every thing done so
+      particularly that you would scarce harbour the least doubt of your
+      comprehending the whole Art: Yet if I should not disclose to You, that the
+      Vessels, that immediately contain the Tinging Ingredients, are to be made
+      of or to be lin'd with Tin, You would never be able by all that I could
+      tell you else (at-least, if the Famousest and Candidest Artificers do not
+      strangely delude themselves) to bring your Tincture of
+       <!--  Page 388 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388"></a>[pg
+      388]</span> Chochinele to Dye a perfect Scarlet. So much depends upon the
+      very Vessel, wherein the Tinging matters are boyl'd, and so great an
+      Influence may an unheeded Circumstance have on the Success of Experiments
+      concerning Colours.
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      <i>FINIS.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <hr />
+    <!--  Page 389 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389"></a>[pg 389]</span>
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:50%;">A SHORT</span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:125%;">ACCOUNT</span><br /> <span style="font-size:50%;">OF
+      SOME</span><br /> <span style="font-size:100%;">OBSERVATIONS</span><br />
+      <span style="font-size:75%;">Made by Mr. <i>BOYLE</i></span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:50%;">About a <i>Diamond</i> that <i>Shines</i> in the
+      Dark.</span>
+    </h2>
+    <p class="center">
+      First enclosed in a Letter written to<br /> a Friend,
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      And now together with it annexed to the Foregoing<br /> Treatise, upon the
+      score of the<br /> Affinity Betwixt
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:75%;"><i>Light</i> and <i>Colours</i>.</span>
+    </h2>
+    <hr />
+    <div class="figcenter" style="width:25%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/429.png" alt="Decorative tiles" />
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      <i>LONDON,</i>
+    </h3>
+    <h4>
+      Printed for <i>Henry Herringman</i>. 1664
+    </h4>
+    <!--  Page 390 blank -->
+    <!--  Page 391 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391"></a>[pg 391]</span>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/431a.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px">A COPY</span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:50%;">OF THE</span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:100%; letter-spacing:10px">LETTER</span>
+    </h2>
+    <p class="center">
+      That Mr. <i>Boyle</i> wrote to Sir <i>Robert Morray</i>,<br /> to accompany
+      the <i>Observations</i> touching<br /> the <i>Shining Diamond</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>SIR,</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <img width="100" height="100" src="images/431b.png"
+      alt="Illuminated T in Though" /> Hough Sir <i>Robert Morray</i> and
+      Monsieur <i>Zulichem</i> be Persons that have deserv'd so well of the
+      Commonwealth of Learning, that I should think my self unworthy to be
+      look'd upon as a Member of it, if I declin'd to Obey them, or to Serve
+      them; yet I should not without Reluctancy send you the Notes, you desire
+      for him, if I did not hope that you will transmit together with them, some
+      Account why they are not less unworthy of his perusal; which, that you may
+      do; I must inform you, how
+       <!--  Page 392 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392"></a>[pg
+      392]</span> the writing of them was Occasion'd, which in short was thus.
+      As I was just going out of Town, hearing that an Ingenious Gentleman of my
+      Acquaintance, lately return'd from <i>Italy</i>, had a Diamond, that being
+      rubb'd, would shine in the Dark, and that he was not far off, I snatch'd
+      time from my Occasions to make him a Visit, but finding him ready to go
+      abroad, and having in vain try'd to make the Stone yield any Light in the
+      Day time, I borrow'd it of him for that Night, upon condition to restore
+      it him within a Day or two at furthest, at <i>Gresham</i> College, where
+      we appointed to attend the meeting of the Society, that was then to be at
+      that place. And hereupon I hasted that Evening out of Town, and finding
+      after Supper that the Stone which in the Day time would afford no
+      discernable Light, was really Conspicuous in the Dark, I was so taken with
+      the Novelty, and so desirous to make some use of an opportunity that was
+      like to last so little a while, that though at that time I had no body to
+      assist me but a Foot-Boy, yet sitting up late, I made a shift that Night
+      to try a pretty number of such of the things that then came into my
+      thoughts, as were not in that place and time unpracticable. And the next
+      Day being otherwise imploy'd,
+       <!--  Page 393 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393"></a>[pg
+      393]</span> I was fain to make use of a drowsie part of the Night to set
+      down hastily in Writing what I had observ'd, and without having the time
+      in the Morning, to stay the transcribing of it, I order'd the Observations
+      to be brought after me to <i>Gresham</i> College, where you may remember,
+      that they were together with the Stone it self shown to the Royal Society,
+      by which they had the good Fortune not to be dislik'd, though several
+      things were through hast omitted, some of which you will find in the
+      Margin of the inclosed Paper. The substance of this short Narrative I hope
+      you will let Monsieur <i>Zulichem</i> know, that he may be kept from
+      expecting any thing of finish'd in the Observations, and be dispos'd to
+      excuse the want of it. But such as they are, I hope they will prove
+      (without a Clinch) Luciferous Experiments, by setting the Speculations of
+      the Curious on work, in a diligent Inquiry after the Nature of Light,
+      towards the discovery of which, perhaps they have not yet met with so
+      considerable an Experiment, since here we see Light produc'd in a dead and
+      opacous Body, and that not as in rotten Wood, or in Fishes, or as in the
+      <i>Bolonian</i> Stone, by a Natural Corruption, or by a
+       <!--  Page 394 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394"></a>[pg
+      394]</span> Violent Destruction of the Texture of the Body, but by so
+      slight a Mechanical operation upon its Texture, as we seem to know what it
+      is, and as is immediately perform'd, and that several wayes without at all
+      prejudicing the Body, or making any sensible alterations in its Manifest
+      Qualities. And I am the more willing to expose my hasty Tryals to Monsieur
+      <i>Zulichem</i>, and to You, because, he being upon the Consideration of
+      Dioptricks, so odd a <i>Ph&#339;nomemon</i> relateing to the Subject, as
+      probably he treats of, Light will, I hope, excite a person to consider it,
+      that is wont to consider things he treats of very well. And for you Sir, I
+      hope you will both recrute and perfect the Observations you receive, For
+      you know that I cannot add to them, having a good while since restor'd to
+      Mr. <i>Clayton</i> the Stone, which though it be now in the hands of a
+      Prince that so highly deserves, by understanding them, the greatest
+      Curiosities; yet he vouchsafes you that access to him as keeps me from
+      doubting, you may easily obtain leave to make further Tryals with it, of
+      such a Monarch as ours, that is not more inquisitive himself, than a
+      favourer of them that are so. I doubt not but these Notes will put you in
+      mind of the Motion you made to the Society, to impose upon
+       <!--  Page 395 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395"></a>[pg
+      395]</span> me the Task of bringing in, what I had on other occasions
+      observ'd concerning shining Bodies. But though I deny not, that I
+      sometimes made observations about the <i>Bolonian</i> Stone, and try'd
+      some Experiments about some other shining Bodies; Yet the same Reasons
+      that reduc'd me then to be unwilling to receive ev'n their commands, must
+      now be my Apology for not answering your Expectations, Namely the abstruse
+      nature of Light, and my being already over-burden'd, and but too much kept
+      imploy'd by the Urgency of the Press, as well as by more concerning and
+      distracting Occasions. But yet I will tell you some part of what I have
+      met with in reference to the Stone, of which I send you an account.
+      Because I find on the one side, that a great many think it no Rarity upon
+      a mistaken perswasion, that not only there are store of Carbuncles, of
+      which this is one; but that all Diamonds and other Glistering Jewels shine
+      in the Dark. Whereas on the other side there are very Learn'd Men, who
+      (plausibly enough) deny that there are any Carbuncles or shining Stones at
+      all.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And certainly, those Judicious men have much more to say for themselves,
+      than the others commonly Plead, and therefore did deservedly look upon Mr.
+      <i>Clayton</i>'s Diamond
+       <!--  Page 396 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396"></a>[pg
+      396]</span> as a great Rarity. For not only <i>Boetius de Boot</i>, who is
+      judg'd the best Author on this Subject, ascribes no such Virtue to
+      Diamonds, but begins what he delivers of Carbuncles, with this passage.<a
+      name="NtA_26" id="NtA_26"></a><a href="#Nt_26"><sup>26</sup></a> <i>Magna
+      fama est Carbunculi. Is vulgo putatur in tenebris Carbonis instar lucere;
+      fortassis quia Pyropus seu Anthrax appellatus a veteribus fuit. Verum
+      hactenus nemo nunquam verè asserere ausus fuit, se gemmam noctu lucentem
+      vidisse. Garcias ab Horto proregis Indiæ Medicus, refert se allocutum
+      fuisse, qui se vidisse affirmarent. Sed iis fidem non habuit.</i> And a
+      later Author, the Diligent and Judicious <i>Johannes de Laet</i> in his
+      Chapter of Carbuncles and of Rubies, has this passage. <i>Quia autem
+      Carbunculi, Pyropi &amp; Anthraces a veteribus nominantur, vulgo creditum
+      fuit, Carbonis instar in tenebris lucere, quod tamen nullâ gemmâ hastenus
+      deprehensum, licet à quibusdam temerè jactetur.</i> And the recentest
+      Writer I have met with on this Subject, <i>Olaus Wormius</i>, in his
+      Account of his well furnish'd <i>Musæum</i>, do's, where he treats of
+      Rubies, concurr with the former Writers by these Words.<a name="NtA_27"
+      id="NtA_27"></a><a href="#Nt_27"><sup>27</sup></a> <i>Sunt qui Rubinum
+      veterum Carbunculum esse existimant, sed deest una illa nota, quod
+       <!--  Page 397 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397"></a>[pg
+      397]</span> in tenebris instar Anthracis non luceat: Ast talem Carbunculum
+      in rerum naturâ non inveniri major pars Authoram existimant. Licet unum
+      aut alterum in India apud Magnates quosdam reperiri scribant, cum tamen ex
+      aliorum relatione id habeant saltem, sed ipsi non viderint.</i> In
+      confirmation of which I shall only add, that hearing of a Rubie, so very
+      Vivid, that the Jewellers themselves have several times begg'd leave of
+      the fair Lady to whom it belong'd, that they might try their choicest
+      Rubies by comparing them with That, I had the Opportunity by the Favour of
+      this Lady and her Husband, (both which I have the Honour to be acquainted
+      with) to make a Trial of this famous Rubie in the Night, and in a Room
+      well Darkn'd, but not only could not discern any thing of Light, by
+      looking on the Stone before any thing had been done to it, but could not
+      by all my Rubbing bring it to afford the least Glimmering of Light.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But, Sir, though I be very backward to admit strange things for truths,
+      yet I am not very forward to reject them as impossibilities, and therefore
+      I would not discourage any from making further Inquiry, whether or no
+      there be Really in <i>Rerum natura</i>, any such thing as a true Carbuncle
+      or Stone that without Rubbing will shine
+       <!--  Page 398 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398"></a>[pg
+      398]</span> in the Dark. For if such a thing can be found, it may afford
+      no small Assistance to the Curious in the Investigation of Light, besides
+      the Nobleness and Rarity of the thing it selfe. And though <i>Vartomannus</i>
+      was not an Eye witness of what he relates, that the King of <i>Pegu</i>,
+      one of the Chief Kings of the <i>East-Indies</i>, had a true Carbuncle of
+      that Bigness and Splendour, that it shin'd very Gloriously in the Dark,
+      and though <i>Garcias ab Horto</i>, the <i>Indian</i> Vice-Roys Physician,
+      speaks of another Carbuncle, only upon the Report of one, that he
+      Discours'd with, who affirmed himself to have seen it; yet as we are not
+      sure that these Men that gave themselves out to be Eye-witnesses speak
+      true, yet they may have done so for ought we know to the contrary. And I
+      could present you with a much considerabler Testimony to the same purpose,
+      if I had the permission of a Person concern'd, without whose leave I must
+      not do it. I might tell you that <i>Marcus Paulus Venetus</i><a
+      name="NtA_28" id="NtA_28"></a><a href="#Nt_28"><sup>28</sup></a> (whose
+      suppos'd Fables, divers of our later Travellours and Navigatours have
+      since found to be truths) speaking of the King of <i>Zeilan</i> that then
+      was, tells us, that he was said to have the best Rubie in the World, a
+      Palm long and as
+       <!--  Page 399 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399"></a>[pg
+      399]</span> big as a mans Arm, without spot, shining like a Fire, and he
+      subjoyns, that the Great <i>Cham</i>, under whom <i>Paulus</i> was a
+      considerable Officer, sent and offer'd the value of a City for it; But the
+      King answer'd, he would not give it for the treasure of the World, nor
+      part with it, having been his Ancestours. And I could add, that in the
+      Relation made by two <i>Russian</i> Cossacks of their Journey into <i>Catay</i><a
+      name="NtA_29" id="NtA_29"></a><a href="#Nt_29"><sup>29</sup></a>, written
+      to their Emperour, they mention'd their having been told by the people of
+      those parts, that their King had a Stone, which Lights as the Sun both Day
+      and Night, call'd in their Language <i>Sarra</i>, which those Cossacks
+      interpret a Ruby. But these Relations are too uncertain for me to build
+      any thing upon, and therefore I shall proceed to tell you, that there came
+      hither about two years since out of <i>America</i>, the Governour of one
+      of the Principal Colonies there, an Ancient <i>Virtuoso</i>, and one that
+      has the Honour to be a member of the Royal Society; this Gentleman finding
+      some of the chief Affairs of his Country committed to another and me, made
+      me divers Visits, and in one of them when I enquir'd what Rare Stones they
+      had in those parts of the <i>Indies</i> he belong'd to, he told me, that
+      the <i>Indians</i> had a Tradition
+       <!--  Page 400 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400"></a>[pg
+      400]</span> that in a certain hardly accessible Hill, a pretty way up in
+      the Country, there was a Stone which in the Night time shin'd very
+      vividly, and to a great distance, and he assur'd me, that though he
+      thought it not fit to venture himself so far among those Savages, yet he
+      purposely sent thither a bold <i>Englishman</i>, with some Natives to be
+      his guides, and that this Messenger brought him back word, that at a
+      distance from the Hillock he had plainly perceiv'd such a shining
+      Substance as the <i>Indians</i> Tradition mention'd, and being stimulated
+      by Curiosity, had slighted those Superstitious Fears of the Inhabitants,
+      and with much ado by reason of the Difficulty of the way, had made a shift
+      to clamber up to that part of the Hill, where, by a very heedful
+      Observation, he suppos'd himself to have seen the Light: but whether
+      'twere that he had mistaken the place, or for some other Reason, he could
+      not find it there, though when he was return'd to his former Station, he
+      did agen see the Light shining in the same place where it shone before. A
+      further Account of this Light I expect from the Gentleman that gave me
+      this, who lately sent me the news of his being landed in that Country. And
+      though I reserve to my self a full Liberty of Believing no more
+       <!--  Page 401 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401"></a>[pg
+      401]</span> than I see cause; yet I do the less scruple to relate this,
+      because a good part of it agrees well enough with another Story that I
+      shall in the next place have occasion to subjoyn, in order whereunto I
+      shall tell you, that though the Learned Authors I formerly mention'd, tell
+      us, that no Writer has affirm'd his having himself seen a real Carbuncle,
+      yet, considering the Light of Mr. <i>Claytons</i> Diamond, it recall'd
+      into my mind, that some years before, when I was Inquisitive about Stones,
+      I had met with an old <i>Italian</i> Book highly extoll'd to me by very
+      competent Judges, and that though the Book were very scarce, I had
+      purchas'd it at a dear Rate, for the sake of a few considerable passages I
+      met with in it, and particularly one, which being very remarkable in it
+      self, and pertinent to our present Argument, I shall put it for you,
+      though not word for word, which I fear I have forgot to do, yet as to the
+      Sense, into <i>English</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Having promis'd</i> (Says our Author)<a name="NtA_30" id="NtA_30"></a><a
+      href="#Nt_30"><sup>30</sup></a> <i>to say something of that most precious
+      sort of Jewels,</i> Carbuncles, <i>because they are very rarely to be met
+      with, we shall briefly deliver what we know of them. In</i> Clement <i>the
+      seventh's time, I happen'd to see one of</i>
+       <!--  Page 402 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402"></a>[pg
+      402]</span> <i>them at a certain</i> Ragusian <i>Merchants, nam'd</i>
+      Beigoio di Bona, <i>This was a Carbuncle white, of that kind of whiteness
+      which we said was to be found in those Rubies of which we made mention a
+      little above,</i> (where he had said that those Rubies had a kind of Livid
+      Whiteness or Paleness like that of a Calcidonian) <i>but it had in it a
+      Lustre so pleasing and so marveilous, that it shin'd in the Dark, but not
+      as much as colour'd Carbuncles, though it be true, that in an exceeding
+      Dark place I saw it shine in the manner of fire almost gone out. But as
+      for colour'd Carbuncles, it has not been my Fortune to have seen any,
+      wherefore I will onely set down what I Learn'd about them Discoursing in
+      my Youth with a</i> Roman <i>Gentleman of antient Experience in matters of
+      Jewels, who told me, That one</i> Jacopo Cola <i>being by Night in a
+      Vineyard of his, and espying something in the midst of it, that shin'd
+      like a little</i> glowing Coal, at the foot of a Vine, went near towards
+      the place where he thought himself to have seen that fire, but not finding
+      it, he said, that being return'd to the same place, whence he had first
+      descry'd it, and perceiving there the same splendor as before, he mark'd
+      it so heedfully, that he came at length to it, where he took up a very
+      little Stone, which he carry'd away with Transports and Joy. And the next
+       <!--  Page 403 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403"></a>[pg
+      403]</span> day carrying it about to show it divers of his Friends, whilst
+      he was relating after what manner he found it, there casually interven'd a
+      <i>Venetian</i> Embassadour, exceedingly expert in Jewels, who presently
+      knowing it to be a Carbuncle, did craftily before he and the said <i>Jacopo</i>
+      parted (so that there was no Body present that understood the Worth of so
+      Precious a Gemm) purchase it for the Value of 10. Crowns, and the next day
+      left <i>Rome</i> to shun the being necessitated to restore it, and (as he
+      affirm'd) it was known within some while after that the said <i>Venetian</i>
+      Gentleman did in <i>Constantinople</i> sell that Carbuncle to the then
+      Grand Seignior, newly come to the Empire, for a hundred thousand Crowns.
+      <i>And this is what I can say</i> concerning <i>Carbuncles</i>, and this
+      is not a little at least as to the first part of this account, where our
+      <i>Cellini</i> affirms himself to have seen a Real Carbuncle with his own
+      Eyes, especially since this Author appears wary in what he delivers, and
+      is inclin'd rather to lessen, than increase the wonder of it. And his
+      Testimony is the more considerable, because though he were born a Subject
+      neither to the Pope nor the then King of <i>France</i> (that Royal <i>Virtuoso</i>
+      <i>Francis</i> the first) yet both the one and the other of those Princes
+      imploy'd him much
+       <!--  Page 404 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404"></a>[pg
+      404]</span> about making of their Noblest Jewels. What is now reported
+      concerning a Shining Substance to be seen in one of the Islands about <i>Scotland</i>,
+      were very improper for me to mention to Sr. <i>Robert Morray</i>, to whom
+      the first Information was Originally brought, and from whom I expect a
+      farther (for I scarce dare expect a convincing) account of it. But I must
+      not omit that some <i>Virtuoso</i> questioning me the other day at <i>White-Hall</i>
+      about Mr. <i>Claytons</i> Diamond, and meeting amongst them an Ingenious
+      <i>Dutch</i> Gentleman, whose Father was long Embassador for the
+      Netherlands in <i>England</i>, I Learn'd of him, that, he is acquainted
+      with a person, whose Name he told (but I do not well remember it) who was
+      Admiral of the <i>Dutch</i> in the <i>East-Indies</i>, and who assur'd
+      this Gentleman <i>Monsieur Boreel</i>, that at his return from thence he
+      brought back with him into <i>Holland</i> a Stone, which though it look'd
+      but like a Pale Dull Diamond, such as he saw Mr. <i>Claytons</i> to be,
+      yet was it a Real Carbuncle, and did without rubbing shine so much, that
+      when the Admiral had occasion to open a Chest which he kept under Deck in
+      a Dark place, where 'twas forbidden to bring Candles for fear of
+      Mischances, as soon as he open'd the Trunck, the Stone
+       <!--  Page 405 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405"></a>[pg
+      405]</span> would by its Native Light, shine so as to Illustrate a great
+      part of it, and this Gentleman having very civilly and readily granted me
+      the request I made him, to Write to the Admiral, who is yet alive in <i>Holland</i>,
+      (and probably may still have the Jewel by him,) for a particular account
+      of this Stone, I hope ere long to receive it, which will be the more
+      welcome to me, not onely because so unlikely a thing needs a cleer
+      evidence, but because I have had some suspition of that (supposing the
+      truth of the thing) what may be a shining Stone in a very hot Countrey as
+      the <i>East-Indies</i>, may perhaps cease to be so (at least in certain
+      seasons,) in one as cold as <i>Holland</i>. For I observ'd in the Diamond
+      I send you an account of, that not onely rubbing but a very moderate
+      degree of warmth, though excited by other wayes, would make it shine a
+      little. And 'tis not impossible that there may be Stones as much more
+      susceptible than that, of the Alterations requisite to make a Diamond
+      shine, as that appeares to be more susceptible of them, than ordinary
+      Diamonds. And I confess to you, that this is not the only odd suspition
+      (for they are not so much as conjectures) that what I try'd upon this
+      Diamond suggested to me. For not here to entertain you with the
+       <!--  Page 406 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406"></a>[pg
+      406]</span> changes I think may be effected ev'n in harder sorts of
+      Stones, by wayes not vulgar, nor very promising, because I may elsewhere
+      have occasion to speak of them, and this Letter is but too Prolix already,
+      that which I shall now acknowledge to you is, That I began to doubt
+      whether there may not in some Cases be some Truth in what is said of the
+      right Turquois, that it often changes Colour as the wearer is Sick or
+      Well, and manifestly loses its splendor at his Death. For when I found
+      that ev'n the warmth of an Affriction that lasted not above a quarter of a
+      minute, Nay, that of my Body, (whose Constitution you know is none of the
+      hottest) would make a manifest change in the solidest of Stones a Diamond,
+      it seem'd not impossible, that certain warm and Saline steams issuing from
+      the Body of a living man, may by their plenty or paucity, or by their
+      peculiar Nature, or by the total absence of them, diversifie the Colour,
+      and the splendor of so soft a Stone as the Turquois. And though I admir'd
+      to see, that I know not how many Men otherwise Learn'd, should confidently
+      ascribe to Jewels such Virtues as seem no way competible to Inanimate
+      Agents, if to any Corporeal ones at all, yet as to what is affirm'd
+      concerning the Turquois's
+       <!--  Page 407 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407"></a>[pg
+      407]</span> changing Colour, I know not well how to reject the Affirmation
+      of so Learned (and which in this case is much more considerable) so
+      Judicious a Lapidary as <i>Boetius de Boot</i><a name="NtA_31" id="NtA_31"></a><a
+      href="#Nt_31"><sup>31</sup></a>, who upon his own particular and repeated
+      Experience delivers so memorable
+       <!--  Page 408 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408"></a>[pg
+      408]</span> a Narrative of the Turquois's changing Colour, that I cannot
+      but think it worth your Perusal, especially since a much later and very
+      Experienc'd Author, <i>Olaus Wormius</i>,<a name="NtA_32" id="NtA_32"></a><a
+      href="#Nt_32"><sup>32</sup></a> where he treats of that Stone, Confirms it
+      with this Testimony. <i>Imprimis memorandum exemplum quod Anshelmus
+      Boetius de seipso refert, tam mutati Coloris, quam à casu preservationis.
+      Cui &amp; ipse haud dissimile adferre possum, nisi ex Anshelmo petitum
+      quis putaret.</i> I remember that I saw two or three years since a <i>Turcois</i>
+      (worn in a Ring) wherein there were some small spots, which the <i>Virtuoso</i>
+      whose it was asur'd me he had observ'd to grow sometimes greater sometimes
+      less, and to be sometimes in one part of the Stone, sometimes in another.
+      And I having encourag'd to make Pictures from time to time of the Stone,
+      and of the Situation of the cloudy parts, thatso their Motion may be more
+      indisputable, and better observ'd, he came to me about the midle of this
+      very week, and assur'd me that he had, as I wish'd, made from time to time
+      Schemes or Pictures of the differing parts of the Stone, whereby the
+      several Removes and motions of the above mentioned Clouds are very
+      manifest, though the cause seem'd to him very occult: these Pictures
+       <!--  Page 409 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409"></a>[pg
+      409]</span> he has promis'd to show me, and is very ready to put the Stone
+      it self into my hands. But the ring having been the other day casually
+      broken upon his finger, unless it can be taken out, and set again without
+      any considerable heat, he is loath to have it medled with, for fear its
+      peculiarity should be thereby destroy'd. And possibly his apprehension
+      would have been strengthen'd, if I had had opportunity to tell him what is
+      related by the Learned <i>Wormius</i><a name="NtA_33" id="NtA_33"></a><a
+      href="#Nt_33"><sup>33</sup></a> of an acquaintance of his, that had a <i>Nephritick</i>
+      stone, of whose eminent Virtues he had often Experience ev'n in himself,
+      and for that cause wore it still about his Wrist; and yet going upon a
+      time into a Bath of fair Water only, wherein certain Herbs had been
+      boyl'd, the Stone by being wetted with this decoction, was depriv'd of all
+      his Virtue, whence <i>Wormius</i> takes Occasion to advertise the sick, to
+      lay by such stones whensoever they make use of a Bath. And we might expect
+      to find <i>Turcos</i> likewise, easily to be wrought upon in point of
+      Colour, if that were true, which the curious <i>Antonio Neri</i>, in his
+      ingenious <i>Arte Vetraria</i><a name="NtA_34" id="NtA_34"></a><a
+      href="#Nt_34"><sup>34</sup></a> teaches of it, namely, That <i>Turcois's
+      discolour'd</i> and grown white, will regain and acquire
+       <!--  Page 410 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410"></a>[pg
+      410]</span> an excellent Colour, if you but keep them two or three days at
+      most cover'd with Oyl of sweet Almonds kept in a temperate heat by warm
+      ashes, I say if it were true, because I doubt whether it be so, and have
+      not as yet had opportunity to satisfie my self by Tryals, because I find
+      by the confession of the most Skilfull Persons among whom I have laid out
+      for <i>Turcoises</i>, that the true ones are great rarities, though others
+      be not at all so. And therefore I shall now only mind you of one thing
+      that you know as well as I, namely, that the rare Stone which is called <i>Oculus
+      Mundi</i>, if it be good in its Kind, will have so great a change made in
+      its Texture by being barely left a while in the Languidest of Liquors,
+      common Waters, that from Opacous it will become Transparent, and acquire a
+      Lustre of which it will again be depriv'd, without using any other Art or
+      Violence, by leaving it a while in the Air. And before experience had
+      satisfy'd us of the truth of this, it seem'd as unlikely that common Water
+      or Air, should work such great changes in that Gemm, as it now seems that
+      the Effluviums of a human Body should effect lesser changes in a <i>Turcois</i>,
+      especially if more susceptible of them, than other Stones of the same
+      kind. But both my Watch and my Eyes tell me that
+       <!--  Page 411 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411"></a>[pg
+      411]</span> 'tis now high time to think of going to sleep, matters of this
+      Nature, will be better, as well as more easily, clear'd by Conference,
+      than Writing. And therefore since I think you know me too well to make it
+      needfull for me to disclame Credulity, notwithstanding my having
+      entertain'd you with all these Extravagancies; for you know well, how wide
+      a difference I am wont to put betwixt things that barely <i>may be</i>,
+      and things that <i>are</i>, and between those Relations that are but not
+      unworthy to be inquir'd into, and those that are not worthy to be actually
+      believ'd; without making Apologies for my Ravings, I shall readily comply
+      with the drowsiness that calls upon me to release You, and the rather,
+      because Monsieur <i>Zulichem</i> being concern'd in your desire to know
+      the few things I have observed about the shining Stone. To entertain those
+      with Suspicions that are accustomed not to acquiesce but in
+      Demonstrations, were a thing that cannot be look'd upon as other than very
+      improper by,
+    </p>
+    <p class="i16">
+      SIR,
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Your most Affectionate</i><br /> and<br /> <i>most Faithfull Servant,</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      RO. BOYLE.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 412 blank -->
+    <!--  Page 413 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413"></a>[pg 413]</span>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figcenter" style="width:50%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/453.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      OBSERVATIONS
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Made this 27<sup>th</sup>.<a name="NtA_35" id="NtA_35"></a><a href="#Nt_35"><sup>35</sup></a>
+      of <i>October</i> 1663. about Mr. <i>Clayton</i>'s Diamond.<a name="NtA_36"
+      id="NtA_36"></a><a href="#Nt_36"><sup>36</sup></a>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Being look'd on in the Day time, though in a Bed, whose Curtains were
+      carefully drawn, I could not discern it to Shine at all, though well
+      Rubb'd, but about a little after Sun-set, whilst the Twilight yet lasted,
+      Nay, this Morning<a name="NtA_37" id="NtA_37"></a><a href="#Nt_37"><sup>37</sup></a>
+      a pretty while after Sun-rising, (but before I had been abroad in the more
+      freely inlightned Air of the Chamber) I could upon a light Affriction
+      easily perceive the Stone to Shine.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 414 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414"></a>[pg 414]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Secondly, The Candles being removed, I could not in a Dark place discern
+      the Stone to have any Light, when I looked on it, without having Rubb'd or
+      otherwise prepar'd it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thirdly, By two white Pibbles though hard Rubb'd one against another, nor
+      by the long and vehement Affriction of Rock Crystal against a piece of Red
+      cloath, nor yet by Rubbing two Diamonds set in Ring, as I had Rubb'd this
+      Stone, I could produce any sensible degree of Light.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Fourthly, I found this Diamond hard enough, not only to enable me to write
+      readily with it upon Glass, but to Grave on Rock Crystal it self.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Fifthly, I found this to have like other Diamonds, an Electrical faculty.<a
+      name="NtA_38" id="NtA_38"></a><a href="#Nt_38"><sup>38</sup></a>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Sixthly, Being rubb'd upon my Cloaths, as is usual for the exciting of
+      Amber, Wax, and other Electrical Bodies, it did in the Dark manifestly
+      shine like Rotten Wood, or the Scales of Whitings, or other putrified
+      Fish.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Seventhly, But this Conspicuousness was Fainter than that of the Scales,
+      and Slabber (if I may so call it) of Whitings, and much Fainter than the
+      Light of a Glow-worm, by
+       <!--  Page 415 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415"></a>[pg
+      415]</span> which I have been sometimes able to Read a short Word, whereas
+      after an ordinary Affriction of this Diamond I was not able to discern
+      distinctly by the Light of it any of the nearest Bodies: And this
+      Glimmering also did very manifestly and considerably Decay presently upon
+      the ceasing of the Affriction, though the Stone continued Visible some
+      while after.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Eighthly, But if it were Rubb'd upon a convenient Body for a pretty while,
+      and Briskly enough, I found the Light would be for some moments much more
+      considerable, almost like the Light of a Glow-worm, insomuch after I
+      ceased Rubbing, I could with the Chaf'd stone exhibit a little Luminous
+      Circle, like that, but not so bright as that which Children make by moving
+      a stick Fir'd at the end, and in this case it would continue Visible about
+      seven or eight times as long as I had been in Rubbing it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ninthly, I found that holding it a while near<a name="NtA_39" id="NtA_39"></a><a
+      href="#Nt_39"><sup>39</sup></a> the Flame of a Candle, (from which yet I
+      was carefull to avert my Eyes) and
+       <!--  Page 416 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416"></a>[pg
+      416]</span> being immediately remov'd into the Dark, it disclosed some
+      faint Glimmering, but inferiour to that, it was wont to acquire by
+      Rubbing. And afterward holding it near a Fire that had but little Flame, I
+      found the Stone to be rather less than more excited, than it had been by
+      the Candle.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Tenthly, I likewise indeavour'd to make it Shine, by holding it a pretty
+      while in a very Dark place, over a thick piece of Iron, that was well
+      Heated, but not to that Degree as to be Visibly so. And though at length I
+      found, that by this way also, the Stone acquired some Glimmering, yet it
+      was less than by either of the other ways above mention'd.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Eleventhly, I also brought it to some kind of Glimmering Light, by taking
+      it into Bed with me, and holding it a good while upon a warm part of my
+      Naked Body.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Twelfthly, To satisfie my self, whether the Motion introduc'd into the
+      Stone did generate the Light upon the account of its producing Heat there,
+      I held it near the Flame of a Candle, till it was qualify'd to shine
+      pretty well in the Dark, and then immediately I apply'd a slender Hair to
+      try whether it would attract it, but found not that it did so; though if
+      it were made to
+       <!--  Page 417 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417"></a>[pg
+      417]</span> shine by Rubbing, it was as I formerly noted Electrical. And
+      for further Confirmation, though I once purposedly kept it so near the hot
+      Iron I just now mention'd, as to make it sensibly Warm, yet it shin'd more
+      Dimly than it had done by Affriction or the Flame of a Candle, though by
+      both those ways it had not acquir'd any warmth that was sensible.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thirteenthly, Having purposely rubb'd it upon several Bodies differing as
+      to Colour, and as to Texture, there seem'd to be some little Disparity in
+      the excitation (if I may so call it) of Light. Upon White and Red Cloths
+      it seem'd to succeed best, especially in comparison of Black ones.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Fourteenthly, But to try what it would do rubb'd upon Bodies more hard,
+      and less apt to yield Heat upon a light Affriction, than Cloath, I first
+      rubb'd it upon a white wooden Box, by which it was excited, and afterwards
+      upon a piece of purely Glazed Earth, which seem'd during the Attrition to
+      make it Shine better than any of the other Bodies had done, without
+      excepting the White ones, which I add, lest the Effect should be wholly
+      ascrib'd to the disposition White Bodies are wont to have to Reflect much
+      Light.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 418 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418"></a>[pg 418]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Fifteenthly, Having well excited the Stone, I nimbly plung'd it under
+      Water<a name="NtA_40" id="NtA_40"></a><a href="#Nt_40"><sup>40</sup></a>,
+      that I had provided for that purpose, and perceiv'd it to Shine whilst it
+      was beneath the Surface of that Liquor, and this I did divers times. But
+      when I indeavour'd to produce a Light by rubbing it upon the lately
+      mentioned Cover of the Box, the Stone and it being both held beneath the
+      Surface of the Water, I did not well satisfie my self in the Event of the
+      Trial; But this I found, if I took the Stone out, and Rubb'd it upon a
+      piece of Cloath, it would not as else it was wont to do, presently acquire
+      a Luminousness, but needed to be rubb'd manifestly much longer before the
+      desired Effect was found.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Sixteenthly, I also try'd several times, that by covering it with my
+       <!--  Page 419 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419"></a>[pg
+      419]</span> warm Spittle (having no warm Water at hand) it did not lose
+      his Light.<a name="NtA_41" id="NtA_41"></a><a href="#Nt_41"><sup>41</sup></a>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Seventeenthly, Finding that by Rubbing the Stone with the Flat side
+      downwards, I did by reason of the Opacity of the Ring; and the sudden
+      Decay of Light upon the ceasing of the Attrition, probably lose the sight
+      of the Stones greatest Vividness; and supposing that the Commotion made in
+      one part of the stone will be easily propagated all over, I sometimes held
+      the piece of Cloath upon which I rubb'd it, so, that one side of the Stone
+      was exposed to my Eye, whilst I was rubbing the other, whereby it appear'd
+      more Vivid than formerly, and to make Luminous Tracts by its Motions too
+      and fro. And sometimes holding the Stone upwards, I rubb'd its Broad side
+      with a fine smooth piece of Transparent Horn, by which means the Light
+      through that Diaphanous Substance, did whilst I was actually rubbing the
+      Stone, appear so Brisk that sometimes and in some places it seem'd to have
+      little Sparks of fire.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Eighteenthly, I took also a piece of flat Blew Glass, and having rubb'd
+      the Diamond well upon a Cloath, and nimbly clapt the Glass upon it, to try
+      whether in case the Light could peirce it, it would by
+       <!--  Page 420 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420"></a>[pg
+      420]</span> appearing Green, or of some other Colour than Blew, assist me
+      to guess whether it self were sincere or no. But finding the Glass
+      impervious to so faint a Light, I then thought it fit to try whether that
+      hard Bodies would not by Attrition increase the Diamonds Light so as to
+      become penetrable thereby, and accordingly when I rubb'd the Glass briskly
+      upon the Stone, I found the Light to be Conspicuous enough, and somewhat
+      Dy'd in its passage, but found it not easie to give a Name to the Colour
+      it exhibited.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Lastly, To comply with the Suspition I had upon the whole Matter, that the
+      chief manifest Change wrought in the Stone, was by Compression of its
+      parts, rather than Incalescence, I took a piece of white Tile well Glaz'd,
+      and if I press'd the Stone hard against it, it seem'd though I did not rub
+      it to and fro, to shine at the Sides: And however it did both very
+      manifestly and vigorously Shine, if whilst I so press'd it, I mov'd it any
+      way upon the Surface of the Tile, though I did not make it draw a Line of
+      above a quarter of an Inch long, or thereabouts. And though I made it not
+      move to and fro, but only from one end of the short Line to the other,
+      without any return or Lateral motion. Nay, after it had been
+       <!--  Page 421 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421"></a>[pg
+      421]</span> often rubb'd, and suffer'd to lose its Light again, not only
+      it seem'd more easie to be excited than at the beginning of the Night; but
+      if I did press hard upon it with my Finger, at the very instant that I
+      drew it briskly off, it would disclose a very Vivid but exceeding short
+      Liv'd Splendour, not to call it a little Coruscation.<a name="NtA_42"
+      id="NtA_42"></a><a href="#Nt_42"><sup>42</sup></a> So that a <i>Cartesian</i>
+      would scarce scruple to think he had found in this Stone no slight
+      Confirmation of his Ingenious Masters <i>Hypothesis</i>, touching the
+      Generation of Light in Sublunary Bodies, not sensibly Hot.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 422 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422"></a>[pg 422]</span>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/462.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      A Postscript.
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      Annexed some Hours after the<br /> Observations were Written.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>So many particulars taken notice of in one Night, may make this Stone
+      appear a kind of Prodigie, and the rather, because having try'd as I
+      formerly noted, not only a fine Artificial Crystal, and some also that is
+      Natural, but a Ruby and two Diamonds, I did not find that any of these
+      disclos'd the like Glimmering of
+       <!--  Page 423 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423"></a>[pg
+      423]</span> Light;<a name="NtA_43" id="NtA_43"></a><a href="#Nt_43"><sup>43</sup></a>
+      yet after all, perceiving by the Hardness, and the Testimony of a Skilfull
+      Goldsmith, that this was rather a Natural than Artificial Stone; for fear
+      lest there might be some difference in the way of Setting, or in the shape
+      of the Diamonds I made use of, neither of which was like this, a flat
+      Table-stone, I thought fit to make a farther Trial of my own Diamonds, by
+      such a brisk and assiduous Affriction as might make amends for the
+      Disadvantages above-mention'd, in case they were the cause of the
+      unsuccessfulness of the former Attempts: And accordingly I found, that by
+      this way I could easily bring a Diamond I wore on my Finger to disclose a
+      Light, that was sensible enough, and continued so though I cover'd it with
+      Spittle, and us'd some other trials about it. And this will much lessen
+      the wonder of all the formerly mention'd Observations, by shewing that the
+      properties that are so strange are not peculiar to one Diamond, but may be
+      found in others also, and perhaps in divers other hard and</i> Diaphanous
+      <i>Stones. Yet I hope that what this Discovery takes away from the Wonder
+      of these Observations, it will add to the Instructiveness of them, by
+      affording pregnants Hints, towards the Investigation of the Nature of
+      Light.</i>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      FINIS.
+    </h3>
+    <hr />
+    <h2>
+      Notes.
+    </h2>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_1" id="Nt_1"></a><a href="#NtA_1">1</a> L. Annæ Senecæ Natur.
+      Quest. l. 6. c. 5.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_2" id="Nt_2"></a><a href="#NtA_2">2</a> He that desires more
+      instances of this kind and matter, that according to this doctrine may
+      much help the Theory of colours, and particularly the force both of
+      Sulphureous and volatile, is likewise of Alcalizate and Acid Salts, and in
+      what particulars, Colours likely depend not in the causation from any Salt
+      at all, may beg his information from M. Boyle who hath some while since
+      honoured me with the sight of his papers concerning this subject,
+      containing many excellent experiments, made by him for the Elucidation of
+      this doctrine, &amp;c Dr. R. Sharrock in his ingenious and usefull History
+      of the Propagation and Improvement of Vegetables, published in the yeare
+      1660.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_3" id="Nt_3"></a><a href="#NtA_3">3</a> <i>See the Discourse
+      of the Nature of Whiteness and Blackness.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_4" id="Nt_4"></a><a href="#NtA_4">4</a> Since for his eminent
+      Qualities and Loyalty Grac'd, by his Majesty, with the Honour of
+      Knighthood.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_5" id="Nt_5"></a><a href="#NtA_5">5</a> Exercitat. 325 Parag.
+      4
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_6" id="Nt_6"></a><a href="#NtA_6">6</a> <i>Album quippe &amp;
+      agrum, hoc quidem asperum esse dicit, hoc vero læve. de Sensu &amp;
+      Sensib. 3. 3.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_7" id="Nt_7"></a><a href="#NtA_7">7</a> Epist. 2. pag. 45.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_8" id="Nt_8"></a><a href="#NtA_8">8</a> Gent. Septen. Histor.
+      lib. 4 cap. 13.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_9" id="Nt_9"></a><a href="#NtA_9">9</a> Hist. Anatom. Cent. 3.
+      Hist. 44.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_10" id="Nt_10"></a><a href="#NtA_10">10</a> Olearius Voyage de
+      Mosco. et de Perse <i>liv</i>. 3.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_11" id="Nt_11"></a><a href="#NtA_11">11</a> <i>Piso</i> Nat.
+      &amp; Med. Hist. <i>Brasil. lib</i> 1. in fine.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_12" id="Nt_12"></a><a href="#NtA_12">12</a> <i>Purchas</i>
+      Pilgrim. Second part, Seventh Book 3. Chap. Sect 5.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_13" id="Nt_13"></a><a href="#NtA_13">13</a> <i>Purchas</i>.
+      Ibid.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_14" id="Nt_14"></a><a href="#NtA_14">14</a> <i>Purchas</i>
+      Ibid. in fin
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_15" id="Nt_15"></a><a href="#NtA_15">15</a> See <i>Scaliger</i>
+      Exercit. 325. Sect. 9.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_16" id="Nt_16"></a><a href="#NtA_16">16</a> <i>Nicolaus
+      Monardes</i> lib <i>simplic. ex India allatis</i>, cap. 27.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_17" id="Nt_17"></a><a href="#NtA_17">17</a> Kircher. Art. Mag.
+      lucis &amp; umbræ, <i>lib. 1. part. 3.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_18" id="Nt_18"></a><a href="#NtA_18">18</a> <i>Herbarists</i>
+      are wont to call this Plant <i>Cyanus vulgaris minor</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_19" id="Nt_19"></a><a href="#NtA_19">19</a> Paracelsus de
+      Mineral. tract. 1. pag. m. 243
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_20" id="Nt_20"></a><a href="#NtA_20">20</a> See <i>Parkinson</i>
+      Th. Boran. Trib. 9. cap. 26.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_21" id="Nt_21"></a><a href="#NtA_21">21</a> <i>Parkinson</i>,
+      Thea. Bot. Trib. 4 cap. 12.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_22" id="Nt_22"></a><a href="#NtA_22">22</a> <i>Beguinus</i>,
+      Tyr. Chy. Lib. 2º. Cap. 13º.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_23" id="Nt_23"></a><a href="#NtA_23">23</a> Libr. 2<sup>do</sup>
+      Cap. 34.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_24" id="Nt_24"></a><a href="#NtA_24">24</a> See the latter end
+      of the fiftieth Experiment.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_25" id="Nt_25"></a><a href="#NtA_25">25</a> <i>The Curious
+      Reader that desires further Information concerning Lakes, may Resort to
+      the 7th Book of</i> Neri's <i>Art of Glass, Englished (6 or 7 years since
+      the Writing of this 49th Experiment) and Illustrated with Learned
+      Observations, by the Inquisitive and experienc'd Dr.</i> Charles Merret.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_26" id="Nt_26"></a><a href="#NtA_26">26</a> Boetius de Boot.
+      Gem. &amp; Lapid. Histor. Lib. 3. Cap. 8.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_27" id="Nt_27"></a><a href="#NtA_27">27</a> Musæi Wormiani.
+      Cap. 17.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_28" id="Nt_28"></a><a href="#NtA_28">28</a> <i>Purchas</i>'s
+      Pilgrim. lib. 1. cap. 4. pag. 104.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_29" id="Nt_29"></a><a href="#NtA_29">29</a> In the year 1619.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_30" id="Nt_30"></a><a href="#NtA_30">30</a> Benvonuto Cellini
+      <i>nell Arte del</i> Gioiellare, <i>Lib.</i> 1. <i>pag.</i> 10.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_31" id="Nt_31"></a><a href="#NtA_31">31</a> The Narrative in
+      the Authors own words, is this. <i>Ego</i> (sayes he) <i>sanctè affirmare
+      possum me unam aureo Annulo inclusam perpetuo gestare, cujus facultatem
+      (si gemmæ est) nunquam satis admirari potui. Gestaverat enim ante Triginta
+      annos Hispanus quidam non procula puternis ædibus habitans. Is cum vitâ
+      functus esset, &amp; ipsius suspellex (ut moris apud nos est) venum
+      exposita esset, inter cætera etiam Turcois exponebatur. Verum nemo (licet
+      complures eo concurrissent, ut eam propter Coloris Elegantiam, quam vivo
+      Domino habuerat emerent) sibi emptam voluit, pristinum enim nitorem &amp;
+      Colorem prorsus amiserat, ut potius Malachites, quam Turcois videretur.
+      Aderat tum temporis gemmæ habendæ desiderio etiam parens &amp; frater
+      meus, qui antea sæpius gratiam &amp; elegantiam ipsius viderant, mirabundi
+      eam nunc tam esse deformem, Emit eam nihilominus pater, satisque vili
+      pretio, qua omnibus contemptui erat, ac presentes non eam esse quam
+      Hispanus gestarat, arbitrarentur. Domum reversus Pater, qui tam turpem
+      Gemmam gestare sibi indecorum putabat, eam mihi dono dat, inquiens;
+      Quandoquidem, fili mi, vulgi fama est, Turcoidem, ut facultates suas
+      exercere possit, dono dari debere tibi eam devoveo, ego acceptam Gemmam
+      sculptori trado, at gentilitia mea insignia illi, quamadmodum fieri solet,
+      in Jaspide Chalcedono, aliisque Ignobilioribus Gemmis, insculperat. Turpe
+      enim existimabam, hujusmodi Gemmâ ornatus gratia, dum gratiam nullam
+      haberet, uti. Paret Sculptor redditque Gemmam, quam gesto pro annulo
+      Signatorio. Vix per mensem gestaram, redit illi pristinus color, sed non
+      ita nitens propter Sculpturam, ac inæqualem superficiem. Miramur omnes
+      gemmam, atque id præcipuè quod color indies pulchrior fieret. Id quià
+      observabam, nunquam fere eam à manu deposui, ita ut nunc adhuc candem
+      gestem.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_32" id="Nt_32"></a><a href="#NtA_32">32</a> <i>Olaus Wormius,
+      in Musæ. 18º pag. 186.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_33" id="Nt_33"></a><a href="#NtA_33">33</a> <i>Musæ. Worm.</i>
+      pag. 99.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_34" id="Nt_34"></a><a href="#NtA_34">34</a> Arte Vetraria,
+      lib. 7 cap. 102.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_35" id="Nt_35"></a><a href="#NtA_35">35</a> These were brought
+      in and Read before the Royal Society, (the Day following) <i>Oct.</i> 28.
+      1663.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_36" id="Nt_36"></a><a href="#NtA_36">36</a> <i>The Stone it
+      self being to be shown to the Royal Society, when the Observations were
+      deliver'd, I was willing (being in haste) to omit the Description of it,
+      which is in short, That it was a Flat or Table Diamond, of about a third
+      part of an Inch in length, and somewhat less in breadth, that it was a
+      Dull Stone, and of a very bad Water, having in the Day time very little of
+      the Vividness of ev'n ordinary Diamonds, and being Blemished with a
+      whitish Cloud about the middle of it, which covered near a third part of
+      the Stone.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_37" id="Nt_37"></a><a href="#NtA_37">37</a> <i>Hast made me
+      forget to take notice that I went abroad the same Morning, the Sun shining
+      forth clear enough, to look upon the Diamond though a</i> Microscope, <i>that
+      I might try whether by that Magnifying Glass any thing of peculiar could
+      be discern'd in the Texture of the Stone, and especially of the whitish
+      Cloud that possest a good part of it. But for all my attention I could not
+      discover any peculiarity worth mentioning.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_38" id="Nt_38"></a><a href="#NtA_38">38</a> V. <i>For it drew
+      light Bodies like Amber, Jet, and other Concretes that are noted to do so;
+      But its attractive power seem'd inferiour to theirs.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_39" id="Nt_39"></a><a href="#NtA_39">39</a> IX. <i>We durst
+      not hold it in the Flame of a Candle, no more than put it into a naked
+      Fire; For fear too Violent a Heat (which has been observ'd to spoil many
+      other precious Stones) should vitiate and impair a Jewel, that was but
+      borrow'd, and was suppos'd to be the only one of its Kind.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_40" id="Nt_40"></a><a href="#NtA_40">40</a> XV. <i>We likewise
+      Plung'd it as soon as we had excited it, under Liquors of several sorts,
+      as Spirit of Wine, Oyl both Chymical and express'd, an Acid Spirit, and as
+      I remember an Alcalizate Solution, and found not any of those various
+      Liquors to destroy its Shining property.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_41" id="Nt_41"></a><a href="#NtA_41">41</a> XVI. <i>Having
+      found by this Observation, that a warm Liquor would not extinguish Light
+      in the Diamond, I thought fit to try, whether by reason of its warmth it
+      would not excite it, and divers times I found, that if it were kept
+      therein, till the Water had leisure to communicate some of its Heat to it,
+      it would often shine as soon as it was taken out, and probably we should
+      have seen it Shine more, whilst it was in the Water, if some degree of
+      Opacity which heated Water is wont to acquire, upon the score of the
+      Numerous little Bubbles generated in it, had not kept us from discerning
+      the Lustre of the Stone.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_42" id="Nt_42"></a><a href="#NtA_42">42</a> <i>I after
+      bethought my self of imploying a way, which produc'd the desir'd Effect
+      both sooner and better. For holding betwixt my Fingers a Steel Bodkin,
+      near the Lower part of it, I press'd the point hard against the Surface of
+      the Diamond, and much more if I struck the point against it, the
+      Coruscation would be extremely suddain, and very Vivid, though very
+      Vanishing too, and this way which commonly much surpris'd and pleas'd the
+      Spectators, seem'd far more proper than the other, to show that pressure
+      alone, if forcible enough, though it were so suddain, and short, that it
+      could not well be suppos'd to give the Stone any thing near a sensible
+      degree of Warmth, as may be suspected of Rubbing, yet 'tis sufficient to
+      generate a very Vivid Light.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="Nt_43" id="Nt_43"></a><a href="#NtA_43">43</a> We afterwards,
+      try'd precious Stones, as Diamonds, Rubies, Saphires, and Emeralls, &amp;c.
+      but found not any of them to Shine except some Diamonds, and of these we
+      were not upon so little practice, able to fore-tell before hand, which
+      would be brought to Shine, and which would not; For several very good
+      Diamonds, either would not Shine at all, or much less than others that
+      were farr inferiour to them. And yet those Ingenious Men are mistaken,
+      that think a Diamond must be foul and cloudy, as Mr. <i>Claytons</i> was,
+      to be fit for Shining; for as we could bring some such to afford a
+      Glimmering Light, so with some clear and excellent Diamonds, we could do
+      the like. But none of those many that we try'd of all Kinds, were equal to
+      the Diamond on which the Observations were made, not only considering the
+      degree of Light it afforded, but the easiness wherewith it was excited,
+      and the Comparatively great duration of its Shining.
+    </p>
+    <div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/039a.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      <b>Transcriber's notes.</b>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Errata of the printed book have all been corrected. They were as
+      follows:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Pag. <a href="#Page_142">142</a>. l. 20. These words, <i>And to manifest</i>,
+      with the rest of what is by a mistake further printed in this fourth
+      Experiment, belongeth, and is to be referred to the end of the second
+      Eperiment, p.<a href="#Page_137">137</a>. pag. <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.
+      l. 1. leg. <i>matter</i>. <a href="#Page_146">146</a>. l. 4. leg. <i>Bolts-head</i>.
+      pag <a href="#Page_161">161</a>. in the marginal note l. 2. dele <i>de</i>
+      ib. l. 3. lege lib 1. p <a href="#Page_163">163</a>. l. ult. insert <i>where</i>
+      between the words <i>places</i> and <i>the</i>. p. <a href="#Page_164">164</a>
+      l. 1. dele <i>that</i>. ibid, l. 8. leg <i>Epidermis</i>. ibid. l. 19 leg.
+      300. for 200. p. <a href="#Page_169">169</a>. l. 22. leg. <i>into it</i>.
+      p. <a href="#Page_170">170</a>. l. 23. &amp; 24. leg. <i>Some Solutions
+      hereafter to be mentioned</i>, for <i>the Solutions of Potashes</i>, and
+      other <i>Lixiviate Salts</i>. p. <a href="#Page_171">171</a>. l. 6. insert
+      <i>part of</i> between the words <i>most</i> and <i>dissolved</i> p. <a
+      href="#Page_176">176</a>. l. ult. insert the participle <i>it</i> between
+      the words <i>Judged</i> and <i>not</i> p. <a href="#Page_234">234</a>. l.
+      4. leg. <i>Woud-wax</i> or <i>Wood-wax</i>. p. <a href="#Page_320">320</a>
+      l. 29. leg. <i>urine</i> for <i>urne</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In addition I have corrected the following original typos:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The preface: I devis'd tbem -> I devis'd them<br /> The preface: make
+      Expements -> make Experiments<br /> The Publisher to the reader: made of
+      Eperiments -> made of Experiments<br /> I. Ch. III.6 divers Expements ->
+      divers Experiments<br /> I. Ch. III.13 epecially with some sorts ->
+      especially with some sorts<br /> II. Ch. II.8 Slightet Texture -> Slightest
+      Texture<br /> II. Exp. I two Colonrs -> two Colours<br /> II. Exp. XIII were
+      the change of Colour ... is attempted -> where the change (etc.)<br /> III.
+      Exp. XII avoiding of Ambignity -> avoiding of Ambiguity<br /> III. Exp.
+      XXIX Juice of this Sipce -> Juice of this Spice<br /> III. Exp. XL forty
+      second Expement -> forty second Experiment<br /> III. Exp. XLIV keep them
+      swimning -> keep them swimming<br /> III. Exp. XLVI it seem'd propable to
+      me -> it seem'd probable to me<br /> III. Exp. XLVII where not comprehended
+      -> were not comprehended<br /> III. Exp. XLVIII frequent Igintion ->
+      frequent Ignition<br /> III. Exp. L I could tell yon -> I could tell you<br />
+      A Copy of the Letter: nemo unqnam vere asserere -> nemo nunquam vere
+      asserere<br /> (ib.): what is reladed -> what is related<br /> Observations:
+      carefulsy drawn -> carefully drawn
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      - and emended<br /> Ph&#339;nomenon/a to Phænomenon/a 10 times and<br /> C&#339;ruleous
+      etc. -> Cæruleous 20 times
+    </p>
+    <p>
+
+    <a name="long" id="long"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:100%;">EXPERIMENTS</span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:50%;">AND</span><br /> <span style="font-size:100%;">CONSIDERATIONS</span><br />
+      <span style="font-size:50%;">Touching</span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:150%; letter-spacing:6px">COLOURS.</span><br />
+    </h2>
+    <p class="center">
+      Fir&#383;t occa&#383;ionally Written, among &#383;ome other<br /> <i>E&#383;&#383;ays</i>,
+      to a Friend; and now &#383;uffer'd to<br /> come abroad as
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:50%;">THE</span><br /> <span style="font-size:50%;">BEGINNING</span><br />
+      <span style="font-size:50%;">Of An</span><br /> <span style="font-size:75%;">Experimental
+      Hi&#383;tory</span><br /> <span style="font-size:50%;">OF</span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:100%; letter-spacing:6px">COLOURS.</span><br />
+    </h2>
+    <hr class="short" />
+    <p class="center">
+      By the Honourable <i>ROBERT BOYLE</i>,<br /> Fellow of the ROYAL SOCIETY.
+    </p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Non fingendum, aut excogitandum, &#383;ed inveniendum,<br /> quid Natura
+      faciat, aut ferat</i>. Bacon.
+    </p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+    <h3>
+      <i>LONDON</i>.
+    </h3>
+    <p class="center">
+      Printed for <i>Henry Herringman</i> at the<br /> <i>Anchor</i> on the Lower
+      walk of the <i>New<br /> Exchange</i>. MDCLXIV.
+    </p>
+    <div class="figcenter" style="width:50%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/002a.png" alt="Decorative tile" />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:50%; letter-spacing:6px">THE</span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:100%; letter-spacing:10px">PREFACE.</span><br />
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <img width="100" height="100" src="images/002b.png"
+      alt="Illuminated H in Having" /> <i>Aving in convenient places of the
+      following Treati&#383;e, mention'd the Motives, that induc'd me to write
+      it, and the Scope I propos'd to my &#383;elf in it; I think it &#383;uperfluous
+      to entertain the Reader now, with what he will meet with hereafter. And I
+      &#383;hould judge it needle&#383;s, to trouble others, or my &#383;elf,
+      with any thing of Preface: were it not that I can &#383;carce doubt, but
+      this Book will fall into the hands of &#383;ome Readers, who being
+      unacquainted with the difficulty of attempts of this nature, will think
+      itn &#383;trange that I &#383;hould publi&#383;h any thing about Colours,
+      without a particular Theory of them. But I dare expect that Intelligent
+      and Equitable Readers will con&#383;ider on my behalf: That the profe&#383;&#383;ed
+      De&#383;ign of this Treati&#383;e is to deliver things rather</i> Hi&#383;torical
+      <i>than</i> Dogmatical, <i>and con&#383;equently if I have added divers
+      new</i> &#383;peculative <i>Con&#383;iderations and hints, which perhaps
+      may afford no de&#383;picable A&#383;&#383;i&#383;tance, towards the
+      framing of a &#383;olid and comprehen&#383;ive Hypothe&#383;is, I have
+      done at least as much as I promis'd, or as the nature of my undertaking
+      exacted. But another thing there is, which if it &#383;hould be objected,
+      I fear I &#383;hould not be able &#383;o ea&#383;ily to an&#383;wer it,
+      and that is; That in the following treati&#383;e (e&#383;pecially in the
+      Third part of it) the Experiments might have been better Mar&#383;hall'd,
+      and &#383;ome of them deliver'd in fewer words. For I mu&#383;t confe&#383;s
+      that this E&#383;&#383;ay was written to a private Friend, and that too,
+      by &#383;natches, at &#383;everal times, and places, and (after my manner)
+      in loo&#383;e &#383;heets, of which I oftentimes had not all by me that I
+      had already written, when I was writing more, &#383;o that it needs be no
+      wonder if all the Experiments be not rang'd to the be&#383;t Advantage,
+      and if &#383;ome connections and con&#383;ecutions of them might ea&#383;ily
+      have been mended. E&#383;pecially &#383;ince having carele&#383;&#383;ly
+      laid by the loo&#383;e Papers, for &#383;everal years after they were
+      written, when I came to put them together to di&#383;patch them to the Pre&#383;s,
+      I found &#383;ome of tho&#383;e I reckon'd upon, to be very un&#383;ea&#383;onably
+      wanting. And to make any great change in the order of the re&#383;t, was
+      more than the Printers importunity, and that, of my own avocations (and
+      perhaps al&#383;o con&#383;iderabler &#383;olicitations) would permit. But
+      though &#383;ome few preambles of the particular Experiments might have
+      (perchance) been &#383;par'd, or &#383;horten'd, if I had had all my
+      Papers under my View at once; Yet in the mo&#383;t of tho&#383;e
+      Introductory pa&#383;&#383;ages, the Reader will (I hope) find hints, or
+      Adverti&#383;ements, as well as Tran&#383;itions. If I &#383;ometimes
+      &#383;eem to in&#383;i&#383;t long upon the circum&#383;tances of a
+      Tryall, I hope I &#383;hall be ea&#383;ily excu&#383;ed by tho&#383;e that
+      both know, how nice divers experiments of Colours are, and con&#383;ider
+      that I was not barely to</i> relate <i>them, but &#383;o as to teach a
+      young Gentleman to make them. And if I was not &#383;ollicitous, to make a
+      nicer divi&#383;ion of the whole Treati&#383;e, than into three parts,
+      whereof the One contains &#383;ome Con&#383;iderations about Colours in
+      general. The Other exhibits a &#383;pecimen of an Account of particular
+      Colours, Exemplifi'd in Whitene&#383;s and Blackne&#383;s. And the Third
+      promi&#383;cuous Experiments about the remaining Colours (e&#383;pecially
+      Red) in order to a Theory of them. If, I &#383;ay, I contented my &#383;elf
+      with this ea&#383;ie Divi&#383;ion of my Di&#383;cour&#383;e, it was
+      perhaps becau&#383;e I did not think it &#383;o nece&#383;&#383;ary to be
+      Curious about the Method or Contrivance of a Treati&#383;e, wherein I do
+      not pretend to pre&#383;ent my Reader with a compleat Fabrick, or &#383;o
+      much as Modell; but only to bring in Materials proper for the Building;
+      And if I did not well know how Ingenious the Curio&#383;ity and Civility
+      of Friends makes them, to per&#383;wade Men by &#383;pecious allegations,
+      to gratifie their de&#383;ires; I &#383;hould have been made to believe by
+      per&#383;ons very well qualify'd to judge of matters of this nature, that
+      the following Experiments will not need the addition of accurate Method
+      and &#383;peculative Notions to procure Acceptance for the Treati&#383;e
+      that contains them: For it hath been repre&#383;ented, That in mo&#383;t
+      of them, as the Novelty will make them &#383;urprizing, and the Quickne&#383;s
+      of performance, keep them from being tedious; &#383;o the &#383;en&#383;ible
+      changes, that are effected by them, are &#383;o manifest, &#383;o great,
+      and &#383;o &#383;udden, that &#383;carce any will be di&#383;plea&#383;ed
+      to &#383;ee them, and tho&#383;e that are any thing Curious will &#383;carce
+      be able to &#383;ee them, without finding them&#383;elves excited, to make
+      Reflexions upon Them. But though with me, who love to mea&#383;ure Phy&#383;ical
+      things by their</i> u&#383;e, <i>not their</i> &#383;trangene&#383;s, <i>or</i>
+      prettine&#383;s, <i>the partiality of others prevails not to make me over
+      value the&#383;e, or look upon them in them&#383;elves as other than
+      Trifles: Yet I confe&#383;s, that ever &#383;ince I did divers years ago
+      &#383;hew &#383;ome of them to a Learned Company of</i> Virtuo&#383;i: <i>&#383;o
+      many per&#383;ons of differing Conditions, and ev'n Sexes, have been
+      Curious to &#383;ee them, and pleas'd not to Di&#383;like them, that I
+      cannot De&#383;pair, but that by complying with tho&#383;e that urge the
+      Publication of them, I may both gratifie and excite the Curious, and lay
+      perhaps a Foundation whereon either others or my &#383;elf may in time
+      &#383;uper&#383;truct a &#383;ub&#383;tantial theory of Colours. And if</i>
+      Ari&#383;totle, <i>after his Ma&#383;ter</i> Plato, <i>have rightly ob&#383;erv'd
+      Admiration to be the</i> Parent of Philo&#383;ophy, <i>the wonder, &#383;ome
+      of the&#383;e Trifles have been wont to produce in all &#383;orts of
+      Beholders, and the acce&#383;s they have &#383;ometimes gain'd ev'n to the
+      Clo&#383;ets of Ladies, &#383;eem to promi&#383;e, that &#383;ince the
+      &#383;ubject is &#383;o plea&#383;ing, that the Speculation appears as
+      Delightful! as Difficult, &#383;uch ea&#383;ie and recreative Experiments,
+      which require but little time, or charge, or trouble in the making, and
+      when made are &#383;en&#383;ible and &#383;urprizing enough, may
+      contribute more than others, (far more important but as much more
+      difficult) to recommend tho&#383;e parts of Learning (Chymistry and Corpu&#383;cular
+      Philo&#383;ophy) by which they have been produc'd, and to which they give
+      Te&#383;timony ev'n to &#383;uch kind of per&#383;ons, as value a pretty
+      Trick more than a true Notion, and would &#383;carce admit Philo&#383;ophy,
+      if it approach'd them in another Dre&#383;s: without the &#383;trangene&#383;s
+      or endearments of plea&#383;antne&#383;s to recommend it. I know that I do
+      but ill con&#383;ult my own Advantage in the con&#383;enting to the
+      Publication of the following Treati&#383;e: For tho&#383;e things, which,
+      whil&#383;t men knew not how they were perform'd, appear'd &#383;o &#383;trange,
+      will, when the way of making them, and the Grounds on which I devis'd
+      them, &#383;hall be Publick, quickly lo&#383;e all that their being</i>
+      Rarityes, <i>and their</i> being thought My&#383;teries, <i>contributed to
+      recommend them. But 'tis fitter for Mountebancks than Naturalis to de&#383;ire
+      to have their di&#383;coverys rather admir'd than under&#383;tood, and for
+      my part I had much rather de&#383;erve the thanks of the Ingenious, than
+      enjoy the Applau&#383;e of the Ignorant. And if I can &#383;o farr
+      contribute to the di&#383;covery of the nature of Colours, as to help the
+      Curious to it, I &#383;hall have reach'd my End, and &#383;av'd my &#383;elf
+      &#383;ome Labour which el&#383;e I may chance be tempted to undergo in pro&#383;ecuting
+      that &#383;ubect, and Adding to this Treati&#383;e, which I therefore call
+      a</i> History, <i>becau&#383;e it chiefly contains matters of fact, and
+      which Hi&#383;tory the Title declares me to look upon but as</i> Begun: <i>Becau&#383;e
+      though that above a hundred, not to &#383;ay a hundred and fifty
+      Experiments, (&#383;ome loo&#383;e, and others interwoven among&#383;t the
+      di&#383;cour&#383;es them&#383;elves) may &#383;uffice to give a</i>
+      Beginning <i>to a Hi&#383;tory not hitherto, that I know, begun, by any;
+      yet the &#383;ubject is &#383;o fruitfull, and &#383;o worthy, that tho&#383;e
+      that are Curious of the&#383;e Matters will be farr more wanting to them&#383;elves
+      than I can &#383;u&#383;pect, if what I now publi&#383;h prove any more
+      than a</i> Beginning. <i>For, as I hope my Endeavours may afford them
+      &#383;ome a&#383;&#383;istance towards this work, &#383;o tho&#383;e
+      Endeavours are much too Vnfini&#383;h'd to give them any di&#383;couragement,
+      as if there were little left for others to do towards the Hi&#383;tory of
+      Colours.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>For (fir&#383;t) I have been willing to leave unmention'd the</i> mo&#383;t
+      part <i>of tho&#383;e Phænomena of Colours, that Nature pre&#383;ents us
+      of her own accord, (that is, without being guided or over-ruld by man)
+      &#383;uch as the different Colours that &#383;everal &#383;orts of Fruites
+      pa&#383;s through before they are perfectly ripe, and tho&#383;e that
+      appear upon the fading of flowers and leaves, and the putrifaction (and
+      its &#383;everal degrees) of fruits, &amp;c. together with a thou&#383;and
+      other obvious Instances of the changes of colours. Nor have I</i> much <i>medled
+      with tho&#383;e familiar Phænomena wherein man is not an Idle &#383;pectator;
+      &#383;uch as the Greenne&#383;s produc'd by &#383;alt in Beef much
+      powder'd, and the Redne&#383;s produc'd in the &#383;hells of Lob&#383;ters
+      upon the boyling of tho&#383;e fi&#383;hes; For I was willing to leave the</i>
+      gathering <i>of</i> Ob&#383;ervations <i>to tho&#383;e that have not the
+      Opportunity to</i> make Experiments. <i>And for the &#383;ame Rea&#383;ons,
+      among others, I did purpo&#383;ly omit the Lucriferous practi&#383;e of
+      Trades-men about colours; as the ways of making Pigments, of Bleanching
+      wax, of dying Scarlet, &amp;c. though to divers of them I be not a
+      stranger, and of &#383;ome I have my&#383;elf made Tryall.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Next; I did purpo&#383;ely pa&#383;s by divers Experiments of other
+      Writers that I had made Tryall of (and that not without regi&#383;tring
+      &#383;ome of their Events) unle&#383;s I could &#383;ome way or other
+      improve them, becau&#383;e I wanted lea&#383;ure to in&#383;ert them, and
+      had thoughts of pro&#383;ecuting the work once begun of laying together
+      tho&#383;e I had examin'd by them&#383;elves in ca&#383;e of my not being
+      prevented by others diligence. So that there remains not a little, among
+      the things that are already publi&#383;hed, to imploy tho&#383;e that have
+      a mind to exerci&#383;e them&#383;elves in repeating and examining them.
+      And I will not undertake, that</i> none <i>of the things deliver'd, ev'n
+      in this Treati&#383;e, though never &#383;o faithfully &#383;et down, may
+      not prove to be thus farr of this Sort, as to afford the Curious &#383;omewhat
+      to add about them. For I remember that I have &#383;omewhere in the Book
+      it &#383;elf acknowledged, that having written it by &#383;natches, partly
+      in the Counntrey, and partly at un&#383;ea&#383;onable times of the year,
+      when the want of fit In&#383;truments, and of a competent variety of
+      flowers, &#383;alts, Pigments, and other materials made me leave &#383;ome
+      of the following Experiments, (e&#383;pecialy tho&#383;e about Emphatical
+      Colours) far more unfini&#383;h'd than they &#383;hould have been, if it
+      had been as ea&#383;ie for me to</i> &#383;upply <i>what was wanting to
+      compleat them, as to</i> di&#383;cern<i>. Thirdly to avoyd di&#383;couraging
+      the young Gentleman I call Pyrophilus, whom the le&#383;s Familiar, and
+      more Laborious operations of Chymistry would probably have frighted, I
+      purpo&#383;ely declin'd in what I writ to him, the &#383;etting down any
+      Number of &#383;uch Chymicall Experiments, as, by being very elaborate or
+      tedious, would either require much skill, or exerci&#383;e his patience.
+      And yet that this &#383;ort of Experiments is exceedingly Numerous, and
+      might more than a little inrich the Hi&#383;tory of Colours, tho&#383;e
+      that are vers'd in Chymical proce&#383;&#383;es, will, I pre&#383;ume, ea&#383;ily
+      allow me.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>And (La&#383;tly) for as much as I have occa&#383;ion more than once in
+      my &#383;everal Writings to treat either porpo&#383;ely or incidentally of
+      matters relating to Colours; I did not, perhaps, conceive my &#383;elf
+      oblig'd, to deliver in one Treati&#383;e</i> all <i>that I would &#383;ay
+      concerning that &#383;ubject.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>But to conclude, by &#383;umming up what I would &#383;ay concerning
+      what I</i> have <i>and what I</i> have not <i>done, in the following
+      Papers; I &#383;hall not</i> (on the one &#383;ide) <i>deny, that con&#383;idering
+      that I pretended not to write an accurate Treati&#383;e of Colours, but an
+      Occa&#383;ional E&#383;&#383;ay to acquaint a private friend with what
+      then occurrd to me of the things I had thought or try'd concerning them; I
+      might pre&#383;ume I did enough for once, if I did clearly and faithfully
+      &#383;et down, though not</i> all <i>the Experiments I could, yet at lea&#383;t
+      &#383;uch a variety of them, that an attentive Reader that &#383;hall con&#383;ider
+      the Grounds on which they have been made, and the hints that are purpo&#383;ely
+      (though di&#383;per&#383;edly) couched in them, may ea&#383;ily</i>
+      compound <i>them, and otherwi&#383;e</i> vary <i>them, &#383;o as very
+      much to increa&#383;e their Number. And yet</i> (on the other &#383;ide)
+      <i>I am &#383;o &#383;en&#383;ible both of how much I have, either out of
+      nece&#383;&#383;ity or choice, left undone, and of the fruitfullne&#383;s
+      of the &#383;ubject I have begun to handle; that though I had performed
+      far more then 'tis like many Readers will judge I have, I &#383;hould yet
+      be very free to let them apply to my Attempts that of</i> Seneca, <i>where
+      having &#383;poken of the Study of Natures My&#383;teries, and
+      Particularly of the Cau&#383;e of Earth-Quakes, he &#383;ubjoins.<a
+      name="LNtA_1" id="LNtA_1_"></a><a href="#LNt_1"><sup>1</sup></a></i> Nulla
+      res con&#383;ummata e&#383;t dum incipit. Nec in hac tantum re omnium
+      maxima ac involuti&#383;&#383;imá, in quâ etiam cum multum actum erit,
+      omnis ætas, quod agat inveniet; &#383;ed in omni alio Negotio, longè
+      &#383;emper à perfecto fuere Principia.
+    </p>
+    <div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/012a.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:100%;"><i>The Publi&#383;her to the</i></span><br />
+      <span style="font-size:100%; letter-spacing:10px">READER.</span><br />
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <i>Friendly Reader,</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <img width="80" height="80" src="images/012b.png"
+      alt="Illuminated H in Here" />Ere is pre&#383;ented to thy view one of the
+      Ab&#383;tru&#383;e&#383;t as well as the Gentile&#383;t Subjects of
+      Natural Philo&#383;ophy, the <i>Experimentall Hi&#383;tory of Colours</i>;
+      which though the Noble Author be plea&#383;ed to think but <i>Begun</i>,
+      yet I mu&#383;t take leave to &#383;ay, that I think it &#383;o well
+      begun, that the work is more than half di&#383;patcht. Concerning which I
+      cannot but give this adverti&#383;ement to the Reader, that I have heard
+      the Author expre&#383;s him&#383;elf, that it would not &#383;urpri&#383;e
+      him, if it &#383;hould happen to be objected, that &#383;ome of the&#383;e
+      Experiments have been already publi&#383;hed, partly by Chymi&#383;ts, and
+      partly by two or three very fre&#383;h Writers upon other Subjects. And
+      though the number of the&#383;e Experiments be but very &#383;mall, and
+      though they be none of the con&#383;iderable&#383;t, yet it may on this
+      occa&#383;ion be further repre&#383;ented, that it is ea&#383;ie for our
+      Author to name &#383;everal men, (of who&#383;e number I can truly name my
+      &#383;elf) who remember either their having &#383;een him make, or their
+      having read, his Accounts of the Experiments delivered in the following
+      Tract &#383;everal years &#383;ince, and long before the publication of
+      the Books, wherein they are mentioned. Nay in divers pa&#383;&#383;ages
+      (where he could do it without any great inconvenience) he hath &#383;truck
+      out Experiments, which he had tryed many years ago, becau&#383;e he &#383;ince
+      found them divulged by per&#383;ons from whom he had not the lea&#383;t
+      hint of them; which yet is not touched, with de&#383;ign to reflect upon
+      any Ingenious Man, as if he were a Plagiary: For, though our Generous
+      Author were not re&#383;erved enough in &#383;howing his Experiments to
+      tho&#383;e that expre&#383;&#383;ed a Curio&#383;ity to &#383;ee them
+      (among&#383;t whom a very Learned Man hath been plea&#383;ed publickly to
+      acknowledge it &#383;everal years ago<a name="LNtA_2" id="LNtA_2_"></a><a
+      href="#LNt_2"><sup>2</sup></a>; yet the &#383;ame thing may be well enough
+      lighted on by per&#383;ons that know nothing of one another. And e&#383;pecially
+      Chymical Laboratories may many times afford the &#383;ame <i>Phænomenon</i>
+      about Colours to &#383;everal per&#383;ons at the &#383;ame or differing
+      times. And as for the few <i>Phænomena</i> mentioned in the &#383;ame
+      Chymical writers, as well as in the following Treati&#383;e, our Author
+      hath given an account, why he did not decline rejecting them, in the
+      Anotations upon the 47<sup>th</sup> Experiment of the third part. Not here
+      to mention, what he el&#383;ewhere &#383;aith, to &#383;hew what u&#383;e
+      may be Ju&#383;tifiably made of Experiments not of his own devi&#383;ing
+      by a writer of Natural Hi&#383;tory, if, what he employes of others mens,
+      be well examined or verified by him&#383;elf.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the mean time, this Treati&#383;e is &#383;uch, that there needs no
+      other invitation to peru&#383;e it, but that tis compo&#383;ed by one of
+      the Deepe&#383;t &amp; Mo&#383;t indefatigable &#383;earchers of Nature,
+      which, I think the World, as far as I know it, affords. For mine own part,
+      I feel a Secret Joy within me, to &#383;ee &#383;uch beginings upon &#383;uch
+      <i>Themes</i>, it being demon&#383;tratively true, <i>Mota facilius moveri</i>,
+      which cau&#383;eth me to entertain &#383;trong hopes, that this Illu&#383;trious
+      <i>Virtuo&#383;o</i> and Re&#383;tle&#383;s Inquirer into Nature's Secrets
+      will not &#383;top here, but go on and pro&#383;per in the Di&#383;qui&#383;ition
+      or the other principal Colours, <i>Green, Red</i>, and <i>Yellow</i>. The
+      Rea&#383;oning faculty &#383;et once afloat, will be carried on, and that
+      with ea&#383;e, e&#383;pecially, when the productions thereof meet, as
+      they do here, with &#383;o greedy an Entertainment at home and abroad. I
+      am confident, that the <b>ROYAL SOCIETY</b>, lately con&#383;tituted by
+      his <b>MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY</b> <i>for improving Natural knowledge</i>,
+      will Judge it their intere&#383;t to exhort our Author to the pro&#383;ecution
+      of this Argument, con&#383;idering, how much it is their de&#383;ign and
+      bu&#383;ine&#383;s to accumulate a good &#383;tock of &#383;uch accurate
+      Ob&#383;ervations and Experiments, as may afford them and their Offpring
+      genuine Matter to rai&#383;e a Ma&#383;culine Philo&#383;ophy upon,
+      whereby the Mind of Man may be enobled with the Knowledge of &#383;olid
+      Truths, and the Life of Man benefited with ampler accommodations, than it
+      hath been hitherto.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Our Great Author, one of the Pillars of that Illu&#383;trious Corporation,
+      is con&#383;tantly furni&#383;hing large <i>Symbola</i>'s to this work,
+      and is now falln, as you &#383;ee, upon &#383;o comprehen&#383;ive and
+      important a theme, as will, if in&#383;i&#383;ted on and compleated, prove
+      one of the con&#383;iderable&#383;t peeces of that &#383;tructure. To
+      which, if he &#383;hall plea&#383;e to add his Treati&#383;e of <i>Heat</i>
+      and <i>Flame</i>, as he is ready to publi&#383;h his Experimental Accounts
+      of <i>Cold</i>, I e&#383;teem, the World will be obliged to Him for having
+      &#383;hewed them both the <i>Right</i> and <i>Left Hand</i> of Nature, and
+      the Operations thereof.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The con&#383;idering Reader will by this very Treati&#383;e &#383;ee
+      abundant cau&#383;e to &#383;ollicit the Author for more; &#383;ure I am,
+      that of whatever of the Productions of his Ingeny comes into <i>Forein
+      parts</i> (where I am happy in the acquaintance of many intelligent
+      friends) is highly valued; And to my knowledge, there are tho&#383;e among
+      the French, that have lately begun to learn Engli&#383;h, on purpo&#383;e
+      to enable them&#383;elves to read his Books, being impatient of their
+      Traduction into Latin. If I dur&#383;t &#383;ay all, I know of the Elogies
+      received by me from abroad concerning Him, I &#383;hould perhaps make this
+      Preamble too prolix, and certainly offend the mode&#383;ty of our Author.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Wherefore I &#383;hall leave this, and conclude with de&#383;iring the
+      Reader, that if he meet with other faults be&#383;ides tho&#383;e, that
+      the Errata take notice of (as I believe he may) he will plea&#383;e to con&#383;ider
+      both the weakne&#383;s of the Authors eyes, for not reviewing, and the
+      manifold Avocations of the Publi&#383;her for not doing his part; who
+      taketh his leave with inviting tho&#383;e, that have al&#383;o con&#383;idered
+      this Nice &#383;ubject experimentally, to follow the Example of our Noble
+      Author, and impart &#383;uch and the like performances to the now very
+      inqui&#383;itive world. <i>Farewell.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="author">
+      <i>H. O.</i>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/018.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:50%;">THE</span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:100%; letter-spacing:10px">CONTENTS.</span><br />
+    </h2>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      CHAP. I.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>The Author &#383;hews the Rea&#383;on, first of his Writing on this
+      Subject</i> (<a href="#LPage_1">1</a>.) <i>Next of his pre&#383;ent manner
+      of Handling it, and why he partly declines a Methodical way</i> (<a
+      href="#LPage_2">2</a>.) <i>and why he has partly made u&#383;e of it in
+      the Hi&#383;tory of</i> Whitene&#383;s <i>and</i> Blackne&#383;s. (<a
+      href="#LPage_3">3</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Chap. 2. <i>Some general Con&#383;iderations are premis'd, fir&#383;t of
+      the In&#383;ignificancy of the Ob&#383;erva&#383;ion of Colours in many
+      Bodies</i> (<a href="#LPage_4">4</a>, <a href="#LPage_5">5</a>.) <i>and
+      the Importance of it in others</i> (<a href="#LPage_5">5</a>.) <i>as
+      particularly in the Tempering of Steel</i> (<a href="#LPage_6">6</a>, <a
+      href="#LPage_7">7</a>, <a href="#LPage_8">8</a>.) <i>The rea&#383;on why
+      other particular In&#383;tances are in that place omitted</i> (<a
+      href="#LPage_9">9</a>) <i>A nece&#383;&#383;ary di&#383;tinction about
+      Colour premis'd</i> (<a href="#LPage_10">10</a>, <a href="#LPage_11">11</a>.)
+      <i>That Colour is not Inherent in the Object</i> (<a href="#LPage_11">11</a>.)
+      <i>prov'd fir&#383;t by the Phanta&#383;ms of Colours to</i> Dreaming <i>men,
+      and</i> Lunaticks; <i>Secondly by the &#383;en&#383;ation or apparition of
+      Light upon a Blow given the Eye or the Di&#383;temper of the Brain from
+      internal Vapours</i> (<a href="#LPage_12">12</a>.) <i>The Author recites a
+      particular Instance in him&#383;elf; another that hapn'd to an Excellent
+      Per&#383;on related to him</i> (<a href="#LPage_13">13</a>.) <i>and a
+      third told him by an Ingenious Phy&#383;ician</i> (<a href="#LPage_14">14</a>,
+      <a href="#LPage_15">15</a>.) <i>Thirdly, from the change of Colours made
+      by the Sen&#383;ory Di&#383;affected</i> (<a href="#LPage_15">15</a>, <a
+      href="#LPage_16">16</a>.) <i>Some In&#383;tances of this are related by
+      the Author, ob&#383;erv'd in him&#383;elf</i> (<a href="#LPage_16">16</a>,
+      <a href="#LPage_17">17</a>.) <i>others told him by a Lady of known
+      Veracity</i> (<a href="#LPage_18">18</a>.) <i>And others told him by a
+      very Eminent Man</i> (<a href="#LPage_19">19</a>.) <i>But the &#383;trange
+      In&#383;tances afforded by &#383;uch as are Bit by the</i> Tarantula <i>are
+      omitted, as more properly deliver'd in another place</i>. (<a
+      href="#LPage_20">20</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Chap. 3. <i>That the Colour of Bodies depends chiefly on the di&#383;po&#383;ition
+      of the Superficial parts, and partly upon the Variety of the Texture of
+      the Object</i> (<a href="#LPage_21">21</a>.) <i>The former of the&#383;e
+      are confirm'd by &#383;everal Per&#383;ons</i> (<a href="#LPage_22">22</a>.)
+      <i>and two In&#383;tances, the fir&#383;t of the Steel mention'd before,
+      the &#383;econd of melted Lead</i> (<a href="#LPage_23">23</a>, <a
+      href="#LPage_24">24</a>.) <i>of which la&#383;t &#383;everal Ob&#383;ervables
+      are noted</i> (<a href="#LPage_25">25</a>.) <i>A third In&#383;tance is
+      added of the Porou&#383;ne&#383;s of the appearing &#383;mooth Surface of
+      Cork</i> (<a href="#LPage_26">26</a>, <a href="#LPage_27">27</a>.) <i>And
+      that the &#383;ame kind of Porou&#383;ne&#383;s may be al&#383;o in the
+      other Colour'd Bodies; And of what kind of Figures, the Superficial
+      reflecting Particles of them may be</i> (<a href="#LPage_28">28</a>.) <i>and
+      of what Bulks, and clo&#383;ene&#383;s of Po&#383;ition</i> (<a
+      href="#LPage_29">29</a>.) <i>How much the&#383;e may conduce to the
+      Generation of Colour in&#383;tanc'd in the Whitene&#383;s of Froth, and in
+      the mixtures of Dry colour'd Powders</i> (<a href="#LPage_30">30</a>.) <i>A
+      further explication of the Variety that may be in the Superficial parts of
+      Colour'd Bodies, that may cau&#383;e that Effect, by an example drawn from
+      the Surface of the Earth</i> (<a href="#LPage_31">31</a>.) <i>An Apology
+      for that gro&#383;s Compari&#383;on</i> (<a href="#LPage_32">32</a>.) <i>That
+      the appearances of the Superficial a&#383;perities may be Varied from the
+      po&#383;ition of the Eye, and &#383;everal In&#383;tances given of &#383;uch
+      appearances</i> (<a href="#LPage_33">33</a>, <a href="#LPage_34">34</a>,
+      <a href="#LPage_35">35</a>.) <i>That the appearance of the Superficial
+      particles may be Varied al&#383;o by their Motion, confirm'd by an In&#383;tance
+      of the &#383;moaking Liquor</i> (<a href="#LPage_35">35</a>.) <i>e&#383;pecially
+      if the Superficial parts be of &#383;uch a Nature as to appear divers in
+      &#383;everal Po&#383;tures, explain'd by the variety of Colours exhibited
+      by the &#383;haken Leaves of &#383;ome Plants</i> (<a href="#LPage_36">36</a>.)
+      <i>and by changeable Taffities</i> (<a href="#LPage_37">37</a>, <a
+      href="#LPage_38">38</a>, <a href="#LPage_39">39</a>.) <i>The Authors wi&#383;h
+      that the Variety of Colours in Mother of Pearl were examin'd with a</i>
+      Micro&#383;cope (<a href="#LPage_40">40</a>.) <i>And his Conjectures, that
+      po&#383;&#383;ibly good</i> Micro&#383;copes <i>might di&#383;cover tho&#383;e
+      Superficial inequalities to be Real, which we now only imagine with his
+      rea&#383;ons drawn partly from the Di&#383;coveries of the</i> Tele&#383;cope,
+      <i>and</i> Micro&#383;cope (<a href="#LPage_41">41</a>.) <i>And partly al&#383;o
+      from the Prodigiou&#383;ly &#383;trange example of a Blind man that could
+      feel Colours</i> (<a href="#LPage_42">42</a>.) <i>who&#383;e Hi&#383;tory
+      is Related</i> (<a href="#LPage_43">43</a>, <a href="#LPage_44">44</a>, <a
+      href="#LPage_45">45</a>.) <i>The Authors conjecture and thoughts of it</i>
+      (<a href="#LPage_46">46</a>, <a href="#LPage_47">47</a>, <a
+      href="#LPage_48">48</a>, <a href="#LPage_49">49</a>.) <i>and &#383;everal
+      Conclu&#383;ions and Corollaries drawn from it about the Nature of Blackne&#383;s
+      and Black Bodies</i> (<a href="#LPage_50">50</a>, <a href="#LPage_51">51</a>,
+      <a href="#LPage_52">52</a>.) <i>and about the A&#383;perities of &#383;everal
+      other Colour'd Bodies</i> (<a href="#LPage_53">53</a>.) <i>And from the&#383;e,
+      and &#383;ome premis'd Con&#383;iderations, are propos'd &#383;ome
+      Conjectures; That the rea&#383;on of the &#383;everal Phænomena of
+      Colours, afterwards to be met with, depends upon the Di&#383;po&#383;ition
+      of the Seen parts of the Object</i> (<a href="#LPage_54">54</a>.) <i>That
+      Liquors may alter the Colours of each other, and of other Bodies, first by
+      their In&#383;inuating them&#383;elves into the Pores, and filling them,
+      whence the A&#383;perity of the Surface of a Body becomes alter'd,
+      explicated with &#383;ome In&#383;tances</i> (<a href="#LPage_55">55</a>,
+      <a href="#LPage_56">56</a>.) <i>Next by removing tho&#383;e Bodies, which
+      before hindred the appearance of the Genuine Colour, confirm'd by &#383;everal
+      examples</i> (<a href="#LPage_57">57</a>) <i>Thirdly, by making a Fi&#383;&#383;ure
+      or Separation either in the Contiguous or Continued Particles of a Body</i>
+      (<a href="#LPage_58">58</a>.) <i>Fourthly, by a Union or Conjunction of
+      the formerly &#383;eparated Particles; Illu&#383;trated with divers In&#383;tances
+      of precipitated Bodies</i> (<a href="#LPage_59">59</a>.) <i>Fifthly, by Di&#383;locating
+      the parts, and putting them both into other Orders and Po&#383;tures,
+      which is Illu&#383;trated with In&#383;tances</i> (<a href="#LPage_60">60</a>,
+      <a href="#LPage_61">61</a>.) <i>Sixthly, by Motion, which is explain'd</i>
+      (<a href="#LPage_62">62</a>.) <i>And la&#383;tly, and chiefly, by the
+      Union of the Saline Bodies, with the Superficial parts of another Body,
+      whereby both their Bigne&#383;s and Shape mu&#383;t nece&#383;&#383;arily
+      be alter'd</i> (<a href="#LPage_63">63</a>, <a href="#LPage_64">64</a>.)
+      <i>Explain'd by Experiments</i> (<a href="#LPage_65">65</a>, <a
+      href="#LPage_66">66</a>.) <i>That the Colour of Bodies may be Chang'd by
+      the concurrence of two or more of the&#383;e ways</i> (<a href="#LPage_67">67</a>.)
+      <i>And be&#383;ides all the&#383;e, Eight Reflective cau&#383;es of
+      Colours, there may be in Tran&#383;parent Bodies &#383;everal Refractive</i>
+      (<a href="#LPage_68">68</a>, <a href="#LPage_69">69</a>) <i>Why the Author
+      thinks the Nature of Colours de&#383;erves yet a further Inquiry</i> (<a
+      href="#LPage_69">69</a>.) <i>Fir&#383;t for that the little Motes of Dust
+      exhibited very lovely Colours in a darkned Room, whil&#383;t in a
+      convenient po&#383;ture to the Eye, which in other Po&#383;tures and
+      Lights they did not</i> (<a href="#LPage_70">70</a>.) <i>And that though
+      the &#383;maller Parts of &#383;ome Colour'd Bodies are Tran&#383;parent,
+      yet of others they are not, &#383;o that the fir&#383;t Doubt's, whether
+      the Superficial parts create tho&#383;e Colours, and the &#383;econd,
+      whether there be any Refraction at all in the later</i> (<a
+      href="#LPage_71">71</a>, <a href="#LPage_72">72</a>, <a href="#LPage_73">73</a>.)
+      <i>A famous Controver&#383;ie among Philo&#383;ophers, about the Nature of
+      Colour decided</i>. (<a href="#LPage_74">74</a>. <a href="#LPage_75">75</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Chap. 4. <i>The controver&#383;ie &#383;tated about Real and Emphatical
+      Colours</i> (<a href="#LPage_75">75</a>, <a href="#LPage_76">76</a>.) <i>That
+      the great Di&#383;parity between them &#383;eems to be, partly their
+      Duration in the &#383;ame &#383;tate, and partly, that Genuine Colours are
+      produc'd in Opacous Bodies by Reflection, and Emphatical in Tran&#383;parent
+      by Refraction</i> (<a href="#LPage_78">78</a>.) <i>but that this is not to
+      be taken in too large a Sen&#383;e, the Cautionary in&#383;tance of Froth
+      is alleged and in&#383;i&#383;ted on</i> (<a href="#LPage_78">78</a>, <a
+      href="#LPage_79">79</a>.) <i>That the Duration is not a &#383;ufficient
+      Characteristick, exemplify'd by the duration of Froth, and other
+      Emphatical Colours, and the &#383;uddain fading of Flowers, and other
+      Bodies of Real ones</i> (<a href="#LPage_80">80</a>.) <i>That the po&#383;ition
+      of the Eye is not nece&#383;&#383;ary to the di&#383;cerning Emphatical
+      Colours, &#383;hew'd by the &#383;eeing white Froth, or an Iris ca&#383;t
+      on the Wall by a Pri&#383;m, in what place of the Room &#383;oever the Eye
+      be</i> (<a href="#LPage_81">81</a>.) <i>which proceeds from the &#383;pecular
+      Reflection of the Wall</i> (<a href="#LPage_82">82</a>.) <i>that
+      Emphatical Colours may be Compounded, and that the pre&#383;ent Di&#383;cour&#383;e
+      is not much concern'd, whether there be, or be not made a di&#383;tinction
+      between Real and Emphatical Colours</i>. (<a href="#LPage_83">83</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Chap. 5. <i>Six Hypothe&#383;es about Colour recited</i> (<a
+      href="#LPage_84">84</a>, <a href="#LPage_85">85</a>) <i>Why the Author
+      cannot more fully Speak of any of the&#383;e</i> (<a href="#LPage_86">86</a>.)
+      <i>nor Acquie&#383;ce in them</i> (<a href="#LPage_87">87</a>, <a
+      href="#LPage_88">88</a>.) <i>What</i> Pyrophilus <i>is to expect in this
+      Treati&#383;e</i> (<a href="#LPage_88">88</a>, <a href="#LPage_89">89</a>.)
+      <i>What Hypothe&#383;is of Light and Colour the Author most inclines too</i>
+      (<a href="#LPage_90">90</a>.) <i>Why he thinks neither that nor any other
+      &#383;ufficient; and what his Difficulties are, that make him decline all
+      Hypothe&#383;es, and to think it very difficult to &#383;tick to any.</i>
+      (<a href="#LPage_91">91</a>, <a href="#LPage_92">92</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h2>
+      Part the Second.
+    </h2>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Of the Nature of Whitene&#383;s and Blackne&#383;s.</i>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      CHAP. I.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>The rea&#383;on why the Author cho&#383;e the Explication of Whitene&#383;s
+      and Blackne&#383;s</i> (<a href="#LPage_93">93</a>.) <i>Wherein</i>
+      Democritus <i>thought ami&#383;s of the&#383;e</i> (<a href="#LPage_94">94</a>.)
+      Ga&#383;&#383;endus <i>his Opinion about them</i> (<a href="#LPage_95">95</a>.)
+      <i>What the Author approves, and a more full Explication of White, makinig
+      it a Multiplicity of Light or Reflections</i> (<a href="#LPage_96">96</a>,
+      <a href="#LPage_97">97</a>.) <i>Confirm'd first by the Whitene&#383;s of
+      the</i> Meridian <i>Sun, ob&#383;erv'd in Water</i> (<a href="#LPage_98">98</a>.)
+      <i>and of a piece of Iron glowing Hot</i> (<a href="#LPage_99">99</a>.) <i>Secondly,
+      by the Offen&#383;ivene&#383;s of Snow to the Travellers eyes, confirm'd
+      by an example of a Per&#383;on that has Travell'd much in Ru&#383;&#383;ia</i>
+      (<a href="#LPage_100">100</a>.) <i>and by an Ob&#383;ervation out of</i>
+      Olaus Magnus (<a href="#LPage_100">100</a>.) <i>and that the Snow does
+      inlighten and clear the Air in the Night, confirm'd by the Mo&#383;co Phy&#383;ician,
+      and Captain</i> James (<a href="#LPage_101">101</a>.) <i>But that Snow has
+      no inherent Light, prov'd by Experience</i> (<a href="#LPage_102">102</a>.)
+      <i>Thirdly, by the great &#383;tore of Reflections, from white Bodies ob&#383;erv'd
+      in a darkned Room, and by their unaptne&#383;s to be Kindled by a
+      Burning-gla&#383;s</i> (<a href="#LPage_103">103</a>.) <i>Fourthly, the
+      Specularne&#383;s of White Bodies is confirm'd by the Reflections in a
+      dark Room from other Bodies</i> (<a href="#LPage_104">104</a>.) <i>and by
+      the appearance of a River, which both to the Eye and in a darkned Room
+      appear'd White</i> (<a href="#LPage_105">105</a>, <a href="#LPage_106">106</a>.)
+      <i>Fifthly, by the Whitene&#383;s of di&#383;till'd</i> Mercury, <i>and
+      that of the</i> Galaxie (<a href="#LPage_107">107</a>, <a href="#LPage_108">108</a>.)
+      <i>and by the Whitene&#383;s of Froth, rais'd from whites of Eggs beaten;
+      that this Whitene&#383;s comes not from the Air, &#383;hew'd by
+      Experiments</i> (<a href="#LPage_109">109</a>, <a href="#LPage_110">110</a>.)
+      <i>where occa&#383;ionally the Whitene&#383;s of Di&#383;till'd Oyls, Hot
+      water, &amp;c. are &#383;hew'd</i> (<a href="#LPage_111">111</a>.) <i>That
+      it &#383;eems not nece&#383;&#383;ary the Reflecting Surfaces &#383;hould
+      be Sphærical, confirm'd by Experiments</i> (<a href="#LPage_112">112</a>,
+      <a href="#LPage_113">113</a>.) <i>Sixthly, by the Whitene&#383;s of the
+      Powders of tran&#383;parent Bodies</i> (<a href="#LPage_114">114</a>.) <i>Seventhly,
+      by the Experiment of Whitening and Burni&#383;hing Silver.</i> (<a
+      href="#LPage_115">115</a>, <a href="#LPage_116">116</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Chap. 2. <i>A Recital of &#383;ome Opinions about Blackne&#383;s, and
+      which the Author inclines to</i> (<a href="#LPage_117">117</a>.) <i>which
+      he further in&#383;ists on and explicates</i> (<a href="#LPage_118">118</a>,
+      <a href="#LPage_119">119</a>.) <i>and &#383;hews for what rea&#383;ons he
+      imbrac'd that Hypothe&#383;is</i> (<a href="#LPage_120">120</a>.) <i>Fir&#383;t,
+      from the contrary Nature of Whitene&#383;s and Blackne&#383;s, White
+      reflecting mo&#383;t Beams outwards, Black &#383;hould reflect mo&#383;t
+      inward</i> (<a href="#LPage_120">120</a>.) <i>Next, from the Black
+      appearance of all Bodies, when Shadow'd; And the manner how this paucity
+      of Reflection outwards is caus'd, is further explicated, by &#383;hewing
+      that the Superficial parts may be Conical and Pyramical</i> (<a
+      href="#LPage_121">121</a>.) <i>This and other Con&#383;iderations formerly
+      deliver'd, Illu&#383;trated by Experiments with black and white Marble</i>
+      (<a href="#LPage_122">122</a>, <a href="#LPage_123">123</a>.) <i>Thirdly,
+      from the Black appearance of Holes in white Linnen, and from the
+      appearance of Velvet &#383;troak'd &#383;everal ways, and from an Ob&#383;ervation
+      of Carrots</i> (<a href="#LPage_124">124</a>, <a href="#LPage_125">125</a>.)
+      <i>Fourthly, from the &#383;mall Reflection from Black in a darkned Room</i>
+      (<a href="#LPage_125">125</a>, <a href="#LPage_126">126</a>.) <i>Fifthly,
+      from the Experiment of a Checker'd Tile expos'd to the Sun-beams</i> (<a
+      href="#LPage_127">127</a>.) <i>which is to be preferr'd before a Similar
+      Experiment try'd in</i> Italy, <i>with black and white Marble</i> (<a
+      href="#LPage_128">128</a>.) <i>Some other congruous Ob&#383;ervations</i>
+      (<a href="#LPage_129">129</a>.) <i>Sixthly, from the Roa&#383;ting black'd
+      Eggs in the Sun</i> (<a href="#LPage_130">130</a>.) <i>Seventhly, by the
+      Ob&#383;ervation of the Blind man lately mention'd, and of another
+      mention'd by</i> Bartholine (<a href="#LPage_130">130</a>.) <i>That
+      notwith&#383;tanding all the&#383;e Rea&#383;ons, the Author is not ab&#383;olutely
+      Po&#383;itive, but remains yet a Seeker after the true Nature of Whitene&#383;s
+      and Blackne&#383;s.</i> (<a href="#LPage_131">131</a>, <a href="#LPage_132">132</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Experiments <i>in Con&#383;ort, touching</i> Whitene&#383;s <i>and</i>
+      Blackne&#383;s.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The fir&#383;t</i> Experiment, <i>with a Solution of Sublimate, made
+      White with Spirit of Urine</i>, &amp;c. (<a href="#LPage_133">133</a>, <a
+      href="#LPage_134">134</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The &#383;econd</i> Experiment, <i>with an Infu&#383;ion of Galls, made
+      Black with Vitriol</i>, &amp;c. (<a href="#LPage_135">135</a>, <a
+      href="#LPage_136">136</a>.) <i>further Di&#383;cours'd of</i> (<a
+      href="#LPage_137">137</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The third</i> Experiment, <i>of the Blacking of Hart&#383;horn, and
+      Ivory, and Tartar, and by a further Calcination making them White</i> (<a
+      href="#LPage_138">138</a>, <a href="#LPage_139">139</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The fourth</i> Experiment, <i>limiting the</i> Chymi&#383;t's <i>principle</i>,
+      Adu&#383;ta nigra &#383;ed peru&#383;ta alba, <i>by &#383;everal In&#383;tances
+      of Calcin'd Alaba&#383;ter, Lead, Antimony, Vitriol, and by the Te&#383;timony
+      of</i> Bellonius, <i>about the white Charcoles of</i> Oxy-cædar, <i>and by
+      that of</i> Camphire. (<a href="#LPage_140">140</a>, <a href="#LPage_141">141</a>,
+      <a href="#LPage_142">142</a>.) <i>That which follows about Inks was mi&#383;plac'd
+      by an Errour of the Printer, for it belongs to what has been formerly
+      &#383;aid of Galls</i> (<a href="#LPage_142">142</a>, <a href="#LPage_143">143</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The fifth</i> Experiment, <i>of the black Smoak of Camphire</i> (<a
+      href="#LPage_144">144</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The &#383;ixth</i> Experiment, <i>of a black</i> Caput Mortuum, <i>of
+      Oyl of Vitriol, with Oyl of Worm-word, and al&#383;o with Oyl of
+      Winter-Savory</i> (<a href="#LPage_145">145</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The &#383;eventh</i> Experiment, <i>of whitening Wax</i> (<a
+      href="#LPage_146">146</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The eighth</i> Experiment, <i>with Tin-gla&#383;s, and Sublimate</i> (<a
+      href="#LPage_147">147</a>, <a href="#LPage_148">148</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The ninth</i> Experiment, <i>of a Black powder of Gold in the bottom of</i>
+      Aqua-fortis, <i>and of the Blacking of Refin'd Gold and Silver</i> (<a
+      href="#LPage_148">148</a>, <a href="#LPage_149">149</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The tenth</i> Experiment, <i>of the &#383;taining Hair, Skin, Ivory</i>,
+      &amp;c. <i>Black, with Cry&#383;tals of Silver</i> (<a href="#LPage_150">150</a>,
+      <a href="#LPage_151">151</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The eleventh</i> Experiment, <i>about the Blackne&#383;s of the Skin,
+      and Hair of</i> Negroes, <i>and Inhabitants of Hot Climates. Several
+      Objections are made, and the whole Matter more fully di&#383;cours'd and
+      &#383;tated from &#383;everal notable Hi&#383;tories and Ob&#383;ervations</i>
+      (from the <a href="#LPage_151">151</a> to the <a href="#LPage_167">167</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The twelfth</i> Experiment, <i>of the white Powders, afforded by
+      Precipitating &#383;everal Bodies, as Crabs Eyes, Minium, Coral, Silver,
+      Lead, Tin, Quick-&#383;ilver, Tin-gla&#383;s, Antimony, Benzoin, and Re&#383;inous
+      Gumms out of Spirit of Wine</i>, &amp;c. <i>but this is not Univer&#383;al,
+      &#383;ince other Bodies, as Gold, Antimony, Quick-&#383;ilver</i>, &amp;c.
+      <i>may be Precipitated of other Colours</i> (<a href="#LPage_168">168</a>,
+      <a href="#LPage_169">169</a>, <a href="#LPage_170">170</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The thirteenth</i> Experiment, <i>of Changing the Blackne&#383;s of
+      &#383;ome Bodies into other Colours</i> (<a href="#LPage_171">171</a>, <a
+      href="#LPage_172">172</a>.) <i>and of Whitening what would be Minium, and
+      Copper, with Tin, and of Copper with Ar&#383;nick, which with Coppilling
+      again Vani&#383;hes; of covering the Colour of that of</i> 1/3 <i>of Gold
+      with</i> 2/3 <i>of Silver melted in a Ma&#383;s together</i> (<a
+      href="#LPage_173">173</a>, <a href="#LPage_174">174</a>)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The fourteenth</i> Experiment, <i>of turning the black Body of Horn
+      into a White immediately with Scraping, without changing the Sub&#383;tantial
+      form, or without the Intervention of Salt, Sulphur, or Mercury</i> (<a
+      href="#LPage_176">176</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The fifteenth</i> Experiment, <i>contains &#383;everal In&#383;tances
+      again&#383;t the Opinion of the</i> Chymi&#383;ts <i>that Sulphur</i> Adu&#383;t
+      <i>is the cau&#383;e of Blackne&#383;s, and the whole Matter is fully di&#383;cu&#383;s'd
+      and &#383;tated</i> (from <a href="#LPage_176">176</a> to <a
+      href="#LPage_184">184</a>)
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h2>
+      Part the Third.
+    </h2>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Concerning Promi&#383;cuous Experiments about Colours.</i>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      Experiment the Fir&#383;t.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>IN confirmation of a former Conjecture about the Generation of Colours
+      from diver&#383;ity of Reflections are &#383;et down &#383;everal Ob&#383;ervations
+      made in a Darkned room</i> (<a href="#LPage_186">186</a>, <a
+      href="#LPage_187">187</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Experiment <i>the &#383;econd, That white Linnen &#383;eem'd Ting'd with
+      the Red of Silk plac'd near it in a light Room</i> (<a href="#LPage_188">188</a>,<a
+      href="#LPage_189">189</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Experiment <i>the third, Of the Trajection of Light through Colour'd
+      Papers</i> (<a href="#LPage_189">189</a>, <a href="#LPage_190">190</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Experiment <i>the fourth, Ob&#383;ervations of a Pri&#383;m in a dark Room</i>
+      (<a href="#LPage_191">191</a>, <a href="#LPage_192">192</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Experiment <i>the fifth, Of the Refracting and Reflecting Pri&#383;matical
+      Colours in a light Room</i> (<a href="#LPage_193">193</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Experiment <i>the &#383;ixth, On the Vani&#383;hing of the</i> Iris <i>of
+      the Pri&#383;m, upon the acce&#383;s of a greater adventitious Light</i> (<a
+      href="#LPage_194">194</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Experiment <i>the &#383;eventh, Of the appearances of the &#383;ame
+      Colour'd Papers by Candle-light</i> (<a href="#LPage_195">195</a>, <a
+      href="#LPage_196">196</a>).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Experiment <i>the eighth, Of the Yellowne&#383;s of the Flame of a Candle</i>
+      (<a href="#LPage_197">197</a>).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Experiment <i>the ninth, Of the Greeni&#383;h Blew tran&#383;parency of
+      Leaf Gold</i> (<a href="#LPage_198">198</a>).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Experiment <i>the tenth, Of the curious Tinctures afforded by</i> Lignum
+      Nephriticum (from <a href="#LPage_199">199</a> to <a href="#LPage_203">203</a>).
+      <i>Several trials for the Inve&#383;tigation of the Nature of it</i> (from
+      <a href="#LPage_204">204</a> to <a href="#LPage_206">206</a>.) Kircher's
+      <i>relation of this Wood &#383;et down, and examin'd</i> (from <a
+      href="#LPage_206">206</a> to <a href="#LPage_212">212</a>). <i>A Corollary
+      on this tenth</i> Experiment, <i>&#383;hewing how it may be applicable for
+      the Di&#383;covering, whether any Salt be of an Acid, or a Sulphureous,
+      and Alcalizate Nature</i> (from <a href="#LPage_213">213</a> to <a
+      href="#LPage_216">216</a>).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The eleventh</i> Experiment, <i>Of certain pieces of Gla&#383;s that
+      afforded this Variety of Colours; And of the way of &#383;o Tinging any
+      Plate of Gla&#383;s with Silver</i> (from <a href="#LPage_216">216</a> to
+      <a href="#LPage_219">219</a>).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The twelfth</i> Experiment, <i>Of the Mixing and Tempering of Painters
+      Pigments</i> (<a href="#LPage_219">219</a>, <a href="#LPage_220">220</a>,
+      <a href="#LPage_221">221</a>).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The thirteenth</i> Experiment, <i>Of compounding &#383;everal Colours
+      by Trajecting the Sun-beams through Ting'd Gla&#383;&#383;es</i> (from <a
+      href="#LPage_221">221</a> to <a href="#LPage_224">224</a>).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The fourteenth</i> Experiment, <i>Of the Compounding of Real and Phanta&#383;tical
+      Colours, and the Re&#383;ults</i> (<a href="#LPage_224">224</a>, <a
+      href="#LPage_225">225</a>, <a href="#LPage_226">226</a>.) <i>as al&#383;o
+      the &#383;ame of Phanta&#383;tical Colours</i> (<a href="#LPage_226">226</a>,
+      <a href="#LPage_227">227</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The fifteenth</i> Experiment, <i>Of Varying the Trajected</i> Iris <i>by
+      a Colour'd Pri&#383;m</i> (<a href="#LPage_228">228</a>, <a
+      href="#LPage_229">229</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The &#383;ixteenth</i> Experiment, <i>Of the Red fumes of Spirit of</i>
+      Nitre, <i>and, the re&#383;embling Redne&#383;s of the Horizontal
+      Sun-beams</i> (<a href="#LPage_230">230</a>, <a href="#LPage_231">231</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The &#383;eventeenth</i> Experiment, <i>Of making a Green by nine Kinds
+      of Compo&#383;itions</i> (from <a href="#LPage_231">231</a> to <a
+      href="#LPage_236">236</a>.) <i>And &#383;ome Deductions from them again&#383;t
+      the nece&#383;&#383;ity of recurring to Sub&#383;tantial forms and Hypo&#383;tatical
+      principles for the production of Colours</i> (from <a href="#LPage_237">237</a>
+      to <a href="#LPage_240">240</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The eighteenth</i> Experiment, <i>Of &#383;everal Compo&#383;itions of
+      Blew and Yellow which produce not a Green, and of the production of a
+      Green by other Colours</i> (<a href="#LPage_241">241</a>, <a
+      href="#LPage_242">242</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The nineteenth</i> Experiment, <i>contains &#383;everal in&#383;tances
+      of producing Colours, without the alteration of any Hypo&#383;tatical
+      principle, by the Pri&#383;m, Bubbles, and Feathers</i> ( from <a
+      href="#LPage_242">242</a> to <a href="#LPage_245">245</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The twentieth</i> Experiment <i>Of turning the Blew of Violets into a
+      Red by Acid Salts, and to a Green by Alcalizate (<a href="#LPage_245">245</a>,
+      <a href="#LPage_246">246</a>.) and the u&#383;e of it for Inve&#383;tigating
+      the Nature of Salts</i> (<a href="#LPage_247">247</a>, <a href="#LPage_248">248</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The one and twentieth</i> Experiment, <i>of the &#383;ame Changes
+      effected by the &#383;ame means on the Blew Tinctures of Corn-flowers</i>
+      (<a href="#LPage_249">249</a>, <a href="#LPage_250">250</a>.) <i>And
+      &#383;ome Re&#383;trictions to &#383;hew it not to be &#383;o general a
+      propriety as one might imagine</i> (<a href="#LPage_251">251</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The twenty &#383;econd</i> Experiment, <i>of turning a Solution of
+      Verdigrea&#383;e into a Blew, with Alcalizate and Urinous Salts</i> (<a
+      href="#LPage_252">252</a>, <a href="#LPage_253">253</a>, <a
+      href="#LPage_254">254</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The twenty third</i> Experiment, <i>of taking away the Colour of Ro&#383;es
+      with the Steams of Sulphur, and heightning them with the Steams Condens'd
+      into Oyl of Sulphur</i> per Campanam (<a href="#LPage_254">254</a>, <a
+      href="#LPage_255">255</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The twenty fourth</i> Experiment, <i>of Tinging a great quantity of
+      Liquor with a very little Ting'd Sub&#383;tance, In&#383;tanced in</i>
+      Cochineel (from <a href="#LPage_255">255</a> to <a href="#LPage_257">257</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The twenty fifth</i> Experiment, <i>of the more general u&#383;e of
+      Alcalizate and Sulphureous Salts in the Tinctures of Vegetables, further
+      In&#383;tanced in the Tincture of Privet Berries, and of the Flowers of Me&#383;ereon
+      and Pea&#383;e</i> (from <a href="#LPage_257">257</a> to <a
+      href="#LPage_259">259</a>.) <i>An</i> Annotation, <i>&#383;hewing that of
+      the three Hypo&#383;tatical principles, Salt according to</i> Paracel&#383;us
+      <i>is the mo&#383;t active about Colours</i> (from <a href="#LPage_259">259</a>
+      to <a href="#LPage_261">261</a>.) <i>Some things Precur&#383;ory premis'd
+      to three &#383;everal In&#383;tances next following, again&#383;t the
+      fore-mention'd Operations of Salts</i> (<a href="#LPage_261">261</a>, <a
+      href="#LPage_262">262</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The twenty &#383;ixth</i> Experiment, <i>containing Trials with Acid
+      and Sulphureous Salts on the Red Tinctures of Clove-july-flowers,
+      Buckthorn Berries, Red-Ro&#383;es, Bra&#383;il</i>, &amp;c. (<a
+      href="#LPage_262">262</a>, <a href="#LPage_263">263</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The twenty &#383;eventh</i> Experiment, <i>of the changes of the Colour
+      of Ja&#383;min flowers, and Snow drops, by Alcalizate and Sulphureous
+      Salts</i> (<a href="#LPage_263">263</a>, <a href="#LPage_264">264</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The twenty eighth</i> Experiment, <i>of other differing Effects on
+      Mary-golds, Prim-ro&#383;es, and fre&#383;h Madder</i> (<a
+      href="#LPage_265">265</a>.) <i>with an Admonition, that the&#383;e Salts
+      may have differing Effects in the changing of the tinctures of divers
+      other Vegetables</i> (<a href="#LPage_266">266</a>, <a href="#LPage_267">267</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The twenty ninth</i> Experiment, <i>of the differing Effects of the&#383;e
+      Salts on Ripe and Unripe Juices, in&#383;tanced in Black-berries, and the
+      Juices of Ro&#383;es</i> (from <a href="#LPage_267">267</a> to <a
+      href="#LPage_270">270</a>.) <i>Two rea&#383;ons, why the Author added this
+      twenty ninth</i> Experiment, <i>the la&#383;t of which is confirm'd by an
+      In&#383;tance of Mr.</i> Parkin&#383;on, <i>con&#383;onant to the Confe&#383;&#383;ion
+      of the Makers of &#383;uch Colours</i> (<a href="#LPage_272">272</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The thirtieth</i> Experiment, <i>of &#383;everal changes in Colours by
+      Dige&#383;tion, exemplify'd by an</i> Amalgam <i>of</i> <img
+      src="images/gold.png" class="noborder" width="16" height="18" alt="Gold" />
+      <i>and</i> <img src="images/mercury.png" class="noborder" width="16"
+      height="18" alt="Mercury" /> <i>and by Spirit of Harts-horn. And (to &#383;uch
+      as believe it) by the changes of the</i> Elixir.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The thirty fir&#383;t</i> Experiment, <i>&#383;hewing that mo&#383;t
+      Tinctures drawn by Dige&#383;tion Incline to a Red, in&#383;tanc'd in</i>
+      Jalap, Guaicum, <i>Amber, Benzoin, Sulphur, Antimony</i>, &amp;c. (<a
+      href="#LPage_276">276</a>, <a href="#LPage_277">277</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The thirty &#383;econd</i> Experiment, <i>That &#383;ome Reds with
+      Diluting turn Yellow, others not, exemplify'd by the Tincture of</i>
+      Cochineel, <i>and by Bal&#383;am of</i> Sulphur, <i>Tinctures of</i>
+      Amber, &amp;c. (<a href="#LPage_277">277</a>, <a href="#LPage_278">278</a>,
+      <a href="#LPage_279">279</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The thirty third</i> Experiment, <i>of a Red Tincture of</i> Saccarum
+      <img src="images/lead.png" class="noborder" width="16" height="20"
+      alt="Saturni" /> <i>and Oyl of</i> Turpentine <i>made by Dige&#383;tion</i>
+      (<a href="#LPage_279">279</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The thirty fourth</i> Experiment, <i>of drawing a Volatile red Tincture
+      of Mercury</i>, <i>who&#383;e Steams were white, but it would Tinge the
+      Skin black </i> (<a href="#LPage_279">279</a>, <a href="#LPage_280">280</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The thirty fifth</i> Experiment, <i>of a &#383;uddain way of making a
+      Blood red Colour with Oyl of</i> Vitriol, <i>and Oyl of</i> Anni&#383;eeds,
+      <i>two tran&#383;parent Liquors </i> (<a href="#LPage_280">280</a>, <a
+      href="#LPage_281">281</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The thirty &#383;ixth</i> Experiment, <i>of the Degenerating of &#383;everal
+      Colours exemplify'd in the la&#383;t mention'd Blood red, and by Mr.</i>
+      Parkin&#383;ons <i>relation of</i> Turn&#383;ol, <i>by &#383;ome Trials
+      with the Juice of Buck-thorn Berries, and other Vegetables, to which
+      &#383;everal notable Con&#383;iderations and Adverti&#383;ements back'd
+      with</i> Experiments <i>are adjoyn'd</i> (from <a href="#LPage_281">281</a>
+      to <a href="#LPage_288">288</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The thirty &#383;eventh</i> Experiment, <i>Of Varying the Colour of the
+      Tinctures of</i> Cochineel, <i>Red-cherries, and Bra&#383;il, with Acid
+      and Sulphureous Salts, and divers Con&#383;iderations thereon</i> (from <a
+      href="#LPage_288">288</a> to <a href="#LPage_290">290</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The thirty eighth</i> Experiment, <i>About the Red fumes of &#383;ome,
+      and White of other di&#383;till'd Bodies, and of their Coalition for the
+      most part into a tran&#383;parent Liquor</i> (<a href="#LPage_290">290</a>,
+      <a href="#LPage_291">291</a>.) <i>And of the various Colours of dry
+      Sublimations, exemplify'd with &#383;everal</i> Experiments (<a
+      href="#LPage_292">292</a>, <a href="#LPage_293">293</a>, <a
+      href="#LPage_294">294</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The thirty ninth</i> Experiment, <i>Of Varying the Decoction of</i>
+      Balau&#383;tiums <i>with Acid and Urinous Salts</i> (<a href="#LPage_294">294</a>,
+      <a href="#LPage_295">295</a>.) <i>Some</i> Annotations <i>wherein two</i>
+      Experiments <i>of</i> Ga&#383;&#383;endus <i>are Related, Examined, and
+      Improv'd</i> (from <a href="#LPage_295">295</a> to <a href="#LPage_302">302</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The fortieth</i> Experiment, <i>Of the no le&#383;s Strange than Plea&#383;ant
+      changes made with a Solution of Sublimate</i> (from <a href="#LPage_301">301</a>
+      to <a href="#LPage_306">306</a>.) <i>The difference between a Chymical axd
+      Philo&#383;ophical Solution of a</i> Phænomenon (<a href="#LPage_307">307</a>,
+      <a href="#LPage_308">308</a>.) <i>The Authors Chymical Explication of the</i>
+      Phænomena, <i>confirm d by &#383;everal</i> Experiments <i>made on</i>
+      Mercury, <i>with &#383;everal Saline Liquors</i> (from <a href="#LPage_308">308</a>
+      to <a href="#LPage_310">310</a>.) <i>An Improvement of the fortieth</i>
+      Experiment, <i>by a fre&#383;h Decoction of</i> Antimony <i>in a</i>
+      Lixivium (<a href="#LPage_311">311</a>, <a href="#LPage_312">312</a>, <a
+      href="#LPage_313">313</a>.) <i>Reflections on the tenth, twentieth, and
+      fortieth</i> Experiments, <i>compar'd together, &#383;hewing a way with
+      this Tincture of Sublimate to di&#383;tingui&#383;h whether any Saline
+      Body to be examin'd be of a Urinous or Alcalizate Nature</i> (from <a
+      href="#LPage_314">314</a> to <a href="#LPage_317">317</a>.) <i>The
+      Examination of Spirit of</i> Sal-armoniack, <i>and Spirit of</i> Oak <i>by
+      the&#383;e Principles</i> (from <a href="#LPage_316">316</a> to <a
+      href="#LPage_319">319</a>.) <i>That the Author knows ways of making highly
+      Operative Saline bodies, that produce none of the before mention'd effects</i>
+      (<a href="#LPage_319">319</a>, <a href="#LPage_320">320</a>.) <i>Some
+      notable</i> Experiments <i>about Solutions and Precipitations of Gold and
+      Silver</i> (<a href="#LPage_320">320</a>, <a href="#LPage_321">321</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The one and fortieth</i> Experiment, <i>Of Depriving a deep Blew
+      Solution of Copper of its Colour</i> (<a href="#LPage_322">322</a>.) <i>to
+      which is adjoyn'd the Di&#383;colouring or making Tran&#383;parent a
+      Solution of Verdigrea&#383;e, &amp;c. and another of Re&#383;toring or
+      Increa&#383;ing it</i> (<a href="#LPage_322">322</a>, <a href="#LPage_323">323</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The forty &#383;econd</i> Experiment, <i>Of changing a Milk white
+      Precipitate of</i> Mercury <i>into a Yellow, by Affu&#383;ion of fair
+      Water, with &#383;everal Con&#383;iderations thereon</i> (from <a
+      href="#LPage_323">323</a> to <a href="#LPage_326">326</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The forty third</i> Experiment, <i>Of Extracting a Green Solution with
+      fair Water out of imperfectly Calcin'd Vitriol</i> (<a href="#LPage_327">327</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The forty fourth</i> Experiment, <i>Of the Deepning and Diluting of
+      &#383;everal Tinctures, by the Affu&#383;ions of Liquors, and by Conical
+      Gla&#383;&#383;es that contain'd them, Exemplify'd in the Tinctures of</i>
+      Cochineel, Bra&#383;il, Verdigrea&#383;e, Gla&#383;s, Litmus, <i>of which
+      la&#383;t on this occa&#383;ion &#383;everal plea&#383;ant</i> Phænomena
+      <i>are related</i> (from <a href="#LPage_328">328</a> to <a
+      href="#LPage_335">335</a>.) <i>To which are adjoyn'd certain Cautional
+      Corollaries </i> (<a href="#LPage_335">335</a>, <a href="#LPage_336">336</a>.)
+      <i>The Waterdrinker and &#383;ome of his Legerdemain tricks related.</i>(<a
+      href="#LPage_337">337</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The forty fifth</i> Experiment, <i>Of the turning Rheni&#383;h and
+      White Wine into a lovely Green, with a preparation of Steel </i>(<a
+      href="#LPage_338">338</a>, <a href="#LPage_339">339</a>.) <i>Some further
+      Trial made about the&#383;e Tinctures, and a Similar</i> Experiment <i>of</i>
+      Olaus Wormius (<a href="#LPage_340">340</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The forty &#383;ixth</i> Experiment, <i>Of the Internal Colour of
+      Metalls exhibited by Calcination</i> (<a href="#LPage_341">341</a>, <a
+      href="#LPage_342">342</a>, <a href="#LPage_343">343</a>.) Annotation <i>the
+      first, That &#383;everal degrees of Fire may di&#383;clo&#383;e a
+      differing Colour</i> (<a href="#LPage_343">343</a>.) Annotation <i>the
+      &#383;econd, That the Gla&#383;&#383;es of Metalls may exhibit al&#383;o
+      other Kinds of Colours</i> (<a href="#LPage_344">344</a>.) Annotation <i>the
+      third, That Minerals by &#383;everal degrees of Fire may di&#383;clo&#383;e
+      &#383;everal Colours</i>(<a href="#LPage_345">345</a>).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Experiment <i>the forty &#383;eventh, Of the Internal Colours of Metalls
+      di&#383;clos'd by their Di&#383;&#383;olutions in &#383;everal</i> Men&#383;truums
+      (from <a href="#LPage_345">345</a> to <a href="#LPage_350">350</a>.)
+      Annotation <i>the fir&#383;t, The Authors Apology for Recording &#383;ome
+      already known</i> Experiments, <i>without mentioning their Authors</i>
+      (from <a href="#LPage_350">350</a> to <a href="#LPage_352">352</a>.)
+      Annotation <i>the &#383;econd, That &#383;ome Minerals al&#383;o by Di&#383;&#383;olutions
+      in</i> Men&#383;truums <i>may exhibit divers Colours</i>. Annotation <i>the
+      third, That Metalls di&#383;clo&#383;e other Colours by Precipitations, in&#383;tanc'd
+      in</i> Mercury (from <a href="#LPage_353">353</a> to <a href="#LPage_355">355</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The forty eighth</i> Experiment, <i>Of Tinging Gla&#383;s Blew with
+      Leaf Silver, and with Calcin'd Copper, and White with Putty</i> (from <a
+      href="#LPage_355">355</a> to <a href="#LPage_358">358</a>.) Annotation <i>the
+      fir&#383;t, That this white Gla&#383;s is the Ba&#383;is of Ammels</i> (<a
+      href="#LPage_358">358</a>.) Annotion <i>the &#383;econd, That Colour'd Gla&#383;&#383;es
+      may be Compounded like Colour'd Liquors in Dying Fats</i> (<a
+      href="#LPage_359">359</a>.) Annotation <i>the third, Of Tinging Gla&#383;s
+      with Minerel Sub&#383;tances, and of trying what Metalls they contain by
+      this means</i> (from <a href="#LPage_360">360</a> to <a href="#LPage_362">362</a>.)
+      Annotation <i>the fourth, That Metalls may be Ting'd by Mineralls</i> (<a
+      href="#LPage_362">362</a>, <a href="#LPage_363">363</a>.) Annotation <i>the
+      fifth, Of making &#383;everal Kinds of Amau&#383;es or Counterfeit Stones</i>
+      (from <a href="#LPage_363">363</a> to <a href="#LPage_365">365</a>.)
+      Annotation <i>the &#383;ixth, Of the Scarlet Dye, of the Stains of di&#383;&#383;olv'd
+      Gold and Silver</i> (<a href="#LPage_366">366</a>, <a href="#LPage_367">367</a>)
+      <i>Of the Greenne&#383;s of Salt Beef, and Redne&#383;s of Neats Tongues
+      from Salts; of Gilding Silver with Bathe Water</i> (<a href="#LPage_368">368</a>,
+      <a href="#LPage_369">369</a>.) <i>And Tinging the Nails and Skin with</i>
+      Alcanna (<a href="#LPage_369">369</a>)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The forty ninth</i> Experiment, <i>Of making Lakes</i> (<a
+      href="#LPage_369">369</a>.) <i>A particular example in Turmerick</i> (<a
+      href="#LPage_370">370</a>, <a href="#LPage_371">371</a>.) Annotation <i>the
+      first, That in Precipitations wherein Allum is a Coefficient, a great part
+      of them may con&#383;i&#383;t of the Stony particles of that Compound Body</i>
+      (from <a href="#LPage_372">372</a> to <a href="#LPage_375">375</a>.)
+      Annotation <i>the &#383;econd, That Lakes may be made of other Sub&#383;tances,
+      as Madder, Rue,</i> &amp;c. <i>but that Alcalizate Salts do not Always
+      Extract the &#383;ame Colour of which the Vegetable appears</i> (from <a
+      href="#LPage_376">376</a> to <a href="#LPage_378">378</a>.) Annotation <i>the
+      third, That the</i> Experiments <i>related may Hint divers others</i> (<a
+      href="#LPage_378">378</a>) Annotation <i>the fourth, That Alum is u&#383;efull
+      for the preparing other than Vegetable Pigments</i> (<a href="#LPage_379">379</a>.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The fiftieth</i> Experiment, <i>Of the Similar effects of</i> Saccarum
+      <img src="images/lead.png" class="noborder" width="16" height="20"
+      alt="Saturni" /> <i>and</i> Alkalies, <i>of Precipitating with Oyl of</i>
+      Vitriol <i>out of</i> Aqua-fortis, <i>and Spirit of</i> Vinegar; <i>and of
+      divers Varyings of the Colours, with the&#383;e Compounded</i> (from <a
+      href="#LPage_380">380</a> to <a href="#LPage_384">384</a>.) <i>Another
+      very pretty</i> Experiment, <i>with a Solution of</i> Minium (<a
+      href="#LPage_384">384</a>, <a href="#LPage_385">385</a>.) <i>That the&#383;e</i>
+      Experiments <i>Skilfully dige&#383;ted may hint divers matters about
+      Colours</i> (<a href="#LPage_386">386</a>.) <i>The Authors Apologetick
+      conclu&#383;ion, in which is Cur&#383;orily hinted the Bow or Scarlet Dye</i>
+      (<a href="#LPage_387">387</a>.) <i>The Authors Letter to Sir</i> Robert
+      Moray, <i>concerning his Ob&#383;ervations on the Shining Diamond</i> (<a
+      href="#LPage_391">391</a>. &amp;c.) <i>And the Ob&#383;ervations them&#383;elves</i>.
+    </p>
+    <div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/039b.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+    </div>
+    <!--  Page 1 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_1" id="LPage_1"></a>[pg 1]</span>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/040a.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px"><i>THE</i></span><br />
+      <span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px"><i>EXPERIMENTAL HISTORY</i></span><br />
+      <span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px"><i>OF COLOURS BEGUN.</i></span><br />
+    </h2>
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px"><i>THE FIRST PART.</i></span><br />
+    </h2>
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px">CHAP. I.</span><br />
+    </h2>
+    <table>
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top">
+          1
+        </td>
+        <td>
+          <img width="80" height="80" src="images/040b.png" alt="Illuminated I" />
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      have &#383;een you &#383;o pa&#383;&#383;ionately addicted, <i>Pyrophilus</i>
+      to the delightful Art of Limning and Painting, that I cannot but think my
+      &#383;elf obliged to acquaint you with &#383;ome of tho&#383;e things that
+      have occurred to mee concerning the changes of Colours. And I may expect
+      that I &#383;hall as well &#383;erve the <i>Virtuo&#383;i</i> in general,
+      as gratifie you in particular, by furni&#383;hing a per&#383;on, who, I
+      hope, will both improve my Communications, and communicate his
+      Improvements, with &#383;uch Experiments and Ob&#383;ervations as may both
+      invite you to enquire &#383;eriou&#383;ly into the Nature of Colours, and
+      a&#383;&#383;i&#383;t you in the Inve&#383;tigation of it. This being the
+      principal &#383;cope of the following Tract, I &#383;hould do that which
+      might prevent my own de&#383;ign,
+       <!--  Page 2 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_2" id="LPage_2"></a>[pg
+      2]</span> if I &#383;hould here attempt to deliver you an accurate and
+      particular Theory of Colours; for that were to pre&#383;ent you with what
+      I de&#383;ire to receive from you; and, as farr as in mee lay, to make
+      that &#383;tudy needle&#383;s, to which I would engage you.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      2 Wherefore my pre&#383;ent work &#383;hall be but to divert and recreate,
+      as well as excite you by the delivery of matters of fact, &#383;uch as you
+      may for the mo&#383;t part try with much <i>ea&#383;e</i>, and po&#383;&#383;ibly
+      not without &#383;ome <i>delight</i>: And le&#383;t you &#383;hould expect
+      any thing of Elaborate or Methodical in what you will meet with here, I mu&#383;t
+      confe&#383;s to you before-hand, that the &#383;ea&#383;ons I was wont to
+      chu&#383;e to devi&#383;e and try Experiments about Colours, were tho&#383;e
+      daies, wherein having taken Phy&#383;ick, and finding my &#383;elf as
+      unfit to &#383;peculate, as unwilling to be altogether idle, I cho&#383;e
+      this diver&#383;ion, as a kind of Mean betwixt the one and the other. And
+      I have the le&#383;s &#383;crupled to &#383;et down the following
+      Experiments, as &#383;ome of them came to my mind, and as the Notes
+      wherein I had &#383;et down the re&#383;t, occurr'd to my hands, that by
+      declining a Methodical way of delivering them, I might leave you and my
+      &#383;elf the greater liberty and convenience to add to them, and tran&#383;po&#383;e
+      them as &#383;hall appear expedient.
+       <!--  Page 3 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_3" id="LPage_3"></a>[pg
+      3]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      3 Yea, that you may not think mee too re&#383;erv'd, or look upon an
+      Enquiry made up of meer Narratives, as &#383;omewhat jejune, am content to
+      <i>premi&#383;e</i> a few con&#383;iderations, that now offer them&#383;elves
+      to my thoughts, which relate in a more general way, either to the Nature
+      of Colours, or to the &#383;tudy of it. And I &#383;hall <i>in&#383;ert</i>
+      an <i>E&#383;&#383;ay</i>, as well Speculative as Hi&#383;torical, of the
+      Nature of Whitene&#383;s and Blackne&#383;s, that you may have a <i>Specimen</i>
+      of the Hi&#383;tory of Colours, I have &#383;ometimes had thoughts of; and
+      if you di&#383;like not the Method I have made u&#383;e of, I hope, you,
+      and &#383;ome of the <i>Virtuo&#383;i</i>, your friends, may be thereby
+      invited to go thorow with <i>Red, Blew, Yellow</i>, and the re&#383;t of
+      the particular Colours, as I have done with <i>White</i> and <i>Black</i>,
+      but with farr more &#383;agacity and &#383;ucce&#383;s. And if I can
+      invite Ingenious men to undertake &#383;uch Tasks, I doubt not but the
+      Curious will quickly obtain a better Account of Colours, than as yet we
+      have, &#383;ince in our Method the Theorical part of the Enquiry being
+      attended, and as it were interwoven with the Hi&#383;torical, whatever
+      becomes of the di&#383;putable Conjectures, the Philo&#383;ophy of Colours
+      will be promoted by the indi&#383;putable Experiments.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 4 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_4" id="LPage_4"></a>[pg 4]</span>
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      CHAP. II.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      1 To come then in the fir&#383;t place to our more general Con&#383;iderations,
+      I &#383;hall begin with &#383;aying &#383;omething as to the Importance of
+      examining the Colours of Bodies. For there are &#383;ome, e&#383;pecially
+      <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i>, who think, that a con&#383;iderable diver&#383;ity
+      of Colours does con&#383;tantly argue an equal diver&#383;ity of Nature,
+      in the Bodies wherein it is con&#383;picuous; but I confe&#383;s I am not
+      altogether of their mind; for not to mention changeable Taffaties, the
+      blew and golden necks of Pidgeons, and divers Water-fowl, Rainbows Natural
+      and Artificial, and other Bodies, who&#383;e Colours the Philo&#383;ophers
+      have been plea&#383;ed to call not Real, but Apparent and Phanta&#383;tical;
+      not to in&#383;i&#383;t on the&#383;e, I &#383;ay, (for fear of needle&#383;ly
+      engaging in a Controver&#383;ie) we &#383;ee in Parrots, Goldfinches, and
+      divers other Birds, not only that the contiguous feathers which are
+      probably as near in properties as place, are &#383;ome of them Red, and
+      others White, &#383;ome of them Blew, &amp; others Yellow, <i>&amp;c.</i>
+      but that in the &#383;everal parts of the &#383;elf-&#383;ame feather
+      there may often be &#383;een the greate&#383;t di&#383;parity of Colours;
+      and &#383;o in the leaves of Tulips, July-flowers, and &#383;ome other
+      Vegetables
+       <!--  Page 5 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_5" id="LPage_5"></a>[pg
+      5]</span> the &#383;everal leaves, and even the &#383;everal parts of the
+      &#383;ame leaf, although no difference have been ob&#383;erved in their
+      other properties, are frequently found painted with very different
+      Colours. And &#383;uch a variety we have much more admired in that lovely
+      plant which is commonly, and not unju&#383;tly call'd the <i>Marvayl of
+      Peru</i>; for of divers &#383;cores of fine Flowers, which in its &#383;ea&#383;on
+      that gaudy Plant does almo&#383;t daily produce, I have &#383;carce taken
+      notice of any two that were dyed perfectly alike. But though <i>Pyro</i>:
+      &#383;uch things as the&#383;e, among others, keep mee from daring to
+      affirm, that the Diver&#383;ity and change of Colours does <i>alwaies</i>
+      argue any great difference or alteration, betwixt, or in, the Bodies,
+      wherein it is to be di&#383;cerned, yet that <i>oftentimes</i> the
+      Alteration of Colours does &#383;ignifie con&#383;iderable Alterations in
+      the di&#383;po&#383;ition of parts of Bodies, may appear in the Extraction
+      of Tinctures, and divers other Chymical Operations, wherein the change of
+      Colours is the chief, and &#383;ometimes the only thing, by which the Arti&#383;t
+      regulates his proceeding, and is taught to know when 'tis &#383;ea&#383;onable
+      for him to leave off. In&#383;tances of this &#383;ort are more obvious in
+      divers &#383;orts of fruits, as Cherries, Plums, &amp;c. wherein,
+      according as the Vegetable &#383;ap is &#383;weetned, or otherwi&#383;e
+       <!--  Page 6 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_6" id="LPage_6"></a>[pg
+      6]</span> ripened, by pa&#383;&#383;ing from one degree to another of
+      Maturation, the external part of the fruit pa&#383;&#383;es likewi&#383;e
+      from one to another Colour. But one of the noble&#383;t In&#383;tances I
+      have met with of this kind, is not &#383;o obvious; and that is the way of
+      tempering Steel to make Gravers, Drills, Springs, and other Mechanical In&#383;truments,
+      which we have divers times both made Artificers practi&#383;e in our pre&#383;ence,
+      and tryed our &#383;elves, after the following manner, Fir&#383;t, the
+      &#383;lender Steel to be tempered is to be hardened by heating as much of
+      it as is requi&#383;ite among glowing Coals, till it be glowing hot, but
+      it mu&#383;t not be quenched a&#383;&#383;oon as it is taken from the fire
+      (for that would make it too brittle, and &#383;poil it) but mu&#383;t be
+      held over a ba&#383;on of water, till it de&#383;cend from a White heat to
+      a Red one, which a&#383;&#383;oon as ever you perceive, you mu&#383;t
+      immediately quench as much as you de&#383;ire to harden in the cold water.
+      The Steel thus hardened, will, if it be good, look &#383;omewhat White and
+      mu&#383;t be made bright at the end, that its change of Colours may be
+      there con&#383;picuous; and then holding it &#383;o in the flame of a
+      Candle, that the bright end may be, for about half an inch, or more, out
+      of the flame, that the &#383;moak do not &#383;tain or &#383;ully the
+      brightne&#383;s of it, you &#383;hall after a
+       <!--  Page 7 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_7" id="LPage_7"></a>[pg
+      7]</span> while &#383;ee that clean end, which is almo&#383;t contiguous
+      to the flame, pa&#383;s very nimbly from one Colour to another, as from a
+      brighter Yellow, to a deeper and reddi&#383;h Yellow, which Artificers
+      call a <i>&#383;anguine</i>, and from that to a fainter fir&#383;t, and
+      then a a deeper Blew. And to bring home this Experiment to our pre&#383;ent
+      purpo&#383;e, it is found by daily Experience, that each of the&#383;e
+      &#383;ucceeding Colours argue &#383;uch a change made in the texture of
+      the Steel, that if it be taken from the flame, and immediately quenched in
+      the tallow (whereby it is &#383;etled in whatever temper it had before)
+      when it is Yellow, it is of &#383;uch a hardne&#383;s as makes it fit for
+      Gravers Drills, and &#383;uch like tools; but if it be kept a few minutes
+      longer in the flame till it grow Blew, it becomes much &#383;ofter, and
+      unfit to make Gravers for Metalls, but fit to make Springs for Watches,
+      and &#383;uch like In&#383;truments, which are therefore commonly of that
+      Colour; and if the Steel be kept in the flame, after that this deep Blew
+      hath di&#383;clo&#383;ed it &#383;elf, it will grow &#383;o &#383;oft, as
+      to need to be new hardened again, before it can be brought to a temper,
+      fit for Drills or Penknives. And I confe&#383;s <i>Pyro.</i> I have taken
+      much plea&#383;ure to &#383;ee the Colours run along from the parts of the
+      Steel contiguous to the flame, to the end of the In&#383;trument,
+       <!--  Page 8 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_8" id="LPage_8"></a>[pg
+      8]</span> and &#383;ucceed one another &#383;o fa&#383;t, that if a man be
+      not vigilant, to thru&#383;t the Steel into the tallow at the very nick of
+      time, at which it has attain'd its due Colour, he &#383;hall mi&#383;s of
+      giving his tool the right temper. But becau&#383;e the flame of a Candle
+      is offen&#383;ive to my weak eyes, and becau&#383;e it is apt to either
+      black or &#383;ully the contiguous part of the Steel which is held in it,
+      and thereby hinder the change of Colours from being &#383;o long and
+      clearly di&#383;cern'd, I have &#383;ometimes made this Experiment by
+      laying the Steel to be tempered upon a heated bar of Iron, which we finde
+      al&#383;o to be employ'd by &#383;ome Artificers in the tempering of
+      &#383;uch great In&#383;truments, as are too big to be &#383;oon heated
+      &#383;ufficiently by the flame of a Candle. And you may ea&#383;ily &#383;atisfie
+      your &#383;elf <i>Pyro</i>: of the differing hardne&#383;s and toughne&#383;s,
+      which is a&#383;cribed to Steel temper'd at different Colours, if you
+      break but &#383;ome &#383;lender wires of Steel &#383;o temper'd, and ob&#383;erve
+      how they differ in brittlene&#383;s, and if with a file you al&#383;o make
+      tryal of their various degrees of hardne&#383;s.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      2 But <i>Pyrophilus</i>, I mu&#383;t not at pre&#383;ent any further pro&#383;ecute
+      the Con&#383;ideration of the importance of Experiments about Colours, not
+      only becau&#383;e you will in the following papers finde &#383;ome in&#383;tances,
+      that would here
+       <!--  Page 9 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_9" id="LPage_9"></a>[pg
+      9]</span> be pre&#383;ented you out of their due place, of the u&#383;e
+      that may be made of &#383;uch Experiments, in di&#383;covering in divers
+      bodies, what kind the &#383;alt is, that is predominant in them; but al&#383;o
+      becau&#383;e a &#383;peculative Naturali&#383;t might ju&#383;tly enough
+      allege, that as Light is &#383;o plea&#383;ing an object, as to be well
+      worth our looking on, though it di&#383;cover'd to us nothing but its
+      &#383;elf; &#383;o modifi'd Light called Colour, were worth our
+      contemplation, though by under&#383;tanding its Nature we &#383;hould be
+      taught nothing el&#383;e. And however, I need not make either you or my
+      &#383;elf excu&#383;es for entertaining you on the &#383;ubject I am now
+      about to treat of, &#383;ince the plea&#383;ure <i>Pyro</i>: takes in
+      mixing and laying on of Colours, will I pre&#383;ume keep him, and will (I
+      am &#383;ure) keep mee from thinking it trouble&#383;ome to &#383;et down,
+      e&#383;pecially after the tedious proce&#383;&#383;es (about other
+      matters) wherewith I fear I may have tyr'd him, &#383;ome ea&#383;ie, and
+      not unplea&#383;ant Experiments relating to that &#383;ubject.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      3 But, before we de&#383;cend to the more particular con&#383;iderations,
+      we are to pre&#383;ent you concerning Colours, I pre&#383;ume it will be
+      &#383;ea&#383;onable to propo&#383;e at the very entrance a Di&#383;tinction;
+      the ignorance or neglect of which, &#383;eems to mee to have frequently
+      enough occa&#383;ioned either mi&#383;takes or confu&#383;ion
+       <!--  Page 10 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_10" id="LPage_10"></a>[pg
+      10]</span> in the Writings of divers Modern Philo&#383;ophers; for Colour
+      may be con&#383;idered, either as it is a quality re&#383;iding in the
+      body that is &#383;aid to be coloured, or to modifie the light after
+      &#383;uch or &#383;uch a manner; or el&#383;e as the Light it &#383;elf,
+      which &#383;o modifi'd, &#383;trikes upon the organ of &#383;ight, and
+      &#383;o cau&#383;es that Sen&#383;ation which we call Colour; and that
+      this latter may be look'd upon as the more proper, though not the u&#383;ual
+      acception of the word Colour, will be made probable by divers pa&#383;&#383;ages
+      in the in&#383;uing part of our di&#383;cour&#383;e; and indeed it is the
+      Light it &#383;elf, which after a certain manner, either mingled with
+      &#383;hades, or &#383;ome other waies troubled, &#383;trikes our eyes,
+      that does more immediately produce that motion in the organ, upon who&#383;e
+      account men &#383;ay they &#383;ee &#383;uch or &#383;uch a Colour in the
+      object; yet, becau&#383;e there is in the body that is &#383;aid to be
+      coloured, a certain di&#383;po&#383;ition of the &#383;uperficial
+      particles, whereby it &#383;ends the Light reflected, or refracted, to our
+      eyes thus and thus alter'd, and not otherwi&#383;e, it may al&#383;o in
+      &#383;ome &#383;en&#383;e be &#383;aid, that Colour depends upon the vi&#383;ible
+      body; and therefore we &#383;hall not be again&#383;t that way of &#383;peaking
+      of Colours that is mo&#383;t u&#383;ed among the Modern Naturali&#383;ts,
+      provided we be allowed to have recour&#383;e when occa&#383;ion &#383;hall
+       <!--  Page 11 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_11" id="LPage_11"></a>[pg
+      11]</span> require to the premis'd di&#383;tinction, and to take the more
+      immediate cau&#383;e of Colour to be the modifi'd Light it &#383;elf, as
+      it affects the Sen&#383;ory; though the di&#383;po&#383;ition al&#383;o of
+      the colour'd body, as that modifies the Light, may be call'd by that name
+      Metonimically (to borrow a School term) or Efficiently, that is in regard
+      of its turning the Light, that rebounds from it, or pa&#383;&#383;es
+      thorow it, into this or that particular Colour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      4 I know not whether I may not on this occa&#383;ion add, that Colour is
+      &#383;o far from being an Inherent quality of the object in the &#383;en&#383;e
+      that is wont to be declar'd by the Schools, or even in the &#383;en&#383;e
+      of &#383;ome Modern Atomi&#383;ts, that, if we con&#383;ider the matter
+      more attentively, we &#383;hall &#383;ee cau&#383;e to &#383;u&#383;pect,
+      if not to conclude, that though Light do more immediately affect the organ
+      of &#383;ight, than do the bodies that &#383;end it thither, yet Light it
+      &#383;elf produces the &#383;en&#383;ation of a Colour, but as it produces
+      &#383;uch a determinate kind of local motion in &#383;ome part of the
+      brain; which, though it happen mo&#383;t commonly from the motion
+      whereinto the &#383;lender &#383;trings of the <i>Retina</i> are put, by
+      the appul&#383;e of Light, yet if the like motion happen to be produc'd by
+      any other cau&#383;e, wherein the Light concurrs not at
+       <!--  Page 12 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_12" id="LPage_12"></a>[pg
+      12]</span> all, a man &#383;hall think he &#383;ees the &#383;ame Colour.
+      For proof of this, I might put you in mind, that 'tis u&#383;ual for
+      dreaming men to think they &#383;ee the Images that appear to them in
+      their &#383;leep, adorn'd &#383;ome with this, and &#383;ome with that
+      lively Colour, whil&#383;t yet, both the curtains of their bed, and tho&#383;e
+      of their eyes are clo&#383;e drawn. And I might add the confidence with
+      which di&#383;tracted per&#383;ons do oftentimes, when they are awake,
+      think, they &#383;ee black fiends in places, where there is no black
+      object in &#383;ight without them. But I will rather ob&#383;erve, that
+      not only when a man receives a great &#383;troak upon his eye, or a very
+      great one upon &#383;ome other part of his head, he is wont to &#383;ee,
+      as it were, fla&#383;hes of lightning, and little vivid, but vani&#383;hing
+      flames, though perhaps his eyes be &#383;hut: But the like apparitions may
+      happen, when the motion proceeds not from &#383;omething without, but from
+      &#383;omething within the body, provided the unwonted fumes that wander up
+      and down in the head, or the propagated concu&#383;&#383;ion of any
+      internal part in the body, do cau&#383;e about the inward extremities of
+      the Optick Nerve, &#383;uch a motion as is wont to be there produc'd, when
+      the &#383;troak of the Light upon the <i>Retina</i> makes us conclude,
+      that we &#383;ee either Light, or &#383;uch and &#383;uch a
+       <!--  Page 13 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_13" id="LPage_13"></a>[pg
+      13]</span> Colour: This the mo&#383;t ingenious <i>Des Cartes</i> hath
+      very well ob&#383;erv'd, but becau&#383;e he &#383;eems not to have
+      exemplifi'd it by any unobvious or peculiar ob&#383;ervation, I &#383;hall
+      indeavour to illu&#383;trate this doctrine by a few In&#383;tances.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      5 And fir&#383;t, I remember, that having, through Gods goodne&#383;s,
+      been free for &#383;everal years, from trouble&#383;ome Coughs, being
+      afterwards, by an accident, &#383;uddenly ca&#383;t into a violent one, I
+      did often, when I was awaked in the night by my di&#383;tempers, ob&#383;erve,
+      that upon coughing &#383;trongly, it would &#383;eem to mee, that I &#383;aw
+      very vivid, but immediately di&#383;appearing flames, which I took
+      particular notice of, becau&#383;e of the conjecture I am now mentioning.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      6 An excellent and very di&#383;creet per&#383;on, very near ally'd both
+      to you and mee, was relating to mee, that &#383;ome time &#383;ince, whil&#383;t
+      &#383;he was talking with &#383;ome other Ladies, upon a &#383;udden, all
+      the objects, &#383;he looked upon, appeared to her dyed with unu&#383;ual
+      Colours, &#383;ome of one kind, and &#383;ome of another, but all &#383;o
+      bright and vivid, that &#383;he &#383;hould have been as much delighted,
+      as &#383;urpriz'd with them, but that finding the apparition to continue,
+      &#383;he fear'd it portended &#383;ome very great alteration as to her
+      health: As indeed the day after &#383;he was a&#383;&#383;aulted
+       <!--  Page 14 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_14" id="LPage_14"></a>[pg
+      14]</span> with &#383;uch violence by Hy&#383;terical and Hypocondrical Di&#383;tempers,
+      as both made her rave for &#383;ome daies, and gave her, during that time,
+      a Ba&#383;tard Pal&#383;ey.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      7 Being a while &#383;ince in a Town, where the Plague had made great
+      havock, and inquiring of an ingenious man, that was &#383;o bold, as
+      without much &#383;cruple to vi&#383;it tho&#383;e that were &#383;ick of
+      it, about the odd &#383;ymptomes of a Di&#383;ea&#383;e that had &#383;wept
+      away &#383;o many there; he told mee, among other things, that he was able
+      to tell divers Patients, to whom he was called, before they took their
+      beds, or had any evident &#383;ymptomes of the Plague, that they were
+      indeed infected upon peculiar ob&#383;ervations, that being asked, they
+      would tell him that the neighbouring objects, and particularly his cloths,
+      appear'd to them beautifi'd with mo&#383;t glorious Colours, like tho&#383;e
+      of the Rainbow, oftentimes &#383;ucceeding one another; and this he
+      affirm'd to be one of the mo&#383;t u&#383;ual, as well as the mo&#383;t
+      early &#383;ymptomes, by which this odd Pe&#383;tilence di&#383;clos'd it
+      &#383;elf: And when I asked how long the Patients were wont to be thus
+      affected, he an&#383;wered, that it was mo&#383;t commonly for about a
+      day; and when I further inquired whether or no Vomits, which in that Pe&#383;tilence
+      were u&#383;ually given, did not remove this &#383;ymptome
+       <!--  Page 15 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_15" id="LPage_15"></a>[pg
+      15]</span> (For &#383;ome u&#383;ed the taking of a Vomit, when they came
+      a&#383;hore, to cure them&#383;elves of the ob&#383;tinate and trouble&#383;ome
+      giddine&#383;s caus'd by the motion of the &#383;hip) reply'd, that
+      generally, upon the evacuation made by the Vomit, that &#383;trange
+      apparition of Colours cea&#383;ed, though the other &#383;ymptomes were
+      not &#383;o &#383;oon abated, yet he added (to take notice of that upon
+      the by, becau&#383;e the ob&#383;ervation may perchance do good) that an
+      excellent Phy&#383;ician, in who&#383;e company he was wont to vi&#383;it
+      the &#383;ick, did give to almo&#383;t all tho&#383;e to whom he was
+      called, in the beginning before Nature was much weakened, a pretty odd
+      Vomit con&#383;i&#383;ting of eight or ten dramms of Infu&#383;ion of <i>Crocus
+      Metallorum</i>, and about half a dramm, or much more, of White Vitriol,
+      with &#383;uch &#383;ucce&#383;s, that &#383;carce one of ten to whom it
+      was &#383;ea&#383;onably admini&#383;tred, mi&#383;carried.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      8 But to return to the con&#383;ideration of Colours: As an apparition of
+      them may be produced by motions from within, without the a&#383;&#383;i&#383;tance
+      of an outward object, &#383;o I have ob&#383;erved, that 'tis &#383;ometimes
+      po&#383;&#383;ible that the Colour that would otherwi&#383;e be produced
+      by an outward object, may be chang'd by &#383;ome motion, or new texture
+      already produced in the Sen&#383;ory, as long as that unu&#383;ual motion,
+      or new di&#383;po&#383;ition
+       <!--  Page 16 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_16" id="LPage_16"></a>[pg
+      16]</span> la&#383;ts; for I have divers times try'd, that after I have
+      through a Tele&#383;cope look'd upon the Sun, though thorow a thick, red,
+      or blew gla&#383;s, to make its &#383;plendor &#383;upportable to the eye,
+      the impre&#383;&#383;ion upon the <i>Retina</i>, would be not only &#383;o
+      vivid, but &#383;o permanent, that if afterwards I turned my eye towards a
+      flame, it would appear to mee of a Colour very differing from its u&#383;ual
+      one. And if I did divers times &#383;ucce&#383;&#383;ively &#383;hut and
+      open the &#383;ame eye, I &#383;hould &#383;ee the adventitious Colour,
+      (if I may &#383;o call it) changed or impair'd by degrees, till at length
+      (for this unu&#383;ual motion of the eye would not pre&#383;ently cea&#383;e)
+      the flame would appear to mee, of the &#383;ame hew that it did to other
+      beholders; a not unlike effect I found by looking upon the Moon, when
+      &#383;he was near full, thorow an excellent Tele&#383;cope, without
+      colour'd Gla&#383;s to &#383;creen my eye with; But that which I de&#383;ire
+      may be taken notice of, becau&#383;e we may el&#383;ewhere have occa&#383;ion
+      to reflect upon it, and becau&#383;e it &#383;eems not agreeable to what
+      Anatomi&#383;ts and Optical Writers deliver, touching the relation of the
+      two eyes to each other, is this circum&#383;tance, that though my Right
+      eye, with which I looked thorow the Tele&#383;cope, were thus affected by
+      the over-&#383;trong impre&#383;&#383;ion of the light, yet when the flame
+       <!--  Page 17 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_17" id="LPage_17"></a>[pg
+      17]</span> of a Candle, or &#383;ome other bright object appear'd to me of
+      a very unu&#383;ual Colour, whil&#383;t look'd upon with the Di&#383;compos'd
+      Eye, or (though not &#383;o notably) with both eyes at once; yet if I
+      &#383;hut that Eye, and looked upon the &#383;ame object with the other,
+      it would appear with no other than its u&#383;ual Colour, though if I
+      again opened, and made u&#383;e of the Dazled eye, the vivid adventitious
+      Colour would again appear. And on this occa&#383;ion I mu&#383;t not
+      pretermit an Ob&#383;ervation which may per&#383;wade us, that an
+      over-vehement &#383;troak upon the Sen&#383;ory, e&#383;pecially if it be
+      naturally of a weak con&#383;titution, may make a more la&#383;ting impre&#383;&#383;ion
+      than one would imagine, which impre&#383;&#383;ion may in &#383;ome ca&#383;es,
+      as it were, mingle with, and vitiate the action of vivid objects for a
+      long time after.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For I know a Lady of unque&#383;tionable Veracity, who having lately, by a
+      de&#383;perate fall, receiv'd &#383;everal hurts, and particularly a con&#383;iderable
+      one upon a part of her face near her Eye, had her &#383;ight &#383;o
+      troubl'd and di&#383;order'd, that, as &#383;he hath more than once
+      related to me, not only when the next morning one of her &#383;ervants
+      came to her bed &#383;ide, to ask how &#383;he did, his cloaths appear'd
+      adorn'd with &#383;uch variety of dazling Colours, that &#383;he was fain
+      pre&#383;ently to
+       <!--  Page 18 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_18" id="LPage_18"></a>[pg
+      18]</span> command him to withdraw, but the Images in her Hangings, did,
+      for many daies after, appear to her, if the Room were not extraordinarily
+      darken'd, embelli&#383;h'd with &#383;everal offen&#383;ively vivid
+      Colours, which no body el&#383;e could &#383;ee in them; And when I
+      enquir'd whether or no White Objects did not appear to her adorn'd with
+      more luminous Colours than others, and whether &#383;he &#383;aw not
+      &#383;ome which &#383;he could not now well de&#383;cribe to any, who&#383;e
+      eyes had never been di&#383;temper'd, &#383;he an&#383;wer'd mee, that
+      &#383;ometimes &#383;he thought &#383;he &#383;aw Colours &#383;o new and
+      glorious, that they were of a peculiar kind, and &#383;uch as &#383;he
+      could not de&#383;cribe by their likene&#383;s to any &#383;he had beheld
+      either before or &#383;ince, and that White Objects did &#383;o much di&#383;order
+      her &#383;ight, that if &#383;everal daies after her fall, &#383;he look'd
+      upon the in&#383;ide of a Book, &#383;he fanci'd &#383;he &#383;aw there
+      Colours like tho&#383;e of the Rain-bow, and even when &#383;he thought
+      her &#383;elf pretty well recover'd, and made bold to leave her Chamber,
+      the coming into a place where the Walls and Ceeling were whited over, made
+      tho&#383;e Objects appear to her cloath'd with &#383;uch glorious and
+      dazling Colours, as much offended her &#383;ight, and made her repent her
+      venturou&#383;ne&#383;s, and &#383;he added, that this Di&#383;temper of
+      her Eyes la&#383;ted no le&#383;s
+       <!--  Page 19 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_19" id="LPage_19"></a>[pg
+      19]</span> than five or &#383;ix weeks, though, &#383;ince that, &#383;he
+      hath been able to read and write much without finding the lea&#383;t
+      Inconvenience in doing &#383;o. I would gladly have known, whether if
+      &#383;he had &#383;hut the Injur'd Eye, the <i>Phænomena</i> would have
+      been the &#383;ame, when &#383;he employ'd only the other, but I heard not
+      of this accident early enough to &#383;atisfie that Enquiry.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      9 Wherefore, I &#383;hall now add, that &#383;ome years before, a per&#383;on
+      exceedingly eminent for his profound Skil in almo&#383;t all kinds of
+      Philological Learning, coming to advi&#383;e with mee about a Di&#383;temper
+      in his Eyes, told me, among other Circum&#383;tances of it, that, having
+      upon a time looked too fixedly upon the Sun, thorow a Tele&#383;cope,
+      without any coloured Gla&#383;s, to take off from the dazling &#383;plendour
+      of the Object, the exce&#383;s of Light did &#383;o &#383;trongly affect
+      his Eye, that ever &#383;ince, when he turns it towards a Window, or any
+      White Object, he fancies, he &#383;eeth a Globe of Light, of about the
+      bigne&#383;s the Sun then appeared of to him, to pa&#383;s before his
+      Eyes: And having Inquir'd of him, how long he had been troubled with this
+      Indi&#383;po&#383;ition, he reply'd, that it was already nine or ten
+      years, &#383;ince the Accident, that occa&#383;ioned it, fir&#383;t befel
+      him.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 20 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_20" id="LPage_20"></a>[pg 20]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I could here &#383;ubjoyn, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, &#383;ome memorable
+      Relations that I have met with in the Account given us by the experienc'd
+      <i>Epiphanius Ferdinandus</i>, of the Symptomes he ob&#383;erv'd to be
+      incident to tho&#383;e that are bitten with the Tarantula, by which
+      (Relations) I could probably &#383;hew, that without any change in the
+      Object, a change in the In&#383;truments of Vi&#383;ion may for a great
+      while make &#383;ome Colours appear Charming, and make others Provoking,
+      and both to a high degree, though neither of them produc'd any &#383;uch
+      Effects before. The&#383;e things, I &#383;ay, I could here &#383;ubjoyn
+      in confirmation of what I have been &#383;aying, to &#383;hew, that the Di&#383;po&#383;ition
+      of the Organ is of great Importance in the Dijudications we make of
+      Colours, were it not that the&#383;e &#383;trange Stories belonging more
+      properly to another Di&#383;cour&#383;e, I had rather, (contenting my
+      &#383;elf to have given you an Intimation of them here) that you &#383;hould
+      meet with them fully deliver'd there.
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      CHAP. III.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      But, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, I would not by all that I have hitherto di&#383;cours'd,
+      be thought to have forgotten the Di&#383;tinction
+       <!--  Page 21 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_21" id="LPage_21"></a>[pg
+      21]</span> (of Colour) that I mentioned to you about the beginning of the
+      third Section of the former Chapter; and therefore, after all I have
+      &#383;aid of Colour, as it is modifi'd Light, and immediately affects the
+      Sen&#383;ory, I &#383;hall now re-mind you, that I did not deny, but that
+      Colour might in &#383;ome &#383;en&#383;e be con&#383;ider'd as a Quality
+      re&#383;iding in the body that is &#383;aid to be Colour'd, and indeed the
+      greate&#383;t part of the following Experiments referr to Colour
+      principally under that Notion, for there is in the bodyes we call
+      Colour'd, and chiefly in their Superficial parts, a certain di&#383;po&#383;ition,
+      whereby they do &#383;o trouble the Light that comes from them to our Eye,
+      as that it there makes that di&#383;tinct Impre&#383;&#383;ion, upon who&#383;e
+      Account we &#383;ay, that the Seen body is either White or Black, or Red
+      or Yellow, or of any one determinate Colour. But becau&#383;e we &#383;hall
+      (God permiting) by the Experiments that are to follow &#383;ome Pages
+      hence, more fully and particularly &#383;hew, that the Changes, and con&#383;equently
+      in divers places the Production and the appearance of Colours depends upon
+      the continuing or alter'd Texture of the Object, we &#383;hall in this
+      place intimate (and that too but as by the way) two or three things about
+      this Matter.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      2. And fir&#383;t it is not without &#383;ome Rea&#383;on,
+       <!--  Page 22 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_22" id="LPage_22"></a>[pg
+      22]</span> that I a&#383;cribe Colour (in the &#383;en&#383;e formerly
+      explan'd) <i>chiefly</i> to the Superficial parts of Bodies, for not to
+      que&#383;tion how much Opacous Corpu&#383;cles may abound even in tho&#383;e
+      Bodies we call Diaphanous, it &#383;eems plain that of Opacous bodies we
+      do indeed &#383;ee little el&#383;e than the Superficies, for if we found
+      the beams of Light that rebound from the Object to the Eye, to peirce deep
+      into the Colour'd body, we &#383;hould not judge it Opacous, but either
+      Tran&#383;lucid, or at lea&#383;t Semi-diaphanous, and though the Schools
+      &#383;eem to teach us that Colour is a Penetrative Quality, that reaches
+      to the Innermo&#383;t parts of the Object, as if a piece of Sealing-wax be
+      broken into never &#383;o many pieces, the Internal fragments will be as
+      Red as the External &#383;urface did appear, yet that is but a Particular
+      Example that will not overthrow the Rea&#383;on lately offer'd, e&#383;pecially
+      &#383;ince I can alleage other Examples of a contrary Import, and two or
+      three Negative In&#383;tances are &#383;ufficient to overthrow the
+      Generality of a Po&#383;itive Rule, e&#383;pecially if that be built but
+      upon One or a Few Examples. Not (then) to mention Cherries, Plums, and I
+      know not how many other Bodies, wherein the skin is of one Colour, and
+      what it hides of another, I &#383;hall name a couple of In&#383;tances
+      drawn from the Colours
+       <!--  Page 23 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_23" id="LPage_23"></a>[pg
+      23]</span> of Durable bodies that are thought far more Homogeneous, and
+      have not parts that are either Organical, or of a Nature approaching
+      thereunto.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      3 To give you the fir&#383;t In&#383;tance, I &#383;hall need but to
+      remind you of what I told you a little after the beginning of this E&#383;&#383;ay,
+      touching the Blew and Red and Yellow, that may be produc'd upon a piece of
+      temper'd Steel, for the&#383;e Colours though they be very Vivid, yet if
+      you break the Steel they adorn, they will appear to be but Superficial;
+      not only the innermo&#383;t parts of the Metall, but tho&#383;e that are
+      within a hairs breadth of the Superficies, having not any of the&#383;e
+      Colours, but retaining that of the Steel it &#383;elf. Be&#383;ides that,
+      we may as well confirm this Ob&#383;ervation, as &#383;ome other
+      particulars we el&#383;ewhere deliver concerning Colours, by the following
+      Experiment which we purpo&#383;ely made.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      4 We took a good quantity of clean Lead, and melted it with a &#383;trong
+      Fire, and then immediately pouring it out into a clean Ve&#383;&#383;el of
+      a convenient &#383;hape and matter, (we us'd one of Iron, that the great
+      and &#383;udden Heat might not injure it) and then carefully and nimbly
+      taking off the Scum that floated on the top, we perceiv'd, as we expected,
+      the &#383;mooth and
+       <!--  Page 24 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_24" id="LPage_24"></a>[pg
+      24]</span> glo&#383;&#383;ie Surface of the melted matter, to be adorn'd
+      with a very glorious Colour, which being as Tran&#383;itory as
+      Delightfull, did almo&#383;t immediately give place to another vivid
+      Colour, and that was as quickly &#383;ucceeded by a third, and this as it
+      were chas'd away by a fourth, and &#383;o the&#383;e wonderfully vivid
+      Colours &#383;ucce&#383;&#383;ively appear'd and vani&#383;h'd, (yet the
+      &#383;ame now and then appearing the &#383;econd time) till the Metall cea&#383;ing
+      to be hot enough to afford any longer this plea&#383;ing Spectacle, the
+      Colours that chanc'd to adorn the Surface, when the Lead thus began to
+      cool, remain'd upon it; but were &#383;o Superficial, that how little
+      &#383;oever we &#383;crap'd off the Surface of the Lead, we did in &#383;uch
+      places &#383;crape off all the Colour, and di&#383;cover only that which
+      is natural to the Metall it &#383;elf, which receiving its adventitious
+      Colours, only when the heat was very Inten&#383;e, and in that part which
+      was expos'd to the comparatively very cold Air, (which by other
+      Experiments &#383;eems to abound with &#383;ubtil Saline parts, perhaps
+      not uncapable of working upon Lead &#383;o di&#383;pos'd:) The&#383;e
+      things I &#383;ay, together with my ob&#383;erving that whatever parts of
+      the &#383;o &#383;trongly melted Lead were expos'd a while to the Air,
+      turn'd into a kind of Scum or Litharge,
+       <!--  Page 25 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_25" id="LPage_25"></a>[pg
+      25]</span> how bright and clean &#383;oever they appear'd before, &#383;ugge&#383;ted
+      to me &#383;ome Thoughts or Ravings, which I have not now time to acquaint
+      You with. One that did not know me, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, would perchance
+      think I endeavour'd to impo&#383;e upon You by relating this Experiment,
+      which I have &#383;everal times try'd, but the Rea&#383;on why the <i>Phænomena</i>
+      mention'd have not been taken notice of, may be, that unle&#383;s Lead be
+      brought to a much higher degree of Fu&#383;ion or Fluidity than is u&#383;ual,
+      or than is indeed requi&#383;ite to make it melt, the <i>Phænomena</i> I
+      mention'd will &#383;carce at all di&#383;clo&#383;e them&#383;elves; And
+      we have al&#383;o ob&#383;erv'd that this &#383;ucce&#383;&#383;ive
+      appearing and vani&#383;hing of vivid Colours, was wont to be impair'd or
+      determin'd whil&#383;t the Metal expos'd to the Air remain'd yet hotter
+      than one would readily &#383;u&#383;pect. And one thing I mu&#383;t
+      further Note, of which I leave You to &#383;earch after the Rea&#383;on,
+      namely, that the &#383;ame Colours did not always and regularly &#383;ucceed
+      one another, as is u&#383;ually in Steel, but in the diver&#383;ify'd
+      Order mention'd in this following Note, which I was &#383;carce able to
+      write down, the &#383;ucce&#383;&#383;ion of the Colours was &#383;o very
+      quick, whether that proceeded from the differing degrees of Heat in the
+      Lead expos'd to the cool Air, or from &#383;ome
+       <!--  Page 26 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_26" id="LPage_26"></a>[pg
+      26]</span> other Rea&#383;on, I leave you to examine.
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <p>
+        [<i>Blew, Yellow, Purple, Blew; Green, Purple, Blew, Yellow, Red;
+        Purple, Blew, Yellow and Blew, Yellow, Blew, Purple, Green mixt, Yellow,
+        Red, Blew, Green, Yellow, Red, Purple, Green</i>.]
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      5. The <i>Atomi&#383;ts</i> of Old, and &#383;ome Learned men of late,
+      have attempted to explicate the variety of Colours in Opacous bodies from
+      the various Figures of their Superficial parts; the attempt is Ingenious,
+      and the Doctrine &#383;eems partly True, but I confe&#383;s I think there
+      are divers other things that mu&#383;t be taken in as concurrent to
+      produce tho&#383;e differing forms of A&#383;perity, whereon the Colours
+      of Opacous bodies &#383;eem to depend. To declare this a little, we mu&#383;t
+      a&#383;&#383;ume, that the Surfaces of all &#383;uch Bodies how Smooth or
+      polite &#383;oever they may appear to our Dull Sight and Touch, are
+      exactly &#383;mooth only in a popular, or at mo&#383;t in a Phy&#383;ical
+      &#383;en&#383;e, but not in a &#383;trict and rigid &#383;en&#383;e.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      6. This, excellent <i>Micro&#383;copes</i> &#383;hew us in many Bodies,
+      that &#383;eem Smooth to our naked Eyes; and this not only as to the
+      little Hillocks or Protuberancies that &#383;well
+       <!--  Page 27 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_27" id="LPage_27"></a>[pg
+      27]</span> above that which may be conceiv'd to be the Plain or Level of
+      the con&#383;ider'd Surface, for it is obvious enough to tho&#383;e that
+      are any thing conver&#383;ant with &#383;uch Gla&#383;&#383;es, but as to
+      numerous Depre&#383;&#383;ions beneath that Level, of which &#383;ort of
+      Cavities by the help of a <i>Micro&#383;cope</i>, which the greate&#383;t
+      Artificer that makes them, judges to be the greate&#383;t Magnifying Gla&#383;s
+      in <i>Europe</i>, except one that equals it, we have on the Surface of a
+      thin piece of Cork that appear'd &#383;mooth to the Eye, ob&#383;erv'd
+      about &#383;ixty in a Row, within the length of le&#383;s then an 31 and
+      32 part of an Inch, (for the Gla&#383;s takes in no longer a &#383;pace at
+      one view) and the&#383;e Cavities (which made that little piece of Cork
+      look almo&#383;t like an empty Honey-comb) were not only very di&#383;tinct,
+      and figur'd like one another, but of a con&#383;iderable bigne&#383;s, and
+      a &#383;carce credible depth; in&#383;omuch that their di&#383;tinct
+      &#383;hadows as well as &#383;ides were plainly di&#383;cern'd and ea&#383;iy
+      to be reckon'd, and might have been well di&#383;tingui&#383;h'd, though
+      they had been ten times le&#383;&#383;er than they were; which I thought
+      it not ami&#383;s to mention to you <i>Pyrophilus</i> upon the by, that
+      you may thence make &#383;ome E&#383;timate, what a &#383;trange
+      Inequality, and what a multitude of little Shades, there may really be, in
+      a
+       <!--  Page 28 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_28" id="LPage_28"></a>[pg
+      28]</span> &#383;carce &#383;en&#383;ible part of the Phy&#383;ical &#383;uperficies,
+      though the naked Eye &#383;ees no &#383;uch matter. And as Excellent <i>Micro&#383;copes</i>
+      &#383;hew us this Ruggedne&#383;s in many Bodies that pa&#383;s for
+      Smooth, &#383;o there are divers Experiments, though we mu&#383;t not now
+      &#383;tay to urge them, which &#383;eem to per&#383;wade us of the &#383;ame
+      thing as to the re&#383;t of &#383;uch Bodies as we are now treating off;
+      So, that there is no &#383;en&#383;ible part of an Opacous body, that may
+      not be conceiv'd to be made up of a multitude of &#383;ingly in&#383;en&#383;ible
+      Corpu&#383;cles, but in the giving the&#383;e &#383;urfaces that di&#383;po&#383;ition,
+      which makes them alter the Light that reflects thence to the Eye after the
+      manner requi&#383;ite to make the Object appear Green, Blew, &amp;c. the
+      Figures of the&#383;e Particles have <i>a great</i>, but not <i>the only</i>
+      &#383;troak. 'Tis true indeed that the protuberant Particles may be of
+      very great variety of Figures, Sphærical, Elliptical, Conical,
+      Cylindrical, Polyedrical, and &#383;ome very irregular, and that according
+      to the Nature of the&#383;e, and the &#383;ituation of the Lucid body, the
+      Light mu&#383;t be variou&#383;ly affected, after one manner from Surfaces
+      (I now &#383;peak of Phy&#383;ical Surfaces) con&#383;i&#383;ting of
+      Sphaerical, and in another from tho&#383;e that are made up of Conical or
+      Cylindrical Corpu&#383;cles; &#383;ome
+       <!--  Page 29 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_29" id="LPage_29"></a>[pg
+      29]</span> being fitted to reflect more of the incident Beams of Light,
+      others le&#383;s, and &#383;ome towards one part, others towards another.
+      But be&#383;ides this difference of Shape, there may be divers other
+      things that may eminently concurr to vary the forms of A&#383;perity that
+      Colours &#383;o much depend on. For, willingly allowing the Figure of the
+      Particles in the fir&#383;t place, I con&#383;ider &#383;econdly, that the
+      &#383;uperficial Corpu&#383;cles, if I may &#383;o call them, may be
+      bigger in one Body, and le&#383;s in another, and con&#383;equently fitted
+      to allay the Light falling on them with greater &#383;hades. Next, the
+      protuberant Particles may be &#383;et more or le&#383;s clo&#383;e
+      together, that is, there may be a greater or a &#383;maller number of them
+      within the compa&#383;s of one, than within the compa&#383;s of another
+      &#383;mall part of the Surface of the &#383;ame Extent, and how much the&#383;e
+      Qualities may &#383;erve to produce Colour may be &#383;omewhat gue&#383;s'd
+      at, by that which happens in the Agitation of Water; for if the Bubbles
+      that are thereby made be Great, and but Few, the Water will &#383;carce
+      acquire a &#383;en&#383;ible Colour, but if it be reduc'd to a Froth, con&#383;i&#383;ting
+      of Bubbles, which being very Minute and Contiguous to each other, are a
+      multitude of them crowded into a narrow Room, the Water (turned to
+       <!--  Page 30 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_30" id="LPage_30"></a>[pg
+      30]</span> Froth) does then exhibit a very manife&#383;t White Colour,<a
+      name="LNtA_3" id="LNtA_3_"></a><a href="#LNt_3"><sup>3</sup></a> (to which
+      the&#383;e la&#383;t nam'd Conditions of the Bubbles do as well as their
+      Convex figure contribute) and that for Rea&#383;ons to be mention'd anon.
+      Be&#383;ides, it is not nece&#383;&#383;ary that the Superficial particles
+      that exhibit one Colour, &#383;hould be all of them Round, or all Conical,
+      or all of any one Shape, but Corpu&#383;cles of differing Figures may be
+      mingled on the Surface of the Opacous Body, as when the Corpu&#383;cles
+      that make a Blew colour, and tho&#383;e that make a Yellow, come to be
+      Accurately and Skilfully mix'd, they make up a Green, which though it
+      &#383;eem one &#383;imple Colour, yet in this ca&#383;e appears to be made
+      by Corpu&#383;cles of very differing Kinds, duely commix'd. Moreover the
+      Figure and Bigne&#383;s of the little Depre&#383;&#383;ions, Cavities,
+      Furrows or Pores intercepted betwixt the&#383;e protuberant Corpu&#383;cles,
+      are as well to be con&#383;ider'd as the Sizes and Shapes of the Corpu&#383;cles
+      them&#383;elves: For we may conceive the Phy&#383;ical &#383;uperficies of
+      a Body, where (as we &#383;aid) its Colour does as it were re&#383;ide, to
+      be cut Tran&#383;ver&#383;ly by a Mathematical plain, which you know is
+      conceiv'd to be without any Depth or Thickne&#383;s at all, and then as
+       <!--  Page 31 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_31" id="LPage_31"></a>[pg
+      31]</span> &#383;ome parts of the Phy&#383;ical Superficies will be
+      Protuberant; or &#383;well above this la&#383;t plain, &#383;o others may
+      be depre&#383;s'd beneath it; as (to explane my &#383;elf by a gro&#383;s
+      Compari&#383;on) in divers places of the Surface of the Earth, there are
+      not only Neighbouring Hills, Trees, &amp;c. that are rais'd above the
+      Horizontal Level of the Valley, but Rivers, Wells, Pits and other Cavities
+      that are depre&#383;s'd beneath it, and that &#383;uch Protuberant and
+      Concave parts of a Surface may remit the Light &#383;o differingly, as
+      much to vary a Colour, &#383;ome examples and other things, that we &#383;hall
+      hereafter have occa&#383;ion to take notice off in this Tract, will &#383;ufficiently
+      declare, till when, it may &#383;uffice to put you in mind, that of two
+      Flat-&#383;ides of the &#383;ame piece of, for example, red Marble, the
+      one being diligently Poli&#383;hed, and the other left to its former
+      Roughne&#383;s, the differing degrees or &#383;orts of A&#383;perity, for
+      the &#383;ide that is &#383;mooth to the Touch wants not its Roughne&#383;s,
+      will &#383;o diver&#383;ifie the Light reflected from the &#383;everal
+      Plains to the Eye, that a Painter would employ two differing Colours to
+      repre&#383;ent them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      7. And I hope, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, you will not think it &#383;trange or
+      impertinent, that I employ in divers pa&#383;&#383;ages of the&#383;e
+      Papers,
+       <!--  Page 32 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_32" id="LPage_32"></a>[pg
+      32]</span> examples drawn from Bodies and Shadows far more Gro&#383;s,
+      than tho&#383;e minute Protuberances and &#383;hady Pores on which in mo&#383;t
+      ca&#383;es the Colour of a Body as 'tis an Inherent Quality or Di&#383;po&#383;ition
+      of its Surface, &#383;eems to depend. For &#383;ometimes I employ &#383;uch
+      Examples, rather to declare my Meaning, than prove my Conjecture; things,
+      whom their Smallne&#383;s makes In&#383;en&#383;ible, being better repre&#383;ented
+      to the Imagination by &#383;uch familiar Objects, as being like them
+      enough in other re&#383;pects, are of a Vi&#383;ible bulk. And next,
+      though the Beams of Light are &#383;uch &#383;ubtil Bodies, that in re&#383;pect
+      of them, even Surfaces that are &#383;en&#383;ibly Smooth, are not exactly
+      &#383;o, but have their own degree of Roughne&#383;s, con&#383;i&#383;ting
+      of little Protuberances and Depre&#383;&#383;ions; and though con&#383;equently
+      &#383;uch Inequalities may &#383;uffice to give Bodies differing Colours,
+      as we &#383;ee in Marble that appears White or Black, or Red or Blew, even
+      when the mo&#383;t carefully Poli&#383;h'd, yet 'tis plain by the late In&#383;tance
+      of Red Marble, and many others, that even bigger Protuberances and greater
+      Shades may likewi&#383;e &#383;o Diver&#383;ifie the Roughne&#383;s of a
+      Bodies Superficies, as manife&#383;tly to concurr to the varying of its
+      Colour, whereby &#383;uch Examples appear to be proper enough
+       <!--  Page 33 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_33" id="LPage_33"></a>[pg
+      33]</span> to be employ'd in &#383;uch a Subject as we have now in hand.
+      And having hinted thus much on this Occa&#383;ion, I now proceed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      8. The Situation al&#383;o of the Superficial particles is con&#383;iderable,
+      which I di&#383;tingui&#383;h into the Po&#383;ture of the &#383;ingle
+      Corpu&#383;cles, in re&#383;pect of the Light, and of the Eye, and the
+      Order of them in reference al&#383;o to one another; for a Body may
+      otherwi&#383;e reflect the Light, when its Superficial particles are more
+      erected upon the Plain that may be conceiv'd to pa&#383;s along their Ba&#383;is,
+      and when the Points or Extremes of &#383;uch Particles are Obverted to the
+      Eye, than when tho&#383;e Particles are &#383;o Inclin'd, that their Sides
+      are in great part Di&#383;cernable, as the Colour of Plu&#383;h or Velvet
+      will appear Vary'd to you, if you carefully &#383;troak part of it one
+      way, and part of it another, the po&#383;ture of the particular Thrids, in
+      reference to the Light, or the Eye, becoming thereby different. And you
+      may ob&#383;erve in a Field of ripe Corn blown upon by the Wind, that
+      there will appear as it were Waves of a Colour (at lea&#383;t Gradually)
+      differing from that of the re&#383;t of the Field, the Wind by Depre&#383;&#383;ing
+      &#383;ome of the Ears, and not at the &#383;ame time others, making the
+      one Reflect more from
+       <!--  Page 34 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_34" id="LPage_34"></a>[pg
+      34]</span> the Lateral and Strawy parts, than do the re&#383;t. And &#383;o,
+      when Doggs are &#383;o angry, as to Erect the Hairs upon their Necks, and
+      upon &#383;ome other parts of their Bodies, tho&#383;e Parts &#383;eem to
+      acquire a Colour vary'd from that which the &#383;ame Hairs made, when in
+      their u&#383;ual Po&#383;ture they did farr more &#383;toop. And that the
+      Order wherein the Superficial Corpu&#383;cles are Rang'd is not to be
+      neglected, we may gue&#383;s by turning of Water into Froth, the beating
+      of Gla&#383;s, and the &#383;craping of Horns, in which ca&#383;es the
+      Corpu&#383;cles that were before &#383;o mar&#383;hall'd as to be Per&#383;picuous,
+      do by the troubling of that Order become Di&#383;pos'd to terminate and
+      reflect more Light, and thereby to appear Whiti&#383;h. And there are
+      other ways in which the Order of the Protuberant parts, in reference to
+      the Eye, may much contribute to the appearing of a particular Colour, for
+      I have often ob&#383;erv'd, that when Pea&#383;e are Planted, or Set in
+      Parallel Lines, and are Shot up about half a Foot above the Surface of the
+      Ground, by looking on the Field or Plot of Ground from that part towards
+      which the Parallel Lines tended, the greater part of the Ground by farr
+      would appear of its own dirty Colour, but if I look'd upon it Tran&#383;ver&#383;ly,
+      the Plot
+       <!--  Page 35 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_35" id="LPage_35"></a>[pg
+      35]</span> would appear very Green, the upper parts of the Pea&#383;e
+      hindering the intercepted parts of the Ground, which as I &#383;aid
+      retain'd their wonted Colour, from being di&#383;cover'd by the Eye. And I
+      know not, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, whether I might not add, that even the Motion
+      of the Small Parts of a Vi&#383;ible Object may in &#383;ome ca&#383;es
+      contribute, though it be not &#383;o ea&#383;ie to &#383;ay how, to the
+      Producing or the Varying of a Colour; for I have &#383;everal times made a
+      Liquor, which when it has well &#383;ettled in a clo&#383;e Vial, is Tran&#383;parent
+      and Colourle&#383;s, but as &#383;oon as the Gla&#383;s is un&#383;topp'd,
+      begins to fly away very plentifully in a White and Opacous fume; and there
+      are other Bodies, who&#383;e Fumes, when they fill a Receiver, would make
+      one &#383;u&#383;pect it contains Milk, and yet when the&#383;e Fumes
+      &#383;ettle into a Liquor, that Liquor is not White, but Tran&#383;parent;
+      And &#383;uch White Fumes I have &#383;een afforded by un&#383;topping a
+      Liquor I know, which yet is it &#383;elf Diaphanous and Red; Nor are the&#383;e
+      the only In&#383;tances of this Kind, that our Tryals can &#383;upply us
+      with. And if the Superficial Corpu&#383;cles be of the Gro&#383;&#383;er
+      &#383;ort, and be &#383;o Framed, that their differing Sides or Faces may
+      exhibit differing Colours, then the Motion or Re&#383;t of tho&#383;e
+      Corpu&#383;cles may be
+       <!--  Page 36 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_36" id="LPage_36"></a>[pg
+      36]</span> con&#383;iderable, as to the Colour of the Superficies they
+      compo&#383;e, upon this account, that &#383;ometimes more, &#383;ometimes
+      fewer of the Sides di&#383;pos'd to exhibit &#383;uch a Colour may by this
+      means become or continue more Obverted to the Eye than the re&#383;t, and
+      compo&#383;e a Phy&#383;ical Surface, that will be more or le&#383;s
+      &#383;en&#383;ibly interrupted; As, to explane my meaning, by propo&#383;ing
+      a gro&#383;s Example, I remember, that in &#383;ome &#383;orts of Leavy
+      Plants thick &#383;et by one another, the two &#383;ides of who&#383;e
+      Leaves were of &#383;omewhat differing Colours, there would be a notable
+      Di&#383;parity as to Colour, if you look'd upon them both when the Leaves
+      being at Re&#383;t had their upper and commonly expos'd &#383;ides
+      Obverted to the Eye, and when a breath of Wind pa&#383;&#383;ing thorow
+      them, made great Numbers of the u&#383;ually Hidden &#383;ides of the
+      Leaves become con&#383;picuous. And though the Little Bodies, we were
+      lately &#383;peaking of, may Singly and Apart &#383;eem almo&#383;t
+      Colourle&#383;s, yet when Many of them are plac'd by one another, &#383;o
+      near, that the Eye does not ea&#383;ily di&#383;cern an Interruption,
+      within a &#383;en&#383;ible &#383;pace, they may exhibit a Colour; as we
+      &#383;ee, that though a Slendere&#383;t Thrid of Dy'd Silk do's, whil&#383;t
+      look'd on Single, &#383;eem almo&#383;t quite Devoyd of Redne&#383;s, (for
+      in&#383;tance)
+       <!--  Page 37 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_37" id="LPage_37"></a>[pg
+      37]</span> yet when numbers of the&#383;e Thrids are brought together into
+      one Skein, their Colour becomes notorious.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      9. But the &#383;ame Occa&#383;ion that invited me to &#383;ay what I have
+      mention'd concerning the Leaves of Trees, invites me al&#383;o to give you
+      &#383;ome account of what happens in Changeable Taffities, where we &#383;ee
+      differing Colours, as it were, Emerge and Vani&#383;h upon the Ruffling of
+      the &#383;ame piece of Silk: As I have divers times with Plea&#383;ure ob&#383;erv'd,
+      by the help of &#383;uch a <i>Micro&#383;cope</i>, as, though it do not
+      very much Magnifie the Object, has in recompence this great Conveniency,
+      that you may ea&#383;ily, as fa&#383;t as you plea&#383;e, remove it from
+      one part to another of a Large Object, of which the Gla&#383;s taking a
+      great part at once, you may thereby pre&#383;ently Survey the Whole. Now
+      by the help of &#383;uch a <i>Micro&#383;cope</i> I could ea&#383;ily (as
+      I began to &#383;ay) di&#383;cern, that in a piece of Changeable Taffity,
+      (that appear'd, for In&#383;tance, &#383;ometimes Red, and &#383;ometimes
+      Green) the Stuff was compos'd of Red thrids and Green, pa&#383;&#383;ing
+      under and over each other, and cro&#383;&#383;ing one another in almo&#383;t
+      innumerable points; and if I look'd through the Gla&#383;s upon any con&#383;iderable
+      portion of the Stuff, that (for example &#383;ake) to the
+       <!--  Page 38 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_38" id="LPage_38"></a>[pg
+      38]</span> naked Eye appear'd to be Red, I could plainly &#383;ee, that in
+      that Po&#383;ition, the Red thrids were Con&#383;picuous, and reflected a
+      vivid Light; and though I could al&#383;o perceive, that there were Green
+      ones, yet by rea&#383;on of their di&#383;advantagious Po&#383;ition in
+      the <i>Phy&#383;ical Surface</i> of the Taffity, they were in part hid by
+      the more Protuberant Thrids of the other Colour; and for the &#383;ame cau&#383;e,
+      the Reflection from as much of the Green as was di&#383;cover'd, was
+      comparatively but Dim and Faint. And if, on the contrary, I look'd through
+      the <i>Micro&#383;cope</i> upon any part that appear'd Green, I could
+      plainly &#383;ee that the Red thrids were le&#383;s fully expos'd to the
+      Eye, and ob&#383;cur'd by the Green ones, which therefore made up the
+      Predominant Colour. And by ob&#383;erving the Texture of the Silken Stuff,
+      I could ea&#383;i&#383;y &#383;o expo&#383;e the Thrids either of the one
+      Colour or of the other to my Eye, as at plea&#383;ure to exhibit an
+      apparition of Red or Green, or make tho&#383;e Colours &#383;ucceed one
+      another: So that, when I ob&#383;erv'd their Succe&#383;&#383;ion by the
+      help of the Gla&#383;s, I could mark how the Predominant Colour did as it
+      were &#383;tart out, when the Thrids that exhibited it came to be
+      advanagiou&#383;ly plac'd; And by making little Folds in the Stuff after a
+      certain manner,
+       <!--  Page 39 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_39" id="LPage_39"></a>[pg
+      39]</span> the Sides that met and terminated in tho&#383;e Folds, would
+      appear to the naked Eye, one of them Red, and the other Green. When Thrids
+      of more than two differing Colours chance to be Interwoven, the re&#383;ulting
+      changeablene&#383;s of the Taffity may be al&#383;o &#383;omewhat
+      different. But I choo&#383;e to give an In&#383;tance in the Stuff I have
+      been &#383;peaking off, becau&#383;e the mixture being more Simple, the
+      way whereby the Changeablene&#383;s is produc'd, may be the more ea&#383;ily
+      apprehended: and though Rea&#383;on alone might readily enough lead a con&#383;idering
+      Man to gue&#383;s at the Explication, in ca&#383;e he knew how Changeable
+      Taffities are made: yet I thought it not impertinent to mention it, becau&#383;e
+      both Scholars and Gentlemen are wont to look upon the Inquiry into
+      Manufactures, as a <i>Mechanick</i> imployment, and con&#383;equently
+      below Them; and becau&#383;e al&#383;o with &#383;uch a <i>Micro&#383;cope</i>
+      as I have been mentioning, the di&#383;covery is as well Plea&#383;ant as
+      Satisfactory, and may afford Hints of the Solution of other <i>Phænomena</i>
+      of Colours. And it were not ami&#383;s, that &#383;ome diligent Inquiry
+      were made, whether the <i>Micro&#383;cope</i> would give us an account of
+      the Variablene&#383;s of Colour, that is &#383;o Con&#383;picuous and
+      &#383;o Delightfull in Mother of Pearl, in Opalls, and &#383;ome
+       <!--  Page 40 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_40" id="LPage_40"></a>[pg
+      40]</span> other re&#383;embling Bodies: For though I remember I did
+      formerly attempt &#383;omething of that Kind (fruitle&#383;ly enough) upon
+      Mother of Pearl, yet not having then the advantage of my be&#383;t <i>Micro&#383;cope</i>,
+      nor &#383;ome Conveniences that might have been wi&#383;h'd, I leave it to
+      you, who have better Eyes, to try what you can do further; &#383;ince
+      'twill be <i>Some</i> di&#383;covery to find, that, in this ca&#383;e, the
+      be&#383;t Eyes and <i>Micro&#383;copes</i> them&#383;elves can make <i>None</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      10. I confe&#383;s, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that a great part of what I have
+      deliver'd, (or propos'd rather) concerning the differing forms of A&#383;perity
+      in Bodies, by which Differences the incident Light either comes to be
+      Reflected with more or le&#383;s of Shade, and with that Shade more or le&#383;s
+      Interrupted, or el&#383;e happens to be al&#383;o otherwi&#383;e Modify'd
+      or Troubl'd, is but Conjectural. But I am not &#383;ure, that if it were
+      not for the Dullne&#383;s of our Sen&#383;es, either the&#383;e or &#383;ome
+      other Notions of Kin to them, might be better Countenanc'd; for I am apt
+      to &#383;u&#383;pect, that if we were Sharp &#383;ighted enough, or had
+      &#383;uch perfect <i>Micro&#383;copes</i>, as I fear are more to be wi&#383;h'd
+      than hop'd for, our promoted Sen&#383;e might di&#383;cern in the Phy&#383;ical
+      Surfaces of Bodies, both a great many latent Ruggidne&#383;&#383;es, and
+      the particular
+       <!--  Page 41 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_41" id="LPage_41"></a>[pg
+      41]</span> Sizes, Shapes, and Situations of the extremely little Bodies
+      that cau&#383;e them, and perhaps might perceive among other Varieties
+      that we now can but imagine, how tho&#383;e little Protuberances and
+      Cavities do Interrupt and Dilate the Light, by mingling with it a
+      multitude of little and &#383;ingly undi&#383;cernable Shades, though
+      &#383;ome of them more, and &#383;ome of them le&#383;s Minute, &#383;ome
+      le&#383;s, and &#383;ome more Numerous; according to the Nature and Degree
+      of the particular Colour we attribute to the Vi&#383;ible Object; as we
+      &#383;ee, that in the Moon we can with Excellent <i>Tele&#383;copes</i> di&#383;cern
+      many Hills and Vallies, and as it were Pits and other Parts, whereof
+      &#383;ome are more, and &#383;ome le&#383;s Vividly illu&#383;trated, and
+      others have a fainter, others a deeper Shade, though the naked Eye can di&#383;cern
+      no &#383;uch matter in that Planet. And with an Excellent <i>Micro&#383;cope</i>,
+      where the <i>Naked</i> Eye did &#383;ee but a Green powder, the <i>A&#383;&#383;isted</i>
+      Eye as we noted above, could di&#383;cern particular Granules, &#383;ome
+      of them of a Blew, and &#383;ome of them of a Yellow colour, which Corpu&#383;cles
+      we had beforehand caus'd to be exqui&#383;itly mix'd to compound the
+      Green.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      11. And, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that you may not think me altogether
+      extravagant in what I
+       <!--  Page 42 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_42" id="LPage_42"></a>[pg
+      42]</span> have &#383;aid of the Po&#383;&#383;ibility, (for I &#383;peak
+      of no more) of di&#383;cerning the differing forms of A&#383;perity in the
+      Surfaces of Bodies of &#383;everal Colours, I'l here &#383;et down a
+      Memorable particular that chanc'd to come to my Knowledge, &#383;ince I
+      writ a good part of this <i>E&#383;&#383;ay</i>; and it is this. Meeting
+      ca&#383;ually the other Day with the de&#383;ervedly Famous<a name="LNtA_4"
+      id="LNtA_4_"></a><a href="#LNt_4"><sup>4</sup></a> Dr. <i>J. Finch</i>,
+      Extraordinary <i>Anatomi&#383;t</i> to that Great Patron of the <i>Virtuo&#383;i</i>,
+      the now Great Duke of <i>To&#383;cany</i>, and enquiring of this Ingenious
+      Per&#383;on, what might be the chief Rarity he had &#383;een in his late
+      return out of <i>Italy</i> into <i>England</i>, he told me, it was a Man
+      at <i>Mae&#383;tricht</i> in the Low-Countrys, who at certain times can di&#383;cern
+      and <i>di&#383;tingui&#383;h Colours by the Touch</i> with his Fingers.
+      You'l ea&#383;ily Conclude, that this is farr more &#383;trange, than what
+      I propos'd but as <i>not Impo&#383;&#383;ible</i>; &#383;ince the Sen&#383;e
+      of the <i>Retina</i> &#383;eeming to be much more Tender and quick than
+      that of tho&#383;e Gro&#383;&#383;er Filaments, Nerves or Membranes of our
+      Fingers, wherewith we u&#383;e to handle Gro&#383;s and Hard Bodies, it
+      &#383;eems &#383;carce credible, that any Accu&#383;tomance, or Diet, or
+      peculiarity of Con&#383;titution, &#383;hould enable a Man to di&#383;tingui&#383;h
+       <!--  Page 43 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_43" id="LPage_43"></a>[pg
+      43]</span> with &#383;uch Gro&#383;s and Un&#383;uitable Organs, &#383;uch
+      Nice and Subtile Differences as tho&#383;e of the forms of A&#383;perity,
+      that belong to differing Colours, to receive who&#383;e Languid and
+      Delicate Impre&#383;&#383;ions by the Intervention of Light, Nature &#383;eems
+      to have appointed and contexed into the <i>Retina</i> the tender and
+      delicate Pith of the Optick Nerve. Wherefore I confe&#383;s, I propos'd
+      divers Scruples, and particularly whether the Doctor had taken care to
+      bind a Napkin or Hankerchief over his Eyes &#383;o carefully, as to be
+      &#383;ure he could make no u&#383;e of his Sight, though he had but
+      Counterfeited the want of it, to which I added divers other Que&#383;tions,
+      to &#383;atisfie my Self, whether there were any Likelihood of Collu&#383;ion
+      or other Tricks. But I found that the Judicious Doctor having gone farr
+      out of his way, purpo&#383;ely to &#383;atisfie Him&#383;elf and his
+      Learned Prince about this Wonder, had been very Watchfull and Circum&#383;pect
+      to keep <i>Him&#383;elf</i> from being Impos'd upon. And that he might not
+      through any mi&#383;take in point of Memory mis-inform <i>Me</i>, he did
+      me the Favour at my Reque&#383;t, to look out the Notes he had Written for
+      his Own and his Princes Information, the &#383;umm of which Memorials, as
+      far as we &#383;hall mention them here, was this, That the Doctor
+       <!--  Page 44 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_44" id="LPage_44"></a>[pg
+      44]</span> having been inform'd at <i>Utrecht</i>, that there Lived one at
+      &#383;ome Miles di&#383;tance from <i>Maestricht</i>, who could di&#383;tingui&#383;h
+      Colours by the Touch, when he came to the la&#383;t nam'd Town, he &#383;ent
+      a Me&#383;&#383;enger for him, and having Examin'd him, was told upon
+      Enquiry the&#383;e Particulars:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That the Man's name was <i>John Vermaa&#383;en</i>, at that time about 33
+      Years of Age; that when he was but two years Old, he had the Small Pox,
+      which rendred him ab&#383;olutely Blind: That at this pre&#383;ent he is
+      an <i>Organi&#383;t</i>, and &#383;erves that Office in a publick Quire.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That the Doctor di&#383;cour&#383;ing with him over Night, the Blind man
+      affirm'd, that he could di&#383;tingui&#383;h Colours by the Touch, but
+      that he could not do it, unle&#383;s he were Fa&#383;ting; Any quantity of
+      Drink taking from him that Exqui&#383;itne&#383;s of Touch, which is requi&#383;ite
+      to &#383;o Nice a Sen&#383;ation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That hereupon the Doctor provided again&#383;t the next Morning &#383;even
+      pieces of Ribbon, of the&#383;e &#383;even Colours, Black, White, Red,
+      Blew, Green, Yellow, and Gray, but as for <i>mingled</i> Colours, this <i>Vermaa&#383;en</i>
+      would not undertake to di&#383;cern them, though if offer'd, he would tell
+      that they were <i>Mix'd</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That to di&#383;cern the Colour of the Ribbon,
+       <!--  Page 45 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_45" id="LPage_45"></a>[pg
+      45]</span> he places it betwixt the Thumb and the Fore-finger, but his mo&#383;t
+      exqui&#383;ite perception was in his Thumb, and much better in the right
+      Thumb than in the left.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That after the Blind man had four or five times told the Doctor the &#383;everal
+      Colours, (though Blinded with a Napkin for fear he might have &#383;ome
+      Sight) the Doctor found he was twice mi&#383;taken, for he call'd the
+      White Black, and the Red Blew, but &#383;till, he, before his Errour,
+      would lay them by in Pairs, &#383;aying, that though he could ea&#383;ily
+      di&#383;tingui&#383;h them from all others, yet tho&#383;e two Pairs were
+      not ea&#383;ily di&#383;tingui&#383;h'd among&#383;t them&#383;elves,
+      whereupon the Doctor de&#383;ir'd to be told by him what kind of Di&#383;crimination
+      he had of Colours by his Touch, to which he gave a reply, for who&#383;e
+      &#383;ake chiefly I in&#383;ert all this Narrative in this place, namely,
+      That all the difference was more or le&#383;s A&#383;perity, for &#383;ays
+      he, (I give you the Doctor's own words) Black feels as if you were feeling
+      Needles points, or &#383;ome har&#383;h Sand, and Red feels very Smooth.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That the Doctor having de&#383;ir'd him to tell in Order the difference of
+      Colours to his Touch, he did as follows;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Black and White are the mo&#383;t a&#383;perous
+       <!--  Page 46 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_46" id="LPage_46"></a>[pg
+      46]</span> or unequal of all Colours, and &#383;o like, that 'tis very
+      hard to di&#383;tingui&#383;h them, but Black is the mo&#383;t Rough of
+      the two, Green is next in A&#383;perity, Gray next to Green in A&#383;perity,
+      Yellow is the fifth in degree of A&#383;perity, Red and Blew are &#383;o
+      like, that they are as hard to di&#383;tingui&#383;h as Black and White,
+      but Red is &#383;omewhat more A&#383;perous than Blew, &#383;o that Red
+      has the &#383;ixth place, and Blew the &#383;eventh in A&#383;perity.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      12. To the&#383;e Informations the Obliging Doctor was pleas'd to add the
+      welcome pre&#383;ent of three of tho&#383;e very pieces of Ribbon, who&#383;e
+      Colours in his pre&#383;ence the Blind man had di&#383;tingui&#383;hed,
+      pronouncing the one Gray, the other Red, and the third Green, which I keep
+      by me as Rarities, and the rather, becau&#383;e he fear'd the re&#383;t
+      were mi&#383;carry'd.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      13. Before I &#383;aw the Notes that afforded me the precedent Narrative,
+      I confe&#383;s I &#383;u&#383;pected this man might have thus di&#383;criminated
+      Colours, rather by the Smell than by the Touch; for &#383;ome of the
+      Ingredients imployed by Dyers to Colour things, have Sents, that are not
+      &#383;o Languid, nor &#383;o near of Kin, but that I thought it not impo&#383;&#383;ible
+      that a very Critical No&#383;e might di&#383;tingui&#383;h them, and this
+      I the rather &#383;u&#383;pected, becau&#383;e he requir'd, that the
+      Ribbons,
+       <!--  Page 47 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_47" id="LPage_47"></a>[pg
+      47]</span> who&#383;e Colours he was to Name, &#383;hould be offer'd him
+      Fa&#383;ting in the morning; for I have ob&#383;erv'd in Setting Doggs,
+      that the feeding of them (especially with &#383;ome &#383;orts of
+      Aliments) does very much impair the exqui&#383;ite &#383;ent of their No&#383;es.
+      And though &#383;ome of the foregoing particulars would have prevented
+      that Conjecture, yet I confe&#383;s to you (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) that I
+      would gladly have had the Opportunity of Examining this Man my &#383;elf,
+      and of Que&#383;tioning him about divers particulars which I do not find
+      to have been yet thought upon. And though it be not incredible to me, that
+      &#383;ince the Liquors that Dyers imploy to tinge, are qualifi'd to do
+      &#383;o by multitudes of little Corpu&#383;cles of the Pigment or Dying
+      &#383;tuff, which are di&#383;&#383;olved and extracted by the Liquor, and
+      &#383;wim to and fro in it, tho&#383;e Corpu&#383;cles of Colour (as the
+      <i>Atomi&#383;ts</i> call them) in&#383;inuating them&#383;elves into, and
+      filling all the Pores of the Body to be Dyed, may A&#383;perate its
+      Superficies more or le&#383;s according to the Bigne&#383;s and Texture of
+      the Corpu&#383;cles of the Pigment; yet I can &#383;carce believe, that
+      our Blind man could di&#383;tingui&#383;h all the Colours he did, meerly
+      by the Ribbons having more or le&#383;s of A&#383;perity, &#383;o that I
+      cannot but think, notwith&#383;tanding this Hi&#383;tory, that the Blind
+      man
+       <!--  Page 48 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_48" id="LPage_48"></a>[pg
+      48]</span> di&#383;tingui&#383;h'd Colours not only by the <i>Degrees</i>
+      of A&#383;perity in the Bodies offer'd to him, but by <i>Forms</i> of it,
+      though this (latter) would perhaps have been very difficult for him to
+      make an Intelligible mention of, becau&#383;e tho&#383;e Minute di&#383;parities
+      having not been taken notice of by men for want of touch as Exqui&#383;ite
+      as our Blind Mans, are things he could not have Intelligibly expre&#383;s'd,
+      which will ea&#383;ily &#383;eem Probable, if you con&#383;ider, that
+      under the name of Sharp, and Sweet, and Sour, there are abundance of, as
+      it were, immediate peculiar Reli&#383;hes or Ta&#383;ts in differing
+      &#383;orts of Wine, which though Critical and Experienc'd Palats can ea&#383;ily
+      di&#383;cern them&#383;elves cannot make them be under&#383;tood by
+      others, &#383;uch Minute differences not having hitherto any Di&#383;tinct
+      names a&#383;&#383;ign'd them. And it &#383;eems that there was &#383;omthing
+      in the Forms of A&#383;perity that was requi&#383;ite to the Di&#383;tinction
+      of Colours, be&#383;ides the Degree of it, &#383;ince he found it &#383;o
+      difficult to di&#383;tingu&#383;h Black and White from one another, though
+      not from other Colours. For I might urge, that he &#383;eems not con&#383;onant
+      to him&#383;elf about the <i>Red</i>, which as you have &#383;een in one
+      place, he repre&#383;ents as &#383;omewhat more A&#383;perous than the <i>Blew</i>;
+      and in another, very Smooth: But becau&#383;e he &#383;peaks of this
+      Smoothne&#383;s in that place,
+       <!--  Page 49 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_49" id="LPage_49"></a>[pg
+      49]</span> where he mentions the Roughne&#383;s of <i>Black</i>, we may
+      favourably pre&#383;ume that he might mean but a <i>comparative Smoothne&#383;s</i>;
+      and therefore I &#383;hall not In&#383;i&#383;t on this, but rather
+      Countenance my Conjecture by this, that he found it &#383;o Difficult, not
+      only, to Di&#383;criminate Red and Blew, (though the fir&#383;t of our
+      promi&#383;cuous Experiments will inform you, that the Red reflects by
+      great Odds more Light than the other) but al&#383;o to di&#383;tingui&#383;h
+      Black and White from one another, though not from other Colours. And
+      indeed, though in the Ribbonds that were offer'd him, they might be almo&#383;t
+      equally Rough, yet in &#383;uch &#383;lender Corpu&#383;cles as tho&#383;e
+      of Colour, there may ea&#383;ily enough be Conceiv'd, not only a greater
+      Clo&#383;ene&#383;s of Parts, or el&#383;e Paucity of Protuberant Corpu&#383;cles,
+      and the little extant Particles may be otherwi&#383;e Figur'd, and Rang'd
+      in the White than in the Black, but the Cavities may be much Deeper in the
+      one than the other.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      14. And perhaps, (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) it may prove &#383;ome <i>Illu&#383;tration
+      of what I mean</i>, and help you to conceive how <i>this may</i> be, if I
+      Repre&#383;ent, that where the Particles are &#383;o exceeding Slender, we
+      may allow the Parts expos'd to the Sight and Touch to be a little Convex
+      in compari&#383;on of the Erected
+       <!--  Page 50 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_50" id="LPage_50"></a>[pg
+      50]</span> Particle of Black Bodies, as if there were Wyres I know not how
+      many times Slenderer than a Hair: whether you &#383;uppo&#383;e them to be
+      Figur'd like Needles, or Cylindrically, like the Hairs of a Bru&#383;h,
+      with Hemi&#383;phærical (or at lea&#383;t Convex) Tops, they will be
+      &#383;o very Slender, and con&#383;equently the Points both of the one
+      &#383;ort and the other &#383;o very Sharp, that even an exqui&#383;ite
+      Touch will be able to di&#383;tingui&#383;h no greater Difference between
+      them, than that which our Blind man allow'd, when comparing Black and
+      White Bodies, he &#383;aid, that the latter was the le&#383;s Rough of the
+      two. Nor is every Kind of Roughne&#383;s, though Sen&#383;ible enough,
+      Incon&#383;i&#383;tent with Whitene&#383;s, there being Ca&#383;es,
+      wherein the Phy&#383;ical Superficies of a Body is made by the &#383;ame
+      Operation both <i>Rough</i> and <i>white</i>, as when the Level Surface of
+      clear Water being by agitation A&#383;perated with a multitude of Unequal
+      Bubbles, do's thereby acquire a Whitene&#383;s; and as a Smooth piece of
+      Gla&#383;s, by being Scratch'd with a Diamond, do's in the A&#383;perated
+      part of its Surface di&#383;clo&#383;e the &#383;ame Colour. But more
+      (perchance) of this el&#383;ewhere.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      15. And therefore, we &#383;hall here pa&#383;s by the Que&#383;tion,
+      whether any thing might
+       <!--  Page 51 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_51" id="LPage_51"></a>[pg
+      51]</span> be con&#383;ider'd about the Opacity of the Corpu&#383;cles of
+      Black Pigments, and the <i>Comparative</i> Diaphaneity of tho&#383;e of
+      many White Bodies, apply'd to our pre&#383;ent Ca&#383;e; and proceed, to
+      repre&#383;ent, That the newly mention'd Exiguity and Shape of the extant
+      Particles being &#383;uppos'd, it will then be con&#383;iderable what we
+      lately but Hinted, (and therefore mu&#383;t now &#383;omewhat Explane)
+      That the Depth of the little Cavities, intercepted between the extant
+      Particles, without being &#383;o much greater in Black Bodies than in
+      White ones, as to be perceptibly &#383;o to the Gro&#383;s Organs of
+      Touch, may be very much greater in reference to their Di&#383;po&#383;ition
+      of Reflecting the imaginary &#383;ubtile Beams of Light. For in Black
+      Bodies, tho&#383;e Little intercepted Cavities, and other Depre&#383;&#383;ions,
+      may be &#383;o Figur'd, &#383;o Narrow and &#383;o Deep, that the incident
+      Beams of Light, which the more extant Parts of the Phy&#383;ical
+      Superficies are di&#383;pos'd to Reflect inwards, may be Detain'd there,
+      and prove unable to Emerge; whil&#383;t in a White Body, the Slender
+      Particles may not only by their Figure be fitted to Reflect the Light
+      copiou&#383;ly outwards, but the intercepted Cavities being not Deep, nor
+      perhaps very Narrow, the Bottoms of them may be &#383;o Con&#383;tituted,
+      as to
+       <!--  Page 52 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_52" id="LPage_52"></a>[pg
+      52]</span> be fit to Reflect outwards much of the Light that falls even
+      upon Them; as you may po&#383;&#383;ibly better apprehend, when we &#383;hall
+      come to treat of Whitene&#383;s and Blackne&#383;s. In the mean time it
+      may &#383;uffice, that you take Notice with me, that the Blind mans
+      Relations import no nece&#383;&#383;ity of Concluding, that, though, becau&#383;e,
+      according to the Judgment of his Touch, Black was the Roughe&#383;t, as it
+      is the Darke&#383;t of Colours, therefore White, which (according to us)
+      is the Lighte&#383;t, &#383;hould be al&#383;o the Smoothe&#383;t: &#383;ince
+      I ob&#383;erve, that he makes Yellow to be two Degrees more A&#383;perous
+      than Blew, and as much le&#383;s A&#383;perous than Green; whereas indeed,
+      Yellow do's not only appear to the Eye a Lighter Colour than Blew, but (by
+      our fir&#383;t Experiment hereafter to be mention'd) it will appear, that
+      Yellow reflected much more Light than Blew, and manife&#383;tly more than
+      Green, (which we need not much wonder at, &#383;ince in this Colour and
+      the two others (Blew and Yellow) 'tis not <i>only</i> the <i>Reflected
+      Light</i> that is to be con&#383;idered, &#383;ince to produce both the&#383;e,
+      <i>Refraction</i> &#383;eems to Intervene, which by its Varieties may much
+      alter the Ca&#383;e:) which both &#383;eems to &#383;trengthen the
+      Conjecture I was formerly propo&#383;ing, that there was &#383;omething el&#383;e
+       <!--  Page 53 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_53" id="LPage_53"></a>[pg
+      53]</span> in the <i>Kinds</i> of A&#383;perity, as well as in the <i>Degrees</i>
+      of it, which enabled our Blind man to Di&#383;criminate Colours, and do's
+      at lea&#383;t &#383;how, that we cannot in all Ca&#383;es from the bare
+      Difference in the Degrees of A&#383;perity betwixt Colours, &#383;afely
+      conclude, that the Rougher of any two always Reflects the lea&#383;t
+      Light.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      16. But this notwith&#383;tanding, (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) and what ever Curio&#383;ity
+      I may have had to move &#383;ome Que&#383;tions to our Sagacious Blind
+      man, yet thus much I think you will admit us to have gain'd by his Te&#383;timony,
+      that &#383;ince many Colours may be felt with the Circum&#383;tances above
+      related, the Surfaces of &#383;uch Coloured Bodies mu&#383;t certainly
+      have differing <i>Degrees</i>, and in all probability have differing <i>Forms</i>
+      or Kinds of A&#383;perity belonging to them, which is all the U&#383;e
+      that my pre&#383;ent attempt obliges me to make of the Hi&#383;tory above
+      deliver'd, that being &#383;ufficient to prove, <i>that</i> Colour do's
+      much depend upon the Di&#383;po&#383;ition of the Superficial parts of
+      Bodies, and to &#383;hew in general, <i>wherein</i> 'tis probable that
+      &#383;uch a Di&#383;po&#383;ition do's (principally at lea&#383;t) con&#383;i&#383;t.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      17. But to return to what I was &#383;aying before I began to make mention
+      of our Blind <i>Organi&#383;t</i>, what we have deliver'd
+       <!--  Page 54 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_54" id="LPage_54"></a>[pg
+      54]</span> touching the cau&#383;es of the &#383;everal Forms or A&#383;perity
+      that may Diver&#383;ifie the Surfaces of Colour'd Bodies, may perchance
+      &#383;omewhat a&#383;&#383;i&#383;t us to make &#383;ome Conjectures in
+      the general, at &#383;everal of the ways whereby 'tis po&#383;&#383;ible
+      for the Experiments hereafter to be mention'd, to produce the &#383;uddain
+      changes of Colours that are wont to be Con&#383;equent upon them; for mo&#383;t
+      of the&#383;e <i>Phænomena</i> being produc'd by the Intervention of
+      Liquors, and the&#383;e for the mo&#383;t part abounding with very Minute,
+      Active, and Variou&#383;ly Figur'd Saline Corpu&#383;cles, Liquors &#383;o
+      Qualify'd may well enough very Nimbly after the Texture of the Body they
+      are imploy'd to Work upon, and &#383;o may change the form of A&#383;perity,
+      and thereby make them Remit to the Eye the Light that falls on them, after
+      another manner than they did before, and by that means Vary the Colour,
+      &#383;o farr forth as it depends upon the Texture or Di&#383;po&#383;ition
+      of the Seen Parts of the Object, which I &#383;ay, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that
+      you may not think I would ab&#383;olutely exclude all other ways of
+      Modifying the Beams of Light between their Parting from the Lucid Body,
+      and their Reception into the common Sen&#383;ory.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      18. Now there &#383;eem to me divers ways,
+       <!--  Page 55 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_55" id="LPage_55"></a>[pg
+      55]</span> by which we may conceive that Liquors may Nimbly alter the
+      Colour of one another, and of other Bodies, upon which they Act, but my
+      pre&#383;ent ha&#383;te will allow me to mention but &#383;ome of them,
+      without In&#383;i&#383;ting &#383;o much as upon tho&#383;e I &#383;hall
+      name.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      19. And fir&#383;t, the Minute Corpu&#383;cles that compo&#383;e a Liquor
+      may early in&#383;inuate them&#383;elves into tho&#383;e Pores of Bodies,
+      whereto their Size and Figure makes them Congruous, and the&#383;e Pores
+      they may either exactly Fill, or but Inadequately, and in this latter Ca&#383;e
+      they will for the mo&#383;t part alter the Number and Figure, and always
+      the Bigne&#383;s of the former Pores. And in what capacity &#383;oever the&#383;e
+      Corpu&#383;cles of a Liquor come to be Lodg'd or Harbour'd in the Pores
+      that admit them, the Surface of the Body will for the mo&#383;t part have
+      its A&#383;perity alter'd, and the Incident Light that meets with a Gro&#383;&#383;er
+      Liquor in the little Cavities that before contain'd nothing but Air, or
+      &#383;ome yet Subtiler Fluid, will have its Beams either Refracted, or
+      Imbib'd, or el&#383;e Reflected more or le&#383;s Interruptedly, than they
+      would be, if the Body had been Unmoi&#383;tned, as we &#383;ee, that even
+      fair Water falling on white Paper, or Linnen, and divers other Bodies
+       <!--  Page 56 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_56" id="LPage_56"></a>[pg
+      56]</span> apt to &#383;oak it in, will for &#383;ome &#383;uch Rea&#383;ons
+      as tho&#383;e newly mention'd, immediately alter the Colour of them, and
+      for the mo&#383;t part make it Sadder than that of the Unwetted Parts of
+      the &#383;ame Bodies. And &#383;o you may &#383;ee, that when in the
+      Summer the High-ways are Dry and Du&#383;ty, if there falls &#383;tore of
+      Rain, they will quickly appear of a much Darker Colour than they did
+      before, and if a Drop of Oyl be let fall upon a Sheet of White Paper, that
+      part of it, which by the Imbibition of the Liquor acquires a greater
+      Continuity, and &#383;ome Tran&#383;parency, will appear much Darker than
+      the re&#383;t, many of the Incident Beams of Light being now Tran&#383;mitted,
+      that otherwi&#383;e would be Reflected towards the Beholders Eyes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      20. Secondly, A Liquor may alter the Colour of a Body by freeing it from
+      tho&#383;e things that hindred it from appearing in its Genuine Colour;
+      and though this may be &#383;aid to be rather a Re&#383;tauration of a
+      Body to its own Colour, or a Retection of its native Colour, than a
+      Change, yet &#383;till there Intervenes in it a change of the Colour which
+      the Body appear'd to be of before this Operation. And &#383;uch a change a
+      Liquor may work, either by Di&#383;&#383;olving, or Corroding, or by
+      &#383;ome &#383;uch way of
+       <!--  Page 57 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_57" id="LPage_57"></a>[pg
+      57]</span> carrying off that Matter, which either Veil'd or Di&#383;guis'd
+      the Colour that afterwards appears. Thus we re&#383;tore Old pieces of
+      Dirty Gold to a clean and nitid Yellow, by putting them into the Fire, and
+      into <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, which take off the adventitious Filth that made
+      that pure Metall look of a Dirty Colour. And there is al&#383;o an ea&#383;ie
+      way to re&#383;tore Silver Coyns to their due Lu&#383;tre, by fetching off
+      that which Di&#383;colour'd them. And I know a <i>Chymical</i> Liquor,
+      which I employ'd to re&#383;tore pieces of Cloath &#383;potted with Grea&#383;e
+      to their proper Colour, by Imbibing the Spotted part with this Liquor,
+      which Incorporating with the Grea&#383;e, and yet being of a very Volatile
+      Nature, does ea&#383;ily carry it away with it Self. And I have &#383;ometimes
+      try'd, that by Rubbing upon a good Touch-&#383;tone a certain <i>Metalline</i>
+      mixture &#383;o Compounded, that the Impre&#383;&#383;ion it left upon the
+      Stone appear'd of a very differing Colour from that of Gold, yet a little
+      of <i>Aqua-fortis</i> would in a Trice make the Golden Colour di&#383;clo&#383;e
+      it &#383;elf, by Di&#383;&#383;olving the other <i>Metalline</i> Corpu&#383;cles
+      that conceal'd tho&#383;e of the Gold, which you know that <i>Menstruum</i>
+      will leave Untouch'd.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      21. Thirdly, A Liquor may alter the
+       <!--  Page 58 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_58" id="LPage_58"></a>[pg
+      58]</span> Colour of a Body by making a Comminution of its Parts, and that
+      principally two ways, the fir&#383;t by Di&#383;joyning and Di&#383;&#383;ipating
+      tho&#383;e Clu&#383;ters of Particles, if I may &#383;o call them, which
+      &#383;tuck more Loo&#383;ely together, being fa&#383;tned only by &#383;ome
+      more ea&#383;ily Di&#383;&#383;oluble Ciment, which &#383;eems to be the
+      Ca&#383;e of &#383;ome of the following Experiments, where you'l find the
+      Colour of many Corpu&#383;cles brought to cohere by having been
+      Precipitated together, De&#383;troy'd by the Affu&#383;ion of very
+      peircing and inci&#383;ive Liquors. The other of the two ways I was &#383;peaking
+      of, is, by Dividing the Gro&#383;&#383;er and more Solid Particles into
+      Minute ones, which will be always Le&#383;&#383;er, and for the mo&#383;t
+      part otherwi&#383;e Shap'd than the Entire Corpu&#383;cle &#383;o Divided,
+      as it will happen in a piece of Wood reduc'd into Splinters or Chips, or
+      as when a piece of Chry&#383;tal heated red Hot and quench'd in Cold water
+      is crack'd into a multitude of little Fragments, which though they fall
+      not a&#383;under, alter the Di&#383;po&#383;ition of the Body of the Chry&#383;tal,
+      as to its manner of Reflecting the Light, as we &#383;hall have Occa&#383;ion
+      to &#383;hew hereafter.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      22. There is a fourth way contrary to the third, whereby a Liquor may
+      change the Colour of another Body, e&#383;pecially of
+       <!--  Page 59 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_59" id="LPage_59"></a>[pg
+      59]</span> another Fluid, and that is, by procuring the Coalition of
+      &#383;everal Particles that before lay too Scatter'd and Di&#383;pers'd to
+      exhibit the Colour that afterwards appears. Thus &#383;ometimes when I
+      have had a Solution of Gold &#383;o Dilated, that I doubted whether the
+      Liquor had really Imbib'd any true Gold or no, by pouring in a little <i>Mercury</i>,
+      I have been quickly able to &#383;atisfie my Self, that the Liquor
+      contain'd Gold, that Mettall after a little while Cloathing the Surface of
+      the <i>Quick-&#383;ilver</i>, with a Thin Film of its own Livery. And
+      chiefly, though not only by this way of bringing the Minute parts of
+      Bodies together in &#383;uch Numbers as to make them become Notorious to
+      the Eye, many of the&#383;e Colours &#383;eem to be Generated which are
+      produc'd by Precipitations, e&#383;pecially by &#383;uch as are wont to be
+      made with fair Water, as when Re&#383;inous Gumms di&#383;&#383;olv'd in
+      Spirit of Wine, are let fall again, if the Spirit be Copiou&#383;ly
+      diluted with that weakning Liquor. And &#383;o out of the Rectify'd and
+      Tran&#383;parent Butter of <i>Antimony</i>, by the bare Mixture of fair
+      Water, there will be plentifully Precipitated that Milk-white Sub&#383;tance,
+      which by having its Loo&#383;er Salts well wa&#383;h'd off, is turn'd into
+      that Medicine, which Vulgar <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i> are pleas'd to call <i>Mercurius
+      Vitæ.</i>
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 60 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_60" id="LPage_60"></a>[pg 60]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      23. A fifth way, by which a Liquor may change the Colour of a Body, is, by
+      Di&#383;locating the Parts, and putting them out of their former Order
+      into another, and perhaps al&#383;o altering the Po&#383;ture of the
+      &#383;ingle Corpu&#383;cles as well as their Order or Situation in re&#383;pect
+      of one another. What certain Kinds of Commotion or Di&#383;location of the
+      Parts of a Body may do towards the Changing its Colour, is not only
+      evident in the Mutations of Colour ob&#383;ervable in <i>Quick-&#383;ilver</i>,
+      and &#383;ome other Concretes long kept by <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i> in a
+      Convenient Heat, though in clo&#383;e Ve&#383;&#383;els, but in the
+      Obvious Degenerations of Colour, which every Body may take notice of in
+      Bruis'd Cherries, and other Fruit, by comparing after a while the Colour
+      of the Injur'd with that of the Sound part of the &#383;ame Fruit. And
+      that al&#383;o &#383;uch Liquors, as we have been &#383;peaking of, may
+      greatly Di&#383;compo&#383;e the Textures of many Bodies, and thereby
+      alter the Di&#383;po&#383;ition of their Superficial parts, the great
+      Commotion made in Metalls, and &#383;everal other Bodies by <i>Aqua-fortis</i>,
+      Oyl of <i>Vitriol</i>, and other Saline <i>Men&#383;truums</i>, may ea&#383;ily
+      per&#383;wade us, and what &#383;uch Vary'd Situations of Parts may do
+      towards the Diver&#383;ifying of the manner of their Reflecting the Light,
+      may
+       <!--  Page 61 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_61" id="LPage_61"></a>[pg
+      61]</span> be Gue&#383;s'd in &#383;ome Mea&#383;ure by the Beating of
+      Tran&#383;parent Gla&#383;s into a White Powder, but farr better by the
+      Experiments lately Pointed at, and hereafter Deliver'd, as the Producing
+      and De&#383;troying Colours by the means of &#383;ubtil Saline Liquors, by
+      who&#383;e Affu&#383;ion the Parts of other Liquors are manife&#383;tly
+      both Agitated, and likewi&#383;e Di&#383;pos'd after another manner than
+      they were before &#383;uch Affu&#383;ion. And in &#383;ome <i>Chymical</i>
+      Oyls, as particularly that of Lemmon Pills, by barely Shaking the Gla&#383;s,
+      that holds it, into Bubbles, that Tran&#383;po&#383;ition of the Parts
+      which is con&#383;equent to the Shaking, will &#383;hew you on the
+      Surfaces of the Bubbles exceeding Orient and Lively Colours, which when
+      the Bubbles relap&#383;e into the re&#383;t of the Oyl, do immediately
+      Vani&#383;h.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      24. I know not, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, whether I &#383;hould mention as a Di&#383;tinct
+      way, becau&#383;e it is of a &#383;omewhat more General Nature, that
+      Power, whereby a Liquor may alter the Colour of another Body, by putting
+      the Parts of it into Motion; For though po&#383;&#383;ibly the Motion
+      &#383;o produc'd, does, as &#383;uch, &#383;eldome &#383;uddenly change
+      the Colour of the Body who&#383;e Parts are Agitated, yet this &#383;eems
+      to be one of the mo&#383;t General, however not Immediate cau&#383;es of
+       <!--  Page 62 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_62" id="LPage_62"></a>[pg
+      62]</span> the Quick change of Colours in Bodies. For the Parts being put
+      into Motion by the adventitious Liquor, divers of them that were before
+      United, may become thereby Di&#383;joyn'd, and when that Motion cea&#383;es
+      or decays others of them may &#383;tick together, and that in a new Order,
+      by which means the Motion may &#383;ometimes produce Permanent changes of
+      Colours, as in the Experiment you will meet with hereafter, of pre&#383;ently
+      turning a Snowy White Body into a Yellow, by the bare Affu&#383;ion of
+      fair Water, which probably &#383;o Di&#383;&#383;olves the Saline Corpu&#383;cles
+      that remain'd in the <i>Calx</i>, and &#383;ets them at Liberty to Act
+      upon one another, and the Metall, far more Powerfully than the Water
+      without the A&#383;&#383;i&#383;tance of &#383;uch Saline Corpu&#383;cles
+      could do. And though you rubb Blew <i>Vitriol</i>, how Venereal and Un&#383;ophi&#383;ticated
+      &#383;oever it be, upon the Whetted Blade of a Knife, it will not impart
+      to the Iron its Latent Colour, but if you moi&#383;ten the <i>Vitriol</i>
+      with your Spittle, or common Water, the Particles of the Liquor di&#383;joyning
+      tho&#383;e of the <i>Vitriol</i>, and thereby giving them the Various
+      Agitation requi&#383;ite to Fluid Bodies, the Metalline Corpu&#383;cles of
+      the thus Di&#383;&#383;olv'd <i>Vitriol</i> will Lodge them&#383;elves in
+      Throngs in the Small and Congruous
+       <!--  Page 63 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_63" id="LPage_63"></a>[pg
+      63]</span> Pores of the Iron they are Rubb'd on, and &#383;o give the
+      Surface of it the Genuine Colour of the Copper.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      25. There remains yet a way, <i>Pyrophilus</i> to be mention'd, by which a
+      Liquor may alter the Colour of another Body, and this &#383;eems the mo&#383;t
+      Important of all, becau&#383;e though it be nam'd but as One, yet it may
+      indeed comprehend Many, and that is, by A&#383;&#383;ociating the Saline
+      Corpu&#383;cles, or any other Sort of the more Rigid ones of the Liquor,
+      with the Particles of the Body that it is employ'd to Work upon. For the&#383;e
+      Adventitious Corpu&#383;cles A&#383;&#383;ociating them&#383;elves with
+      the Protuberant Particles of the Surface of a Colour'd Body, mu&#383;t
+      nece&#383;&#383;arily alter their Bigne&#383;s, and will mo&#383;t
+      commonly alter their Shape. And how much the Colours of Bodies depend upon
+      the Bulk and Figure of their Superficial Particles, you may Gue&#383;s by
+      this, that eminent antient <i>Philo&#383;ophers</i> and divers <i>Moderns</i>,
+      have thought that all Colours might in a general way be made out by the&#383;e
+      two; who&#383;e being Diver&#383;ify'd, will in our Ca&#383;e be attended
+      with the&#383;e two Circum&#383;tances, the One, that the Protuberant
+      Particles being Increas'd in Bulk, they will oftentimes be Vary'd as to
+      the Clo&#383;ne&#383;s or Laxity of
+       <!--  Page 64 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_64" id="LPage_64"></a>[pg
+      64]</span> their Order, fewer of them being contain'd within the &#383;ame
+      Sen&#383;ible (though Minute) &#383;pace than before; or el&#383;e by
+      approaching to one another, they mu&#383;t Straighten the Pores, and it
+      may be too, they will by their manner of A&#383;&#383;ociating them&#383;elves
+      with the Protuberant Particles, intercept new Pores. And this invites me
+      to con&#383;ider farther, that the Adventitious Corpu&#383;cles, I have
+      been &#383;peaking of, may likewi&#383;e produce a great Change as well in
+      the Little Cavities or Pores as in the Protuberances of a Colour'd Body;
+      for be&#383;ides what we have ju&#383;t now taken notice of, they may by
+      Lodging them&#383;elves in tho&#383;e little Cavities, fill them up, and
+      it may well happen, that they may not only fill the Pores they In&#383;inuate
+      them&#383;elves into, but likewi&#383;e have their Upper Parts extant
+      above them; and partly by the&#383;e new Protuberances, partly by Increa&#383;ing
+      the Bulk of the former, the&#383;e Extraneous Corpu&#383;cles may much
+      alter the Number and Bigne&#383;s of the Surfaces Pores, changing the Old
+      and Intercepting new ones. And then 'tis Odds, but the Order of the Little
+      Extancies, and con&#383;equently that of the Little Depre&#383;&#383;ions
+      in point of Situation will be alter'd likewi&#383;e: as if you di&#383;&#383;olve
+      <i>Quick-&#383;ilver</i> in &#383;ome kind of <i>Aqua-fortis</i>,
+       <!--  Page 65 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_65" id="LPage_65"></a>[pg
+      65]</span> the Saline Particles of the <i>Menstruum</i> A&#383;&#383;ociating
+      them&#383;elves with the Mercurial Corpu&#383;cles, will make a Green
+      Solution, which afterwards ea&#383;ily enough Degenerates. And Red Lead or
+      <i>Minium</i> being Di&#383;&#383;olv'd in Spirit of Vinegar, yields not a
+      Red, but a Clear Solution, the Redne&#383;s of the Lead being by the
+      Liquor De&#383;troy'd. But a better In&#383;tance may be taken from
+      Copper, for I have try'd, that if upon a Copper-plate you let &#383;ome
+      Drops of weak <i>Aqua-fortis</i> re&#383;t for a while, the Corpu&#383;cles
+      of the <i>Men&#383;truum</i>, joyning with tho&#383;e of the Metall, will
+      produce a very &#383;en&#383;ible A&#383;perity upon the Surface of the
+      Plate, and will Concoagulate that way into very minute Grains of a Pale
+      Blew <i>Vitriol</i>; whereas if upon another part of the &#383;ame Plate
+      you &#383;uffer a little &#383;trong Spirit of Urine to re&#383;t a
+      competent time, you &#383;hall find the A&#383;perated Surface adorn'd
+      with a Deeper and Richer Blew. And the &#383;ame <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, that
+      will quickly change the Redne&#383;s of Red Lead into a Darker Colour,
+      will, being put upon Crude Lead, produce a Whiti&#383;h Sub&#383;tance, as
+      with Copper it did a Blewi&#383;h. And as with Iron it will produce a
+      Reddi&#383;h, and on White Quills a Yellowi&#383;h, &#383;o much may the
+      Coalition of the Parts of the &#383;ame
+       <!--  Page 66 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_66" id="LPage_66"></a>[pg
+      66]</span> Liquor, with the differingly Figur'd Particles of Stable
+      Bodies, divers ways A&#383;perate the differingly Di&#383;pos'd Surfaces,
+      and to Diver&#383;ifie the Colour of tho&#383;e Bodies. And you'l ea&#383;ily
+      believe, that in many changes of Colour, that happen upon the Di&#383;&#383;olutions
+      of Metalls, and Precipitations made with Oyl of <i>Tartar</i>, and the
+      like Fix'd Salts, there may Intervene a Coalition of Saline Corpu&#383;cles
+      with the Particles of the Body Di&#383;&#383;olv'd or Precipitated, if you
+      examine how much the <i>Vitriol</i> of a Metall may be Heavier than the
+      Metalline part of it alone, upon the Score of the Saline parts
+      Concoagulated therewith, and, that in Several Precipitations the weight of
+      the <i>Calx</i> does for the &#383;ame Rea&#383;on much exceed that of the
+      Metall, when it was fir&#383;t put in to be Di&#383;&#383;olv'd.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      26. But, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, to con&#383;ider the&#383;e Matters more
+      particularly would be to forget that I declar'd again&#383;t Adventuring,
+      at lea&#383;t for this time, at particular Theories of Colours, and that
+      accordingly you may ju&#383;tly expect from me rather Experiments than
+      Speculations, and therefore I &#383;hall Di&#383;mi&#383;s this Subject of
+      the Forms of Superficial A&#383;perity in Colour'd Bodies, as &#383;oon as
+      I &#383;hall but have nam'd to you by way of Supplement to what we have
+       <!--  Page 67 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_67" id="LPage_67"></a>[pg
+      67]</span> hitherto Di&#383;cours'd in this Section, a Couple of
+      Particulars, (which you'l ea&#383;ily grant me) The one, That there are
+      divers other ways for the &#383;peedy Production even of True and
+      Permanent Colours in Bodies, be&#383;ides tho&#383;e Practicable by the
+      help of Liquors; for proof of which Adverti&#383;ement, though &#383;everal
+      Examples might be alleged, yet I &#383;hall need but Re-mind you of what I
+      mention'd to you above, touching the change of Colours &#383;uddenly made
+      on Temper'd Steel, and on Lead, by the Operation of Heat, without the
+      Intervention of a Liquor. But the other particular I am to ob&#383;erve to
+      you is of more Importance to our pre&#383;ent Subject and it is, That
+      though Nature and Art may in &#383;ome ca&#383;es &#383;o change the A&#383;perity
+      of the Superficial parts of a Body, as to change its Colour by either of
+      the ways I have propos'd Single or Una&#383;&#383;i&#383;ted, yet for the
+      mo&#383;t part 'tis by two or three, or perhaps by more of the
+      fore-mention'd ways A&#383;&#383;ociated together, that the Effect is
+      produc'd, and if you con&#383;ider how Variou&#383;ly tho&#383;e &#383;everal
+      ways and &#383;ome others Ally'd unto them, which I have left unmention'd,
+      may be Compounded and Apply'd, you will not much wonder that &#383;uch
+      fruitfull, whether Principles (or Manners of Diver&#383;ification)
+       <!--  Page 68 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_68" id="LPage_68"></a>[pg
+      68]</span> &#383;hould be fitted to Change or Generate no &#383;mall
+      &#383;tore of Differing Colours.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      27. Hitherto, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, we have in di&#383;cour&#383;ing of the A&#383;perity
+      of Bodies con&#383;ider'd the little Protuberances of other Superficial
+      particles which make up that Roughne&#383;s, as if we took it for granted,
+      that they mu&#383;t be perfectly Opacous and Impenetrable by the Beams of
+      Light, and &#383;o, mu&#383;t contribute to the Variety of Colours as they
+      terminate more or le&#383;s Light, and reflect it to the Eye mix'd with
+      more or le&#383;s of thus or thus mingl'd Shades. But to deal Ingenuou&#383;ly
+      with you, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, before I proceed any further, I mu&#383;t not
+      conceal from you, that I have often thought it worth a Serious Enquiry,
+      whether or no Particles of Matter, each of them &#383;ing'y In&#383;en&#383;ible,
+      and therefore &#383;mall enough to be capable of being &#383;uch Minute
+      Particles as the <i>Atomi&#383;ts</i> both of old and of late have (not ab&#383;urdly)
+      called <i>Corpu&#383;cula Coloris</i>, may not yet con&#383;i&#383;t each
+      of them of divers yet Minuter Particles, betwixt which we may conceive
+      little Commi&#383;&#383;ures where they Adhere to one another, and,
+      however, may not be Porous enough to be, at lea&#383;t in &#383;ome
+      degree, Pervious to the unimaginably &#383;ubtile Corpu&#383;cles that
+      make up the Beams of
+       <!--  Page 69 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_69" id="LPage_69"></a>[pg
+      69]</span> Light, and con&#383;equently to be in &#383;uch a degree
+      Diaphanous. For, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that the propo&#383;ed Enquiry may be
+      of moment to him that &#383;earches after the Nature of Colour, you'l ea&#383;ily
+      grant, if you con&#383;ider, that whereas Perfectly Opacous bodies can but
+      reflect the incident Beams of Light, tho&#383;e that are Diaphanous are
+      qualified to refract them too, and that Refraction has &#383;uch a &#383;troak
+      in the Production of Colours, as you cannot but have taken notice of, and
+      perhaps admir'd in the Colours generated by the Trajection of Light
+      through Drops of Water that exhibit a Rain-bow, through Pri&#383;matical
+      gla&#383;&#383;es, and through divers other Tran&#383;parent bodies. But
+      'tis like, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, you'l more ea&#383;ily allow that about this
+      matter 'tis rather Important to have a Certainty, than that 'tis Rational
+      to entertain a Doubt; wherefore I mu&#383;t mention to you &#383;ome of
+      the Rea&#383;ons that make me think it may need a further Enquiry, for I
+      find that in a Darkned Room, where the Light is permitted to enter but at
+      One hole, the little wandering Particles of Du&#383;t, that are commonly
+      called Motes, and, unle&#383;s in the Sunbeams, are not taken notice of by
+      the una&#383;&#383;i&#383;ted Sight, I have, I &#383;ay, often ob&#383;erv'd,
+      that the&#383;e roving Corpu&#383;cles being look'd on by an Eye plac'd on
+      one &#383;ide of the
+       <!--  Page 70 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_70" id="LPage_70"></a>[pg
+      70]</span> Beams that enter'd the Little hole, and by the Darkne&#383;s
+      having its Pupill much Enlarg'd, I could di&#383;cern that the&#383;e
+      Motes as &#383;oon as they came within the compa&#383;s of the Luminous,
+      whether Cylinder or Inverted Cone, if I may &#383;o call it, that was made
+      up by the Unclouded Beams of the Sun, did in certain po&#383;itions appear
+      adorn'd with very vivid Colours, like tho&#383;e of the Rain-bow, or
+      rather like tho&#383;e of very Minute, but Sparkling fragments of
+      Diamonds; and as &#383;oon as the Continuance of their Motion had brought
+      them to an Inconvenient po&#383;ition in reference to the Light and the
+      Eye, they were only vi&#383;ible without Darting any lively Colours as
+      before, which &#383;eems to argue that the&#383;e little Motes, or minute
+      Fragments, of &#383;everal &#383;orts of bodies reputed Opacous, and only
+      crumbled as to their Exteriour and Loo&#383;er parts into Du&#383;t, did
+      not barely Reflect the Beams that fell upon them, but remit them to the
+      Eye Refracted too. We may al&#383;o ob&#383;erve, that &#383;everal
+      Bodies, (as well &#383;ome of a Vegetable, as others of an Animal nature)
+      which are wont to pa&#383;s for Opacous, appear in great part Tran&#383;parent,
+      when they are reduc'd into Thin parts, and held again&#383;t a powerful
+      Light. This I have not only taken notice of in pieces of Ivory reduc'd but
+      into Thick leaves, as al&#383;o in divers con&#383;iderable
+       <!--  Page 71 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_71" id="LPage_71"></a>[pg
+      71]</span> Thick &#383;hells of Fi&#383;hes, and in &#383;having of Wood,
+      but I have al&#383;o found that a piece of Deal, far thicker than one
+      would ea&#383;ily imagine, being purpo&#383;ly interpo&#383;ed betwixt my
+      Eye plac'd in a Room, and the clear Daylight, was not only &#383;omewhat
+      Tran&#383;parent, but (perhaps by rea&#383;on of its Gummous nature)
+      appear'd quite through of a lovely Red. And in the Darkned Room above
+      mention'd, Bodies held again&#383;t the hole at which the Light enter'd,
+      appear'd far le&#383;s Opacous then they would el&#383;ewhere have done,
+      in&#383;omuch that I could ea&#383;ily and plainly &#383;ee through the
+      whole Thickne&#383;s of my Hand, the Motions of a Body plac'd (at a very
+      near di&#383;tance indeed, but yet) beyond it. And even in Minerals, the
+      Opacity is not always &#383;o great as many think, if the Body be made
+      Thin, for White Marble though of a pretty Thickne&#383;s, being within a
+      Due di&#383;tance plac'd betwixt the Eye and a Convenient Light, will
+      Suffer the Motions of ones Finger to be well di&#383;cern'd through it,
+      and &#383;o will pieces, Thick enough, of many common Flints. But above
+      all, that In&#383;tance is remarkable, that is afforded us by <i>Mu&#383;covie</i>
+      gla&#383;s, (which &#383;ome call <i>Selenites</i>, others <i>Lapis
+      Specularis</i>) for though plates of this Mineral, though but of a
+      moderate Thickne&#383;s, do often appear Opacous, yet if
+       <!--  Page 72 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_72" id="LPage_72"></a>[pg
+      72]</span> one of the&#383;e be Dextrou&#383;ly &#383;plit into the thinne&#383;t
+      Leaves 'tis made up of, it will yield &#383;uch a number of them, as
+      &#383;carce any thing but Experience could have per&#383;waded me, and the&#383;e
+      Leaves will afford the mo&#383;t Tran&#383;parent &#383;ort of con&#383;i&#383;tent
+      Bodies, that, for ought I have ob&#383;erv'd, are yet known; and a &#383;ingle
+      Leaf or Plate will be &#383;o far from being Opacous, that 'twill &#383;carce
+      be &#383;o much as Vi&#383;ible. And multitudes of Bodies there are, who&#383;e
+      Fragments &#383;eem Opacous to the naked Eye, which yet, when I have
+      included them in good <i>Micro&#383;copes</i>, appear'd Tran&#383;parent;
+      but, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, on the other &#383;ide I am not yet &#383;ure that
+      there are no Bodies, who&#383;e Minute Particles even in &#383;uch a <i>Micro&#383;cope</i>
+      as that of mine, which I was lately mentioning, will not appear
+      Diaphanous. For having con&#383;ider'd <i>Mercury</i> Precipitated <i>per
+      &#383;e</i>, the little Granules that made up the powder, look'd like
+      little fragments of Coral beheld by the naked Eye at a Di&#383;tance (for
+      very Near at hand Coral will &#383;ometimes, e&#383;pecially if it be
+      Good, &#383;hew &#383;ome Tran&#383;parency.) Filings likewi&#383;e of
+      Steel and Copper, though in an excellent <i>Micro&#383;cope</i>, and a
+      fair Day, they &#383;how'd like pretty Big Fragments of tho&#383;e
+      Metalls, and had con&#383;iderable Brightne&#383;s on &#383;ome of their
+      Surfaces, yet I was not &#383;atisfi'd, that I perceiv'd
+       <!--  Page 73 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_73" id="LPage_73"></a>[pg
+      73]</span> any Reflection from the Inner parts of any of the Filings. Nay,
+      having look'd in my be&#383;t <i>Micro&#383;cope</i> upon the Red <i>Calx</i>
+      of Lead, (commonly call'd <i>Minium</i>) neither I, nor any I &#383;hew'd
+      it to, could di&#383;cern it to be other than Opacous, though the Day were
+      Clear, and the Object &#383;trongly Enlightned. And the deeply Red Colour
+      of <i>Vitriol</i> appear'd in the &#383;ame <i>Micro&#383;cope</i>
+      (notwith&#383;tanding the great Comminution effected by the Fire) but like
+      Gro&#383;&#383;y beaten Brick. So that, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, I &#383;hall
+      willingly re&#383;ign you the care of making &#383;ome further Enquiries
+      into the Subject we have now been con&#383;idering; for I confe&#383;s, as
+      I told you before, that I think that the Matter may need a further
+      Scrutiny, nor would I be forward to Determine how far or in what ca&#383;es
+      the Tran&#383;parency or Semi-diaphaniety of the Superficial Corpu&#383;cles
+      of Bigger Bodies, may have an Intere&#383;t in the Production of their
+      Colours, e&#383;pecially becau&#383;e that even in divers White bodies, as
+      Beaten Gla&#383;s, Snow and Froth, where it &#383;eems manife&#383;t that
+      the Superficial parts are &#383;ingly Diaphanous, (being either Water, or
+      Air, or Gla&#383;s) we &#383;ee not that &#383;uch Variety of Colours are
+      produc'd as u&#383;ually are by the Refraction of Light, even in tho&#383;e
+      Bodies, when by their Bigne&#383;s, Shape, &amp;c. they are conveniently
+       <!--  Page 74 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_74" id="LPage_74"></a>[pg
+      74]</span> qualify'd to exhibit &#383;uch Various and Lively Colours as
+      tho&#383;e of the Rain-bow, and of Pri&#383;matical Gla&#383;&#383;es.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      28. By what has been hitherto di&#383;cours'd, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, we may
+      be a&#383;&#383;i&#383;ted to judge of that famous Controver&#383;ie which
+      was of Old di&#383;puted betwixt the <i>Epicureans</i> and other <i>Atomi&#383;ts</i>
+      on the one &#383;ide, and mo&#383;t other <i>Philo&#383;ophers</i> on the
+      other &#383;ide. The former Denying Bodies to be Colour'd in the Dark, and
+      the Latter making Colour to be an Inherent quality, as well as Figure,
+      Hardne&#383;s; Weight, or the like. For though this Controver&#383;ie be
+      Reviv'd, and hotly Agitated among the <i>Moderns</i>, yet I doubt whether
+      it be not in great part a Nominal di&#383;pute, and therefore let us,
+      according to the Doctrine formerly deliver'd, Di&#383;tingui&#383;h the
+      Acceptions of the word Colour, and &#383;ay, that if it be taken in the
+      Stricter Sen&#383;e, the <i>Epicureans</i> &#383;eem to be in the Right,
+      for if Colour be indeed, though not according to them, but Light Modify'd,
+      how can we conceive that it can Sub&#383;i&#383;t in the Dark, that is,
+      where it mu&#383;t be &#383;uppos'd there is no Light; but on the other
+      &#383;ide, if Colour be con&#383;ider'd as a certain Con&#383;tant Di&#383;po&#383;ition
+      of the Superficial parts of the Object to Trouble the Light they Reflect
+      after &#383;uch and &#383;uch a Determinate manner,
+       <!--  Page 75 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_75" id="LPage_75"></a>[pg
+      75]</span> this Con&#383;tant, and, if I may &#383;o &#383;peak, Modifying
+      di&#383;po&#383;ition per&#383;evering in the Object, whether it be Shin'd
+      upon or no, there &#383;eems no ju&#383;t rea&#383;on to deny, but that in
+      this Sen&#383;e, Bodies retain their Colour as well in the Night as Day;
+      or, to Speak a little otherwi&#383;e, it may be &#383;aid, that Bodies are
+      Potentially Colour'd in the Dark, and Actually in the Light. But of this
+      Matter di&#383;cour&#383;ing more fully el&#383;ewhere, as 'tis a
+      difficulty that concerns Qualities in general, I &#383;hall forbear to in&#383;i&#383;t
+      on it here.
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      CHAP. IV
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      1. Of greater Moment in the Inve&#383;tigation of the Nature of Colours is
+      the Controver&#383;ie, Whether tho&#383;e of the Rain-bow, and tho&#383;e
+      that are often &#383;een in Clouds, before the Ri&#383;ing, or after the
+      Setting of the Sun; and in a word, Whether tho&#383;e other Colours, that
+      are wont to be call'd Emphatical, ought or ought not to be accounted True
+      Colours. I need not tell you that the Negative is the Common Opinion, e&#383;pecially
+      in the Schools, as may appear by that Vulgar di&#383;tinction of Colours,
+      whereby the&#383;e under Con&#383;ideration are term'd Apparent, by way of
+      Oppo&#383;ition
+       <!--  Page 76 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_76" id="LPage_76"></a>[pg
+      76]</span> to tho&#383;e that in the other Member of the Di&#383;tinction
+      are call'd True or Genuine. This que&#383;tion I &#383;ay &#383;eems to me
+      of Importance, upon this Account, that it being commonly Granted, (or
+      however, ea&#383;ie enough to be Prov'd) that Emphatical Colours are Light
+      it &#383;elf Modify'd by Refractions chiefly, with a concurrence &#383;ometimes
+      of Reflections, and perhaps &#383;ome other Accidents depending on the&#383;e
+      two; if the&#383;e Emphatical Colours be re&#383;olv'd to be Genuine, it
+      will &#383;eem con&#383;equent, that Colours, or at lea&#383;t divers of
+      them, are but Diver&#383;ify'd Light, and not &#383;uch Real and Inherent
+      qualities as they are commonly thought to be.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      2. Now &#383;ince we are wont to e&#383;teem the Echoes and other Sounds
+      of Bodies, to be True Sounds, all their Odours to be True Odours, and (to
+      be &#383;hort) &#383;ince we judge other Sen&#383;ible Qualities to be
+      True ones, becau&#383;e they are the proper Objects of &#383;ome or other
+      of our Sen&#383;es, I &#383;ee not why Emphatical Colours, being the
+      proper and peculiar Objects of the Organ of Sight, and capable to Affect
+      it as Truly and as Powerfully as other Colours, &#383;hould be reputed but
+      Imaginary ones.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And if we have (which perchance you'l allow) formerly evinc'd Colour,
+      (when
+       <!--  Page 77 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_77" id="LPage_77"></a>[pg
+      77]</span> the word is taken in its more Proper &#383;en&#383;e) to be but
+      Modify'd Light, there will be &#383;mall Rea&#383;on to deny the&#383;e to
+      be true Colours, which more manife&#383;tly than others di&#383;clo&#383;e
+      them&#383;elves to be produc'd by Diver&#383;ifications of the Light.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      3. There is indeed taken notice of a Difference betwixt the&#383;e
+      Apparent colours, and tho&#383;e that are wont to be e&#383;teem'd
+      Genuine, as to the Duration, which has induc'd &#383;ome Learned Men to
+      call the former rather Evanid than Fanta&#383;tical. But as the Ingenious
+      <i>Ga&#383;&#383;endus</i> does &#383;omewhere Judiciou&#383;ly ob&#383;erve,
+      if this way of Arguing were Good, the Greene&#383;s of a Leaf ought to pa&#383;s
+      for Apparent, becau&#383;e, &#383;oon Fading into a Yellow, it Scarce la&#383;ts
+      at all, in compari&#383;on of the Greene&#383;s of an Emerauld. I &#383;hall
+      add, that if the Sun-beams be in a convenient manner trajected through a
+      Gla&#383;s-pri&#383;m, and thrown upon &#383;ome well-&#383;haded Object
+      within a Room, the Rain-bow thereby Painted on the Surface of the Body
+      that Terminates the Beams, may oftentimes la&#383;t longer than Some
+      Colours I have produc'd in certain Bodies, which would ju&#383;tly, and
+      without &#383;cruple be accounted Genuine Colours, and yet &#383;uddenly
+      Degenerate, and lo&#383;e their Nature.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      4. A greater Di&#383;parity betwixt Emphatical
+       <!--  Page 78 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_78" id="LPage_78"></a>[pg
+      78]</span> Colours, and others, may perhaps be taken from this, that
+      Genuine Colours &#383;eem to be produc'd in Opacous Bodies by Reflection,
+      but Apparent ones in Diaphanous Bodies, and principally by Refraction, I
+      &#383;ay Principally rather than Solely, becau&#383;e in &#383;ome ca&#383;es
+      Reflection al&#383;o may concurr, but &#383;till this &#383;eems not to
+      conclude the&#383;e Latter Colours not to be True ones. Nor mu&#383;t what
+      has been newly &#383;aid of the Differences of True and Apparent Colours,
+      be interpreted in too Unlimited a Sen&#383;e, and therefore it may perhaps
+      &#383;omewhat A&#383;&#383;i&#383;t you, both to Reflect upon the two
+      fore-going Objections, and to judge of &#383;ome other Pa&#383;&#383;ages
+      which you'l meet with in this Tract, if I take this Occa&#383;ion to ob&#383;erve
+      to you, that if Water be Agitated into Froth, it exhibits you know a White
+      colour, which &#383;oon after it Lo&#383;es upon the Re&#383;olution of
+      the Bubbles into Air and Water, now in this ca&#383;e either the Whitene&#383;s
+      of the Froth is a True Colour or not, if it be, then True Colours, &#383;uppo&#383;ing
+      the Water pure and free from Mixtures of any thing Tenacious, may be as
+      Short-liv'd as tho&#383;e of the Rain-bow; al&#383;o the Matter, wherein
+      the Whitene&#383;s did Re&#383;ide, may in a few moments perfectly Lo&#383;e
+      all foot-&#383;teps or remains of it. And
+       <!--  Page 79 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_79" id="LPage_79"></a>[pg
+      79]</span> be&#383;ides, even Diaphanous Bodies may be capable of
+      exhibiting True Colours by Reflection, for that Whitene&#383;s is &#383;o
+      produc'd, we &#383;hall anon make it probable. But if on the other &#383;ide
+      it be &#383;aid, that the Whitene&#383;s of Froth is an Emphatical Colour,
+      then it mu&#383;t no longer be &#383;aid, that Fanta&#383;tical Colours
+      require a certain Po&#383;ition of the Luminary and the Eye, and mu&#383;t
+      be Vary'd or De&#383;troy'd by the Change thereof, &#383;ince Froth
+      appears White, whether the Sun be Ri&#383;ing or Setting, or in the
+      Meridian, or any where between it and the Horizon, and from what
+      (Neighbouring) place &#383;oever the Beholders Eye looks upon it. And
+      &#383;ince by making a Liquor Tenacious enough, yet without De&#383;troying
+      its Tran&#383;parency, or Staining it with any Colour, you may give the
+      Little Films, whereof the Bubbles con&#383;i&#383;t, &#383;uch a Texture,
+      as may make the Froth la&#383;t very many Hours, if not &#383;ome Days, or
+      even Weeks, it will render it &#383;omewhat Improper to a&#383;&#383;ign
+      Duration for the Di&#383;tingui&#383;hing Character to Di&#383;criminate
+      Genuine from Fanta&#383;tical Colours. For &#383;uch Froth may much outla&#383;t
+      the Undoubtedly true Colours of &#383;ome of Nature's Productions, as in
+      that Gaudy Plant not unde&#383;ervedly call'd the Mervail of <i>Peru</i>,
+      the Flowers do often Fade, the
+       <!--  Page 80 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_80" id="LPage_80"></a>[pg
+      80]</span> &#383;ame Day they are Blown; And I have often &#383;een a <i>Virginian</i>
+      Flower, which u&#383;ually Withers within the compa&#383;s of a Day; and I
+      am credibly Inform'd, that not far from hence a curious Herbori&#383;t has
+      a Plant, who&#383;e Flowers peri&#383;h in about an Hour. But if the
+      Whitene&#383;s of Water turn'd into Froth mu&#383;t therefore be reputed
+      Emphatical, becau&#383;e it appears not that the Nature of the Body is
+      Alter'd, but only that the Di&#383;po&#383;ition of its Parts in reference
+      to the Incident Light is Chang'd, why may not the Whitene&#383;s be
+      accounted Emphatical too, which I &#383;hall &#383;hew anon to be
+      Producible, barely by &#383;uch another change in Black Horn? and yet this
+      &#383;o ea&#383;ily acquir'd Whitene&#383;s &#383;eems to be as truly its
+      Colour as the Blackne&#383;s was before, and at lea&#383;t is more
+      Permanent than the Greenne&#383;s of Leaves, the Redne&#383;s of Ro&#383;es,
+      and, in &#383;hort, than the Genuine Colours of the mo&#383;t part of
+      Nature's Productions. It may indeed be further Objected, that according as
+      the Sun or other Luminous Body changes place, the&#383;e Emphatical
+      Colours alter or vani&#383;h. But not to repeat what I have ju&#383;t now
+      &#383;aid, I &#383;hall add, that if a piece of Cloath in a Drapers Shop
+      (in &#383;uch the Light being &#383;eldome Primary) be variou&#383;ly
+      Folded, it will appear of differing
+       <!--  Page 81 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_81" id="LPage_81"></a>[pg
+      81]</span> Colours, as the Parts happen to be more Illuminated or more
+      Shaded, and if you &#383;tretch it Flat, it will commonly exhibit &#383;ome
+      one Uniform Colour, and yet the&#383;e are not wont to be reputed
+      Emphatical, &#383;o that the Difference &#383;eems to be chiefly this,
+      that in the Ca&#383;e of the Rain-bow, and the like, the Po&#383;ition of
+      the Luminary Varies the Colour, and in the Cloath I have been mentioning,
+      the Po&#383;ition of the Object does it. Nor am I forward to allow that in
+      all Ca&#383;es the Apparition of Emphatical Colours requires a Determinate
+      po&#383;ition of the Eye, for if Men will have the Whitene&#383;s of Froth
+      Emphatical, you know what we have already Inferr'd from thence. Be&#383;ides,
+      the Sun-beams trajected through a Triangular Gla&#383;s, after the manner
+      lately mention'd, will, upon the Body that Terminates them, Paint a
+      Rain-bow, that may be &#383;een whether the Eye be plac'd on the Right
+      Hand of it or the Left, or Above or Beneath it, or Before or Behind it;
+      and though there may appear &#383;ome Little Variation in the Colours of
+      the Rain-bow, beheld from Differing parts of the Room, yet &#383;uch a
+      Diver&#383;ity may be al&#383;o ob&#383;erv'd by an Attentive Eye in Real
+      Colours, look'd upon under the like Circum&#383;tances, Nor will it
+      follow,
+       <!--  Page 82 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_82" id="LPage_82"></a>[pg
+      82]</span> that becau&#383;e there remains no Foot&#383;teps of the Colour
+      upon the Object, when the Pri&#383;m is Remov'd, that therefore the Colour
+      was not Real, &#383;ince the Light was truly Modify'd by the Refraction
+      and Reflection it Suffer'd in its Trajection through the Pri&#383;m; and
+      the Object in our ca&#383;e &#383;erv'd for a Specular Body, to Reflect
+      that Colour to the Eye. And that you may not be Startled, <i>Pyrophilus</i>,
+      that I &#383;hould Venture to &#383;ay, that a Rough and Coiour'd Object
+      may &#383;erve for a <i>Speculum</i> to Reflect the Artificial Rain-bow I
+      have been mentioning, con&#383;ider what u&#383;ually happens in Darkned
+      Rooms, where a Wall, or other Body conveniently Situated within, may
+      &#383;o Reflect the Colours of Bodies, without the Room, that they may
+      very clearly be Di&#383;cern'd and Di&#383;tingui&#383;h'd, and yet 'tis
+      taken for granted, that the Colours &#383;een in a Darkned Room, though
+      they leave no Traces of them&#383;elves upon the Wall or Body that
+      Receives them, are the True Colours of the External Objects, together with
+      which the Colours of the Images are Mov'd or do Re&#383;t. And the Errour
+      is not in the Eye, who&#383;e Office is only to perceive the Appearances
+      of things, and which does Truly &#383;o, but in the Judging or E&#383;timative
+      faculty, which Mi&#383;takingly
+       <!--  Page 83 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_83" id="LPage_83"></a>[pg
+      83]</span> concludes that Colour to belong to the Wall, which does indeed
+      belong to the Object, becau&#383;e the Wall is that from whence the Beams
+      of Light that carry the Vi&#383;ible <i>Species</i>, do come in Straight
+      Lines directly to the Eye, as for the &#383;ame Rea&#383;on we are wont at
+      a certain Di&#383;tance from Concave Sphærical Gla&#383;&#383;es, to per&#383;wade
+      our Selves that we &#383;ee the Image come forth to Meet us, and Hang in
+      the Air betwixt the Gla&#383;s and Us, becau&#383;e the Reflected Beams
+      that Compo&#383;e the image cro&#383;s in that place, where the Image
+      &#383;eems to be, and thence, and not from the Gla&#383;s, do in Direct
+      Lines take their Cour&#383;e to the Eye, and upon the like Cau&#383;e it
+      is, that divers Deceptions in Sounds and other Sen&#383;ible Objects do
+      depend, as we el&#383;ewhere declare.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      5. I know not, whether I need add, that I have purpo&#383;ely Try'd, (as
+      you'l find &#383;ome Pages hence, and will perhaps think &#383;omewhat
+      &#383;trange) that Colours that are call'd Emphatical, becau&#383;e not
+      Inherent in, the Bodies in which they Appear, may be Compounded with one
+      another, as tho&#383;e that are confe&#383;&#383;edly Genuine may. But
+      when all this is &#383;aid, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, I mu&#383;t Adverti&#383;e
+      you, that it is but Problematically Spoken, and that though I think the
+      Opinion
+       <!--  Page 84 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_84" id="LPage_84"></a>[pg
+      84]</span> I have endeavour'd to fortifie Probable, yet a great part of
+      our Di&#383;cour&#383;e concerning Colours may be True, whether that
+      Opinion be &#383;o or not.
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      CHAP. V.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      1. There are you know, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, be&#383;ides tho&#383;e Ob&#383;olete
+      Opinions about Colours which have been long &#383;ince Rejected, very
+      Various Theories that have each of them, even at this day, Eminent Men for
+      its Abetters; for the Peripatetick Schools, though they di&#383;pute among&#383;t
+      them&#383;elves divers particulars concerning Colours, yet in this they
+      &#383;eem Unanimou&#383;ly enough to Agree, that Colours are Inherent and
+      Real Qualities, which the Light doth but Di&#383;clo&#383;e, and not
+      concurr to Produce. Be&#383;ides there are <i>Moderns</i>, who with a
+      &#383;light Variation adopt the Opinion of <i>Plato</i>, and as he would
+      have Colour to be nothing but a Kind of Flame con&#383;i&#383;ting of
+      Minute Corpu&#383;cles as it were Darted by the Object again&#383;t the
+      Eye, to who&#383;e Pores their Littlene&#383;s and Figure made them
+      congruous, &#383;o the&#383;e would have Colour to be an Internal Light of
+      the more Lucid parts of the Object, Darkned and con&#383;equently Alter'd
+      by the Various Mixtures of the le&#383;s Luminous
+       <!--  Page 85 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_85" id="LPage_85"></a>[pg
+      85]</span> parts. There are al&#383;o others, who in imitation of &#383;ome
+      of the Ancient <i>Atomi&#383;ts</i>, make Colour not to be Lucid &#383;team,
+      but yet a Corporeal <i>Effluvium</i> i&#383;&#383;uing out of the Colour'd
+      Body, but the Knowing&#383;t of the&#383;e have of late Reform'd their
+      Hypothe&#383;is, by acknowledging and adding that &#383;ome External Light
+      is nece&#383;&#383;ary to Excite, and as <i>they</i> &#383;peak, Sollicit
+      the&#383;e Corpu&#383;cles of Colour as <i>they</i> call them, and Bring
+      them to the Eye. Another and more principal Opinion of the <i>Modern</i>
+      Philo&#383;ophers, to which this la&#383;t nam'd may by a Favourable
+      explication be reconcil'd, is that which derives Colours from the Mixture
+      of Light and Darkne&#383;s, or rather Light and Shadows. And as for the <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i>
+      'tis known, that the generality of them a&#383;cribes the Origine of
+      Colours to the Sulphureous Principle in Bodies, though I find, as I el&#383;ewhere
+      largely &#383;hew, that &#383;ome of the Chiefe&#383;t of them derive
+      Colours rather from Salt than Sulphur, and others, from the third Hypo&#383;tatical
+      Principle, <i>Mercury</i>. And as for the <i>Carte&#383;ians</i> I need
+      not tell you, that they, &#383;uppo&#383;ing the Sen&#383;ation of Light
+      to bee produc'd by the Impul&#383;e made upon the Organs of Sight, by
+      certain extremely Minute and Solid Globules, to which the Pores of the Air
+      and other Diaphanous
+       <!--  Page 86 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_86" id="LPage_86"></a>[pg
+      86]</span> bodies are pervious, endeavour to derive the Varieties of
+      Colours from the Various Proportion of the Direct Progre&#383;s or Motion
+      of the&#383;e Globules to their Circumvolution or Motion about their own
+      Centre, by which Varying Proportion they are by this Hypothe&#383;is
+      &#383;uppos'd qualify'd to &#383;trike the Optick Nerve after &#383;everal
+      Di&#383;tinct manners, &#383;o to produce the perception of Differing
+      Colours.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      2. Be&#383;ides the&#383;e &#383;ix principal Hypothe&#383;es, <i>Pyrophilus</i>,
+      there may be &#383;ome others, which though Le&#383;s known, may perhaps
+      as well as the&#383;c de&#383;erve to be taken into con&#383;ideration by
+      you; but that I &#383;hould copiou&#383;ly debate any of them at pre&#383;ent,
+      I pre&#383;ume you will not expect, if you con&#383;ider the Scope of the&#383;e
+      Papers, and the Brevity I have de&#383;ign'd in them, and therefore I
+      &#383;hall at this time only take notice to you in the general of two or
+      three things that do more peculiarly concern the Treati&#383;e you have
+      now in your hands.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      3. And fir&#383;t, though the Embracers of the Several Hypothe&#383;es I
+      have been naming to you, by undertaking each Sect of them to explicate
+      Colours indefinitely, by the particular Hypothe&#383;es they maintain,
+      &#383;eem to hold it forth as the only Needful Theory about that Subject,
+      yet for my part I doubt
+       <!--  Page 87 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_87" id="LPage_87"></a>[pg
+      87]</span> whether any one of all the&#383;e Hypothe&#383;es have a right
+      to be admitted Exclu&#383;ively to all others, for I think it Probable,
+      that Whitene&#383;s and Blackne&#383;s may be explicated by Reflection
+      alone without Refraction, as you'l find endeavour'd in the Di&#383;cour&#383;e
+      you'l meet with e're long Of the Origine of Whitene&#383;s and Blackne&#383;s,
+      and on the other &#383;ide, &#383;ince I have not found that by any
+      Mixture of White and True Black, (for there is a Blewi&#383;h Black which
+      many mi&#383;take for a Genuine) there can be a Blew, a Yellow, or a Red,
+      to name no other Colours, produced, and &#383;ince we do find that the&#383;e
+      Colours may be produc'd in the Gla&#383;s-pri&#383;m and other Tran&#383;parent
+      bodies, by the help of Refractions, it &#383;eems that Refraction is to be
+      taken in into the Explication of &#383;ome Colours, to who&#383;e
+      Generation they &#383;eem to concurr, either by making a further or other
+      Commixture of Shades with the Refracted Light, or by &#383;ome other way
+      not now to be di&#383;cours'd. And as it &#383;eems not improbable, that
+      in ca&#383;e the Pores of the Air, and other Diaphanous bodies be every
+      where almo&#383;t fill'd with &#383;uch <i>Globuli</i> as the <i>Carte&#383;ians</i>
+      &#383;uppo&#383;e, the Various kind of Motion of the&#383;e <i>Globuli</i>,
+      may in many ca&#383;es have no &#383;mall &#383;troak in Varying our
+      Perception of Colour, &#383;o
+       <!--  Page 88 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_88" id="LPage_88"></a>[pg
+      88]</span> without the Suppo&#383;ition of the&#383;e <i>Globuli</i>,
+      which 'tis not &#383;o ea&#383;ie to evince, I think we may probably
+      enough conceive in general, that the Eye may be Variou&#383;ly affected,
+      not only by the Entire Beams of Light that fall upon it as they are &#383;uch,
+      but by the Order, and by the Degree of Swiftne&#383;s, and in a word by
+      the Manner according to which the Particles that compo&#383;e each
+      Particular Beam arrive at the Sen&#383;ory, &#383;o that whatever be the
+      Figure of the Little Corpu&#383;cles, of which the Beams of Light con&#383;i&#383;t,
+      not only the Celerity or Slowne&#383;s of their Revolution or Rotation in
+      reference to their Progre&#383;&#383;ive Motion, but their more Ab&#383;olute
+      Celerity, their Direct or Undulating Motion, and other Accidents, which
+      may attend their Appul&#383;e to the Eye, may fit them to make Differing
+      Impre&#383;&#383;ions on it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      4. Secondly, For the&#383;e and the like Con&#383;iderations, <i>Pyrophilus</i>,
+      I mu&#383;t de&#383;ire that you would look upon this little Treati&#383;e,
+      not as a Di&#383;cour&#383;e written Principally to maintain any of the
+      fore-mention'd Theories, Exclu&#383;ively to all others, or &#383;ub&#383;titute
+      a New one of my Own, but as the beginning of a Hi&#383;tory of Colours,
+      upon which, when you and your Ingenious friends &#383;hall have Enrich'd
+      it, a Solid Theory may be
+       <!--  Page 89 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_89" id="LPage_89"></a>[pg
+      89]</span> &#383;afely built. But yet becau&#383;e this Hi&#383;tory is
+      not meant barely for a Regi&#383;ter of the things recorded in it, but for
+      an <i>Apparatus</i> to a &#383;ound and comprehen&#383;itive Hypothe&#383;is,
+      I thought fit, &#383;o to temper the whole Di&#383;cour&#383;e, as to make
+      it as conducible, as conveniently I can to that End, and therefore I have
+      not &#383;crupled to let you &#383;ee that I was willing, as to &#383;ave
+      you the labour of Cultivating &#383;ome Theories that I thought would
+      never enable you to reach the Ends you aim at, &#383;o to contract your
+      Enquiries into a Narrow compa&#383;s, for both which purpo&#383;es I
+      thought it requi&#383;ite to do the&#383;e two things, the <i>One</i>, to
+      &#383;et down &#383;ome Experiments which by the help of the Reflections
+      and In&#383;inuations that attend them, may a&#383;&#383;i&#383;t you to
+      di&#383;cover the Infirmne&#383;s and In&#383;ufficiency both of the
+      common Peripatetick Doctrine, and of the now more applauded Theory of the
+      <i>Chymists</i> about Colour, becau&#383;e tho&#383;e two Doctrines having
+      Po&#383;&#383;e&#383;s'd them&#383;elves, the one of the mo&#383;t part of
+      the Schools, and the other of the E&#383;teem of the Generality ef Phy&#383;icians
+      and other Learned Men, who&#383;e Profe&#383;&#383;ions and Ways of Study
+      do not exact that they &#383;hould Scrupulou&#383;ly examine the very Fir&#383;t
+      and Simple&#383;t Principles of Nature, I fear'd it would be to
+       <!--  Page 90 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_90" id="LPage_90"></a>[pg
+      90]</span> little purpo&#383;e, without doing &#383;omething to di&#383;cover
+      the In&#383;ufficiency of the&#383;e Hypothe&#383;es, that I &#383;hould,
+      (which was the <i>Other</i> thing I thought requi&#383;ite for me to do)
+      &#383;et down among my other Experiments tho&#383;e in the greate&#383;t
+      Number, that may let you &#383;ee, that, till I &#383;hall be Better
+      Inform'd, I encline to take Colour to be a Modification of Light, and
+      would invite you chiefly to Cultivate that Hypothe&#383;is, and Improve it
+      to the making out of the Generation of Particular Colours, as I have
+      Endeavour'd to apply it to the Explication of Whitene&#383;s and Blackne&#383;s.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      5. Thirdly. But, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, though this be at pre&#383;ent the
+      Hypothe&#383;is I preferr, yet I propo&#383;e it but in a General Sen&#383;e,
+      teaching only that the Beams of Light, Modify'd by the Bodies whence they
+      are &#383;ent (Reflected or Refracted) to the Eye, produce there that Kind
+      of Sen&#383;ation, Men commonly call Colour; But whether I think this
+      Modification of the Light to be perform'd by Mixing it with Shades, or by
+      Varying the Proportion of the Progre&#383;s and Rotation of the <i>Carte&#383;ian
+      Globuli Cæle&#383;tes</i>, or by &#383;ome other way which I am not now to
+      mention, I pretend not here to Declare. Much le&#383;s do I pretend to
+      Determine, or &#383;carce &#383;o much as to Hope to
+       <!--  Page 91 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_91" id="LPage_91"></a>[pg
+      91]</span> know all that were requi&#383;ite to be Known, to give You, or
+      even my Self, a perfect account of the Theory of Vi&#383;ion and Colours,
+      for in Order to &#383;uch an undertaking I would fir&#383;t Know what
+      Light is, and if it be a Body (as a Body or the Motion of a Body it &#383;eems
+      to be) what Kind of Corpu&#383;cles for Size and Shape it con&#383;i&#383;ts
+      of, with what Swiftne&#383;s they move Forwards, and Whirl about their own
+      Centres. Then I would Know the Nature of Refraction, which I take to be
+      one of the Ab&#383;tru&#383;e&#383;t things (not to explicate Plau&#383;ibly,
+      but to explicate Satisfactorily) that I have met with in Phy&#383;icks; I
+      would further Know what Kind and what Degree of Commixture of Darkne&#383;s
+      or Shades is made by Refractions or Reflections, or both, in the
+      Superficial particles of tho&#383;e Bodies, that being Shin'd upon, con&#383;tantly
+      exhibit the one, for In&#383;tance, a Blew, the other a Yellow, the third
+      a Red Colour; I would further Know why this Contemperation of Light and
+      Shade, that is made, for Example, by the Skin of a Ripe Cherry, &#383;hould
+      exhibit a Red, and not a Green, and the Leaf of the &#383;ame Tree &#383;hould
+      exhibit a Green rather than a Red; and indeed, La&#383;tly, why &#383;ince
+      the Light that is Modify'd into the&#383;e Colours con&#383;i&#383;ts but
+      of Corpu&#383;cles
+       <!--  Page 92 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_92" id="LPage_92"></a>[pg
+      92]</span> moved again&#383;t the <i>Retina</i> or Pith of the Optick
+      Nerve, it &#383;hould there not barely give a Stroak, but produce a
+      Colour, whereas a Needle wounding likewi&#383;e the Eye, would not produce
+      Colour but Pain. The&#383;e, and perhaps other things I &#383;hould think
+      requi&#383;ite to be Known, before I &#383;hould judge my Self to have
+      fully Comprehended the True and Whole Nature of Colours; and therefore,
+      though by making the Experiments and Reflections deliver'd in this Paper,
+      I have endeavour'd &#383;omewhat to Le&#383;&#383;en my Ignorance in this
+      Matter, and think it far more De&#383;ireable to di&#383;cover a Little,
+      than to di&#383;cover Nothing, yet I pretend but to make it Probable by
+      the Experiments I mention, that &#383;ome Colours may be Plau&#383;ibly
+      enough Explicated in the General by the Doctrine here propos'd; For when&#383;oever
+      I would De&#383;cend to the Minute and Accurate Explication of
+      Particulars, I find my Self very Sen&#383;ible of the great Ob&#383;curity
+      of things, without excepting tho&#383;e which we never &#383;ee but when
+      they are Enlightned, and confe&#383;s with <i>Scaliger</i><a name="LNtA_5"
+      id="LNtA_5_"></a><a href="#LNt_5"><sup>5</sup></a>, <i>Latet natura hæc</i>,
+      (&#383;ays he, Speaking of that of Colour) <i>&amp; &#383;icut aliarum
+      rerum &#383;pecies in profundi&#383;&#383;ima caligine in&#383;citiæ
+      humanæ.</i>
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 93 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_93" id="LPage_93"></a>[pg 93]</span>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/132a.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px"><i>THE</i></span><br />
+      <span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px"><i>EXPERIMENTAL HISTORY</i></span><br />
+      <span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px"><i>OF COLOURS.</i></span><br />
+    </h2>
+    <hr />
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px">PART. II.</span><br />
+    </h2>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Of the Nature of Whitene&#383;s and Blackne&#383;s</i>.
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px">CHAP. I.</span><br />
+    </h2>
+    <table>
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top">
+          1.
+        </td>
+        <td>
+          <img width="80" height="80" src="images/132b.png"
+          alt="Illuminated T in Though" />
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      Hough after what I have acknowledged, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, of the Ab&#383;tru&#383;e
+      Nature of Colours in <i>particular</i>, you will ea&#383;ily believe, that
+      I pretend not to give you a Satisfactory account of Whitene&#383;s and
+      Blackne&#383;s; Yet not wholly to fru&#383;trate your Expectation of my
+      offering &#383;omething by way of Specimen towards the Explication of
+      &#383;ome Colours in particular,
+       <!--  Page 94 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_94" id="LPage_94"></a>[pg
+      94]</span> I &#383;hall make choice of The&#383;e as the mo&#383;t Simple
+      Ones, (and by rea&#383;on of their mutual Oppo&#383;ition the Lea&#383;t
+      hardly explicable) about which to pre&#383;ent you my Thoughts, upon
+      condition you will take them at mo&#383;t to be my Conjectures, not my
+      Opinions.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      2. When I apply'd my Self to con&#383;ider, how the cau&#383;e of Whitene&#383;s
+      might be explan'd by Intelligible and Mechanical Principles, I remembred
+      not to have met with any thing among the Antient <i>Corpu&#383;cularian</i>
+      Philo&#383;ophers, touching the Quality we call Whitene&#383;s, &#383;ave
+      that <i>Democritus</i> is by <i>Ari&#383;totle</i> &#383;aid to have a&#383;crib'd
+      the Whitene&#383;s of Bodies to their Smoothne&#383;s, and on the contrary
+      their Blackne&#383;s to their A&#383;perity.<a name="LNtA_6" id="LNtA_6_"></a><a
+      href="#LNt_6"><sup>6</sup></a> But though about the Latter of tho&#383;e
+      Qualities his Opinion be allowable, as we &#383;hall &#383;ee anon, yet
+      that he heeds a Favourable Interpretation in what is Deliver'd concerning
+      the Fir&#383;t, (at lea&#383;t if his Doctrine be not Mis-repre&#383;ented
+      in this point, as it has been in many others) we &#383;hall quickly have
+      Occa&#383;ion to manife&#383;t. But among&#383;t the <i>Moderns</i>, the
+      mo&#383;t Learned <i>Ga&#383;&#383;endus</i> in his Ingenious Epi&#383;tle
+      publi&#383;h'd in the Year 1642. <i>De apparente
+       <!--  Page 95 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_95" id="LPage_95"></a>[pg
+      95]</span> Magnitudine &#383;olis humilis &amp; &#383;ublimis</i>,
+      reviving the <i>Atomical</i> Philo&#383;ophy, has, though but
+      Incidentally, deliver'd &#383;omething towards the Explication of Whitene&#383;s
+      upon Mechanical Principles: And becau&#383;e no Man that I know of, has
+      done &#383;o before him, I &#383;hall, to be &#383;ure to do him Right,
+      give you his Sen&#383;e in his own Words:<a name="LNtA_7" id="LNtA_7_"></a><a
+      href="#LNt_7"><sup>7</sup></a> <i>Cogites velim</i> (&#383;ays he) <i>lucem
+      quidem in Diaphano nullius coloris videri, &#383;ed in Opaco tamen
+      terminante Candicare, ac tantò magis, quantò den&#383;ior &#383;eu
+      collectior fuerit. Deinde aquam non e&#383;&#383;e quidem coloris ex
+      &#383;e candidi &amp; radium tamen ex eâ reflexum ver&#383;us oculum
+      candicare. Rur&#383;us cum plana aquæ Superficies non ni&#383;i ex una
+      parte eam reflexionem faciat: &#383;i contigerit tamen illam in aliquot
+      bullas intume&#383;cere, bullam unamquamque reflectionem facere, &amp;
+      candoris &#383;peciem creare certa Superficiei parte. Ad hæc Spumam ex
+      aqua pura non alia ratione videri cande&#383;cere &amp; albe&#383;cerere
+      quam quod &#383;it congeries conferti&#383;&#383;ima minuti&#383;&#383;imarum
+      bullarum, quarum unaquæque &#383;uum radium reflectit, unde continens
+      candor alborve apparet. Denique Nivem nihil aliud videri quam &#383;peciem
+      puri&#383;&#383;imæ &#383;pumæ ex bullulis quam minuti&#383;&#383;imis
+      &amp; conferti&#383;&#383;imis cohærentis. Sed ridiculam me exhibeam,
+      &#383;i tales meas nugas uberius proponem.</i>
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 96 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_96" id="LPage_96"></a>[pg 96]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      3. But though in this pa&#383;&#383;age, that very Ingenous Per&#383;on
+      has Anticipated part of what I &#383;hould &#383;ay; Yet I pre&#383;ume
+      you will for all that expect, that I &#383;hould give you a fuller Account
+      of that Notion of Whitene&#383;s, which I have the lea&#383;t Exceptions
+      to, and of the Particulars whence I deduce it, which to do, I mu&#383;t
+      mention to you the following Experiments and Ob&#383;ervations.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Whitene&#383;s then con&#383;ider'd as a Quality in the Object, &#383;eems
+      chiefly to depend upon this, That the Superficies of the Body that is
+      call'd White, is A&#383;perated by almo&#383;t innumerable Small Surfaces,
+      which being of an almo&#383;t Specular Nature, are al&#383;o &#383;o
+      Plac'd, that &#383;ome Looking this way, and &#383;ome that way, they yet
+      Reflect the Rays of Light that fall on them, not towards one another, but
+      outwards towards the Spectators Eye. In this Rude and General account of
+      Whitene&#383;s, it &#383;eems that be&#383;ides tho&#383;e Qualities,
+      which are common to Bodies of other Colours, as for in&#383;tance the
+      Minutene&#383;s and Number of the Superficial parts, the two chief things
+      attributed to Bodies as White are made to be, Fir&#383;t, that its Little
+      Protuberances and Superficial parts be of &#383;omewhat a Specular Nature,
+      that they may as little Looking-gla&#383;&#383;es each of them Reflect the
+      Beams it
+       <!--  Page 97 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_97" id="LPage_97"></a>[pg
+      97]</span> receives, (or the little Picture of the Sun made on it) without
+      otherwi&#383;e con&#383;iderably Altering them; whereas in mo&#383;t other
+      Colours, they are wont to be much Chang'd, by being al&#383;o Refracted,
+      or by being Return'd to the Eye, mixt with Shades or otherwi&#383;e. And
+      next, that its Superficial parts be &#383;o Situated, that they Retain not
+      the Incident Rays of Light by Reflecting them Inwards, but Send them almo&#383;t
+      all Back, &#383;o that the Outermo&#383;t Corpu&#383;cles of a White Body,
+      having their Various Little Surfaces of a Specular Nature, a Man can from
+      no place Behold the Body, but that there will be among tho&#383;e
+      Innumerable <i>Superficieculæ</i>, that Look &#383;ome one way, and &#383;ome
+      another, enough of them Obverted to his Eye, to afford like a broken
+      Looking-gla&#383;s, a confu&#383;ed Idæa, or Repre&#383;entation of Light,
+      and make &#383;uch an Impre&#383;&#383;ion on the Organ, as that for which
+      Men are wont to call a Body White. But this Notion will perhaps be be&#383;t
+      Explan'd by the &#383;ame Experiments and Ob&#383;ervations, on which it
+      is Built, And therefore I &#383;hall now advance to <i>Them</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      4. And in the fir&#383;t place I con&#383;ider, that the Sun and other
+      Powerfully Lucid Bodies, are not only wont to Offend, which we call to
+      Dazle our Eyes, but that if any
+       <!--  Page 98 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_98" id="LPage_98"></a>[pg
+      98]</span> Colour be to be A&#383;crib'd to them as they are Lucid, it
+      &#383;eems it &#383;hould be Whitene&#383;s: For the Sun at Noon-day, and
+      in Clear weather, and when his Face is le&#383;s Troubled, and as it were
+      Stained by the Steams of Sublunary Bodies, and when his Beams have much le&#383;s
+      of the Atmo&#383;phere to Traject in their Pa&#383;&#383;age to our Eyes,
+      appears of a Colour more approaching to White, than when nearer the
+      Horizon, the Interpo&#383;ition of certain Sorts of Fumes and Vapours make
+      him oftentimes appear either Red, or at lea&#383;t more Yellow. And when
+      the Sun Shines upon that Natural Looking-gla&#383;s, a Smooth water, that
+      part of it, which appears to this or that particular Beholder, the mo&#383;t
+      Shin'd on, does to his Eye &#383;eem far Whiter than the re&#383;t. And
+      here I &#383;hall add, that I have &#383;ometimes had the Opportunity to
+      ob&#383;erve a thing, that may make to my pre&#383;ent purpo&#383;e,
+      namely, that when the Sun was Veil'd over as it were, with a Thin White
+      Cloud, and yet was too Bright to be Look'd upon Directly without Dazling,
+      by ca&#383;ting my Eyes upon a Smooth water, as we &#383;ometimes do to ob&#383;erve
+      Eclip&#383;es without prejudice to our Eyes, the Sun then not far from the
+      Meridian, appear'd to me not Red, but &#383;o White, that 'twas
+       <!--  Page 99 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_99" id="LPage_99"></a>[pg
+      99]</span> not without &#383;ome Wonder, that I made the Ob&#383;ervation.
+      Be&#383;ides, though we in <i>Engli&#383;h</i> are wont to &#383;ay, a
+      thing is Red hot, as an Expre&#383;&#383;ion of its being Superlatively <i>Ignitum</i>,
+      (if I may &#383;o Speak for want of a proper <i>Engli&#383;h</i> word) yet
+      in the Forges of Smiths, and the Furnaces of other Artificers, by that
+      which they call a White heat, they mean a further Degree of <i>Ignition</i>,
+      than by that which both they and we call a Red heat.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      5. Secondly, I con&#383;ider, that common Experience informs us, that as
+      much Light Over-powers the Eye, &#383;o when the Ground is covered with
+      Snow, (a Body extremely White) tho&#383;e that have Weak Eyes are wont to
+      complain of too much Light: And even tho&#383;e that have not, are
+      generally Sen&#383;ible of an Extraordinary mea&#383;ure of Light in the
+      Air; and if they are fain to Look very long upon the Snow, find their
+      Sight Offended by it. On which occa&#383;ion we may call to mind what <i>Xenophon</i>
+      relates, that his <i>Cyrus</i> marching his Army for divers days through
+      Mountains covered with Snow, the Dazling &#383;plendor of its Whitene&#383;s
+      prejudic'd the Sight of very many of his Souldiers, and Blinded &#383;ome
+      of them; and other Stories of that Nature be met with in Writers of good
+       <!--  Page 100 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_100"
+      id="LPage_100"></a>[pg 100]</span> Note. And the like has been affirm'd to
+      me by credible Per&#383;ons of my own Acquaintance, and e&#383;pecially by
+      one who though Skill'd in Phy&#383;ick and not Ancient confe&#383;s'd to
+      me when I purpo&#383;ely ask'd him, that not only during his &#383;tay in
+      <i>Mu&#383;covy</i>, he found his Eyes much Impair'd, by being reduc'd
+      frequently to Travel in the Snow, but that the Weakne&#383;s of his Eyes
+      did not Leave him when he left that Country, but has follow'd him into the&#383;e
+      Parts, and yet continues to Trouble him. And to this doth agree what I as
+      well as others have ob&#383;erv'd, namely, that when I Travell'd by Night,
+      when the Ground was all cover'd with Snow, though the Night otherwi&#383;e
+      would not have been Light&#383;ome, yet I could very well &#383;ee to Choo&#383;e
+      my way. But much more Remarkable to my pre&#383;ent purpo&#383;e is that,
+      which I have met with in <i>Olaus Magnus</i>,<a name="LNtA_8" id="LNtA_8_"></a><a
+      href="#LNt_8"><sup>8</sup></a> concerning the way of Travelling in Winter
+      in the <i>Northern</i> Regions, where the Days of that Sea&#383;on are
+      &#383;o very Short; for after other things not needfull to be here Tran&#383;cribed:
+      <i>Iter</i>, &#383;ays he, <i>Diurnum duo &#383;cilicet montana milliaria
+      (quæ 12 Italica &#383;unt) con&#383;iciunt. Nocte verò &#383;ub &#383;plendi&#383;&#383;ima
+      luna, duplatum iter con&#383;umunt aut triplatum. Neque id incommodè fit,
+       <!--  Page 101 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_101"
+      id="LPage_101"></a>[pg 101]</span> cum nivium reverberatione lunaris
+      &#383;plendo<sup>ris</sup> &#383;ublimes &amp; declives campos illu&#383;tret,
+      ac etiam montium præcipitia ac noxias feras à lorgè pro&#383;piciant
+      evitandas</i>. Which Te&#383;timony I the le&#383;s Scruple to allege,
+      becau&#383;e that it agrees very well with what has been Affirm'd to me by
+      a Phy&#383;ician of <i>Mo&#383;co</i>, whom the Notion I have been
+      Treating of concerning Whitene&#383;s invited me to ask whether he could
+      not See much farther when he Travell'd by Night in <i>Ru&#383;&#383;ia</i>
+      than he could do in <i>England</i>, or el&#383;ewhere, when there was no
+      Snow upon the Ground; For this Ingenious Per&#383;on inform'd me, that he
+      could See Things at a farr greater Di&#383;tance, and with more Clearne&#383;s,
+      when he Travell'd by Night on the <i>Ru&#383;&#383;ian</i> Snow, though
+      without the A&#383;&#383;i&#383;tance of Moon-&#383;hine, than we in the&#383;e
+      Parts would ea&#383;ily be per&#383;waded. Though it &#383;eems not
+      unlikely to me, that the Inten&#383;ene&#383;s of the Cold may contribute
+      &#383;omething to the con&#383;iderablene&#383;s of the Effect, by much
+      Clearing the Air of Darki&#383;h Steams, which in the&#383;e more
+      Temperate Climates are wont to Thicken it in Snowy weather: For having
+      purpo&#383;ely inquir'd of this Doctor, and con&#383;ulted that Ingenious
+      Navigator Captain <i>James</i>'s Voyage hereafter to be further mention'd,
+      I find both their Relations
+       <!--  Page 102 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_102"
+      id="LPage_102"></a>[pg 102]</span> agree in this, that in Dark Fro&#383;ty
+      Nights they could Di&#383;cover more Stars, and See the re&#383;t Clearer
+      than we in <i>England</i> are wont to do.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      6. I know indeed that divers Learned Men think, that Snow &#383;o &#383;trongly
+      Affects our Eye, not by a Borrow'd, but a Native Light; But I venture to
+      give it as a Proof, that White Bodies reflect more Light than Others,
+      becau&#383;e having once purpo&#383;ely plac'd a parcel of Snow in a Room
+      carefully Darkned, that no Cele&#383;tial Light might come to fall upon
+      it; neither I, nor an ingenous Per&#383;on, (Skill'd in Opticks) whom I de&#383;ir'd
+      for a Witne&#383;s, could find, that it had any other Light than what it
+      receiv'd. And however, 'tis u&#383;ual among tho&#383;e that Travel in
+      Dark Nights, that the Guides wear &#383;omething of White to be Di&#383;cern'd
+      by, there being &#383;carce any Night &#383;o Dark, but that in the Free
+      Air there remains &#383;ome Light, though Broken and Debilitated perhaps
+      by a thou&#383;and Reflections from the Opacous Corpu&#383;cles that Swim
+      in the Air, and lend it to one another before it comes to arrive at the
+      Eye.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      7. Thirdly, And the better to &#383;hew that White Bodies reflect &#383;tore
+      of Light, in compar&#383;on of tho&#383;e that are otherwi&#383;e
+      Colour'd, I did in the Darkn'd Room,
+       <!--  Page 103 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_103"
+      id="LPage_103"></a>[pg 103]</span> formerly mention'd, hold not far from
+      the Hole, at which the Light was admitted, a Sheet only of White Paper,
+      from whence ca&#383;ting the Sun-beams upon a White Wall, whereunto it was
+      Obverted, it manife&#383;tly appear'd both to Me, and to the Per&#383;on I
+      took for a Witne&#383;s of the Experiment, that it Reflected a far greater
+      Light, than any of the other Colours formerly mention'd, the Light &#383;o
+      thrown upon one Wall notably Enlightning it, and by it a good part of the
+      Room. And yet further to &#383;how you, that White Bodies Reflect the
+      Beams From them, and not Towards them&#383;elves, Let me add, that
+      Ordinary Burning-gla&#383;&#383;es, &#383;uch as are wont to be employ'd
+      to light Tobacco, will not in a great while Burn, or &#383;o much as Di&#383;colour
+      a Sheet of White Paper. In&#383;omuch that even when I was a Boy, and
+      Lov'd to make Tryals with Burning-gla&#383;&#383;es, I could not but
+      wonder at this Odd <i>Phænomenon</i>, which &#383;et me very Early upon
+      Gue&#383;&#383;ing at the Nature of Whitene&#383;s, e&#383;pecially becau&#383;e
+      I took notice, that the Image of the Sun upon a White Paper was not &#383;o
+      well Defin'd (the Light &#383;eeming too Diffus'd) as upon Black, and
+      becau&#383;e I try'd, that Blacking over the Paper with Ink, not only the
+      Ink would be quickly Dry'd up, but the
+       <!--  Page 104 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_104"
+      id="LPage_104"></a>[pg 104]</span> Paper that I could not Burn before,
+      would be quickly &#383;et on Fire. I have al&#383;o try'd, that by expo&#383;ing
+      my Hand with a Thin Black Glove over it to the Warm Sun, it was thereby
+      very quickly and con&#383;iderably more Heated, than if I took off the
+      Glove, and held my Hand Naked, or put on it another Glove of Thin but
+      White Leather. And having thus &#383;hewn you, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that
+      White Bodies reflect the mo&#383;t Light of any, let us now proceed, to
+      con&#383;ider what is further to be taken notice of in them, in order to
+      our pre&#383;ent Enquiry.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      8. And Fourthly, whereas among the Di&#383;po&#383;itions we attributed to
+      White Bodies, we al&#383;o intimated this, That &#383;uch Bodies are apt,
+      like <i>Speculums</i>, though but Imperfect ones, to Reflect the Light
+      that falls on them Untroubled or Un&#383;tain'd, we &#383;hall be&#383;ides
+      other particulars to be met with in the&#383;e Papers, offer you this in
+      favour of the Conjecture; That in the Darkned Room &#383;everal times
+      mention'd in this Treat&#383;e, we try'd that the Sun-beams being ca&#383;t
+      from a Coloured Body upon a neighbouring White Wall, the Determinate
+      Colour of the Body was from the Wall reflected to the Eye; whereas we
+      could in divers ca&#383;es manife&#383;tly Alter the Colour arriving at
+      the Eye, by Sub&#383;tituting
+       <!--  Page 105 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_105"
+      id="LPage_105"></a>[pg 105]</span> at a convenient Di&#383;tance, a
+      (conveniently) Colour'd (and Glo&#383;&#383;y) Body in&#383;tead of the
+      White Wall. As by throwing the Beams from a Yellow Body upon a Blew, there
+      would be Exhibited a kind of Green, as in the Experiments about Colours is
+      more fully Declar'd.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      9. I know not whether I &#383;hould on this Occa&#383;ion take notice,
+      that when, as when looking upon the Calm and Smooth Surface of a River
+      betwixt my Eye and the Sun, it appear'd to be a natural <i>Speculum</i>,
+      wherein that Part which Reflected to my Eye the Entire and defin'd Image
+      of the Sun, and the Beams le&#383;s remote from tho&#383;e which exhibited
+      That Image, appear'd indeed of a great and Whiti&#383;h Brightne&#383;s,
+      but the re&#383;t Comparatively Dark enough: if afterwards the Superficies
+      chanc'd to be a little, but not much troubled, by a gentle Breath of Wind,
+      and thereby reduc'd into a Multitude of Small and Smooth <i>Speculums</i>,
+      the Surface of the River would &#383;uitably to the Doctrine lately
+      deliver'd, at a Di&#383;tance appear very much of Kin to White, though it
+      would lo&#383;e that Brightne&#383;s or Whitene&#383;s upon the Return of
+      the Surface to Calmne&#383;s and an Uniform Level. And I have &#383;ometimes
+      for Tryals &#383;ake brought in by a Lenticular Gla&#383;s, the Image of a
+      River, Shin'd upon
+       <!--  Page 106 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_106"
+      id="LPage_106"></a>[pg 106]</span> by the Sun, into an Upper Room Darkn'd,
+      and Di&#383;tant about a Quarter of a Mile from the River, by which means
+      the Numerous Declining Surfaces of the Water appear'd &#383;o Contracted,
+      that upon the Body that receiv'd the Images, the whole River appear'd a
+      very White Object at two or three paces di&#383;tance. But if we drew Near
+      it, this Whitene&#383;s appear'd to proceed from an Innumerable company of
+      Lucid Reflections, from the &#383;everal Gently wav'd Superficies of the
+      Water, which look'd Near at hand like a Multitude of very Little, but
+      Shining Scales of Fi&#383;h, of which many did every moment Di&#383;appear,
+      and as many were by the Sun, Wind and River generated anew. But though
+      this Ob&#383;ervation &#383;eem'd Sufficiently to di&#383;cover, how the
+      Appearing Whitene&#383;s in that ca&#383;e was Produc'd, yet in &#383;ome
+      other ca&#383;es Water may have the Same, though not &#383;o Vivid a
+      Colour upon other Accounts; for oftentimes it happens that the Smooth
+      Surface of the Water does appear Bright or Whiti&#383;h, by rea&#383;on of
+      the Reflection not immediatly of the Images of the Sun, but of the
+      Brightne&#383;s of the Sky; and in &#383;uch ca&#383;es a Convenient Wind
+      may where it pa&#383;&#383;es along make the Surface look Black, by cau&#383;ing
+      many &#383;uch Furrows and Cavities, as may make the Inflected Superficies
+       <!--  Page 107 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_107"
+      id="LPage_107"></a>[pg 107]</span> of the Water reflect the Brightne&#383;s
+      of the Sky rather Inward than Outward. And again if the Wind increa&#383;e
+      into a Storm, the Water may appear White, e&#383;pecially near the Shore
+      and the Ship, namely becau&#383;e the Rude Agitation Breaks it into Fome
+      or Froth. So much do Whitene&#383;s and Blackne&#383;s depend upon the Di&#383;po&#383;ition
+      of the Superficial parts of a Body to Reflect the Beams of Light Inward or
+      Outward. But that as White Bodies reflect the mo&#383;t Light of any,
+      &#383;o there Superficial Particles are, in the Sen&#383;e newly
+      Deliver'd, of a Specular Nature, I &#383;hall now further endeavour to
+      &#383;hew both by the making of Specular bodies White, and the making of a
+      White body Specular.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      10. In the Fifth place then, I will inform You, that (not to repeat what
+      <i>Ga&#383;&#383;endus</i> ob&#383;erves concerning Water) I have for
+      Curio&#383;ity &#383;ake Di&#383;till'd Quick&#383;ilver in a Cucurbit,
+      fitted with a Capacious Gla&#383;s-head, and ob&#383;erv'd that when the
+      Operation was perform'd by the Degrees of Fire requi&#383;ite for my purpo&#383;e,
+      there would &#383;tick to the In&#383;ide of the Alembick a multitude of
+      Little round drops of <i>Mercury</i>. And as you know that <i>Mercury</i>
+      is a Specular Body, &#383;o each of the&#383;e Little drops was a &#383;mall
+      round Looking-gla&#383;s,
+       <!--  Page 108 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_108"
+      id="LPage_108"></a>[pg 108]</span> and a Multitude of them lying Thick and
+      Near one another, they did both in my Judgment, and that of tho&#383;e I
+      Invited to &#383;ee it, make the Gla&#383;s they were fa&#383;tened to,
+      appear manife&#383;tly a White Body. And yet as I &#383;aid, this Whitene&#383;s
+      depended upon the Minutene&#383;s and Nearne&#383;s of the Little
+      Mercurial <i>Globuli</i>, the Convexity of who&#383;e Surfaces fitted them
+      to repre&#383;ent in a Narrow compa&#383;s a Multitude of Little Lucid
+      Images to differingly &#383;ituated Beholders. And here let me ob&#383;erve
+      a thing that &#383;eems much to countenance the Notion I have been
+      recommending: namely, that whereas divers parts of the Sky, and e&#383;pecially
+      the Milky-way, do to the naked Eye appear White, (as the name it &#383;elf
+      imports) yet the Galaxie look'd upon through the Tele&#383;cope, does not
+      &#383;hew White, but appears to be made up of a Va&#383;t multitude of
+      Little Starrs; &#383;o that a Multitude of Lucid Bodies, if they be &#383;o
+      Small that they cannot Singly or apart be di&#383;cern'd by the Eye, and
+      if they be &#383;ufficiently Thick &#383;et by one another, may by their
+      confus'd beams appear to the Eye One White Body. And why it is not po&#383;&#383;ible,
+      that the like may be done, when a Multitude of Bright and Little Corpu&#383;cles
+      being crowded together, are made to &#383;end together Vivid beams to the
+      Eye,
+       <!--  Page 109 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_109"
+      id="LPage_109"></a>[pg 109]</span> though they Shine but as the Planets by
+      a Borrow'd Light?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      11. But to return to our Experiments. We may take notice, That the White
+      of an Egg, though in part Tran&#383;parent, yet by its power of Reflecting
+      &#383;ome Incident Rays of Light, is in &#383;ome mea&#383;ure a Natural
+      <i>Speculum</i>, being long agitated with a Whisk or Spoon, lo&#383;es its
+      Tran&#383;parency, and becomes very White, by being turn'd into Froth,
+      that is into an Aggregate of Numerous &#383;mall Bubbles, who&#383;e
+      Convex Superficies fits them to Reflect the Light every way Outwards. And
+      'tis worth Noting, that when Water, for in&#383;tance, is Agitated into
+      Froth, if the Bubbles be Great and Few, the Whitene&#383;s will be but
+      Faint, becau&#383;e the number of <i>Specula</i> within a Narrow compa&#383;s
+      is but Small, and they are not Thick &#383;et enough to Reflect &#383;o
+      Many Little Images or Beams of the Lucid Body, as are requi&#383;ite to
+      produce a Vigorous &#383;en&#383;ation of Whitene&#383;s: And partly lea&#383;t
+      it &#383;hould be &#383;aid, that the Whitene&#383;s of &#383;uch
+      Globulous Particles proceeds from the Air Included in the Froth; (which to
+      make good, it &#383;hould be prov'd that the Air it &#383;elf is White)
+      and partly to illu&#383;trate the better the Notion we have propos'd of
+      Whitene&#383;s, I &#383;hall add, that I purpo&#383;ely made this
+      Experiment, I took a quantity
+       <!--  Page 110 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_110"
+      id="LPage_110"></a>[pg 110]</span> Fair water, &amp; put to it in a clear
+      Gla&#383;s phial, a convenient quantity of Oyl or Spirit of Turpentine,
+      becau&#383;e that Liquor will not incorporate with Water, and yet is almo&#383;t
+      as Clear and Colourle&#383;s as it; the&#383;e being Gently Shaken
+      together, the Agitation breaks the Oyl (which as I &#383;aid, is Indi&#383;pos'd
+      to Mix like Wine or Milk <i>per minima</i> with the Water) into a
+      Multitude of Little Globes, which each of them Reflecting Outwards a Lucid
+      Image, make the Imperfect Mixture of the two Liquors appear Whiti&#383;h;
+      but if by Vehemently Shaking the Gla&#383;s for a competent time you make
+      a further Comminution of the Oyl into far more Numerous and Smaller <i>Globuli</i>,
+      and thereby confound it al&#383;o better with the Water, the Mixture will
+      appear of a Much greater Whitene&#383;s, and almo&#383;t like Milk;
+      whereas if the Gla&#383;s be a while let alone, the Colour will by degrees
+      Impair, as the Oyly globes grow Fewer and Bigger, and at length will quite
+      Vani&#383;h, leaving both the Liquors Di&#383;tinct and Diaphanous as
+      before. And &#383;uch a Tryal hath not ill &#383;ucceeded, when in&#383;teed
+      of the Colourle&#383;s Oyl of Turpentine I took a Yellow Mixture made of a
+      good Proportion of Crude Turpentine di&#383;&#383;olv'd in that Liquor;
+      and (if I mis-remember not) it al&#383;o Succeeded better than one would
+       <!--  Page 111 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_111"
+      id="LPage_111"></a>[pg 111]</span> expect, when I employ'd an Oyl brought
+      by Filings of Copper infu&#383;ed in it, to a deep Green. And this (by the
+      way) may be the Rea&#383;on, why often times when the Oyls of &#383;ome
+      Spices and of Anni&#383;eeds &amp;c. are Di&#383;tilled in a Limbec with
+      Water, the Water (as I have &#383;everal times ob&#383;erv'd) comes over
+      Whiti&#383;h, and will perhaps continue &#383;o for a good while, becau&#383;e
+      if the Fire be made too Strong, the &#383;ubtile Chymical Oyl is thereby
+      much Agitated and Broken, and Blended with the Water in &#383;uch Numerous
+      and Minute Globules, as cannot ea&#383;ily in a &#383;hort time Emerge to
+      the Top of the Water, and whil&#383;t they Remain in it, make it, for the
+      Rea&#383;on newly intimated, look Whiti&#383;h; and perhaps upon the
+      &#383;ame Ground a cau&#383;e may be rendred, why Hot water is ob&#383;erv'd
+      to be u&#383;ually more Opacous and Whiti&#383;h, than the &#383;ame Water
+      Cold, the Agitation turning the more Spirituous or otherwi&#383;e
+      Conveniently Di&#383;pos'd Particles of the Water into Vapours, thereby
+      Producing in the Body of the Liquor a Multitude of Small Bubbles, which
+      interrupt the Free pa&#383;&#383;age, that the Beams of Light would el&#383;e
+      have Every way, and from the Innermo&#383;t parts of the Water Reflect
+      many of them Outwards. The&#383;e and the like Examples, <i>Pyrophilus</i>,
+       <!--  Page 112 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_112"
+      id="LPage_112"></a>[pg 112]</span> have induc'd me to Su&#383;pect, that
+      the Superficial Particles of White bodies, may for the Mo&#383;t part be
+      as well Convex as Smooth; I content my &#383;elf to &#383;ay <i>Su&#383;pect</i>
+      and <i>for the mo&#383;t part</i>, becau&#383;e it &#383;eems not Ea&#383;ie
+      to prove, that when Diaphanous bodies, as we &#383;hall &#383;ee by and
+      by, are reduc'd into White Powders, each Corpu&#383;cle mu&#383;t needs be
+      of a Convex Superficies, &#383;ince perhaps it may Suffice that Specular
+      Surfaces look &#383;everally ways. For (as we have &#383;een) when a
+      Diaphanous Body comes to be reduc'd to very Minute parts, it thereby
+      requires a Multitude of Little Surfaces within a Narrow compa&#383;s. And
+      though each of the&#383;e &#383;hould not be of a Figure Convenient to
+      Reflect a Round Image of the Sun, yet even from &#383;uch an
+      Inconveniently Figur'd body, there may be Reflected &#383;ome (either
+      Streight or Crooked) Phy&#383;ical Line of Light, which Line I call Phy&#383;ical,
+      becau&#383;e it has &#383;ome Breadth in it, and in which Line in many ca&#383;es
+      &#383;ome Refraction of the Light falling upon the Body it depends on, may
+      contribute to the Brightne&#383;s, as if a Slender Wire, or Solid Cylinder
+      of Gla&#383;s be expos'd to the Light, you &#383;hall &#383;ee in &#383;ome
+      part of it a vivid Line of Light, and if we were able to draw out and lay
+      together a Multitude of the&#383;e Little
+       <!--  Page 113 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_113"
+      id="LPage_113"></a>[pg 113]</span> Wires or Thrids of Gla&#383;s, &#383;o
+      Slender, that the Eye could not di&#383;cern a Di&#383;tance betwixt the
+      Luminous Lines, there is little doubt (as far as I can gue&#383;s by a
+      Tryal purpo&#383;ely made with very Slender, but far le&#383;s Slender
+      Thrids of Gla&#383;s, who&#383;e Aggregate was Look'd upon one way White)
+      but the whole Phy&#383;ical Superficies compos'd of them, would to the Eye
+      appear White, and if &#383;o, it will not be always nece&#383;&#383;ary
+      that the Figure of tho&#383;e Corpu&#383;cles, that make a Body appear
+      White, &#383;hould be <i>Globulous</i>. And as for Snow it &#383;elf,
+      though the Learned <i>Ga&#383;&#383;endus</i> (as we have &#383;een above)
+      makes it to &#383;eem nothing el&#383;e but a pure Frozen Froth, con&#383;i&#383;ting
+      of exceedingly Minute and Thick&#383;et Bubbles; yet I &#383;ee no nece&#383;&#383;ity
+      of Admitting that, &#383;ince not only by the Variou&#383;ly and Curiou&#383;ly
+      Figur'd Snow, that I have divers times had the Opportunity with Plea&#383;ure
+      to ob&#383;erve, but al&#383;o by the Common Snow, it rather doth appear
+      both to the Naked Eye, and in a <i>Micro&#383;cope</i>, often, if not mo&#383;t
+      commonly, to con&#383;i&#383;t principally of Little Slender Icicles of
+      &#383;everal Shapes, which afford &#383;uch Numerous Lines of Light, as we
+      have been newly Speaking of.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      12. Sixthly, If you take a Diaphanous Body, as for in&#383;tance a Piece
+      of Gla&#383;s, and
+       <!--  Page 114 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_114"
+      id="LPage_114"></a>[pg 114]</span> reduce it to Powder, the &#383;ame
+      Body, which when it was Entire, freely Tran&#383;mitted the Beams of
+      Light, acquiring by Contu&#383;ion a multitude of Minute Surfaces, each of
+      which is as it were a Little, but Imperfect <i>Speculum</i>, is qualify'd
+      to Reflect in a Confus'd manner, &#383;o many either Beams, or Little and
+      Singly Unob&#383;ervable Images of the Lucid Body, that from a Diaphanous
+      it Degenerates into a White Body. And I remember, I have for Trials &#383;ake
+      taken Lumps of Rock Cry&#383;tal, and Heating them Red hot in a Crucible,
+      I found according to my Expectation, that being Quench'd in Fair water,
+      even tho&#383;e that remain'd in &#383;eemingly entire Lumps exchang'd
+      their Tran&#383;lucency for Whitene&#383;s, the Ignition and Extinction
+      having as it were Crack'd each Lump into a multitude of Minute Bodies, and
+      thereby given it a great multitude of new Surfaces. And ev'n with
+      Diaphanous Bodies, that are Colour'd, there may be this way a Greater
+      Degree of Whitene&#383;s produced, than one would lightly think; as I
+      remember, I have by Contu&#383;ion obtain'd Whiti&#383;h Powders of <i>Granates</i>,
+      Gla&#383;s of <i>Antimony</i>, and <i>Emeralds</i> finely Beaten, and you
+      may more ea&#383;ily make the Experiment, by taking Good Venereal <i>Vitriol</i>
+      of a Deep Blew,
+       <!--  Page 115 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_115"
+      id="LPage_115"></a>[pg 115]</span> and comparing with &#383;ome of the
+      Entire Cry&#383;talls purpo&#383;ely re&#383;erv'd, &#383;ome of the
+      Subtile Powder of the &#383;ame Salt, which will Comparatively exhibit a
+      very con&#383;iderable degree of Whiti&#383;hne&#383;s.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      13. Seventhly, And as by a Change of Po&#383;ition in the Parts, a Body
+      that is not White, may be made White, &#383;o by a Slight change of the
+      Texture of its Surface, a White Body may be Depriv'd of its Whitene&#383;s.
+      For if, (as I have try'd in Gold-&#383;miths Shops) you take a piece of
+      Silver that has been fre&#383;hly Boyl'd, as the Artificers call it,
+      (which is done by, fir&#383;t Bru&#383;hing, and then Decocting it with
+      Salt and Tartar, and perhaps &#383;ome other Ingredients) you &#383;hall
+      find it to be of a Lovely White. But if you take a piece of Smooth Steel,
+      and therewith Burni&#383;h a part of it, which may be pre&#383;ently done,
+      you &#383;hall find that Part will Lo&#383;e its Whitene&#383;s, and turn
+      a <i>Speculum</i>, looking almo&#383;t every where Dark, as other
+      Looking-gla&#383;&#383;es do, which may not a little confirm our Doctrine.
+      For by this we may gue&#383;s, what it is chiefly that made the Body White
+      before, by con&#383;idering that all that was done to deprive it of that
+      Whitene&#383;s, was only to Depre&#383;s the Little Protuberances that
+      were before on the Surface of the Silver
+       <!--  Page 116 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_116"
+      id="LPage_116"></a>[pg 116]</span> into one Continu'd Superficies, and
+      thereby effect this, that now the Image of the Lucid Body, and con&#383;equently
+      a Kind of Whitene&#383;s &#383;hall appear to your Eye, but in &#383;ome
+      place of the greater Silver Looking-gla&#383;s (whence the Beams reflected
+      at an Angle Equal to that wherewith they fall on it, may reach your Eye)
+      whil&#383;t the A&#383;perity remain'd Unde&#383;troy'd, the Light falling
+      on innumerable Little <i>Specula</i> Obverted &#383;ome one way, and
+      &#383;ome another, did from all Sen&#383;ibly Di&#383;tingui&#383;hable
+      parts of the Superficies reflect confus'd Beams or Repre&#383;entations of
+      Light to the Beholders Eye, from whence &#383;oever he chance to Look upon
+      it. And among the Experiments annex'd to this Di&#383;cour&#383;e, you
+      will find One, wherein by the Change of Texture in Bodies, Whitene&#383;s
+      is in a Trice both Generated and De&#383;troy'd.
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      CHAP. II.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      1. What we have Di&#383;cours'd of Whitene&#383;s, may &#383;omewhat A&#383;&#383;i&#383;t
+      us to form a Notion of Blackne&#383;s, tho&#383;e two Qualities being
+      Contrary enough to Illu&#383;trate each other. Yet among the Antient <i>Philo&#383;ophers</i>
+      I find le&#383;s A&#383;&#383;i&#383;tance
+       <!--  Page 117 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_117"
+      id="LPage_117"></a>[pg 117]</span> to form a Notion of Blackne&#383;s than
+      of Whitene&#383;s, only <i>Democritus</i> in the pa&#383;&#383;age above
+      Recited out of <i>Aristotle</i> has given a General Hint of the Cau&#383;e
+      of this Colour, by referring the Blackne&#383;s of Bodies to their A&#383;perity.
+      But this I call but a General Hint, becau&#383;e tho&#383;e Bodies that
+      are Green, and Purple, and Blew, &#383;eem to be &#383;o as well as Black
+      ones, upon the Account of their Superficial A&#383;perity. But among the
+      <i>Moderns</i>, the formerly mention'd <i>Ga&#383;&#383;endus</i>, perhaps
+      invited by this Hint of <i>Democritus</i>, has Incidentally in another Epi&#383;tle
+      given us, though a very Short, yet a &#383;omewhat Clearer account of the
+      Nature of Blackne&#383;s in the&#383;e words: <i>Existimare par est
+      corpora &#383;uâpte Naturâ nigra constare ex particulis, quarum
+      Superficieculæ &#383;cabræ &#383;int, nec facilè lucem extror&#383;um
+      reflectant.</i> I wi&#383;h this Ingenious Man had enlarg'd him&#383;elf
+      upon this Subject; For indeed it &#383;eems, that as that which makes a
+      Body White, is chiefly &#383;uch a Di&#383;po&#383;ition of its Parts,
+      that it Reflects (I mean without much Interruption) more of the Light that
+      falls on it, than Bodies of any other Colour do, &#383;o that which makes
+      a Body Black is principally a Peculiar kind of Texture, chiefly of its
+      Superficial Particle, whereby it does as it were Dead the Light
+       <!--  Page 118 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_118"
+      id="LPage_118"></a>[pg 118]</span> that falls on it, &#383;o that very
+      little is Reflected Outwards to the Eye.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      2. And this Texture may be Explicated two, and perhaps more than two
+      &#383;everal ways, whereof the fir&#383;t is by Suppo&#383;ing in the
+      Superficies of the Black Body a Particular kind of A&#383;perity, whereby
+      the Superficial Particles reflect but Few of the Incident Beams Outwards,
+      and the re&#383;t Inwards towards the Body it &#383;elf. As if for In&#383;tance,
+      we &#383;hould conceive the Surface of a Black Body to be A&#383;perated
+      by an almo&#383;t Numberle&#383;s throng of Little Cylinders, Pyramids,
+      Cones, and other &#383;uch Corpu&#383;cles, which by their being Thick Set
+      and <i>Erected</i>, reflect the Beams of Light from one to another
+      Inwards, and &#383;end them too and fro &#383;o often, that at length they
+      are Lo&#383;t before they can come to Rebound out again to the Eye. And
+      this is the fir&#383;t of the two mention'd ways of Explicating Blackne&#383;s.
+      The other way is by Suppo&#383;ing the Texture of Black Bodies to be
+      &#383;uch, that either by their Yielding to the Beams of Light, or upon
+      &#383;ome other Account, they do as it were Dead the Beams of Light, and
+      keep them from being Reflected in any Plenty, or with any Con&#383;iderable
+      Vigour of Motion, Outwards. According to this Notion it may be &#383;aid,
+      that
+       <!--  Page 119 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_119"
+      id="LPage_119"></a>[pg 119]</span> the Corpu&#383;cles that make up the
+      Beams of Light, whether they be Solary <i>Effluviums</i>, or Minute
+      Particles of &#383;ome Ætherial Sub&#383;tance, Thru&#383;ting on one
+      another from the Lucid Body, do, falling on Black Bodies, meet with &#383;uch
+      a Texture, that &#383;uch Bodies receive Into them&#383;elves, and Retain
+      almo&#383;t all the Motion communicated to them by the Corpu&#383;cles
+      that make up the Beams of Light, and con&#383;equently Reflect but Few of
+      them, or tho&#383;e but Languidly, towards the Eye, it happening here almo&#383;t
+      in like manner as to a ball, which thrown again&#383;t a Stone or Floor,
+      would Rebound a great way Upwards, but Rebounds very Little or not at all,
+      when it is thrown again&#383;t Water, or Mud, or a Loo&#383;e Net, becau&#383;e
+      the Parts yield, and receive into them&#383;elves the Motion, on who&#383;e
+      Account the Ball &#383;hould be Reflected Outwards. But this La&#383;t way
+      of Explicating Blackne&#383;s, I &#383;hall content my Self to have
+      Propos'd, without either Adopting it, or ab&#383;olutely Rejecting it. For
+      the Hardne&#383;s of Touch&#383;tones, Black Marble and other Bodies, that
+      being Black are Solid, &#383;eem to make it &#383;omewhat Improbable, that
+      &#383;uch Bodies &#383;hould be of &#383;o Yielding a Texture, unle&#383;s
+      we &#383;hould &#383;ay, that &#383;ome Bodies may be more Di&#383;pos'd
+      to Yield to the Impul&#383;es of
+       <!--  Page 120 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_120"
+      id="LPage_120"></a>[pg 120]</span> the Corpu&#383;cles of Light by rea&#383;on
+      of a Peculiar Texture, than other Bodies, that in other Tryals appear to
+      be Softer than they. But though the Former of the&#383;e two Explications
+      of Blackne&#383;s be that, by which we &#383;hall Endeavour to give an
+      Account of it, yet as we &#383;aid, we &#383;hall not Ab&#383;olutely
+      Reject this Latter, partly becau&#383;e they both Agree in this, that
+      Black Bodies Reflect but Little of the Light that falls on them, and
+      partly becau&#383;e it is not Impo&#383;&#383;ible, that in &#383;ome Ca&#383;es
+      both the Di&#383;po&#383;ition of the Superficial particles, as to Figure
+      and Po&#383;ition, and the Yielding of the Body, or &#383;ome of its
+      Parts, may joyntly, though not in an Equal mea&#383;ure concurr to the
+      rendring of a Body Black. The Con&#383;iderations that induc'd me to propo&#383;e
+      this Notion of Blackne&#383;s, as I Explan'd it, are principally the&#383;e:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      3. Fir&#383;t, That as I lately &#383;aid, Whitene&#383;s and Blackne&#383;s
+      being generally reputed to be Contrary Qualities, Whitene&#383;s depending
+      as I &#383;aid upon the Di&#383;po&#383;ition of the Parts of a Body to
+      Reflect much Light, it &#383;eems likely, that Blackne&#383;s may depend
+      upon a Contrary Di&#383;po&#383;ition of the Black Bodies Surface; But
+      upon this I &#383;hall not In&#383;i&#383;t.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      4. Next then we &#383;ee, that if a Body of
+       <!--  Page 121 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_121"
+      id="LPage_121"></a>[pg 121]</span> One and the &#383;ame Colour be plac'd,
+      part in the Sun-beams, and part in the Shade, that part which is not
+      Shin'd on will appear more of Kin to Blackne&#383;s than the other, from
+      which more Light Rebounds to the Eye; And Dark Colours &#383;eem the
+      Blacker, the le&#383;s Light they are Look'd upon in, and we think all
+      Things Black in the Dark, when they &#383;end no Beams to make Impre&#383;&#383;ions
+      on our Organs of Sight, &#383;o that Shadows and Darkne&#383;s are near of
+      Kin, and Shaddow we know is but a Privation of Light; and accordingly
+      Blackne&#383;s &#383;eems to proceed from the Paucity of Beams Reflected
+      from the Black Body to the Eye, I &#383;ay the Paucity of Beams, becau&#383;e
+      tho&#383;e Bodies that we call Black, as Marble, Jeat, &amp;c. are Short
+      of being perfectly &#383;o, el&#383;e we &#383;hould not See them at all.
+      But though the Beams that fall on the Sides of tho&#383;e Erected
+      Particles that we have been mentioning, do Few of them return Outwards,
+      yet tho&#383;e that fall upon the Points of tho&#383;e Cylinders, Cones,
+      or Pyramids, may thence Rebound to the Eye, though they make there but a
+      Faint Impre&#383;&#383;ion, becau&#383;e they Arrive not there, but
+      Mingl'd with a great Proportion of Little Shades. This may be Confirm'd by
+      my having procur'd a Large piece of Black
+       <!--  Page 122 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_122"
+      id="LPage_122"></a>[pg 122]</span> Marble well Poli&#383;h'd, and brought
+      to the Form of a Large Sphærical and Concave <i>Speculum</i>; For on the
+      In&#383;ide this Marble being well Poli&#383;h'd, was a kind of Dark
+      Looking-gla&#383;s, wherein I could plainly &#383;ee a Little Image of the
+      Sun, when that Shin'd upon it. But this Image was very far from Offending
+      and Dazling my Eyes, as it would have done from another <i>Speculum</i>;
+      Nor, though the <i>Speculum</i> were Large, could I in a Long time, or in
+      a Hot Sun &#383;et a piece of Wood on Fire, though a far le&#383;s <i>Speculum</i>
+      of the &#383;ame Form, and of a more Reflecting Matter, would have made it
+      Flame in a Trice.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      5. And on this Occa&#383;ion we may as well in Reference to &#383;omething
+      formerly deliver'd concerning Whitene&#383;s, as in Reference to what has
+      been newly &#383;aid, Subjoyn what we further ob&#383;erv'd touching the
+      Differing Reflections of Light from White and Black Marble, namely, that
+      having taking a pretty Large Mortar of White Marble, New and Poli&#383;h'd
+      in the In&#383;ide, and Expos'd it to the Sun, we found that it Reflected
+      a great deal of Glaring Light, but &#383;o Di&#383;pers'd, that we could
+      not make the Reflected Beams concurr in any &#383;uch Con&#383;picuous <i>Focus</i>,
+      as that newly taken notice of in the Black Marble, though
+       <!--  Page 123 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_123"
+      id="LPage_123"></a>[pg 123]</span> perhaps there may enough of them be
+      made to meet near the Bottom, to make &#383;ome Kind of <i>Focus</i>, e&#383;pecially
+      &#383;ince by holding in the Night-time a Candle at a convenient Di&#383;tance,
+      we were able to procure a Concour&#383;e of &#383;ome, though not many of
+      the Reflected Beams, at about two Inches di&#383;tant from the Bottom of
+      the Mortar: But we found the Heat even of the Sunbeams &#383;o Di&#383;per&#383;edly
+      Reflected to be very Languid, even in Compari&#383;on of the Black Marbles
+      <i>Focus</i>. And the Little Picture of the Sun, that appear'd upon the
+      White Marble as a <i>Speculum</i>, was but very Faint and exceeding ill
+      Defin'd. Secondly, That taking two pieces of Plain and Poli&#383;h'd
+      Surfaces, and ca&#383;ting on them Succe&#383;&#383;ively the Beams of the
+      Same Candle, In &#383;uch manner, as that the Neighbouring Superficies
+      being Shaded by an Opacous and Perforated Body, the Incident Beams were
+      permitted to pa&#383;s but through a Round Hole of about Half an Inch
+      Diameter, the Circle of Light that appear'd on the White Marble was in
+      Compari&#383;on very Bright, but very ill Defin'd; whereas that on the
+      Black Marble was far le&#383;s Luminous, but much more preci&#383;ely
+      Defin'd.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      6. Thirdly, When you Look upon a piece of Linnen that has Small Holes in
+      it,
+       <!--  Page 124 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_124"
+      id="LPage_124"></a>[pg 124]</span> tho&#383;e Holes appear very Black, and
+      Men are often deceiv'd in taking Holes for Spots of Ink; And Painters to
+      repre&#383;ent Holes, make u&#383;e of Black, the Rea&#383;on of which
+      &#383;eems to be, that the Beams that fall on tho&#383;e Holes, fall into
+      them So Deep, that none of them is Reflected back to the Eye. And in
+      narrow Wells part of the Mouth &#383;eems Black, becau&#383;e the Incident
+      Beams are Reflected Downwards from one &#383;ide to another, till they can
+      no more Rebound to the Eye.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      We may con&#383;ider too, that if Differing parts of the &#383;ame piece
+      of Black Velvet be &#383;troak'd Oppo&#383;ite ways, the piece of Velvet
+      will appear of two Di&#383;tinct kinds of Blackne&#383;s, the one far
+      Darker than the other, of which Di&#383;parity the Rea&#383;on Seems to
+      be, that in the Le&#383;s ob&#383;cure part of the Velvet, the Little
+      Silken Piles whereof 'tis made up, being Inclin'd, there is a Greater part
+      of each of them Obverted to the Eye, whereas in the other part the Piles
+      of Silk being more Erected, there are far Fewer Beams Reflected Outwards
+      from the Lateral parts of each Pile, So that mo&#383;t of tho&#383;e that
+      Rebound to the Eye, come from the Tops of the Piles, which make but a
+      &#383;mall part of the whole Superficies, that may be cover'd by the piece
+      of Velvet.
+       <!--  Page 125 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_125"
+      id="LPage_125"></a>[pg 125]</span> Which Explication I propo&#383;e, not
+      that I think the Blackne&#383;s of the Velvet proceeds from the Cau&#383;e
+      a&#383;&#383;ign'd, &#383;ince each Single Pile of Silk is Black by rea&#383;on
+      of its Texture, in what Po&#383;ition &#383;oever you Look upon it; But
+      that the Greater Blackne&#383;s of one of the&#383;e Tuffts &#383;eems to
+      proceed from the Greater Paucity of Beams Reflected from it, and that from
+      the Fewne&#383;s of tho&#383;e Parts of a Surface that Reflect Beams, and
+      the Multitude of tho&#383;e Shaded Parts that Reflect none. And I
+      remember, that I have oftentimes ob&#383;erv'd, that the Po&#383;ition of
+      Particular Bodies far greater than Piles of Silk in reference to the Eye,
+      may notwith&#383;tanding their having each of them a Colour of its own,
+      make one part of their Aggregate appear far Darker than the other; For I
+      have near Great Towns often taken notice, that a Cart-load of Carrots
+      pack'd up, appear'd of a much Darker Colour when Look'd upon, where the
+      Points of the Carrots were Obverted to the Eye, than where the Sides of
+      them were &#383;o.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      7. Fourthly, In a Darkned Room, I purpo&#383;ely ob&#383;erv'd, that if
+      the Sun-beams, which came in at the Hole were receiv'd upon White or any
+      other Colour, and directed to a Convenient place of the Room,
+       <!--  Page 126 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_126"
+      id="LPage_126"></a>[pg 126]</span> they would Manife&#383;tly, though not
+      all Equally, Encrea&#383;e the Light of that Part; whereas if we Sub&#383;tituted,
+      either a piece of Black Cloth or Black Velvet, it would &#383;o Dead the
+      Incident Beams, that the place (newly mention'd) whereto I Obverted the
+      Black Body, would be Le&#383;s Enlightned than it was before, when it
+      received its Light but from the Weak and Oblique Reflections of the Floor
+      and Walls of a pretty Large Room, through which the Beams that came in at
+      the Hole were Confu&#383;edly and Brokenly Di&#383;pers'd.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      8. Fifthly, And to &#383;hew that the Beams that fall on Black Bodies, as
+      they do not Rebound Outwards to the Eye, &#383;o they are Reflected
+      towards the Body it &#383;elf, as the Nature of tho&#383;e Erected
+      Particles to which we have imputed Blackne&#383;s, requires, we will add
+      an Experiment that will al&#383;o confirm our Doctrine touching Whitene&#383;s;
+      Namely, that we took a Broad and Large Tile, and having Whitened over one
+      half of the Superficies of it, and Black'd the other, we expos'd it to the
+      Summer Sun; And having let it lye there a convenient time (for the
+      Difference is more Apparent, if it have not lain there too long) we found,
+      as we expected, that whil&#383;t the Whited part of the Tile remained Cool
+      enough, the
+       <!--  Page 127 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_127"
+      id="LPage_127"></a>[pg 127]</span> Black'd part of the &#383;ame Tile was
+      grown not only Sen&#383;ible, but very Hot, (&#383;ometimes to a &#383;trong
+      Degree.) And to &#383;atisfie &#383;ome of our Friends the more, we have
+      &#383;ometimes left upon the Surface of the Tile, be&#383;ides the White
+      and Black parts thereof, a part that Retain'd the native Red of the Tile
+      it &#383;elf, and Expo&#383;ing them to the Sun, we ob&#383;erv'd this La&#383;t
+      mention'd to have Contracted a Heat in compari&#383;on of the White, but a
+      Heat Inferiour to that of the Black, of which the Rea&#383;on &#383;eems
+      to be, that the Superficial Particles of Black Bodies, being, as we &#383;aid,
+      more Erected, than tho&#383;e of White or Red ones, the Corpu&#383;cles of
+      Light falling on their &#383;ides, being for the mo&#383;t part Reflected
+      Inwards from one Particle to another, and thereby engag'd as it were and
+      kept from Rebounding Upwards, they communicate their brisk Motion,
+      wherewith they were impell'd again&#383;t the Black Body, (upon who&#383;e
+      account had they fallen upon a White Body, they would have been Reflected
+      Outwards) to the Small parts of the Black Body, and thereby Produce in tho&#383;e
+      Small parts &#383;uch an Agitation, as (when we feel it) we are wont to
+      call Heat. I have been lately inform'd, that an Ob&#383;ervation near of
+      Kin to Ours, has been made by &#383;ome Learned Men in <i>France</i> and
+       <!--  Page 128 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_128"
+      id="LPage_128"></a>[pg 128]</span> <i>Italy</i>, by long Expo&#383;ing to
+      a very Hot Sun, two pieces of Marble, the one White, the other Black; But
+      though the Ob&#383;ervation be worthy of them, and may confirm the &#383;ame
+      Truth with Our Experiment, yet be&#383;ides that our Tryal needs not the
+      Summer, nor any Great Heat to &#383;ucceed, It &#383;eems to have this
+      Advantage above the other, that whereas Bodies more Solid, and of a Clo&#383;er
+      Texture, though they u&#383;e to be more Slowly Heated, are wont to
+      receive a Greater Degree of Heat from the Sun or Fire, than (<i>Cæteris
+      paribus</i>) Bodies of a Slightest Texture; I have found by the
+      Information of Stone-cutters, and by other ways of Enquiry, that Black
+      Marble is much Solider and Harder than White, &#383;o that po&#383;&#383;ibly
+      the Difference betwixt the Degrees of Heat they receive from the Sunbeams
+      will by many be a&#383;crib'd to the Difference of their Texture, rather
+      than to that of their Colour, though I think our Experiment will make it
+      Probable enough that the greater part of that Difference may well be a&#383;crib'd
+      to that Di&#383;po&#383;ition of Parts, which makes the one Reflect the
+      Sunbeams Inward; and the other Outwards. And with this Doctrine accords
+      very well, that Rooms hung with Black, are not only Darker than el&#383;e
+      they would be, but are
+       <!--  Page 129 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_129"
+      id="LPage_129"></a>[pg 129]</span> wont to be Warmer too; In&#383;omuch
+      that I have known a great Lady, who&#383;e Con&#383;titution was &#383;omewhat
+      Tender, complain that &#383;he was wont to catch Cold, when &#383;he went
+      out into the Air, after having made any long Vi&#383;its to Per&#383;ons,
+      who&#383;e Rooms were hung with Black. And this is not the only Lady I
+      have heard complain of the Warmth of &#383;uch Rooms, which though perhaps
+      it may be partly imputed to the <i>Effluvia</i> of tho&#383;e Materials
+      wherewith the hangings were Dy'd, yet probably the Warmth of &#383;uch
+      Rooms depends chiefly upon the &#383;ame Cau&#383;e that the Darkne&#383;s
+      does; As (not to repeat what I formerly Noted touching my Gloves,) to
+      &#383;atisfie &#383;ome Curious Per&#383;ons of that Sex, I have convinc'd
+      them, by Tryall, that of two Pieces of Silken Stuff given me by them&#383;elves,
+      and expos'd in their Pre&#383;ence, to the &#383;ame Window, Shin'd on by
+      that Sun, the White was <i>con&#383;iderably</i> Heated, when the Black
+      was not &#383;o much as <i>Sen&#383;ibly</i> &#383;o.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      9. Sixthly, I remember, that Acquainting one Day a <i>Virtuo&#383;o</i> of
+      Un&#383;u&#383;pected Credit, that had Vi&#383;ited Hot Countries, with
+      part of what I have here Deliver'd concerning Blackne&#383;s, he Related
+      to me by way of Confirmation of it, a very notable
+       <!--  Page 130 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_130"
+      id="LPage_130"></a>[pg 130]</span> Experiment, which he had both others
+      make, and Made him&#383;elf in a Warm Climate, namely, that having
+      carefully Black'd over Eggs, and Expos'd them to the Hot Sun, they were
+      thereby in no very Long time well Roa&#383;ted, to which Effect I conceive
+      the Heat of the Climate mu&#383;t have Concurr'd with the Di&#383;po&#383;ition
+      of the Black Surface to Reflect the Sunbeams Inward, for I remember, that
+      having made that among other Tryals in <i>England</i>, though in
+      Summer-time, the Eggs I Expos'd, acquir'd indeed a con&#383;iderable
+      Degree of Heat, but yet not &#383;o Inten&#383;e a One, as prov'd
+      Sufficient to Roa&#383;t them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      10. Seventhly, and La&#383;tly, Our Conjectures at the Nature of Blackne&#383;s
+      may be &#383;omewhat Confirm'd by the (formerly mention'd) Ob&#383;ervation
+      of the Blind <i>Dutch-man</i>, that Di&#383;cerns Colours with his
+      Fingers; for he Says, that he Feels a greater Roughne&#383;s upon the
+      Surfaces of Black Bodies, than upon tho&#383;e of Red, or Yellow, or
+      Green. And I remember, that the Diligent <i>Bartholinus</i> &#383;ays,<a
+      name="LNtA_9" id="LNtA_9_"></a><a href="#LNt_9"><sup>9</sup></a> that a Blind
+      Earl of <i>Mansfield</i> could Di&#383;tingui&#383;h White from Black only
+      by the Touch, which would Sufficiently Argue a great Di&#383;parity in the
+      A&#383;perities, or other
+       <!--  Page 131 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_131"
+      id="LPage_131"></a>[pg 131]</span> Superficial Textures of Bodies of tho&#383;e
+      two Colours, if the Learn'd Relator had Affirm'd the Matter upon his own
+      Knowledge.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      II. The&#383;e, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, are the chief things that Occurr to me
+      at pre&#383;ent, about the Nature of Whitene&#383;s and Blackne&#383;s,
+      which it they have Rendred it &#383;o much as Probable, that in <i>Mo&#383;t</i>;
+      or at lea&#383;t <i>Many</i> Ca&#383;es, the Cau&#383;es of the&#383;e
+      Qualities may be &#383;uch as I have Adventur'd to Deliver, it is as much
+      as I Pretend to; for till I have Opportunity to Examine the Matter by
+      &#383;ome further Tryals, I am not &#383;ure, but that in &#383;ome White
+      and Black Bodies, there may Concurr to the Colour &#383;ome peculiar
+      Texture or Di&#383;po&#383;ition of the Body, whereby the Motion of the
+      Small Corpu&#383;cles that make up the Incident Beams of Light, may be
+      Differingly Modify'd, before they reach the Eye, e&#383;pecially in this,
+      that White Bodies do not only Copiou&#383;ly Reflect tho&#383;e Incident
+      Corpu&#383;cles Outwards, but Reflect them Briskly, and do not otherwi&#383;e
+      Alter them in the manner of their Motion. Nor &#383;hall I now &#383;tay
+      to Enquire, whether &#383;ome of tho&#383;e other ways, (as a Di&#383;po&#383;ition
+      to Alter the Velocity, the Rotation, or the Order and Manner of Appul&#383;e
+      &#383;o the Eye of the Reflected Corpu&#383;cles
+       <!--  Page 132 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_132"
+      id="LPage_132"></a>[pg 132]</span> that Compos'd the Incident Beams of
+      Light) which we mention'd when we con&#383;ider'd the Production of
+      Colours in General, may not in &#383;ome Ca&#383;es be Applicable to tho&#383;e
+      of White and Black Bodies: For I am yet &#383;o much a <i>Seeker</i> in
+      this Matter, and &#383;o little Wedded to the Opinions I have propos'd,
+      that what I am to add &#383;hall be but the Beginning of a Collection of
+      Experiments and Ob&#383;ervation towards the Hi&#383;tory of Whitene&#383;s
+      and Blackne&#383;s, without at pre&#383;ent interpo&#383;ing my
+      Explications of them, that &#383;o, I may a&#383;&#383;i&#383;t your
+      Enquires without much Fore-&#383;talling or Bia&#383;&#383;ing your
+      Judgment.
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <!--  Page 133 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_133" id="LPage_133"></a>[pg 133]</span>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/172a.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:100%; letter-spacing:10px">EXPERIMENT</span><br />
+      <span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px">IN</span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:100%; letter-spacing:10px">CONSORT,</span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:50%;">Touching</span><br /> <span style="font-size:100%;">Whitene&#383;s
+      &amp; Blackne&#383;s.</span><br />
+    </h2>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      EXPERIMENT I.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <img width="80" height="80" src="images/172b.png"
+      alt="Illuminated H in Having" /> Aving promis'd in the <a href="#LPage_114">114</a>,
+      and <a href="#LPage_115">115</a>. Pages of the foregoing Di&#383;cour&#383;e
+      of Whitene&#383;s and Blackne&#383;s, to &#383;hew, that tho&#383;e two
+      Colours may by a change of Texture in bodies, each of them apart
+      Diaphanous and Colourle&#383;s, be at plea&#383;ure and in a trice as well
+      Generated as De&#383;troy'd, We &#383;hall begin with Experiments that may
+      acquit us of that promi&#383;e.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Take then what Quantity you plea&#383;e of Fair Water, and having Heated
+      it, put into it as much good Common Sublimate, as it is able to Di&#383;&#383;olve,
+      and (to be &#383;ure of having
+       <!--  Page 134 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_134"
+      id="LPage_134"></a>[pg 134]</span> it well glutted:) continue putting in
+      the Sublimate, till &#383;ome of it lye Untouch'd in the bottom of the
+      Liquor, Filter this Solution through Cap-paper, to have it cleer and
+      limpid, and into a &#383;poonfull or two thereof, (put into a clean gla&#383;s
+      ve&#383;&#383;el,) &#383;hake about four or five drops (according as you
+      took more or le&#383;s of this Solution) of good limpid Spirits of Urine,
+      and immediately the whole mixture will appear White like Milk, to which
+      mixture if you pre&#383;ently add a convenient proportion of Rectifi'd <i>Aqua
+      Fortis</i> (for the number of drops is hard to determine, becau&#383;e of
+      the Differing Strength of the liquor, but ea&#383;ily found by tryal) the
+      Whitene&#383;s will pre&#383;ently di&#383;appear, and the whole mixture
+      become Tran&#383;parent, which you may, if you plea&#383;e, again reduce
+      to a good degree of Whitene&#383;s (though inferiour to the fir&#383;t)
+      onely by a more copious affu&#383;ion of fre&#383;h Spirit of Urine. <i>N</i>.
+      Fir&#383;t, That it is not &#383;o nece&#383;&#383;ary to employ either <i>Aqua
+      Fortis</i> or Spirit of Urine about this Experiment, but that we have made
+      it with other liquors in&#383;tead of the&#383;e, of which perhaps more el&#383;ewhere.
+      Secondly, That this Experiment, though not made with the &#383;ame <i>Men&#383;truums</i>,
+      nor producing the &#383;ame Colour is yet much of Kin to that other to be
+       <!--  Page 135 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_135"
+      id="LPage_135"></a>[pg 135]</span> mentioned in this Tract among our other
+      Experiments of Colours, about turning a Solution of Præcipitate into an
+      Orange-colour, and the Chymical Rea&#383;on being much alike in both, the
+      annexing it to one of them may &#383;uffice FOR both.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT II.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Make a &#383;trong Infu&#383;ion of broken Galls in Fair Water, and having
+      Filtred it into a clean Vial, add more of the &#383;ame liquor to it, till
+      you have made it &#383;omewhat Tran&#383;parent, and &#383;ufficiently
+      diluted the Colour, for the credit of the Experiment, le&#383;t otherwi&#383;e
+      the Darkne&#383;s of the liquor might make it be objected, that 'twas
+      already almo&#383;t Ink; Into this Infu&#383;ion &#383;hake a convenient
+      quantity of a Cleer, but very &#383;trong Solution of Vitriol, and you
+      &#383;hall immediately &#383;ee the mixture turn Black almo&#383;t like
+      Ink, and &#383;uch a way of producing Blackne&#383;s is vulgar enough; but
+      if pre&#383;ently after you doe upon this mixture drop a &#383;mall
+      quantity of good oyl of Vitriol, and, by &#383;haking the Vial di&#383;per&#383;e
+      it nimbly through the two other liquors, you &#383;hall (if you perform
+      your part well, and have employ'd oyl of Vitriol Cleer and Strong enough)
+      &#383;ee the Darkne&#383;s of the liquor pre&#383;ently begin
+       <!--  Page 136 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_136"
+      id="LPage_136"></a>[pg 136]</span> to be di&#383;cu&#383;s'd, and grow
+      pretty Cleer and Tran&#383;parent, lo&#383;ing its Inky Blackne&#383;s,
+      which you may again re&#383;tore to it by the affu&#383;ion of a &#383;mall
+      quantity of a very &#383;trong Solution of Salt of Tartar. And though
+      neither of the&#383;e Atramentous liquors will &#383;eem other than very
+      Pale Ink, if you write with a clean Pen dipt in them, yet that is common
+      to them with &#383;ome &#383;orts of Ink that prove very good when Dry, as
+      I have al&#383;o found, that when I made the&#383;e carefully, what I
+      wrote with either of them, e&#383;pecially with the Former, would when
+      throughly Dry grow Black enough not to appear bad Ink. This Experiment of
+      taking away and re&#383;toring Blackne&#383;s from and to the liquors, we
+      have likewi&#383;e tryed in Common Ink; but there it &#383;ucceeds not
+      &#383;o well, and but very &#383;lowly, by rea&#383;on that the Gum wont
+      to be employed in the making it, does by its Tenacity oppo&#383;e the
+      operations of the above mention'd Saline liquors. But to con&#383;ider Gum
+      no more, what &#383;ome kind of Præcipitation may have to do in the
+      producing and de&#383;troying of Inks without it, I have el&#383;ewhere
+      given you &#383;ome occa&#383;ion and a&#383;&#383;i&#383;tance to
+      enquire; But I mu&#383;t not now &#383;tay to do &#383;o my &#383;elf,
+      only I &#383;hall take notice to you, that though it be taken for granted
+      that bodies will not be Præcipitated by Alcalizat Salts,
+       <!--  Page 137 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_137"
+      id="LPage_137"></a>[pg 137]</span> that have not fir&#383;t been di&#383;&#383;olved
+      in &#383;ome Acid <i>Men&#383;truums</i>, yet I have found upon tryals,
+      which my conjectures lead me to make on purpo&#383;e, That divers
+      Vegetables <i>barely infus'd</i>, or, <i>but &#383;lightly decocted in
+      common water</i>, would, upon the affu&#383;ion of a Strong and Cleer <i>Lixivium</i>
+      of Pota&#383;hes, and much more of &#383;ome other Præcipitating liquors
+      that I &#383;ometimes employ, afford good &#383;tore of a Crudled matter,
+      &#383;uch as I have had in the Præcipitations of Vegetable &#383;ub&#383;tances,
+      by the intervention of Acid things, and that this matter was ea&#383;ily
+      &#383;eparable from the re&#383;t of the liquor, being left behind by it
+      in the Filtre; and in making the fir&#383;t Ink mention'd in this
+      Experiment, I found that I could by Filtration &#383;eparate pretty &#383;tore
+      of a very Black pulverable &#383;ub&#383;tance, that remain'd in the
+      Filtre, and when the Ink was made Cleer again by the Oyl of Vitriol, the
+      affu&#383;ion of di&#383;&#383;olv'd <i>Sal Tartari</i> &#383;eem'd but to
+      Præcipitate, and thereby to Unite and render Con&#383;picuous the
+      particles of the Black mixture that had before been di&#383;pers'd into
+      very Minute and &#383;ingly Invi&#383;ible particles by the Inci&#383;ive
+      and re&#383;olving power of the highly Corro&#383;ive Oyl of Vitriol.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <!--  Erratum: insert: -->
+      And to manife&#383;t, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that Galls are not &#383;o requi&#383;ite
+      as many &#383;uppo&#383;e to the making Atramentous Liquors, we have
+      &#383;ometimes made the following Experiment, We took dryed Ro&#383;e
+      leaves and Decocted them for a while in Fair Water, into two or three
+      &#383;poonfulls of this Decoction we &#383;hook a few drops of a &#383;trong
+      and well filtrated Solution of Vitriol (which perhaps had it been Green
+      would have done as well) and immediately the mixture did turn Black, and
+      when into this mixture pre&#383;ently after it was made, we &#383;hook a
+      ju&#383;t Proportion of <i>Aqua Fortis</i>, we turn'd it from a Black Ink
+      to a deep Red one, which by the affu&#383;ion of a little Spirit of Urine
+      may be reduc'd immediately to an Opacous and Blacki&#383;h Colour. And in
+      regard, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that in the former Experiments, both the Infu&#383;ion
+      of Galls, and the Decoction of Ro&#383;es, and the Solution of Copperis
+      employ'd about them, are endow'd each of them with its own Colour, there
+      may be a more noble Experiment of the &#383;udden production of Blackne&#383;s
+      made by the way mention'd in the Second Section of the Second Part of our
+      E&#383;&#383;ays, for though upon the Confu&#383;ion of the two Liquors
+      there mention'd, there do immediately emerge a very Black mixture, yet
+      both the Infu&#383;ion of <i>Orpiment</i> and the Solution of <i>Minium</i>
+      were before their being joyn'd together, Limpid and Colourle&#383;s.
+      <!--  end insert -->
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 138 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_138" id="LPage_138"></a>[pg 138]</span>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT III.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      If pieces of White Harts-horn be with a competent degree of Fire di&#383;till'd
+      in a Gla&#383;s-retort, they will, after the avolation of the Flegm,
+      Spirit, Volatile Salt, and the loo&#383;er and lighter parts of the
+      Oleagenous &#383;ub&#383;tance, remain behind of a Cole-black colour. And
+      even Ivory it &#383;elf being skilfully Burnt (how I am wont to do it, I
+      have el&#383;ewhere &#383;et down) affords Painters one of the be&#383;t
+      and deepe&#383;t Blacks they have, and yet in the In&#383;tance of di&#383;till'd
+      Harts-horn, the operation being made in Gla&#383;s-ve&#383;&#383;els
+      carefully clos'd, it appears there is no Extraneous Black &#383;ub&#383;tance
+      that In&#383;inuates it &#383;elf into White Harts-horn, and thereby makes
+      it turn Black; but that the Whitene&#383;s is de&#383;troy'd, and the
+      Blackne&#383;s generated, only by a Change of Texture, made in the burnt
+      Body, by the Rece&#383;s of &#383;ome parts and the Tran&#383;po&#383;ition
+      of others. And though I remember not that in many Di&#383;tillations of
+      Harts-horn I ever &#383;ound the <i>Cap. Mort</i>. to pa&#383;s from Black
+      to a true Whitene&#383;s, whil&#383;t it continu'd in Clos'd ve&#383;&#383;els,
+      yet having taken out the Cole-black fragments, and Calcin'd them in Open
+      ve&#383;&#383;els, I could in few hours quite de&#383;troy that Blackne&#383;s,
+      &amp; without
+       <!--  Page 139 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_139"
+      id="LPage_139"></a>[pg 139]</span> &#383;en&#383;ibly changing their Bulk
+      or Figure, reduce them to great Whitene&#383;s. So much do the&#383;e two
+      Colours depend upon the Di&#383;po&#383;ition of the little parts, that
+      the Bodies wherein they are to be met with do con&#383;i&#383;t of. And we
+      find, that if Whitewine Tartar, or even the white Cry&#383;talls of &#383;uch
+      Tartar be burnt without being truly Calcin'd, the <i>Cap. Mortuum</i> (as
+      the Chymi&#383;ts call the more Fixt part) will be Black. But if you
+      further continue the Calcination till you have perfectly Incinerated the
+      Tartar, &amp; kept it long enough in a Strong fire, the remaining <i>Calx</i>
+      will be White. And &#383;o we &#383;ee that not only other Vegetable
+      &#383;ub&#383;tances, but even White woods, as the Hazel, will yield a
+      Black Charcoal, and afterwards Whiti&#383;h a&#383;hes; And &#383;o Animal
+      &#383;ub&#383;tances naturally White, as Bones and Egg&#383;hels, will
+      grow Black upon the being Burnt, and White again when they are perfectly
+      Calcin'd.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT IV.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      But yet I much Que&#383;tion whether that Rule delivered by divers, as
+      well Philo&#383;ophers as Chymi&#383;ts, <i>adu&#383;ta nigra, &#383;ed
+      peru&#383;ta alba</i>, will hold as Univer&#383;ally as is pre&#383;um'd,
+      &#383;ince I have &#383;everal Examples to allege again&#383;t
+       <!--  Page 140 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_140"
+      id="LPage_140"></a>[pg 140]</span> it: For I have found that by burning
+      Alabla&#383;ter, &#383;o as both to make it appear to boyl almo&#383;t
+      like Milk, and to reduce it to a very fine Powder, it would not at all
+      grow Black, but retain its Pure and Native Whitene&#383;s, and though by
+      keeping it longer than is u&#383;ual in the fire, I produced but a faint
+      Yellow, even in that part of the Powder that lay neare&#383;t the top of
+      the Crucible, yet having purpo&#383;ely enquired of an Experienced
+      Stone-cutter, who is Curious enough in tryng Conclu&#383;ions in his own
+      Trade, he told me he had found that if Alaba&#383;ter or Pla&#383;ter of
+      Paris be very long kept in a Strong fire, the whole heap of burnt Powder
+      would exchange its Whitene&#383;s for a much deeper Colour than the Yellow
+      I ob&#383;erv'd. Lead being Calcin'd with a Strong fire turns (after
+      having purhaps run thorough divers other Colour) into <i>Minium</i>, who&#383;e
+      Colour we know is a deep red; and if you urge this <i>Minium</i>, as I
+      have purpo&#383;ely done with a Strong fire, you may much ea&#383;ier find
+      a Gla&#383;&#383;ie and Brittle Body darker than <i>Minium</i>, than any
+      white <i>Calx</i> or Gla&#383;s. 'Tis known among Chymi&#383;ts, that the
+      white <i>Calx</i> of Antimony, by the further and more vehement operation
+      of the fire, may be melted into Gla&#383;s, which we have obtain'd of a
+      Red Colour, which is
+       <!--  Page 141 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_141"
+      id="LPage_141"></a>[pg 141]</span> far deeper than that of the <i>Calx</i>
+      of Burnt Antimony, and though common Glafs of Antimony being u&#383;ually
+      Adulterated with <i>Borax</i>, have its Colour thereby diluted, oftentimes
+      to a very pale Yellow; yet not onely ours made more &#383;incerily, was,
+      as we &#383;aid, of a Colour le&#383;s remote from Black, than was the <i>Calx</i>;
+      but we ob&#383;erv'd, that by Melting it once or twice more, and &#383;o
+      expo&#383;ing it to the further operation of the Fire, we had, as we
+      expected, the Colour heightned. To which we &#383;hall add but this one In&#383;tance,
+      (which is worth the taking notice of in Reference to Colours:) That, if
+      you take Blew, but Un&#383;ophi&#383;ticated, Vitriol, and burn it very
+      &#383;lowly, and with a Gentle degree of Heat, you may ob&#383;erve, that
+      when it has Burnt but a Little, and yet &#383;o far as that you may rub it
+      to Powder betwixt your fingers, it will be of a White or Whiti&#383;h
+      Colour; But if you Pro&#383;ecute the Calcination, this Body which by a
+      light Adu&#383;tion was made White, will pa&#383;s through other Colours,
+      as Gray, Yellowi&#383;h, and Red; and if you further burn it with a Long
+      and Vehement fire, by that time it comes to be <i>Peru&#383;tum</i>, it
+      will be of a dark purple, nearer to Black, not only than the fir&#383;t <i>Calx</i>,
+      but than the Vitriol before it at all felt the fire. I might add that <i>Crocus</i>
+       <!--  Page 142 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_142"
+      id="LPage_142"></a>[pg 142]</span> <i>Martis</i> (<i>per &#383;e</i> as
+      they call it) made by the La&#383;ting violence of the Reverberated flames
+      is not &#383;o near a Kin to White, as the Iron or Steel that afforded it
+      was before its Calcinations; but that I &#383;uppo&#383;e, the&#383;e In&#383;tances
+      may Suffice to &#383;atisfie you, that Minerals are to be excepted out of
+      the forementioned Rule, which perhaps, though it &#383;eldome fail in
+      &#383;ub&#383;tances belonging to the Vegetable or Animal Kingdome, may
+      yet be Que&#383;tion'd even in &#383;ome of the&#383;e, if that be true,
+      which the Judicious Traveller <i>Bellonius</i> affirms, that Charcoales
+      made out of the Wood of <i>Oxycæder</i> are White; And I could not find
+      that though in Retorts Hart&#383;horn and other White Bodies will be
+      Denigrated by Heat, yet Camphire would not at all lo&#383;e its Whitene&#383;s,
+      though I have purpo&#383;ely kept it in &#383;uch a heat, as made it melt
+      and boyl.
+    </p>
+    <!-- Erratum: delete: And to manife&#383;t, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that Galls
+      are not &#383;o requi&#383;ite as many &#383;uppo&#383;e to the making
+      Atramentous Liquors, we have &#383;ometimes made the following Experiment,
+      We took dryed Ro&#383;e leaves and Decocted them for a while in Fair
+      Water, into two or three &#383;poonfulls of this Decoction we &#383;hook a
+      few drops of a &#383;trong and well filtrated Solution of Vitriol (which
+      perhaps had it been Green would have done as well) and immediately the
+      mixture did turn Black, and when into this mixture pre&#383;ently after it
+      was made, we &#383;hook a ju&#383;t Proportion of <i>Aqua Fortis</i>, we
+      turn'd it from a Black Ink to a deep Red one, which by the affu&#383;ion
+      of a little Spirit of Urine may be reduc'd immediately to an Opacous and
+      Blacki&#383;h Colour. And in regard, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that in the former
+      Experiments, both the Infu&#383;ion of Galls, and the Decoction of
+      Ro&#383;es, and the Solution of Copperis employ'd about them, are endow'd
+      each of them with its own Colour, there may be a more noble Experiment of
+      the &#383;udden production of Blackne&#383;s made by the way mention'd in
+      the Second Section of the Second Part of our E&#383;&#383;ays, for though
+      upon the Confu&#383;ion of the two Liquors there mention'd, there do
+      immediately emerge a very Black mixture, yet both the Infu&#383;ion of
+      <i>Orpiment</i> and the Solution of <i>Minium</i> were before their being
+      joyn'd together, Limpid and Colourle&#383;s. -->
+    <!--  Page 143 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_143" id="LPage_143"></a>[pg 143]</span>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT V.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      And now I &#383;peak of Camphire, it puts me in mind of adding this
+      Experiment, That, though as I &#383;aid in Clos'd Gla&#383;&#383;es, I
+      could not Denigrate it by Heat, but it would Sublime to the &#383;ides and
+      top of the Gla&#383;s,
+       <!--  Page 144 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_144"
+      id="LPage_144"></a>[pg 144]</span> as it was before, yet not only it will,
+      being &#383;et on fire in the Free Air, &#383;end forth a Copious &#383;moak,
+      but having purpo&#383;ely upon &#383;ome of it that was Flaming, clapt a
+      Large Gla&#383;s, almo&#383;t in the form of a Hive, (but more Slender
+      only) with a Hole at the top, (which I caus'd to be made to trye
+      Experiments of Fire and Flame in) it continued &#383;o long burning that
+      it Lin'd all the In&#383;ide of the Gla&#383;s with a Soot as Black as
+      Ink, and &#383;o Copious, that the Clo&#383;ene&#383;s of the Ve&#383;&#383;el
+      con&#383;ider'd, almo&#383;t all that part of the White Camphire that did
+      take Fire, &#383;eem'd to have been chang'd into that deep Black Sub&#383;tance.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT VI</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      And this al&#383;o brings into my mind another Experiment that I made
+      about the production of Blackne&#383;s, whereof, for Rea&#383;ons too long
+      to be here deduced, I expected and found a good Succe&#383;s, an it was
+      this: I took Rectifi'd Oyl of Vitriol (that I might have the Liquor Clean
+      as well as Strong) and by degrees mixt with it a convenient proportion of
+      the E&#383;&#383;ential Oyl, as Chymi&#383;ts call it, of Wormwood, drawn
+      over with &#383;tore of Water in a Limbec, and warily Di&#383;tilling the
+      mixture in a Retort, there remain'd
+       <!--  Page 145 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_145"
+      id="LPage_145"></a>[pg 145]</span> a &#383;carce credible quantity of dry
+      Matter
+      <!--  Erratum: delete: s -->, Black as a Coal. And becau&#383;e the Oyl of
+      Wormwood, though a Chymical Oyl drawn by a <i>Virtuo&#383;o</i>, &#383;eem'd
+      to have &#383;omewhat in it of the Colour of the Plant, I Sub&#383;tituted
+      in its Room, the Pure and Subtile E&#383;&#383;ential Oyl of
+      Winter-Savory, and mixing little by little this Liquor, with (if I
+      mis-remember not) an Equal weight of the formerly mention'd Rectifi'd Oyl
+      of Vitriol, and Di&#383;tilling them as before in a Retort, be&#383;ides
+      what there pa&#383;s'd over into the Receiver, even the&#383;e two clear
+      Liquors left me a Con&#383;iderable Proportion, (though not &#383;o great
+      as the two former) of a Sub&#383;tance Black as Pitch, which I yet Keep by
+      me as a Rarity.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT VII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      A way of Whiting Wax Cheaply and in Great Quantity may be a thing of good
+      Oeconomical U&#383;e, and we have el&#383;ewhere &#383;et down the
+      Practice of Trades-men that Blanch it; But here Treating of Whitene&#383;s
+      only in Order to the Philo&#383;ophy of Colours, I &#383;hall not Examine
+      which of the Slow wayes may be be&#383;t Employ'd, to free Wax from the
+      Yellow Melleous parts, but &#383;hall rather &#383;et down a Quick
+       <!--  Page 146 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_146"
+      id="LPage_146"></a>[pg 146]</span> way of making it White, though but in
+      very Small Quantities. Take then a little Yellow Wax, &#383;craped or
+      thinly &#383;liced, and putting it into a
+       <!-- Erratum: was C... -->Bolts-head or &#383;ome other Convenient Gla&#383;s,
+      pour to it a pretty deal of Spirit of Wine, and placing the Ve&#383;&#383;el
+      in Warm Sand, Encrea&#383;e the Heat by degrees, till the Spirit of Wine
+      begin to Simper or to Boyl a little; and continuing that degree of Fire,
+      if you have put Liquor enough, you will quickly have the Wax di&#383;&#383;olv'd,
+      then taking it off the fire, you may either &#383;uffer it to Cool as ha&#383;tily
+      as with Safety to the Gla&#383;s you can, or Pour it whil&#383;t 'tis yet
+      Hot into a Filtre of Paper, and either in the Gla&#383;s where it Cools,
+      or in the Filtre, you will &#383;oon find the Wax and <i>Men&#383;truum</i>
+      together reduc'd into a White Sub&#383;tance, almo&#383;t like Butter,
+      which by letting the Spirit Exhale will &#383;hrink into a much Le&#383;&#383;er
+      Bulk, but &#383;till retaining its Whitene&#383;s. And that which is
+      pretty in the working of this Magi&#383;tery of Wax, is, that the Yellowne&#383;s
+      vani&#383;hes, neither appearing in the Spirit of Wine that pa&#383;&#383;es
+      Limpid through the Filtre, nor in the Butter of Wax, if I may &#383;o call
+      it, that, as I &#383;aid, is White.
+       <!--  Page 147 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_147"
+      id="LPage_147"></a>[pg 147]</span>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT VIII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      There is an Experiment, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, which though I do not &#383;o
+      exactly remember, and though it be &#383;omewhat Nice to make, yet I am
+      willing to Acquaint You with, becau&#383;e the thing Produc'd, though it
+      be but a Curio&#383;ity, is wont not a little to plea&#383;e the
+      Beholders, and it is a way of turning by the help of a Dry Sub&#383;tance,
+      an almo&#383;t Golden-Colour'd Concrete, into a White one, the Several
+      Tryals are not at pre&#383;ent &#383;o fre&#383;h in my Memory to enable
+      me to tell you Certainly, whether an Equal onely or a Double weight of
+      Common Sublimate mu&#383;t be taken in reference to the Tingla&#383;s, but
+      if I mi&#383;take not, there was in the Experiment that &#383;ucceeded be&#383;t,
+      Two parts of the Former taken to One of the Latter. The&#383;e Ingredients
+      being finely Powdred and Exactly mix'd, we Sublim'd together by degrees of
+      fire (the due Gradation of which is in this Experiment a thing of main
+      Importance) there a&#383;cended a matter of a very peculiar Texture, for
+      it was for the mo&#383;t part made up of very Thin, Smooth, Soft and
+      Slippery Plates, almo&#383;t like the fine&#383;t &#383;ort of the Scales
+      of Fi&#383;hes, but of &#383;o Lovely a White Inclining to
+       <!--  Page 148 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_148"
+      id="LPage_148"></a>[pg 148]</span> Pearl-Colour, and of &#383;o Curious
+      and Shining a Glo&#383;s, that they appear'd in &#383;ome re&#383;pect
+      little Inferiour to Orient Pearls, and in other Regards, they &#383;eem'd
+      to Surpa&#383;s them, and were Applauded for a &#383;ort of the Prettie&#383;t
+      Trifles that we had ever prepar'd to Amu&#383;e the Eye. I will not
+      undertake that though you'l hardly mi&#383;s changing the Colour of your
+      &#383;hining Tingla&#383;s, yet you will the fir&#383;t or perhaps the
+      &#383;econd time hit Right upon the way of making the Gli&#383;tring
+      Sublimate I have been mentioning.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT IX.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      When we Di&#383;&#383;olve in <i>Aqua Fortis</i> a mixture of Gold and
+      Silver melted into one Lump, it u&#383;ually happens that the Powder of
+      Gold that falls to the bottom, as not being Di&#383;&#383;oluble by that
+      <i>Men&#383;truum</i>, will not have its own Yellow, but appear of a Black
+      Colour, though neither the Gold, nor the Silver, nor the <i>Aqua Fortis</i>
+      did before manife&#383;t any Blackne&#383;s. And divers Alchymi&#383;ts,
+      when they make Solutions of Minerals they would Examine, are very Glad, if
+      they &#383;ee a Black Powder Præcipitated to the Bottom, taking it for a
+      Hopefull Sign, that tho&#383;e Particles are of a Golden Nature,
+       <!--  Page 149 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_149"
+      id="LPage_149"></a>[pg 149]</span> which appear in a Colour &#383;o
+      ordinary to Gold parted from other Metalls by <i>Aqua Fortis</i>, that it
+      is a trouble to the Refiner to Reduce the Præcipitated <i>Calx</i> to its
+      Native Colour. For though, (as we have try'd,) that may be Quickly enough
+      done by Fire, which will make this Gold look very Gloriou&#383;ly (as
+      indeed 'tis at lea&#383;t one of the Be&#383;t wayes that is Practis'd for
+      the Refining of Gold,) yet it requires both Watchfulne&#383;s and Skill,
+      to give it &#383;uch a Degree of Fire as will &#383;erve to Re&#383;tore
+      it to its Lu&#383;tre, without giving it &#383;uch a One, as may bring it
+      to Fu&#383;ion, to which the Minutene&#383;s of the <i>Corpu&#383;eles</i>
+      it con&#383;i&#383;ts of makes the Powder very apt. And this brings into
+      my Mind, that having taken a Flat and Bright piece of Gold, that was
+      Refin'd by a Curious and Skilfull Per&#383;on on purpo&#383;e to Trye to
+      what height of Purity Gold could be brought by Art, I found that this very
+      piece, as Glorious as it look'd, being rubb'd a little upon a piece of
+      fine clean Linnen, did &#383;ully it with a kind of Black; and the like I
+      have ob&#383;erv'd in Refin'd Silver, which I therefore mention, becau&#383;e
+      I formerly &#383;u&#383;pected that the Impurity of the Metall might have
+      been the only Cau&#383;e of what I have divers times obferv'd in wearing
+      Silver-hilted Swords, Namely, that
+       <!--  Page 150 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_150"
+      id="LPage_150"></a>[pg 150]</span> where they rubb'd upon my Clothes, if
+      they were of a Light-Colour'd Cloath, the Affriction would quickly Black
+      them; and Congruou&#383;ly hereunto I have found Pens Blackt almo&#383;t
+      all over, when I had a while carri'd them about me in a Silver Ink-ca&#383;e.
+      To which I &#383;hall only add, that whereas in the&#383;e &#383;everal In&#383;tances
+      of Denigration, the Metalls are worn off, or otherwi&#383;e Reduc'd into
+      very Minute Parts, that Circum&#383;tance may prove not Unworthy your
+      Notice.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT X.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      That a Solution of Silver does Dye Hair of a Black Colour, is a Known
+      Experiment, which &#383;ome per&#383;ons more Curious than Dextrous, have
+      &#383;o Unluckily made upon them&#383;elves as to make their Friends very
+      Merry. And I remember that the other day, I made my &#383;elf &#383;ome
+      Sport by an Improvement of this Ob&#383;ervation, for having di&#383;&#383;olv'd
+      &#383;ome Pure Silver in <i>Aqua Fortis</i>, and Evaporated the <i>Men&#383;truum
+      ad &#383;iccitatem</i>, as they &#383;peak, I caus'd a Quantity of fair
+      Water to be pour'd upon the <i>Calx</i> two or three &#383;everal times,
+      and to be at each Evaporated, till the <i>Calx</i> was very Drye, and all
+      the Greeni&#383;h Blewne&#383;s that is wont to appear in Common Cry&#383;tals
+      of Silver,
+       <!--  Page 151 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_151"
+      id="LPage_151"></a>[pg 151]</span> was quite carry'd away. Then I made tho&#383;e
+      I meant to Deceive, Moi&#383;ten &#383;ome part of their Skin with their
+      own Spittle, and &#383;lightly Rub the moi&#383;tned parts with a little
+      of this Prepar'd Silver, Whereupon they Admir'd to &#383;ee, that a
+      Snow-white Body laid upon the White Skin &#383;hould pre&#383;ently
+      produce a deep Blackne&#383;s, as if the &#383;tains had been made with
+      Ink, e&#383;pecially con&#383;idering that this Blackne&#383;s could not,
+      like that produc'd by ordinary Ink, be readily Wa&#383;h'd off, but
+      requir'd many Hours, and part of it &#383;ome dayes to its Obliteration.
+      And with the &#383;ame White <i>Calx</i> and a little Fair Water we likewi&#383;e
+      Stain'd the White Hafts of Knives, with a la&#383;ting Black in tho&#383;e
+      parts where the <i>Calx</i> was Plentifully enough laid on, for where it
+      was laid on but very Thinly, the Stain was not quite of &#383;o Deep a
+      Colour.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XI</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The Cau&#383;e of the Blackne&#383;s of tho&#383;e many Nations, which by
+      one common Name we are wont to call <i>Negroes</i>, has been long &#383;ince
+      Di&#383;puted of by Learned Men, who po&#383;&#383;ibly had not done ami&#383;s,
+      if they had al&#383;o taken into Con&#383;ideration, why &#383;ome whole
+      races of other Animals be&#383;ides Men, as
+       <!--  Page 152 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_152"
+      id="LPage_152"></a>[pg 152]</span> Foxes and Hares, are Di&#383;tingui&#383;h'd
+      by a Blackne&#383;s not familiar to the Generality of Animals of the
+      &#383;ame Species; The General Opinion (to be mention'd a little lower)
+      has been rejected even by &#383;ome of the Antient Geographers, and among
+      our Moderns <i>Ortelius</i> and divers other Learned Men have Que&#383;tion'd
+      it. But this is no place to mention what thoughts I have had to and fro
+      about the&#383;e Matters: Only as I &#383;hall freely Acknowledge, that to
+      me the inquiry &#383;eems more Ab&#383;tru&#383;e than it does to many
+      others, and that becau&#383;e con&#383;ulting with Authors, and with Books
+      of Voyages, and with Travellers, to &#383;atisfie my &#383;elf in matters
+      of Fact, I have met with &#383;ome things among them, which &#383;eem not
+      to agree very well with the Notions of the mo&#383;t Cla&#383;&#383;ick
+      Authors concerning the&#383;e things; for it being my Pre&#383;ent Work to
+      deliver rather matters Hi&#383;torical than Theorys, I &#383;hall Annex
+      Some few of my Collections, in&#383;tead of a Solemn Di&#383;putation. It
+      is commonly pre&#383;um'd that the Heat of the Climate wherein they live,
+      is the rea&#383;on, why &#383;o many Inhabitants of the Scorching Regions
+      of <i>Africa</i> are Black; and there is this familiar Ob&#383;ervation to
+      Countenance this Conjecture, That we plainly &#383;ee that Mowers,
+      Reapers, and other Countrey-people,
+       <!--  Page 153 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_153"
+      id="LPage_153"></a>[pg 153]</span> who &#383;pend the mo&#383;t part of
+      the Hot Summer dayes expos'd to the Sun, have the skin of their Hands and
+      Faces, which are the parts immediately Expos'd to the Sun and Air, made of
+      a Darker Colour than before, and con&#383;equently tending to Blackne&#383;s;
+      And Contrarywi&#383;e we ob&#383;erve that the <i>Danes</i> and &#383;ome
+      other people that Inhabit Cold Climates, and even the <i>Engli&#383;h</i>
+      who feel not &#383;o Rigorous a Cold, have u&#383;ually Whiter faces than
+      the <i>Spaniards</i>, <i>Portugalls</i> and other European Inhabitants of
+      Hotter Climates. But this Argument I take to be far more Specious than
+      Convincing; for though the Heat of the Sun may Darken the Colour of the
+      Skin, by that Operation, which we in <i>Engli&#383;h</i> call Sun-burning,
+      yet Experience doth not Evince, that I remember, That that Heat alone can
+      produce a Di&#383;colouring that &#383;hall amount to a true Blackne&#383;s,
+      like that of <i>Negroes</i>, and we &#383;hall &#383;ee by and by that
+      even the Children of &#383;ome <i>Negroes</i> not yet 10. dayes Old
+      (perhaps not &#383;o much by three quarters of that time) will notwith&#383;tanding
+      their Infancy be of the &#383;ame Hue with their Parents. Be&#383;ides,
+      there is this &#383;trong Argument to be alleg'd again&#383;t the Vulgar
+      Opinion, that in divers places in <i>A&#383;ia</i> under the &#383;ame
+      Parallel, or even of the &#383;ame
+       <!--  Page 154 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_154"
+      id="LPage_154"></a>[pg 154]</span> Degree of Latitude with the <i>African</i>
+      Regions Inhabited by Blacks, the People are at mo&#383;t but Tawny;<a
+      name="LNtA_10" id="LNtA_10_"></a><a href="#LNt_10"><sup>10</sup></a> And in
+      <i>Africa</i> it &#383;elf divers Nations in the Empire of <i>Ethiopia</i>
+      are not <i>Negroes</i>, though Situated in the Torrid Zone, and as neer
+      the Æquinoctial, as other Nations that are &#383;o (as the Black
+      Inhabitants of <i>Zeylan</i> and <i>Malabar</i> are not in our Globes
+      plac'd &#383;o near the Line as <i>Amara</i> the Famou&#383;e&#383;t place
+      in <i>Ethiopia</i>.) Moreover, (that which is of no &#383;mall Moment in
+      our pre&#383;ent Di&#383;qui&#383;ition) I find not by the be&#383;t
+      Navigators and Travellers to the <i>We&#383;t-Indies</i>, who&#383;e Books
+      or them&#383;elves I have con&#383;ulted on this Subject, that excepting
+      perhaps one place or two of &#383;mall extent, there are any Blacks
+      Originally Natives of any part of <i>America</i> (for the Blacks now there
+      have been by the <i>Europeans</i> long Tran&#383;planted thither) though
+      the New World contain in it &#383;o great a Variety of Climates, and
+      particularly reach quite Cro&#383;s the Torri'd Zone from one Tropick to
+      another. And enough it be true that the <i>Danes</i> be a Whiter People
+      than the <i>Spaniards</i>, yet that may proceed rather from other cau&#383;es
+      (not here to be enquired into) than from the Coldne&#383;s of the Climate,
+      &#383;ince not onely the
+       <!--  Page 155 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_155"
+      id="LPage_155"></a>[pg 155]</span> <i>Swedes</i> and other Inhabitants of
+      tho&#383;e Cold Countreys, are not u&#383;ually &#383;o White as the <i>Danes</i>,
+      nor Whiter than other Nations in proportion to their Vicinity to the Pole.
+      [And &#383;ince the Writing of the former part of this E&#383;&#383;ay,
+      having an opportunity on a Solemn occa&#383;ion to take Notice of the
+      Numerous Train of Some Extraordinary Emba&#383;&#383;adours &#383;ent from
+      the <i>Ru&#383;&#383;ian</i> Emperour to a great Monarch, ob&#383;erv'd,
+      that (though it were then Winter) the Colour of their Hair and Skin was
+      far le&#383;s Whiti&#383;h than the <i>Danes</i> who Inhabit a milder
+      Region is wont to be, but rather for the mo&#383;t part of a Darki&#383;h
+      Brown; And the Phy&#383;ician to the Emba&#383;&#383;adour with whom tho&#383;e
+      <i>Ru&#383;&#383;es</i> came, being ask'd by me whether in <i>Mu&#383;covy</i>
+      it &#383;elf the Generality of the People were more inclin'd to have
+      Dark-colour'd Hair than Flaxen, he an&#383;wer'd Affirmatively; but &#383;eem'd
+      to &#383;u&#383;pect that the True and Antient <i>Ru&#383;&#383;ians</i>,
+      a Sept of whom he told me he had met with in one of the Provinces of that
+      va&#383;t Empire, were rather White like the <i>Danes</i>, than any thing
+      near &#383;o Brown as the pre&#383;ent <i>Mu&#383;covites</i> whom he gue&#383;&#383;es
+      to be de&#383;cended of the <i>Tartars</i>, and to have inherited their
+      Colour from them.] But to Pro&#383;ecute our former Di&#383;cour&#383;e, I
+      &#383;hall add for further Proof of the Conjecture I was
+       <!--  Page 156 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_156"
+      id="LPage_156"></a>[pg 156]</span> countenancing that good Authors inform
+      us that there are <i>Negroes</i> in <i>Africa</i> not far from the <i>Cape
+      of good Hope</i>, and con&#383;equently beyond the Southern Tropick, and
+      without the Torrid Zone, much about the &#383;ame Northern Latitude (or
+      very little more) wherein there are divers <i>American</i> Nations that
+      are not <i>Negroes</i>, and wherein the Inhabitants of <i>Candia</i>,
+      &#383;ome parts of <i>Sicily</i>, and even of <i>Spain</i> are not &#383;o
+      much as Tawny-Mores. But (which is a fre&#383;h and &#383;trong Argument
+      again&#383;t the common Opinion,) I find by our recent Relations of <i>Greenland</i>
+      (our Accounts whereof we owe to the Curio&#383;ity of that Royal <i>Virtuo&#383;o</i>
+      the pre&#383;ent King of <i>Denmark</i>,) that the Inhabitants are
+      Olive-colour'd, or rather of a Darker Hiew. But if the Ca&#383;e were the
+      &#383;ame with Men, and tho&#383;e other kinds of Animals I formerly
+      nam'd, I &#383;hould offer &#383;omething as a con&#383;iderable proof,
+      That, Cold may do much towards the making Men White or Black, and however
+      I &#383;hall let down the Ob&#383;ervation as I have met with it, as
+      worthy to come into the Hi&#383;tory of Whitene&#383;s and Blackne&#383;s,
+      and it is, that in &#383;ome parts of <i>Ru&#383;&#383;ia</i> and of <i>Livonia</i>
+      it is affirm'd by <i>Olaus Magnus</i> and others, that Hares and Foxes (&#383;ome
+      add Partridges) which before were Black, or Red, or
+       <!--  Page 157 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_157"
+      id="LPage_157"></a>[pg 157]</span> Gray, do in the depth of Winter become
+      White by rea&#383;on of the great Cold; (for that it &#383;hould be, as
+      &#383;ome conceive, by Looking upon the Snow, &#383;eems improbable upon
+      divers accounts) And I remember that having purpo&#383;ely enquir'd of a
+      <i>Virtuo&#383;o</i> who lately Travell'd through <i>Livonia</i> to <i>Mo&#383;co</i>
+      concerning the Truth of this Tradition, he both told me, he believ'd it,
+      and added, that he &#383;aw divers of tho&#383;e lately nam'd Animals
+      either in <i>Ru&#383;&#383;ia</i> or <i>Livonia</i>, (for I do not very
+      well remember whether of the two) which, though White when he &#383;aw
+      them in Winter, they a&#383;&#383;ur'd him had been Black, or of other
+      Colours before the Winter began, and would be &#383;o again when it was
+      over. But for further &#383;atisfaction, I al&#383;o con&#383;ulted one
+      that had for &#383;ome years been an Eminent Phy&#383;ician in <i>Ru&#383;&#383;ia</i>,
+      who though he rejected &#383;ome other Traditions that are generally
+      enough believ'd concerning that Countrey, told me neverthele&#383;s, that
+      he &#383;aw no cau&#383;e to doubt of this Tradition of <i>Olaus Magnus</i>
+      as to Foxes and Hares, not onely becau&#383;e 'tis the common and
+      uncontroul'd A&#383;&#383;ertion of the Natives, but al&#383;o becau&#383;e
+      he him&#383;elf in the Winter could never that he remember'd &#383;ee
+      Foxes and Hares of any other Colour than White; And I my &#383;elf having
+      &#383;een a &#383;mall White
+       <!--  Page 158 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_158"
+      id="LPage_158"></a>[pg 158]</span> Fox brought out of <i>Ru&#383;&#383;ia</i>
+      into <i>England</i> towards the latter end of Winter, foretold tho&#383;e
+      that &#383;hew'd him me, that he would change Colour in Summer, and
+      accordingly coming to look upon him again in <i>July</i>, I found that the
+      Back and Sides, together with the upper part of the Head and Tayl were
+      already grown of a Dark Colour, the lower part of the Head and Belly
+      containing as yet a Whitene&#383;s. Let me add, that were it not for
+      &#383;ome &#383;cruple I have, I &#383;hould think more than what <i>Olaus</i>
+      relates, confirm'd by the judicious <i>Olearius</i>, who was twice
+      employ'd into tho&#383;e parts as a Publick Mini&#383;ter, who in his
+      Account of <i>Mo&#383;covy</i> has this Pa&#383;&#383;age: <i>The Hares
+      there are Gray; but in &#383;ome Provinces they grow white in the Winter</i>.
+      And within &#383;ome few Lines after: <i>It is not very Difficult to find
+      the Cau&#383;e of this Change, which certainly proceeds only from the
+      Outward Cold, &#383;ince I know that even in Summer, Hares will change
+      Colour, if they be kept a competent time in a Cellar</i>; I &#383;ay, were
+      it not for Some Scruple, becau&#383;e I take notice, that in the &#383;ame
+      Page the Author Affirms, that the like change of Colour that happens to
+      Hares in &#383;ome Provinces of <i>Mu&#383;covy</i>, happens to them al&#383;o
+      in <i>Livonia</i>, and yet immediately &#383;ubjoyns, that in <i>Curland</i>
+      the Hares vary not their Colour in Winter,
+       <!--  Page 159 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_159"
+      id="LPage_159"></a>[pg 159]</span> though the&#383;e two la&#383;t named
+      Countries be contiguous, (that is) &#383;ever'd only by the River of <i>Dugna</i>;
+      For it is &#383;carce conceivable how Cold alone &#383;hould have, in
+      Countries &#383;o near, &#383;o &#383;trangely differing an operation,
+      though no le&#383;s &#383;trange a thing is confe&#383;s'd by many, that a&#383;cribe
+      the Complexion of <i>Negroes</i> to the Heat of the Sun, when they would
+      have the River of <i>Cenega</i> &#383;o to bound the <i>Moors</i>, that
+      though on the North-&#383;ide they are but Tawny, on the other &#383;ide
+      they are Black.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      There is another Opinion concerning the Complexion of <i>Negroes</i>, that
+      is not only embrac'd by many of the more Vulgar Writers, but likewi&#383;e
+      by that ingenious Traveller Mr. <i>Sandys</i>, and by a late mo&#383;t
+      learned Critick, be&#383;ides other men of Note, and the&#383;e would have
+      the Blackne&#383;s of <i>Negroes</i> an effect of <i>Noah's</i> Cur&#383;e
+      ratify'd by God's, upon <i>Cham</i>; But though I think that even a
+      Naturali&#383;t may without di&#383;paragement believe all the Miracles
+      atte&#383;ted by the Holy Scriptures, yet in this ca&#383;e to flye to a
+      Supernatural Cau&#383;e, will, I fear, look like Shifting off the
+      Difficulty, in&#383;tead of Re&#383;olving it; for we enquire not the Fir&#383;t
+      and Univer&#383;al, but the Proper, Immediate, and Phy&#383;ical Cau&#383;e
+      of the Jetty Colour of <i>Negroes</i>; And not only we do not find expre&#383;&#383;ed
+      in the
+       <!--  Page 160 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_160"
+      id="LPage_160"></a>[pg 160]</span> Scripture, that the Cur&#383;e meant by
+      <i>Noah</i> to <i>Cham</i>, was the Blackne&#383;s of his Po&#383;terity,
+      but we do find plainly enough there that the Cur&#383;e was quite another
+      thing, namely that he &#383;hould be a Servant of Servants, that is by an
+      Ebrai&#383;m, a very Abject Servant to his Brethren, which accordingly did
+      in part come to pa&#383;s, when the <i>I&#383;raelites</i> of the po&#383;terity
+      of <i>Sem</i>, &#383;ubdued the <i>Canaanites</i>, that de&#383;cended
+      from <i>Cham</i>, and kept them in great Subjection. Nor is it evident
+      that Blackne&#383;s is a Cur&#383;e, for Navigators tell us of Black
+      Nations, who think &#383;o much otherwi&#383;e of their own condition,
+      that they paint the Devil White. Nor is Blackne&#383;s incon&#383;i&#383;tent
+      with Beauty, which even to our European Eyes con&#383;i&#383;ts not &#383;o
+      much in Colour, as an Advantageous Stature, a Comely Symmetry of the parts
+      of the Body, and Good Features in the Face. So that I &#383;ee not why
+      Blackne&#383;s &#383;hould be thought &#383;uch a Cur&#383;e to the <i>Negroes</i>,
+      unle&#383;s perhaps it be, that being wont to go Naked in tho&#383;e Hot
+      Climates, the Colour of their Skin does probably, according to the
+      Doctrine above deliver'd, make the Sun-beams more Scorching to them, than
+      they would prove to a people of a White Complexion.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Greater probability there is, That the Principal Cau&#383;e (for I would
+      not exclude
+       <!--  Page 161 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_161"
+      id="LPage_161"></a>[pg 161]</span> all concurrent ones) of the Blackne&#383;s
+      of <i>Negroes</i> is &#383;ome Peculiar and Seminal Impre&#383;&#383;ion,
+      for not onely we &#383;ee that <i>Blackmore</i> boyes brought over into
+      the&#383;e Colder Climates lo&#383;e not their Colour; But good Authors
+      inform us, That the Off-&#383;pring of <i>Negroes</i> Tran&#383;planted
+      out of <i>Africa</i>, above a hundred years ago, retain &#383;till the
+      Complexion of their Progenitors, though po&#383;&#383;ibly in Tract of
+      time it will decay; As on the other &#383;ide, the White people removing
+      into very Hot Climates, have their Skins by the Heat of the Sun &#383;corch'd
+      into Dark Colours; yet neither they, nor their Children have been ob&#383;erv'd,
+      even in the Countreys of <i>Negroes</i>, to de&#383;cend to a Colour
+      amounting to that of the Natives; whereas I remember I have Read in <i>Pi&#383;os</i><a
+      name="LNtA_11" id="LNtA_11_"></a><a href="#LNt_11"><sup>11</sup></a>
+      excellent account of <i>Bra&#383;ile</i>, that betwixt the <i>Americans</i>
+      and <i>Negroes</i> are generated a di&#383;tinct &#383;ort of Men, which
+      they call <i>Cabocles</i>, and betwixt <i>Portugalls</i> and <i>Æthiopian</i>
+      women, He tells us, he has &#383;ometimes &#383;een Twins, whereof one had
+      a White skin, the other a Black; not to mention here &#383;ome other in&#383;tances,
+      he gives, that the productions of the mixtures of differing people, that
+      is (indeed,) the effects of Seminal Impre&#383;&#383;ions which they
+       <!--  Page 162 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_162"
+      id="LPage_162"></a>[pg 162]</span> con&#383;equently argue to have been
+      their Cau&#383;es; and we &#383;hall not much &#383;cruple at this, if we
+      con&#383;ider, that even Organical parts may receive great Differences
+      from &#383;uch peculiar Impre&#383;&#383;ions, upon what account &#383;oever
+      they came to be &#383;etled in the fir&#383;t Individual per&#383;ons,
+      from whom they are Propogated to Po&#383;terity, as we &#383;ee in the
+      Blobber-Lips and Flat-No&#383;es of mo&#383;t Nations of <i>Negroes</i>.
+      And if we may Credit what Learned men deliver concerning the Little Feet
+      of the <i>Chine&#383;ses</i>, the <i>Macrocephali</i> taken notice of by
+      <i>Hippocrates</i>, will not be the only In&#383;tance we might apply to
+      our pre&#383;ent purpo&#383;e. And on this occa&#383;ion it will not
+      perchance be Impertinent to add &#383;omething of what I have ob&#383;erv'd
+      in other Animals, as that there is a &#383;ort of Hens that want Rumps;
+      And that (not to mention that in &#383;everal places there is a &#383;ort
+      of Crows or Daws that are not Cole-black as ours, but partly of a Whiti&#383;h
+      Colour) in &#383;pight of <i>Porphyries</i> examples of In&#383;eparable
+      Accidents, I have &#383;een a perfectly White Raven, as to Bill as well as
+      Feathers, which I attentively con&#383;idered, for fear of being impos'd
+      upon. And this recalls into my Memory, what a very Ingenious Phy&#383;ician
+      has divers times related to me of a young Lady, to whom being call'd, he
+      found that though
+       <!--  Page 163 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_163"
+      id="LPage_163"></a>[pg 163]</span> &#383;he much complain'd of want of
+      Health, yet there appear'd &#383;o little cau&#383;e either in her Body,
+      or her Condition to Gue&#383;s that She did any more than fancy her &#383;elf
+      Sick, that &#383;crupling to give her Phy&#383;ick, he per&#383;waded her
+      Friends rather to divert her Mind by little Journeys of Plea&#383;ure, in
+      one of which going to Vi&#383;it St. <i>Winifrids</i> Well, this Lady, who
+      was a <i>Catholick</i>, and devout in her Religion, and a pretty while in
+      the Water to perform &#383;ome Devotions, and had occa&#383;ion to fix her
+      Eyes very attentively upon the Red pipple-&#383;tones, which in a &#383;catter'd
+      order made up a good part of tho&#383;e that appear'd through the water,
+      and a while after growing Bigg, &#383;he was deliver'd of a Child, who&#383;e
+      White Skin was Copiou&#383;ly &#383;peckl'd with &#383;pots of the Colour
+      and Bigne&#383;&#383;s of tho&#383;e Stones, and though now this Child
+      have already liv'd &#383;everal years, yet &#383;he &#383;till retains
+      them. I have but two things to add concerning the Blackne&#383;s of <i>Negroes</i>,
+      the one is, that the Seat of that Colour &#383;eems to be but the thin <i>Epidermes</i>,
+      or outward Skin, for I knew a young <i>Negroe</i>, who having been lightly
+      Sick of the Small Pox or Mea&#383;les, (for it was doubted which of the
+      two was his Di&#383;ea&#383;e) I found by enquiry of a per&#383;on that
+      was concern'd for him, that in tho&#383;e places
+       <!--  Erratum: insert --> where the little Tumors
+       <!--  Page 164 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_164"
+      id="LPage_164"></a>[pg 164]</span>
+       <!--  Erratum: dele. that --> had broke their pa&#383;&#383;age through
+      the Skin, when they were gone, they left Within &#383;pecks behind them;
+      And the lately commended <i>Pi&#383;o</i> a&#383;&#383;ures us, that
+      having the opportunity in <i>Bra&#383;il</i> to Di&#383;&#383;ect many <i>Negroes</i>,
+      he cleerly found that their Blackne&#383;s went no deeper than the very
+      outward Skin, which <i>Cuticula</i> or <i>Epidermis</i>
+       <!--  Erratum: for Epiderms --> being remov'd, the undermo&#383;t Skin or
+      <i>Cutis</i> appear'd ju&#383;t as White as that of <i>Europæan</i>
+      Bodyes. And the like has been affirmed to me by a Phy&#383;ician of our
+      own, whom, hearing he had Di&#383;&#383;ectcd a <i>Negroe</i> here in <i>England</i>,
+      I con&#383;ulted about this particular. The other thing to be here taken
+      notice of concerning <i>Negroes</i> is, That having enquir'd of an
+      Intelligent acquaintance of mine (who keeps in the <i>Indies</i> about
+      300.
+       <!-- Erratum: for 200. --> of them as well Women as Men to work in his
+      Plantations,) whether their Children come Black into the world; he an&#383;wer'd,
+      That they did not, but were brought forth of almo&#383;t the like Reddi&#383;h
+      Colour with our <i>European</i> Children; and having further enquir'd, how
+      long it was before the&#383;e Infants appear'd Black, be reply'd, that
+      'twas not wont to be many daies. And agreeable to this account I find
+      that, given us in a fre&#383;hly publi&#383;h'd French Book written by a
+      <i>Je&#383;uit</i>, that had good opportunity
+       <!--  Page 165 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_165"
+      id="LPage_165"></a>[pg 165]</span> of Knowing the Truth of what he
+      Delivers, for being one of the Mi&#383;&#383;ionaries of his Order into
+      the Southern <i>America</i> upon the Laudable De&#383;ign of Converting
+      Infidels to Chri&#383;tianity, he Baptiz'd &#383;everal Infants, which
+      when newly Born, were much of the &#383;ame Colour with <i>European</i>
+      Babes, but within about a Week began to appear of the Hue of their
+      Parents. But more Pregnant is the Te&#383;timony of our Countrey-man <i>Andrew
+      Battel</i>, who being &#383;ent Pri&#383;oner by the <i>Portugalls</i> to
+      <i>Angola</i>, liv'd there, and in the adjoyning Regions, partly as a Pri&#383;oner,
+      partly as a Pilot, and partly as a Souldier, near 18. years, and he
+      mentioning the <i>African</i> Kingdom of <i>Longo</i>, peopl'd with
+      Blacks, has this pa&#383;&#383;age:<a name="LNtA_12" id="LNtA_12_"></a><a
+      href="#LNt_12"><sup>12</sup></a> <i>The Children in this Countrey are Born
+      White, and change their Colour in two dayes to a Perfect Black</i>. As for
+      Example, <i>The</i> Portugalls <i>which dwell in the Kingdome of</i> Longo
+      <i>have &#383;ometimes Children by the</i> Negroe<i>-women, and many times
+      the Fathers are deceived, thinking, when the Child is Born, that it is
+      theirs, and within two dayes it proves the Son or Daughter of a</i>
+      Negroe,<i> which the</i> Portugalls <i>greatly grieve at</i>; And the
+      &#383;ame per&#383;on has el&#383;ewhere a Relation, which, if he have
+      made no u&#383;e at all of the
+       <!--  Page 166 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_166"
+      id="LPage_166"></a>[pg 166]</span> liberty of a Traveller, is very well
+      worth our Notice, &#383;ince this, together with that we have formerly
+      mention'd of Seminal Impre&#383;&#383;ions, &#383;hews a po&#383;&#383;ibility,
+      that a Race of <i>Negroes</i> might be begun, though none of the Sons of
+      <i>Adam</i>, for many Precedent Generations were of that Complexion. For I
+      &#383;ee not why it &#383;hould not be at lea&#383;t as po&#383;&#383;ible,
+      that White Parents may &#383;ometimes have Black Children, as that <i>African
+      Negroes</i> &#383;hould &#383;ometimes have la&#383;tingly White ones, e&#383;pecially
+      &#383;ince concurrent cau&#383;es may ea&#383;ily more befriend the
+      Productions of the Former kind, than under the &#383;corching Heat of <i>Africa</i>
+      tho&#383;e of the Latter. And I remember on the occa&#383;ion of what he
+      delivers, that of the White Raven formerly mention'd, the Po&#383;&#383;e&#383;&#383;or
+      affirm'd to me, that in the Ne&#383;t out of which he was taken White,
+      they found with him but one other Young one, and that he was of as Jetty a
+      Black as any common Raven. But let us hear our Author him&#383;elf<a
+      name="LNtA_13" id="LNtA_13_"></a><a href="#LNt_13"><sup>13</sup></a>; <i>Here
+      are</i> (&#383;ayes he, &#383;peaking of the formerly mention'd Regions)
+      <i>Born in this Countrey White Children, which is very rare among them,
+      for their Parents are</i> Negroes; <i>And when any of them are Born, they
+      are pre&#383;ented to the King, and are call'd</i> Dondos; <i>the&#383;e
+      are as White as any
+       <!--  Page 167 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_167"
+      id="LPage_167"></a>[pg 167]</span> White Men. The&#383;e are the Kings
+      Witches, and are brought up in Witchcraft, and alwayes wait on the King:
+      There is no man that dare meddle with the&#383;e</i> Dondos, <i>if they go
+      to the Market they may take what they lift, for all Men &#383;tand in awe
+      of them. The King of</i> Longo <i>hath four of them</i>. And yet this
+      Countrey in our Globes is plac'd almo&#383;t in the mid&#383;t of the
+      Torrid Zone (four or five Degrees Southward of the Line.) And our Author
+      el&#383;ewhere tells us of the Inhabitants, that they are &#383;o fond of
+      their Blackne&#383;s, that they will not &#383;uffer any that is not of
+      that Colour (as the <i>Portugalls</i> that come to Trade thither) to be
+      &#383;o much as Buri'd in their Land, of which he annexes a particular
+      example,<a name="LNtA_14" id="LNtA_14_"></a><a href="#LNt_14"><sup>14</sup></a>
+      that may be &#383;een in his Voyage pre&#383;erv'd by our Indu&#383;trious
+      Countreyman Mr. <i>Purchas</i>. But it is high time for me to di&#383;mi&#383;s
+      Ob&#383;ervations, and go on with Experiments.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The way, <i>Pyrophilus,</i> of producing Whitene&#383;s by Chymical
+      Præcipitations is very well worth our ob&#383;erving, for thereby Bodyes
+      of very Differing Colours as well as Natures, though di&#383;&#383;olv'd
+      in Several Liquors,
+       <!--  Page 168 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_168"
+      id="LPage_168"></a>[pg 168]</span> are all brought into <i>Calces</i> or
+      Powders that are White. Thus we find that not only Crabs-eyes, that are of
+      them&#383;elves White, and Pearls that are almo&#383;t &#383;o, but <i>Coral</i>
+      and <i>Minium</i> that are Red, being di&#383;&#383;olv'd in Spirit of
+      Vinegar, may be uniformly Præcipitated by Oyl of <i>Tartar</i> into White
+      Powders. Thus Silver and Tin &#383;eparately di&#383;&#383;olv'd in <i>Aqua
+      Fortis</i>, will the one Præcipitate it &#383;elf, and the other be
+      Præcipitated by common Salt-water into a White <i>Calx</i>, and &#383;o
+      will Crude Lead and Quick&#383;ilver fir&#383;t di&#383;&#383;olv'd likewi&#383;e
+      in <i>Aqua Fortis</i>. The like <i>Calx</i> will be afforded as I have
+      try'd by a Solution of that &#383;hining Mineral Tingla&#383;s di&#383;&#383;olv'd
+      in <i>Aqua Fortis</i>, and Præcipitated out of it; and divers of the&#383;e
+      <i>Calces</i> may be made at lea&#383;t as Fair and White, if not better
+      Colour'd, if in&#383;tead of Oyl of <i>Tartar</i> they were Præcipitated
+      with Oyl of <i>Vitriol</i>, or with another Liquor I could Name. Nay, that
+      Black Mineral <i>Antimony</i> it &#383;elf, being reduc'd by and with the
+      Salts that concurr to the Compo&#383;ition of common Sublimate, into that
+      Cleer though Unctuous Liquor that Chymi&#383;ts commonly call Rectifi'd
+      Butter of <i>Antimony</i>, will by the bare affu&#383;ion of &#383;tore of
+      Fair Water be &#383;truck down into that Snow-white Powder, which when the
+      adhering Saltne&#383;s is well wa&#383;h'd
+       <!--  Page 169 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_169"
+      id="LPage_169"></a>[pg 169]</span> off, Chymi&#383;ts are pleas'd to call
+      <i>Mercurius Vitæ</i>, though the like Powder may be made of <i>Antimony</i>,
+      without the addition of any <i>Mercury</i> at all. And this Lacte&#383;cence
+      if I may &#383;o call it, does al&#383;o commonly en&#383;ue when Spirit
+      of Wine, being Impregnated with tho&#383;e parts of Gums or other
+      Vegetable Concretions, that are &#383;uppos'd to abound with Sulphureous
+      Corpu&#383;cles, fair Water is &#383;uddenly pour'd upon the Tincture or
+      Solution. And I remember that very lately I did, for Tryal &#383;ake, on a
+      Tincture of <i>Benjamin</i> drawn with Spirit of Wine, and brought to be
+      as Red as Blood, pour &#383;ome fair Water, which pre&#383;ently mingling
+      with the Liquor, immediately turn'd the whole Mixture White. But if &#383;uch
+      Seeming Milks be &#383;uffer'd to &#383;tand un&#383;tirr'd for a
+      convenient while, they are wont to let fall to the bottome a Re&#383;inous
+      Sub&#383;tance, which the Spirit of Wine Diluted and Weakned by the Water
+      pour'd into it
+       <!--  Erratum: for into it -->, was unable to &#383;upport any longer.
+      And &#383;omething of Kin to this change of Colour in Vegetables is that,
+      which Chymi&#383;ts are wont to ob&#383;erve upon the pouring of Acid
+      Spirits upon the Red Solution of <i>Sulphur</i>, di&#383;&#383;olv'd in an
+      Infu&#383;ion of Pot-a&#383;hes, or in &#383;ome other &#383;harp <i>Lixivium</i>,
+      the Præcipitated <i>Sulphur</i> before it &#383;ub&#383;ides, immediately
+      turning the Red Liquor
+       <!--  Page 170 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_170"
+      id="LPage_170"></a>[pg 170]</span> into a White one. And other Examples
+      might be added of this way of producing Whitene&#383;s in Bodyes by
+      Præcipitating them out of the Liquors wherein they have been Di&#383;&#383;olv'd;
+      but I think it may be more u&#383;efull to admoni&#383;h you, <i>Pyrophilus</i>,
+      that this ob&#383;ervation admits of Re&#383;trictions, and is not &#383;o
+      Univer&#383;al, as by this time perhaps you have begun to think it; For
+      though mo&#383;t Præcipitated Bodyes are White, yet I know &#383;ome that
+      are not; For Gold Di&#383;&#383;olv'd in <i>Aqua Regis</i>, whether you
+      Præcipitate it with Oyl of <i>Tartar</i>, or with Spirit of <i>Sal
+      Armoniack</i>, will not afford a White but a Yellow <i>Calx</i>. <i>Mercury</i>
+      al&#383;o though reduc'd into Sublimate, and Præcipitated with Liquors
+      abounding with Volatile Salts, as the Spirits drawn from Urine,
+      Harts-horn, and other Animal &#383;ub&#383;tances, yet will afford, as we
+      Noted in our fir&#383;t Experiment about Whitene&#383;s and Blackne&#383;s,
+      a White Præcipitate, yet with
+       <!--  Erratum for: the Solution of Pot-a&#383;hes and other Lixiviate
+        Salts read: --> &#383;ome Solutions hereafter to be mentioned, it will
+      let fall an Orange-Tawny Powder. And &#383;o will Crude <i>Antimony</i>,
+      if, being di&#383;&#383;olv'd in a &#383;trong Lye, you pour (as farr as I
+      remember) any Acid Liquor upon the Solution newly Filtrated, whil&#383;t
+      it is yet Warm. And if upon the Filtrated Solution of <i>Vitriol</i>, you
+      pour a Solution of
+       <!--  Page 171 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_171"
+      id="LPage_171"></a>[pg 171]</span> one of the&#383;e fix'd Salts, there
+      will &#383;ub&#383;ide a Copious &#383;ub&#383;tance, very farr from
+      having any Whitene&#383;s, which the Chymi&#383;ts are pleas'd to call,
+      how properly I have el&#383;ewhere examin'd, the <i>Sulphur of Vitriol</i>.
+      So that mo&#383;t
+       <!--  Erratum: insert --> part of Di&#383;&#383;olv'd Bodyes being by
+      Præcipitation brought to White Powders, and yet &#383;ome affording
+      Præcipitates of other Colours, the rea&#383;on of both the Phænomena may
+      de&#383;erve to be enquir'd into.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XIII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Some Learned Modern Writers<a name="LNtA_15" id="LNtA_15_"></a><a
+      href="#LNt_15"><sup>15</sup></a> are of Opinion, that the Account upon
+      which Whitene&#383;s and Blackne&#383;s ought to be call'd, as they
+      commonly are, the two Extreme Colours, is, That Blackne&#383;s (by which I
+      pre&#383;ume is meant the Bodyes endow'd with it) receives no other
+      Colours; but Whitene&#383;s very ea&#383;ily receives them all; whence
+      &#383;ome of them compare Whitene&#383;s to the <i>Aristotelian Materia
+      prima</i>, that being capable of any &#383;ort of Forms, as they &#383;uppo&#383;e
+      White Bodyes to be of every kind of Colour. But not to Di&#383;pute about
+      Names or Expre&#383;&#383;ions, the thing it &#383;elf that is affirm'd as
+      Matter of Fact, &#383;eems to be True enough in mo&#383;t Ca&#383;es, not
+      in all, or &#383;o,
+       <!--  Page 172 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_172"
+      id="LPage_172"></a>[pg 172]</span> as to hold Univer&#383;ally. For though
+      it be a common ob&#383;ervation among Dyers, That Clothes, which have once
+      been throughly imbu'd with Black, cannot &#383;o well afterwards be Dy'd
+      into Lighter Colours, the præexi&#383;tent Dark Colour infecting the
+      Ingredients, that carry the Lighter Colour to be introduc'd, and making it
+      degenerate into Some more Sad one; Yet the Experiments lately mention'd
+      may &#383;hew us, that where the change of Colour in Black Bodies is
+      attempted, not by mingling Bodyes of Lighter Colours with them, but by
+      Addition of &#383;uch things as are proper to alter the Texture of tho&#383;e
+      Corpu&#383;cles that contain the Black Colour, 'tis no &#383;uch difficult
+      matter, as the lately mention'd Learned Men imagine, to alter the Colour
+      of Black Bodyes. For we &#383;aw that Inks of &#383;everal Kinds might in
+      a trice be depriv'd of all their Blackne&#383;s; and tho&#383;e made with
+      Logwood and Red-Ro&#383;es might al&#383;o be chang'd, the one into a Red,
+      the other into a Reddi&#383;h Liquor; and with Oyl of <i>Vitriol</i> I
+      have &#383;ometimes turn'd Black pieces of Silk into a kind of Yellow, and
+      though the Taffaty were thereby made Rotten, yet the &#383;poyling of that
+      does no way prejudice the Experiment, the change of Black Silk into
+      Yellow, being never the le&#383;s True, becau&#383;e
+       <!--  Page 173 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_173"
+      id="LPage_173"></a>[pg 173]</span> the Yellow Silk is the le&#383;s good.
+      And as for Whitene&#383;s, I think the general affirmation of its being
+      &#383;o ea&#383;ily De&#383;troy'd or Tran&#383;muted by any other Colour,
+      ought not to be receiv'd without &#383;ome Cautions and Re&#383;trictions.
+      For whereas, according to what I formerly Noted, Lead is by Calcination
+      turned into that Red Powder we call <i>Minium</i>; And Tin by Calcination
+      reduc'd to a White <i>Calx</i>, the common Putty that is &#383;old and
+      us'd &#383;o much in Shops, in&#383;tead of being, as it is pretended and
+      ought to be, only the <i>Calx</i> of Tin, is, by the Artificers that make
+      it, to &#383;ave the charge of Tin, made, (as &#383;ome, of them&#383;elves
+      have confe&#383;s'd, and as I long &#383;u&#383;pected by the Cheap rate
+      it may be bought for) but of half Tin and half Lead, if not far more Lead
+      than Tin, and yet the Putty in &#383;pight of &#383;o much Lead is a very
+      White Powder, without di&#383;clo&#383;ing any mixture of <i>Minium</i>.
+      And &#383;o if you take two parts of Copper, which is a High-colour'd
+      Metall, to but one of Tin, you may by Fu&#383;ion bring them into one Ma&#383;s,
+      wherein the Whitene&#383;s of the Tin is much more Con&#383;picuous and
+      Predominant than the Reddi&#383;hne&#383;s of the Copper. And on this occa&#383;ion
+      it may not be Impertinent to mention an Experiment, which I relate upon
+      the Credit of a very Hone&#383;t man,
+       <!--  Page 174 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_174"
+      id="LPage_174"></a>[pg 174]</span> whom I purpo&#383;ely enquir'd of about
+      it, being my &#383;elf not very fond of making Tryals with <i>Ar&#383;enick</i>,
+      the Experiment is this, That if you Colliquate <i>Ar&#383;enick</i> and
+      Copper in a due proportion, the <i>Ar&#383;enick</i> will Blanch the
+      Copper both within and without, which is an Experiment well enough Known;
+      but when I enquir'd, whether or no this White mixture being skilfully kept
+      a while upon the Cupel would not let go its <i>Ar&#383;enick</i>, which
+      made Whitene&#383;s its prædominant Colour, and return to the Reddi&#383;hne&#383;s
+      of Copper, I was a&#383;&#383;ur'd of the Affirmative; &#383;o that among
+      Mineral Bodyes, &#383;ome of tho&#383;e that are White, may be far more
+      capable, than tho&#383;e I am rea&#383;oning with &#383;eem to have known,
+      of Eclip&#383;ing others, and of making their Colour Prædominant in
+      Mixtures. In further Confirmation of which may be added, that I remember
+      that I al&#383;o took a lump of Silver and Gold melted together, wherein
+      by the Æ&#383;timate of a very Experienced Refiner, there might be about a
+      fourth or third part of Gold, and yet the Yellow Colour of the Gold was
+      &#383;o hid by the White of the Silver, that the whole Ma&#383;s appear'd
+      to be but Silver, and when it was rubb'd upon the Touch&#383;tone, an
+      ordinary beholder could &#383;carce have di&#383;tingui&#383;h'd it from
+      the Touch of common
+       <!--  Page 175 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_175"
+      id="LPage_175"></a>[pg 175]</span> Silver; though if I put a little <i>Aqua
+      Fortis</i> upon any part of the White Surface it had given the Touch&#383;tone,
+      the Silver in the moi&#383;tned part being immediately taken up and
+      conceal'd by the Liquor, the Golden Particles would pre&#383;ently di&#383;clo&#383;e
+      that native Yellow, and look rather as if Gold, than if the above
+      mention'd mixture, had been rubb'd upon the Stone.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XIV.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      I took a piece of Black-horn, (poli&#383;h'd as being part of a Comb) this
+      with a piece of broken gla&#383;s I &#383;crap'd into many thin and
+      curdled flakes, &#383;ome &#383;horter and &#383;ome longer, and having
+      laid a pretty Quantity of the&#383;e &#383;crapings together, I found, as
+      I look'd for, that the heap they compos'd was White, and though, if I laid
+      it upon a clean piece of White Paper, its Colour &#383;eem'd &#383;omewhat
+      Eclips'd by the greater Whitene&#383;s of the Body it was compar'd with,
+      looking &#383;omewhat like Linnen that had been &#383;ulli'd by a little
+      wearing, yet if I laid it upon a very Black Body, as upon a Beaver Hatt,
+      it then appear'd to be of a good White, which Experiment, that you may in
+      a trice make when you plea&#383;e, &#383;eems very much to Disfavour both
+      their Doctrine
+       <!--  Page 176 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_176"
+      id="LPage_176"></a>[pg 176]</span> that would have Colours to flow from
+      the Sub&#383;tantial Forms of Bodyes, and that of the Chymi&#383;ts al&#383;o,
+      who a&#383;cribe them to one or other of their three Hypo&#383;tatical
+      Principles; for though in our Ca&#383;e there was &#383;o great a Change
+      made, that the &#383;ame Body without being &#383;ub&#383;tantially either
+      Increas'd or Le&#383;&#383;ened, pa&#383;&#383;es immediately from one
+      extreme Colour to another (and that too from Black to White) yet this
+      &#383;o great and &#383;udden change is effected by a &#383;light
+      Mechanical Tran&#383;po&#383;ition of parts, there being no Salt or <i>Sulphur</i>
+      or <i>Mercury</i> that can be pretended to be Added or Taken away, nor yet
+      any &#383;ub&#383;tantial Form that can rea&#383;onably be &#383;uppos'd
+      to be Generated and De&#383;troy'd, the Effect proceeding only from a
+      Local Motion of the parts which &#383;o vary'd their Po&#383;ition as to
+      multiply their di&#383;tinct Surfaces, and to Qualifie them to Reflect far
+      more Light to the Eye, than they could before they were &#383;crap'd off
+      from the entire piece of Black horn.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XV.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      And now, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, it will not be improper for us to take &#383;ome
+      notice of an Opinion touching the cau&#383;e of Blackne&#383;s, which I
+      judged
+       <!--  Erratum: insert --> it not &#383;o &#383;ea&#383;onable to Que&#383;tion,
+      till I
+       <!--  Page 177 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_177"
+      id="LPage_177"></a>[pg 177]</span> I had &#383;et down &#383;ome of the
+      Experiments, that might ju&#383;tifie my di&#383;&#383;ent from it. You
+      know that of late divers Learned Men, having adopted the three Hypo&#383;tatical
+      Principles, be&#383;ides other Notions of the Chymi&#383;ts, are very
+      inclinable to reduce all Qualities of Bodies to one or other of tho&#383;e
+      three Principles, and Particularly a&#383;&#383;ign for the cau&#383;e of
+      Blackne&#383;s the Sootie &#383;team of <i>adust</i> or <i>torrifi'd
+      Sulphur</i>. But I hope that what we have deliver'd above to countenance
+      the Opinion we have propos'd about the Cau&#383;e of Blackne&#383;s, will
+      &#383;o ea&#383;ily &#383;upply you with &#383;everal Particulars that may
+      be made u&#383;e of again&#383;t this Opinion, that I &#383;hall now repre&#383;ent
+      to You but two things concerning it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And Fir&#383;t it &#383;eems that the favourers of the Chymicall Theories
+      might have pitcht upon &#383;ome more proper term, to expre&#383;s the
+      Efficient of Blackne&#383;s than <i>Sulphur adust</i>; for we know that <i>common
+      Sulphur</i>, not only when Melted, but even when Sublim'd, does not grow
+      Black by &#383;uffering the Action of the fire, but continues and a&#383;cends
+      Yellow, and rather more than le&#383;s White, than it was before its being
+      expos'd to the fire. And if it be &#383;et on fire, as when we make that
+      acid Liquor, that Chymi&#383;ts call <i>Oleum Sulphuris per campanam</i>,
+      it affords
+       <!--  Page 178 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_178"
+      id="LPage_178"></a>[pg 178]</span> very little Soot, and indeed the flame
+      yeelds &#383;o little, that it will &#383;carce in any degree Black a
+      &#383;heet of White Paper, held a pretty while over the flame and &#383;moak
+      of it, which is ob&#383;erved rather to Whiten than Infect linnen, and
+      which does plainly make Red Ro&#383;es grow very Pale, but not at all
+      Black, as far as the Smoak is permitted to reach the leaves. And I can
+      &#383;hew you of a &#383;ort of fixt Sulphur made by an Indu&#383;trious
+      Laborant of your acquaintance, who a&#383;&#383;ur'd me that he was wont
+      to keep it for divers weeks together night and day in a naked and Violent
+      fire, almo&#383;t like that of the Gla&#383;s-hou&#383;e, and when, to
+      &#383;atisfie my Curio&#383;ity, I made him take out a lump of it, though
+      it were glowing hot (and yet not melted,) it did not, when I had &#383;uffered
+      it to cool, appear Black, the true Colour of it being a true Red. I know
+      it may be &#383;aid, that <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i> in the Opinion above
+      recited mean the <i>Principle of Sulphur</i>, and not <i>common Sulphur</i>
+      which receives its name, not from its being <i>all</i> perfectly of a
+      Sulphureous Nature, but for that <i>plenty</i> and <i>Predominancy</i> of
+      the Sulphureous Principle in it. But allowing this, 'tis ea&#383;ie to
+      reply, that &#383;till according to this very Rea&#383;on, torrifi'd
+      Sulphur &#383;hould afford more Blackne&#383;s, than mo&#383;t other
+      concretes,
+       <!--  Page 179 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_179"
+      id="LPage_179"></a>[pg 179]</span> wherein that Principle is confe&#383;s'd
+      to be far le&#383;s copious. Al&#383;o when I have expos'd Camphire to the
+      fire in Clo&#383;e Ve&#383;&#383;els, as Inflamable, and con&#383;equenly
+      (according to the Chymi&#383;ts) as Sulphureous a Body as it is, I could
+      not by &#383;uch a degree of Heat, as brought it to Fu&#383;ion, and made
+      it Boyl in the gla&#383;s, impre&#383;s any thing of Blackne&#383;s, or of
+      any other Colour, than its own pure White, upon this Vegetable concrete.
+      But what &#383;hall we &#383;ay to Spirit of Wine, which being made by a
+      Chymical Analy&#383;is of the Liquor that affords it, and being totally
+      Inflamable, &#383;eems to have a full right to the title they give it of
+      <i>Sulphur Vegetabile</i>, &amp; yet this fluid Sulphur not only contracts
+      not any degree of Blackne&#383;s by being often &#383;o heated, as to be
+      made to Boyl, but when it burns away with an Actual flame, I have not
+      found that it would di&#383;colour a piece of White Paper held over it,
+      with any di&#383;cernable &#383;oot. Tin al&#383;o, that wants not,
+      according to the Chymi&#383;ts, a <i>Sulphur Joviale</i>, when throughly
+      burned by the fire into a <i>Calx</i>, is not Black, but eminently White.
+      And I lately noted to you out of <i>Bellonius</i>, that the Charcoals of
+      Oxy-cedar are not of the former of the&#383;e two Colours, but of the
+      latter. And the Smoak of our Tinby coals here in <i>England</i>, has been
+       <!--  Page 180 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_180"
+      id="LPage_180"></a>[pg 180]</span> u&#383;ually ob&#383;erv'd, rather to
+      Blanch linnen then to Black it. To all which, other Particulars of the
+      like nature might be added, but I rather choo&#383;e to put you in mind of
+      the third Experiment, about making Black Liquors, or Inks, of Bodies that
+      were non of them Black before. For how can it be &#383;aid, that when tho&#383;e
+      Liquors are put together actually Cold, and continue &#383;o after their
+      mixture, there intervenes any new <i>Adustion of Sulphur</i> to produce
+      the emergent Blackne&#383;s? (and the &#383;ame que&#383;tion will be
+      appliable to the Blackne&#383;s produc'd upon the blade of a Knife, that
+      has cut Lemmons and &#383;ome kind of Sowr apples, if the juyce (though
+      both Actually and Potentially Cold) be not quickly wip'd of) And when by
+      the in&#383;tilling either of a few drops of Oyl of Vitriol as in the
+      &#383;econd Experiment, or of a little of the Liquor mention'd in the Pa&#383;&#383;age
+      pointed at in the fourth Experiment, (where I teach at once to De&#383;troy
+      one black Ink, and make another) the Blackne&#383;s produc'd by tho&#383;e
+      Experiments is pre&#383;ently de&#383;troy'd; if the Colour proceeded only
+      from the Plenty of Sulphurous parts, torrify'd in the Black Bodies, I
+      demand, what becomes of them, when the Colour &#383;o &#383;uddenly di&#383;&#383;appears?
+      For it cannot Rea&#383;onably be &#383;aid, that all tho&#383;e that
+       <!--  Page 181 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_181"
+      id="LPage_181"></a>[pg 181]</span> &#383;uffic'd to make &#383;o great a
+      quantity of Black Matter, &#383;hould re&#383;ort to &#383;o very &#383;mall
+      a proportion of the Clarifying Liquor, (if I may &#383;o call it) as to be
+      deluted by it, with out at all Denigrating it. And if it be &#383;aid that
+      the In&#383;till'd Liquor di&#383;pers'd tho&#383;e Black Corpu&#383;cles,
+      I demand, how that Di&#383;per&#383;ion comes to de&#383;troy their
+      Blackne&#383;s, but by making &#383;uch a Local Motion of their parts, as
+      de&#383;troys their former Texture? which may be a Matter of &#383;uch
+      moment in ca&#383;es like ours, that I remember that I have in few houres,
+      without addition, from Soot it &#383;elf, attain'd pretty &#383;tore of
+      Cry&#383;talline Salt, and good &#383;tore of Tran&#383;parent Liquor, and
+      (which I have on another occa&#383;ion noted as remarkable) this &#383;o
+      Black Sub&#383;tance had its Colour &#383;o alter'd, by the change of
+      Texture it receiv'd from the fire, wherewith it was di&#383;till'd, that
+      it did for a great while afford &#383;uch plenty of very white
+      Exhalations, that the Receiver, though large, &#383;eem'd to be almo&#383;t
+      fill'd with Milk.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Secondly, But were it granted, as it is in &#383;ome ca&#383;es not
+      Improbable, that divers Bodies may receive a Blackne&#383;s from a Sootie
+      Exhalation, occa&#383;ion'd by the Adu&#383;tion of their Sulphur, which
+      (for the Rea&#383;ons lately mention'd I &#383;hould rather call their
+      Oyly parts;) yet &#383;till this account
+       <!--  Page 182 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_182"
+      id="LPage_182"></a>[pg 182]</span> is applicable but to &#383;ome
+      Particular Bodies, and will afford us no General Theory of Blackne&#383;s.
+      For if, for example, White Harts-horn, being, in Ve&#383;&#383;els well
+      luted to each other, expos'd to the fire, be &#383;aid to turn Black by
+      the Infection of its own Smoak, I think I may ju&#383;tly demand, what it
+      is that makes the Smoak or Soot it &#383;elf Black, &#383;ince no Such
+      Colour, but its contrary, appear'd before in the Harts-horn? And with the
+      &#383;ame Rea&#383;on, when we are told, that torrify'd Sulphur makes
+      bodies Black, I de&#383;ire to be told al&#383;o, why Torrefaction makes
+      Sulphur it &#383;elf Black? nor will there be any Satisfactory Rea&#383;on
+      a&#383;&#383;ign'd of the&#383;e Quæries, without taking in tho&#383;e
+      Fertile as well as intelligible Mechanical Principles of the Po&#383;ition
+      and Texture of the Minute parts of the body in reference to the Light and
+      the Eye; and the&#383;e applicable Principles may Serve the turn in many
+      ca&#383;es, where the Adu&#383;tion of Sulphur cannot be pretended; as in
+      the appearing Blackne&#383;s of an Open window, lookt upon at a &#383;omewhat
+      remote di&#383;tance from the hou&#383;e, as al&#383;o in the Blackne&#383;s
+      Men think they &#383;ee in the Holes that happen to be in White linnen, or
+      Paper of the like Colour; and in the Increa&#383;ing Blackne&#383;s
+      immediatly Produc'd barely by &#383;o rubbing Velvet,
+       <!--  Page 183 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_183"
+      id="LPage_183"></a>[pg 183]</span> who&#383;e Piles were Inclin'd before,
+      as to reduce them to a more Erected po&#383;ture, in which and in many
+      other ca&#383;es formerly alleg'd, there appears nothing requi&#383;ite to
+      the Production of <i>the</i> Blackne&#383;s, but the hindering of the
+      incident Beams of Light from rebounding plentifully enough to the Eye. To
+      be &#383;hort, tho&#383;e I rea&#383;on with, do concerning Blackne&#383;s,
+      what the Chymi&#383;ts are wont al&#383;o to do concerning other
+      Qualities, namely to content them&#383;elves to tell us, in what
+      Ingredient of a Mixt Body, the Quality enquir'd after, does re&#383;ide,
+      in&#383;tead of explicating the Nature of it, which (to borrow a compari&#383;on
+      from their own Laboratories) is much as if in an enquiry after the cau&#383;e
+      of Salivation, they &#383;hould think it enough to tell us, that the
+      &#383;everal Kinds of Præcipitates of Gold and <i>Mercury</i>) as likewi&#383;e
+      of Quick-&#383;ilver and Silver (for I know that make and u&#383;e of
+      &#383;uch Precipitates al&#383;o) do Salivate upon the account of the <i>Mercury</i>,
+      which though Di&#383;guis'd abounds in them, whereas the Difficulty is as
+      much to know upon what account <i>Mercury</i> it &#383;elf, rather than
+      other Bodies, has that power of working by Salivation. Which I &#383;ay
+      not, as though it were not <i>&#383;omething</i> (and too often the mo&#383;t
+      we can arrive at) to di&#383;cover in which of the
+       <!--  Page 184 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_184"
+      id="LPage_184"></a>[pg 184]</span> Ingredients of a Compounded Body, the
+      Quality, who&#383;e Nature is &#383;ought, re&#383;ides, but becau&#383;e,
+      though this Di&#383;covery it &#383;elf may pa&#383;s for <i>&#383;omething</i>,
+      and is oftentimes more than what is taught us about the &#383;ame &#383;ubjects
+      in the Schools, yet we ought not to think it <i>enough</i>, when more
+      Clear and Particular accounts are to be had.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 185 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_185" id="LPage_185"></a>[pg 185]</span>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/224a.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:50%;">THE</span><br /> <span style="font-size:75%;">Experimental
+      Hi&#383;tory</span><br /> <span style="font-size:50%;">OF</span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:150%; letter-spacing:6px">COLOURS.</span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:75%;">Begun.</span>
+    </h2>
+    <hr />
+    <h2>
+      The Third PART.
+    </h2>
+    <hr />
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:50%;">Containing</span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:75%;">Promi&#383;cuous Experiments</span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:50%;">About</span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:100%; letter-spacing:6px">COLOURS.</span>
+    </h2>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      EXPERIMENT I.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <img width="80" height="80" src="images/224b.png"
+      alt="Illuminated B in Because" /> Ecau&#383;e that, according to the
+      Conjectures I have above propos'd, one of the mo&#383;t General Cau&#383;es
+      of the Diver&#383;ity of Colours in Opacous Bodyes, is, that &#383;ome
+      reflect the Light mingl'd with more, others with le&#383;s of Shade
+      (either
+       <!--  Page 186 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_186"
+      id="LPage_186"></a>[pg 186]</span> as to Quantity, or as to Interruption)
+      I hold it not unfit to mention in the fir&#383;t place, the Experiments
+      that I thought upon to examine this Conjecture. And though coming to tran&#383;cribe
+      them out of &#383;ome Phy&#383;iological <i>Adver&#383;aria</i> I had
+      written in loo&#383;e Papers, I cannot find one of the chief Records I had
+      of my Tryals of this Nature, yet the Papers that &#383;cap'd mi&#383;carrying,
+      will, I pre&#383;ume, &#383;uffice to manife&#383;t the main thing for
+      which I now allege them; I find then Among my <i>Adver&#383;aria</i>, the
+      following Narrative.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>October</i> the 11. About ten in the Morning in Sun-&#383;hiny Weather,
+      (but not without fleeting Clouds) we took &#383;everal &#383;orts of Paper
+      Stain'd, &#383;ome of one Colour, and &#383;ome of another; and in a
+      Darken'd Room who&#383;e Window look'd Southward, we ca&#383;t the Beams
+      that came in at a hole about three Inches and a half in Diameter, upon a
+      White wall that was plac'd on one &#383;ide, about five foot di&#383;tance
+      from them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The White gave much the Brighte&#383;t Reflection.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Green, Red, and Blew being Compar'd together, the Red gave much the
+      &#383;tronge&#383;t Reflection, and manife&#383;tly enough al&#383;o threw
+      its <i>Colour</i> upon the Wall; The Green and Blew were &#383;carce Di&#383;cernable
+       <!--  Page 187 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_187"
+      id="LPage_187"></a>[pg 187]</span> by their Colours, and &#383;eem'd to
+      reflect an almo&#383;t Equal Light.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Yellow Compar'd with the two la&#383;t nam'd, Reflected &#383;omewhat
+      more Light.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Red and Purple being Compar'd together, the former manife&#383;tly
+      Reflected a good deal more Light.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Blew and Purple Compar'd together, the former &#383;eem'd to Reflect a
+      little more Light, though the Purple Colour were more manife&#383;tly
+      &#383;een.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A Sheet of very well fleck'd Marbl'd Paper being Apply'd as the others,
+      did not ca&#383;t any or its Di&#383;tinct Colours upon the Wall; nor
+      throw its Light upon it with an Equal Diffu&#383;ion, but threw the Beams
+      Un&#383;tain'd and Bright to this and that part of the Wall, as if it's
+      Poli&#383;h had given it the Nature of a &#383;pecular Body. But comparing
+      it with a &#383;heet of White Paper, we found the Reflection of the latter
+      to be much Stronger, it diffu&#383;ing almo&#383;t as much Light to a <i>good
+      Extent</i> as the Marble Paper did to <i>one part</i> of the Wall.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Green and Purple left us &#383;omewhat in &#383;u&#383;pence which
+      Reflected the mo&#383;t Light; only the Purple &#383;eem'd to have &#383;ome
+      little Advantage over the Green, which was Dark in its kind.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thus much I find in our above mention'd
+       <!--  Page 188 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_188"
+      id="LPage_188"></a>[pg 188]</span> <i>Collections</i>, among which there
+      are al&#383;o &#383;ome Notes concerning the Production of <i>Compounded
+      Colours</i>, <i>by Reflection</i> from Bodyes differingly Colour'd. And
+      the&#383;e Notes we intended &#383;hould &#383;upply us with what we
+      &#383;hould mention as our &#383;econd Experiment: but having lo&#383;t
+      the Paper that contain'd the Particulars, and remembring onely in General,
+      that if the Objects which Reflected the Light were not Strongly Colour'd
+      and &#383;omewhat Glo&#383;&#383;y, the Reflected Beams would not manife&#383;tly
+      make a Compounded Colour upon the Wall, and even then but very Faintly, we
+      &#383;hall now &#383;ay no more of that Matter, only re&#383;erving our
+      &#383;elves to mention hereafter the Compo&#383;ition of a Green, which we
+      &#383;till retain in Memory.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT II.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      We may add, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, on this Occa&#383;ion, that though a
+      Darken'd Room be Generally thought requi&#383;ite to make the Colour of a
+      Body appear by Reflection from another Body, that is not one of tho&#383;e
+      that are commonly agreed upon to be Specular (as Poli&#383;h'd Metall,
+      Quick &#383;ilver, Gla&#383;s, Water, &amp;c.) Yet I have often ob&#383;erv'd
+      that when I wore Doublets Lin'd with &#383;ome &#383;ilken
+       <!--  Page 189 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_189"
+      id="LPage_189"></a>[pg 189]</span> Stuff that was very Glo&#383;&#383;y
+      and Vividly Colour'd, e&#383;pecially Red, I could in an Inlightned Room
+      plainly enough Di&#383;cern the Colour, upon the Pure White Linnen that
+      came out at my Sleeve and reach'd to my Cufs; as if that Fine White Body
+      were more Specular, than Colour'd and Unpoli&#383;h'd Bodyes are thought
+      Capable of being.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT III.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Whil&#383;t we were making the newly mention'd Experiments, we thought fit
+      to try al&#383;o what Compo&#383;ition of Colours might be made by
+      Altering the Light in its Pa&#383;&#383;age to the Eye by the Interpo&#383;ition
+      not of Perfectly Diaphanous Bodies, (that having been already try'd by
+      others as well as by us (as we &#383;hall &#383;oon have occa&#383;ion to
+      take notice) but of Semi-opacous Bodyes, and tho&#383;e &#383;uch as
+      look'd upon in an ordinary Light, and not held betwixt it and the Eye, are
+      not wont to be Di&#383;criminated from the re&#383;t of Opacous Bodyes; of
+      this Tryal, our mention'd <i>Adver&#383;aria</i> pre&#383;ent us the
+      following Account.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Holding the&#383;e Sheets, &#383;ometimes one &#383;ometimes the other of
+      them, before the Hole betwixt the Sun and the Eye, with
+       <!--  Page 190 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_190"
+      id="LPage_190"></a>[pg 190]</span> the Colour'd &#383;ides obverted to the
+      Sun; we found them <i>&#383;ingle</i> to be &#383;omewhat Tran&#383;parent,
+      and appear of the &#383;ame Colour as before, onely a little alter'd by
+      the great Light they were plac'd in; but laying <i>two</i> of them one
+      over another and applying them &#383;o to the Hole, the Colours were
+      compounded as follows.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Blew and Yellow &#383;carce exhibited any thing but a Darker Yellow,
+      which we a&#383;crib'd to the Coar&#383;ene&#383;s of the Blew Papers, and
+      its Darkne&#383;s in its Kind. For applying the Blew parts of the Marbl'd
+      Paper with the Yellow Paper after the &#383;ame manner, they exhibited a
+      good Green.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Yellow and Red look'd upon together gave us but a Dark Red, &#383;omewhat
+      (and but a little,) inclining to an Orange Colour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Purple and Red look'd on together appear'd more Scarlet.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Purple and Yellow made an Orange.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Green and Red made a Dark Orange Tawny.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Green and Purple made the Purple appear more Dirty.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Blew and Purple made the Purple more Lovely, and far more Deep.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Red parts of the Marbl'd Paper look'd upon with the Yellow appear'd of
+      a
+       <!--  Page 191 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_191"
+      id="LPage_191"></a>[pg 191]</span> Red far more like Scarlet than without
+      it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But the Finene&#383;s or Coar&#383;ene&#383;s of the Papers, their being
+      carefully or &#383;lightly Colour'd, and divers other Circum&#383;tances,
+      may &#383;o vary the Events of &#383;uch Experiments as the&#383;e, that
+      if, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, you would Build much on them, you mu&#383;t
+      carefully Repeat them.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT IV.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The Triangular Pri&#383;matical Gla&#383;s being the In&#383;trument upon
+      who&#383;e Effects we may the mo&#383;t Commodiou&#383;ly &#383;peculate
+      the Nature of Emphatical Colours, (and perhaps that of Others too;) we
+      thought it might be u&#383;efull to ob&#383;erve the &#383;everal
+      Reflections and Refractions which the Incident Beams of Light &#383;uffer
+      in Rebounding from it, and Pa&#383;&#383;ing through it. And this we
+      thought might be Be&#383;t done, not (as is u&#383;ual,) in an ordinary
+      Inlightn'd Room, where (by rea&#383;on of the Difficulty of doing otherwi&#383;e)
+      ev'n the Curious have left Particulars Unheeded, which may in a convenient
+      place be ea&#383;ily taken notice of; but in a Darken'd Room, where by
+      placing the Gla&#383;s in a convenient Po&#383;ture, the Various
+      Reflections and Refractions may be Di&#383;tinctly ob&#383;erv'd; and
+      where it may appear <i>what</i> Beams are Unting'd;
+       <!--  Page 192 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_192"
+      id="LPage_192"></a>[pg 192]</span> and <i>which</i> they are, that upon
+      the Bodyes that terminate them, do Paint either the Primary or Secondary
+      Iris. In pur&#383;uance of this we did in the above mention'd Darken'd
+      Room, make ob&#383;ervation of no le&#383;s than four Reflections, and
+      three Refractions that were afforded us by the &#383;ame Pri&#383;m, and
+      thought that notwith&#383;tanding what was taught us by the Rules of
+      Catoptricks and Dioptricks, it would not be ami&#383;s to find al&#383;o,
+      by hiding &#383;ometimes one part of the Pri&#383;m, and &#383;ometimes
+      another, and ob&#383;erving where the Light or Colour Vani&#383;h'd
+      thereupon, by which Reflection and by which Refraction each of the &#383;everal
+      places whereon the Light rebounding from, or pa&#383;&#383;ing through,
+      the Pri&#383;m appear'd either Sincere or Tincted, was produc'd. But becau&#383;e
+      it would be Tedious and not &#383;o Intelligible to deliver this in Words,
+      I have thought fit to Referr You to the Annexed Scheme where the Newly
+      mention'd particulars may be at one View taken Notice of.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT V.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <table width="100%" cellpadding="5">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <a href="images/232.png"><img width="400" height="418"
+          src="images/232.png" alt="The Explication of the Scheme." /></a><br />
+          <h3>
+            The Explication of the Scheme.
+          </h3>
+        </td>
+        <td valign="top">
+          <p>
+            <i>PPP</i>. An Aequilaterotriangular Cry&#383;talline Pri&#383;m,
+            one of who&#383;e edges <i>P</i>. is placed directly towards the
+            Sun.
+          </p>
+          <p>
+            <i>A B</i> &amp; &alpha; &beta; Two rays from the Sun falling on the
+            Pri&#383;m at <i>B</i> &beta;. and thence partly reflected towards
+            <i>C</i> &amp; &gamma;. and partly refracted towards <i>D</i> &amp;
+            &delta;.
+          </p>
+          <p>
+            <i>B C</i> &amp; &beta; &gamma;. Tho&#383;e reflected Rays.
+          </p>
+          <p>
+            <i>B D</i> &amp; &beta; &delta;. Tho&#383;e refracted Rays which are
+            partly refracted towards <i>E</i> &amp; &epsilon;. and there paint
+            an Iris 1 2 3 4 5. denoting the five con&#383;ecutions of colours
+            Red, Yellow, Green, Blew, and Purple; and are partly reflected
+            towards <i>F</i> &amp; &zeta;.
+          </p>
+          <p>
+            <i>D F</i> &amp; &delta; &zeta;. Tho&#383;e Reflected Rays which are
+            partly refracted towards <i>G</i> &amp; &eta;. colourle&#383;s, and
+            partly reflected, towards <i>H</i> &amp; &theta;.
+          </p>
+          <p>
+            <i>F H</i> &amp; &zeta; &theta;. Tho&#383;e reflected Rays which are
+            refracted towards <i>I</i> &amp; &iota;. and there paint an other
+            fainter Iris, the colours of which are contrary to the former 5 4 3
+            2 1. &#383;ignifying Purple, Blew, Green, Yellow, Red, &#383;o that
+            the Pri&#383;m in this po&#383;ture exhibits four Rainbows.
+          </p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <!--  Page 193 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_193" id="LPage_193"></a>[pg 193]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I know not whether you will think it Incon&#383;iderable to annex to this
+      Experiment, That we ob&#383;erv'd in a Room not Darken'd, that the Pri&#383;matical
+      Iris (if I may &#383;o call it) might be Reflected without lo&#383;ing any
+      of its &#383;everal <i>Colours</i> (for we now con&#383;ider not their <i>Order</i>)
+      not onely from a plain Looking-gla&#383;s and from the calm Surface of
+      Fair Water, but al&#383;o from a Concave Looking-gla&#383;s; and that
+      Refraction did as little De&#383;troy tho&#383;e Colours as Reflection.
+      For by the help of a large (double Convex) Burning-gla&#383;s through
+      which we Refracted the Suns Beams, we found that one part of the Iris
+      might be made to appear either beyond, or on this &#383;ide of the other
+      Parts of the &#383;ame Iris; but yet the &#383;ame Vivid Colours would
+      appear in the Di&#383;plac'd part (if I may &#383;o term it) as in the
+      other. To which I &#383;hall add, that having, by hiding the &#383;ide of
+      the Pri&#383;m, obverted to the Sun with an Opacous Body, wherein only one
+      &#383;mall hole was left for the Light to pa&#383;s through, reduc'd the
+      Pri&#383;matical Iris (ca&#383;t upon White Paper) into a very narrow
+      compa&#383;s, and look'd upon it througn a Micro&#383;cope; the Colours
+      appear'd the &#383;ame as to kind that they did to the naked Eye.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 194 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_194" id="LPage_194"></a>[pg 194]</span>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT VI.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      It may afford matter of Speculation to the Inqui&#383;itive, &#383;uch as
+      you, <i>Prophilus</i>, that as the Colours of outward Objects brought into
+      a Darken'd Room, do &#383;o much depend for their Vi&#383;ibility upon the
+      Dimne&#383;s of the Light they are there beheld by; that the ordinary
+      Light of the day being freely let in upon them, they immediately di&#383;appear:
+      &#383;o our Tryals have inform'd us, that as to the Pri&#383;matical Iris
+      painted on the Floor by the beams of the Sun Trajected through a
+      Triangular-gla&#383;s; though the Colours of it appear very Vivid ev'n at
+      Noon-day, and in Sun &#383;hiny Weather, yet by a more Powerfull Light
+      they may be made to di&#383;appear. For having &#383;ometimes, (in pro&#383;ecution
+      of &#383;ome Conjectures of mine not now to be In&#383;i&#383;ted on,)
+      taken a large Metalline Concave <i>Speculum</i>, and with it ca&#383;t the
+      converging Beams of the Sun upon a Pri&#383;matical Iris which I had
+      caus'd to be projected upon the Floor, I found that the over-powerfull
+      Light made the Colours of the Iris di&#383;appear. And if I &#383;o
+      Reflected the Light as that it cro&#383;s'd but the middle of the Iris, in
+      that part only the Colours vani&#383;h'd or were made Invi&#383;ible; tho&#383;e
+       <!--  Page 195 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_195"
+      id="LPage_195"></a>[pg 195]</span> parts of the Iris that were on the
+      right and left hand of the Reflected Light (which &#383;eem'd to divide
+      them, and cut the Iris a&#383;under) continuing to exhibit the &#383;ame
+      Colours as before. But upon this we mu&#383;t not now &#383;tay to
+      Speculate.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT VII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      I have &#383;ometimes thought it worth while to take notice, whether or no
+      the Colours of Opacous Bodies might not appear to the Eye &#383;omewhat
+      Diver&#383;ify'd, not only by the Di&#383;po&#383;ition of the Superficial
+      parts of the Bodyes them&#383;elves and by the Po&#383;ition of the Eye in
+      Reference to the Object and the Light, (for the&#383;e things are
+      Notorious enough;) but according al&#383;o to the Nature of the Lucid Body
+      that &#383;hines upon them. And I remember that in Pro&#383;ecution of
+      this Curio&#383;ity, I ob&#383;erv'd a manife&#383;t Difference in &#383;ome
+      Kinds of Colour'd Bodyes look'd on by Day-light, and afterwards by the
+      light of the Moon; either directly falling on them or Reflected upon them
+      from a Concave Looking-gla&#383;s. But not finding at pre&#383;ent in my
+      Collections about Colours any thing &#383;et down of this Kind, I &#383;hall,
+      till I have opportunity to repeat them, content my &#383;elf to add what I
+      find Regi&#383;ter'd concerning
+       <!--  Page 196 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_196"
+      id="LPage_196"></a>[pg 196]</span> Colours look'd on by Candle-light, in
+      regard that not only the Experiment is more ea&#383;ie to be repeated, but
+      the Objects being the Same Sorts of Colour'd Paper la&#383;tly mention'd,
+      the Collation of the two Experiments may help to make the Conjectures they
+      will &#383;ugge&#383;t &#383;omewhat the le&#383;s uncertain.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Within a few dayes of the time above mention'd, divers Sheets of Colour'd
+      Paper that had been look'd upon before in the Sun&#383;hine were look'd
+      upon at night by the light of a pretty big Candle, (&#383;nuff'd) and the
+      Changes that were ob&#383;erv'd were the&#383;e.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Yellow &#383;eem'd much fainter than in the Day, and inclinable to a
+      pale Straw Colour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Red &#383;eem'd little Chang'd; but &#383;eem'd to Reflect Light more
+      &#383;trongly than any other Colour (for White was none of them.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A fair Deep Green look'd upon by it &#383;elf &#383;eem'd to be a Dark
+      Blew: But being look'd upon together with a Dark Blew, appear'd Greeni&#383;h;
+      and beheld together with a Yellow appear'd more Blew than at fir&#383;t.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Blew look'd more like a Deep Purple or Murray than it had done in the
+      Daylight.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 197 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_197" id="LPage_197"></a>[pg 197]</span>
+      The Purple &#383;eem'd very little alter'd.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Red look'd upon with the Yellow made the Yellow look almo&#383;t like
+      Brown Cap-paper.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>N</i>. The Caution Subjoyned to the third Experiments is al&#383;o
+      Applicable to this.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT VIII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      But here I mu&#383;t not omit to &#383;ubjoyn, that to &#383;atisfie our
+      Selves, whether or no the Light of a Candle were not made un&#383;incere,
+      and as it were Ting'd with a Yellow Colour by the Admixtion of the Corpu&#383;cles
+      it a&#383;&#383;umes from its Fuel; we did not content our &#383;elves
+      with what appears to the Naked Eye, but taking a pretty thick Rod or
+      Cylinder (for thin Peeces would not &#383;erve the turn) of deep Blew Gla&#383;s,
+      and looking upon the Candles flame at a Convenient di&#383;tance througn
+      it, we perceiv'd as we expected, the Flame to look Green; which as we
+      often note, is the Colour wont to emerge from the Compo&#383;ition of
+      Opacous Bodies, which were apart one of them Blew, and the other Yellow.
+      And this perchance may be the main Rea&#383;on of that which &#383;ome ob&#383;erve,
+      that a &#383;heet of very White Paper being look'd upon by Candle light,
+      'tis not ea&#383;ie at fir&#383;t to di&#383;cern it from
+       <!--  Page 198 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_198"
+      id="LPage_198"></a>[pg 198]</span> a light Yellow or Lemon Colour; White
+      Bodyes (as we have el&#383;ewhere ob&#383;erv'd) having more than tho&#383;e
+      that are otherwi&#383;e Colour'd, of a Specular Nature; in regard that
+      though they exhibit not, (unle&#383;s they be Poli&#383;h'd,) the &#383;hape
+      of the Luminary that &#383;hines on them, yet they Reflect its Light more
+      Sincere and Untroubl'd, by either Shades or Refractions, than Bodyes of
+      other Colours (as Blew, or Green, or Yellow or the like.)
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT IX.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      We took a Leaf of Such Foliated Gold as Apothecaries are wont to Gild
+      their Pills with; and with the Edge of a Knife, (lightly moy&#383;ten'd by
+      drawing it over the Surface of the Tongue, and afterwards) laid upon the
+      edge of the Gold Leaf; we &#383;o fa&#383;ten'd it to the Knife, that
+      being held again&#383;t the light, it conctinu'd extended like a little
+      Flagg. This Leaf being held very near the Eye, and obverted to the Light,
+      appear'd &#383;o full of Pores, that it &#383;eem'd to have &#383;uch a
+      kind of Tran&#383;parency as that of a Sive, or a piece of Cyprus, or a
+      Love-Hood; but the Light that pa&#383;s'd by the&#383;e Pores was in its
+      Pa&#383;&#383;ages So Temper'd with Shadow, and Modify'd, that the Eye di&#383;cern'd
+       <!--  Page 199 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_199"
+      id="LPage_199"></a>[pg 199]</span> no more a Golden Colour, but a Greeni&#383;h
+      Blew. And for other's &#383;atisfaction, we did in the Night look upon a
+      Candle through &#383;uch a Leaf of Gold; and by trying the Effect of
+      Several Proportions of Di&#383;tance betwixt the Leaf, the Eye and the
+      Light, we quickly hit upon &#383;uch a Po&#383;ition for the Leaf of Gold,
+      as that the flame, look'd on through it, appear'd of a Greeni&#383;h Blew,
+      as we have &#383;een in the Day time. The like Experiment try'd with a
+      Leaf of Silver &#383;ucceeded not well.
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT X.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      We have &#383;ometimes found in the Shops of our Druggi&#383;ts, a certain
+      Wood, which is there called <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>, becau&#383;e the
+      Inhabitants of the Country where it grows, are wont to u&#383;e the Infu&#383;ion
+      of it made in fair Water again&#383;t the Stone of the Kidneys, and indeed
+      an Eminent Phy&#383;ician of our Acquaintance, who has very Particularly
+      enquir'd into that Di&#383;ea&#383;e, a&#383;&#383;ures me, that he has
+      found &#383;uch an Infu&#383;ion one of the mo&#383;t effectual Remedyes,
+      which he has ever tried again&#383;t that formidable Di&#383;ea&#383;e.
+      The anciente&#383;t Account I have met with of this Simple, is given us by
+      the Experienc'd <i>Monardes</i> in the&#383;e Words.
+       <!--  Page 200 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_200"
+      id="LPage_200"></a>[pg 200]</span> <i>Nobis,</i> &#383;ays he,<a
+      name="LNtA_16" id="LNtA_16_"></a><a href="#LNt_16"><sup>16</sup></a> <i>Nova
+      Hi&#383;pania mittit quoddam ligni genus cra&#383;&#383;um &amp; enode,
+      cujus u&#383;us jam diu receptus fuit in his Regionibus ad Renum vitia
+      &amp; urinæ difficultates ac arenulas pellendas. Fit autem hac ratione,
+      Lignum a&#383;&#383;ulatim &amp; minutim conci&#383;um in limpidi&#383;&#383;ima
+      aqua fontana maceratur, inque ea relinquitur, donec aqua à bibentibus ab&#383;umpta
+      &#383;it, dimidia hora post injectum lignum aqua cæruleum colorem
+      contrabit, qui &#383;en&#383;im intenditur pro temporis diuturnitate,
+      tamet&#383;i lignum candidum fit</i>. This Wood, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, may
+      afford us an Experiment, which be&#383;ides the &#383;ingularity of it,
+      may give no &#383;mall a&#383;&#383;i&#383;tance to an attentive Con&#383;iderer
+      towards the detection of the Nature of Colours. The Experiment as we made
+      it is this. Take <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>, and with a Knife cut it into
+      thin Slices, put about a handfull of the&#383;e Slices into two three or
+      four pound of the pure&#383;t Spring-water, let them infu&#383;e there a
+      night, but if you be in ha&#383;t, a much &#383;horter time may &#383;uffice;
+      <i>decant</i> this Impregnated Water into a clear Gla&#383;s Vial, and if
+      you hold it directly between the Light and your Eye, you &#383;hall &#383;ee
+      it wholly Tincted (excepting the very top of the Liquor, wherein you will
+      &#383;ome times di&#383;cern a Sky-colour'd Circle) with
+       <!--  Page 201 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_201"
+      id="LPage_201"></a>[pg 201]</span> an almo&#383;t Golden Colour, unle&#383;s
+      your Infu&#383;ion have been made too Strong of the Wood, for in that ca&#383;e
+      it will again&#383;t the Light appear &#383;omewhat Dark and Reddi&#383;h,
+      and requires to be diluted by the addition of a convenient quantity of
+      fair Water. But if you hold this Vial from the Light, &#383;o that your
+      Eye be plac'd betwixt the Window and the Vial, the Liquor will appear of a
+      deep and lovely Cæruleous Colour, of which al&#383;o the drops, if any be
+      lying on the out&#383;ide of the Gla&#383;s, will &#383;eem to be very
+      perfectly; And thus far we have try'd the Experiment, and found it to
+      Succeed even by the Light of Candles of the larger &#383;ize. If you
+      &#383;o hold the Vial over again&#383;t your Eyes, that it may have a
+      Window on one &#383;ide of it, and a Dark part of the Room both before it
+      and on the other &#383;ide, you &#383;hall &#383;ee the Liquor partly of a
+      Blewi&#383;h and partly of a Golden Colour. If turning your back to the
+      Window, you powr out &#383;ome of the Liquor towards the Light and towards
+      your Eyes, it will &#383;eem at the comming out of the Gla&#383;s to be
+      perfectly Cæruleous, but when it is fallen down a little way, the drops
+      may &#383;eem Particolour'd, according as the Beams of Light do more or le&#383;s
+      fully Penetrate and Illu&#383;trate them. If you take a Ba&#383;on about
+       <!--  Page 202 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_202"
+      id="LPage_202"></a>[pg 202]</span> half full of Water, and having plac'd
+      it &#383;o in the Sun-beams Shining into a Room, that one part of the
+      Water may be freely illu&#383;trated by the Beams of Light, and the other
+      part of it Darkned by the &#383;hadow of the Brim of the Ba&#383;on, if
+      then I &#383;ay you drop of our Tincture, made &#383;omewhat &#383;trong,
+      both into the Shaded and Illuminated parts of the Water, you may by
+      looking upon it from &#383;everal places, and by a little Agitation of the
+      water, ob&#383;erve divers plea&#383;ing Phænomena which were tedious to
+      particularize. If you powr a little of this Tincture upon a &#383;heet of
+      White Paper, &#383;o as the Liquor may remain of &#383;ome depth upon it,
+      you may perceive the Neighbouring drops to be partly of one Colour, and
+      partly of the other, according to the po&#383;ition of your Eye in
+      reference to the Light when it looks upon them, but if you powr off all
+      the Liquor, the Paper will &#383;eem Dy'd of an almo&#383;t Yellow Colour.
+      And if a &#383;heet of Paper with &#383;ome of this Liquor in it be plac'd
+      in a window where the Sunbeams may &#383;hine freely on it, then if you
+      turn your back to the Sun and take a Pen or &#383;ome &#383;uch &#383;lender
+      Body, and hold it over-thwart betwixt the Sun and the Liquor, you may
+      perceive that the Shadow projected by the Pen upon the Liquor, will not
+      all of it be a vulgar
+       <!--  Page 203 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_203"
+      id="LPage_203"></a>[pg 203]</span> and Dark, but in part a curiou&#383;ly
+      Colour'd &#383;hadow, that edge of it, which is next the Body that makes
+      it, being almo&#383;t of a lively Golden Colour, and the remoter verge of
+      a Cæruleous one.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The&#383;e and other Phænomena, which I have ob&#383;erv'd in this
+      delightfull Experiment, divers of my friends have look'd upon not without
+      &#383;ome wonder, and I remember an excellent Oculi&#383;t finding by
+      accident in a friends Chamber a fine Vial full of this Liquor, which I had
+      given that friend, and having never heard any thing of the Experiment, nor
+      having any Body near him that could tell him what this &#383;trange Liquor
+      might be, was a great while apprehen&#383;ive, as he pre&#383;ently after
+      told me, that &#383;ome &#383;trange new di&#383;temper was invading his
+      Eyes. And I confe&#383;s that the unu&#383;ualne&#383;s of the Phænomena
+      made me very &#383;ollicitous to find out the Cau&#383;e of this
+      Experiment, and though I am far from pretending to have found it, yet my
+      enquiries have, I &#383;uppo&#383;e, enabled me to give &#383;uch hints,
+      as may lead your greater &#383;agacity to the di&#383;covery of the Cau&#383;e
+      of this wonder. And fir&#383;t finding that this Tincture, if it were too
+      copious in the water, Kept the Colours from being &#383;o lively, and
+      their Change from being &#383;o di&#383;cernable, and
+       <!--  Page 204 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_204"
+      id="LPage_204"></a>[pg 204]</span> finding al&#383;o that the Impregnating
+      Virtue of this Wood did by its being frequently Infus'd in New Water by
+      degrees Decay, I Conjectur'd that the Tincture afforded by the Wood mu&#383;t
+      proceed from &#383;ome Subtiler parts of it drawn forth by the Water,
+      which &#383;wimming too and fro in it did &#383;o Modifie the Light, as to
+      exhibit &#383;uch and &#383;uch Colours; and becau&#383;e the&#383;e
+      Subtile parts were &#383;o ea&#383;ily Soluble even in Cold water, I
+      concluded that they mu&#383;t abound with Salts, and perhaps contain much
+      of the E&#383;&#383;ential Salt, as the <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i> call it, of
+      the Wood. And to try whether the&#383;e Subtile parts were Volatile enough
+      to be Di&#383;till'd, without the Di&#383;&#383;olution of their Texture,
+      I carefully Di&#383;till'd &#383;ome of the Tincted Liquor in very low Ve&#383;&#383;els,
+      and the gentle heat of a Lamp Furnace; but found all that came over to be
+      as Limpid and Colourle&#383;s as Rock-water, and the Liquor remaining in
+      the Ve&#383;&#383;el to be &#383;o deeply Cæruleous, that it requir'd to
+      be oppos'd to a very &#383;trong Light to appear of any other Colour. I
+      took likewi&#383;e a Vial with Spirit of Wine, and a little Salt of
+      Harts-horn, and found that there was a certain proportion to be met with
+      betwixt the Liquor and the Salt, which made the Mixture fit to exhibit
+      &#383;ome little Variety
+       <!--  Page 205 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_205"
+      id="LPage_205"></a>[pg 205]</span> of Colours not Ob&#383;ervable in
+      ordinary Liquors, as it was variou&#383;ly directed in reference to the
+      Light and the Eye, but this Change of Colour was very far &#383;hort from
+      that which we had admir'd in our Tincture. But however, I &#383;u&#383;pected
+      that the Tinging Particles did abound with &#383;uch Salts, who&#383;e
+      Texture, and the Colour &#383;pringing from it, would probably be alter'd
+      by peircing Acid Salts, which would in likelihood either make &#383;ome Di&#383;&#383;ipation
+      of their Parts, or A&#383;&#383;ociate them&#383;elves to the like Bodies,
+      and either way alter the Colour exhibited by them; whereupon Pouring into
+      a &#383;mall Vial full of Impregnated Water, a very little Spirit of
+      Vinegar, I found that according to my Expectation, the Cæruleous Colour
+      immediately vani&#383;h'd, but was deceiv'd in the Expectation I had, that
+      the Golden Colour would do &#383;o too; for, which way &#383;oever I
+      turned the Vial, either to or from the Light, I found the Liquor to appear
+      always of a Yellowi&#383;h Colour and no other: Upon this I imagin'd that
+      the Acid Salts of the Vinegar having been able to deprive the Liquor of
+      its Cæruleous Colour, a Sulphureous Salt being of a contrary Nature, would
+      be able to Mortifie the Saline Particles of Vinegar, and De&#383;troy
+      their
+       <!--  Page 206 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_206"
+      id="LPage_206"></a>[pg 206]</span> Effects; And accordingly having plac'd
+      my Self betwixt the Window, and the Vial, and into the Same Liquor dropt a
+      few drops of Oyl of Tartar <i>per Deliquium</i>, (as <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i>
+      call it) I ob&#383;erv'd with plea&#383;ure, that immediately upon the
+      Diffu&#383;ion of this Liquor, the Impregnated Water was re&#383;tor'd to
+      its former Cæruleous Colour; And this Liquor of <i>Tartar</i> being very
+      Ponderous, and falling at fir&#383;t to the Bottom of the Vial, it was ea&#383;ie
+      to ob&#383;erve that for a little while the Lower part of the Liquor
+      appear'd deeply Cæruleous; whil&#383;t all the Upper part retain'd its
+      former Yellowne&#383;s, which it immediately lo&#383;t as &#383;oon as
+      either Agitation or Time had made a competent Diffu&#383;ion of the Liquor
+      of <i>Tartar</i> through the Body of the former Tincture; and this re&#383;tored
+      Liquor did, as it was Look'd upon again&#383;t or from the Light, exhibit
+      the Same <i>Phænomena</i> as the Tincted Water did, before either of the
+      Adventitious Liquors was pour'd into it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Having made, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, divers Tryals upon this Nephritick Wood,
+      we found mention made of it by the Indu&#383;trious Je&#383;uit <i>Kircherus</i>,
+      who having received a Cup Turned of it from the <i>Mexican</i> Procurator
+      of his Society, has probably receiv'd al&#383;o from him the Information
+      he gives us concerning
+       <!--  Page 207 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_207"
+      id="LPage_207"></a>[pg 207]</span> that <i>Exotick</i> Plant, and
+      therefore partly for that Rea&#383;on, and partly becau&#383;e what he
+      Writes concerning it, does not perfectly agree with what we have
+      deliver'd, we &#383;hall not Scruple to acquaint you in his own Words,
+      with as much of what he writes concerning our Wood, as is requi&#383;ite
+      to our pre&#383;ent purpo&#383;e. <i>Hoc loco</i> (&#383;ays he)<a
+      name="LNtA_17" id="LNtA_17_"></a><a href="#LNt_17"><sup>17</sup></a> <i>neutiquam
+      omittendum duximus quoddam ligni candidi Mexicani genus, quod Indigenæ
+      Coalle &amp; Tlapazatli vocant, quod et&#383;i experientia hucu&#383;que
+      non ni&#383;i Cæruleo aquam colore tingere docuerit, nos tamen continua
+      experientia invenimus id aquam in omne Colorum genus transformare, quod
+      merito cuipiam Paradoxum videri po&#383;&#383;et; Ligni frutex grandis, ut
+      aiunt, non rarò in molem arboris excre&#383;cit, truncus illius eft cra&#383;&#383;us,
+      enodis, in&#383;tar piri arboris, folia ciceris foliis, aut rutæ haud ab&#383;imilia,
+      flores exigui, oblongi, lutei &amp; &#383;picatim dige&#383;ti; e&#383;t
+      frigida &amp; humida planta, licet parum recedat à medio temperamento.
+      Hujus itaque de&#383;criptæ arboris lignum in poculum efformatum, aquam
+      eidem infu&#383;am primo in aquam inten&#383;e Cæruleam, colore floris
+      Buglo&#383;&#383;æ; tingit, &amp; quo diutius in eo &#383;teterit, tanto
+      inten&#383;iorem colorem acquirit. Hanc igitur aquam si Vitreæ Sphæræ
+      infuderis, lucique expo&#383;ueris, ne ullum quidem Cærulei coloris
+       <!--  Page 208 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_208"
+      id="LPage_208"></a>[pg 208]</span> ve&#383;tigium apparebit, &#383;ed in&#383;tar
+      aquæ puræ putæ fontanæ limpidam claramque aspicientibus &#383;e præbebit.
+      Porro &#383;i hanc phialam vitream ver&#383;us locum magis umbro&#383;um
+      direxeris, totus humor grati&#383;&#383;imum virorem referet; &#383;i
+      adhuc umbro&#383;ioribus locis, &#383;ubrubrum, &amp; &#383;ic pro rerum
+      objectarum conditione, mirum dictu, colorem mutabit; in tenebris verò vel
+      in va&#383;e opaco po&#383;ita, Cæruleum colorem &#383;uum re&#383;umet.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In this pa&#383;&#383;age we may take notice of the following Particulars.
+      And fir&#383;t, he calls it a White <i>Mexican</i> Wood, whereas (not to
+      mention that <i>Mornardes</i> informs us that it is brought out of <i>Nova
+      Hi&#383;pania</i>) the Wood that we have met with in &#383;everal places,
+      and employ'd as <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>, was not White, but for the mo&#383;t
+      part of a much Darker Colour, not unlike that of the Sadder Colour'd Wood
+      of Juniper. 'Tis true, that <i>Monardes</i> him&#383;elf al&#383;o &#383;ays,
+      that the Wood is White; and it is affirm'd, that the Wood which is of a
+      Sadder Colour is Adulterated by being Imbu'd with the Tincture of a
+      Vegetable, in who&#383;e Decoction it is &#383;teep'd. But having purpo&#383;ely
+      enquir'd of the Eminente&#383;t of our <i>Engli&#383;h</i> Druggi&#383;ts,
+      he peremptorily deny'd it. And indeed, having con&#383;ider'd &#383;ome of
+      the faire&#383;t Round pieces of this
+       <!--  Page 209 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_209"
+      id="LPage_209"></a>[pg 209]</span> Wood that I could meet with in the&#383;e
+      Parts, I had Opportunity to take notice that in one or two of them it was
+      the External part of the Wood that was White, and the more Inward part
+      that was of the other Colour, the contrary of which would probably have
+      appear'd, if the Wood had been Adulterated after the afore-mention'd
+      manner. And I have at pre&#383;ent by me a piece of &#383;uch Wood, which
+      for about an Inch next the Bark is White, and then as it were abruptly pa&#383;&#383;es
+      to the above-mention'd Colour, and yet this Wood by the Tincture, it
+      afforded us in Water, appears to have its Colour'd part Genuine enough;
+      for as for the White part, it appears upon tryal of both at once, much le&#383;s
+      enrich'd with the tingent Property.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Next, whereas our Author tells us, that the Infu&#383;ion of this Wood
+      expos'd in a Vial to the Light, looks like Spring-water, in which he
+      afterwards adds, that there is no Tincture to be &#383;een in it, our Ob&#383;ervation
+      and his agree not, for the Liquor, which oppo&#383;ed to the Darker part
+      of a Room exhibits a Sky-colour, did con&#383;tantly, when held again&#383;t
+      the Light, appear Yellowi&#383;h or Reddi&#383;h, according as its
+      Tincture was more Dilute or Deep; and
+       <!--  Page 210 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_210"
+      id="LPage_210"></a>[pg 210]</span> then, whereas it has been already
+      &#383;aid, that the Cæruleous Colour was by Acid Salts aboli&#383;hed,
+      this Yellowi&#383;h one &#383;urviv'd without any con&#383;iderable
+      Alteration, &#383;o that unle&#383;s our Author's Words be taken in a very
+      Limited Sen&#383;e, we mu&#383;t conclude, that either his Memory
+      mis-inform'd him, or that his White <i>Nephritick</i> Wood, and the Sadder
+      Colour'd one which we employ'd, were not altogether of the &#383;ame
+      Nature: What he mentions of the Cup made of <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>, we
+      have not had Opportunity to try, not having been able to procure pieces of
+      that Wood great enough, and otherwi&#383;e fit to be turned into Cups; but
+      as for what he &#383;ays in the Title of his Experiment, that this Wood
+      tinges the Water with all Sorts of Colours, that is much more than any of
+      tho&#383;e pieces of Nephritick Wood that we have hitherto employ'd, was
+      able to make good; The change of Colours di&#383;cernable in a Vial full
+      of Water, Impregnated by any of them, as it is directed towards a place
+      more Light&#383;ome or Ob&#383;cure, being far from affording a Variety an&#383;werable
+      to &#383;o promi&#383;ing a Title. And as for what he tells us, that in
+      the Dark the Infu&#383;ion of our Wood will re&#383;ume a Cæruleous
+      Colour, I wi&#383;h he had Inform'd us how he Try'd it.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 211 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_211" id="LPage_211"></a>[pg 211]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But this brings into my mind, that having &#383;ometimes for Curio&#383;ity
+      &#383;ake, brought a round Vial with a long Neck fill'd with the Tincture
+      of <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i> into the Darken'd Room already often
+      mention'd, and holding it &#383;ometimes in, &#383;ometimes near the
+      Sun-beams that enter'd at the hole, and &#383;ometimes partly in them, and
+      partly out of them, the Gla&#383;s being held in &#383;everal po&#383;tures,
+      and look'd upon from &#383;everal Neighbouring parts of the Room, di&#383;clos'd
+      a much greater Variety of Colours than in ordinary inlightn'd Rooms it is
+      wont to do; exhibiting, be&#383;ides the u&#383;ual Colours, a Red in
+      &#383;ome parts, and a Green in others, be&#383;ides Intermediate Colours
+      produc'd by the differing Degrees, and odd mixtures of Light and Shade.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      By all this You may &#383;ee, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, the rea&#383;onablene&#383;s
+      of what we el&#383;ewhere had occa&#383;ion to mention, when we have
+      divers times told you, that it is u&#383;efull to have New Experiments
+      try'd over again, though they were, at fir&#383;t, made by Knowing and
+      Candid Men, &#383;uch Reiterations of Experiments commonly exhibiting
+      &#383;ome New Phænomena, detecting &#383;ome Mi&#383;take or hinting
+      &#383;ome Truth, in reference to them, that was not formerly taken notice
+      of. And &#383;ome of our friends have been pleas'd to
+       <!--  Page 212 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_212"
+      id="LPage_212"></a>[pg 212]</span> think, that we have made no unu&#383;efull
+      addition to this Experiment, by &#383;hewing a way, how in a moment our
+      Liquor may be depriv'd of its Blewne&#383;s, and re&#383;tor'd to it again
+      by the affu&#383;ion of a very few drops of Liquors, which have neither of
+      them any Colour at all of their own. And that which de&#383;erves &#383;ome
+      particular wonder, is, that the Cæruleous Tincture of our Wood is &#383;ubject
+      by the former Method to be De&#383;troy'd or Re&#383;tor'd, the Yellowi&#383;h
+      or Reddi&#383;h Tincture continuing what it was. And that you may &#383;ee,
+      that Salts are of a con&#383;iderable u&#383;e in the &#383;triking of
+      Colours, let me add to the many Experiments which may be afforded us to
+      this purpo&#383;e by the Dyers Trade, this Ob&#383;ervation; That as far
+      as we have hitherto try'd, tho&#383;e Liquors in general that are &#383;trong
+      of Acid Salts have the Power of De&#383;troying the Blewne&#383;s of the
+      Infu&#383;ion of our Wood, and tho&#383;e Liquors indi&#383;criminatly
+      that abound with Sulphureous Salts, (under which I comprehend the Urinous
+      and Volatile Salts of Animal Sub&#383;tances, and the Alcali&#383;ate or
+      fixed Salts that are made by Incineration) have the vertue of Re&#383;toring
+      it.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 213 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_213" id="LPage_213"></a>[pg 213]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>A Corollary of the Tenth Experiment.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That this Experiment, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, may be as well U&#383;efull as
+      Delightfull to You, I mu&#383;t mind You, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that in the
+      newly mention'd Ob&#383;ervation, I have hinted to You a New and Ea&#383;ie
+      way of Di&#383;covering in many Liquors (for I dare not &#383;ay in all)
+      whether it be an Acid or Sulphureous Salt, that is Predominant; and that
+      &#383;uch a Di&#383;covery is oftentimes of great Difficulty, and may
+      frequently be of great U&#383;e, he that is not a Stranger to the various
+      Properties and Effects of Salts, and of how great moment it is to be able
+      to di&#383;tingui&#383;h their Tribes, may readily conceive. But to
+      proceed to the way of trying other Liquors by an Infu&#383;ion of our
+      Wood, take it briefly thus. Suppo&#383;e I have a mind to try whether I
+      conjecture aright, when I imagine that Allom, though it be plainly a Mixt
+      Body, does abound rather with Acid than Sulphureous Salt. To &#383;atisfie
+      my &#383;elf herein, I turn my back to the Light, and holding a &#383;mall
+      Vial full of the Tincture of <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>, which look'd upon
+      in that Po&#383;ition, appears Cæruleous, I drop into it a little of a
+      &#383;trong Solution of Allom made in Fair Water, and finding upon the
+       <!--  Page 214 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_214"
+      id="LPage_214"></a>[pg 214]</span> Affu&#383;ion and &#383;haking of this
+      New liquor, that the Blewne&#383;s formerly con&#383;picuous in our
+      Tincture does pre&#383;ently vani&#383;h, I am thereby incited to &#383;uppo&#383;e,
+      that the Salt Prædominant in Allom belongs to the Family of Sour Salts;
+      but if on the other &#383;ide I have a mind to examine whether or no I
+      rightly conceive that Salt of Urine, or of Harts-horn is rather of a
+      Saline Sulphureous (if I may &#383;o &#383;peak) than of an Acid Nature, I
+      drop a little of the Saline Spirit of either into the Nephritick Tincture,
+      and finding that the Cæruleous Colour is rather thereby Deepned than De&#383;troy'd,
+      I collect that the Salts, which con&#383;titute the&#383;e Spirits, are
+      rather Sulphureous than Acid. And to &#383;atisfie my &#383;elf yet
+      farther in this particular, I take a &#383;mall Vial of fre&#383;h
+      Tincture, and placing both it and my &#383;elf in reference to the Light
+      as formerly, I drop into the Infu&#383;ion ju&#383;t as much Di&#383;till'd
+      Vinegar, or other Acid liquor as will &#383;erve to Deprive it of its
+      Blewne&#383;s (which a few drops, if the Sour Liquor be &#383;trong, and
+      the Vial &#383;mall will &#383;uffice to do) then without changing my Po&#383;ture,
+      I drop and &#383;hake into the &#383;ame Vial a &#383;mall proportion of
+      Spirit of Hart&#383;horn or Urine, and finding that upon this affu&#383;ion,
+      the Tincture immediately recovers its Cæruleous Colour, I am thereby
+      confirm'd
+       <!--  Page 215 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_215"
+      id="LPage_215"></a>[pg 215]</span> firm'd in my former Opinion, of the
+      Sulphureous Nature of the&#383;e Salts. And &#383;o, whereas it is much
+      doubted by Some Modern Chymi&#383;ts to what &#383;ort of Salt, that which
+      is Prædominant in Quick-lime belongs, we have been per&#383;waded to
+      referr it rather to Lixiviate than Acid Salts, by having ob&#383;erv'd,
+      that though an Evaporated Infu&#383;ion of it will &#383;carce yield
+      &#383;uch a Salt, as A&#383;hes and other Alcalizate Bodyes are wont to
+      do, yet if we deprive our Nephritick Tincture of its Blewne&#383;s by ju&#383;t
+      &#383;o much Di&#383;till'd Vinegar as is requi&#383;ite to make that
+      Colour Vani&#383;h, the <i>Lixivium</i> of Quick-lime will immediately
+      upon its Affu&#383;ion recall the Bani&#383;hed Colour; but not &#383;o
+      Powerfully as either of the Sulphureous Liquors formerly mention'd. And
+      therefore I allow my &#383;elf to gue&#383;s at the <i>Strength</i> of the
+      Liquors examin'd by this Experiment, by the <i>Quantity</i> of them which
+      is &#383;ufficient to De&#383;troy or Re&#383;tore the Cæruleous Colour of
+      our Tincture. But whether concerning Liquors, wherein neither Acid nor
+      Alcali&#383;ate Salts are Eminently Prædominant, our Tincture will enable
+      us to conjecture any thing more than that &#383;uch Salts are not
+      Prædominant in them, I take not upon me to determine here, but leave to
+      further Tryal; For I find not that Spirit of
+       <!--  Page 216 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_216"
+      id="LPage_216"></a>[pg 216]</span> Wine, Spirit of Tartar freed from
+      Acidity, or Chymical Oyl of Turpentine, (although Liquors which mu&#383;t
+      be conceiv'd very Saline, if Chymi&#383;ts have, which is here no place to
+      Di&#383;pute, rightly a&#383;crib'd ta&#383;ts to the Saline Principle of
+      Bodyes,) have any Remarkable Power either to deprive our Tincture of its
+      Cæruleous Colour, or re&#383;tore it, when upon the Affu&#383;ion of
+      Spirit of Vinegar it has di&#383;appear'd.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XI.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      And here I mu&#383;t not omit, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, to inform You, that we
+      can &#383;hew You even in a Mineral Body &#383;omething that may &#383;eem
+      very near of Kin to the Changeable Quality of the Tincture of <i>Lignum
+      Nephriticum</i>, for we have &#383;everal flat pieces of Gla&#383;s, of
+      the thickne&#383;s of ordinary Panes for Windows one of which being
+      interpo&#383;ed betwixt the Eye and a clear Light, appears of a Golden
+      Colour, not much unlike that of the moderate Tincture of our Wood, but
+      being &#383;o look'd upon as that the Beams of light are not &#383;o much
+      Trajected thorough it as Reflected from it to the Eye, that Yellow &#383;eems
+      to degenerate into a pale Blew, &#383;omewhat like that of a Turquoi&#383;e.
+      And what which may al&#383;o appear &#383;trange, is this,
+       <!--  Page 217 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_217"
+      id="LPage_217"></a>[pg 217]</span> that if in a certain po&#383;ture you
+      hold one of the&#383;e Plates Perpendicular to the Horizon, &#383;o that
+      the Sun-beams &#383;hine upon half of it, the other half being Shaded, You
+      may &#383;ee that the part Shin'd upon will be of a much Diluter Yellow
+      than the Shaded part which will appear much more Richly Colour'd; and if
+      You alter the Po&#383;ture of the Gla&#383;s, &#383;o that it be not held
+      Perpendicular, but Parallel in reference to the Horizon, You may &#383;ee,
+      (which perhaps you will admire) the Shaded part look of a Golden Colour,
+      but the other that the Sun &#383;hines freely on, will appear con&#383;iderably
+      Blew, and as you remove any part of the Gla&#383;s thus held Horizontally
+      into the Sun-beams or Shade, it will in the twinkling of an Eye &#383;eem
+      to pa&#383;s from one of the above mention'd Colours to the other, the
+      Sun-beams Trajected through it upon a &#383;heet of White Paper held near
+      it, do colour it with a Yellow, &#383;omewhat bordering upon a Red, but
+      yet the Gla&#383;s may be &#383;o oppos'd to the Sun, that it may upon
+      Paper project a mix'd Colour here and there more inclin'd to Yellow, and
+      here and there more to Blew. The other Phænomena of this odd Gla&#383;s, I
+      fear it would be &#383;carce worth while to Record, and therefore I &#383;hall
+      rather adverti&#383;e You, <i>Fir&#383;t</i> that in the trying of the&#383;e
+      Experiments
+       <!--  Page 218 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_218"
+      id="LPage_218"></a>[pg 218]</span> with it, you mu&#383;t take notice that
+      one of the &#383;ides has either alone, or at lea&#383;t principally its
+      Superficial parts di&#383;pos'd to the Reflection of the Blew Colour above
+      nam'd, and that therefore you mu&#383;t have a care to keep that &#383;ide
+      neare&#383;t to the Eye. And next, that we have our &#383;elves made Gla&#383;&#383;es
+      not unfit to exhibit an Experiment not unlike that I have been &#383;peaking
+      of, by laying upon pieces of Gla&#383;s &#383;ome very finely foliated
+      Silver, and giving it by degrees a much &#383;tronger Fire than is requi&#383;ite
+      or u&#383;ual for the Tinging of Gla&#383;&#383;es of other Colours. And
+      this Experiment, not to mention that it was made without a Furnace in
+      which Artificers that Paint Gla&#383;s are wont to be very Curious, is the
+      more con&#383;iderable, becau&#383;e, that though a Skilfull Painter could
+      not deny to me that 'twas with Silver he Colour'd his Gla&#383;&#383;es
+      Yellow; yet he told me, that when to Burn them (as they &#383;peak) he
+      layes on the plates of Gla&#383;s nothing but a <i>Calx</i> of Silver
+      Calcin'd without Corro&#383;ive Liquors, and Temper'd with Fair Water, the
+      Plates are Ting'd of a fine Yellow that looks of a Golden Colour, which
+      part &#383;oever of it you turn to or from the Light; whereas (whether it
+      be what an Artificer would call Over-doing, or Burning, or el&#383;e the
+      imploying the Silver
+       <!--  Page 219 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_219"
+      id="LPage_219"></a>[pg 219]</span> Crude that makes the Difference,) we
+      have found more than once, that &#383;ome Pieces of Gla&#383;s prepar'd as
+      we have related, though held again&#383;t the Light they appear'd of a
+      Tran&#383;parent Yellow, yet look'd on with ones back turn'd to the Light
+      they exhibited an Untran&#383;parent Blew.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      If you will allow me, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, for the avoiding of Ambiguity, to
+      imploy the Word Pigments, to &#383;ignifie &#383;uch prepared materials
+      (as Cochinele, Vermilion, Orpiment,) as Painters, Dyers and other
+      Artificers make u&#383;e of to impart or imitate particular Colours, I
+      &#383;hall be the better under&#383;tood in divers pa&#383;&#383;ages of
+      the following papers, and particularly when I tell you, That the mixing of
+      Pigments being no incon&#383;iderable part of the Painters Art, it may
+      &#383;eem an Incroachment in me to meddle with it. But I think I may ea&#383;ily
+      be excus'd (though I do not altogether pa&#383;s it by) if I re&#383;train
+      my &#383;elf to the making of a Tran&#383;ient mention of &#383;ome few of
+      their Practices about this matter; and that only &#383;o far forth, as may
+      warrant me to ob&#383;erve to you, that there are but few Simple and
+      Primary Colours (if I may &#383;o call them)
+       <!--  Page 220 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_220"
+      id="LPage_220"></a>[pg 220]</span> from who&#383;e Various Compo&#383;itions
+      all the re&#383;t do as it were Re&#383;ult. For though Painters can
+      imitate the Hues (though not always the Splendor) of tho&#383;e almo&#383;t
+      Numberle&#383;s differing Colours that are to be met with in the Works of
+      Nature, and of Art, I have not yet found, that to exhibit this &#383;trange
+      Variety they need imploy any more than <i>White</i>, and <i>Black</i>, and
+      <i>Red</i>, and <i>Blew</i>, and <i>Yellow</i>; the&#383;e <i>five</i>,
+      Variou&#383;ly <i>Compounded</i>, and (if I may &#383;o &#383;peak) <i>Decompounded</i>,
+      being &#383;ufficient to exhibit a Variety and Number of Colours, &#383;uch,
+      as tho&#383;e that are altogether Strangers to the Painters Pallets, can
+      hardly imagine.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thus (for In&#383;tance) Black and White differingly mix'd, make a Va&#383;t
+      company of Lighter and Darker Grays.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Blew and Yellow make a huge Variety of Greens.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Red and Yellow make Orange Tawny.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Red with a little White makes a Carnation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Red with an Eye of Blew, makes a Purple; and by the&#383;e &#383;imple
+      Compo&#383;itions again Compounded among them&#383;elves, the Skilfull
+      Painter can produce what kind of Colour he plea&#383;es, and a great many
+      more than we have yet Names for. But, as I intimated above, 'tis not my De&#383;ign
+       <!--  Page 221 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_221"
+      id="LPage_221"></a>[pg 221]</span> to pro&#383;ecute this Subject, though
+      I thought it not unfit to take &#383;ome Notice of it, becau&#383;e we may
+      hereafter have occa&#383;ion to make u&#383;e of what has been now
+      deliver'd, to illu&#383;trate the Generation of Intermediate Colours;
+      concerning which we mu&#383;t yet &#383;ubjoyn this Caution, that to make
+      the Rules about the Emergency of Colours, fit to be Relied upon, the Corpu&#383;cles
+      whereof the Pigments con&#383;i&#383;t mu&#383;t be &#383;uch as do not De&#383;troy
+      one anothers Texture, for in ca&#383;e they do, the produced Colour may be
+      very Different from that which would Re&#383;ult from the Mixture of other
+      harmle&#383;s Pigments of the &#383;ame Colours, as I &#383;hall have Occa&#383;ion
+      to &#383;hew ere long.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XIII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      It may al&#383;o give much light to an Enquirer into the Nature of
+      Colours, to know that not only in Green, but in many (if not all) other
+      Colours, the Light of the Sun pa&#383;&#383;ing through Diaphanous Bodies
+      of differing Hues may be tinged of the &#383;ame Compound Colour, as if it
+      came from &#383;ome Painters Colours of the &#383;ame Denomination, though
+      this later be exhibited by Reflection, and be (as the
+       <!--  Page 222 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_222"
+      id="LPage_222"></a>[pg 222]</span> former Experiment declares) manife&#383;tly
+      Compounded of material Pigments. Wherefore to try the Compo&#383;ition of
+      Colours by Trajection, we provided &#383;everal Plates of Tinged Gla&#383;s,
+      which being laid two at a time one on the top of another, the Object
+      look'd upon through them both, appear'd of a Compounded Colour, which
+      agrees well with what we have ob&#383;erv'd in the &#383;econd Experiment,
+      of Looking again&#383;t the Light through differingly Colour'd Papers. But
+      we thought the Experiment would be more Satisfactory, if we procur'd the
+      Sun-beams to be &#383;o Ting'd in their pa&#383;&#383;age through Plates
+      of Gla&#383;s, as to exhibit the Compounded Colour upon a Sheet of White
+      Paper. And though by rea&#383;on of the Thickne&#383;s of the Gla&#383;&#383;es,
+      the Effect was but Faint, even when the Sun was High and Shin'd forth
+      clear, yet, we ea&#383;ily remedied that by Contracting the Beams we ca&#383;t
+      on them by means of a Convex Burning-gla&#383;s, which where it made the
+      Beams much converge Increas'd the Light enough to make the Compounded
+      Colour very manife&#383;t upon the Paper. By this means we ob&#383;erv'd,
+      that the Beams trajected through Blew and Yellow compos'd a Green, that an
+      inten&#383;e and moderate Red did with Yellow make differing
+       <!--  Page 223 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_223"
+      id="LPage_223"></a>[pg 223]</span> degrees of Saffron, and Orange Tawny
+      Colours, that Green and Blew made a Colour partaking of both, &#383;uch as
+      that which &#383;ome Latin Writers call <i>Pavonaceus</i>, that Red and
+      Blew made a Purple, to which we might add other Colours, that we produc'd
+      by the Combinations of Gla&#383;&#383;es differingly Ting'd, but that I
+      want proper Words to expre&#383;s them in our Language, and had not when
+      we made the Tryals, the Opportunity of con&#383;ulting with a Painter, who
+      perchance might have Suppli'd me with &#383;ome of the terms I wanted.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I know not whether it will be requi&#383;ite to &#383;ubjoyn on this Occa&#383;ion,
+      what I tried concerning Reflections from Colour'd Gla&#383;&#383;es, and
+      other Tran&#383;parent Bodies, namely, that having expos'd four or five
+      &#383;orts of them to the Sun, and ca&#383;t the Reflected Beams upon
+      White Paper held near at hand, the Light appear'd not manife&#383;tly
+      Ting'd, but as if it had been Reflected from the Impervious parts of a
+      Colourle&#383;s Gla&#383;s, only that Reflected from the Yellow was here
+      and there &#383;tain'd with the &#383;ame Colour, as if tho&#383;e Beams
+      were not all Reflected from the Superficial, but &#383;ome from the
+      Internal parts of the Gla&#383;s; upon which Occa&#383;ion you may take
+      notice, that a Skilfull Trade&#383;man, who makes &#383;uch Colour'd
+       <!--  Page 224 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_224"
+      id="LPage_224"></a>[pg 224]</span> Gla&#383;s told me, that where as the
+      Red Pigment was but Superficial, the Yellow penetrated to the very mid&#383;t
+      of the Plate. But for further Satisfaction, not having the Opportunity to
+      Foliate tho&#383;e Plates, and &#383;o turn them into Looking-gla&#383;&#383;es,
+      we Foliated a Plate of <i>Mu&#383;covy</i> Gla&#383;s, and then laying on
+      it a little Tran&#383;parent Varni&#383;h of a Gold Colour, we expos'd it
+      to the Sun-beams, &#383;o as to ca&#383;t them upon a Body fit to receive
+      them, on which the Reflected Light, appearing, as we expected, Yellow,
+      manife&#383;ted that Rebounding from the Specular part of the <i>Selenitis</i>,
+      it was Ting'd in its return with the Colour of the Tran&#383;parent Varni&#383;h
+      through which it pa&#383;s'd.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XIV.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      After what we have &#383;aid of the Compo&#383;ition of Colours, it will
+      now be &#383;ea&#383;onable to annex &#383;ome Experiments that we made in
+      favour of tho&#383;e Colours, that are taught in the Schools not to be
+      Real, but only Apparent and Phanta&#383;tical; For we found by Tryals,
+      that the&#383;e Colours might be Compounded, both with True and Stable
+      Colours, and with one another, as well as unque&#383;tionably Genuine and
+      La&#383;ting Colours, and that the Colours
+       <!--  Page 225 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_225"
+      id="LPage_225"></a>[pg 225]</span> re&#383;ulting from &#383;uch Compo&#383;itions,
+      would re&#383;pectively de&#383;erve the &#383;ame Denominations.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For fir&#383;t, having by the Trajection of the Sun-beams through a Gla&#383;s-pri&#383;m
+      thrown an Iris on the Floor, I found that by placing a Blew Gla&#383;s at
+      a convenient di&#383;tance betwixt the Pri&#383;m and the Iris, that part
+      of the Iris that was before Yellow, might be made to appear Green, though
+      not of a Gra&#383;s Green, but of one more Dilute and Yellowi&#383;h. And
+      it &#383;eems not improbable, that the narrow Greeni&#383;h Li&#383;t (if
+      I may &#383;o call it) that is wont to be &#383;een between the Yellow and
+      Blew parts of the Iris, is made by the Confu&#383;ion of tho&#383;e two
+      Bordering Colours.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Next, I found, that though the want of a &#383;ufficient Liveline&#383;s
+      in either of the Compounding Colours, or a light Error in the manner of
+      making the following Tryals, was enough to render &#383;ome of them Un&#383;ucce&#383;sfull,
+      yet when all nece&#383;&#383;ary Circum&#383;tances were duely ob&#383;erv'd,
+      the Event was an&#383;werable to our Expectation and De&#383;ire.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And (as I formerly Noted) that Red and Blew compound a Purple, &#383;o I
+      could produce this la&#383;t nam'd Colour, by ca&#383;ting at &#383;ome Di&#383;tance
+      from the Gla&#383;s the Blew
+       <!--  Page 226 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_226"
+      id="LPage_226"></a>[pg 226]</span> part of the Pri&#383;matical Iris (as I
+      think it may be call'd for Di&#383;tinction &#383;ake) upon a Lively Red,
+      (for el&#383;e the Experiment &#383;ucceeds not &#383;o well.) And I
+      remember, that &#383;ometimes when I try'd this upon a piece of Red
+      Cloath, <i>that</i> part of the Iris which would have been Blew, (as I
+      try'd by covering that part of the Cloath with a piece of White Paper) and
+      Compounded with the Red, wherewith the Cloath was Imbued before, appear'd
+      of a fair Purple, did, when I came to View it near at hand, look very
+      Odly, as if there were &#383;ome &#383;trange Reflection or Refraction or
+      both made in the Hairs of which that Cloath was compo&#383;ed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Calling likewi&#383;e the Pri&#383;matical Iris upon a very Vivid Blew, I
+      found that part of it, which would el&#383;e have been the Yellow, appear
+      Green. (Another &#383;omewhat differing Tryal, and yet fit to confirm
+      this, you will find in the fifteenth Experiment.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But it may &#383;eem &#383;omewhat more &#383;trange, that though the Pri&#383;matical
+      Iris being made by the Refraction of Light through a Body that has no
+      Colour at all, mu&#383;t according to the Doctrine of the Schools con&#383;i&#383;t
+      of as purely Emphatical Colours, as may be, yet even the&#383;e may be
+      Compounded with one another, as well as Real Colours in
+       <!--  Page 227 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_227"
+      id="LPage_227"></a>[pg 227]</span> the Gro&#383;&#383;e&#383;t Pigments.
+      For I took at once two Triangular Gla&#383;&#383;es, and one of them being
+      kept fixt in the &#383;ame Po&#383;ture, that the Iris it projected on the
+      Floor might not Waver, I ca&#383;t on the &#383;ame Floor another Iris
+      with the other Pri&#383;m, and Moving it too and fro to bring what part of
+      the &#383;econd Iris I pleas'd, to fall upon what part of the fir&#383;t I
+      thought fit, we did &#383;ometimes (for a &#383;mall Errour &#383;uffices
+      to hinder the Succe&#383;s) obtain by this means a Green Colour in that
+      part of the more Stable Iris, that before was Yellow, or Blew, and
+      frequently by ca&#383;ting tho&#383;e Beams that in one of the Iris's made
+      the Blew upon the Red parts of the other Iris, we were able to produce a
+      lovely Purple, which we can De&#383;troy or Recompo&#383;e at plea&#383;ure,
+      by Severing and Reapproaching the Edges of the two Iris's.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XV.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      On this occa&#383;ion, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, I &#383;hall add, that finding
+      the Gla&#383;s-pri&#383;m to be the u&#383;efulle&#383;t In&#383;trument
+      Men have yet imploy'd about the Contemplation of Colours, and con&#383;idering
+      that Pri&#383;ms hitherto in u&#383;e are made of Gla&#383;s, Tran&#383;parent
+      and Colourle&#383;s, I thought it would not be ami&#383;s to try,
+       <!--  Page 228 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_228"
+      id="LPage_228"></a>[pg 228]</span> what change the Superinduction of a
+      Colour, without the De&#383;truction of the Diaphaneity, would produce in
+      the Colours exhibited by the Pri&#383;m. But being unable to procure one
+      to be made of Colour'd Gla&#383;s, and fearing al&#383;o that if it were
+      not carefully made, the Thickne&#383;s of it would render it too Opacous,
+      I endeavoured to &#383;ub&#383;titute one made of Clarify'd Ro&#383;in, or
+      of Turpentine brought (as I el&#383;ewhere teach) to the con&#383;i&#383;tence
+      of a Tran&#383;parent Gum. But though the&#383;e Endeavours were not
+      wholly lo&#383;t, yet we found it &#383;o difficult to give the&#383;e
+      Materials their true Shape, that we cho&#383;e rather to Varni&#383;h over
+      an ordinary Pri&#383;m with &#383;ome of the&#383;e few Pigments that are
+      to be had Tran&#383;parent; as accordingly we did fir&#383;t with Yellow,
+      and then with Red, or rather Crim&#383;on, made with Lake temper'd with a
+      convenient Oyl, and the Event was, That for want of good Tran&#383;parent
+      Colours, (of which you know there are but very few) both the Yellow and
+      the Red made the Gla&#383;s &#383;o Opacous, (though the Pigment were laid
+      on but upon two Sides of the Gla&#383;s, no more being ab&#383;olutely
+      nece&#383;&#383;ary) that unle&#383;s I look'd upon an Inlightned Window,
+      or the Flame of a Candle, or &#383;ome other Luminous or very Vivid
+      object,
+       <!--  Page 229 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_229"
+      id="LPage_229"></a>[pg 229]</span> I could &#383;carce di&#383;cern any
+      Colours at all, e&#383;pecially when the Gla&#383;s was cover'd with Red.
+      But when I did look on &#383;uch Objects, it appear'd (as I expected) that
+      the Colour of the Pigment had Vitiated or Drown'd &#383;ome of tho&#383;e
+      which the Pri&#383;m would according to its wont have exhibited, and
+      mingling with others, Alter'd them: as I remember, that both to my Eyes,
+      and others to whom I &#383;how'd it, when the Pri&#383;m was cover'd with
+      Yellow, it made tho&#383;e Parts of bright Objects, where the Blew would
+      el&#383;e have been Con&#383;picuous, appear of a light Green. But, <i>Pyrophilus</i>,
+      both the Nature of the Colours, and the Degree of Tran&#383;parency, or of
+      Darkne&#383;s in the Pigment, be&#383;ides divers other Circum&#383;tances,
+      did &#383;o vary the <i>Phænomena</i> of the&#383;e Tryals, that till I
+      can procure &#383;mall Colour'd Pri&#383;ms, or Hollow ones that may be
+      filled with Tincted Liquor, or obtain Some better Pigments than tho&#383;e
+      I was reduc'd to imploy, I &#383;hall forbear to Build any thing upon what
+      has been delivered, and &#383;hall make no other u&#383;e of it, than to
+      invite you to pro&#383;ecute the Inquiry further.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 230 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_230" id="LPage_230"></a>[pg 230]</span>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XVI.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      And here, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, &#383;ince we are treating of Emphatical
+      Colours, we &#383;hall add what we think not unworthy your Ob&#383;ervation,
+      and not unfit to afford &#383;ome Exerci&#383;e to the Speculative. For
+      there are &#383;ome Liquors, which though Colourle&#383;s them&#383;elves,
+      when they come to be Elevated, and Di&#383;pers'd into Exhalations,
+      exhibit a con&#383;picuous Colour, which they lo&#383;e again, when they
+      come to be Reconjoyn'd into a Liquor, as good Spirit of <i>Nitre</i>; or
+      upon its account &#383;trong <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, though devoid of all
+      appearance of Redne&#383;s whil&#383;t they continue in the form of a
+      Liquor, if a little Heat chance to turn the Minute parts of them into
+      Vapour, the Steam will appear of a Reddi&#383;h or deep Yellow Colour,
+      which will Vani&#383;h when tho&#383;e Exhalations come to re&#383;ume the
+      form of Liquor.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And not only if you look upon a Gla&#383;s half full of <i>Aqua-fortis</i>,
+      or Spirit of <i>Nitre</i>, and half full of <i>Nitrous</i> &#383;teams
+      proceeding from it, you will &#383;ee the Upper part of the Gla&#383;s of
+      the Colour fre&#383;hly mention'd, if through it you look upon the Light.
+      But which is much more con&#383;iderable, I
+       <!--  Page 231 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_231"
+      id="LPage_231"></a>[pg 231]</span> have tried, that putting <i>Aqua-fortis</i>
+      in a long clear Gla&#383;s, and adding a little Copper or &#383;ome &#383;uch
+      open Metall to it, to excite Heat and Fumes, the Light trajected through
+      tho&#383;e Fumes, and ca&#383;t upon a &#383;heet of White Paper, did upon
+      that appear of the Colour that the Fumes did, when directly Look'd upon,
+      as if the Light were as well Ting'd in its pa&#383;&#383;age through the&#383;e
+      Fumes, as it would have been by pa&#383;&#383;ing through &#383;ome Gla&#383;s
+      or Liquor in which the &#383;ame Colour was Inherent.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To which I &#383;hall further add, that having &#383;ometimes had the
+      Curio&#383;ity to ob&#383;erve whether the Beams of the Sun near the
+      Horizon trajected through a very Red Sky, would not (though &#383;uch
+      redne&#383;&#383;es are taken to be but Emphatical Colours) exhibit the
+      like Colour, I found that the Beams falling within a Room upon a very
+      White Object, plac'd directly oppo&#383;ite to the Sun, di&#383;clos'd a
+      manife&#383;t Redne&#383;s, as if they had pa&#383;s'd through a Colour'd
+      <i>Medium</i>.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XVII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The emergency, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, of Colours upon the Coalition of the
+      Particles of &#383;uch Bodies as were neither of them of the Colour of
+      that Mixture whereof they are the
+       <!--  Page 232 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_232"
+      id="LPage_232"></a>[pg 232]</span> Ingredients, is very well worth our
+      attentive Ob&#383;ervation, as being of good u&#383;e both Speculative and
+      Practical; For much of the Mechanical u&#383;e of Colours among Painters
+      and Dyers, doth depend upon the Knowledge of what Colours may be produc'd
+      by the Mixtures of Pigments &#383;o and &#383;o Colour'd. And (as we
+      lately intimated) 'tis of advantage to the contemplative Naturali&#383;t,
+      to know how many and which Colours are Primitive (if I may &#383;o call
+      them) and Simple, becau&#383;e it both ea&#383;es his Labour by confining
+      his mo&#383;t &#383;ollicitous Enquiry to a &#383;mall Number of Colours
+      upon which the re&#383;t depend, and a&#383;&#383;i&#383;ts him to judge
+      of the nature of particular compounded Colours, by &#383;hewing him from
+      the Mixture of what more Simple ones, and of what Proportions of them to
+      one another, the particular Colour to be con&#383;ider'd does re&#383;ult.
+      But becau&#383;e to in&#383;i&#383;t on the Proportions, the Manner and
+      the Effects of &#383;uch Mixtures would oblige me to con&#383;ider a
+      greater part of the Painters Art and Dyers Trade, than I am well
+      acquainted with, I confin'd my &#383;elf to make Trial of <i>&#383;everal
+      ways to produce Green</i>, by the compo&#383;ition of Blew and Yellow. And
+      &#383;hall in this place both Recapitulate mo&#383;t of the things I have
+      Di&#383;per&#383;edly deliver'd
+       <!--  Page 233 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_233"
+      id="LPage_233"></a>[pg 233]</span> already concerning that Subject, and
+      Recruit them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And fir&#383;t, whereas Painters (as I noted above) are wont to make Green
+      by tempering Blew and Yellow, both of them made into a &#383;oft Con&#383;i&#383;tence,
+      with either Water or Oyl, or &#383;ome Liquor of Kin to one of tho&#383;e
+      two, according as the Picture is to be Drawn with tho&#383;e they call <i>water
+      Colours</i>, or tho&#383;e they term <i>Oyl Colours</i>, I found that by
+      choo&#383;ing fit Ingredients, and mixing them in the form of Dry Powders,
+      I could do, what I could not if the Ingredients were temper'd up with a
+      Liquor; But the Blew and Yellow Powders mu&#383;t not only be finely
+      Ground, but &#383;uch as that the Corpu&#383;cles of the one may not be
+      too unequal to tho&#383;e of the other, le&#383;t by their Di&#383;proportionate
+      Minutene&#383;s the Smaller cover and hide the Greater. We us'd with good
+      &#383;ucce&#383;s a &#383;light Mixture of the fine Powder of Bi&#383;e,
+      with that of Orpiment, or that of good Yellow Oker, I &#383;ay a <i>&#383;light</i>
+      Mixture, becau&#383;e we found that an <i>exqui&#383;ite</i> Mixture did
+      not do &#383;o well, but by lightly mingling the two Pigments in &#383;everal
+      little Parcels, tho&#383;e of them in which the Proportion and Manner of
+      Mixture was more Lucky, afforded us a good Green.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 234 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_234" id="LPage_234"></a>[pg 234]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      2. We al&#383;o learn'd in the Dye-hou&#383;es, that Cloth being Dy'd Blew
+      with Woad, is afterwards by the Yellow Decoction of <i>Luteola</i> or
+       <!--  Erratum: insert --> Woud-wax or Wood-wax Dy'd into a Green Colour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      3. You may al&#383;o remember what we above Related, where we intimated,
+      that having in a Darkn'd Room taken two Bodies, a Blew and a Yellow, and
+      ca&#383;t the Light Reflected from the one upon the other, we likewi&#383;e
+      obtain'd a Green.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      4. And you may remember, that we ob&#383;erv'd a Green to be produc'd,
+      when in the &#383;ame Darkn'd Room we look'd at the Hole at which alone
+      the Light enter'd, through the Green and Yellow parts of a &#383;heet of
+      Marbl'd Paper laid over one another.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      5. We found too, that the Beams of the Sun being trajected through two
+      pieces of Gla&#383;s, the one Blew and the other Yellow, laid over one
+      another, did upon a &#383;heet of White paper on which they were made to
+      fall, exhibit a lovely Green.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      6. I hope al&#383;o, that you have not already forgot, what was &#383;o
+      lately deliver'd, concerning the compo&#383;ition of a Green, with a Blew
+      and Yellow; of which mo&#383;t Authors would call the one a <i>Real</i>,
+      and the other an <i>Emphatical</i>.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 235 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_235" id="LPage_235"></a>[pg 235]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      7. And I pre&#383;ume, you may have yet fre&#383;h in your memory, what
+      the fourteenth Experiment informs you, concerning the exhibiting of a
+      Green, by the help of a Blew and Yellow, that were both of them
+      Emphatical.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      8. Wherefore we will proceed to take notice, that we al&#383;o devis'd a
+      way of trying whether or no Metalline Solutions though one of them at lea&#383;t
+      had its Colour Adventitious, by the mixture of the <i>Menstruum</i>
+      employ'd to di&#383;&#383;olve it, might not be made to compound a Green
+      after the manner of other Bodies. And though this &#383;eem'd not ea&#383;ie
+      to be perform'd by rea&#383;on of the Difficulty of finding Metalline
+      Solutions of the Colour requi&#383;ite, that would mix without
+      Præcipitating each other; yet after a while having con&#383;ider'd the
+      matter, the fir&#383;t Tryal afforded me the following Experiment. I took
+      a High Yellow Solution of good Gold in <i>Aqua-Regis</i>, (made of <i>Aqua-fortis</i>,
+      and as I remember half its weight of Spirit of Salt) To this I put a due
+      Proportion of a deep and lovely Blew Solution of Crude Copper, (which I
+      have el&#383;ewhere taught to be readily Di&#383;&#383;oluble in &#383;trong
+      Spirit of Urine) and the&#383;e two Liquors though at fir&#383;t they
+      &#383;eem'd a little to Curdle one another, yet being throughly mingl'd by
+      Shaking,
+       <!--  Page 236 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_236"
+      id="LPage_236"></a>[pg 236]</span> they pre&#383;ently, as had been
+      Conjectur'd, united into a Tran&#383;parent Green Liquor, which continu'd
+      &#383;o for divers days that I kept it in a &#383;mall Gla&#383;s wherein
+      'twas made, only letting fall a little Blacki&#383;h Powder to the Bottom.
+      The other <i>Phænomena</i> of this Experiment belong not to this place,
+      where it may &#383;uffice to take notice of the Production of a Green, and
+      that the Experiment was more than once repeated with Succe&#383;s.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      9. And la&#383;tly, to try whether this way of compounding Colours would
+      hold ev'n in Ingredients actually melted by the Violence of the Fire,
+      provided their Texture were capable of &#383;afely induring Fu&#383;ion,
+      we caus'd &#383;ome Blew and Yellow Ammel to be long and well wrought
+      together in the Flame of a Lamp, which being Strongly and Ince&#383;&#383;antly
+      blown on them kept them in &#383;ome degree of Fu&#383;ion, and at length
+      (for the Experiment requires &#383;ome Patience as well as Skil) we
+      obtain'd the expected Ammel of a Green Colour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I know not, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, whether it be worth while to acquaint you
+      with the ways that came into my Thoughts, whereby in &#383;ome mea&#383;ure
+      to explicate the fir&#383;t of the mention'd ways of making a Green; for I
+      have &#383;ometimes Conjectur'd, that the mixture
+       <!--  Page 237 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_237"
+      id="LPage_237"></a>[pg 237]</span> of the Bi&#383;e and the Orpiment
+      produc'd a Green by &#383;o altering the Superficial A&#383;perity, which
+      each of tho&#383;e Ingredients had apart, that the Light Incident on the
+      mixture was Reflected with differing Shades, as to Quantity, or Order, or
+      both, from tho&#383;e of either of the Ingredients, and &#383;uch as the
+      Light is wont to be Modify'd with, when it Reflects from Gra&#383;s, or
+      Leaves, or &#383;ome of tho&#383;e other Bodies that we are wont to call
+      Green. And &#383;ometimes too I have doubted, whether the produced Green
+      might not be partly at lea&#383;t deriv'd from this, That the Beams that
+      Rebound from the Corpu&#383;cles of the Orpiment, giving one kind of
+      &#383;troak upon the <i>Retina</i>, who&#383;e Perception we call Yellow,
+      and the Beams Reflected from the Corpu&#383;cles of the Bi&#383;e, giving
+      another &#383;troak upon the &#383;ame <i>Retina</i>, like to Objects that
+      are Blew, the Contiguity and Minutene&#383;s of the&#383;e Corpu&#383;cles
+      may make the Appul&#383;e of the Reflected Light fall upon the <i>Retina</i>
+      within &#383;o narrow a Compa&#383;s, that the part they Beat upon being
+      but as it were a Phy&#383;ical point, they may give a Compounded &#383;troak,
+      which may con&#383;equently exhibit a Compounded and new Kind of Sen&#383;ation,
+      as we &#383;ee that two Strings of a Mu&#383;ical In&#383;trument being
+      &#383;truck together, making two
+       <!--  Page 238 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_238"
+      id="LPage_238"></a>[pg 238]</span> Noi&#383;es that arrive at the Ear at
+      the &#383;ame time as to Sen&#383;e, yield a Sound differing from either
+      of them, and as it were Compounded of both; In&#383;omuch that if they be
+      Di&#383;cordantly ton'd, though each of them &#383;truck apart would yield
+      a Plea&#383;ing Sound, yet being &#383;truck together they make but a Har&#383;h
+      and trouble&#383;ome Noi&#383;e. But this not being &#383;o fit a place to
+      pro&#383;ecute Speculations, I &#383;hall not in&#383;i&#383;t, neither
+      upon the&#383;e Conjectures nor any others, which the Experiment we have
+      been mentioning may have &#383;ugge&#383;ted to me. And I &#383;hall leave
+      it to you, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, to derive what In&#383;truction you can from
+      comparing together the Various ways whereby a Yellow and a Blew can be
+      made to Compound a Green. That which I now pretend to, being only to
+      &#383;hew that the fir&#383;t of tho&#383;e mention'd ways, (not to take
+      at pre&#383;ent notice of the re&#383;t) does far better agree with our
+      Conjectures about Colours, than either with the Doctrine of the Schools,
+      or with that of the <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i>, both which &#383;eem to be very
+      much Disfavour'd by it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For fir&#383;t, &#383;ince in the Mixture of the two mention'd Powders I
+      could by the help of a very excellent <i>Micro&#383;cope</i> (for ordinary
+      ones will &#383;carce &#383;erve the turn) di&#383;cover that which &#383;eem'd
+      to the naked Eye a Green
+       <!--  Page 239 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_239"
+      id="LPage_239"></a>[pg 239]</span> Body, to be but a heap of Di&#383;tinct,
+      though very &#383;mall Grains of Yellow Orpiment and Blew Bi&#383;e confu&#383;edly
+      enough Blended together, it appears that the Colour'd Corpu&#383;cles of
+      either kind did each retain its own Nature and Colour; By which it may be
+      gue&#383;s'd, what meer Tran&#383;po&#383;ition and Juxtapo&#383;ition of
+      Minute and Singly unchang'd Particles of Matter can do to produce a new
+      Colour; For that this Local Motion and new Di&#383;po&#383;ition of the
+      &#383;mall parts of the Orpiment did Intervene is much more manife&#383;t
+      than it is ea&#383;ie to Explicate how they &#383;hould produce this new
+      Green otherwi&#383;e than by the new Manner of their being put together,
+      and con&#383;equently by their new Di&#383;po&#383;ition to Modifie the
+      Incident Light by Reflecting it otherwi&#383;e than they did before they
+      were Mingl'd together.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Secondly, The Green thus made being (if I may &#383;o &#383;peak)
+      Mechanically produc'd, there is no pretence to derive it from I know not
+      what incomprehen&#383;ible Sub&#383;tantial Form, from which yet many
+      would have us believe that Colours mu&#383;t flow; Nor does this Green,
+      though a Real and Permanent, not a Phanta&#383;tical and Vanid Colour,
+      &#383;eem to be &#383;uch an Inherent Quality as they would have it,
+      &#383;ince not only each part of
+       <!--  Page 240 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_240"
+      id="LPage_240"></a>[pg 240]</span> the Mixture remains unalter'd in
+      Colour, and con&#383;equently of a differing Colour from the Heap they
+      Compo&#383;e, but if the Eye be a&#383;&#383;i&#383;ted by a <i>Micro&#383;cope</i>
+      to di&#383;cern things better and more di&#383;tinctly than before it
+      could, it &#383;ees not a Green Body, but a Heap of Blew and Yellow Corpu&#383;cles.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And in the third place, I demand what either Sulphur, or Salt, or Mercury
+      has to do in the Production of this Green; For neither the Bi&#383;e nor
+      the Orpiment were indu'd with that Colour before, and the bare Juxtapo&#383;ition
+      of the Corpu&#383;cles of the two Powders that work not upon each other,
+      but might if we had convenient In&#383;truments be &#383;eparated,
+      unalter'd, cannot with any probability be imagin'd either to Increa&#383;e
+      or Dimini&#383;h any of the three Hypo&#383;tatical Principles, (to which
+      of them &#383;oever the <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i> are pleas'd to a&#383;cribe
+      Colours) nor does there here Intervene &#383;o much as Heat to afford them
+      any colour to pretend, that at lea&#383;t there is made an Extraver&#383;ion
+      (as the <i>Helmontians</i> &#383;peak) of the Sulphur or of any of the two
+      other &#383;uppo&#383;ed Principles; But upon this Experiment we have
+      already Reflected enough, if not more than enough for once.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 241 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_241" id="LPage_241"></a>[pg 241]</span>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XVIII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      But here, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, I mu&#383;t adverti&#383;e you, that 'tis not
+      every Yellow and every Blew that being mingl'd will afford a Green; For in
+      ca&#383;e one of the Ingredients do not Act only as endow'd with &#383;uch
+      a Colour, but as having a power to alter the Texture of the Corpu&#383;cles
+      of the other, &#383;o as to Indi&#383;po&#383;e them to Reflect the Light,
+      as Corpu&#383;cles that exhibit a Blew or a Yellow are wont to Reflect it,
+      the emergent Colour may be not Green, but &#383;uch as the change of
+      Texture in the Corpu&#383;cles of one or both of the Ingredients qualifies
+      them to &#383;hew forth; as for in&#383;tance, if you let fall a few Drops
+      of Syrrup of Violets upon a piece of White Paper, though the Syrrup being
+      &#383;pread will appear Blew, yet mingling with it two or three Drops of
+      the lately mention'd Solution of Gold, I obtain'd not a Green but a Reddi&#383;h
+      mixture, which I expected from the remaining Power of the Acid Salts
+      abounding in the Solution, &#383;uch Salts or Saline Spirits being wont,
+      as we &#383;hall &#383;ee anon, though weakn'd, &#383;o to work upon that
+      Syrrup as to change it into a Red or Reddi&#383;h Colour. And to confirm
+      that for which I allege the former
+       <!--  Page 242 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_242"
+      id="LPage_242"></a>[pg 242]</span> Experiment, I &#383;hall add this
+      other, that having made a very &#383;trong and high-colour'd Solution of
+      Filings of Copper with Spirit of Urine, though the <i>Men&#383;truum</i>
+      &#383;eem'd Glutted with the Metall, becau&#383;e I put in &#383;o much
+      Filings that many of them remain'd for divers days Undi&#383;&#383;olv'd
+      at the Bottom, yet having put three or four Drops of Syrrup of Violets
+      upon White Paper, I found that the deep Blew Solution proportionably
+      mingl'd with this other Blew Liquor did not make a Blew mixture, but, as I
+      expected, a fair Green, upon the account of the Urinous Salt that was in
+      the <i>Men&#383;truum</i>.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XIX.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      To &#383;hew the <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i>, that Colours may be made to Appear
+      or Vani&#383;h, where there intervenes no Acce&#383;&#383;ion or Change
+      either of the Sulphureous, or the Saline, or the Mercurial principle (as
+      they &#383;peak) of Bodies: I &#383;hall not make u&#383;e of the Iris
+      afforded by the Gla&#383;s-pri&#383;m, nor of the Colours to be &#383;een
+      in a fair Morning in tho&#383;e drops of Dew that do in a convenient
+      manner Reflect and Refract the Beams of Light to the Eye; But I will
+      rather mind them of what they may ob&#383;erve in their
+       <!--  Page 243 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_243"
+      id="LPage_243"></a>[pg 243]</span> own Laboratories, namely, that divers,
+      if not all, Chymical E&#383;&#383;ential Oyls, as al&#383;o good Spirit of
+      Wine, being &#383;haken till they have good &#383;tore of Bubbles, tho&#383;e
+      Bubbles will (if attentively con&#383;ider'd) appear adorn'd with various
+      and lovely Colours, which all immediately Vani&#383;h, upon the relap&#383;ing
+      of the Liquor that affords tho&#383;e Bubbles their Skins, into the re&#383;t
+      of the Oyl, or Spirit of Wine, &#383;o that a Colourle&#383;s Liquor may
+      be made in a trice to exhibit variety of Colours, and may lo&#383;e them
+      in a moment without the Acce&#383;&#383;ion or Diminution of any of its
+      Hypo&#383;tatical Principles. And, by the way, 'tis not unworthy our
+      notice, that &#383;ome Bodies, as well Colourle&#383;s, as Colour'd, by
+      being brought to a great Thinne&#383;s of parts, acquire Colours though
+      they had none before, or Colours differing from them they were before
+      endued with: For, not to in&#383;i&#383;t on the Variety of Colours, that
+      Water, made &#383;omewhat Glutinous by Sope, acquires, when 'tis blown
+      into &#383;uch Sphærical Bubbles as Boys are wont to make and play with;
+      Turpentine (though it have a Colour deep enough of its own) may (by being
+      blown into after a certain manner) be brought to afford Bubbles adorn'd
+      with variety of Orient Colours, which though
+       <!--  Page 244 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_244"
+      id="LPage_244"></a>[pg 244]</span> they Vani&#383;h after &#383;ome while
+      upon the breaking of the Bubbles, yet they would in likelihood always
+      exhibit Colours upon their <i>Superfices</i>, (though not always the
+      &#383;ame in the &#383;ame Parts of them, but Vary'd according to the
+      Incidence of the Sight, and the Po&#383;ition of the Eye) if their Texture
+      were durable enough: For I have &#383;een one that was Skill'd at fa&#383;hioning
+      Gla&#383;&#383;es by the help of a Lamp, blowing &#383;ome of them &#383;o
+      &#383;trongly as to bur&#383;t them, whereupon it was found, that the
+      Tenacity of the Metall was &#383;uch, that before it broke it &#383;uffer'd
+      it &#383;elf to be reduc'd into Films &#383;o extremely thin, that being
+      kept clean they con&#383;tantly &#383;hew'd on their Surfaces (but after
+      the manner newly mention'd) the varying Colours of the Rain-bow, which
+      were exceedingly Vivid, as I had often opportunity to ob&#383;erve in
+      &#383;ome, that I caus'd purpo&#383;ely to be made, to keep by me.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But le&#383;t it &#383;hould be objected, that the above mentioned In&#383;tances
+      are drawn from Tran&#383;parent Liquors, it may po&#383;&#383;ibly appear,
+      not impertinent to add, what I have &#383;ometimes thought upon, and
+      &#383;everal times tried, when I was con&#383;idering the Opinions of the
+      <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i> about Colours, I took then a Feather of a convenient
+      Bigne&#383;s
+       <!--  Page 245 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_245"
+      id="LPage_245"></a>[pg 245]</span> and Shape, and holding it at a fit di&#383;tance
+      betwixt my Eye and the Sun when he was near the Horizon, me thought there
+      appear'd to me a Variety of little Rain-bows, with differing and very
+      vivid Colours, of which none was con&#383;tantly to be &#383;een in the
+      Feather; the like <i>Phænomenon</i> I have at other times (though not with
+      altogether &#383;o good &#383;ucce&#383;s) produc'd, by interpo&#383;ing
+      at a due di&#383;tance a piece of Black Ribband betwixt the almo&#383;t
+      &#383;etting Sun and my Eye, not to mention the Trials I have made to the
+      &#383;ame purpo&#383;e, with other Bodies.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XX.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Take good Syrrup of Violets, Imprægnated with the Tincture of the flowers,
+      drop a little of it upon a White Paper (for by that means the Change of
+      Colour will be more con&#383;picuous, and the Experiment may be practis'd
+      in &#383;maller Quantities) and on this Liquor let fall two or three drops
+      of Spirit either of Salt or Vinegar, or almo&#383;t any other eminently
+      Acid Liquor, and upon the Mixture of the&#383;e you &#383;hall find the
+      Syrrup immediatly turn'd Red, and the way of Effecting &#383;uch a Change
+      has not been unknown to divers Per&#383;ons
+       <!--  Page 246 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_246"
+      id="LPage_246"></a>[pg 246]</span> who have produc'd the like, by Spirit
+      of Vitriol, or juice of Limmons, but have Groundle&#383;sly a&#383;crib'd
+      the Effect to &#383;ome Peculiar Quality of tho&#383;e two Liquors,
+      whereas, (as we have already intimated) almo&#383;t any Acid Salt will
+      turn Syrrup of Violets Red. But to improve the Experiment, let me add what
+      has not (that I know of) been hitherto ob&#383;erv'd, and has, when we fir&#383;t
+      &#383;hew'd it them, appear'd &#383;omething &#383;trange, even to tho&#383;e
+      that have been inqui&#383;itive into the Nature of Colours; namely, that
+      if in&#383;tead of Spirit of Salt, or that of Vinegar, you drop upon the
+      Syrrup of Violets a little Oyl of Tartar <i>per Deliquium</i>, or the like
+      quantity of Solution of Pota&#383;hes, and rubb them together with your
+      finger, you &#383;hall find the Blew Colour of the Syrrup turn'd in a
+      moment into a perfect Green, and the like may be perform'd by divers other
+      Liquors, as we may have occa&#383;ion el&#383;ewhere to Inform you.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation upon the twentieth Experiment</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The u&#383;e of what we lately deliver'd concerning the way of turning
+      Syrrup of Violets, Red or Green, may be this; That, though it be a far
+      more common and procurable
+       <!--  Page 247 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_247"
+      id="LPage_247"></a>[pg 247]</span> Liquor than the Infu&#383;ion of <i>Lignum
+      Nephriticum</i>, it may yet be ea&#383;ily &#383;ub&#383;tituted in its
+      Room, when we have a mind to examine, whether or no the Salt predominant
+      in a Liquor or other Body, wherein 'tis Loo&#383;e and Abundant, belong to
+      the Tribe of <i>Acid</i> Salts or not. For if &#383;uch a Body turn the
+      Syrrup of a Red or Reddi&#383;h Purple Colour, it does for the mo&#383;t
+      part argue the Body (e&#383;pecially if it be a di&#383;till'd Liquor) to
+      abound with Acid Salt. But if the Syrrup be made Green, that argues the
+      Predominant Salt to be of a Nature repugnant to that of the Tribe of
+      Acids. For, as I find that either Spirit of Salt, or Oyl of Vitriol, or <i>Aqua-fortis</i>,
+      or Spirit of Vinegar, or Juice of Lemmons, or any of the Acid Liquors I
+      have yet had occa&#383;ion to try, will turn Syrrup of Violets, of a <i>Red</i>,
+      (or at lea&#383;t, of a <i>Reddi&#383;h</i> Colour, &#383;o I have found,
+      that not only the Volatile Salts of all Animal Sub&#383;tances I have
+      us'd, as Spirit of Harts-horn, of Urine, of Sal-Armoniack, of Blood, &amp;c.
+      but al&#383;o all the Alcalizate Salts I have imploy'd, as the Solution of
+      Salt of Tartar, of Pot-a&#383;hes, of common Wood-a&#383;hes, Lime-water,
+      &amp;c. will immediately change the Blew Syrrup, into a perfect Green. And
+      by the &#383;ame way (to hint that upon
+       <!--  Page 248 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_248"
+      id="LPage_248"></a>[pg 248]</span> the by) I el&#383;ewhere &#383;how you,
+      both the changes that Nature and Time produce, in the more Saline parts of
+      &#383;ome Bodies, may be di&#383;cover'd, and al&#383;o how ev'n &#383;uch
+      Chymically prepar'd Bodies, as belong not either to the Animal Kingdome,
+      or to the Tribe of <i>Alcali's</i>, may have their new and &#383;uperinduc'd
+      Nature &#383;ucce&#383;sfully Examin'd. In this place I &#383;hall only
+      add, that not alone the Changing the Colour of the Syrrup, requires, that
+      the Changing Body be more &#383;trong, of the Acid, or other &#383;ort of
+      Salt that is Predominant in it, than is requi&#383;ite for the working
+      upon the Tincture of <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>; but that in this is al&#383;o,
+      the Operation of the formerly mention'd Salts upon our Syrrup, differs
+      from their Operation upon our Tinctures, that in this Liquor, if the
+      Cæruleous Colour be <i>De&#383;troy'd</i> by an Acid Salt, it may be <i>Restor'd</i>
+      by one that is either Volatile, or Lixiviate; whereas in Syrrup of
+      Violets, though one of the&#383;e contrary Salts will <i>destroy</i> the
+      Action of the other, yet neither of them will <i>re&#383;tore</i> the
+      Syrrup to its native Blew; but each of them will Change it into the Colour
+      which it &#383;elf doth (if I may &#383;o &#383;peak) affect, as we &#383;hall
+      have Occa&#383;ion to &#383;how in the Notes on the twenty fifth
+      Experiment.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 249 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_249" id="LPage_249"></a>[pg 249]</span>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXI.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      There is a Weed, more known to Plowmen than belov'd by them, who&#383;e
+      Flowers from their Colour are commonly call'd <i>Blew-bottles</i>, and <i>Corn-weed</i>
+      from their Growing among Corn<a name="LNtA_18" id="LNtA_18_"></a><a
+      href="#LNt_18"><sup>18</sup></a>. The&#383;e Flowers &#383;ome Ladies do,
+      upon the account of their Lovely Colour, think worth the being Candied,
+      which when they are, they will long retain &#383;o fair a Colour, as makes
+      them a very fine Sallad in the Winter. But I have try'd, that when they
+      are fre&#383;hly gather'd, they will afford a Juice, which when newly
+      expre&#383;s'd, (for in &#383;ome ca&#383;es 'twill &#383;oon enough
+      degenerate) affords a very deep and plea&#383;ant Blew. Now, (to draw this
+      to our pre&#383;ent Scope) by dropping on this fre&#383;h Juice, a little
+      Spirit of Salt, (that being the Acid Spirit I had then at hand) it
+      immediately turn'd (as I predicted) into a Red. And if in&#383;tead of the
+      Sowr Spirit I mingled with it a little &#383;trong Solution of an
+      Alcalizate Salt, it did pre&#383;ently di&#383;clo&#383;e a lovely Green;
+      the &#383;ame Changes being by tho&#383;e differing &#383;orts of Saline
+      Liquors, producible in this <i>Natural juice</i>, that we lately mention'd
+      to
+       <!--  Page 250 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_250"
+      id="LPage_250"></a>[pg 250]</span> have happen'd to that <i>factitious
+      Mixture</i>, the Syrrup of Violets. And I remember, that finding this Blew
+      Liquor, when fre&#383;hly made, to be capable of &#383;erving in a Pen for
+      an Ink of that Colour, I attempted by moi&#383;tning one part of a piece
+      of White Paper with the Spirit of Salt I have been mentioning, and another
+      with &#383;ome Alcalizate or Volatile Liquor, to draw a Line on the lei&#383;urely
+      dry'd Paper, that &#383;hould, e'vn before the Ink was dry, appear partly
+      Blew, partly Red, and partly Green: But though the latter part of the
+      Experiment &#383;ucceeded not well, (whether becau&#383;e Volatile Salts
+      are too Fugitive to be retain'd in the Paper, and Alcalizate ones are too
+      Unctuous, or &#383;o apt to draw Moi&#383;ture from the Air, that they
+      keep the Paper from drying well) yet the former Part &#383;ucceeded well
+      enough; the Blew and Red being Con&#383;picuous enough to afford a &#383;urprizing
+      Spectacle to tho&#383;e, I acquaint not with (what I willingly allow you
+      to call) the <i>Trick</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation upon the one and twentieth Experiment.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But le&#383;t you &#383;hould be tempted to think (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) that
+      Volatile or Alcalizate
+       <!--  Page 251 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_251"
+      id="LPage_251"></a>[pg 251]</span> Salts change Blews into Green, rather
+      upon the &#383;core of the ea&#383;ie Tran&#383;ition of the former Colour
+      into the latter, than upon the account of the Texture, wherein mo&#383;t
+      Vegetables, that afford a Blew, &#383;eem, though otherwi&#383;e
+      differing, to be Allied, I will add, that when I purpo&#383;ely di&#383;&#383;olv'd
+      Blew Vitriol in fair Water, and thereby imbu'd &#383;ufficiently that
+      Liquor with that Colour, a Lixiviate Liquor, and a Urinous Salt being
+      Copiou&#383;ly pour'd upon di&#383;tinct Parcels of it, did each of them,
+      though perhaps with &#383;ome Difference, turn the Liquor not Green, but
+      of a deep Yellowi&#383;h Colour, almo&#383;t like that of Yellow Oker,
+      which Colour the Precipitated Corpu&#383;cles retain'd, when they had Lei&#383;urely
+      &#383;ub&#383;ided to the Bottom. What this Precipitated Sub&#383;tance
+      is, it is not needfull now to Enquire in this place, and in another, I
+      have &#383;hown you, that notwith&#383;tanding its Colour, and its being
+      Obtainable from an Acid <i>Men&#383;truum</i> by the help of Salt of
+      Tartar, it is yet far enough from being the true Sulphur of Vitriol.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Our next Experiment (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) will perhaps &#383;eem to be of a
+      contrary Nature
+       <!--  Page 252 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_252"
+      id="LPage_252"></a>[pg 252]</span> to the two former, made upon Syrrup of
+      Violets, and Juice of Blew-bottles. For as in them by the Affu&#383;ion of
+      Oyl of Tartar, a Blewi&#383;h Liquor is made Green, &#383;o in this, by
+      the &#383;ole Mixture of the &#383;ame Oyl, a Greeni&#383;h Liquor becomes
+      Blew. The hint of this Experiment was given us by the practice of &#383;ome
+      <i>Italian</i> Painters, who being wont to Counterfeit <i>Ultra-marine
+      Azure</i> (as they call it) by Grinding Verdigrea&#383;e with
+      Sal-Armoniack, and &#383;ome other Saline Ingredients, and letting them
+      Rot (as they imagine) for a good while together in a Dunghill, we &#383;uppos'd,
+      that the change of Colour wrought in the Verdigrea&#383;e by this way of
+      Preparation, mu&#383;t proceed from the Action of certain Volatile and
+      Alcalizate Salts, abounding in &#383;ome of the mingled Concretes, and
+      brought to make a further Di&#383;&#383;olution of the Copper abounding in
+      the Verdigrea&#383;e, and therefore we Conjectur'd, that if both the
+      Verdigrea&#383;e, and &#383;uch Salts were di&#383;&#383;olv'd in fair
+      Water, the &#383;mall Parts of both being therein more &#383;ubdivided,
+      and &#383;et at liberty, would have better acce&#383;s to each other, and
+      thereby Incorporate much the more &#383;uddenly; And accordingly we found,
+      that if upon a &#383;trong Solution of good French Verdigrea&#383;e (for
+      'tis that we
+       <!--  Page 253 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_253"
+      id="LPage_253"></a>[pg 253]</span> are wont to imploy, as the be&#383;t)
+      you pour a ju&#383;t quantity of Oyl of Tartar, and &#383;hake them well
+      together, you &#383;hall immediately &#383;ee a notable Change of Colour,
+      and the Mixture will grow thick, and not tran&#383;parent, but if you
+      &#383;tay a while, till the Gro&#383;&#383;er part be Precipitated to, and
+      &#383;etled in the Bottom, you may obtain a clear Liquor of a very lovely
+      Colour, and exceeding delightfull to the Eye. But, you mu&#383;t have a
+      care to drop in a competent Quantity of Oyl of Tartar, for el&#383;e the
+      Colour will not be &#383;o Deep, and Rich; and if in&#383;tead of this Oyl
+      you imploy a clear <i>Lixivium</i> of Pot-a&#383;hes, you may have an
+      Azure &#383;omewhat Lighter or Paler than, and therefore differing from,
+      the former. And if in&#383;tead of either of the&#383;e Liquors, you make
+      u&#383;e of Spirit of Urine, or of Harts-horn, you may according to the
+      Quantity and Quality of the Spirit you pour in, obtain &#383;ome further
+      Variety (though &#383;carce con&#383;iderable) of Cæruleous Liquors. And
+      yet lately by the help of this Urinous Spirit we made a Blew Liquor, which
+      not a few Ingenious Per&#383;ons, and among them, &#383;ome, who&#383;e
+      Profe&#383;&#383;ion makes them very Conver&#383;ant with Colours, have
+      looked upon with &#383;ome wonder. But the&#383;e Azure Colour'd Liquors
+       <!--  Page 254 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_254"
+      id="LPage_254"></a>[pg 254]</span> &#383;hould be freed from the Sub&#383;iding
+      matter, which the Salts of Tartar or Urine precipitate out of them, rather
+      by being Decanted, than by Filtration. For by the latter of the&#383;e
+      ways we have &#383;ometimes found, the Colour of them very much Impair'd,
+      and little Superiour to that of the gro&#383;&#383;er Sub&#383;tance, that
+      it left in the Filtre.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXIII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      That Ro&#383;es held over the Fume of Sulphur, may quickly by it be
+      depriv'd of their Colour, and have as much of their Leaves, as the Fume
+      works upon, burn'd pale, is an Experiment, that divers others have tried,
+      as well as I. But (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) it may &#383;eem &#383;omewhat
+      &#383;trange to one that has never con&#383;ider'd the Compounded nature
+      of Brim&#383;tone, That, whereas the Fume of Sulphur will, as we have
+      &#383;aid, Whiten the Leaves of Ro&#383;es; That Liquor, which is commonly
+      call'd Oyl of Sulphur <i>per Campanam</i>, becau&#383;e it is &#383;uppos'd
+      to be made by the Conden&#383;ation of the&#383;e Fumes in Gla&#383;&#383;es
+      &#383;hap't like Bells, into a Liquor, does powerfully heighten the
+      Tincture of Red Ro&#383;es, and make it more Red and Vivid, as we have ea&#383;ily
+      tried by putting &#383;ome Red-Ro&#383;e Leaves,
+       <!--  Page 255 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_255"
+      id="LPage_255"></a>[pg 255]</span> that had been long dried, (and &#383;o
+      had lo&#383;t much of their Colour) into a Vial of fair Water. For a while
+      after the Affu&#383;ion of a convenient Quantity of the Liquor we are
+      &#383;peaking of, both the Leaves them&#383;elves, and the Water they were
+      Steep'd in, di&#383;cover'd a very fre&#383;h and lovely Colour.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXIV.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      It may (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) &#383;omewhat &#383;erve to Illu&#383;trate,
+      not only the Doctrine of <i>Pigments</i>, and of <i>Colours</i>, but
+      divers other Parts of the <i>Corpu&#383;cular Philo&#383;ophy</i>; as that
+      explicates Odours, and many other things, not as the Schools by Aery
+      Qualities, but by Real, though extremely Minute Bodies; to examine, how
+      much of a Colourle&#383;s Liquor, a very &#383;mall Parcel of a Pigment
+      may Imbue with a <i>di&#383;cernable</i> Colour. And though there be
+      &#383;carce any thing of Preci&#383;ene&#383;s to be expected from &#383;uch
+      Trials, yet I pre&#383;um'd, that (at lea&#383;t) I &#383;hould be able to
+      &#383;how a much further Subdivi&#383;ion of the Parts of Matter into <i>Vi&#383;ible</i>
+      Particles, than I have hitherto found taken notice of, and than mo&#383;t
+      men would imagine; no Body, that I know of, having yet attempted to reduce
+      this Matter to any Mea&#383;ure.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 256 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_256" id="LPage_256"></a>[pg 256]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Bodies, the mo&#383;t promi&#383;ing for &#383;uch a purpo&#383;e,
+      might &#383;eem to be the Metalls, e&#383;pecially Gold, becau&#383;e of
+      the Multitude, and Minutene&#383;s of its Parts, which might be argu'd
+      from the incomparable Clo&#383;ene&#383;s of its Texture: But though we
+      tried a Solution of Gold made in <i>Aqua Regia</i> fir&#383;t, and then in
+      fair Water; yet in regard we were to determine the Pigment we imploy'd,
+      not by <i>Bulk</i> but <i>Weight</i>, and becau&#383;e al&#383;o, that the
+      Yellow Colour of Gold is but a faint one in Compari&#383;on of the deep
+      Colour of <i>Cochineel</i>, we rather cho&#383;e this to make our Trials
+      with. But among divers of the&#383;e it will &#383;uffice to &#383;et down
+      one, which was carefully made in Ve&#383;&#383;els conveniently Shap'd;
+      (and that in the pre&#383;ence of a Witne&#383;s, and an A&#383;&#383;i&#383;tant)
+      the Sum whereof I find among my <i>Adver&#383;aria</i>, Regi&#383;tred in
+      the following Words. To which I &#383;hall only premi&#383;e, (to le&#383;&#383;en
+      the wonder of &#383;o &#383;trange a diffu&#383;ion of the Pigment) That
+      <i>Cochineel</i> will be better Di&#383;&#383;olv'd, and have its Colour
+      far more heightn'd by Spirit of Urine, than (I &#383;ay not by common
+      Water, but) by Rectify'd Spirit of Wine it &#383;elf.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Note I &#383;poke off is this. [One Grain of <i>Cochineel</i> di&#383;&#383;olv'd
+      in a pretty Quantity of Spirit of Urine, and then di&#383;&#383;olv'd
+       <!--  Page 257 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_257"
+      id="LPage_257"></a>[pg 257]</span> further by degrees in fair Water,
+      imparted a di&#383;cernable, though but a very faint Colour, to about
+      &#383;ix Gla&#383;s-fulls of Water, each of them containing about forty
+      three Ounces and an half, which amounts to above a hundred twenty five
+      thou&#383;and times its own Weight.]
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXV.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      It may afford a con&#383;iderable Hint (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) to him, that
+      would improve the Art of Dying, to know what change of Colours may be
+      produc'd by the three &#383;everal &#383;orts of Salts already often
+      mention'd, (&#383;ome or other of which may be procur'd in Quantity at rea&#383;onable
+      Rates) in the Juices, Decoctions, Infu&#383;ions, and (in a word) the more
+      &#383;oluble parts of Vegetables. And, though the de&#383;ign of this Di&#383;cour&#383;e
+      be the Improvement of Knowledge, not of Trades: yet thus much I &#383;hall
+      not &#383;cruple to intimate here, That the Blew Liquors, mention'd in the
+      twentieth and one and twentieth Experiments, are far from being the only
+      Vegetable Sub&#383;tances, upon which Acid, Urinous, and Alcalizate Salts
+      have the like Operations to tho&#383;e recited in tho&#383;e two
+      Experiments. For Ripe <i>Privet Berries</i> (for in&#383;tance) being cru&#383;h'd
+       <!--  Page 258 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_258"
+      id="LPage_258"></a>[pg 258]</span> upon White Paper, though they &#383;tain
+      it with a Purpli&#383;h Colour, yet if we let fall on &#383;ome part of it
+      two or three drops of Spirit of Salt, and on the other part a little more
+      of the Strong Solution of Pot-a&#383;hes, the former Liquor immediately
+      turn'd that part of the Thick juice or Pulp, on which it fell, into a
+      lovely Red, and the latter turn'd the other part of it into a delightfull
+      Green. Though I will not undertake, that tho&#383;e Colours in that Sub&#383;tance
+      &#383;hall not be much more Orient, than La&#383;ting; and though (<i>Pyrophilus</i>)
+      this Experiment may &#383;eem to be almo&#383;t the &#383;ame with tho&#383;e
+      already deliver'd concerning Syrrup of Violets, and the Juice of
+      Blew-bottles, yet I think it not ami&#383;s to take this Occa&#383;ion to
+      inform you, that this Experiment reaches much farther, than perhaps you
+      yet imagine, and may be of good U&#383;e to tho&#383;e, whom it concerns
+      to know, how Dying Stuffs may be wrought upon by Saline Liquors. For, I
+      have found this Experiment to &#383;ucceed in &#383;o many Various
+      Berries, Flowers, Blo&#383;&#383;oms, and other finer Parts of Vegetables,
+      that neither my Memory, nor my Lei&#383;ure &#383;erves me to enumerate
+      them. And it is &#383;omewhat &#383;urprizing to &#383;ee, by how
+      Differingly-colour'd Flowers, or Blo&#383;&#383;oms, (for example) the
+      Paper being
+       <!--  Page 259 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_259"
+      id="LPage_259"></a>[pg 259]</span> &#383;tain'd, will by an Acid Spirit be
+      immediately turn'd Red, and by any <i>Alcaly</i> or any Urinous Spirit
+      turn'd Green; in&#383;omuch that ev'n the cru&#383;h'd Blo&#383;&#383;oms
+      of <i>Me&#383;erion</i>, (which I gather'd in Winter and fro&#383;ty
+      Weather) and tho&#383;e of Pea&#383;e, cru&#383;h'd upon White Paper, how
+      remote &#383;oever their Colours be from Green, would in a moment pa&#383;s
+      into a deep Degree of that Colour, upon the Touch of an Alcalizate Liquor.
+      To which let us add, That either of tho&#383;e new Pigments (if I may
+      &#383;o call them) may by the Affu&#383;ion of enough of a contrary
+      Liquor, be pre&#383;ently chang'd from Red into Green, and from Green into
+      Red, which Ob&#383;ervation will hold al&#383;o in Syrrup of Violets,
+      Juices of Blew-bottles, &amp;c.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After what I have formerly deliver'd to evince, That there are many In&#383;tances,
+      wherein new Colours are produc'd or acquir'd by Bodies, which <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i>
+      are wont to think de&#383;titute of Salt, or to who&#383;e change of
+      Colours no new Acce&#383;&#383;ion of Saline Particles does appear to
+      contribute, I think we may &#383;afely enough acknowledge,
+       <!--  Page 260 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_260"
+      id="LPage_260"></a>[pg 260]</span> that we have taken notice of &#383;o
+      many Changes made by the Intervention of Salts in the Colours of Mix'd
+      Bodies, that it has le&#383;&#383;en'd our Wonder, That though <i>many
+      Chymi&#383;ts</i> are wont to a&#383;cribe the Colours of Such Bodies to
+      their Sulphureous, and <i>the re&#383;t</i> to their Mercurial Principle;
+      yet <i>Paracel&#383;us</i> him&#383;elf directs us in the Indagation of
+      Colours, to have an Eye principally upon Salts, as we find in that pa&#383;&#383;age
+      of his, wherein he takes upon him to Oblige his Readers much by In&#383;tructing
+      them, of what things they are to expect the Knowledge from each of the
+      three di&#383;tinct Principles of Bodies. <i>Alias</i> (&#383;ays he) <i>Colorum
+      &#383;imilis ratio e&#383;t: De quibus brevem in&#383;titutionem hanc
+      attendite, quod &#383;cilicet colores omnes ex Sale prodeant. Sal enim dat
+      colorem, dat Bal&#383;amum.</i><a name="LNtA_19" id="LNtA_19_"></a><a
+      href="#LNt_19"><sup>19</sup></a> And a little beneath. <i> Iam natura Ip&#383;a
+      colores protrathit ex &#383;ale, cuique &#383;peciei dans illum, qui ip&#383;i
+      competit</i>, &amp;c. After which he concludes; <i>Itaque qui rerum omnium
+      corpora cogno&#383;cere vult, huic opus e&#383;t, ut ante omnia cogno&#383;cat
+      Sulphur, Ab hoc, qui de&#383;iderat novi&#383;&#383;e Colores is &#383;cientiam
+      i&#383;torum petat à Sale, Qui &#383;cire vult Virtutes, is &#383;crutetur
+      arcana Mercurii. Sic nimirum fundamentum hau&#383;erit My&#383;teriorum,
+      in quolibet cre&#383;centi indagandorum,
+       <!--  Page 261 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_261"
+      id="LPage_261"></a>[pg 261]</span> prout natura cuilibet &#383;peciei ea
+      inge&#383;&#383;it</i>. But though <i>Paracel&#383;us</i> a&#383;cribes to
+      each of his belov'd Hypo&#383;tatical Principles, much more than I fear
+      will be found to belong to it; yet if we plea&#383;e to con&#383;ider
+      Colours, not as <i>Philo&#383;ophers</i>, but as <i>Dyers</i>, the
+      concurrence of Salts to the &#383;triking and change of Colours, and their
+      Efficacy, will, I &#383;uppo&#383;e, appear &#383;o con&#383;iderable,
+      that we &#383;hall not need to quarrel much with <i>Paracel&#383;us</i>,
+      for a&#383;cribing in this place (for I dare not affirm that he u&#383;es
+      to be &#383;till of one Mind) the Colours of Bodies to their Salts, if by
+      Salts he here under&#383;tood, not only Elementary Salts, but &#383;uch al&#383;o
+      as are commonly taken for Salts, as Allom, Cry&#383;tals of Tartar,
+      Vitriol, &amp;c. becau&#383;e the Saline principle does chiefly abound in
+      them, though indeed they be, as we el&#383;ewhere declare, mix'd Bodies,
+      and have mo&#383;t of them, be&#383;ides what is Saline, both Sulphureous,
+      Aqueous, and Gro&#383;s or Earthy parts.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But though (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) I have ob&#383;erv'd a Red and Green to be
+      produc'd, the former, by Acid Salts, the later by Salts not Acid, in the
+      expre&#383;s Juices of &#383;o many differing Vegetable Sub&#383;tances,
+      that the Ob&#383;ervation, if per&#383;ued, may prove (as I &#383;aid) of
+      good U&#383;e: yet to &#383;how you how much e'vn the&#383;e Effects
+      depend upon the
+       <!--  Page 262 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_262"
+      id="LPage_262"></a>[pg 262]</span> particular Texture of Bodies, I mu&#383;t
+      &#383;ubjoyn &#383;ome ca&#383;es wherein I (who am &#383;omewhat
+      backwards to admit Ob&#383;ervations for Univer&#383;al) had the Curio&#383;ity
+      to di&#383;cover, that the Experiments would not Uniformly &#383;ucceed,
+      and of the&#383;e Exceptions, the chief that I now remember, are reducible
+      to the following three.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXVI.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      And, (fir&#383;t) I thought fit to try the Operation of Acid Salts upon
+      Vegetable Sub&#383;tances, that are already and by their own Nature Red.
+      And accordingly I made Trial upon Syrrup of Clove-july-flowers, the clear
+      expre&#383;s'd Juice of the &#383;ucculent Berries of <i>Spina Cervina</i>,
+      or Buckthorn (which I had long kept by me for the &#383;ake of its deep
+      Colour) upon Red Ro&#383;es, Infu&#383;ion of Brazil, and divers other
+      Vegetable Sub&#383;tances, on &#383;ome of which cru&#383;h'd (as is often
+      mention'd) upon White Paper, (which is al&#383;o to be under&#383;tood in
+      mo&#383;t of the&#383;e Experiments, if no Circum&#383;tance of them argue
+      otherwi&#383;e) Spirit of Salt either made no con&#383;iderable Change, or
+      alter'd the Colour but from a Darker to a Lighter Red. How it will &#383;ucceed
+      in many other Vegetable Juices,
+       <!--  Page 263 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_263"
+      id="LPage_263"></a>[pg 263]</span> and Infu&#383;ions of the &#383;ame
+      Colour, I have at pre&#383;ent &#383;o few at hand, that I mu&#383;t leave
+      you to find it out your &#383;elf. But as for the Operation of the other
+      &#383;orts of Salts upon the&#383;e Red Sub&#383;tances, I found it not
+      very Uniform, &#383;ome Red, or Reddi&#383;h Infu&#383;ions, as of Ro&#383;es,
+      being turn'd thereby into a dirty Colour, but yet inclining to Green. Nor
+      was the Syrrup of Clove-july-flowers turn'd by the &#383;olution of Pot-a&#383;hes
+      to a much better, though &#383;omewhat a Greener, Colour. Another &#383;ort
+      of Red Infu&#383;ions was by an <i>Alcaly</i> not turn'd into a Green, but
+      advanc'd into a Crim&#383;on, as I &#383;hall have occa&#383;ion to note
+      ere long. But there were other &#383;orts, as particularly the lovely
+      Colour'd juice of Buckthorn Berries, that readily pa&#383;s'd into a
+      lovely Green.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXVII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Among other Vegetables, which we thought likely to afford Exceptions to
+      the General Ob&#383;ervation about the differing Changes of Colours
+      produc'd by Acid and Sulphureous Salts, we thought fit to make Trial upon
+      the Flowers of <i>Ja&#383;min</i>, they being both White as to Colour, and
+      e&#383;teem'd to be of a more Oyly nature than other Flowers. Whereupon
+      having taken
+       <!--  Page 264 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_264"
+      id="LPage_264"></a>[pg 264]</span> the White parts only of the Flowers,
+      and rubb'd them &#383;omewhat hard with my Finger upon a piece of clean
+      Paper, it appear'd very little Di&#383;colour'd. Nor had Spirit of Salt,
+      wherewith I moi&#383;ten'd one part of it, any con&#383;iderable Operation
+      upon it. But Spirit of Urine, and &#383;omewhat more effectually a &#383;trong
+      Alcalizate Solution, did immediately turn the almo&#383;t Colourle&#383;s
+      Paper moi&#383;ten'd by the Juice of the <i>Ja&#383;min</i>, not as tho&#383;e
+      Liquors are wont to do, when put upon the Juices of other Flowers, of a
+      good Green, but of a Deep, though &#383;omewhat Greeni&#383;h Yellow,
+      which Experiment I did afterwards at &#383;everal times repeat with the
+      like &#383;ucce&#383;s. But it &#383;eems not that a great degree of
+      Unctuou&#383;ne&#383;s is nece&#383;&#383;ary to the Production of the
+      like Effects, for when we try'd the Experiment with the Leaves of tho&#383;e
+      purely White Flowers that appear about the end of Winter, and are commonly
+      call'd <i>Snow drops</i>, the event, was not much unlike that, which, we
+      have been newly mentioning.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXVIII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Another &#383;ort of In&#383;tances to &#383;how, how much changes of
+      Colour effected by Salts, depend upon the particular Texture of the
+       <!--  Page 265 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_265"
+      id="LPage_265"></a>[pg 265]</span> Colour'd Bodies, has been afforded me
+      by &#383;everal <i>Yellow</i> Flowers, and other Vegetables, as Mary-gold
+      Leaves, early Prim-ro&#383;es, fre&#383;h Madder, &amp;c. For being rubb'd
+      upon White Paper, till they imbued it with their Colour, I found not, that
+      by the addition of Alcalizate Liquors, nor yet by that of an Urinous
+      Spirit, they would be turn'd either Green or Red: nor did &#383;o Acid a
+      Spirit, as that of Salt, con&#383;iderably alter their Colour, &#383;ave
+      that it &#383;eem'd a little to Dilute it. Only in &#383;ome early Prim-ro&#383;es
+      it de&#383;troy'd the greate&#383;t part of the Colour, and made the Paper
+      almo&#383;t White agen. And Madder al&#383;o afforded &#383;ome thing
+      peculiar, and very differing from what we have newly mention'd: For having
+      gather'd Some Roots of it, and, (whil&#383;t they were recent) expre&#383;s'd
+      upon White Paper the Yellow Juice, an Alcalizate Solution drop'd upon it
+      did not turn it either Green or White, but Red. And the bruis'd Madder it
+      &#383;elf being drench'd with the like Alcalizate Solution, exchang'd al&#383;o
+      its Yellowi&#383;hne&#383;s for a Redne&#383;s.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 266 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_266" id="LPage_266"></a>[pg 266]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>An admonition touching the four preceding Experiments.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Having thus (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) given you divers In&#383;tances, to
+      countenance the General ob&#383;ervation deliver'd in the twenty fifth
+      Experiment, and divers Exceptions whereby it ought to be Limited; I mu&#383;t
+      leave the further Inquiry into the&#383;e Matters to your own Indu&#383;try.
+      For not remembring at pre&#383;ent many of tho&#383;e other Trials, long
+      &#383;ince made to &#383;atisfie my &#383;elf about Particulars, and not
+      having now the Opportunity to repeat them, I mu&#383;t content my Self to
+      have given you the Hint, and the ways of pro&#383;ecuting the &#383;earch
+      your Self; and only declare to you in general, that, As I have made many
+      Trials, unmention'd in this Treati&#383;e, who&#383;e Events were
+      agreeable to tho&#383;e mention'd in the twenty fifth Experiment, &#383;o
+      (to name now no other In&#383;tances) what I have try'd with Acid and
+      Sulphureous Salts upon the Pulp of Juniper Berries, rubb'd upon White
+      Paper, inclines me to think, That among that va&#383;t Multitude, and
+      &#383;trange Variety of Plants that adorn the face of the Earth, perhaps
+      many other Vegetables may be found, on which &#383;uch <i>Men&#383;truums</i>
+      may not
+       <!--  Page 267 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_267"
+      id="LPage_267"></a>[pg 267]</span> have &#383;uch Operations, as upon the
+      Juice of Violets, Pea&#383;e-blo&#383;&#383;oms, &amp;c. no nor upon any
+      of tho&#383;e three other &#383;orts of Vegetables, that I have taken
+      notice of in the three fore-going Experiments. It &#383;ufficiently
+      appearing ev'n by the&#383;e, that the effects of a Salt upon the Juices
+      of particular Vegetables do very much depend upon their particular
+      Textures.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXIX.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      It may be of &#383;ome U&#383;e towards the di&#383;covery of the nature
+      of the&#383;e Changes, which the Alimental Juice receives in &#383;ome
+      Vegetables, according to the differing degrees of their Maturity, and
+      according to the differing kinds of Plants of the &#383;ame Denomination,
+      to ob&#383;erve what Operation Acid, Urinous, and Alcalizate Salts will
+      have upon the Juices of the &#383;everal &#383;orts of the Vegetable
+      &#383;ub&#383;tances I have been mentioning.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To declare my meaning by an Example, I took from the &#383;ame Clu&#383;ter,
+      one Blackberry full Ripe, and another that had not yet gone beyond a Redne&#383;s,
+      and rubbing apiece of white Paper, with the former, I ob&#383;erv'd, that
+      the Juice adhering to it was of adark Reddi&#383;h Colour, full of little
+       <!--  Page 268 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_268"
+      id="LPage_268"></a>[pg 268]</span> Black Specks; and that this Juice by a
+      drop of a &#383;trong <i>Lixivium</i>, was immediately turn'd into a
+      Greeni&#383;h Colour deep enough, by as much Urinous Spirit into a Colour
+      much of Kin to the former, though &#383;omewhat differing, and fainter;
+      and by a drop of Spirit of Salt into a fine and light&#383;ome Red: where
+      as the Red Berry being in like manner rubb'd upon Paper, left on it a Red
+      Colour, which was very little alter'd by the Acid Spirit newly nam'd, and
+      by the Urinous and Lixiviate Salts receiv'd changes of Colour differing
+      from tho&#383;e that had been ju&#383;t before produc'd in the dark Juice
+      of the Ripe Blackberry.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I remember al&#383;o, that though the Infu&#383;ion of Damask-Ro&#383;es
+      would as well, though not &#383;o much, as that of Red, be heightned by
+      Acid Spirits to an inten&#383;e degree of Redne&#383;s, and by Lixiviate
+      Salts be brought to a Darki&#383;h Green; yet having for Trials &#383;ake
+      taken a Ro&#383;e, who&#383;e Leaves, which were large and numerous, like
+      tho&#383;e of a Province Ro&#383;e, were perfectly Yellow, though in a
+      Solution of Salt of Tartar, they afforded a Green Blewi&#383;h Tincture,
+      yet I did not by an Acid Liquor obtain a Red one; all that the Saline
+      Spirit I imploy'd, perform'd, being (if I much mi&#383;remember
+       <!--  Page 269 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_269"
+      id="LPage_269"></a>[pg 269]</span> not) to Dilute Somewhat the Yellowne&#383;s
+      of the Leaves. I would al&#383;o have tried the Tincture of Yellow
+      Violets, but could procure none. And if I were in tho&#383;e I&#383;lands
+      of <i>Banda</i>, which are made Famous as well as Rich, by being the almo&#383;t
+      only places, where Cloves will pro&#383;per, I &#383;hould think it worth
+      my Curio&#383;ity to try, what Operation the three differing Kinds of
+      Salts, I have &#383;o often mention'd, would have upon the Juice of this
+      Spice, (expre&#383;s'd at the &#383;everal Sea&#383;ons of it) as it grows
+      upon the Tree. Since good Authors inform us, (of what is remarkable) that
+      the&#383;e whether Fruits, or Rudiments of Fruits, are at fir&#383;t <i>White</i>,
+      afterward <i>Green</i>, and then <i>Reddi&#383;h</i>, before they be
+      beaten off the Tree, after which being Dry'd before they are put up, they
+      grow <i>Blacki&#383;h</i> as we &#383;ee them. And one of the recente&#383;t
+      <i>Herbari&#383;ts</i> informs us, that the Flower grows upon the top of
+      the Clove it &#383;elf, con&#383;i&#383;ting of four &#383;mall Leaves,
+      like a Cherry Blo&#383;&#383;om, but of an excellent <i>Blew</i>. But (<i>Pyrophilus</i>)
+      to return to our own Ob&#383;ervations, I &#383;hall add, that I the
+      rather choo&#383;e, to mention to you an Example drawn from Ro&#383;es,
+      becau&#383;e that though I am apt to think, as I el&#383;ewhere adverti&#383;e,
+      that &#383;omething may be gue&#383;s'd at about
+       <!--  Page 270 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_270"
+      id="LPage_270"></a>[pg 270]</span> &#383;ome of the Qualities of the
+      Juices of Vegetables, by the Re&#383;emblance or Di&#383;parity that we
+      meet with in the Changes made of their Colours, by the Operation of the
+      &#383;ame kinds of Salts; yet that tho&#383;e Conjectures &#383;hould be
+      very warily made, may appear among other things, by the In&#383;tance I
+      have cho&#383;en to give in Ro&#383;es. For though, (as I formerly told
+      you) the Dry'd Leaves, both of the Damask, and of Red ones, give a Red
+      Tincture to Water &#383;harpen'd with Acid Salts, yet the one &#383;ort of
+      Leaves is known to have a Purgative faculty,<a name="LNtA_20" id="LNtA_20_"></a><a
+      href="#LNt_20"><sup>20</sup></a> and the other are often, and divers ways,
+      imploy'd for Binding.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And I al&#383;o choo&#383;e (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) to &#383;ubjoyn this
+      twenty ninth Experiment to tho&#383;e that precede it, about the change of
+      the Colours of Vegetables by Salts, for the&#383;e two rea&#383;ons: The
+      fir&#383;t, that you may not ea&#383;ily entertain Su&#383;pitions, if in
+      the Trials of an Experiment of &#383;ome of the Kinds formerly mention'd,
+      you &#383;hould meet with an Event &#383;omewhat differing from what my
+      Relations may have made you expect. And the &#383;econd, That you may
+      hereby be invited to di&#383;cern, that it may not be ami&#383;s to take
+      notice of the particular Sea&#383;ons wherein you gather the Vegetables
+      which
+       <!--  Page 271 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_271"
+      id="LPage_271"></a>[pg 271]</span> in Nicer Experiments you make u&#383;e
+      of. For, it I were not hindred both by ha&#383;te and &#383;ome ju&#383;tifiable
+      Con&#383;iderations, I could perhaps add con&#383;iderable In&#383;tances,
+      to tho&#383;e lately deliver'd, for the making out of this Ob&#383;ervation;
+      but for certain rea&#383;ons I &#383;hall at pre&#383;ent &#383;ub&#383;titute
+      a remarkable pa&#383;&#383;age to be met with in that Laborious Herbari&#383;t
+      Mr. <i>Parkin&#383;on</i>, where treating of the Virtues of the (already
+      divers times mention'd) Buckthorn Berries, he &#383;ubjoyns the following
+      account of &#383;everal Pigments that are made of them, not only according
+      to the &#383;everal ways of Handling them, but according to the differing
+      Sea&#383;ons of Maturity, at which they are Gather'd; <i>Of the&#383;e
+      Berries</i>, (&#383;ays he) <i>are made three &#383;everal &#383;orts of
+      Colours as they &#383;hall be gather'd, that is, being gather'd while they
+      are Green, and kept Dry, are call'd Sapberries, which being &#383;teep'd
+      into &#383;ome Allom-water, or fre&#383;h bruis'd into Allom-water, they
+      give a rea&#383;onable fair Yellow Colour which Painters u&#383;e for
+      their Work, and Book-binders to Colour the edges of Books, and Leather-dre&#383;&#383;ers
+      to Colour Leather, as they u&#383;e al&#383;o to make a Green Colour,
+      call'd Sap-green, taken from the Berries when they are Black, being
+      bruis'd and put into a Bra&#383;s or Copper Kettle or Pan, and there
+      &#383;uffer'd to abide three or four</i>
+       <!--  Page 272 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_272"
+      id="LPage_272"></a>[pg 272]</span> <i>Days, or a little heated upon the
+      Fire, and &#383;ome beaten Allom put unto them, and afterwards pre&#383;s'd
+      forth, the Juice or Liquor is u&#383;ually put in great Bladders tied with
+      &#383;trong thred at the Head and hung up untill it be Dry, which is di&#383;&#383;olv'd
+      in Water or Wine, but Sack</i> (he affirms) <i>is the be&#383;t to pre&#383;erve
+      the Colour from Starving, (as they call it) that is, from Decaying, and
+      make it hold fre&#383;h the longer. The third Colour (where of none</i> (&#383;ays
+      he) <i>that I can find have made mention but only</i> Tragus<i>) is a
+      Purpli&#383;h Colour, which is made of the Berries &#383;uffer'd to grow
+      upon the Bu&#383;hes untill the middle or end of</i> November, <i>that
+      they are ready to drop from the Trees.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And, I remember (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) that I try'd, with a &#383;ucce&#383;s
+      that pleas'd me well enough, to make &#383;uch a kind of Pigment, as
+      Painters call Sap-green, by a way not unlike that, deliver'd here by our
+      Author, but I cannot now find any thing relating to that matter among my
+      loo&#383;e Papers. And my Trials were made &#383;o many years ago, that I
+      dare not tru&#383;t my Memory for Circum&#383;tances, but will rather tell
+      you, that in a noted Colour-&#383;hop, I brought them by Que&#383;tions to
+      confe&#383;s to me, that they made their Sap-green much after the ways by
+      our <i>Botani&#383;t</i> here mention'd. And on this occa&#383;ion
+       <!--  Page 273 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_273"
+      id="LPage_273"></a>[pg 273]</span> I &#383;hall add an Ob&#383;ervation,
+      which though it does not &#383;trictly belong to this place, may well
+      enough be mention'd here, namely, that I find by an account given us by
+      the Learned <i>Clu&#383;ius</i>, of <i>Alaternus</i>, that ev'n the Gro&#383;&#383;er
+      Parts of the &#383;ame Plant, are &#383;ome of them one Colour, and &#383;ome
+      another; For &#383;peaking of that Plant, he tells us, that the <i>Portugalls</i>
+      u&#383;e the Bark to Dye their Nets into a Red Colour, and with the Chips
+      of the Wood, which are Whiti&#383;h, they Dye a Blacki&#383;h Blew.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXX.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Among the Experiments that tend to &#383;hew that the change of Colours in
+      Bodies may proceed from the Vary'd Texture of their Parts, and the con&#383;equent
+      change of their Di&#383;po&#383;ition to Reflect or Refract the Light,
+      that &#383;ort of Experiments mu&#383;t not be left unmention'd, which is
+      afforded us by Chymical Dige&#383;tions. For, if <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i> will
+      believe &#383;everal famous Writers about what they call the Philo&#383;ophers
+      Stone, they mu&#383;t acknowledge that the &#383;ame Matter, &#383;eald up
+      Hermetically in a Philo&#383;ophical Egg, will by the continuance of Dige&#383;tion,
+      or if they will have it &#383;o (for it is not Material in our ca&#383;e
+      which of the two it be)
+       <!--  Page 274 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_274"
+      id="LPage_274"></a>[pg 274]</span> of Decoction, run through a great
+      Variety of differing Colours, before it come to that of the Noble&#383;t
+      <i>Elixir</i>; whether that be Scarlet, or Purple, or what ever other Kind
+      of Red. But without building any thing on &#383;o Obtru&#383;e and Que&#383;tionable
+      an Operation, (which yet may be pertinently repre&#383;ented to tho&#383;e
+      that believe the thing) we may ob&#383;erve, that divers Bodies dige&#383;ted
+      in carefully-clos'd Ve&#383;&#383;els, will in tract of time, change their
+      Colour: As I have el&#383;ewhere mention'd my having ob&#383;erv'd ev'n in
+      Rectify'd Spirit of Harts-horn, and as is evident in the Precipitations of
+      Amalgams of Gold, and Mercury, without Addition, where by the continuance
+      of a due Heat the Silver-Colour'd Amalgam is reduc'd into a &#383;hining
+      Red Powder. Further In&#383;tances of this Kind you may find here and
+      there in divers places of my other E&#383;&#383;ays. And indeed it has
+      been a thing, that has much contributed to deceive many <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i>,
+      that there are more Bodies than one, which by Dige&#383;tion will be
+      brought to exhibit that Variety and Succe&#383;&#383;ion of Colours, which
+      they imagine to be Peculiar to what they call the <i>True matter of the
+      Philo&#383;ophers</i>. But concerning this, I &#383;hall referr you to
+      what you may el&#383;ewhere find in the Di&#383;cour&#383;e written
+      touching the
+       <!--  Page 275 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_275"
+      id="LPage_275"></a>[pg 275]</span> pa&#383;&#383;ive Deceptions of <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i>,
+      and more about the Production of Colours by Dige&#383;tion you will meet
+      with pre&#383;ently. Wherefore I &#383;hall now make only this Ob&#383;ervation
+      from what has been deliver'd, That in the&#383;e Operations there appears
+      not any cau&#383;e to attribute the new Colours emergent to the Action of
+      a new Sub&#383;tantial form, nor to any Increa&#383;e or Decrement of
+      either the Salt, Sulphur, or Mercury of the Matter that acquires new
+      Colours: For the Ve&#383;&#383;els are clos'd, and the&#383;e Principles
+      according to the <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i> are Ingenerable and Incorruptible;
+      &#383;o that the Effect &#383;eems to proceed from hence, that the Heat
+      agitating and &#383;huffling the Corpu&#383;cles of the Body expos'd to
+      it, does in proce&#383;s of time &#383;o change its Texture, as that the
+      Tran&#383;po&#383;ed parts do Modifie the incident Light otherwi&#383;e,
+      than they did when the Matter appear'd of another Colour.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXXI.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Among the &#383;everal changes of Colour, which Bodies acquire or di&#383;clo&#383;e
+      by Dige&#383;tion, it it very remarkable, that <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i> find a
+      Redne&#383;s rather than any other Colour in mo&#383;t of the Tinctures
+      they Draw, and ev'n in the more Gro&#383;s Solutions they
+       <!--  Page 276 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_276"
+      id="LPage_276"></a>[pg 276]</span> make of almo&#383;t all Concretes, that
+      abound either with Mineral or Vegetable Sulphur, though the <i>Men&#383;truum</i>
+      imploy'd about the&#383;e Solutions or Tinctures be never &#383;o Limpid
+      or Colourle&#383;s.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This we have ob&#383;erv'd in I know not how many Tinctures drawn with
+      Spirit of Wine from <i>Jalap</i>, <i>Guaicum</i>, and &#383;everal other
+      Vegetables; and not only in the Solutions of <i>Amber</i>, <i>Benzoin</i>,
+      and divers other Concretes made with the &#383;ame <i>Men&#383;truum</i>,
+      but al&#383;o in divers Mineral Tinctures. And, not to urge that familiar
+      In&#383;tance of the Ruby of Sulphur, as <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i> upon the
+      &#383;core of its Colour, call the Solution of Flowers of Brim&#383;tone,
+      made with the Spirit of Turpentine, nor to take notice of other more known
+      Examples of the aptne&#383;s of Chymical Oyls, to produce a Red Colour
+      with the Sulphur they extract, or di&#383;&#383;olve; not to in&#383;i&#383;t
+      (I &#383;ay) upon In&#383;tances of this nature, I &#383;hall further
+      repre&#383;ent to you, as a thing remarkable, that, both Acid and
+      Alcalizate Salts, though in mo&#383;t other ca&#383;es of &#383;uch
+      contrary Operations, in reference to Colours, will with many Bodies that
+      abound with Sulphureous, or with Oyly parts, produce a Red; as is manife&#383;t
+      partly in the more Vulgar In&#383;tances of the Tinctures, or Solutions of
+       <!--  Page 277 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_277"
+      id="LPage_277"></a>[pg 277]</span> Sulphur made with <i>Lixiviums</i>,
+      either of Calcin'd Tartar or Pot-a&#383;hes, and other Obvious examples,
+      partly by this, that the true Gla&#383;s of Antimony extracted with &#383;ome
+      Acid Spirits, with or without Wine, will yield a Red Tincture, and that I
+      know an Acid Liquor, which in a moment will turn Oyl of Turpentine into a
+      deep Red. But among the many In&#383;tances I could give you of the ea&#383;ie
+      Production of Redne&#383;s by the Operation of Saline Spirit, as well as
+      of Spirit of Wine; I remember two or three of tho&#383;e I have tried,
+      which &#383;eem remarkable enough to de&#383;erve to be mention'd to you
+      apart.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXXII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      But before we &#383;et them down, it will not perhaps appear impertinent
+      to premi&#383;e;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That there &#383;eems to be a manife&#383;t Di&#383;parity betwixt Red
+      Liquors, &#383;o that &#383;ome of them may be &#383;aid to have a Genuine
+      Redne&#383;s in compari&#383;on of others, that have a Yellowi&#383;h
+      Redne&#383;s: For if you take (for example) a good Tincture of <i>Chochineel</i>,
+      dilute it never &#383;o much with fair Water, you will not (as far as I
+      can judge by what I have tried) be able to make it a Yellow Liquor. In&#383;omuch
+      that a Single
+       <!--  Page 278 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_278"
+      id="LPage_278"></a>[pg 278]</span> drop of a rich Solution of <i>Cochineel</i>
+      in Spirit of Urine, being Diluted with above an Ounce of fair Water,
+      exhibited no Yellowi&#383;hne&#383;s at all, but a fair (though &#383;omewhat
+      faint) Pinck or Carnation; and even when <i>Cochineel</i> was by degrees
+      Diluted much beyond the newly mention'd Colour, by the way formerly
+      related to you in the twenty fourth Experiment, I remember not, that there
+      appear'd in the whole Trial any Yellow. But if you take Bal&#383;om of
+      Sulphur (for In&#383;tance) though it may appear in a Gla&#383;s, where it
+      has a good Thickne&#383;s, to be of a deep Red, yet if you &#383;hake the
+      Gla&#383;s, or pour a few drops on a &#383;heet of White Paper, &#383;preading
+      them on it with your Finger, the Bal&#383;om that falls back along the
+      &#383;ides of the Gla&#383;s, and that which &#383;tains the Paper, will
+      appear Yellow, not Red. And there are divers Tinctures, &#383;uch as that
+      of Amber made with Spirit of Wine, (to name now no more) that will appear
+      either Yellow or Red, according as the Ve&#383;&#383;els that they fill,
+      are Slender or Broad.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXXIII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      But to proceed to the Experiments I was about to deliver; <i>Fir&#383;t</i>;
+      Oyl or Spirit
+       <!--  Page 279 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_279"
+      id="LPage_279"></a>[pg 279]</span> of Turpentine, though clear as fair
+      Water, being Dige&#383;ted upon the purely White Sugar of Lead, has, in a
+      &#383;hort time, afforded us a high Red Tincture, that &#383;ome Arti&#383;ts
+      are pleas'd to call the Bal&#383;om of <i>Saturn</i>, which they very much
+      (and probably not altogether without cau&#383;e) extoll as an excellent
+      Medicine in divers Outward affections.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXXIV.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Next</i>, take of common Brim&#383;tone finely powdred five Ounces, of
+      Sal-Armoniack likewi&#383;e pulveriz'd an equal weight, of beaten
+      Quick-lime &#383;ix Ounces, mix the&#383;e Powders exqui&#383;itely, and
+      Di&#383;till them through a Retort plac'd in Sand by degrees of Fire,
+      giving at length as inten&#383;e a Heat as you well can in Sand, there
+      will come over (if you have wrought well) a Volatile Tincture of Sulphur,
+      which may probably prove an excellent Medicine, and &#383;hould have been
+      mention'd among the other Preparations of Sulphur, which we have el&#383;ewhere
+      imparted to you, but that it is very pertinent to our pre&#383;ent
+      Subject, The change of Colours. For though none of the Ingredients be Red,
+      the Di&#383;till'd Liquor will be &#383;o: and this Liquor if it
+       <!--  Page 280 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_280"
+      id="LPage_280"></a>[pg 280]</span> be well Drawn, will upon a little
+      Agitation of the Vial fir&#383;t un&#383;top'd (e&#383;pecially if it be
+      held in a Warmer hand) lend forth a copious Fume, not Red, like that of
+      Nitre, but White; And &#383;ometimes this Liquor may be &#383;o Drawn,
+      that I remember, not long &#383;ince, I took plea&#383;ure to ob&#383;erve
+      in a parcel of it, that Ingredients not Red, did not only yield by Di&#383;tillation
+      a Volatile Spirit that was Red, but though that Liquor did upon the bare
+      opening of the Bottle it was kept in, drive us away with the plenty and
+      &#383;ulphureous &#383;ent of a White &#383;team which it &#383;ent forth,
+      yet the Liquor it &#383;elf being touch'd by our Fingers, did immediately
+      Dye them Black.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXXV.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The third and <i>la&#383;t</i> Experiment I &#383;hall now mention to
+      &#383;hew, how prone Bodies abounding in Sulphureous parts are to afford a
+      Red Colour, is one, wherein by the Operation of a Saline Spirit upon a
+      White or Whiti&#383;h Body, which according to the <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i>
+      &#383;hould be altogether Sulphureous, a Redne&#383;s may be produc'd, not
+      (as in the former Experiments) &#383;lowly, but in the twinkling of an
+      Eye. We took then of the E&#383;&#383;ential Oyl of Anni&#383;eeds,
+       <!--  Page 281 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_281"
+      id="LPage_281"></a>[pg 281]</span> which has this Peculiarity, that in
+      Cold weather it lo&#383;es its Fluidity and the greate&#383;t part of its
+      Tran&#383;parency, and looks like a White or Whiti&#383;h Oyntment, and
+      near at hand &#383;eems to con&#383;i&#383;t of a Multitude of little
+      &#383;oft Scales: Of this Coagulated Stuff we &#383;pread a little with a
+      Knife upon a piece of White Paper, and letting fall on it, and mixing with
+      it a drop or two of Oyl of Vitriol, immediately (as we fore-&#383;aw)
+      there emerg'd together with &#383;ome Heat and Smoak, a Blood-Red Colour,
+      which therefore was in a trice produc'd by two Bodies, whereof the one had
+      but a Whiti&#383;h Colour, and the other (if carefully rectify'd) had no
+      Colour at all.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXXVI.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      But on this Occa&#383;ion (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) we mu&#383;t add once for
+      all, that in many of the above-recited Experiments, though the changes of
+      Colour happen'd as we have mention'd them: yet the emergent or produc'd
+      Colour is oft times very &#383;ubject to Degenerate, both quickly and
+      much. Notwith&#383;tanding which, &#383;ince the Changes, we have &#383;et
+      down, do happen pre&#383;ently upon the Operation of the Bodies upon each
+      other, or at the times by us &#383;pecify'd;
+       <!--  Page 282 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_282"
+      id="LPage_282"></a>[pg 282]</span> <i>that</i> is &#383;ufficient both to
+      ju&#383;tifie our Veracity, and to &#383;hew what we Intend; it not being
+      E&#383;&#383;ential to the Genuinene&#383;s of a Colour to be Durable. For
+      a fading Leaf, that is ready to Rot, and moulder into Du&#383;t, may have
+      as true a Yellow, as a Wedge of Gold, which &#383;o ob&#383;tinately re&#383;i&#383;ts
+      both Time and Fire. And the rea&#383;on, why I take occa&#383;ion from the
+      former Experiment to &#383;ubjoyn this general Adverti&#383;ement, is,
+      that I have &#383;everal times ob&#383;erv'd, that the Mixture re&#383;ulting
+      from the Oyls of Vitriol, and of Anni&#383;eeds, though it acquire a
+      thicker con&#383;i&#383;tence than either of the Ingredients had, has
+      quickly lo&#383;t its Colour, turning in a very &#383;hort time into a
+      dirty Gray, at lea&#383;t in the Superficial parts, where 'tis expos'd to
+      the Air; which la&#383;t Circum&#383;tance I therefore mention, becau&#383;e
+      that, though it &#383;eem probable, that this Degeneration of Colours may
+      oft times and in divers ca&#383;es proceed from the further Action of the
+      Saline Corpu&#383;cles, and the other Ingredients upon one another, yet in
+      many ca&#383;es much of the Quick change of Colours &#383;eems a&#383;cribeable
+      to the Air, as may be made probable by &#383;everal rea&#383;ons: The fir&#383;t
+      whereof may be fetcht from the newly recited Example of the two Oyls; The
+      next may be, that we have &#383;ometimes ob&#383;erv'd
+       <!--  Page 283 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_283"
+      id="LPage_283"></a>[pg 283]</span> long Window-Curtains of light Colours,
+      to have that part of them, which was expos'd to the Air, when the Window
+      was open, of one Colour, and the lower part, that was &#383;heltred from
+      the Air by the Wall, of another Colour: And the third Argument may be
+      fetch'd from divers Ob&#383;ervations, both of others, and our own; For of
+      that Pigment &#383;o well known in Painters Shops, by the name of <i>Turn&#383;ol</i>,
+      our Indu&#383;trious <i>Parkin&#383;on</i>, in the particular account he
+      gives of the Plant that bears it, tells us al&#383;o, That <i>the Berries
+      when they are at their full Maturity, have within them between the outer
+      Skin and the inward Kirnel or Seed, a certain Juice or Moi&#383;ture,
+      which being rubb'd upon Paper or Cloath, at the first appears of a fre&#383;h
+      and lovely Green Colour, but pre&#383;ently changeth into a kind of Blewi&#383;h
+      Purple, upon the Cloath or Paper, and the &#383;ame Cloath afterwards wet
+      in Water, and wrung forth, will Colour the Water into a Claret Wine
+      Colour, and the&#383;e</i> (concludes he) <i>are tho&#383;e Raggs of
+      Cloath, which are u&#383;ually call'd</i> Turn&#383;ol <i>in the Druggi&#383;ts
+      or Grocers Shops</i><a name="LNtA_21" id="LNtA_21_"></a><a href="#LNt_21"><sup>21</sup></a>.
+      And to this Ob&#383;ervation of our <i>Botanist</i> we will add an
+      Experiment of our own, (made before we met with That) which, though in
+      many Circum&#383;tances, very
+       <!--  Page 284 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_284"
+      id="LPage_284"></a>[pg 284]</span> differing, &#383;erves to prove the
+      &#383;ame thing; for having taken of the deeply Red Juice of <i>Buckthorn</i>
+      Berries, which I bought of the Man that u&#383;es to &#383;ell it to the
+      Apothecaries, to make their Syrrup <i>de Spina Cervina</i>, I let &#383;ome
+      of it drop upon a piece of White Paper, and having left it there for many
+      hours, till the Paper was grown dry again, I found what I was inclin'd to
+      &#383;u&#383;pect, namely, That this Juice was degenerated from a deep Red
+      to a dirty kind of Greyi&#383;h Colour, which, in a great part of the
+      &#383;tain'd Paper &#383;eem'd not to have &#383;o much as an Eye of Red:
+      Though a little Spirit of Salt or di&#383;&#383;olv'd <i>Alcaly</i> would
+      turn this unplea&#383;ant Colour (as formerly I told you it would change
+      the not yet alter'd Juice) into a Red or Green. And to &#383;atisfie my
+      &#383;elf, that this Degeneration of Colour did not proceed from the
+      Paper, I drop'd &#383;ome of the deep Red or Crim&#383;on Juice upon a
+      White glaz'd Tile, and &#383;uffering it to dry on there, I found that
+      ev'n in that Body, on which it could not Soak, and by which it could not
+      be Wrought, it neverthele&#383;s lo&#383;t its Colour. And the&#383;e In&#383;tances
+      (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) I am the more carefull to mention to you, that you may
+      not be much Surpris'd or Di&#383;courag'd, if you &#383;hould &#383;ometimes
+      mi&#383;s of performing
+       <!--  Page 285 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_285"
+      id="LPage_285"></a>[pg 285]</span> punctually what I affirm my &#383;elf
+      to have done in point of changing Colours; &#383;ince in the&#383;e
+      Experiments the over-&#383;ight or neglect of &#383;uch little Circum&#383;tances,
+      as in many others would not be perhaps con&#383;iderable, may occa&#383;ion
+      the mis-carrying of a Trial. And I was willing al&#383;o to take this occa&#383;ion
+      of Adverti&#383;ing you in the repeating of the Experiments mention'd in
+      this Treati&#383;e, to make u&#383;e of the Juices of Vegetables, and
+      other things prepar'd for your Trials, as &#383;oon as ever they are
+      ready, le&#383;t one or other of them grow le&#383;s fit, if not quite
+      unfit by delay; and to e&#383;timate the Event of the Trials by the
+      Change, that is produc'd pre&#383;ently upon the due and &#383;ufficient
+      Application of Actives to Pa&#383;&#383;ives, (as they &#383;peak) becau&#383;e
+      in many ca&#383;es the effects of &#383;uch Mixtures may not be la&#383;ting,
+      and the newly produc'd Colour may in a little time degenerate. But, (<i>Pyrophilus</i>)
+      I forgot to add to the two former Ob&#383;ervations lately made about
+      Vegetables, a third of the &#383;ame Import, made in Mineral &#383;ub&#383;tances,
+      by telling you, That the better to &#383;atisfie a Friend or two in this
+      particular, I &#383;ometimes made, according to &#383;ome Conjectures of
+      mine, this Experiment; That having di&#383;&#383;olv'd good Silver in <i>Aqua-fortis</i>,
+      and Precipitated it with Spirit of Salt, upon
+       <!--  Page 286 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_286"
+      id="LPage_286"></a>[pg 286]</span> the fir&#383;t Decanting of the Liquor,
+      the remaining Matter would be purely White; but after it had lain a while
+      uncover'd, that part of it, that was Contiguous to the Air, would not only
+      lo&#383;e its Whitene&#383;s, but appear of a very Dark and almo&#383;t
+      Blacki&#383;h Colour, I &#383;ay that part that was Contiguous to the Air,
+      becau&#383;e if that were gently taken off, the Subjacent part of the
+      &#383;ame Ma&#383;s would appear very White, till that al&#383;o, having
+      continu'd a while expos'd to the Air, would likewi&#383;e Degenerate. Now
+      whether the Air perform the&#383;e things by the means of a Subtile Salt,
+      which we el&#383;ewhere &#383;how it not to be de&#383;titute of, or by a
+      peircing Moi&#383;ture, that is apt ea&#383;ily to in&#383;inuate it
+      &#383;elf into the Pores of &#383;ome Bodies, and thereby change their
+      Texture, and &#383;o their Colour; Or by &#383;olliciting the Avolation of
+      certain parts of the Bodies, to which 'tis Contiguous; or by &#383;ome
+      other way, (which po&#383;&#383;ibly I may el&#383;ewhere propo&#383;e and
+      con&#383;ider) I have not now the lei&#383;ure to di&#383;cour&#383;e. And
+      for the &#383;ame rea&#383;on, though I could add many other In&#383;tances,
+      of what I formerly noted touching the emergency of Redne&#383;s upon the
+      Dige&#383;tion of many Bodies, in&#383;omuch that I have often &#383;een
+      upon the Borders of <i>France</i> (and probably we may have the like in
+       <!--  Page 287 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_287"
+      id="LPage_287"></a>[pg 287]</span> <i>England</i>) a &#383;ort of Pears,
+      which dige&#383;ted for &#383;ome time with a little Wine, in a Ve&#383;&#383;el
+      exactly clos'd, will in not many hours appear throughout of a deep Red
+      Colour, (as al&#383;o that of the Juice, wherein they are Stew'd, becomes)
+      but ev'n on pure and white Salt of Tartar, pure Spirit of Wine, as clear
+      as Rock-water, will (as we el&#383;ewhere declare) by long Dige&#383;tion
+      acquire a Redne&#383;s; Though I &#383;ay &#383;uch In&#383;tances might
+      be Multiply'd, and though there be &#383;ome other Obvious changes of
+      Colours, which happen &#383;o frequently, that they cannot but be as well
+      Con&#383;iderable as Notorious; &#383;uch as is the Blackne&#383;s of almo&#383;t
+      all Bodies burn'd in the open Air: yet our ha&#383;te invites us to re&#383;ign
+      you the Exerci&#383;e of enquiring into the Cau&#383;es of the&#383;e
+      Changes. And certainly, the rea&#383;on both <i>why</i> the Soots of
+      &#383;uch differing Bodies are almo&#383;t all of them all Black, <i>why</i>
+      &#383;o much the greater part of Vegetables &#383;hould be rather Green
+      than of any other Colour, and particularly (which more directly concerns
+      this place) <i>why</i> gentle Heats do &#383;o frequently in Chymical
+      Operations produce rather a Redne&#383;s than another Colour in dige&#383;ted
+      <i>Men&#383;truums</i>, not only Sulphureous, as Spirit of Wine, but
+      Saline, as Spirit of Vinegar, may be very well worth
+       <!--  Page 288 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_288"
+      id="LPage_288"></a>[pg 288]</span> a &#383;erious Inquiry; which I &#383;hall
+      therefore recommend to <i>Pyrophilus</i> and his Ingenious Friends.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXXVII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      It may &#383;eem &#383;omewhat &#383;trange, that if you take the Crim&#383;on
+      Solution of <i>Cochineel</i>, or the Juice of Black Cherries, and of
+      &#383;ome other Vegetables that afford the like Colour, (which becau&#383;e
+      many take but for a deep Red, we do with them &#383;ometimes call it
+      &#383;o) and let &#383;ome of it fall upon a piece of Paper, a drop or two
+      of an Acid Spirit, &#383;uch as Spirit of Salt, or <i>Aqua-fortis</i>,
+      will immediately turn it into a fair Red. Whereas if you make an Infu&#383;ion
+      of Brazil in fair Water, and drop a little Spirit of Salt or <i>Aqua-fortis</i>
+      into it, that will de&#383;troy its Redne&#383;s, and leave the Liquor of
+      a Yellow, (&#383;ometimes Pale) I might perhaps plau&#383;ibly enough
+      &#383;ay on this occa&#383;ion, that if we con&#383;ider the ca&#383;e a
+      little more attentively, we may take notice, that the action of the Acid
+      Spirit &#383;eems in both ca&#383;es, but to weaken the Colour of the
+      Liquor on which it falls. And &#383;o though it de&#383;troy Redne&#383;s
+      in the Tincture of Brazil, as well as produce Red in the Tincture of <i>Chochineel</i>,
+      its Operations may be Uniform
+       <!--  Page 289 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_289"
+      id="LPage_289"></a>[pg 289]</span> enough, &#383;ince as Crim&#383;on
+      &#383;eems to be little el&#383;e than a very deep Red, with (perhaps) an
+      Eye of Blew, &#383;o &#383;ome kinds of Red &#383;eem (as I have lately
+      noted) to be little el&#383;e than heightned Yellow. And con&#383;equently
+      in &#383;uch Bodies, the Yellow &#383;eems to be but a diluted Red. And
+      accordingly Alcalizate Solutions and Urinous Spirits, which &#383;eem di&#383;pos'd
+      to Deepen the Colours of the Juices and Liquors of mo&#383;t Vegetables,
+      will not only re&#383;tore the Solution of <i>Cochineel</i> and the Infu&#383;ion
+      of Brazil to the Crim&#383;on, whence the Spirit of Salt had chang'd them
+      into a truer Red; but will al&#383;o (as I lately told you) not only
+      heighthen the Yellow Juice of Madder into Red, but advance the Red Infu&#383;ion
+      of Brazil to a Crim&#383;on. But I know not whether it will not be much
+      &#383;afer to derive the&#383;e Changes from vary'd Textures, than certain
+      kinds of Bodies; and you will perhaps think it worth while, that I &#383;hould
+      add on this occa&#383;ion, That it may de&#383;erve &#383;ome Speculation,
+      why, notwith&#383;tanding what we have been ob&#383;erving, though Blew
+      and Purple &#383;eem to be deeper Colours than Red, and therefore the
+      Juices of Plants of either of the two former Colours may (congruou&#383;ly
+      enough to what has been ju&#383;t now noted) be turn'd Red by
+       <!--  Page 290 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_290"
+      id="LPage_290"></a>[pg 290]</span> Spirit of Salt or <i>Aqua-fortis</i>,
+      yet Blew Syrrup of Violets and &#383;ome Purples &#383;hould both by Oyl
+      of Tartar and Spirit of Urine be chang'd into Green, which &#383;eems to
+      be not a deeper but a more diluted Colour than Blew, if not al&#383;o than
+      Purple.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXXVIII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      It would much contribute to the Hi&#383;tory of Colours, if <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i>
+      would in their Laboratories take a heedfull notice, and give us a
+      faithfull account of the Colours ob&#383;erv'd in the Steams of Bodies
+      either Sublim'd or Di&#383;till'd, and of the Colours of tho&#383;e
+      Productions of the Fire, that are made up by the Coalition of tho&#383;e
+      Steams. As (for In&#383;tance) we ob&#383;erve in the Di&#383;tilling of
+      pure Salt peter, that at a certain &#383;ea&#383;on of the Operation, the
+      Body, though it &#383;eem either Cry&#383;talline, or White, affords very
+      Red Fumes: whereas though Vitriol be Green or Blew, the Spirit of it is ob&#383;erv'd
+      to come over in Whiti&#383;h Fumes. The like Colour I have taken notice of
+      in the Fumes of &#383;everal other Concretes of differing Colours, and
+      Natures, e&#383;pecially when Di&#383;till'd with &#383;trong Fires. And
+      we el&#383;ewhere note, that ev'n Soot, as Black as it is, has fill'd our
+      Receivers
+       <!--  Page 291 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_291"
+      id="LPage_291"></a>[pg 291]</span> with &#383;uch copious White Fumes,
+      that they &#383;eem'd to have had their In-&#383;ides wa&#383;h'd with
+      Milk. And no le&#383;s ob&#383;ervable may be, the Di&#383;till'd Liqours,
+      into which &#383;uch Fumes convene, (for though we will not deny, that by
+      skill and care a Reddi&#383;h Liqour may be obtain'd from Nitre) yet the
+      common Spirit of it, in the making ev'n of which &#383;tore of the&#383;e
+      Red Fumes are wont to pa&#383;s over into the Receiver, appears not to be
+      at all Red. And be&#383;ides, that neither the Spirit of Vitriol, nor that
+      of Soot is any thing White; And, be&#383;ides al&#383;o, that as far as I
+      have ob&#383;erv'd, mo&#383;t (for I &#383;ay not all) of the
+      Empyreumatical Oyls of Woods, and other Concretes, are either of a deep
+      Red, or of a Colour between Red and Black; be&#383;ides this, I &#383;ay,
+      'tis very remarkable that notwith&#383;tanding that great Variety of
+      Colours to be met with in the Herbs, Flowers, and other Bodies wont to be
+      Di&#383;till'd in <i>Balneo</i>: yet (as far at lea&#383;t as our common
+      Di&#383;tillers Experience reacheth) all the Waters and Spirits that fir&#383;t
+      come over by that way of Di&#383;tillation, leave the Colours of their
+      Concretes behind them, though indeed there be one or two Vegetables not
+      commonly taken notice of, who&#383;e Di&#383;till'd Liqours I el&#383;ewhere
+      ob&#383;erve to carry over
+       <!--  Page 292 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_292"
+      id="LPage_292"></a>[pg 292]</span> the Tincture of the Concrete with them.
+      And as in Di&#383;tillations, &#383;o in Sublimations, it were worth while
+      to take notice of what comes up, in reference to our pre&#383;ent &#383;cope,
+      by purpo&#383;ely performing them (as I have in &#383;ome cafes done) in
+      conveniently &#383;hap'd Gla&#383;&#383;es, that the Colour of the a&#383;cending
+      Fumes may be di&#383;cern'd; For it may afford a Naturali&#383;t good
+      Information to ob&#383;erve the Congruities or the Differences betwixt the
+      Colours of the a&#383;cending Fumes, and tho&#383;e of the <i>Flowers</i>,
+      they compo&#383;e by their Convention. For it is evident, that the&#383;e
+      <i>Flowers</i>, do many of them in point of Colour, much differ, not only
+      from one another, but oft times from the Concretes that afforded them.
+      Thus, (not here to repeat what I formerly noted of the Black Soots of very
+      differingly Colour'd Bodies) though Camphire and Brim&#383;tone afford <i>Flowers</i>
+      much of their own Colour, &#383;ave that tho&#383;e of Brim&#383;tone are
+      wont to be a little Paler, than the Lumps that yielded them; yet ev'n of
+      Red <i>Benzoin</i>, that &#383;ublim'd Sub&#383;tance, which <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i>
+      call its <i>Flowers</i>, is wont to be White or Whiti&#383;h. And to omit
+      other In&#383;tances, ev'n one and the &#383;ame Black Mineral, Antimony,
+      may be made to afford <i>Flowers</i>, &#383;ome of them Red, and &#383;ome
+      Grey, and, which is more &#383;trange,
+       <!--  Page 293 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_293"
+      id="LPage_293"></a>[pg 293]</span> &#383;ome of them purely White. And
+      'tis the Pre&#383;cription of &#383;ome Gla&#383;s-men by exqui&#383;itely
+      mingling a convenient proportion of Brim&#383;tone, Sal-Armoniack, and
+      Quick&#383;ilver, and Subliming them, together, to make a Sublimate of an
+      excellent Blew; and though having caus'd the Experiment to be made, we
+      found the produc'd Sublimate to be far from being of a lovely Colour, (as
+      was promis'd) that there and there, it &#383;eem'd Blewi&#383;h, and at
+      lea&#383;t was of a Colour differing enough from either of the
+      Ingredients, which is &#383;ufficient for our pre&#383;ent purpo&#383;e.
+      But a much finer Colour is promis'd by &#383;ome of the Empiricks, that
+      pretend to Secrets, who tell us, that Orpiment, being Sublim'd, will
+      afford among the Parts of it that fly Upward, &#383;ome little Ma&#383;&#383;es,
+      which, though the Mineral it &#383;elf be of a good Yellow, will be Red
+      enough to emulate Rubies, both in Colour and Tran&#383;lucency. And this
+      Experiment may, for ought I know, &#383;ometimes &#383;ucceed; for I
+      remember, that having in a &#383;mall Bolt-head purpo&#383;ely &#383;ublim'd
+      &#383;ome powder'd Orpiment, we could in the Lower part of the Sublimate
+      di&#383;cern here and there &#383;ome Reddi&#383;h Lines, though much of
+      the Upper part of the Sublimate con&#383;i&#383;ted of a matter, which was
+      not alone purely
+       <!--  Page 294 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_294"
+      id="LPage_294"></a>[pg 294]</span> Yellow, but tran&#383;parent almo&#383;t
+      like a Powder. And we have al&#383;o this way obtain'd a Sublimate, the
+      Lower part whereof though it con&#383;i&#383;ted not of Rubies, yet the
+      &#383;mall pieces of it, which were Numerous enough, were of a plea&#383;ant
+      Reddi&#383;h Colour, and Glitter'd very prettily. But to in&#383;i&#383;t
+      on &#383;uch kind of Trials and Ob&#383;ervations (where the a&#383;cending
+      Fumes of Bodies differ in Colour from the Bodies them&#383;elves) though
+      it might indeed Inrich the Hi&#383;tory of Colours, would Robb me of too
+      much of the little time I have to di&#383;patch what I have further to
+      tell you concerning them.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XXXIX</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Take the dry'd Buds (or Blo&#383;&#383;oms) of the Pomegranate Tree,
+      (which are commonly call'd in the Shops <i>Balau&#383;tiums</i>) pull off
+      the Reddi&#383;h Leaves, and by a gentle Ebullition of them in fair Water,
+      or by a competent Infu&#383;ion of them in like Water well heated, extract
+      a faint Reddi&#383;h Tincture, which if the Liquor be turbid, you may
+      Clarifie it by Filtrating it Into this, if you pour a little good Spirit
+      of Urine, or &#383;ome other Spirit abounding in the like &#383;ort of
+      Volatile Salts, the Mixture will
+       <!--  Page 295 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_295"
+      id="LPage_295"></a>[pg 295]</span> pre&#383;ently turn of a dark Greeni&#383;h
+      Colour, but if in&#383;tead of the fore-mention'd Liquor, you drop into
+      the &#383;imple Infu&#383;ion a little rectify'd Spirit of Sea-Salt, the
+      Pale and almo&#383;t Colourle&#383;s Liquor will immediately not only grow
+      more Tran&#383;parent, but acquire a high Redne&#383;s, like that of Rich
+      Claret Wine, which &#383;o &#383;uddenly acquir'd Colour, may as quickly
+      be De&#383;troy'd and turn'd into a dirty Blewi&#383;h Green, by the affu&#383;ion
+      of a competent quantity of the above-mention'd Spirit of Urine.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This Experiment may bring &#383;ome Light to, and receive &#383;ome from a
+      couple of other Experiments, that I remember I have met with in the
+      ingenious <i>Ga&#383;&#383;endus</i>'s Animadver&#383;ions upon <i>Epicurus</i>'s
+      Philo&#383;ophy, whil&#383;t I was turning over the Leaves of tho&#383;e
+      Learned Commentaries; (my Eyes being too weak to let me read &#383;uch
+      Voluminous Books quite thorough) And I the le&#383;s &#383;cruple (notwith&#383;tanding
+      my contrary Cu&#383;tom in this Treati&#383;e) to &#383;et down the&#383;e
+      Experiments of another, becau&#383;e I &#383;hall a little improve the
+      latter of them, and becau&#383;e by comparing there with that which I have
+      la&#383;t recited, we may be a&#383;&#383;i&#383;ted to Conjecture
+       <!--  Page 296 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_296"
+      id="LPage_296"></a>[pg 296]</span> upon what account it is, that Oyl of
+      Vitriol heightens the Tincture of Red-ro&#383;e Leaves, &#383;ince Spirit
+      of Salt, which is a highly Acid <i>Men&#383;truum</i>, but otherwi&#383;e
+      differing enough from Oyl of Vitriol, does the &#383;ame thing. Our
+      Authors Experiments then, as we made them, are the&#383;e; We took about a
+      Gla&#383;s-full of luke-warm Water, and in it immerg'd a quantity of the
+      Leaves of <i>Senna</i>, and pre&#383;ently upon the Immer&#383;ion there
+      did not appear any Redne&#383;s in the Water, but dropping into it a
+      little Oyl of Tartar, the Liquor &#383;oon di&#383;cover'd a Redne&#383;s
+      to the watchfull Eye, whereas by a little of that Acid Liquor of Vitriol,
+      which is like the former, unde&#383;ervedly called Oyl, &#383;uch a Colour
+      would not be extracted from the infu&#383;ed <i>Senna</i>. On the other
+      &#383;ide we took &#383;ome Red-ro&#383;e Leaves dry'd, and having &#383;haken
+      them into a Gla&#383;s of fair Water, they imparted to it no Redne&#383;s,
+      but upon the affu&#383;ion of a little Oyl of Vitriol the Water was
+      immediately turn'd Red, which it would not have been, if in&#383;tead of
+      Oyl of Vitriol, we had imployed Oyl of Tartar to produce that Colour: That
+      the&#383;e were <i>Ga&#383;&#383;endus</i> his Experiments, I partly
+      remember, and was a&#383;&#383;ur'd by a Friend, who lately Tran&#383;cribed
+      them out of <i>Ga&#383;&#383;endus</i> his Book, which I
+       <!--  Page 297 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_297"
+      id="LPage_297"></a>[pg 297]</span> therefore add, becau&#383;e I have not
+      now that Book at hand. And the de&#383;ign of <i>Ga&#383;&#383;endus</i>
+      in the&#383;e Experiments our Friend affirms to be, to prove, that of
+      things not Red a Redne&#383;s may be made only by Mixture, and the Varied
+      po&#383;ition of parts, wherein the Doctrine of that Subtil Philo&#383;opher
+      doth not a little Authorize, what we have formerly delivered concerning
+      the Emergency and Change of Colours. But the in&#383;tances, that we have
+      out of him &#383;et down, &#383;eem not to be the mo&#383;t Eminent, that
+      may be produced of this truth: For our next Experiment will &#383;hew the
+      production of &#383;everal Colours out of Liquors, which have not any of
+      them any &#383;uch Colour, nor indeed any di&#383;cernable one at all; and
+      whereas though our Author tells us, that there was no Redne&#383;s either
+      in the Water, or the Leaves of <i>Senna</i>, or the Oyl of Tartar; And
+      though it be true, that the Predominant Colour of the Leaves of <i>Senna</i>
+      be another than Red, yet we have try'd, that by &#383;teeping that Plant a
+      Night even in Cold water, it would afford a very deep Yellow or Reddi&#383;h
+      Tincture without the help of the Oyl of Tartar, which &#383;eems to do
+      little more than a&#383;&#383;i&#383;t the Water to extract more nimbly a
+      plenty of that Red Tincture, wherewith the Leaves of <i>Senna</i>
+       <!--  Page 298 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_298"
+      id="LPage_298"></a>[pg 298]</span> do of them&#383;elves abound, and
+      having taken off the Tincture of <i>Senna</i>, made only with fair Water,
+      before it grew to be Reddi&#383;h, and Decanted it from the Leaves, we
+      could not perceive, that by dropping &#383;ome Oyl of Tartar into it, that
+      Colour was con&#383;iderable, though it were a little heightned into a
+      Redne&#383;s; which might have been expected, if the particles of the Oyl
+      did eminently Co-operate, otherwi&#383;e than we have expre&#383;&#383;ed,
+      to the production of this Redne&#383;s.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And as for the Experiment with Red-ro&#383;e Leaves, the &#383;ame thing
+      may be alleged, for we found that &#383;uch Leaves by bare Infu&#383;ion
+      for a Night and Day in fair Water, did afford us a Tincture bordering at
+      lea&#383;t upon Redne&#383;s, and that Colour being con&#383;picuous in
+      the Leaves them&#383;elves, would not by &#383;ome &#383;eem &#383;o much
+      to be produc'd as to be extracted by the affu&#383;ion of Oyl of Vitriol.
+      And the Experiment try'd with the dry'd Leaves of Damask-ro&#383;es &#383;ucceeded
+      but imperfectly, but that is indeed ob&#383;ervable to our Authors purpo&#383;e,
+      that Oyl of Tartar will not perform in this Experiment what Oyl of Vitriol
+      doth; but becau&#383;e this la&#383;t named Liquor is not &#383;o ea&#383;ily
+      to be had, give me leave to Adverti&#383;e you, that the Experiment will
+      &#383;ucceed,
+       <!--  Page 299 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_299"
+      id="LPage_299"></a>[pg 299]</span> if in&#383;tead of it you imploy <i>Aqua-fortis</i>.
+      And though &#383;ome Trials of our own formerly made, and others ea&#383;ily
+      deducible from what we have already deliver'd, about the different
+      Families and Operations of Salt, might enable us to pre&#383;ent you an
+      Experiment upon Red-ro&#383;e Leaves, more accommodated to our Authors
+      purpo&#383;e, than that which he hath given us; yet our Reverence to
+      &#383;o Candid a Philo&#383;opher, invites us rather to improve his
+      Experiment, than &#383;ub&#383;titute another in its place. Take therefore
+      of the Tincture of Red-ro&#383;e Leaves, (for with Damask-ro&#383;e Leaves
+      the Experiment &#383;ucceedeth not well) made as before hath been taught
+      with a little Oyl of Vitriol, and a good quantity of fair Water, pour off
+      this Liquor into a clear Vial, half fill'd with Limpid water; till the
+      Water held again&#383;t the Light have acquir'd a competent Redne&#383;s,
+      without lo&#383;ing its Tran&#383;parency, into this Tincture drop lei&#383;urely
+      a little good Spirit of Urine, and &#383;haking the Vial, which you mu&#383;t
+      &#383;till hold again&#383;t the Light, you &#383;hall &#383;ee the Red
+      Liquor immediately turn'd into a fine Greeni&#383;h Blew, which Colour was
+      not to be found in any of the Bodies, upon who&#383;e Mixture it emerg'd,
+      and this Change is the more ob&#383;ervable, becau&#383;e in many Bodies
+       <!--  Page 300 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_300"
+      id="LPage_300"></a>[pg 300]</span> the Degenerating of Blew into Red is u&#383;ual
+      enough, but the turning of Red into Blew is very unfrequent. If at every
+      drop of Spirit of Urine you &#383;hake the Vial containing the Red
+      Tincture, you may delightfully ob&#383;erve a pretty variety of Colours in
+      the pa&#383;&#383;age of that Tincture from a Red to a Blew, and &#383;ometimes
+      we have this way hit upon &#383;uch a Liquor, as being look't upon again&#383;t
+      and from the Light, did &#383;eem faintly to emulate the above-mention'd
+      Tincture of <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>. And if you make the Tincture of
+      Red-ro&#383;es very high, and without Diluting it with fair Water, pour on
+      the Spirit of Urine, you may have a Blew &#383;o deep, as to make the
+      Liquor Opacous, but being dropt upon White Paper the Colour will &#383;oon
+      di&#383;clo&#383;e it &#383;elf. Al&#383;o having made the Red, and con&#383;equently
+      the Blew Tincture very Tran&#383;parent, and &#383;uffer'd it to re&#383;t
+      in a &#383;mall open Vial for a Day or two, we found according to our
+      Conjecture, that not only the Blew but the Red Colour al&#383;o was Vani&#383;h'd;
+      the clear Liquor being of a bright Amber Colour, at the bottom of which
+      &#383;ub&#383;ided a Light, but Copious feculency of almo&#383;t the
+      &#383;ame Colour, which &#383;eems to be nothing but the Tincted parts of
+      the Ro&#383;e Leaves drawn out by the Acid
+       <!--  Page 301 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_301"
+      id="LPage_301"></a>[pg 301]</span> Spirits of the Oyl of Vitriol, and
+      Precipitated by the Volatile Salt of the Spirit of Urine, which makes it
+      the more probable, that the Redne&#383;s drawn by the Oyl of Vitriol, was
+      at lea&#383;t as well an extraction of the Tinging parts of the Ro&#383;es,
+      as a production of Redne&#383;s; and la&#383;tly, if you be de&#383;titute
+      of Spirit of Urine, you may change the Colour of the Tincture of Ro&#383;es
+      with many other Sulphureous Salts, as a &#383;trong Solution of Pot-a&#383;hes,
+      Oyl of Tartar, &amp;c. which yet are &#383;eldome &#383;o free from
+      Feculency, as the Spirituous parts of Urine becomes by repeated Di&#383;tillation.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On this, occa&#383;ion, I call to mind, that I found, a way of producing,
+      though not the &#383;ame kind of Blew, as I have been mentioning, yet a
+      Colour near of Kin to it, namely, a fair Purple, by imploying a Liquor not
+      made Red by Art, in&#383;tead of the Tincture of Red-ro&#383;es, made with
+      an Acid Spirit; And my way was only to take Log-wood, (a Wood very well
+      known to Dyers) having by Infu&#383;ion the Powder of it a while in fair
+      Water made that Liquor Red, I dropt into it a <i>Tantillum</i> of an
+      Urinous Spirit, as that of Sal-Armoniack,
+       <!--  Page 302 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_302"
+      id="LPage_302"></a>[pg 302]</span> (and I have done the &#383;ame thing
+      with an <i>Alcali</i>) by which the Colour was in a moment turn'd into a
+      Rich, and lovely Purple. But care mu&#383;t be had, that you let not fall
+      into a Spoonfull above two or three Drops, le&#383;t the Colour become
+      &#383;o deep, as to make the Liquor too Opacous. And (to an&#383;wer the
+      other part of <i>Ga&#383;&#383;endus</i> his Experiment) if in&#383;tead
+      of fair Water, I infus'd the Log-wood in Water made &#383;omewhat &#383;owr
+      by the Acid Spirit of Salt, I &#383;hould obtain neither a Purple Liquor,
+      nor a Red, but only a Yellow one.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XL.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The Experiment I am now to mention to you, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, is that
+      which both you, and all the other <i>Virtuo&#383;i</i> that have &#383;een
+      it, have been pleas'd to think very &#383;trange; and indeed of all the
+      Experiments of Colours, I have yet met with, it &#383;eems to be the fitte&#383;t
+      to recommend the Doctrine propos'd in this Treati&#383;e, and to &#383;hew
+      that we need not &#383;uppo&#383;e, that all Colours mu&#383;t nece&#383;&#383;arily
+      be Inherent Qualities, flowing from the Sub&#383;tantial Forms of the
+      Bodies they are &#383;aid to belong to, &#383;ince by a bare Mechanical
+      change of Texture in the Minute parts of Bodies; two Colours may in
+       <!--  Page 303 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_303"
+      id="LPage_303"></a>[pg 303]</span> a moment be Generated quite <i>De novo,</i>
+      and utterly De&#383;troy'd. For there is this difference betwixt the
+      following Experiment, and mo&#383;t of the others deliver'd in the&#383;e
+      Papers, that in this, the Colour that a Body already had, is not chang'd
+      into another, but betwixt two Bodies, each of them apart devoid of Colour,
+      there is in a moment generated a very deep Colour, and which if it were
+      let alone, would be permanent; and yet by a very &#383;mall Parcel of a
+      third Body, that has no Colour of its own, (le&#383;t &#383;ome may
+      pretend I know not what Antipathy betwixt Colours) this otherwi&#383;e
+      permanent Colour will be in another trice &#383;o quite De&#383;troy'd,
+      that there will remain no foot-&#383;tepts either of it or of any other
+      Colour in the whole Mixture.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Experiment is very ea&#383;ie, and it is thus perform'd: Take good
+      common Sublimate, and fully &#383;atiate with it what quantity of Water
+      you plea&#383;e, Filtre the Solution carefully through clean and clo&#383;e
+      Paper, that it may drop down as Clear and Colourle&#383;s as Fountain
+      water. Then when you'l &#383;hew the Experiment, put of it about a
+      Spoonfull into a &#383;mall Wine-gla&#383;s, or any other convenient Ve&#383;&#383;el
+      made of clear Gla&#383;s, and droping in three or four
+       <!--  Page 304 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_304"
+      id="LPage_304"></a>[pg 304]</span> drops of good Oyl of Tartar, <i>per
+      Deliquium</i>; well Filtred that it may likewi&#383;e be without Colour,
+      the&#383;e two Limpid Liquors will in the twinkling of an Eye turn into an
+      Opacous mixture of a deep Orange Colour, which by keeping the Gla&#383;s
+      continually &#383;haking in your hand, you mu&#383;t pre&#383;erve from
+      &#383;etling too &#383;oon to the Bottom; And when the Spectators have a
+      little beheld this fir&#383;t Change, then you mu&#383;t pre&#383;ently
+      drop in about four or five drops of Oyl of Vitriol, and continuing to
+      &#383;hake the Gla&#383;s pretty &#383;trongly, that it may the Nimbler
+      diffu&#383;e it &#383;elf, the whole Colour, if you have gone Skilfully to
+      work, will immediately di&#383;appear, and all the Liquor in the Gla&#383;s
+      will be Clear and Colourle&#383;s as before, without &#383;o much as a
+      Sediment at the Bottom. But for the more gracefull Trial of this
+      Experiment, 'twill not be ami&#383;s to ob&#383;erve, Fir&#383;t, That
+      there &#383;hould not be taken too much of the Solution of Sublimate, nor
+      too much of the Oyl of Tartar drop'd in, to avoid the nece&#383;&#383;ity
+      of putting in &#383;o much Oyl of Vitriol as may make an Ebullition, and
+      perhaps run over the Gla&#383;s. Secondly, That 'tis convenient to keep
+      the Gla&#383;s always a little &#383;haking, both for the better mixing of
+      the Liquors, and to keep the Yellow Sub&#383;tance from Sub&#383;iding,
+      which
+       <!--  Page 305 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_305"
+      id="LPage_305"></a>[pg 305]</span> el&#383;e it would in a &#383;hort time
+      do, though when 'tis &#383;ub&#383;ided it will retain its Colour, and al&#383;o
+      be capable of being depriv'd of it by the Oyl newly mention'd. Thirdly,
+      That if any Yellow matter &#383;tick at the &#383;ides of the Gla&#383;s,
+      'tis but inclining the Gla&#383;s, till the clarify'd Liquor can wa&#383;h
+      along&#383;t it, and the Liquor will pre&#383;ently imbibe it, and deprive
+      it of its Colour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Many have &#383;omewhat wondred, how I came to light upon this Experiment,
+      but the Notions or Conjectures I have about the differing Natures of the
+      Several Tribes of Salts, having led me to devi&#383;e the Experiment, it
+      will not be difficult for me to give you the Chymical Rea&#383;on, if I
+      may &#383;o &#383;peak, of the <i>Phænomenon</i>. Having then ob&#383;erv'd,
+      that <i>Mercury</i> being di&#383;&#383;olv'd in Some <i>Men&#383;truums</i>,
+      would yield a dark Yellow Precipitate, and &#383;uppo&#383;ing that, as to
+      this, common Water, and the Salts that &#383;tick to the <i>Mercury</i>
+      would be equivalent to tho&#383;e Acid <i>Men&#383;truums</i>, which work
+      upon the <i>Quick-&#383;ilver</i>, upon the account of their Saline
+      particles, I &#383;ub&#383;tituted a Solution of Sublimate in fair Water,
+      in&#383;tead of a Solution of <i>Mercury</i> in <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, or
+      Spirit of <i>Nitre</i>, that &#383;imple Solution being both clearer and
+      free from that very offen&#383;ive Smell, which accompanies the Solutions
+       <!--  Page 306 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_306"
+      id="LPage_306"></a>[pg 306]</span> of <i>Mercury</i> made with tho&#383;e
+      other corro&#383;ive Liquors; then I con&#383;ider'd, that That, which
+      makes the Yellow Colour, is indeed but a Precipitate made by the means of
+      the Oyl of Tartar, which we drop in, and which, as <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i>
+      know, does generally precipitate Metalline Bodies corroded by Acid Salts;
+      &#383;o that the Colour in our ca&#383;e re&#383;ults from the Coalition
+      of the Mercurial particles with the Saline ones, wherewith they were
+      formerly a&#383;&#383;ociated, and with the Alcalizate particles of the
+      Salt of Tartar that &#383;wim up and down in the Oyl. Wherefore con&#383;idering
+      al&#383;o, that very many of the effects of Lixiviate Liquors, upon the
+      Solutions of other Bodies, may be de&#383;troy'd by Acid <i>Menstruums</i>,
+      as I el&#383;ewhere more particularly declare, I concluded, that if I cho&#383;e
+      a very potently Acid Liquor, which by its Inci&#383;ive power might undo
+      the work of the Oyl of Tartar, and di&#383;per&#383;e again tho&#383;e
+      Particles, which the other had by Precipitation a&#383;&#383;ociated, into
+      &#383;uch minute Corpu&#383;cles as were before &#383;ingly Incon&#383;picuous,
+      they would become Incon&#383;picuous again, and con&#383;equently leave
+      the Liquor as Colourle&#383;s as before the Precipitation was made.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This, as I &#383;aid, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, &#383;eems to be the Chymical rea&#383;on
+      of this Experiment, that
+       <!--  Page 307 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_307"
+      id="LPage_307"></a>[pg 307]</span> is &#383;uch a rea&#383;on, as, &#383;uppo&#383;ing
+      the truth of tho&#383;e Chymical Notions I have el&#383;ewhere I hope
+      evinc'd, may give &#383;uch an account of the <i>Phænomena</i> as Chymical
+      Notions can &#383;upply us with; but I both here and el&#383;ewhere make u&#383;e
+      of this way of &#383;peaking, to intimate that I am &#383;ufficiently
+      aware of the difference betwixt a Chymical Explication of a <i>Phænomenon</i>,
+      and one that is truly Philo&#383;ophical or Mechanical; as in our pre&#383;ent
+      ca&#383;e, I tell you &#383;omething, when I tell you that the Yellowne&#383;s
+      of the Mercurial Solution and the Oyl of Tartar is produc'd by the
+      Precipitation occa&#383;ion'd by the affu&#383;ion of the latter of tho&#383;e
+      Liquors, and that the de&#383;truction of the Colour proceeds from the Di&#383;&#383;ipation
+      of that Curdl'd matter, who&#383;e Texture is de&#383;troy'd, and which is
+      di&#383;&#383;olv'd into Minute and Invi&#383;ible particles by the
+      potently Acid <i>Men&#383;truum</i>, which is the rea&#383;on, why there
+      remains no Sediment in the Bottom, becau&#383;e the infu&#383;ed Oyl takes
+      it up, and re&#383;olves it into hidden or invi&#383;ible Parts, as Water
+      does Salt or Sugar. But when I have told you all this, I am far from
+      thinking I have told all that &#383;uch an Inqui&#383;itive Per&#383;on as
+      your &#383;elf would know, for I pre&#383;ume you would de&#383;ire as
+      well as I to learn (at lea&#383;t) why the Particles of the
+       <!--  Page 308 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_308"
+      id="LPage_308"></a>[pg 308]</span> <i>Mercury</i>, of the Tartar, and of
+      the Acid Salts convening together, &#383;hould make rather an Orange
+      Colour than a Red, or a Blew, or a Green, for 'tis not enough to &#383;ay
+      what I related a little before, that divers Mercurial Solutions, though
+      otherwi&#383;e made, would yield a Yellow precipitate, becau&#383;e the
+      Que&#383;tion will recurr concerning them; and to give it a &#383;atisfactory
+      an&#383;wer, is, I freely acknowledge, more than I dare as yet pretend to.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But to confirm my conjecture about the Chymical rea&#383;on of our
+      Experiment, I may add, that as I have (<i>viz.</i> pag. 34<sup>th</sup>.
+      of this Treati&#383;e) el&#383;ewhere (on another occa&#383;ion) told you,
+      with Saline Liquors of another kind and nature than Salt of Tartar,
+      (namely, with Spirit of Urine, and Liquors of kin to that) I can make the
+      <i>Mercury</i> precipitate out of the fir&#383;t &#383;imple Solution
+      quite of another Colour than that hitherto mention'd; Nay, if in&#383;tead
+      of altering the Precipitating liquor, I alter'd the Texture of the
+      Sublimate in &#383;uch a way as my Notions about Salt requir'd, I could
+      produce the &#383;ame <i>Phænomenon</i>. For having purpo&#383;ely
+      Sublim'd together Equal parts (or thereabout) of Sal-Armoniack and
+      Sublimate, fir&#383;t diligently Mix'd, the a&#383;cending Flowers being
+      diffolv'd in fair Water,
+       <!--  Page 309 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_309"
+      id="LPage_309"></a>[pg 309]</span> and Filtred, gave a Solution Limpid and
+      Colourle&#383;s, like that of the other Sublimates, and yet an <i>Akaly</i>
+      drop'd into this Liquor did not turn it Yellow but White. And upon the
+      &#383;ame Grounds we may with <i>Quick-&#383;ilver</i>, without the help
+      of common Sublimate, prepare another &#383;ort of Flowers di&#383;&#383;oluble
+      in Water without Di&#383;colouring it, with which I could likewi&#383;e do
+      what I newly mention'd; to which I &#383;hall add, (what po&#383;&#383;ibly
+      you'l &#383;omewhat wonder at) That &#383;o much does the Colour depend
+      upon the Texture re&#383;ulting from the Convention of the &#383;everal
+      &#383;orts of Corpu&#383;cles, that though in out Experiment, Oyl of
+      Vitriol de&#383;troys the Yellow Colour, yet with <i>Quick-&#383;ilver</i>
+      and fair Water, by the help of Oyl of Vitriol alone, we may ea&#383;ily
+      make a kind of Precipitate of a fair and permanent Yellow, as you will
+      e're long (in the forty &#383;econd Expement of this third Part) be
+      taught. And I may further add, that I cho&#383;e Oyl of Vitriol, not
+      &#383;o much for any other or peculiar Quality, as for its being, when
+      'tis well rectify'd, (which 'tis &#383;omewhat hazardous to bring it to
+      be) not only devoid of Colour and in Smells, but extremely Strong and Inci&#383;ive;
+      For though common and undephlegmated <i>Aqua-fortis</i> will not perform
+       <!--  Page 310 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_310"
+      id="LPage_310"></a>[pg 310]</span> the &#383;ame thing well, yet that
+      which is made exceeding Strong by being carefully Dephlegm'd, will do it
+      pretty well, though not &#383;o well as Oyl of Vitriol which is &#383;o
+      Strong, that even without Rectification it may for a need be made u&#383;e
+      of. I will not here tell you what I have try'd, that I may be able to
+      deprive at plea&#383;ure the Precipitate that one of the Sulphureous
+      Liquors had made, by the copious Affu&#383;ion of the other: Becau&#383;e
+      I found, though this Experiment is too tickli&#383;h to let me give a full
+      account of it in few words, I &#383;hall therefore tell you, that it is
+      not only for once, that the other above-mention'd Experiment may be made,
+      the &#383;ame Numerical parcels of Liquor being &#383;till imploy'd in it;
+      for after I have Clarify'd the Orange Colour'd Liquor, by the addition of
+      as little of the Oyl of Viriol as will &#383;uffice to perform the effect,
+      I can again at plea&#383;ure re-produce the Opacous Colour, by the
+      dropping in of fre&#383;h Oyl of Tartar, and de&#383;troy it again by the
+      Re-affu&#383;ion of more of the Acid <i>Men&#383;truum</i>; and yet oftner
+      if I plea&#383;e, can I with the&#383;e two contrariant Liquors recall and
+      di&#383;per&#383;e the Colour, though by rea&#383;on of the addition of
+      &#383;o much new Liquor, in reference to the Mercurial particles, the
+      Colour will at length appear more dilute and faint.
+       <!--  Page 311 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_311"
+      id="LPage_311"></a>[pg 311]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>An improvement of the fortieth Experiment</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, to confirm yet further the Notions that led me to
+      think on the propos'd Experiment, I &#383;hall acquaint you with another,
+      which when I had conveniency I have &#383;ometimes added to it, and which
+      has to the Spectators appear'd little le&#383;s Odd than the fir&#383;t;
+      And though becau&#383;e the Liquor, requi&#383;ite to make the Trial
+      &#383;ucceed well, mu&#383;t be on purpo&#383;e prepar'd anew a while
+      before, becau&#383;e it will not long retain its fitne&#383;s for this
+      work, I do but &#383;eldome annex this Experiment to the other, yet I
+      &#383;hall tell you how I devis'd it, and how I make it. If you boyl Crude
+      Antimony in a &#383;trong and clear <i>Lixivium</i>, you &#383;hall &#383;eparate
+      a Sub&#383;tance from it, which &#383;ome Modern <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i> are
+      pleas'd to call its Sulphur, but how de&#383;ervedly I &#383;hall not here
+      examine, having el&#383;ewhere done it in an Opportune place; wherefore I
+      &#383;hall now but need to take notice, that when this &#383;uppos'd
+      Sulphur (not now to call it rather a kind of <i>Crocus</i>) is let fall by
+      the Liquor upon its Refrigeration, it often &#383;ettles in Flakes, or
+      &#383;uch like parcels of a Yellow Sub&#383;tance, (which being by the
+      precedent
+       <!--  Page 312 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_312"
+      id="LPage_312"></a>[pg 312]</span> di&#383;&#383;olution reduc'd into
+      Minute parts, may peradventure be made to take Fire much more ea&#383;ily
+      than the Gro&#383;&#383;er Powder of unprepar'd Antimony would have done.)
+      Con&#383;idering therefore, that common Sulphur boyl'd in a <i>Lixivium</i>
+      may be Precipitated out of it by Rheni&#383;h-wine or White-wine, which
+      are Sowri&#383;h Liquors, and have in them, as I el&#383;ewhere &#383;hew,
+      an Acid Salt; and having found al&#383;o by Trial, that with other Acid
+      Liquors I could Precipitate out of Lixiviate Solvents &#383;ome other
+      Mineral concretions abounding with Sulphureous parts, of which &#383;ort
+      is crude Antimony, I concluded it to be ea&#383;ie to Precipitate the
+      Antimony di&#383;&#383;olv'd, as was lately mention'd, with the Acid Oyl
+      of Vitriol; and though common Sulphur yields a White Precipitate, which
+      the <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i> call <i>Lac Sulphuris</i>, yet I &#383;uppos'd
+      the Precipitated Antimony would be of a deep Yellow Colour, as well, if
+      made with Oyl of Vitriol, as if made only by Refrigeration and length of
+      Time. From this 'twas ea&#383;ie to deduce this Experiment, that if you
+      put into one Gla&#383;s &#383;ome of the fre&#383;hly Impregnated and
+      Filtrated Solution of Antimony, and into another &#383;ome of the
+      Orange-Colour'd Mixture, (which I formerly &#383;hew'd you how to make
+      with a
+       <!--  Page 313 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_313"
+      id="LPage_313"></a>[pg 313]</span> Mercurial Solution and Oyl of Tartar) a
+      few drops of Oyl of Vitriol dropp'd into the la&#383;t mention'd Gla&#383;s,
+      would, as I told you before, turn the Deep Yellow mixture into a Cleer
+      Liquor; whereas a little of the &#383;ame Oyl dropp'd out of the &#383;ame
+      Viol into the other Gla&#383;s would pre&#383;ently (but not without
+      &#383;ome ill &#383;ent) turn the moderately cleer Solution into a Deep
+      Yellow Sub&#383;tance, But this, as I Said, &#383;ucceeds not well, unle&#383;s
+      you employ a <i>Lixivium</i> that has but newly di&#383;&#383;olv'd
+      Antimony, and has not yet let it fall. But yet in Summer time, if your <i>Lixivium</i>
+      have been duly Impregnated and well Filtred after it is quite cold, it
+      will for &#383;ome dayes (perhaps much longer than I had occa&#383;ion to
+      try) retain Antimony enough to exhibit, upon the Affu&#383;ion of the
+      Corro&#383;ive Oyl, as much of a good Yellow Sub&#383;tance as is nece&#383;&#383;ary
+      to &#383;atisfie the Beholders of the Po&#383;&#383;ibility of the
+      Experiment.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Reflections upon the XL. Experiment Compared with the X. and XX.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Knowledge of the Di&#383;tinction of Salts which we have propos'd,
+      whereby they are di&#383;criminated into <i>Acid, Volatile,</i>
+       <!--  Page 314 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_314"
+      id="LPage_314"></a>[pg 314]</span> or <i>Salfuginous</i> (if I may for Di&#383;tinction
+      &#383;ake &#383;o call the Fugitive Salts of Animal Sub&#383;tances) and
+      <i>fix'd</i> or <i>Alcalizate</i>, may po&#383;&#383;ibly (by that little
+      part which we have already deliver'd, of what we could &#383;ay of its
+      Applicablene&#383;s) appear of &#383;o much U&#383;e in Natural Philo&#383;ophy
+      (e&#383;pecially in the Practick part of it) that I doubt not but it will
+      be no Unwelcome Corollary of the Preceding Experiment, if by the help of
+      it I teach you to di&#383;tingui&#383;h, which of tho&#383;e Salts is
+      Predominant in Chymical Liquors, as well as whether any of them be &#383;o
+      or not. For though in our Notes upon the X. and XX. Experiments I have
+      &#383;hown you a way by means of the Tincture of <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>,
+      or of Syrrup of Violets, to di&#383;cover whether a propounded Salt be
+      Acid or not, yet you can thereby only find in general that &#383;uch and
+      &#383;uch Salts belong not to the Tribe of Acids, but cannot determine
+      whether they belong to the Tribe of Urinous Salts (under which for di&#383;tinction
+      &#383;ake I comprehend all tho&#383;e Volatile Salts of Animal or other
+      Sub&#383;tances that are contrary to Acids) or to that of Alcalies. For as
+      well the one as the other of the&#383;e Salino-Sulphurous Salts will re&#383;tore
+      the Cæruleous Colour to the Tincture of <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>, and
+      turn that of Syrrup of Violets
+       <!--  Page 315 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_315"
+      id="LPage_315"></a>[pg 315]</span> into Green. Wherefore this XL.
+      Experiment does opportunely &#383;upply the deficiency of tho&#383;e. For
+      being &#383;ollicitous to find out &#383;ome ready wayes of di&#383;criminating
+      the Tribes of Chymical Salts, I found that all tho&#383;e I thought fit to
+      make Tryal of, would, if they were of a Lixiviate Nature, make with
+      Sublimate di&#383;&#383;olv'd in Fair Water an <i>Orange Tawny</i>
+      Precipitate; whereas if they were of an Urinous Nature the Precipitate
+      would be <i>White</i> and Milky. So that having alwayes by me &#383;ome
+      Syrrup of Violets and &#383;ome Solution of Sublimate, I can by the help
+      of the fir&#383;t of tho&#383;e Liquors di&#383;cover in a trice, whether
+      the propounded Salt or Saline Body be of an Acid Nature or no, if it be I
+      need (you know) inquire no further; but if it be not, I can very ea&#383;ily,
+      and as readily di&#383;tingui&#383;h between the other two kinds of Salts,
+      by the White or Orange-Colour that is immediately produc'd, by letting
+      fall a few Drops or Grains of the Salt to be examin'd, into a &#383;poonfull
+      of the cleer Solution of Sublimate. For Example, it has been &#383;uppos'd
+      by &#383;ome eminently Learned, That when Sal Armoniack being mingled with
+      an Alcaly is forc'd from it by the Fire in clo&#383;e Ve&#383;&#383;els,
+      the Volatile Salt that will thereby be obtain'd (if the Operation be
+      skilfully perform'd,)
+       <!--  Page 316 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_316"
+      id="LPage_316"></a>[pg 316]</span> is but a more fine and &#383;ubtile
+      &#383;ort of Sal Armoniack, which, 'tis pre&#383;um'd, this Operation do's
+      but more exqui&#383;itely purifie, than common Solutions, Filtrations, and
+      Coagulations. But this Opinion may be ea&#383;ily &#383;hown to be
+      Erroneous, as by other Arguments, &#383;o particularly by the lately
+      deliver'd Method of di&#383;tingui&#383;hing the Tribes of Salts. For the
+      Saline Spirit of Sal Armoniack, as it is in many other manife&#383;t
+      Qualities very like the Spirit of Urine, &#383;o like, that it will in a
+      trice make Syrrup of Violets of a Lovely Green, turn a Solution of good
+      Verdigrea&#383;e into an Excellent Azure, and make the Solution of a
+      Sublimate yield a White Precipitate, in&#383;omuch that in mo&#383;t (for
+      I &#383;ay not all of the Experiments) where I Aim onely at producing a
+      &#383;udden change of Colour, I &#383;cruple not to u&#383;e Spirit of Sal
+      Armoniack when it is at hand, in&#383;tead of Spirit of Urine, as indeed
+      it &#383;eems chiefly to con&#383;i&#383;t (be&#383;ides the flegm that
+      helps to make it fluid) of the Volatile Urinous Salt (yet not excluding
+      that of Soot) that abounds in the Sal Armoniack and is &#383;et at liberty
+      from the Sea Salt wherewith it was formerly a&#383;&#383;ociated, and
+      clogg'd, by the Operation of the Alcaly, that divides the Ingredients of
+      Sal Armoniack, and retains that Sea Salt with it &#383;elf. What u&#383;e
+      may be
+       <!--  Page 317 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_317"
+      id="LPage_317"></a>[pg 317]</span> made of the like way of exploration in
+      that inquiry which puzzles &#383;o many Modern Naturali&#383;ts, whether
+      the Rich Pigment (which we have often had occa&#383;ion to mention)
+      belongs to the Vegetable or Animal Kingdome, you may find in another place
+      where I give you &#383;ome account of what I try'd about Cocheneel. But I
+      think it needle&#383;s to exemplifie here our Method by any other In&#383;tances,
+      many &#383;uch being to be met with in divers parts of this Treati&#383;e;
+      but I will rather adverti&#383;e you, that, by this way of examining
+      Chymical Liquors, you may not onely in mo&#383;t Ca&#383;es conclude <i>Affirmatively</i>,
+      but in &#383;ome Ca&#383;es <i>Negatively</i>. As &#383;ince Spirit of
+      Wine, and as far as I have try'd, tho&#383;e Chymical Oyles which Arti&#383;ts
+      call E&#383;&#383;ential, did not (when I us'd them as I had us'd the
+      &#383;everal Families of Salts upon that Syrrup) turn Syrrup of Violets
+      Red or Green, nor the Solution of Sublimate White or Yellow, I inferr'd it
+      may thence be probably argued, that either they are de&#383;titute of
+      Salt, or have &#383;uch as belongs not to either of the three Grand
+      families already often mention'd. When I went to examine the Spirit of Oak
+      or of &#383;uch like Concretes forced over through a Retort, I found by
+      this means among&#383;t others, that (as I el&#383;ewhere &#383;how) the&#383;e
+      Chymi&#383;ts are
+       <!--  Page 318 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_318"
+      id="LPage_318"></a>[pg 318]</span> much mi&#383;taken in it, that account
+      it a &#383;imple Liquor, and one of their Hypo&#383;tatical Principles:
+      for not to mention what flegm it may have, I found that with a few drops
+      of one of this &#383;ort of Spirits mix'd with a good proportion of Syrrup
+      of Violets, I could change the Colour and make it Purpli&#383;h, by the
+      affinity of which Colour to Redne&#383;s, I conjectur'd that this Spirit
+      had &#383;ome Acid Corpu&#383;cles in it, and accordingly I found that as
+      it would de&#383;troy the Blewne&#383;s of a Tincture of <i>Lignum
+      Nephriticum</i>, &#383;o being put upon Corals it would Corrode them, as
+      common Spirit of Vinegar, and other Acid Liquors are wont to do. And
+      farther to examine whether there were not a great part of the Liquor that
+      was not of an Acid nature, having &#383;eparated the Sour or Vinegar-like
+      part from the re&#383;t, which (if I mi&#383;take not) is far the more
+      Copious, we concluded as we had conjectured, the other or remaining part,
+      though it had a &#383;trong ta&#383;te as well as &#383;mell, to be of a
+      nature differing from that of either of the three &#383;orts of Salts
+      above mention'd, &#383;ince it did as little as Spirit of Wine, and
+      Chymical Oyls, alter the Colour either of Syrrup of Violets or Solution of
+      Sublimate, whence we al&#383;o inferr'd that the change that had been made
+      of that Syrrup into a Purple Colour, was
+       <!--  Page 319 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_319"
+      id="LPage_319"></a>[pg 319]</span> effected by the Vinegar, that was one
+      of the two Ingredients of the Liquor, which was wont to pa&#383;s for a
+      Simple or Uncompounded Spirit. And, upon this account, 'twas of the Spirit
+      of Oak (and the like Concretes) freed from it's Vinegar that I el&#383;ewhere
+      told you, that I had not then ob&#383;erv'd it, (and I have repeated the
+      Tryal but very lately) to de&#383;troy the Cæruleous Tincture of <i>Lignum
+      Nephriticum</i>. But this onely, <i>en pa&#383;sant</i>; for the Chief
+      thing I had to add was this, That by the &#383;ame way may be examin'd and
+      di&#383;cover'd, divers changes that are produc'd in Bodies either by
+      Nature only, or by Art; either of them being able by changing the Texture
+      of &#383;ome Concretes I could name, to qualifie them to Operate after a
+      New manner upon the above mention'd Syrrup, or Solution, or both. And by
+      this means, to tell you that upon the by, I have been able to di&#383;cover,
+      that there may be made Bodies, which though they run <i>per Deliquium</i>,
+      as readily as Salt of Tartar, belong in other re&#383;pects, not to the
+      family of Alcaliz, much le&#383;s to that of Salfuginous, or that of Acid
+      Salts. Perhaps too, I may know a way of making a highly operative Saline
+      Body that &#383;hall neither change the Colour of Syrrup of Violets, nor
+      Precipitate the Solution of Sublimate; And, I can
+       <!--  Page 320 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_320"
+      id="LPage_320"></a>[pg 320]</span> likewi&#383;e if I plea&#383;e conceal
+      by what Liquors I perform &#383;uch changes of Colour, as I have been
+      mentioning to you, by quite altering the Texture of &#383;ome ordinary
+      Chymical productions, the Exploration of which is the main u&#383;e of the
+      fortieth Experiment, which I think teaches not a little, if it teach us to
+      di&#383;cover the nature of tho&#383;e things (in reference to Salt) that
+      are obtain'd by the ordinary Chymical Analy&#383;is of mix'd Bodyes,
+      though perhaps there may be other Bodyes prepar'd by Chymi&#383;try which
+      may have the &#383;ame Effects in the change of Colours; and yet be
+      produc'd not from what Chymi&#383;ts call the Re&#383;olution of Bodies,
+      but from their Compo&#383;ition. But the di&#383;cour&#383;ing of things
+      of this nature is more proper for another place. I &#383;hall now onely
+      add, what might perhaps have been more &#383;ea&#383;onably told you
+      before; That the Rea&#383;on why the way of Exploration of Salts hitherto
+      deliver'd, &#383;ucceeds in the Solution of Sublimate, depends upon the
+      particular Texture of that Solution, as well as upon the differing Natures
+      of the Saline Liquors imploy'd to Precipitate it. For Gold di&#383;&#383;olv'd
+      in <i>Aqua Regia</i>, whether you Precipitate it with Oyl of Tartar which
+      is an Alcaly, or with Spirit of Urine
+       <!--  Erratum: for Urne --> , or Sal Armoniack which belongs to the
+      family of
+       <!--  Page 321 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_321"
+      id="LPage_321"></a>[pg 321]</span> Volatile Salts, will either way afford
+      a Yellow &#383;ub&#383;tance: though with &#383;uch an Acid Liquor, as, I
+      &#383;ay not Spirit of Salt, the Body that yields it, being upon the
+      matter an Ingredient of <i>Aqua Regis</i>, but Oyl of Vitriol it &#383;elf,
+      I did not find that I could Precipitate the Metall out of the Solution, or
+      de&#383;troy the Colour of it, though the &#383;ame Oyl of Vitriol would
+      readily Precipitate Silver di&#383;&#383;olv'd in <i>Aqua-fortis</i>. And
+      if you di&#383;&#383;olve pure Silver in <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, and &#383;uffer
+      it to &#383;hoot into Cry&#383;tals, the cleer Solution of the&#383;e made
+      in fair Water, will afford a very White Precipitate, whether it be made
+      with an Alcaly, or an Acid Spirit, as that of Salt, whereas, which may
+      &#383;eem &#383;omewhat &#383;trange, with Spirit of Sal Armoniack (that I
+      us'd was made of Quicklime) I could obtain no &#383;uch White Precipitate;
+      that Volatile Spirit, nor (as I remember) that of Urine, &#383;carce doing
+      any more than &#383;triking down a very &#383;mall quantity of Matter,
+      which was neither White nor Whiti&#383;h, &#383;o that the remaining
+      Liquor being &#383;uffer'd to evaporate till the &#383;uperfluous Moi&#383;ture
+      was gone, the greate&#383;t part of the Metalline Corpu&#383;cles with the
+      Saline ones that had imbib'd them, concoagulated into Salt, as is u&#383;ual
+      in &#383;uch Solutions, wherein the Metall has not been Precipitated.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 322 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_322" id="LPage_322"></a>[pg 322]</span>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XLI.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Of Kin to the la&#383;t or fortieth Experiment is another which I remember
+      I have &#383;ometimes &#383;hewn to <i>Virtuo&#383;i</i> that were pleas'd
+      not to di&#383;like it. I took Spirit of Urine made by Fermentation, and
+      with a due proportion of Copper brought into &#383;mall parts, I obtain'd
+      a very lovely Azure Solution, and when I &#383;aw the Colour was &#383;uch
+      as was requi&#383;ite, pouring into a clean Gla&#383;s, about a &#383;poonfull
+      of this tincted Liquor, (of which I us'd to keep a Quantity by me,) I
+      could by &#383;haking into it &#383;ome drops of Strong Oyl of Vitriol,
+      deprive it in a trice of its Deep Colour, and make it look like
+      Common-water.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This Experiment brings into my mind this other, which oftentimes &#383;uccceds
+      well enough, though not quite &#383;o well as the former; Namely, that if
+      into about a &#383;mall &#383;poonfull of a Solution of good French
+      Verdigrea&#383;e made in fair Water, I drop't and &#383;hak'd &#383;ome
+      &#383;trong Spirit of Salt, or rather deflegm'd <i>Aqua Fortis</i>, the
+      Greenne&#383;s of the Solution would be made in a trice almo&#383;t
+       <!--  Page 323 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_323"
+      id="LPage_323"></a>[pg 323]</span> totally to di&#383;appear, &amp; the
+      Liquor held again&#383;t the Light would &#383;carce &#383;eeme other than
+      Cleer or Limpid, to any but an Attentive Eye, which is therefore
+      remarkable; becau&#383;e we know that <i>Aqua-fortis</i> corroding Copper,
+      which is it that gives the Colour to Verdigrea&#383;e, is wont to reduce
+      it to a Green Blew Solution. But if into the other altogether or almo&#383;t
+      Colourle&#383;s Liquor I was &#383;peaking of, you drop a ju&#383;t
+      quantity either of Oyl of Tartar or Spirit of Urine, you &#383;hall find
+      that after the Ebullition is ceas'd, the mixture will di&#383;clo&#383;e a
+      lively Colour, though &#383;omewhat differing from that which the Solution
+      of Verdigrea&#383;e had at fir&#383;t.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XLII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      That the Colour (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) of a Body may be chang'd by a Liquor
+      which of it &#383;elf is of no Colour, provided it be Saline, we have
+      already manife&#383;ted by a multitude of in&#383;tances. Nor doth it
+      &#383;eem &#383;o &#383;trange, becau&#383;e Saline Particles &#383;wimming
+      up and down in Liquors, have been by many ob&#383;erv'd to be very
+      operative in the Production and change of Colours. But divers of our
+      Friends that are not acquainted with Chymical Operations have thought it
+      very &#383;trange that a White Body, and a Dry one
+       <!--  Page 324 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_324"
+      id="LPage_324"></a>[pg 324]</span> too, &#383;hould immediately acquire a
+      rich new Colour upon the bare affu&#383;ion of Spring-Water de&#383;titute
+      as well of adventitious Salt as of Tincture. And yet (<i>Pyrophilus</i>)
+      the way of producing &#383;uch a change of Colours may be ea&#383;ily
+      enough lighted on by tho&#383;e that are conver&#383;ant in the Solutions
+      of Mercury. For we have try'd, that though by Evaporating a Solution of
+      Quick-Silver in <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, and ab&#383;tracting the Liquor till
+      the remaining matter began to be well, but not too &#383;trongly dryed,
+      fair Water pour'd on the remaining <i>Calx</i> made it but &#383;omewhat
+      Yellowi&#383;h; yet when we took good Quick-Silver, and three or four
+      times its weight of Oyl of Vitriol, in ca&#383;e we in a Gla&#383;s Retort
+      plac'd in Sand drew off the Saline <i>Men&#383;truum</i> from the
+      Metalline Liquor, till there remain'd a dry <i>Calx</i> at the bottome,
+      though this Precipitate were a Snow White Body, yet upon pouring on it a
+      large quantity of fair Water, we did almo&#383;t in a moment perceive it
+      to pa&#383;s from a Milky Colour to one of the lovelie&#383;t Light
+      Yellows that ever we had beheld. Nor is the Turbith Mineral, that Chymi&#383;ts
+      extol for its power to Salivate, and for other vertues, of a Colour much
+      inferiour to this, though it be often made with a differing proportion of
+      the Ingredients,
+       <!--  Page 325 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_325"
+      id="LPage_325"></a>[pg 325]</span> a more trouble&#383;ome way. For <i>Beguinus</i>,<a
+      name="LNtA_22" id="LNtA_22_"></a><a href="#LNt_22"><sup>22</sup></a> who
+      calls it <i>Mercurius præcipitatus optimus</i>, takes to one part of
+      Quick-Silver, but two of Liquor, and that is Rectifi'd Oyl of Sulphur,
+      which is (in <i>England</i> at lea&#383;t) far more &#383;carce and dear
+      than Oyl of Vitriol; he al&#383;o requires a previous Dige&#383;tion, two
+      or three Cohobations, and frequent Ablutions with hot Di&#383;till'd
+      Water, with other pre&#383;criptions, which though they may conduce to the
+      Goodne&#383;s of the Medicine, which is that he aims at, are trouble&#383;ome,
+      and, our Tryals have inform'd you unnecce&#383;&#383;ary to the <i>obtaining
+      the Lemmon Colour</i> which he regards not. But though we have very rarely
+      &#383;een either in Painters Shops, or el&#383;ewhere a finer Yellow than
+      that which we have divers times this way produc'd (which is the more con&#383;iderable,
+      becau&#383;e durable and plea&#383;ant Yellows are very hard to be met
+      with, as may appear by the great u&#383;e which Painters are for its
+      Colours &#383;ake fain to make of that pernicious and heavy Mineral,
+      Orpiment) yet I fear our Yellow is too co&#383;tly, to be like to be
+      imploy'd by Painters, unle&#383;s about Choice pieces of Work, nor do I
+      know how well it will agree with every Pigment, e&#383;pecially, wich
+      Oyl'd Colours. And whether this
+       <!--  Page 326 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_326"
+      id="LPage_326"></a>[pg 326]</span> Experiment, though it have &#383;eem'd
+      &#383;omewhat &#383;trange to mo&#383;t we have &#383;hown it to, be
+      really of another Nature than tho&#383;e wherein Saline Liquors are
+      imploy'd, may, as we formerly al&#383;o hinted, be &#383;o plau&#383;ibly
+      doubted, that whether the Water pour'd on the <i>Calx</i>, do barely by
+      imbibing &#383;ome of its Saline parts alter its Colour by altering its
+      Texture, or whether by di&#383;&#383;olving the Concoagulated Salts, it
+      does become a Saline <i>Men&#383;truum</i>, and, as &#383;uch, work upon
+      the Mercury, I freely leave to you (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) to con&#383;ider.
+      And that I may give you &#383;ome A&#383;&#383;i&#383;tance in your
+      Enquiry, I will not only tell you, that I have &#383;everal times with
+      fair Water wa&#383;h'd from this <i>Calx</i>, good &#383;tore of &#383;trongly
+      ta&#383;ted Corpu&#383;cles, which by the ab&#383;traction of the <i>Men&#383;truum</i>,
+      I could reduce into Salt; but I will al&#383;o &#383;ubjoyn an Experiment,
+      which I devis'd, to &#383;hew among other things, how much a real and
+      permanent Colour may be as it were drawn forth by a Liquor that has
+      neither Colour, nor &#383;o much as Saline or other Active parts, provided
+      it can but bring the parts of the Body it imbibes to convene into clu&#383;ters
+      di&#383;pos'd after the manner requi&#383;ite to the exhibiting of the
+      emergent Colour. The Experiment was this.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 327 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_327" id="LPage_327"></a>[pg 327]</span>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XLIII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      We took good common Vitriol, and having beaten it to Powder, and put it
+      into a Crucible, we kept it melted in a gentle heat, till by the
+      Evaporation of &#383;ome parts, and the &#383;huffling of the re&#383;t,
+      it had quite lo&#383;t its former Colour, what remain'd we took out, and
+      found it to be a friable <i>Calx</i>, of a dirty Gray. On this we pour'd
+      fair Water, which it did not Colour Green or Blew, but only &#383;eem'd to
+      make a muddy mixture with it, then &#383;topping the Vial wherein the
+      Ingredients were put, we let it &#383;tand in a quiet place for &#383;ome
+      dayes, and after many hours the water having di&#383;&#383;olv'd a good
+      part of the imperfectly calcin'd Body, the Vitriolate Corpu&#383;cles
+      &#383;wiming to and fro in the Liquor, had time by their opportune Occur&#383;ions
+      to con&#383;titute many little Ma&#383;&#383;es of Vitriol, which gave the
+      water they impregnated a fair Vitriolate Colour; and this Liquor being
+      pour'd off, the remaining dirty Powder did in proce&#383;s of time
+      communicate the like Colour, but not &#383;o deep, to a &#383;econd parcel
+      of cleer Water that we pour'd on it. But this Experiment <i>Pyrophilus</i>
+      is, (to give you that hint by the way) of too Luciferous a Nature to be
+      fit to be
+       <!--  Page 328 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_328"
+      id="LPage_328"></a>[pg 328]</span> fully pro&#383;ecuted, now that I am in
+      ha&#383;te, and willing to di&#383;patch what remains. And we have already
+      &#383;aid of it, as much as is requi&#383;ite to our pre&#383;ent purpo&#383;e.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XLIV.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      It may (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) &#383;omewhat contribute towards the &#383;hewing
+      how much &#383;ome Colours depend upon the le&#383;s or greater mixture,
+      and (as it were,) Contemperation of the Light with &#383;hades, to ob&#383;erve,
+      how that &#383;ometimes the number of Particles, of the &#383;ame Colour,
+      receiv'd into the Pores of a Liquor, or &#383;wiming up and down in it, do
+      &#383;eem much to vary the Colour of it. I could here pre&#383;ent you
+      with particular in&#383;tances to &#383;how, how in many (if not mo&#383;t)
+      con&#383;i&#383;tent Bodyes, if the Colour be not a Light one, as White,
+      Yellow, or the like, the clo&#383;ene&#383;s of parts in the Pigments
+      makes it look Blacki&#383;h, though when it is di&#383;play'd and laid on
+      thinly, it will perhaps appear to be either Blew, or Green, or Red. But
+      the Colours of con&#383;i&#383;tent Pigments, not being tho&#383;e which
+      the Preamble of this Experiment has lead you to expect Examples in, I
+      &#383;hall take the in&#383;tances I am now to give you, rather from
+      Liquors than Dry Bodyes. If then you put a little fair Water into a
+       <!--  Page 329 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_329"
+      id="LPage_329"></a>[pg 329]</span> cleer and &#383;lender Vial, (or rather
+      into one of tho&#383;e pipes of Gla&#383;s, which we &#383;hall by and by
+      mention;) and let fall into it a few drops of a &#383;trong Decoction or
+      Infu&#383;ion of <i>Cochineel</i>, or (for want of that) of <i>Brazil</i>;
+      you may &#383;ee the tincted drops de&#383;cend like little Clouds into
+      the Liquor; through which, if, by &#383;haking the Vial, you diffu&#383;e
+      them, they will turn the water either of a Pinck Colour, or like that
+      which is wont to be made by the wa&#383;hing of raw fle&#383;h in fair
+      Water; by dropping a little more of the Decoction, you may heighten the
+      Colour into a fine Red, almo&#383;t like that which ennobles Rubies; by
+      continuing the affu&#383;ion, you may bring the Liquor to a kind of a Crim&#383;on,
+      and afterwards to a Dark and Opacous Redne&#383;s, &#383;omewhat like that
+      of Clotted Blood. And in the pa&#383;&#383;age of the Liquor from one of
+      the&#383;e Colours to the other, you may ob&#383;erve, if you con&#383;ider
+      it attentively, divers other le&#383;s noted Colours belonging to Red, to
+      which it is not ea&#383;ie to give Names; e&#383;pecially con&#383;idering
+      how much the proportion of the Decoction to the fair Water, and the &#383;trength
+      of that Decoction, together with that of the trajected Light and other
+      Circum&#383;tances, may vary the Phænomena of this Experiment. For the
+      convenienter making whereof, we u&#383;e
+       <!--  Page 330 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_330"
+      id="LPage_330"></a>[pg 330]</span> in&#383;tead of a Vial, any &#383;lender
+      Pipe of Gla&#383;s of about a foot or more in length, and about the
+      thickne&#383;s of a mans little finger; For, if leaving one end of this
+      Pipe open, you Seal up the other Hermetically, (or at lea&#383;t &#383;top
+      it exqui&#383;itely with a Cork well fitted to it, and over-laid with hard
+      Sealing Wax melted, and rubb'd upon it;) you &#383;hall have a Gla&#383;s,
+      wherein may be ob&#383;erv'd the Variations of the Colours of Liquors much
+      better than in large Vials, and wherein Experiments of this Nature may be
+      well made with very &#383;mall quantities of Liquor. And if you plea&#383;e,
+      you may in this Pipe produce variety of Colours in the various parts of
+      the Liquor, and keep them &#383;wimming upon one another unmix'd for a
+      good while. And &#383;ome have marveil'd to &#383;ee, what variety of
+      Colours we have &#383;ometimes (but I confe&#383;s rather by chance than
+      skill) produc'd in tho&#383;e Gla&#383;&#383;es, by the bare infu&#383;ion
+      of Brazil, variou&#383;ly diluted with fair Water, and alter'd by the Infu&#383;ion
+      of &#383;everal Chymical Spirits and other Saline Liquors devoid them&#383;elves
+      of Colour, and when the whole Liquor is reduc'd to an Uniform degree of
+      Colour, I have taken plea&#383;ure to make that very Liquor &#383;eem to
+      be of Colours gradually differing, by filling with it Gla&#383;&#383;es of
+      a Conical figure, (whether the Gla&#383;s have
+       <!--  Page 331 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_331"
+      id="LPage_331"></a>[pg 331]</span> its ba&#383;is in the ordinary po&#383;ition,
+      or turn'd upwards.) And yet you need not Gla&#383;&#383;es of an
+      extraordinary &#383;hape to &#383;ee an in&#383;tance of what the vari'd
+      mixture of Light and Shadow can do in the diver&#383;ifying of the Colour.
+      For if you take but a large round Vial, with a &#383;omewhat long and
+      &#383;lender Neck, and filling it with our Red Infu&#383;ion of Brazil,
+      hold it again&#383;t the Light, you will di&#383;cern a notable Di&#383;parity
+      betwixt the Colour of that part of the Liquor which is in the Body of the
+      Vial, and that which is more pervious to the Light in the Neck. Nay, I
+      remember, that I once had a Gla&#383;s and a Blew Liquor (con&#383;i&#383;ting
+      chiefly (or only, if my memory deceive me not,) of a certain Solution of
+      Verdigrea&#383;e) &#383;o fitted for my purpo&#383;e, that though in other
+      Gla&#383;&#383;es the Experiment would not &#383;ucceed, yet when that
+      particular Gla&#383;s was fill'd with that Solution, in the Body of the
+      Vial it appear'd of a Lovely Blew, and in the neck, (where the Light did
+      more dilute the Colour,) of a manife&#383;t Green; and though I &#383;u&#383;pected
+      there might be &#383;ome latent Yellowne&#383;s in the &#383;ub&#383;tance
+      of the neck of the Gla&#383;s, which might with the Blew compo&#383;e that
+      Green, yet was I not &#383;atisfi'd my &#383;elf with my Conjecture, but
+      the thing &#383;eem'd odd to me, as well as to divers curious
+       <!--  Page 332 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_332"
+      id="LPage_332"></a>[pg 332]</span> per&#383;ons to whom it was &#383;hown.
+      And I lately had a Broad piece of Gla&#383;s, which being look'd on again&#383;t
+      the Light &#383;eem'd clear enough, and held from the Light appear'd very
+      lightly di&#383;colour'd, and yet it was a piece knock'd off from a great
+      lump of Gla&#383;s, to which if we rejoyn'd it, where it had been broken
+      off, the whole Ma&#383;s was as green as Gra&#383;s. And I have &#383;everal
+      times us'd Bottles and &#383;topples that were both made (as tho&#383;e, I
+      had them from a&#383;&#383;ur'd me) of the very &#383;ame Metall, and yet
+      whil&#383;t the bottle appear'd but inclining towards a Green, the Stopple
+      (by rea&#383;on of its great thickne&#383;s) was of &#383;o deep a Colour
+      that you would hardly believe they could po&#383;&#383;ibly be made of the
+      &#383;ame materials. But to &#383;atisfie &#383;ome Ingenious Men, on
+      another occa&#383;ion, I provided my &#383;elf of a flat Gla&#383;s (which
+      I yet have by me,) with which if I look again&#383;t the Light with the
+      Broad &#383;ide obverted to the Eye, it appeares like a good ordinary
+      window Gla&#383;s; but if I turn the Edge of it to my Eye, and place my
+      Eye in a convenient po&#383;ture in reference to the Light, it may contend
+      for deepne&#383;s of Colour with an Emerald. And this Greene&#383;s puts
+      me in mind of a certain thicki&#383;h, but not con&#383;i&#383;tent
+      Pigment I have &#383;ometimes made, and can &#383;how you when you plea&#383;e,
+       <!--  Page 333 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_333"
+      id="LPage_333"></a>[pg 333]</span> which being dropp'd on a piece of White
+      Paper appears, where any quantity of it is fallen, of a &#383;omewhat Crim&#383;on
+      Colour, but being with ones finger &#383;pread thinly on the Paper does
+      pre&#383;ently exhibit a fair Green, which &#383;eems to proceed only from
+      its di&#383;clo&#383;ing its Colour upon the Extenuation of its Depth into
+      Superficies, if the change be not &#383;omewhat help'd by the Colours
+      degenerating upon one or other of the Accounts formerly mention'd. Let me
+      add, that having made divers Tryals with that Blew &#383;ub&#383;tance,
+      which in Painters &#383;hops is call'd <i>Litma&#383;e</i>, we have &#383;ometimes
+      taken Plea&#383;ure to ob&#383;erve, that being di&#383;&#383;olv'd in a
+      due proportion of fair Water, the Solution either oppos'd to the Light, or
+      dropp'd upon White paper, did appear of a deep Colour betwixt Crim&#383;on
+      and Purple; and yet that being &#383;pread very thin on the Paper and
+      &#383;uffer'd to dry on there, the Paper was wont to appear Stain'd of a
+      Fine Blew. And to &#383;atisfie my &#383;elfe, that the diver&#383;ity
+      came not from the Paper, which one might &#383;u&#383;pect capable of
+      inbibing the Liquor, and altering the Colour, I made the Tryal upon a flat
+      piece of purely White Gla&#383;s'd Earth, (which I &#383;ometimes make u&#383;e
+      of about Experiments of Colours) with an Event not unlike the former.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 334 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_334" id="LPage_334"></a>[pg 334]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And now I &#383;peak of <i>Litma&#383;s</i>, I will add, that having this
+      very day taken a piece of it, that I had kept by me the&#383;e &#383;everal
+      years, to make Tryals about Colours, and having let fall a few drops of
+      the &#383;trong Infu&#383;ion of it in fair water, into a fine Cry&#383;tal
+      Gla&#383;s, &#383;hap'd like an inverted Cone, and almo&#383;t full of
+      fair Water, I had now (as formerly) the plea&#383;ure to &#383;ee, and to
+      &#383;how others, how the&#383;e few tincted drops variou&#383;ly di&#383;per&#383;ing
+      them&#383;elves through the Limpid Water, exhibited divers Colours, or
+      varieties of Purple and Crim&#383;on. And when the Corpu&#383;cles of the
+      Pigment &#383;eem'd to have equally diffus'd them&#383;elves through the
+      whole Liquor, I then by putting two or three drops of Spirit of Salt, fir&#383;t
+      made an odd change in the Colour of the Liquor, as well as a vi&#383;ible
+      commotion among its &#383;mall parts, and in a &#383;hort time chang'd it
+      wholly into a very Glorious Yellow, like that of a Topaz. After which if I
+      let fall a few drops of the &#383;trong and heavy Solution of Pot-a&#383;hes,
+      who&#383;e weight would quickly carry it to the &#383;harp bottome of the
+      Gla&#383;s, there would &#383;oon appear four very plea&#383;ant and di&#383;tinct
+      Colours; Namely, a Bright, but Dilute Colour at the picked bottome of the
+      Gla&#383;s; a Purple, a little higher; a deep and glorious Crim&#383;on,
+      (which Crim&#383;on
+       <!--  Page 335 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_335"
+      id="LPage_335"></a>[pg 335]</span> &#383;eem'd to terminate the operation
+      of the Salt upward) in the confines betwixt the Purple and the Yellow; and
+      an Excellent Yellow, the &#383;ame that before enobled the whole Liquor,
+      reaching from thence to the top of the Gla&#383;s. And if I pleas'd to
+      pour very gently a little Spirit of Sal Armoniack, upon the upper part of
+      this Yellow, there would al&#383;o be a Purple or a Crim&#383;on, or both,
+      generated there, &#383;o that the unalter'd part of the Yellow Liquor
+      appear'd intercepted betwixt the two Neighbouring Colours.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My &#383;cope in this 3<sup>d</sup>. Experiment (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) is
+      manifold, as fir&#383;t to invite you to be wary in judging of the Colour
+      of Liquors in &#383;uch Gla&#383;&#383;es as are therein recommended to
+      you, and con&#383;equently as much, if not more, when you imploy other Gla&#383;&#383;es.
+      Secondly, That you may not think it &#383;trange, that I often content my
+      &#383;elf to rub upon a piece of White paper, the Juice of Bodies I would
+      examine, &#383;ince not onely I could not ea&#383;ily procure a &#383;ufficient
+      Quantity of the juices of divers of them; but in &#383;everal Ca&#383;es
+      the Tryals of the quantities of &#383;uch Juices in Gla&#383;&#383;es
+      would make us more lyable to mi&#383;takes, than the way that in tho&#383;e
+      ca&#383;es I have made u&#383;e of. Thirdly, I hope you will by the&#383;e
+      and divers other
+       <!--  Page 336 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_336"
+      id="LPage_336"></a>[pg 336]</span> particulars deliver'd in this Treati&#383;e,
+      be ea&#383;ily induc'd to think that I may have &#383;et down many
+      Phænomena very faithfully, and ju&#383;t as they appear'd to me, and yet
+      by rea&#383;on of &#383;ome unheeded circum&#383;tance in the conditions
+      of the matter, and in the degree of Light, or the manner of trying the
+      Experiment, you may find &#383;ome things to vary from the Relations I
+      make of them. La&#383;tly, I de&#383;ign'd to give you an opportunity to
+      free your &#383;elf from the amazement which po&#383;&#383;e&#383;&#383;es
+      mo&#383;t Men, at the Tricks of tho&#383;e Mountebancks that are commonly
+      call'd Water-drinkers. For though not only the vulgar, but ev'n many per&#383;ons
+      that are far above that Rank, have &#383;o much admir'd to &#383;ee, a man
+      after having drunk a great deal of fair water, to &#383;purt it out again
+      in the form of Claret Wine, Sack, and Milk, that they have &#383;u&#383;pected
+      the intervening of Magick, or &#383;ome forbidden means to effect what
+      they conceived above the power of Art; yet having once by chance had occa&#383;ion
+      to oblige a Wanderer that made profe&#383;&#383;ion of that and other
+      Jugling Tricks, I was ea&#383;ily confirm'd by his Ingenious confe&#383;&#383;ion
+      to me, That this &#383;o much Admir'd Art, indeed con&#383;i&#383;ted
+      rather in a few Tricks, than in any great Skill, in altering the Nature
+      and Colours of things. And I am ea&#383;y
+       <!--  Page 337 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_337"
+      id="LPage_337"></a>[pg 337]</span> to be per&#383;waded; that there may be
+      a great deal of Truth in a little Pamphlet Printed divers years ago in
+      Engli&#383;h, wherein the Author undertakes to di&#383;cover, and that (if
+      I mi&#383;take not) by the confe&#383;&#383;ion of &#383;ome of the
+      Complices them&#383;elves, That a famous Water-drinker then much Admir'd
+      in <i>England</i>, perform'd his pretended Tran&#383;mutations of Liquors
+      by the help of two or three incon&#383;iderable preparations and mixtures
+      of not unobvious Liquors, and chiefly of an Infu&#383;ion of Brazil variou&#383;ly
+      diluted and made Pale or Yellowi&#383;h, (and otherwi&#383;e alter'd) with
+      Vinegar, the re&#383;t of their work being perform'd by the &#383;hape of
+      the Gla&#383;&#383;es, by Craft and Legerdemane. And for my part, that
+      which I marvel at in this bu&#383;ine&#383;s, is, the Drinkers being able
+      to take down &#383;o much Water, and &#383;pout it out with that violence;
+      though Cu&#383;tome and a Vomit &#383;ea&#383;onably taken before hand,
+      may in &#383;ome of them much facilitate the work. But as for the changes
+      made in the Liquors, they were but few and &#383;light in compari&#383;on
+      of tho&#383;e, that the being conver&#383;ant in Chymical Experiments, and
+      dextrous in applying them to the Tran&#383;muting of Colours, may ea&#383;ily
+      enough enable a man to make, as ev'n what has been newly deliver'd in
+      this, and the foregoing Experiment; e&#383;pecially if we add
+       <!--  Page 338 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_338"
+      id="LPage_338"></a>[pg 338]</span> to it the things contained in the XX,
+      the XXXIX and the XL. Experiments, may perhaps have already per&#383;waded
+      You.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XLV.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      You may I pre&#383;ume (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) have taken notice, that in this
+      whole Treati&#383;e, I purpo&#383;ely decline (as far as I well can) the
+      mentioning of Elaborate Chymical Experiments, for fear of frighting you by
+      their tediou&#383;ne&#383;s and difficulty; but yet in confirmation of
+      what I have been newly telling you about the po&#383;&#383;ibility of
+      Varying the Colours of Liquors, better than the Water-drinkers are wont to
+      do, I &#383;hall add, that <i>Helmont</i> u&#383;ed to make a preparation
+      of Steel, which a very Ingenious Chymi&#383;t, his Sons Friend, whom you
+      know, &#383;ometimes employes for a &#383;uccedaneum to the Spaw-waters,
+      by Diluting this <i>E&#383;sentia Martis Liquida</i> (as he calls it) with
+      a due proportion of Water. Now that for which I mention to you this
+      preparation, (which as he communicated to me, I know he will not refu&#383;e
+      to <i>Pyrophilus</i>) is this, that though the Liquor (as I can &#383;hew
+      you when you plea&#383;e) be almo&#383;t of the Colour of a German (not an
+      Oriental) Amethy&#383;t, and con&#383;equently remote enough from Green,
+       <!--  Page 339 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_339"
+      id="LPage_339"></a>[pg 339]</span> yet a very few drops being let fall
+      into a Large proportion of good Rheni&#383;h, or (in want of that) White
+      Wine (which yet do's not quite &#383;o well) immediately turn'd the Liquor
+      into a lovely Green, as I have not without delight &#383;hown &#383;everal
+      curious Per&#383;ons. By which <i>Phænomenon</i> you may learn, among
+      other things, how requi&#383;ite it is in Experiments about the changes of
+      Colours heedfully to mind the Circum&#383;tances of them; for Water will
+      not, as I have purpo&#383;ely try'd, concurr to the production of any
+      &#383;uch Green, nor did it give that Colour to moderate Spirit of Wine,
+      wherein I purpo&#383;ely di&#383;&#383;olv'd it, and Wine it &#383;elf is
+      a Liquor that few would &#383;u&#383;pect of being able to work &#383;uddenly
+      any &#383;uch change in a Metalline preparation of this Nature; and to
+      &#383;atisfie my &#383;elf that this new Colour proceeds rather from the
+      peculiar Texture of the Wine, than from any greater Acidity, that Rheni&#383;h
+      or White-wine (for that may not ab&#383;urdly be &#383;u&#383;pected) has
+      in compari&#383;on of Water; I purpo&#383;ely &#383;harpen'd the Solution
+      of this E&#383;&#383;ence in fair Water, with a good quantity of Spirit of
+      Salt, notwith&#383;tanding which, the mixture acquir'd no Greenne&#383;s.
+      And to vary the Experiment a little, I try'd, that if into a Gla&#383;s of
+      Rheni&#383;h Wine made Green by this E&#383;&#383;ence,
+       <!--  Page 340 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_340"
+      id="LPage_340"></a>[pg 340]</span> I dropp'd an Alcalizate Solution, or
+      Urinous Spirit, the Wine would pre&#383;ently grow Turbid, and of an odd
+      Dirty Colour; But if in&#383;tead of di&#383;&#383;olving the E&#383;&#383;ence
+      in Wine, I di&#383;&#383;olv'd it in fair Water &#383;harpen'd perhaps
+      with a little Spirit of Salt, then either the Urinous Spirit of Sal
+      Armoniack, or the &#383;olution of the fix'd Salt of Pot-a&#383;hes would
+      immediately turn it of a Yellowi&#383;h Colour, the fix'd or Urinous Salt
+      Precipitating the Vitriolate &#383;ub&#383;tance contain'd in the E&#383;&#383;ence.
+      But here I mu&#383;t not forget to take notice of a circum&#383;tance that
+      de&#383;erves to be compar'd with &#383;ome part of the foregoing
+      Experiment, for whereas our E&#383;&#383;ence imparts a Greenne&#383;s to
+      Wine, but not to Water, the Indu&#383;trious <i>Olaus Wormius</i><a
+      name="LNtA_23" id="LNtA_23_"></a><a href="#LNt_23"><sup>23</sup></a> in his
+      late <i>Musæum</i> tells us of a rare kind of Turn-Sole which he calls <i>Bezetta
+      Rubra</i> given him by an Apothecary that knew not how it was made, who&#383;e
+      lovely Redne&#383;s would be ea&#383;ily communicated to Water, if it were
+      immers'd in it; but &#383;carce to Wine, and not at all to Spirit of Wine,
+      in which la&#383;t circum&#383;tance it agrees with what I lately told you
+      of our E&#383;&#383;ence, notwith&#383;tanding their di&#383;agreement in
+      other particulars.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 341 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_341" id="LPage_341"></a>[pg 341]</span>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XLVI.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      We have often taken notice, as of a remarkable thing, that Metalls as they
+      appear to the Eye, before they come to be farther alter'd by other Bodyes,
+      do exhibit Colours very different from tho&#383;e which the Fire and the
+      <i>Men&#383;truum</i>, either apart, or both together, do produce in them;
+      e&#383;pecially con&#383;idering that the&#383;e Metalline Bodyes are
+      after all the&#383;e di&#383;gui&#383;es reducible not only to their
+      former Metalline Con&#383;i&#383;tence and other more radical properties,
+      but to their Colour too, as if Nature had given divers Metalls to each of
+      them a double Colour, an <i>External</i>, and an <i>Internal</i>; But
+      though upon a more attentive Con&#383;ideration of this difference of
+      Colours, it &#383;eem'd probable to me, that divers (for I &#383;ay not
+      all) of tho&#383;e Colours which we have ju&#383;t now call'd <i>Internal</i>,
+      are rather produc'd by the Coalition of Metalline Particles with tho&#383;e
+      of the Salts, or other Bodyes employ'd to work on them, than by the bare
+      alteration of the parts of the Metalls them&#383;elves: and though
+      therefore we may call the obvious Colours, Natural or Common, &amp; the
+      others Adventitious, yet becau&#383;e &#383;uch changes of Colours, from
+      what&#383;oever cau&#383;e they be re&#383;olv'd to
+       <!--  Page 342 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_342"
+      id="LPage_342"></a>[pg 342]</span> proceed may be properly enough taken in
+      to illu&#383;trate our pre&#383;ent Subject, we &#383;hall not &#383;cruple
+      to take notice of &#383;ome of them, e&#383;pecially becau&#383;e there
+      are among them &#383;uch as are produc'd without the intervention of
+      Saline <i>Men&#383;truums</i>. Of the Adventitious Colours of Metalline
+      Bodies the Chief &#383;orts &#383;eem to be the&#383;e three. The fir&#383;t,
+      &#383;uch Colours as are produc'd without other Additaments by the Action
+      of the fire upon Metalls. The next &#383;uch as emerge from the Coalition
+      of Metalline Particles with tho&#383;e of &#383;ome <i>Menstruum</i>
+      imploy'd to Corrode a Metall or Precipitate it; And the la&#383;t, The
+      Colours afforded by Metalline Bodyes either Colliquated with, or otherwi&#383;e
+      Penetrating into, other Bodies, e&#383;pecially fu&#383;ible ones. But the&#383;e
+      (<i>Pyrophilus,</i>) are only as I told you, the <i>Chief</i> &#383;orts
+      of the adventitious Colours of Metalls, for there may others belong to
+      them, of which I &#383;hall hereafter have occa&#383;ion to take notice of
+      &#383;ome, and of which al&#383;o there po&#383;&#383;ibly may be others
+      that I never took notice of.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And to begin with the fir&#383;t &#383;ort of Colours, 'tis well enough
+      known to Chymi&#383;ts, that Tin being Calcin'd by fire alone is wont to
+      afford a White <i>Calx</i>, and Lead Calcin'd by fire alone affords that
+      mo&#383;t Common Red-Powder we call <i>Minium:</i> Copper al&#383;o
+       <!--  Page 343 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_343"
+      id="LPage_343"></a>[pg 343]</span> Calcin'd <i>per &#383;e</i>, by a long
+      or violent fire, is wont to yield (as far as I have had occa&#383;ion to
+      take notice of it) a very Dark or Blacki&#383;h Powder; That Iron likewi&#383;e
+      may by the Action of Reverberated flames be turn'd into a Colour almo&#383;t
+      like that of Saffron, may be ea&#383;ily deduc'd from the Preparation of
+      that Powder, which by rea&#383;on of its Colour and of the Metall 'tis
+      made of is by Chymi&#383;ts call'd, <i>Crocus Martis per &#383;e</i>. And
+      that <i>Mercury</i> made by the &#383;tre&#383;s of Fire, may be turn'd
+      into a Red Powder, which Chymi&#383;ts call Precipitate <i>per &#383;e</i>,
+      I el&#383;ewhere more particularly declare.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation I.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is not unworthy the Admoni&#383;hing you, (<i>Pyrophilus</i>,) and it
+      agrees very well with our Conjectures about the dependence of the change
+      of a Body's Colour upon that of its Texture, that the &#383;ame Metall may
+      by the &#383;ucce&#383;&#383;ive operation of the fire receive divers
+      Adventitious Colours, as is evident in Lead, which before it come to
+      &#383;o deep a Colour as that of <i>Minium</i>, may pa&#383;s through
+      divers others.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 344 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_344" id="LPage_344"></a>[pg 344]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation II</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Not only the <i>Calces</i>, but the Gla&#383;&#383;es of Metalls,
+      Vitrify'd <i>per &#383;e</i>, may be of Colours differing from the Natural
+      or Obvious Colour of the Metall; as I have ob&#383;erv'd in the Gla&#383;s
+      of Lead, made by long expo&#383;ing Crude Lead to a violent fire, and what
+      I have ob&#383;erv'd about the Gla&#383;s or Slagg of Copper, (of which I
+      can &#383;how you &#383;ome of an odd kind of Texture,) may be el&#383;ewhere
+      more conveniently related. I have likewi&#383;e &#383;een a piece of very
+      Dark Gla&#383;s, which an Ingenious Artificer that &#383;how'd it me profe&#383;s'd
+      him&#383;elf to have made of Silver alone by an extreme <i>Violence</i>
+      (which &#383;eems to be no more than is needfull) of the fire.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation III</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Minerals al&#383;o by the Action of the Fire may be brought to afford
+      Colours very differing from their own, as I not long &#383;ince noted to
+      you about the variou&#383;ly Colour'd Flowers of Antimony, to which we may
+      add the Whiti&#383;h Grey-Colour of its <i>Calx</i>, and the Yellow or
+      Reddi&#383;h Colour of the Gla&#383;s, where into that <i>Calx</i> may be
+      flux'd.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And I remember, that I el&#383;ewhere told
+       <!--  Page 345 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_345"
+      id="LPage_345"></a>[pg 345]</span> you, that Vitriol Calcin'd with a very
+      gentle heat, and afterwards with higher and higher degrees of it, may be
+      made to pa&#383;s through &#383;everal Colours before it de&#383;cends to
+      a Dark Purpli&#383;h Colour, whereto a &#383;trong fire is wont at length
+      to reduce it. But to in&#383;i&#383;t on the Colours produc'd by the
+      Operation of fire upon &#383;everal Minerals would take up farr more time
+      than I have now to &#383;pare.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XLVII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The Adventitious Colours produc'd upon Metalls, or rather with them, by
+      Saline Liquors, are many of them &#383;o well known to Chymi&#383;ts, that
+      I would not here mention them, but that be&#383;ides a not un-needed Te&#383;timony,
+      I can add &#383;omething of my own, to what I &#383;hall repeat about
+      them, and divers Experiments which are familiar to Chymi&#383;ts, are as
+      yet unknown to the greate&#383;t part of Ingenious Men.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That Gold di&#383;&#383;olv'd in <i>Aqua Regia</i> ennobles the <i>Men&#383;truum</i>
+      with its own Colour, is a thing that you cannot (<i>Pyrophilus</i>,) but
+      have often &#383;een. The Solutions of Mercury in <i>Aqua-fortis</i> are
+      not generally taken notice of, to give any notable Tincture to the <i>Men&#383;truum</i>;
+      but &#383;ometimes when the
+       <!--  Page 346 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_346"
+      id="LPage_346"></a>[pg 346]</span> Liquor fir&#383;t falls upon the Quick
+      Silver, I have ob&#383;erv'd a very remarkable, though not durable,
+      Greenne&#383;s, or Blewne&#383;s to be produc'd, which is a <i>Phænomenon</i>
+      not unfit for you to con&#383;ider, though I have not now the lei&#383;ure
+      to di&#383;cour&#383;e upon it. Tin Corroded by <i>Aqua-fortis</i> till
+      the <i>Menstruum</i> will work no farther on it, becomes exceeding White,
+      but as we el&#383;ewhere note, does very ea&#383;ily of it &#383;elf
+      acquire the con&#383;i&#383;tence, not of a Metalline <i>Calx</i>, but of
+      a Coagulated matter, which we have ob&#383;erv'd with plea&#383;ure to
+      look &#383;o like, either to curdled Milk, or curdled Whites of Eggs, that
+      a per&#383;on unacquainted with &#383;uch Solutions may ea&#383;ily be mi&#383;taken
+      in it. But when I purpo&#383;ely prepar'd a <i>Men&#383;truum</i> that
+      would di&#383;&#383;olve it as <i>Aqua-fortis</i> di&#383;&#383;olves
+      Silver, and not barely Corrode it, and quickly let it fall again, I
+      remember not that I took notice of any particular Colour in the Solution,
+      as if the more Whiti&#383;h Metalls did not much Tinge their <i>Men&#383;truums</i>,
+      though the con&#383;picuou&#383;ly Colour'd Metalls as Gold, and Copper,
+      do. For Lead di&#383;&#383;olv'd in Spirit of Vinegar or <i>Aqua-fortis</i>
+      gives a Solution cleer enough, and if the <i>Men&#383;truum</i> be ab&#383;tracted
+      appears either Diaphanous or White. Of the Colour of Iron we have el&#383;ewhere
+      &#383;aid &#383;omething: And 'tis worth
+       <!--  Page 347 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_347"
+      id="LPage_347"></a>[pg 347]</span> noting, that though if that Metall be
+      di&#383;&#383;olv'd in oyl of Vitriol diluted with water, it affords a
+      Salt or Magi&#383;tery &#383;o like in colour, as well as &#383;ome other
+      Qualities, to other green Vitriol, that Chymi&#383;ts do not improperly
+      call it <i>Vitriolum Martis</i>; yet I have purpo&#383;ely try'd, that, by
+      changing the <i>Men&#383;truum</i>, and pouring upon the filings of Steel,
+      in&#383;tead of oyl of Vitriol, <i>Aqua Fortis</i>, (whereof as I
+      remember, I us'd 4 parts to one of the Metall) I obtain'd not a Green, but
+      a Saffron Colour Solution; or rather a thick Liquor of a deep but yellowi&#383;h
+      Red. Common Silver, &#383;uch as is to be met with in Coines, being di&#383;&#383;olv'd
+      in <i>Aqua fortis</i>, yields a Solution tincted like that of Copper,
+      which is not to be wondred at, becau&#383;e in the coining of Silver, they
+      are wont (as we el&#383;ewhere particularly inform you) to give it an
+      Allay of Copper, and that which is &#383;old in &#383;hops for refined
+      &#383;ilver, is not (&#383;o far as we have tryed) &#383;o perfectly free
+      from that ignobler Metall, but that a Solution of It in <i>Aqua fortis</i>,
+      will give a Venereal Tincture to the <i>Men&#383;truum</i>. But we could
+      not ob&#383;erve upon the &#383;olution of &#383;ome Silver, which was
+      perfectly refin'd, (&#383;uch as &#383;ome that we have, from which 8 or
+      10 times its weight of Lead has been blown off) that the <i>Men&#383;truum</i>
+       <!--  Page 348 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_348"
+      id="LPage_348"></a>[pg 348]</span> though held again&#383;t the Light in a
+      Cry&#383;tal Vial did manife&#383;tly di&#383;clo&#383;e any Tincture,
+      only it &#383;eem'd &#383;ometimes not to be quite de&#383;titute of a
+      little, but very faint Blewi&#383;hne&#383;s.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But here I mu&#383;t take notice, that of all the Metalls, there is not
+      any which doth &#383;o ea&#383;ily and con&#383;tantly di&#383;clo&#383;e
+      its unobvious colour as Copper doth. For not only in acid <i>Men&#383;truums</i>
+      as <i>Aqua Fortis</i> and Spirit of Vinegar, it gives a Blewi&#383;h green
+      &#383;olution, but if it be almo&#383;t any way corroded, it <i>appears of
+      one of tho&#383;e</i> two colours, as may be ob&#383;erv'd in Verdigree&#383;e
+      made &#383;everal wayes, in that odd preparation of <i>Venus</i>, which we
+      el&#383;ewhere teach you to make with Sublimate, and in the common
+      Vitriols of <i>Venus</i> deliver'd by Chymi&#383;ts; and &#383;o con&#383;tant
+      is the di&#383;po&#383;ition of Copper, notwith&#383;tanding the di&#383;gui&#383;e
+      Arti&#383;ts put upon it, to di&#383;clo&#383;e the colour we have been
+      mentioning, that we have by forcing it up with <i>Sal Armoniack</i>
+      obtain'd a Sublimate of a Blewi&#383;h Colour. Nay a famous Spagyri&#383;t
+      affirms, that the very Mercury of it is green, but till he teach us an
+      intelligible way of making &#383;uch a Mercury, we mu&#383;t content our&#383;elves
+      to inform you, that we have had a Cupreous Body, that was Præcipitated out
+      of a di&#383;till'd Liquor, that &#383;eem'd to be the
+       <!--  Page 349 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_349"
+      id="LPage_349"></a>[pg 349]</span> the Sulphur of <i>Venus</i>, and &#383;eem'd
+      even when flaming, of a Greeni&#383;h Colour. And indeed Copper is a
+      Metall &#383;o ea&#383;ily wrought upon by Liquors of &#383;everal kinds,
+      that I &#383;hould tell you, I know not any Mineral, that will concurr to
+      the production of &#383;uch a variety of Colours as Copper di&#383;&#383;ol'd
+      in &#383;everal <i>Men&#383;truums</i>, as Spirit of Vinegar, <i>Aqua
+      fortis</i>, <i>Aqua Regis</i>, Spirit of Nitre, of Urine, of Soot, Oyls of
+      &#383;everal kinds, and I know not how many other Liquors, if the variety
+      of &#383;omewhat differing colours (that Copper will be made to a&#383;&#383;ume,
+      as it is wrought upon by &#383;everal Liquors) were not comprehended
+      within the Limits of Greeni&#383;h Blew, or Blewi&#383;h Green.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And yet I mu&#383;t adverti&#383;e you (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) that being de&#383;irous
+      to try if I could not make with crude Copper a Green Solution without the
+      Blewi&#383;hne&#383;s that is wont to accompany its Vulgar Solutions, I
+      bethought my &#383;elf of u&#383;ing two <i>Men&#383;truums</i>, which I
+      had not known imploy'd to work on this Metall, and which I had certain Rea&#383;ons
+      to make Tryal of, as I &#383;ucce&#383;sfully did. The one of the&#383;e
+      Liquors (if I much mi&#383;remember not) was Spirit of Sugar di&#383;till'd
+      in a Retort, which mu&#383;t be warily done, (if you will avoid breaking
+      your
+       <!--  Page 350 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_350"
+      id="LPage_350"></a>[pg 350]</span> gla&#383;&#383;es) and the other, Oyl
+      or Spirit of Turpentine, which affords a fine Green Solution that is u&#383;eful
+      to me on &#383;everal occa&#383;ions. And yet to &#383;hew that the
+      adventitious colour may re&#383;ult, as well from the true and permanent
+      Copper it &#383;elf, as the Salts wherewith 'tis corroded, I &#383;hall
+      add, that if you take a piece of good <i>Dantzick</i> Copperis, or any
+      other Vitriol wherein <i>Venus</i> is prædominant, and having moi&#383;tened
+      it in your Mouth, or with fair water, rubb it upon a whetted knife, or any
+      other bright piece of Steel or Iron, it will (as we have formerly told
+      you) pre&#383;ent'y &#383;tain the Steel with a Reddi&#383;h colour, like
+      that of Copper, the rea&#383;on of which, we mu&#383;t not now &#383;tay
+      to inquire.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation I.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I pre&#383;ume you may have taken notice (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) that I have
+      borrowed &#383;ome of the In&#383;tances mention'd in this 47<sup>th</sup>
+      Experiment, from the Laboratories of Chymi&#383;ts, and becau&#383;e in
+      &#383;ome (though very few) other pa&#383;&#383;ages of this E&#383;&#383;ay,
+      I have likewi&#383;e made u&#383;e of Experiments mention'd al&#383;o by
+      &#383;ome Spagyrical Writers, I think it not ami&#383;s to repre&#383;ent
+      to you on this Occa&#383;ion once for all, &#383;ome things be&#383;ides
+       <!--  Page 351 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_351"
+      id="LPage_351"></a>[pg 351]</span> those which I intimated in the præamble
+      of this pre&#383;ent Experiment; For be&#383;ides, that 'tis very
+      allowable for a Writer to repeat an Experiment which he invented not, in
+      ca&#383;e he improve it; And be&#383;ides that many Experiments familiar
+      to Chymi&#383;ts are unknown to the generality of Learned Men, who either
+      never read Chymical proce&#383;&#383;es, or never under&#383;tood their
+      meaning, or never dur&#383;t believe them; be&#383;ides the&#383;e things,
+      I &#383;ay, I &#383;hall repre&#383;ent, That, as to the few Experiments I
+      have borrowed from the Chymi&#383;ts, if they be very Vulgar, 'twould
+      perhaps be difficult to a&#383;cribe each of them its own Author, and 'tis
+      more than the generality of Chymi&#383;ts them&#383;elves can do: and if
+      they be not of very known and familiar practi&#383;e among them, unle&#383;s
+      the Authors wherein I found them had given me cau&#383;e to believe, them&#383;elves
+      had try'd them, I know not why I might not &#383;et them down, as a part
+      of the <i>Phænomena</i> of Colours which I pre&#383;ent you; Many things
+      unanimou&#383;ly enough deliver'd as matters of fact by (I know not how
+      many Chymical Writers) being not to be rely'd on, upon the &#383;ingle
+      Authority of &#383;uch Authors: For In&#383;tance, as &#383;ome Spagyri&#383;ts
+      deliver (perhaps among&#383;t &#383;everal deceitful proce&#383;&#383;es)
+      that <i>Saccarum Saturni</i>
+       <!--  Page 352 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_352"
+      id="LPage_352"></a>[pg 352]</span> with Spirit of Turpentine will afford a
+      Bal&#383;om, &#383;o <i>Beguinus</i> and many more tell us, that the
+      &#383;ame Concrete (<i>Saccarum Saturni</i>) will yield an incomparably
+      fragrant Spirit, and a pretty Quantity of two &#383;everal Oyles, and yet
+      &#383;ince many have complain'd, as well as I have done, that they could
+      find no &#383;uch odoriferous, but rather an ill-&#383;ented Liquor, and
+      &#383;carce any oyl in their Di&#383;tillation of that &#383;weet Vitriol,
+      a wary per&#383;on would as little build any thing on what they &#383;ay
+      of the former Experiment, as upon what they averr of the later, and
+      therefore I &#383;crupled not to mention this Red Bal&#383;om of which I
+      have not &#383;een any, (but what I made) among my other experiments about
+      redne&#383;s.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annot. II.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      We have &#383;ometimes had the Curio&#383;ity to try what Colours
+      Minerals, as Tingla&#383;s, Antimony, Spelter, &amp;c. would yield in
+      &#383;everal <i>Men&#383;truums</i>, nor have we forborn to try the
+      Colours of &#383;tones, of which that famous one, (which <i>Helmont</i>
+      calls <i>Paracel&#383;us's Ludus</i>) though it be digg'd out of the Earth
+      and &#383;eem a true &#383;tone, has afforded in <i>Men&#383;truums</i>
+      capable to di&#383;&#383;olve &#383;o &#383;olid a &#383;tone, &#383;ometimes
+      a Yellowi&#383;h,
+       <!--  Page 353 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_353"
+      id="LPage_353"></a>[pg 353]</span> &#383;ometimes a Red &#383;olution of
+      both which I can &#383;how you. But though I have from Minerals obtain'd
+      with &#383;everal <i>Men&#383;truums</i> very differing Colours, and
+      &#383;ome &#383;uch as perhaps you would be &#383;urpriz'd to &#383;ee
+      drawn from &#383;uch Bodies: yet I mu&#383;t now pa&#383;s by the
+      particulars, being de&#383;irous to put an End to this Treati&#383;e,
+      before I put an end to your Patience and my own.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation III.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And yet before I pa&#383;s to the next Experiment, I mu&#383;t put you in
+      mind, that the Colours of Metals may in many ca&#383;es be further alter'd
+      by imploying, either præcipitating Salts, or other convenient Sub&#383;tances
+      to act upon their Solutions. Of this you may remember, that I have given
+      you &#383;everal In&#383;tances already, to which may be added &#383;uch
+      as the&#383;e, That if Quick&#383;ilver be di&#383;&#383;olv'd in <i>Aqua
+      fortis</i>, and Præcipitated out of the Solution, either with water
+      impregnated with Sea &#383;alt, or with the &#383;pirit of that Concrete,
+      it falls to the Bottom in the form of a white powder, whereas if it be
+      Præcipitated with an Alcaly, it will afford a Yellowi&#383;h or tawny
+      powder, and if there be no Præcipitation made, and the <i>Men&#383;truum</i>
+      be drawn off with a convenient
+       <!--  Page 354 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_354"
+      id="LPage_354"></a>[pg 354]</span> fire, the corroded Mercury will remain
+      in the bottom, in the form of a &#383;ub&#383;tance that may be made to
+      appear of differing Colours by differing degrees of Heat; As I remember
+      that lately having purpo&#383;ely ab&#383;tracted <i>Aqua fortis</i> from
+      &#383;ome Quick&#383;ilver that we had di&#383;&#383;olv'd in it, &#383;o
+      that there remain'd a white <i>Calx</i>, expo&#383;ing that to &#383;everal
+      degrees of Fire, and afterwards to a naked one, we obtain'd &#383;ome new
+      Colours, and at length the greate&#383;t part of the <i>Calx</i> lying at
+      the Bottome of the Vial, and being brought partly to a Deep Yellow, and
+      partly to a Red Colour, the re&#383;t appear'd elevated to the upper part
+      and neck of the Vial, &#383;ome in the form of a Reddi&#383;h, and &#383;ome
+      of an A&#383;h-Colour Sublimate. But of the differing Colours which by
+      differing wayes and working of Quick Silver with Fire, and Saline Bodies,
+      may be produc'd in Precipitates, I may el&#383;ewhere have occa&#383;ion
+      to take further notice. I al&#383;o told you not long &#383;ince, that if
+      you corrode Quick-&#383;ilver with Oyl of Vitriol in&#383;tead of <i>Aqua-fortis</i>,
+      and ab&#383;tract the <i>Men&#383;truum</i>, there will remain a White <i>Calx</i>
+      which by the Affu&#383;ion of Fair Water pre&#383;ently turns into a
+      Lemmon Colour. And ev'n the <i>Succedaneum</i> to a <i>Men&#383;truum</i>
+      may &#383;ometimes &#383;erve the turn to change the Colours of a Metal.
+      The lovely
+       <!--  Page 355 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_355"
+      id="LPage_355"></a>[pg 355]</span> Red which Painters call Vermillion, is
+      made of Mercury, which is of the Colour of Silver, and of Brim&#383;tone
+      which is of Kin to that of Gold, Sublim'd up together in a certain
+      proportion, as is vulgarly known to Spagyri&#383;ts.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XLVIII.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The third chief &#383;ort of the Adventitious Colours of Metals, is, that
+      which is produc'd by a&#383;&#383;ociating them (e&#383;pecially when
+      Calcin'd) with other fu&#383;ible Bodies, and Principally Venice, and
+      other fine Gla&#383;s devoid of Colour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have formerly given you an Example, whereby it may appear, that a Metal
+      may impart to Gla&#383;s a Colour much differing from its own, when I told
+      you, how with Silver, I had given Gla&#383;s a lovely Golden Colour. And I
+      &#383;hall now add, that I have Learn'd from one of the Chief Artificers
+      that &#383;ells Painted Gla&#383;s, that tho&#383;e of his Trade Colour it
+      Yellow with a preparation of the <i>Calx</i> of Silver. Though having
+      lately had occa&#383;ion among other Tryals to mingle a few grains of
+      Shell-&#383;ilver (&#383;uch as is imploy'd with the Pen&#383;il and Pen)
+      with a convenient proportion of powder'd Cry&#383;tal Gla&#383;s, having
+      kept them two or three
+       <!--  Page 356 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_356"
+      id="LPage_356"></a>[pg 356]</span> hours in fu&#383;ion, I was &#383;urpriz'd
+      to find the Colliquated Ma&#383;s to appear upon breaking the Crucible of
+      a lovely Saphirine Blew, which made me &#383;u&#383;pect my Servant might
+      have brought me a wrong Crucible, but he con&#383;tantly affirm'd it to be
+      the &#383;ame wherein the Silver was put, and con&#383;iderable Circum&#383;tances
+      countenanc'd his A&#383;&#383;ertion, &#383;o that till I have opportunity
+      to make farther Tryal, I cannot but &#383;u&#383;pect, either that Silver
+      which is not (which is not very probable) brought to a perfect Fu&#383;ion
+      and Colliquation with Gla&#383;s, may impart to it other Colours than when
+      Neal'd upon it, or el&#383;e (which is le&#383;s unlikely) that though
+      Silver Beaters u&#383;ually chu&#383;e the fine&#383;t Coyn they can get,
+      as that which is mo&#383;t exten&#383;ive under the Hammer, yet the
+      Silver-leaves of which this Shel-&#383;ilver was made, might retain &#383;o
+      much Copper as to enable it to give the predominant tincture to the Gla&#383;s.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For, I mu&#383;t proceed to tell you (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) as another in&#383;tance
+      of the Adventitious Colours of Metals, that which is &#383;omething &#383;trange,
+      Namely, That though Copper Calcin'd <i>per &#383;e</i> affords but a Dark
+      and ba&#383;ely Colour'd <i>Calx</i>, yet the Gla&#383;smen do with it, as
+      them&#383;elves inform me, Tinge their Gla&#383;s green. And I remember,
+      that when once we took &#383;ome crude Copper,
+       <!--  Page 357 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_357"
+      id="LPage_357"></a>[pg 357]</span> and by frequent Ignition quenching it
+      in Water had reduc'd it to a Dark and Ill-colour'd Powder, and afterward
+      kept it in Fu&#383;ion in about a 100. times its weight of fine Gla&#383;s,
+      we had, though not a Green, yet a Blew colour'd Ma&#383;s, which would
+      perhaps have been Green, if we had hit right upon the Proportion of the
+      Materials, and the Degree of Fire, and the Time wherein it ought to be
+      kept in Fu&#383;ion, &#383;o plentifully does that Metal abound in a
+      Venerial Tincture, as Arti&#383;ts call it, and in &#383;o many wayes does
+      it di&#383;clo&#383;e that Richne&#383;s. But though Copper do as we have
+      &#383;aid give &#383;omewhat near the like Colour to Gla&#383;s, which it
+      does to <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, yet it &#383;eems worth inquiry, whether tho&#383;e
+      new Colours which Mineral Bodies di&#383;clo&#383;e in melted Gla&#383;s,
+      proceed from the Coalition of the Corpu&#383;cles of the Mineral with the
+      Particles of the Gla&#383;s as &#383;uch, or from the Action (excited or
+      actuated by fire) of the Alcalizate Salt (which is a main Ingredient of
+      Gla&#383;s,) upon the Mineral Body, or from the concurrence of both the&#383;e
+      Cau&#383;es, or el&#383;e from any other. But to return to that which we
+      were &#383;aying, we may ob&#383;erve that <i>Putty</i> made by calcining
+      together a proportion of Tin and Lead, as it is it &#383;elf a White <i>Calx</i>,
+      &#383;o does it turn the <i>Pitta di Cry&#383;tallo</i> (as the
+       <!--  Page 358 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_358"
+      id="LPage_358"></a>[pg 358]</span> Gla&#383;smen call the matter of the
+      Purer &#383;ort of Gla&#383;s, wherewith it is Colliquated into a White Ma&#383;s,
+      which if it be opacous enough is employ'd, as we el&#383;ewhere declare,
+      for White Amel. But of the Colours which the other Metals may be made to
+      produce in Colourle&#383;s Gla&#383;s, and other Vitrifiable Bodies, that
+      have native Colours of their own, I mu&#383;t leave you to inform your
+      &#383;elf upon Tryal, or at lea&#383;t mu&#383;t forbear to do it till
+      another time, con&#383;idering how many Annotations are to follow, upon
+      what has in this and the two former Experiments been &#383;aid already.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation I.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When the Materials of Gla&#383;s being melted with Calcin'd Tin, have
+      compos'd a Ma&#383;s Undiaphanous and White, this White Amel is as it were
+      the Ba&#383;is of all tho&#383;e fine Concretes that Gold&#383;miths and
+      &#383;everal Artificers imploy in the curious Art of Enamelling. For this
+      White and Fu&#383;ible &#383;ub&#383;tance will receive into it &#383;elf,
+      without &#383;poyling them, the Colours of divers other Mineral &#383;ub&#383;tances,
+      which like it will indure the fire.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 359 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_359" id="LPage_359"></a>[pg 359]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation II.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So that as by the pre&#383;ent (XLVIII.) Experiment it appears, that
+      divers Minerals will impart to fu&#383;ible Ma&#383;&#383;es, Colours
+      differing from their own; &#383;o by the making and compounding of Amels,
+      it may appear, that divers Bodies will both retain their Colour in the
+      fire, and impart the <i>&#383;ame</i> to &#383;ome others wherewith they
+      were vitrifi'd, and in &#383;uch Tryals as that mention'd in the 17.
+      Experiment, where I told you, that ev'n in Amels a Blew and Yellow will
+      compound a Green. 'Tis pretty to behold, not only that &#383;ome Colours
+      are of &#383;o fix'd a Nature, as to be capable of mixture without
+      receiving any detriment by the fire, that do's &#383;o ea&#383;ily de&#383;troy
+      or &#383;poyl tho&#383;e of other Bodies; but Mineral Pigments may be
+      mingled by fire little le&#383;s regularly and &#383;ucce&#383;sfully,
+      than in ordinary Dyeing Fatts, the vulgar Colours are wont to be mingled
+      by the help of Water.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation III.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      'Tis not only Metalline, but other Mineral Bodies, that may be imploy'd,
+      to give Tinctures unto Gla&#383;s (and 'tis worth noting
+       <!--  Page 360 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_360"
+      id="LPage_360"></a>[pg 360]</span> how &#383;mall a quantity of &#383;ome
+      Mineral &#383;ub&#383;tances, will Tinge a Comparatively va&#383;t
+      proportion of Gla&#383;s, and we have &#383;ometimes attempted to Colour
+      Gla&#383;s, ev'n with Pretious Stones, and had cau&#383;e to think the
+      Experiment not ca&#383;t away. And 'tis known by them that have look'd
+      into the Art of Gla&#383;s, that the Artificers u&#383;e to tinge their
+      Gla&#383;s Blew, with that Dark Mineral <i>Zaffora</i>, (&#383;ome of my
+      Tryals on which I el&#383;ewhere acquaint you) which &#383;ome would have
+      to be a Mineral Earth, others a Stone, and others neither the one, nor the
+      other, but which is confe&#383;&#383;edly of a Dark, but not a Blew
+      Colour, though it be not agreed of what particular Colour it is. 'Tis
+      likewi&#383;e though a familiar yet a remarkable practi&#383;e among tho&#383;e
+      that Deal in the making of Gla&#383;s, to imploy (as &#383;ome of them&#383;elves
+      have inform'd me) what they call Mangane&#383;s, and &#383;ome Authors
+      call <i>Magne&#383;ia</i> (of which I make particular mention in another
+      Treati&#383;e) to exhibit in Gla&#383;s not only other Colours than its
+      own, (which is &#383;o like in Darkne&#383;s or blacki&#383;hne&#383;s to
+      the Load &#383;tone, that 'tis given by Minerali&#383;ts, for one of the
+      Rea&#383;ons of its Latine Name) but Colours differing from one another.
+      For though they u&#383;e it, (which is &#383;omewhat &#383;trange) to
+      Clarifye their Gla&#383;s, and free
+       <!--  Page 361 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_361"
+      id="LPage_361"></a>[pg 361]</span> it from that Blewi&#383;h Greeni&#383;h
+      Colour, which el&#383;e it would too often be &#383;ubject to, yet they al&#383;o
+      imploy it in certain proportions, to tinge their Gla&#383;s both with a
+      Red colour, and with a Purpli&#383;h or Murry, and putting in a greater
+      Quantity, they al&#383;o make with it that deep ob&#383;cure Gla&#383;s
+      which is wont to pa&#383;s for Black, which agrees very well with, and may
+      &#383;erve to confirm what we noted near the beginning of the 44<sup>th</sup>
+      Experiment, of the &#383;eeming Blackne&#383;s of tho&#383;e Bodies that
+      are overcharg'd with the Corpu&#383;cles of &#383;uch Colours, as Red, or
+      Blew, or Green, &amp;c. And as by &#383;everal Metals and other Minerals
+      we can give various Colours to Gla&#383;s, &#383;o on the other &#383;ide,
+      by the differing Colours that Mineral Oars, or other Mineral Powders being
+      melted with Gla&#383;s di&#383;clo&#383;e in it, a good Conjecture may be
+      oftentimes made of the Metall or known Mineral, that the Oar propos'd,
+      either holds, or is mo&#383;t of kin to. And this ea&#383;ie way of
+      examining Oars, may be in &#383;ome ca&#383;es of good u&#383;e, and is
+      not ill deliver'd by <i>Glauber</i>, to whom I &#383;hall at pre&#383;ent
+      refer you, for a more particular account of it: unle&#383;s your Curio&#383;ity
+      command al&#383;o what I have ob&#383;erv'd about the&#383;e matters; only
+      I mu&#383;t here adverti&#383;e you, that great circum&#383;pection is
+       <!--  Page 362 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_362"
+      id="LPage_362"></a>[pg 362]</span> requi&#383;ite to keep this way from
+      proving fallacious, upon the account of the variations of Colour that may
+      be produc'd by the differing proportions that may be us'd betwixt the Oar
+      and the Gla&#383;s, by the Richne&#383;s or Poorne&#383;s of the Oar it
+      &#383;elf, by the Degree of Fire, and (e&#383;pecially) by the Length of
+      Time, during which the matter is kept in fu&#383;ion; as you will ea&#383;ily
+      gather from what you will quickly meet with in the following Annotation
+      upon this pre&#383;ent 48<sup>th</sup> Experiment.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation IV.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      There is another way and differing enough from tho&#383;e already
+      mention'd, by which Metalls may be brought to exhibit adventitious
+      Colours: For by This, the Metall do's not &#383;o much impart a Colour to
+      another Body, as receive a Colour from it, or rather both Bodies do by the
+      new Texture re&#383;ulting from their mi&#383;tion produce a new Colour. I
+      will not in&#383;i&#383;t to this purpo&#383;e upon the Examples afforded
+      us by yellow Orpiment, and common Sea Salt, from which, &#383;ublim'd
+      together, Chymi&#383;ts unanimou&#383;ly affirm their White or Cry&#383;talline
+      Ar&#383;enick to be made: But 'tis not unworthy our noting, That though
+      Yellow
+       <!--  Page 363 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_363"
+      id="LPage_363"></a>[pg 363]</span> Orpiment be acknowledg'd to be the
+      Copiou&#383;e&#383;t by far of the two Ingredients of Ar&#383;enick, yet
+      this la&#383;t nam'd Body being duely added to the highe&#383;t Colour'd
+      Metall Copper, when 'tis in fu&#383;ion, gives it a whitene&#383;s both
+      within and without. Thus <i>Lapis Calaminaris</i> changes and improves the
+      Colour of Copper by turning it into Bra&#383;s. And I have &#383;ometimes
+      by the help of Zinck duely mix'd after a certain manner, given Copper one
+      of the Riche&#383;t Golden Colours that ever I have &#383;een the Be&#383;t
+      true Gold Ennobled with. But pray have a care that &#383;uch Hints fall
+      not into any hands that may mis-imploy them.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation V.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Upon the Knowledge of the differing wayes of making Minerals and Metalls
+      produce their adventitious Colours in Bodies capable of Vitrification,
+      depends the pretty Art of making what Chymi&#383;ts by a Barbarous Word
+      are pleas'd to call <i>Aman&#383;es</i>, that is counterfeit, or
+      factitious Gemms, as Emeralds, Rubies, Saphires, Topazes, and the like.
+      For in the making of the&#383;e, though pure Sand or Calcin'd Cry&#383;tal
+      give the Body, yet 'tis for the mo&#383;t part &#383;ome Metalline or
+      Mineral <i>Calx</i>, mingled in a
+       <!--  Page 364 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_364"
+      id="LPage_364"></a>[pg 364]</span> small proportion that gives the Colour.
+      But though I have many years &#383;ince taken delight, to divert my &#383;elf
+      with this plea&#383;ing Art, and have &#383;een very pretty Productions of
+      it, yet be&#383;ides that I fear I have now forgot mo&#383;t of the little
+      Skill I had in it, this is no place to entertain you with what would
+      rather take up an intire Di&#383;cour&#383;e, than be comprehended in an
+      Annotation; wherefore the few things which I &#383;hall here take notice
+      of to you, are only what belong to the pre&#383;ent Argument, Namely,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Fir&#383;t, That I have often ob&#383;erv'd that Calcin'd Lead Colliquated
+      with fine White Sand or Cry&#383;tal, reduc'd by ignitions and &#383;ub&#383;equent
+      extinctions in Water to a &#383;ubtile Powder, will of it &#383;elf be
+      brought by a due Decoction to give a cleer Ma&#383;s Colour'd like a <i>German</i>
+      Amethy&#383;t. For though this gla&#383;s of Lead, is look'd upon by them
+      that know no better way of making <i>Aman&#383;es</i>, as the grand Work
+      of them all, yet which is an inconvenience that much blemi&#383;hes this
+      way, the Calcin'd Lead it &#383;elf does not only afford matter to the <i>Aman&#383;es</i>,
+      but has al&#383;o as well as other Metals a Colour of its own, which as I
+      was &#383;aying, I have often found to be like that of <i>German</i> (as
+      many call them) not Ea&#383;tern Amethy&#383;ts.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Secondly, That neverthele&#383;s this Colour
+       <!--  Page 365 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_365"
+      id="LPage_365"></a>[pg 365]</span> may be ea&#383;ily over-powr'd by tho&#383;e
+      of divers other Mineral Pigments (if I may &#383;o call them) &#383;o that
+      with a gla&#383;s of Lead, you may Emulate (for In&#383;tance) the fre&#383;h
+      and lovely Greenne&#383;s of an Emerald, though in divers ca&#383;es the
+      Colour which the Lead it &#383;elf upon Vitrification tends to, may
+      vitiate that of the Pigment, which you would introduce into the Ma&#383;s.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thirdly, That &#383;o much ev'n the&#383;e Colours depend upon Texture,
+      that in the Gla&#383;s of Lead it &#383;elf made of about three parts of
+      <i>Lytharge</i> or <i>Minium</i> Colliquated with one of very finely
+      Powder'd Cry&#383;tal or Sand, we have taken plea&#383;ure to make the
+      mixture pa&#383;s through differing Colours, as we kept it more or le&#383;s
+      in the Fu&#383;ion. For it was not u&#383;ually till after a pretty long
+      Decoction that the Ma&#383;s attain'd to the Amethy&#383;tin Colour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Fourthly and la&#383;tly, That the degrees of Coction and other Circum&#383;tances
+      may &#383;o vary the Colour produc'd in the &#383;ame ma&#383;s, that in a
+      Crucible that was not great I have had fragments of the &#383;ame Ma&#383;s,
+      in &#383;ome of which perhaps not &#383;o big as a Hazel-Nut, you may di&#383;cern
+      four di&#383;tinct Colours.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 366 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_366" id="LPage_366"></a>[pg 366]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation VI.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You may remember (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) that when I mention'd the three
+      &#383;orts of adventitious Colours of Metals, I mention'd them but as the
+      chief, not the only. For there may be other wayes, which though they do
+      not in &#383;o &#383;trict a &#383;en&#383;e belong to the adventitious
+      Colours of Metals, may not inconveniently be reduc'd to them. And of the&#383;e
+      I &#383;hall name now a couple, without denying that there may be more.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The fir&#383;t may be drawn from the practi&#383;e of tho&#383;e that Dye
+      Scarlet. For the famou&#383;e&#383;t Ma&#383;ter in that Art, either in <i>England</i>
+      or <i>Holland</i>, has confe&#383;s'd to me, that neither others, nor he
+      can &#383;trike that lovely Colour which is now wont to be call'd the <i>Bow-Dye</i>,
+      without their Materials be Boyl'd in Ve&#383;&#383;els, either made of, or
+      lin'd with a particular Metall. But of what I have known attempted in this
+      kind, I mu&#383;t not as yet for fear of prejudicing or di&#383;plea&#383;ing
+      others give you any particular Account.<a name="LNtA_24" id="LNtA_24_"></a><a
+      href="#LNt_24"><sup>24</sup></a>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The other way (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) of making Metals afford unobvious
+      Colours, is by imbuing divers Bodies with Solutions of them made in their
+      proper <i>Men&#383;truum's</i>, As (for
+       <!--  Page 367 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_367"
+      id="LPage_367"></a>[pg 367]</span> In&#383;tance) though Copper
+      plentifully di&#383;&#383;olv'd in <i>Aqua fortis</i>, will imbue &#383;everal
+      Bodies with the Colour of the Solution; Yet Some other Metalls will not
+      (as I el&#383;ewhere tell you) and have often try'd. Gold di&#383;&#383;olv'd
+      in <i>Aqua Regia</i>, will, (which is not commonly known) Dye the Nails
+      and Skin, and Hafts of Knives, and other things made of Ivory, not with a
+      Golden, but a Purple Colour, which though it manife&#383;t it &#383;elf
+      but &#383;lowly, is very durable, and &#383;carce ever to be wa&#383;h'd
+      out. And if I mi&#383;remember not, I have already told you in this Treati&#383;e,
+      that the purer Cry&#383;tals of fine Silver made with <i>Aqua fortis</i>,
+      though they appear White, will pre&#383;ently Dye the Skin and Nails, with
+      a Black, or at lea&#383;t a very Dark Colour, which Water will not wa&#383;h
+      off, as it will ordinary Ink from the &#383;ame parts. And divers other
+      Bodies may the Same way be Dy'd, &#383;ome of a Black, and others of a
+      Blacki&#383;h Colour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And as Metalline, &#383;o likewi&#383;e Mineral Solutions may produce
+      Colours differing enough from tho&#383;e of the Liquors them&#383;elves. I
+      &#383;hall not fetch an Example of this, from what we daily &#383;ee
+      happen in the powdring of Beef, which by the Brine imploy'd about it (e&#383;pecially
+      if the fle&#383;h be
+       <!--  Page 368 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_368"
+      id="LPage_368"></a>[pg 368]</span> over &#383;alted) do's oftentimes
+      appear at our Tables of a Green, and &#383;ometimes of a Reddi&#383;h
+      Colour, (deep enough) nor &#383;hall I in&#383;i&#383;t on the practi&#383;e
+      of &#383;ome that deal in Salt Petre, who, (as I &#383;u&#383;pected, and
+      as them&#383;elves acknowledg'd to me) do, with the mixture of a certain
+      proportion of that; and common Salt, give a fine Redne&#383;s, not only to
+      Neats Tongues, but which is more pretty as well as difficult, to &#383;uch
+      fle&#383;h, as would otherwi&#383;e be purely White; The&#383;e Examples,
+      I &#383;ay, I &#383;hall decline in&#383;i&#383;ting on, as chu&#383;ing
+      rather to tell you, that I have &#383;everal times try'd, that a Solution
+      of the Sulphur of Vitriol, or ev'n of common Sulphur, though the Liquor
+      appear'd clear enough, would immediately tinge a piece of new Coin, or
+      other clean Silver, &#383;ometimes with a Golden, &#383;ometimes with a
+      deeper, and more Reddi&#383;h colour, according to the &#383;trength of
+      the Solution, and the quantity of it, that chanc'd to adhere to the
+      Metall; which may take off your wonder that the water of the hot Spring at
+      <i>Bath</i>, abounding with di&#383;&#383;olv'd Sub&#383;tances of a very
+      Sulphureous Nature, &#383;hould for a while, as it were gild, the new or
+      clean pieces of Silver coyn, that are for a due time immers'd in it. And
+      to the&#383;e may be added tho&#383;e formerly mention'd Examples
+       <!--  Page 369 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_369"
+      id="LPage_369"></a>[pg 369]</span> of the adventitious Colours of Mineral
+      Bodies; which brings into my mind, that, ev'n Vegetable Liquors, whether
+      by degeneration, or by altering the Texture of the Body that imbibes them,
+      may &#383;tain other Bodies with Colours differing enough, from their own,
+      of which very good Herbari&#383;ts have afforded us a notable Example, by
+      affirming that the Juice of <i>Alcanna</i> being green (in which &#383;tate
+      I could never here procure it) do's yet Dye the Skin and Nails of a La&#383;ting
+      Red. But I &#383;ee this Treati&#383;e is like to prove too bulky without
+      the addition of further In&#383;tances of this Nature.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT XLIX.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Meeting the other day, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, in an <i>Italian</i> book, that
+      treats of other matters, with a way of preparing what the Author calls a
+      <i>Lacca</i> of Vegetables, by which the <i>Italians</i> mean a kind of
+      Extract fit for Painting, like that rich <i>Lacca</i> in Engli&#383;h
+      commonly call'd <i>Lake</i>, which is imploy'd by Painters as a glorious
+      Red. And finding the Experiment not to be incon&#383;iderable, and very
+      defectively &#383;et down, it will not be ami&#383;s to acquaint you with
+      what &#383;ome Tryals have inform'd us, in reference to this
+       <!--  Page 370 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_370"
+      id="LPage_370"></a>[pg 370]</span> Experiment, which both by our Italian
+      Author, and by divers of his Countrymen, is look'd upon as no trifling
+      Secret.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Take then the root call'd in Latin <i>Curcuma</i>, and in Engli&#383;h
+      Turmerick, (which I made u&#383;e of, becau&#383;e it was then at hand,
+      and is among Vegetables fit for that purpo&#383;e one of the mo&#383;t ea&#383;ie&#383;t
+      to be had) and when it is beaten, put what Quantity of it you plea&#383;e
+      into fair Water, adding to every pound of Water about a &#383;poonfull or
+      better of as &#383;trong a <i>Lixivium</i> or Solution of Pota&#383;hes as
+      you can well make, clarifying it by Filtration before you put it to the
+      Decocting water. Let the&#383;e things boyl, or rather &#383;imper over a
+      &#383;oft Fire in a clean glaz'd Earthen Ve&#383;&#383;el, till you find
+      by the Immer&#383;ion of a &#383;heet of White Paper (or by &#383;ome
+      other way of Tryal) that the Liquor is &#383;ufficiently impregnated with
+      the Golden Tincture of the Turmerick, then take the Decoction off the
+      Fire, and Filter or Strain it that it may be clean, and lei&#383;urely
+      dropping into it a &#383;trong Solution of Roch Allum, you &#383;hall find
+      the Decoction as it were curdl'd, and the tincted part of it either to
+      emerge, to &#383;ub&#383;ide, or to &#383;wim up and down, like little
+      Yellow flakes; and if you pour this mixture into a Tunnel lin'd with Cap
+      Paper, the Liquor that Filtred formerly
+       <!--  Page 371 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_371"
+      id="LPage_371"></a>[pg 371]</span> &#383;o Yellow, will now pa&#383;s
+      clean thorow the Filtre, leaving its tincted, and as it were curdled parts
+      in the Filtre, upon which fair Water mu&#383;t be &#383;o often pour'd,
+      till you have Dulcifi'd the matter therein contain'd, the &#383;ign of
+      which Dulcification is (you know) when the Water that has pa&#383;s'd
+      through it, comes from it as ta&#383;tele&#383;s as it was pour'd on it.
+      And if without Filtration you would gather together the flakes of this
+      Vegetable Lake, you mu&#383;t pour a great Quantity of fair Water upon the
+      Decoction after the affu&#383;ion of the Alluminous Solution, and you
+      &#383;hall find the Liquor to grow clearer, and the Lake to &#383;ettle
+      together at the bottom, or emerge to the top of the Water, though &#383;ometimes
+      having not pour'd out a &#383;ufficient Quantity of fair Water, we have ob&#383;erv'd
+      the Lake partly to &#383;ub&#383;ide, and partly to emerge, leaving all
+      the middle of the Liquor clear. But to make this Lake fit for u&#383;e, it
+      mu&#383;t by repeated affu&#383;ions of fre&#383;h Water, be Dulcifi'd
+      from the adhering Salts, as well as that &#383;eparated by Filtration, and
+      be &#383;pread and &#383;uffer'd to dry lei&#383;urely upon pieces of
+      Cloth, with Brown Paper, or Chalk, or Bricks under
+       <!--  Page 372 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_372"
+      id="LPage_372"></a>[pg 372]</span> them to imbibe the Moi&#383;ture<a
+      name="LNtA_25" id="LNtA_25_"></a><a href="#LNt_25"><sup>25</sup></a>.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation I.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Whereas it is pre&#383;um'd that the Magi&#383;tery of Vegetables obtain'd
+      this way con&#383;i&#383;ts but of the more Soluble and Coloured parts of
+      the Plants that afford it, I mu&#383;t take the liberty to Que&#383;tion
+      the &#383;uppo&#383;ition. And for my &#383;o doing, I &#383;hall give you
+      this account.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      According to the Notions (&#383;uch as they were) that I had concerning
+      Salts; Allom, though to &#383;en&#383;e a Homogeneous Body, ought not to
+      be reckon'd among true Salts, but to be it &#383;elf look'd upon as a kind
+      of Magi&#383;tery, in regard that as Native Vitriol (for &#383;uch I have
+      had) contains both a Saline &#383;ub&#383;tance and a Metall, whether
+      Copper, or Iron, corroded by it, and a&#383;&#383;ociated with it; &#383;o
+      Allom which may be of &#383;o near a kin to Vitriol, that in &#383;ome
+      places of <i>England</i> (as we are a&#383;&#383;ur'd by good Authority
+      the &#383;ame &#383;tone will
+       <!--  Page 373 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_373"
+      id="LPage_373"></a>[pg 373]</span> &#383;ometimes afford both) &#383;eems
+      manife&#383;tly to contain a peculiar kind of Acid Spirit, generated in
+      the Bowels of the Earth, and &#383;ome kind of &#383;tony matter di&#383;&#383;olv'd
+      by it. And though in making our ordinary Allom, the Workmen u&#383;e the A&#383;hes
+      of a Sea Weed (vulgarly call'd Kelp) and Urine: yet tho&#383;e that &#383;hould
+      know, inform us, that, here in <i>England</i>, there is be&#383;ides the
+      factitious Allom, Allom made by Nature Without the help of tho&#383;e
+      Additaments. Now (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) when I con&#383;ider'd this compo&#383;ition
+      of Allom, and that Alcalizate Salts are wont to Præcipitate what acid
+      Salts have di&#383;&#383;olv'd, I could not but be prone to &#383;u&#383;pect
+      that the Curdled Matter, which is call'd the Magi&#383;tery of Vegetables,
+      may have in it no incon&#383;iderable proportion of a &#383;tony &#383;ub&#383;tance
+      Præcipitated out of the Allom by the <i>Lixivium</i>, wherein the
+      Vegetable had been decocted, and to &#383;hew you, that there is no nece&#383;&#383;ity,
+      that all the curdl'd &#383;ub&#383;tance mu&#383;t belong to the
+      Vegetable, I &#383;hall add, that I took a &#383;trong Solution of Allom,
+      and having Filtred it, by pouring in a convenient Quantity of a &#383;trong
+      Solution of Pota&#383;hes, I pre&#383;ently, as I expected, turn'd the
+      mixture into a kind of white Curds, which being put to Filtre, the Paper
+      retain'd a &#383;tony
+       <!--  Page 374 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_374"
+      id="LPage_374"></a>[pg 374]</span> <i>Calx</i>, copious enough, very
+      White, and which &#383;eem'd to be of a Mineral Nature, both by &#383;ome
+      other &#383;ignes, and this, that little Bits of it being put upon a live
+      Coal, which was Gently Blown whil&#383;t they were on it, they did neither
+      melt nor fly away, and you may keep a Quantity of this White &#383;ub&#383;tance
+      for a good while, (nay for ought I can gue&#383;s for a very long one) in
+      a red hot Crucible without lo&#383;ing or &#383;poiling it; nor did hot
+      Water wherein I purpo&#383;ely kept another parcel of &#383;uch <i>Calx</i>,
+      &#383;eem to do any more than wa&#383;h away the loo&#383;er adhering
+      Salts from the &#383;tony &#383;ub&#383;tance, which therefore &#383;eem'd
+      unlikely to be &#383;eparable by ablutions (though reiterated) from the
+      Præcipitated parts of the Vegetable, who&#383;e Lake is intended. And to
+      &#383;hew you, that there is likewi&#383;e in Allom a Body, with which the
+      fix'd Salt of the Alcalizate Solution will concoagulate into a Saline Sub&#383;tance
+      differing from either of them, I &#383;hall add, that I have taken plea&#383;ure
+      to recover out of the &#383;lowly exhal'd Liquor, that pa&#383;s'd through
+      the filtre, and left the foremention'd <i>Calx</i> behind, a Body that at
+      lea&#383;t &#383;eem'd a Salt very pretty to look on, as being very White,
+      and con&#383;i&#383;ting of an innumerable company of exceeding &#383;lender,
+      and &#383;hining Particles, which
+       <!--  Page 375 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_375"
+      id="LPage_375"></a>[pg 375]</span> would in part ea&#383;ily melt at the
+      flame of a Candle, and in part flye away with &#383;ome little noi&#383;e.
+      But of this &#383;ub&#383;tance, and its odd Qualities more perhaps el&#383;ewhere;
+      for now I &#383;hall only take notice to you, that I have likewi&#383;e
+      with Urinous Salts, &#383;uch as the Spirit of Sal Armoniack, as well as
+      with the Spirit of Urine it &#383;elf, Nay, (if I much mi&#383;take not)
+      ev'n with Stale Urine undi&#383;til'd, ea&#383;ily Precipitated &#383;uch
+      a White <i>Calx</i> as I was formerly &#383;peaking of, out of a Limpid
+      Solution of Allom, &#383;o that there is need of Circum&#383;pection in
+      judging of the Natures of Liquors by Precipitations wherein Allom
+      intervenes, el&#383;e we may &#383;ometimes mi&#383;takingly imagine that
+      to be Precipitated out of a Liquor by Allom, which is rather Precipitated
+      out of Allom by the Liquor: And this puts me in mind to tell you, that
+      'tis not unplea&#383;ant to behold how quickly the Solution of Allom (or
+      injected lumps of Allom) do's occa&#383;ion the &#383;evering of the
+      colour'd parts of the Decoction from the Liquor that &#383;eem'd to have
+      &#383;o perfectly imbib'd them.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 376 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_376" id="LPage_376"></a>[pg 376]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annot. II.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The above mention'd way of making Lakes we have tryed not only with
+      Turmerick, but al&#383;o with Madder, which yielded us a Red Lake; and
+      with Rue, which afforded us an extract, of (almo&#383;t if not altogether)
+      the &#383;ame Colour with that of the leaves.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But in regard that 'tis Principally the Alcalizate Salt of the Pot-a&#383;hes,
+      which enables the water to Extract &#383;o powerfully the Tincture of the
+      Decocted Vegetables, I fear that our Author may be mi&#383;taken by &#383;uppo&#383;ing
+      that the Decoction will alwayes be of the very &#383;ame Colour with the
+      Vegetable it is made off. For Lixiviate Salts, to which Pot-a&#383;hes
+      eminently belong, though by peircing and opening the Bodies of Vegetables,
+      they prepare and di&#383;po&#383;e them to part readily with their
+      Tincture, yet &#383;ome Tinctures they do not only draw out, but likewi&#383;e
+      alter them, as may be ea&#383;ily made appear by many of the Experiments
+      already &#383;et down in this Treati&#383;e, and though Allom being of an
+      Acid Nature, its Solutions may in &#383;ome Ca&#383;es de&#383;troy the
+      Adventitious Colours produc'd by the Alcaly, and re&#383;tore the former:
+      yet
+       <!--  Page 377 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_377"
+      id="LPage_377"></a>[pg 377]</span> be&#383;ides that Allom is not, as I
+      have lately &#383;hown, a meer Acid Salt, but a mixt Body, and be&#383;ides,
+      that its operations are languid in compari&#383;on of the activity of
+      Salts freed by Di&#383;tillation, or by Incineration and Di&#383;&#383;olution,
+      from the mo&#383;t of their Earthy parts, we have &#383;een already
+      Examples, that in divers Ca&#383;es an Acid Salt will not re&#383;tore a
+      Vegetable &#383;ub&#383;tance to the Colour of which an Alcalizate one had
+      depriv'd it, but makes it a&#383;&#383;ume a third very differing from
+      both, as we formerly told you, that if Syrrup of Violets were by an Alcaly
+      turn'd Green, (which Colour, as I have try'd, may be the &#383;ame way
+      produc'd in the Violet-leaves them&#383;elves without any Relation to a
+      Syrrup) an Acid Salt would not make it Blew again, but Red. And though I
+      have by this way of making Lakes, made Magi&#383;teries (for &#383;uch
+      they &#383;eem to be) of Brazil, and as I remember of Cochinele it &#383;elf,
+      and of other things, Red, Yellow or Green which Lakes were enobled with a
+      Rich Colour, and others had no bad one; yet in &#383;ome the colour of the
+      Lake &#383;eem'd rather inferiour than otherwi&#383;e to that of the
+      Plant, and in others it &#383;eem'd both very differing, and much wor&#383;e;
+      but Writing this in a time and place where I cannot provide my &#383;elf
+      of Flowres and other Vegetables to pro&#383;ecute
+       <!--  Page 378 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_378"
+      id="LPage_378"></a>[pg 378]</span> &#383;uch Tryals in a competent variety
+      of Subjects, I am content not to be po&#383;itive in delivering a judgment
+      of this way of Lakes, till Experience, or You, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, &#383;hall
+      have afforded me a fuller and more particular Information.
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation III.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And on this occa&#383;ion (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) I mu&#383;t here (having
+      forgot to do it &#383;ooner) adverti&#383;e you once for all, that having
+      written &#383;everal of the foregoing Experiments, not only in ha&#383;te
+      but at &#383;ea&#383;ons of the year, and in places wherein I could not
+      furni&#383;h my &#383;elf with &#383;uch In&#383;truments, and &#383;uch a
+      variety of Materials, as the de&#383;ign of giving you an Introduction
+      into the Hi&#383;tory of Colours requir'd, it can &#383;carce be otherwi&#383;e
+      but that divers of the Experiments, that I have &#383;et down, may afford
+      you &#383;ome matter of new Tryals, if you think fit to &#383;upply the
+      deficiencies of &#383;ome of them (e&#383;pecially the fre&#383;hly
+      mention'd about Lakes, and tho&#383;e that concern Emphatical Colours)
+      which deficiencies for want of being befriended with accommodations I
+      could better di&#383;cern than avoid.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 379 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_379" id="LPage_379"></a>[pg 379]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Annotation IV.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The u&#383;e of Allom is very great as well as familiar in the Dyers
+      Trade, and I have not been ill pleas'd with the u&#383;e I have been able
+      to make of it in preparing other pigments than tho&#383;e they imploy with
+      Vegetable Juices. But the Lucriferous practi&#383;es of Dyers and other
+      Trade&#383;men, I do, for Rea&#383;ons that you may know when you plea&#383;e,
+      purpo&#383;ely forbear in this E&#383;&#383;ay, though not &#383;trictly
+      from pointing at, yet from making it a part of my pre&#383;ent work
+      explicitly and circum&#383;tantially to deliver, e&#383;pecially &#383;ince
+      I now find (though late and not without &#383;ome Blu&#383;hes at my
+      prolixity) that what I intended but for a &#383;hort E&#383;&#383;ay, is
+      already &#383;well'd into almo&#383;t a Volume.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>EXPERIMENT L.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Yet here, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, I mu&#383;t take leave to in&#383;ert an
+      Experiment, though perhaps you'l think its coming in here an Intru&#383;ion,
+      For I confe&#383;s its more proper place would have been among tho&#383;e
+      Experiments, that were brought as proofs and applications of our Notions
+      concerning the differences of
+       <!--  Page 380 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_380"
+      id="LPage_380"></a>[pg 380]</span> Salts; but not having remembred to in&#383;ert
+      it in its fitte&#383;t place, I had rather take notice of it in this, than
+      leave it quite unmention'd: partly becau&#383;e it doth &#383;omewhat
+      differ from the re&#383;t of our Experiments about Colours, in the way
+      whereby 'tis made; and partly becau&#383;e the grounds upon which I
+      devis'd it, may hint to you &#383;omewhat of the Method I u&#383;e in De&#383;igning
+      and Varying Experiments about Colours, and upon this account I &#383;hall
+      inform you, not only What I did, but Why I did it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I con&#383;ider'd then that the work of the former Experiments was either
+      to change the Colour of a Body into another, or quite to de&#383;troy it,
+      without giving it a &#383;ucce&#383;&#383;or, but I had a mind to give you
+      al&#383;o a way, whereby to turn a Body endued with one Colour into two
+      Bodies, of Colours, as well as con&#383;i&#383;tencies, very di&#383;tinct
+      from each other, and that by the help of a Body that had it &#383;elf no
+      Colour at all. In order to this, I remembred, that finding the Acidity of
+      Spirit of Vinegar to be wholly de&#383;troy'd by its working upon <i>Minium</i>
+      (or calcin'd Lead) whereby the Saline particles of the <i>Men&#383;truum</i>
+      have their Ta&#383;te and Nature quite alter'd, I had, among other
+      Conjectures I had built upon that change, rightly concluded, that the
+      Solution of Lead
+       <!--  Page 381 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_381"
+      id="LPage_381"></a>[pg 381]</span> in Spirit of Vinegar would alter the
+      Colour of the Juices and Infu&#383;ions of Several Plants, much after the
+      like manner that I had found Oyl of Tartar to do; and accordingly I was
+      quickly &#383;atisfied upon Tryal, that the Infu&#383;ion of Ro&#383;e-leaves
+      would by a &#383;mall quantity of this Solution well mingl'd with it, be
+      immediately turn'd into a &#383;omewhat &#383;ad Green.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And further, I had often found, that Oyl of Vitriol, though a potently
+      Acid <i>Men&#383;truum</i>, will yet Præcipitate many Bodies, both Mineral
+      and others, di&#383;&#383;olv'd not onely in <i>Aqua fortis</i> (as &#383;ome
+      Chymi&#383;ts have ob&#383;erv'd) but particularly in Spirit of Vinegar,
+      and I have further found, that the <i>Calces</i> or Powders Præcipitated
+      by this Liquor were u&#383;ually fair and White.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Laying the&#383;e things together, 'twas not difficult to conclude, that
+      if upon a good Tincture of Red Ro&#383;e-leaves made with fair Water, I
+      dropp'd a pretty quantity of a &#383;trong and &#383;weet Solution of <i>Minium</i>,
+      the Liquor would be turn'd into the like muddy Green Sub&#383;tance, as I
+      have formerly intimated to You, that Oyl of Tartar would reduce it to, and
+      that if then I added a convenient quantity of good Oyl of Vitriol, this la&#383;t
+      nam'd Liquor would have two di&#383;tinct operations upon the Mixture, the
+      one, that
+       <!--  Page 382 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_382"
+      id="LPage_382"></a>[pg 382]</span> it would Præcipitate that re&#383;olv'd
+      Lead in the form of a White Powder; the other, that it would Clarifie the
+      muddy Mixture, and both re&#383;tore, and exceedingly heighten the Redne&#383;s
+      of the Infu&#383;ion of Ro&#383;es, which was the mo&#383;t copious
+      Ingredient of the Green compo&#383;ition, and accordingly trying the
+      Experiment in a Wine gla&#383;s &#383;harp at the bottom (like an inverted
+      Cone) that the &#383;ub&#383;iding Powder might &#383;eem to take up the
+      more room, and be the more con&#383;picuous, I found that when I had
+      &#383;haken the Green Mixture, that the colour'd Liquor might be the more
+      equally di&#383;per&#383;ed, a few drops of the rectifi'd Oyl of Vitriol
+      did pre&#383;ently turn the opacous Liquor into one that was cleer and
+      Red, almo&#383;t like a Rubie, and threw down good &#383;tore of a Powder,
+      which when 'twas &#383;ettl'd, would have appear'd very White, if &#383;ome
+      inter&#383;pers'd Particles of the red Liquor had not a little Allay'd the
+      Purity, though not blemi&#383;h'd the Beauty of the Colour. And to &#383;hew
+      you, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that the&#383;e Effects do not flow from the Oyl
+      of Vitriol, as it is &#383;uch, but as it is a &#383;trongly Acid <i>Men&#383;truum</i>,
+      that has the property both to Præcipitate Lead, as well as &#383;ome other
+      Concretes out of Spirit of Vinegar, and to heighten the Colour of Red Ro&#383;e-leaves,
+      I add, that I
+       <!--  Page 383 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_383"
+      id="LPage_383"></a>[pg 383]</span> have done the &#383;ame thing, though
+      perhaps not quite &#383;o well with Spirit of Salt, and that I could not
+      do it with <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, becau&#383;e though that potent <i>Men&#383;truum</i>
+      does as well as the others heighthen the Redne&#383;s of Ro&#383;es, yet
+      it would not like them Precipitate Lead out of Spirit of Vinegar, but
+      would rather have di&#383;&#383;olv'd it, if it had not found it di&#383;&#383;olv'd
+      already.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And as by this way we have produc'd a Red Liquor, and a White Precipitate
+      out of a Dirty Green magi&#383;tery of Ro&#383;e-leaves, &#383;o by the
+      &#383;ame Method, you may produce a fair Yellow, and &#383;ometimes a Red
+      Liquor, and the like Precipitate, out of an Infu&#383;ion of a curious
+      Purple Colour. For you may call to mind, that in the Annotation upon the
+      39<sup>th</sup>. Experiment I intimated to you, that I had with a few
+      drops of an Alcaly turn'd the Infu&#383;ion of Logg-wood into a lovely
+      Purple. Now if in&#383;tead of this Alcaly I &#383;ub&#383;tituted a very
+      Strong and well Filtrated Solution of <i>Minium</i>, made with Spirit of
+      Vinegar, and put about half as much of this Liquor as there was of the
+      Infu&#383;ion of Logg-wood, (that the mixture might afford a pretty deal
+      of Precipitate,) the affu&#383;ion of a convenient proportion of Spirit of
+      Salt, would (if the Liquors were well and nimbly &#383;tirr'd together)
+      pre&#383;ently
+       <!--  Page 384 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_384"
+      id="LPage_384"></a>[pg 384]</span> &#383;trike down a Precipitate like
+      that formerly mention'd, and turn the Liquor that &#383;wam above it, for
+      the mo&#383;t part into a lovely Yellow.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But for the advancing of this Experiment a little further, I con&#383;ider'd,
+      that in ca&#383;e I fir&#383;t turn'd a &#383;poonfull of the infu&#383;ion
+      of Logg-wood Purple, by a convenient proportion of the Solution of <i>Minium</i>,
+      the Affu&#383;ion of Spirit of Sal Armnoniack, would Precipitate the Corpu&#383;cles
+      of Lead conceal'd in the Solution of <i>Minium</i>, and yet not de&#383;troy
+      the Purple colour of the Liquor; whereupon I thus proceeded; I took about
+      a &#383;poonfull of the <i>fre&#383;h</i> Tincture of Logg-wood, (for I
+      found that if it were <i>&#383;tale</i> the Experiment would not alwayes
+      &#383;ucceed,) and having put to it a convenient proportion of the
+      Solution of <i>Minium</i> to turn it into a deep and almo&#383;t opacous
+      Purple, I then drop'd in as much Spirit of Sal Armoniack, as I gue&#383;s'd
+      would Precipitate about half or more (but not all) of the Lead, and
+      immediately &#383;tirring the mixture well together, I mingled the
+      Precipitated parts with the others, &#383;o that they fell to the bottom,
+      partly in the form of a Powder, and partly in the form of a Curdled Sub&#383;tance,
+      that (by rea&#383;on of the Predominancy of the Ting'd Corpu&#383;cles
+      over
+       <!--  Page 385 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_385"
+      id="LPage_385"></a>[pg 385]</span> the White) retain'd as well as the
+      Supernatant Liquor; a Blewi&#383;h Purple colour &#383;ufficiently Deep,
+      and then in&#383;tantly (but yet Warily,) pouring on a pretty Quantity of
+      Spirit of Salt, the matter fir&#383;t Precipitated, was, by the above
+      &#383;pecified figure of the bottome of the Gla&#383;s pre&#383;erv'd from
+      being reach'd by the Spirituous Salt; which ha&#383;tily Precipitated upon
+      it a new Bed (if I may &#383;o call it) of White Powder, being the
+      remaining Corpu&#383;cles of the Lead, that the Urinous Spirit had not
+      &#383;truck down: So that there appear'd in the Gla&#383;s three di&#383;tinct
+      and very differingly colour'd Sub&#383;tances; a Purple or Violet-colour'd
+      Precipitate at the bottom, a White and Carnation (&#383;ometimes a Variou&#383;ly
+      colour'd) Precipitate over That, and at the Top of all a Tran&#383;parent
+      Liquor of a lovely Yellow, or Red.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thus you &#383;ee, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that though to &#383;ome I may have
+      &#383;eem'd to have lighted on this (50<sup>th</sup>.) Experiment by
+      chance, and though others may imagine, that to have excogitated it, mu&#383;t
+      have proceeded from &#383;ome extraordinary in&#383;ight into the nature
+      of Colours, yet indeed, the devi&#383;ing of it need not be look'd upon as
+      any great matter, e&#383;pecially to one that is a little vers'd in the
+      notions, I have in the&#383;e, and other Papers
+       <!--  Page 386 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_386"
+      id="LPage_386"></a>[pg 386]</span> hinted concerning the differences of
+      Salts. And perhaps I might add upon more than conjecture, that the&#383;e
+      very notions and &#383;ome particulars &#383;catteringly deliver'd in this
+      Treati&#383;e, being skilfully put together, may &#383;ugge&#383;t divers
+      matters (at lea&#383;t,) about Colours, that will not be altogether De&#383;picable.
+      But tho&#383;e hinted, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, I mu&#383;t now leave &#383;uch
+      as You to pro&#383;ecute, having already &#383;pent farr more time than I
+      intended to allow my &#383;elf in acquainting You with particular
+      Experiments and Ob&#383;ervations concerning the changes of Colour, to
+      which I might have added many more, but that I hope I may have pre&#383;ented
+      You with a competent number to make out in &#383;ome mea&#383;ure what I
+      have at the beginning of this E&#383;&#383;ay either propos'd as my De&#383;ign
+      in this Tract, or deliver'd as my Conjectures concerning the&#383;e
+      matters. And it not being my pre&#383;ent De&#383;igne, as I have more
+      than once Declar'd, to deliver any Po&#383;itive Hypothe&#383;is or &#383;olemn
+      Theory of Colours, but only to furni&#383;h You with &#383;ome Experiments
+      towards the framing of &#383;uch a Theory; I &#383;hall add nothing to
+      what I have &#383;aid already, but a reque&#383;t that you would not be
+      forward to think I have been mi&#383;taken in any thing I have deliver'd
+      as matter of Fact concerning the changes of Colours, in ca&#383;e you
+       <!--  Page 387 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_387"
+      id="LPage_387"></a>[pg 387]</span> &#383;hould not every time you trye it,
+      find it exactly to &#383;ucceed. For be&#383;ides the Contingencies to
+      which we have el&#383;ewhere &#383;hewn &#383;ome other Experiments to be
+      obnoxious, the omi&#383;&#383;ion or variation of a &#383;eemingly uncon&#383;iderable
+      circum&#383;tance, may hinder the &#383;ucce&#383;s of an Experiment,
+      wherein no other fault has been committed. Of which truth I &#383;hall
+      only give you that &#383;ingle and almo&#383;t obvious, but yet illu&#383;trious
+      in&#383;tance of the Art of Dying Scarlets, for though you &#383;hould
+      &#383;ee every Ingredient that is us'd about it, though I &#383;hould
+      particularly inform You of the weight of each, and though you &#383;hould
+      be pre&#383;ent at the kindling of the fire, and at the increa&#383;ing
+      and remitting of it, when ever the degree of Heat is to be alter'd, and
+      though (in a word) you &#383;hould &#383;ee every thing done &#383;o
+      particularly that you would &#383;carce harbour the lea&#383;t doubt of
+      your comprehending the whole Art: Yet if I &#383;hould not di&#383;clo&#383;e
+      to You, that the Ve&#383;&#383;els, that immediately contain the Tinging
+      Ingredients, are to be made of or to be lin'd with Tin, You would never be
+      able by all that I could tell you el&#383;e (at-lea&#383;t, if the Famou&#383;e&#383;t
+      and Candide&#383;t Artificers do not &#383;trangely delude them&#383;elves)
+      to bring your Tincture of
+       <!--  Page 388 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_388"
+      id="LPage_388"></a>[pg 388]</span> Chochinele to Dye a perfect Scarlet. So
+      much depends upon the very Ve&#383;&#383;el, wherein the Tinging matters
+      are boyl'd, and &#383;o great an Influence may an unheeded Circum&#383;tance
+      have on the Succe&#383;s of Experiments concerning Colours.
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      <i>FINIS.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <hr />
+    <!--  Page 389 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_389" id="LPage_389"></a>[pg 389]</span>
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:50%;">A SHORT</span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:125%;">ACCOUNT</span><br /> <span style="font-size:50%;">OF
+      SOME</span><br /> <span style="font-size:100%;">OBSERVATIONS</span><br />
+      <span style="font-size:75%;">Made by Mr. <i>BOYLE</i></span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:50%;">About a <i>Diamond</i> that <i>Shines</i> in the
+      Dark.</span>
+    </h2>
+    <p class="center">
+      Fir&#383;t enclo&#383;ed in a Letter written to<br /> a Friend,
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      And now together with it annexed to the Foregoing<br /> Treati&#383;e, upon
+      the &#383;core of the<br /> Affinity Betwixt
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:75%;"><i>Light</i> and <i>Colours</i>.</span>
+    </h2>
+    <hr />
+    <div class="figcenter" style="width:25%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/429.png" alt="Decorative tiles" />
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      <i>LONDON,</i>
+    </h3>
+    <h4>
+      Printed for <i>Henry Herringman</i>. 1664
+    </h4>
+    <!--  Page 390 blank -->
+    <!--  Page 391 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_391" id="LPage_391"></a>[pg 391]</span>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/431a.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      <span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px">A COPY</span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:50%;">OF THE</span><br /> <span
+      style="font-size:100%; letter-spacing:10px">LETTER</span>
+    </h2>
+    <p class="center">
+      That Mr. <i>Boyle</i> wrote to Sir <i>Robert Morray</i>,<br /> to accompany
+      the <i>Ob&#383;ervations</i> touching<br /> the <i>Shining Diamond</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>SIR,</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <img width="100" height="100" src="images/431b.png"
+      alt="Illuminated T in Though" /> Hough Sir <i>Robert Morray</i> and Mon&#383;ieur
+      <i>Zulichem</i> be Per&#383;ons that have de&#383;erv'd &#383;o well of
+      the Commonwealth of Learning, that I &#383;hould think my &#383;elf
+      unworthy to be look'd upon as a Member of it, if I declin'd to Obey them,
+      or to Serve them; yet I &#383;hould not without Reluctancy &#383;end you
+      the Notes, you de&#383;ire for him, if I did not hope that you will tran&#383;mit
+      together with them, &#383;ome Account why they are not le&#383;s unworthy
+      of his peru&#383;al; which, that you may do; I mu&#383;t inform you, how
+       <!--  Page 392 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_392"
+      id="LPage_392"></a>[pg 392]</span> the writing of them was Occa&#383;ion'd,
+      which in &#383;hort was thus. As I was ju&#383;t going out of Town,
+      hearing that an Ingenious Gentleman of my Acquaintance, lately return'd
+      from <i>Italy</i>, had a Diamond, that being rubb'd, would &#383;hine in
+      the Dark, and that he was not far off, I &#383;natch'd time from my Occa&#383;ions
+      to make him a Vi&#383;it, but finding him ready to go abroad, and having
+      in vain try'd to make the Stone yield any Light in the Day time, I
+      borrow'd it of him for that Night, upon condition to re&#383;tore it him
+      within a Day or two at furthe&#383;t, at <i>Gre&#383;ham</i> College,
+      where we appointed to attend the meeting of the Society, that was then to
+      be at that place. And hereupon I ha&#383;ted that Evening out of Town, and
+      finding after Supper that the Stone which in the Day time would afford no
+      di&#383;cernable Light, was really Con&#383;picuous in the Dark, I was
+      &#383;o taken with the Novelty, and &#383;o de&#383;irous to make &#383;ome
+      u&#383;e of an opportunity that was like to la&#383;t &#383;o little a
+      while, that though at that time I had no body to a&#383;&#383;i&#383;t me
+      but a Foot-Boy, yet &#383;itting up late, I made a &#383;hift that Night
+      to try a pretty number of &#383;uch of the things that then came into my
+      thoughts, as were not in that place and time unpracticable. And the next
+      Day being otherwi&#383;e imploy'd,
+       <!--  Page 393 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_393"
+      id="LPage_393"></a>[pg 393]</span> I was fain to make u&#383;e of a drow&#383;ie
+      part of the Night to &#383;et down ha&#383;tily in Writing what I had ob&#383;erv'd,
+      and without having the time in the Morning, to &#383;tay the tran&#383;cribing
+      of it, I order'd the Ob&#383;ervations to be brought after me to <i>Gre&#383;ham</i>
+      College, where you may remember, that they were together with the Stone it
+      &#383;elf &#383;hown to the Royal Society, by which they had the good
+      Fortune not to be di&#383;lik'd, though &#383;everal things were through
+      ha&#383;t omitted, &#383;ome of which you will find in the Margin of the
+      inclo&#383;ed Paper. The &#383;ub&#383;tance of this &#383;hort Narrative
+      I hope you will let Mon&#383;ieur <i>Zulichem</i> know, that he may be
+      kept from expecting any thing of fini&#383;h'd in the Ob&#383;ervations,
+      and be di&#383;pos'd to excu&#383;e the want of it. But &#383;uch as they
+      are, I hope they will prove (without a Clinch) Luciferous Experiments, by
+      &#383;etting the Speculations of the Curious on work, in a diligent
+      Inquiry after the Nature of Light, towards the di&#383;covery of which,
+      perhaps they have not yet met with &#383;o con&#383;iderable an
+      Experiment, &#383;ince here we &#383;ee Light produc'd in a dead and
+      opacous Body, and that not as in rotten Wood, or in Fi&#383;hes, or as in
+      the <i>Bolonian</i> Stone, by a Natural Corruption, or by a
+       <!--  Page 394 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_394"
+      id="LPage_394"></a>[pg 394]</span> Violent De&#383;truction of the Texture
+      of the Body, but by &#383;o &#383;light a Mechanical operation upon its
+      Texture, as we &#383;eem to know what it is, and as is immediately
+      perform'd, and that &#383;everal wayes without at all prejudicing the
+      Body, or making any &#383;en&#383;ible alterations in its Manife&#383;t
+      Qualities. And I am the more willing to expo&#383;e my ha&#383;ty Tryals
+      to Mon&#383;ieur <i>Zulichem</i>, and to You, becau&#383;e, he being upon
+      the Con&#383;ideration of Dioptricks, &#383;o odd a <i>Ph&#339;nomemon</i>
+      relateing to the Subject, as probably he treats of, Light will, I hope,
+      excite a per&#383;on to con&#383;ider it, that is wont to con&#383;ider
+      things he treats of very well. And for you Sir, I hope you will both
+      recrute and perfect the Ob&#383;ervations you receive, For you know that I
+      cannot add to them, having a good while &#383;ince re&#383;tor'd to Mr. <i>Clayton</i>
+      the Stone, which though it be now in the hands of a Prince that &#383;o
+      highly de&#383;erves, by under&#383;tanding them, the greate&#383;t Curio&#383;ities;
+      yet he vouch&#383;afes you that acce&#383;s to him as keeps me from
+      doubting, you may ea&#383;ily obtain leave to make further Tryals with it,
+      of &#383;uch a Monarch as ours, that is not more inqui&#383;itive him&#383;elf,
+      than a favourer of them that are &#383;o. I doubt not but the&#383;e Notes
+      will put you in mind of the Motion you made to the Society, to impo&#383;e
+      upon
+       <!--  Page 395 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_395"
+      id="LPage_395"></a>[pg 395]</span> me the Task of bringing in, what I had
+      on other occa&#383;ions ob&#383;erv'd concerning &#383;hining Bodies. But
+      though I deny not, that I &#383;ometimes made ob&#383;ervations about the
+      <i>Bolonian</i> Stone, and try'd &#383;ome Experiments about &#383;ome
+      other &#383;hining Bodies; Yet the &#383;ame Rea&#383;ons that reduc'd me
+      then to be unwilling to receive ev'n their commands, mu&#383;t now be my
+      Apology for not an&#383;wering your Expectations, Namely the ab&#383;tru&#383;e
+      nature of Light, and my being already over-burden'd, and but too much kept
+      imploy'd by the Urgency of the Pre&#383;s, as well as by more concerning
+      and di&#383;tracting Occa&#383;ions. But yet I will tell you &#383;ome
+      part of what I have met with in reference to the Stone, of which I &#383;end
+      you an account. Becau&#383;e I find on the one &#383;ide, that a great
+      many think it no Rarity upon a mi&#383;taken per&#383;wa&#383;ion, that
+      not only there are &#383;tore of Carbuncles, of which this is one; but
+      that all Diamonds and other Gli&#383;tering Jewels &#383;hine in the Dark.
+      Whereas on the other &#383;ide there are very Learn'd Men, who (plau&#383;ibly
+      enough) deny that there are any Carbuncles or &#383;hining Stones at all.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And certainly, tho&#383;e Judicious men have much more to &#383;ay for
+      them&#383;elves, than the others commonly Plead, and therefore did de&#383;ervedly
+      look upon Mr. <i>Clayton</i>'s Diamond
+       <!--  Page 396 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_396"
+      id="LPage_396"></a>[pg 396]</span> as a great Rarity. For not only <i>Boetius
+      de Boot</i>, who is judg'd the be&#383;t Author on this Subject, a&#383;cribes
+      no &#383;uch Virtue to Diamonds, but begins what he delivers of
+      Carbuncles, with this pa&#383;&#383;age.<a name="LNtA_26" id="LNtA_26_"></a><a
+      href="#LNt_26"><sup>26</sup></a> <i>Magna fama est Carbunculi. Is vulgo
+      putatur in tenebris Carbonis in&#383;tar lucere; forta&#383;&#383;is quia
+      Pyropus &#383;eu Anthrax appellatus a veteribus fuit. Verum hactenus nemo
+      nunquam verè a&#383;&#383;erere au&#383;us fuit, &#383;e gemmam noctu
+      lucentem vidi&#383;&#383;e. Garcias ab Horto proregis Indiæ Medicus,
+      refert &#383;e allocutum fui&#383;&#383;e, qui &#383;e vidi&#383;&#383;e
+      affirmarent. Sed iis fidem non habuit.</i> And a later Author, the
+      Diligent and Judicious <i>Johannes de Laet</i> in his Chapter of
+      Carbuncles and of Rubies, has this pa&#383;&#383;age. <i>Quia autem
+      Carbunculi, Pyropi &amp; Anthraces a veteribus nominantur, vulgo creditum
+      fuit, Carbonis instar in tenebris lucere, quod tamen nullâ gemmâ hastenus
+      deprehen&#383;um, licet à quibu&#383;dam temerè jactetur.</i> And the
+      recente&#383;t Writer I have met with on this Subject, <i>Olaus Wormius</i>,
+      in his Account of his well furni&#383;h'd <i>Musæum</i>, do's, where he
+      treats of Rubies, concurr with the former Writers by the&#383;e Words.<a
+      name="LNtA_27" id="LNtA_27_"></a><a href="#LNt_27"><sup>27</sup></a> <i>Sunt
+      qui Rubinum veterum Carbunculum e&#383;&#383;e existimant, &#383;ed dee&#383;t
+      una illa nota, quod
+       <!--  Page 397 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_397"
+      id="LPage_397"></a>[pg 397]</span> in tenebris in&#383;tar Anthracis non
+      luceat: A&#383;t talem Carbunculum in rerum naturâ non inveniri major pars
+      Authoram exi&#383;timant. Licet unum aut alterum in India apud Magnates
+      quo&#383;dam reperiri &#383;cribant, cum tamen ex aliorum relatione id
+      habeant &#383;altem, &#383;ed ip&#383;i non viderint.</i> In confirmation
+      of which I &#383;hall only add, that hearing of a Rubie, &#383;o very
+      Vivid, that the Jewellers them&#383;elves have &#383;everal times begg'd
+      leave of the fair Lady to whom it belong'd, that they might try their
+      choice&#383;t Rubies by comparing them with That, I had the Opportunity by
+      the Favour of this Lady and her Hu&#383;band, (both which I have the
+      Honour to be acquainted with) to make a Trial of this famous Rubie in the
+      Night, and in a Room well Darkn'd, but not only could not di&#383;cern any
+      thing of Light, by looking on the Stone before any thing had been done to
+      it, but could not by all my Rubbing bring it to afford the lea&#383;t
+      Glimmering of Light.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But, Sir, though I be very backward to admit &#383;trange things for
+      truths, yet I am not very forward to reject them as impo&#383;&#383;ibilities,
+      and therefore I would not di&#383;courage any from making further Inquiry,
+      whether or no there be Really in <i>Rerum natura</i>, any &#383;uch thing
+      as a true Carbuncle or Stone that without Rubbing will &#383;hine
+       <!--  Page 398 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_398"
+      id="LPage_398"></a>[pg 398]</span> in the Dark. For if &#383;uch a thing
+      can be found, it may afford no &#383;mall A&#383;&#383;i&#383;tance to the
+      Curious in the Inve&#383;tigation of Light, be&#383;ides the Noblene&#383;s
+      and Rarity of the thing it &#383;elfe. And though <i>Vartomannus</i> was
+      not an Eye witne&#383;s of what he relates, that the King of <i>Pegu</i>,
+      one of the Chief Kings of the <i>East-Indies</i>, had a true Carbuncle of
+      that Bigne&#383;s and Splendour, that it &#383;hin'd very Gloriou&#383;ly
+      in the Dark, and though <i>Garcias ab Horto</i>, the <i>Indian</i>
+      Vice-Roys Phy&#383;ician, &#383;peaks of another Carbuncle, only upon the
+      Report of one, that he Di&#383;cours'd with, who affirmed him&#383;elf to
+      have &#383;een it; yet as we are not &#383;ure that the&#383;e Men that
+      gave them&#383;elves out to be Eye-witne&#383;&#383;es &#383;peak true,
+      yet they may have done &#383;o for ought we know to the contrary. And I
+      could pre&#383;ent you with a much con&#383;iderabler Te&#383;timony to
+      the &#383;ame purpo&#383;e, if I had the permi&#383;&#383;ion of a Per&#383;on
+      concern'd, without who&#383;e leave I mu&#383;t not do it. I might tell
+      you that <i>Marcus Paulus Venetus</i><a name="LNtA_28" id="LNtA_28_"></a><a
+      href="#LNt_28"><sup>28</sup></a> (who&#383;e &#383;uppos'd Fables, divers
+      of our later Travellours and Navigatours have &#383;ince found to be
+      truths) &#383;peaking of the King of <i>Zeilan</i> that then was, tells
+      us, that he was &#383;aid to have the be&#383;t Rubie in the World, a Palm
+      long and as
+       <!--  Page 399 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_399"
+      id="LPage_399"></a>[pg 399]</span> big as a mans Arm, without &#383;pot,
+      &#383;hining like a Fire, and he &#383;ubjoyns, that the Great <i>Cham</i>,
+      under whom <i>Paulus</i> was a con&#383;iderable Officer, &#383;ent and
+      offer'd the value of a City for it; But the King an&#383;wer'd, he would
+      not give it for the trea&#383;ure of the World, nor part with it, having
+      been his Ance&#383;tours. And I could add, that in the Relation made by
+      two <i>Ru&#383;&#383;ian</i> Co&#383;&#383;acks of their Journey into <i>Catay</i><a
+      name="LNtA_29" id="LNtA_29_"></a><a href="#LNt_29"><sup>29</sup></a>, written
+      to their Emperour, they mention'd their having been told by the people of
+      tho&#383;e parts, that their King had a Stone, which Lights as the Sun
+      both Day and Night, call'd in their Language <i>Sarra</i>, which tho&#383;e
+      Co&#383;&#383;acks interpret a Ruby. But the&#383;e Relations are too
+      uncertain for me to build any thing upon, and therefore I &#383;hall
+      proceed to tell you, that there came hither about two years &#383;ince out
+      of <i>America</i>, the Governour of one of the Principal Colonies there,
+      an Ancient <i>Virtuo&#383;o</i>, and one that has the Honour to be a
+      member of the Royal Society; this Gentleman finding &#383;ome of the chief
+      Affairs of his Country committed to another and me, made me divers Vi&#383;its,
+      and in one of them when I enquir'd what Rare Stones they had in tho&#383;e
+      parts of the <i>Indies</i> he belong'd to, he told me, that the <i>Indians</i>
+      had a Tradition
+       <!--  Page 400 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_400"
+      id="LPage_400"></a>[pg 400]</span> that in a certain hardly acce&#383;&#383;ible
+      Hill, a pretty way up in the Country, there was a Stone which in the Night
+      time &#383;hin'd very vividly, and to a great di&#383;tance, and he a&#383;&#383;ur'd
+      me, that though he thought it not fit to venture him&#383;elf &#383;o far
+      among tho&#383;e Savages, yet he purpo&#383;ely &#383;ent thither a bold
+      <i>Engli&#383;hman</i>, with &#383;ome Natives to be his guides, and that
+      this Me&#383;&#383;enger brought him back word, that at a di&#383;tance
+      from the Hillock he had plainly perceiv'd &#383;uch a &#383;hining Sub&#383;tance
+      as the <i>Indians</i> Tradition mention'd, and being &#383;timulated by
+      Curio&#383;ity, had &#383;lighted tho&#383;e Super&#383;titious Fears of
+      the Inhabitants, and with much ado by rea&#383;on of the Difficulty of the
+      way, had made a &#383;hift to clamber up to that part of the Hill, where,
+      by a very heedful Ob&#383;ervation, he &#383;uppos'd him&#383;elf to have
+      &#383;een the Light: but whether 'twere that he had mi&#383;taken the
+      place, or for &#383;ome other Rea&#383;on, he could not find it there,
+      though when he was return'd to his former Station, he did agen &#383;ee
+      the Light &#383;hining in the &#383;ame place where it &#383;hone before.
+      A further Account of this Light I expect from the Gentleman that gave me
+      this, who lately &#383;ent me the news of his being landed in that
+      Country. And though I re&#383;erve to my &#383;elf a full Liberty of
+      Believing no more
+       <!--  Page 401 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_401"
+      id="LPage_401"></a>[pg 401]</span> than I &#383;ee cau&#383;e; yet I do
+      the le&#383;s &#383;cruple to relate this, becau&#383;e a good part of it
+      agrees well enough with another Story that I &#383;hall in the next place
+      have occa&#383;ion to &#383;ubjoyn, in order whereunto I &#383;hall tell
+      you, that though the Learned Authors I formerly mention'd, tell us, that
+      no Writer has affirm'd his having him&#383;elf &#383;een a real Carbuncle,
+      yet, con&#383;idering the Light of Mr. <i>Claytons</i> Diamond, it
+      recall'd into my mind, that &#383;ome years before, when I was Inqui&#383;itive
+      about Stones, I had met with an old <i>Italian</i> Book highly extoll'd to
+      me by very competent Judges, and that though the Book were very &#383;carce,
+      I had purchas'd it at a dear Rate, for the &#383;ake of a few con&#383;iderable
+      pa&#383;&#383;ages I met with in it, and particularly one, which being
+      very remarkable in it &#383;elf, and pertinent to our pre&#383;ent
+      Argument, I &#383;hall put it for you, though not word for word, which I
+      fear I have forgot to do, yet as to the Sen&#383;e, into <i>Engli&#383;h</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Having promis'd</i> (Says our Author)<a name="LNtA_30" id="LNtA_30_"></a><a
+      href="#LNt_30"><sup>30</sup></a> <i>to &#383;ay &#383;omething of that mo&#383;t
+      precious &#383;ort of Jewels,</i> Carbuncles, <i>becau&#383;e they are
+      very rarely to be met with, we &#383;hall briefly deliver what we know of
+      them. In</i> Clement <i>the &#383;eventh's time, I happen'd to &#383;ee
+      one of</i>
+       <!--  Page 402 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_402"
+      id="LPage_402"></a>[pg 402]</span> <i>them at a certain</i> Ragu&#383;ian
+      <i>Merchants, nam'd</i> Beigoio di Bona, <i>This was a Carbuncle white, of
+      that kind of whitene&#383;s which we &#383;aid was to be found in tho&#383;e
+      Rubies of which we made mention a little above,</i> (where he had &#383;aid
+      that tho&#383;e Rubies had a kind of Livid Whitene&#383;s or Palene&#383;s
+      like that of a Calcidonian) <i>but it had in it a Lu&#383;tre &#383;o plea&#383;ing
+      and &#383;o marveilous, that it &#383;hin'd in the Dark, but not as much
+      as colour'd Carbuncles, though it be true, that in an exceeding Dark place
+      I &#383;aw it &#383;hine in the manner of fire almo&#383;t gone out. But
+      as for colour'd Carbuncles, it has not been my Fortune to have &#383;een
+      any, wherefore I will onely &#383;et down what I Learn'd about them Di&#383;cour&#383;ing
+      in my Youth with a</i> Roman <i>Gentleman of antient Experience in matters
+      of Jewels, who told me, That one</i> Jacopo Cola <i>being by Night in a
+      Vineyard of his, and e&#383;pying &#383;omething in the mid&#383;t of it,
+      that &#383;hin'd like a little</i> glowing Coal, at the foot of a Vine,
+      went near towards the place where he thought him&#383;elf to have &#383;een
+      that fire, but not finding it, he &#383;aid, that being return'd to the
+      &#383;ame place, whence he had fir&#383;t de&#383;cry'd it, and perceiving
+      there the &#383;ame &#383;plendor as before, he mark'd it &#383;o
+      heedfully, that he came at length to it, where he took up a very little
+      Stone, which he carry'd away with Tran&#383;ports and Joy. And the next
+       <!--  Page 403 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_403"
+      id="LPage_403"></a>[pg 403]</span> day carrying it about to &#383;how it
+      divers of his Friends, whil&#383;t he was relating after what manner he
+      found it, there ca&#383;ually interven'd a <i>Venetian</i> Emba&#383;&#383;adour,
+      exceedingly expert in Jewels, who pre&#383;ently knowing it to be a
+      Carbuncle, did craftily before he and the &#383;aid <i>Jacopo</i> parted (&#383;o
+      that there was no Body pre&#383;ent that under&#383;tood the Worth of
+      &#383;o Precious a Gemm) purcha&#383;e it for the Value of 10. Crowns, and
+      the next day left <i>Rome</i> to &#383;hun the being nece&#383;&#383;itated
+      to re&#383;tore it, and (as he affirm'd) it was known within &#383;ome
+      while after that the &#383;aid <i>Venetian</i> Gentleman did in <i>Con&#383;tantinople</i>
+      &#383;ell that Carbuncle to the then Grand Seignior, newly come to the
+      Empire, for a hundred thou&#383;and Crowns. <i>And this is what I can
+      &#383;ay</i> concerning <i>Carbuncles</i>, and this is not a little at lea&#383;t
+      as to the fir&#383;t part of this account, where our <i>Cellini</i>
+      affirms him&#383;elf to have &#383;een a Real Carbuncle with his own Eyes,
+      e&#383;pecially &#383;ince this Author appears wary in what he delivers,
+      and is inclin'd rather to le&#383;&#383;en, than increa&#383;e the wonder
+      of it. And his Te&#383;timony is the more con&#383;iderable, becau&#383;e
+      though he were born a Subject neither to the Pope nor the then King of <i>France</i>
+      (that Royal <i>Virtuo&#383;o</i> <i>Francis</i> the fir&#383;t) yet both
+      the one and the other of tho&#383;e Princes imploy'd him much
+       <!--  Page 404 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_404"
+      id="LPage_404"></a>[pg 404]</span> about making of their Noble&#383;t
+      Jewels. What is now reported concerning a Shining Sub&#383;tance to be
+      &#383;een in one of the I&#383;lands about <i>Scotland</i>, were very
+      improper for me to mention to Sr. <i>Robert Morray</i>, to whom the fir&#383;t
+      Information was Originally brought, and from whom I expect a farther (for
+      I &#383;carce dare expect a convincing) account of it. But I mu&#383;t not
+      omit that &#383;ome <i>Virtuo&#383;o</i> que&#383;tioning me the other day
+      at <i>White-Hall</i> about Mr. <i>Claytons</i> Diamond, and meeting among&#383;t
+      them an Ingenious <i>Dutch</i> Gentleman, who&#383;e Father was long Emba&#383;&#383;ador
+      for the Netherlands in <i>England</i>, I Learn'd of him, that, he is
+      acquainted with a per&#383;on, who&#383;e Name he told (but I do not well
+      remember it) who was Admiral of the <i>Dutch</i> in the <i>Ea&#383;t-Indies</i>,
+      and who a&#383;&#383;ur'd this Gentleman <i>Mon&#383;ieur Boreel</i>, that
+      at his return from thence he brought back with him into <i>Holland</i> a
+      Stone, which though it look'd but like a Pale Dull Diamond, &#383;uch as
+      he &#383;aw Mr. <i>Claytons</i> to be, yet was it a Real Carbuncle, and
+      did without rubbing &#383;hine &#383;o much, that when the Admiral had
+      occa&#383;ion to open a Che&#383;t which he kept under Deck in a Dark
+      place, where 'twas forbidden to bring Candles for fear of Mi&#383;chances,
+      as &#383;oon as he open'd the Trunck, the Stone
+       <!--  Page 405 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_405"
+      id="LPage_405"></a>[pg 405]</span> would by its Native Light, &#383;hine
+      &#383;o as to Illu&#383;trate a great part of it, and this Gentleman
+      having very civilly and readily granted me the reque&#383;t I made him, to
+      Write to the Admiral, who is yet alive in <i>Holland</i>, (and probably
+      may &#383;till have the Jewel by him,) for a particular account of this
+      Stone, I hope ere long to receive it, which will be the more welcome to
+      me, not onely becau&#383;e &#383;o unlikely a thing needs a cleer
+      evidence, but becau&#383;e I have had &#383;ome &#383;u&#383;pition of
+      that (&#383;uppo&#383;ing the truth of the thing) what may be a &#383;hining
+      Stone in a very hot Countrey as the <i>Ea&#383;t-Indies</i>, may perhaps
+      cea&#383;e to be &#383;o (at lea&#383;t in certain &#383;ea&#383;ons,) in
+      one as cold as <i>Holland</i>. For I ob&#383;erv'd in the Diamond I &#383;end
+      you an account of, that not onely rubbing but a very moderate degree of
+      warmth, though excited by other wayes, would make it &#383;hine a little.
+      And 'tis not impo&#383;&#383;ible that there may be Stones as much more
+      &#383;u&#383;ceptible than that, of the Alterations requi&#383;ite to make
+      a Diamond &#383;hine, as that appeares to be more &#383;u&#383;ceptible of
+      them, than ordinary Diamonds. And I confe&#383;s to you, that this is not
+      the only odd &#383;u&#383;pition (for they are not &#383;o much as
+      conjectures) that what I try'd upon this Diamond &#383;ugge&#383;ted to
+      me. For not here to entertain you with the
+       <!--  Page 406 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_406"
+      id="LPage_406"></a>[pg 406]</span> changes I think may be effected ev'n in
+      harder &#383;orts of Stones, by wayes not vulgar, nor very promi&#383;ing,
+      becau&#383;e I may el&#383;ewhere have occa&#383;ion to &#383;peak of
+      them, and this Letter is but too Prolix already, that which I &#383;hall
+      now acknowledge to you is, That I began to doubt whether there may not in
+      &#383;ome Ca&#383;es be &#383;ome Truth in what is &#383;aid of the right
+      Turquois, that it often changes Colour as the wearer is Sick or Well, and
+      manife&#383;tly lo&#383;es its &#383;plendor at his Death. For when I
+      found that ev'n the warmth of an Affriction that la&#383;ted not above a
+      quarter of a minute, Nay, that of my Body, (who&#383;e Con&#383;titution
+      you know is none of the hotte&#383;t) would make a manife&#383;t change in
+      the &#383;olide&#383;t of Stones a Diamond, it &#383;eem'd not impo&#383;&#383;ible,
+      that certain warm and Saline &#383;teams i&#383;&#383;uing from the Body
+      of a living man, may by their plenty or paucity, or by their peculiar
+      Nature, or by the total ab&#383;ence of them, diver&#383;ifie the Colour,
+      and the &#383;plendor of &#383;o &#383;oft a Stone as the Turquois. And
+      though I admir'd to &#383;ee, that I know not how many Men otherwi&#383;e
+      Learn'd, &#383;hould confidently a&#383;cribe to Jewels &#383;uch Virtues
+      as &#383;eem no way competible to Inanimate Agents, if to any Corporeal
+      ones at all, yet as to what is affirm'd concerning the Turquois's
+       <!--  Page 407 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_407"
+      id="LPage_407"></a>[pg 407]</span> changing Colour, I know not well how to
+      reject the Affirmation of &#383;o Learned (and which in this ca&#383;e is
+      much more con&#383;iderable) &#383;o Judicious a Lapidary as <i>Boetius de
+      Boot</i><a name="LNtA_31" id="LNtA_31_"></a><a href="#LNt_31"><sup>31</sup></a>,
+      who upon his own particular and repeated Experience delivers &#383;o
+      memorable
+       <!--  Page 408 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_408"
+      id="LPage_408"></a>[pg 408]</span> a Narrative of the Turquois's changing
+      Colour, that I cannot but think it worth your Peru&#383;al, e&#383;pecially
+      &#383;ince a much later and very Experienc'd Author, <i>Olaus Wormius</i>,<a
+      name="LNtA_32" id="LNtA_32_"></a><a href="#LNt_32"><sup>32</sup></a> where he
+      treats of that Stone, Confirms it with this Te&#383;timony. <i>Imprimis
+      memorandum exemplum quod An&#383;helmus Boetius de &#383;eip&#383;o
+      refert, tam mutati Coloris, quam à ca&#383;u pre&#383;ervationis. Cui
+      &amp; ip&#383;e haud di&#383;&#383;imile adferre po&#383;sum, ni&#383;i ex
+      An&#383;helmo petitum quis putaret.</i> I remember that I &#383;aw two or
+      three years &#383;ince a <i>Turcois</i> (worn in a Ring) wherein there
+      were &#383;ome &#383;mall &#383;pots, which the <i>Virtuo&#383;o</i> who&#383;e
+      it was a&#383;ur'd me he had ob&#383;erv'd to grow &#383;ometimes greater
+      &#383;ometimes le&#383;s, and to be &#383;ometimes in one part of the
+      Stone, &#383;ometimes in another. And I having encourag'd to make Pictures
+      from time to time of the Stone, and of the Situation of the cloudy parts,
+      that&#383;o their Motion may be more indi&#383;putable, and better ob&#383;erv'd,
+      he came to me about the midle of this very week, and a&#383;&#383;ur'd me
+      that he had, as I wi&#383;h'd, made from time to time Schemes or Pictures
+      of the differing parts of the Stone, whereby the &#383;everal Removes and
+      motions of the above mentioned Clouds are very manife&#383;t, though the
+      cau&#383;e &#383;eem'd to him very occult: the&#383;e Pictures
+       <!--  Page 409 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_409"
+      id="LPage_409"></a>[pg 409]</span> he has promis'd to &#383;how me, and is
+      very ready to put the Stone it &#383;elf into my hands. But the ring
+      having been the other day ca&#383;ually broken upon his finger, unle&#383;s
+      it can be taken out, and &#383;et again without any con&#383;iderable
+      heat, he is loath to have it medled with, for fear its peculiarity &#383;hould
+      be thereby de&#383;troy'd. And po&#383;&#383;ibly his apprehen&#383;ion
+      would have been &#383;trengthen'd, if I had had opportunity to tell him
+      what is related by the Learned <i>Wormius</i><a name="LNtA_33" id="LNtA_33_"></a><a
+      href="#LNt_33"><sup>33</sup></a> of an acquaintance of his, that had a <i>Nephritick</i>
+      &#383;tone, of who&#383;e eminent Virtues he had often Experience ev'n in
+      him&#383;elf, and for that cau&#383;e wore it &#383;till about his Wri&#383;t;
+      and yet going upon a time into a Bath of fair Water only, wherein certain
+      Herbs had been boyl'd, the Stone by being wetted with this decoction, was
+      depriv'd of all his Virtue, whence <i>Wormius</i> takes Occa&#383;ion to
+      adverti&#383;e the &#383;ick, to lay by &#383;uch &#383;tones when&#383;oever
+      they make u&#383;e of a Bath. And we might expect to find <i>Turcos</i>
+      likewi&#383;e, ea&#383;ily to be wrought upon in point of Colour, if that
+      were true, which the curious <i>Antonio Neri</i>, in his ingenious <i>Arte
+      Vetraria</i><a name="LNtA_34" id="LNtA_34_"></a><a href="#LNt_34"><sup>34</sup></a>
+      teaches of it, namely, That <i>Turcois's di&#383;colour'd</i> and grown
+      white, will regain and acquire
+       <!--  Page 410 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_410"
+      id="LPage_410"></a>[pg 410]</span> an excellent Colour, if you but keep
+      them two or three days at mo&#383;t cover'd with Oyl of &#383;weet Almonds
+      kept in a temperate heat by warm a&#383;hes, I &#383;ay if it were true,
+      becau&#383;e I doubt whether it be &#383;o, and have not as yet had
+      opportunity to &#383;atisfie my &#383;elf by Tryals, becau&#383;e I find
+      by the confe&#383;&#383;ion of the mo&#383;t Skilfull Per&#383;ons among
+      whom I have laid out for <i>Turcoi&#383;es</i>, that the true ones are
+      great rarities, though others be not at all &#383;o. And therefore I
+      &#383;hall now only mind you of one thing that you know as well as I,
+      namely, that the rare Stone which is called <i>Oculus Mundi</i>, if it be
+      good in its Kind, will have &#383;o great a change made in its Texture by
+      being barely left a while in the Languide&#383;t of Liquors, common
+      Waters, that from Opacous it will become Tran&#383;parent, and acquire a
+      Lu&#383;tre of which it will again be depriv'd, without u&#383;ing any
+      other Art or Violence, by leaving it a while in the Air. And before
+      experience had &#383;atisfy'd us of the truth of this, it &#383;eem'd as
+      unlikely that common Water or Air, &#383;hould work &#383;uch great
+      changes in that Gemm, as it now &#383;eems that the Effluviums of a human
+      Body &#383;hould effect le&#383;&#383;er changes in a <i>Turcois</i>, e&#383;pecially
+      if more &#383;u&#383;ceptible of them, than other Stones of the &#383;ame
+      kind. But both my Watch and my Eyes tell me that
+       <!--  Page 411 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_411"
+      id="LPage_411"></a>[pg 411]</span> 'tis now high time to think of going to
+      &#383;leep, matters of this Nature, will be better, as well as more ea&#383;ily,
+      clear'd by Conference, than Writing. And therefore &#383;ince I think you
+      know me too well to make it needfull for me to di&#383;clame Credulity,
+      notwith&#383;tanding my having entertain'd you with all the&#383;e
+      Extravagancies; for you know well, how wide a difference I am wont to put
+      betwixt things that barely <i>may be</i>, and things that <i>are</i>, and
+      between tho&#383;e Relations that are but not unworthy to be inquir'd
+      into, and tho&#383;e that are not worthy to be actually believ'd; without
+      making Apologies for my Ravings, I &#383;hall readily comply with the drow&#383;ine&#383;s
+      that calls upon me to relea&#383;e You, and the rather, becau&#383;e Mon&#383;ieur
+      <i>Zulichem</i> being concern'd in your de&#383;ire to know the few things
+      I have ob&#383;erved about the &#383;hining Stone. To entertain tho&#383;e
+      with Su&#383;picions that are accu&#383;tomed not to acquie&#383;ce but in
+      Demon&#383;trations, were a thing that cannot be look'd upon as other than
+      very improper by,
+    </p>
+    <p class="i16">
+      SIR,
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      <i>Your most Affectionate</i><br /> and<br /> <i>most Faithfull Servant,</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="center">
+      RO. BOYLE.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 412 blank -->
+    <!--  Page 413 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_413" id="LPage_413"></a>[pg 413]</span>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figcenter" style="width:50%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/453.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      OBSERVATIONS
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Made this 27<sup>th</sup>.<a name="LNtA_35" id="LNtA_35_"></a><a
+      href="#LNt_35"><sup>35</sup></a> of <i>October</i> 1663. about Mr. <i>Clayton</i>'s
+      Diamond.<a name="LNtA_36" id="LNtA_36_"></a><a href="#LNt_36"><sup>36</sup></a>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Being look'd on in the Day time, though in a Bed, who&#383;e Curtains were
+      carefully drawn, I could not di&#383;cern it to Shine at all, though well
+      Rubb'd, but about a little after Sun-&#383;et, whil&#383;t the Twilight
+      yet la&#383;ted, Nay, this Morning<a name="LNtA_37" id="LNtA_37_"></a><a
+      href="#LNt_37"><sup>37</sup></a> a pretty while after Sun-ri&#383;ing, (but
+      before I had been abroad in the more freely inlightned Air of the Chamber)
+      I could upon a light Affriction ea&#383;ily perceive the Stone to Shine.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 414 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_414" id="LPage_414"></a>[pg 414]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Secondly, The Candles being removed, I could not in a Dark place di&#383;cern
+      the Stone to have any Light, when I looked on it, without having Rubb'd or
+      otherwi&#383;e prepar'd it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thirdly, By two white Pibbles though hard Rubb'd one again&#383;t another,
+      nor by the long and vehement Affriction of Rock Cry&#383;tal again&#383;t
+      a piece of Red cloath, nor yet by Rubbing two Diamonds &#383;et in Ring,
+      as I had Rubb'd this Stone, I could produce any &#383;en&#383;ible degree
+      of Light.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Fourthly, I found this Diamond hard enough, not only to enable me to write
+      readily with it upon Gla&#383;s, but to Grave on Rock Cry&#383;tal it
+      &#383;elf.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Fifthly, I found this to have like other Diamonds, an Electrical faculty.<a
+      name="LNtA_38" id="LNtA_38_"></a><a href="#LNt_38"><sup>38</sup></a>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Sixthly, Being rubb'd upon my Cloaths, as is u&#383;ual for the exciting
+      of Amber, Wax, and other Electrical Bodies, it did in the Dark manife&#383;tly
+      &#383;hine like Rotten Wood, or the Scales of Whitings, or other putrified
+      Fi&#383;h.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Seventhly, But this Con&#383;picuou&#383;ne&#383;s was Fainter than that
+      of the Scales, and Slabber (if I may &#383;o call it) of Whitings, and
+      much Fainter than the Light of a Glow-worm, by
+       <!--  Page 415 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_415"
+      id="LPage_415"></a>[pg 415]</span> which I have been &#383;ometimes able
+      to Read a &#383;hort Word, whereas after an ordinary Affriction of this
+      Diamond I was not able to di&#383;cern di&#383;tinctly by the Light of it
+      any of the neare&#383;t Bodies: And this Glimmering al&#383;o did very
+      manife&#383;tly and con&#383;iderably Decay pre&#383;ently upon the cea&#383;ing
+      of the Affriction, though the Stone continued Vi&#383;ible &#383;ome while
+      after.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Eighthly, But if it were Rubb'd upon a convenient Body for a pretty while,
+      and Briskly enough, I found the Light would be for &#383;ome moments much
+      more con&#383;iderable, almo&#383;t like the Light of a Glow-worm, in&#383;omuch
+      after I cea&#383;ed Rubbing, I could with the Chaf'd &#383;tone exhibit a
+      little Luminous Circle, like that, but not &#383;o bright as that which
+      Children make by moving a &#383;tick Fir'd at the end, and in this ca&#383;e
+      it would continue Vi&#383;ible about &#383;even or eight times as long as
+      I had been in Rubbing it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ninthly, I found that holding it a while near<a name="LNtA_39" id="LNtA_39_"></a><a
+      href="#LNt_39"><sup>39</sup></a> the Flame of a Candle, (from which yet I
+      was carefull to avert my Eyes) and
+       <!--  Page 416 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_416"
+      id="LPage_416"></a>[pg 416]</span> being immediately remov'd into the
+      Dark, it di&#383;clo&#383;ed &#383;ome faint Glimmering, but inferiour to
+      that, it was wont to acquire by Rubbing. And afterward holding it near a
+      Fire that had but little Flame, I found the Stone to be rather le&#383;s
+      than more excited, than it had been by the Candle.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Tenthly, I likewi&#383;e indeavour'd to make it Shine, by holding it a
+      pretty while in a very Dark place, over a thick piece of Iron, that was
+      well Heated, but not to that Degree as to be Vi&#383;ibly &#383;o. And
+      though at length I found, that by this way al&#383;o, the Stone acquired
+      &#383;ome Glimmering, yet it was le&#383;s than by either of the other
+      ways above mention'd.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Eleventhly, I al&#383;o brought it to &#383;ome kind of Glimmering Light,
+      by taking it into Bed with me, and holding it a good while upon a warm
+      part of my Naked Body.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Twelfthly, To &#383;atisfie my &#383;elf, whether the Motion introduc'd
+      into the Stone did generate the Light upon the account of its producing
+      Heat there, I held it near the Flame of a Candle, till it was qualify'd to
+      &#383;hine pretty well in the Dark, and then immediately I apply'd a
+      &#383;lender Hair to try whether it would attract it, but found not that
+      it did &#383;o; though if it were made to
+       <!--  Page 417 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_417"
+      id="LPage_417"></a>[pg 417]</span> &#383;hine by Rubbing, it was as I
+      formerly noted Electrical. And for further Confirmation, though I once
+      purpo&#383;edly kept it &#383;o near the hot Iron I ju&#383;t now
+      mention'd, as to make it &#383;en&#383;ibly Warm, yet it &#383;hin'd more
+      Dimly than it had done by Affriction or the Flame of a Candle, though by
+      both tho&#383;e ways it had not acquir'd any warmth that was &#383;en&#383;ible.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thirteenthly, Having purpo&#383;ely rubb'd it upon &#383;everal Bodies
+      differing as to Colour, and as to Texture, there &#383;eem'd to be &#383;ome
+      little Di&#383;parity in the excitation (if I may &#383;o call it) of
+      Light. Upon White and Red Cloths it &#383;eem'd to &#383;ucceed be&#383;t,
+      e&#383;pecially in compari&#383;on of Black ones.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Fourteenthly, But to try what it would do rubb'd upon Bodies more hard,
+      and le&#383;s apt to yield Heat upon a light Affriction, than Cloath, I
+      fir&#383;t rubb'd it upon a white wooden Box, by which it was excited, and
+      afterwards upon a piece of purely Glazed Earth, which &#383;eem'd during
+      the Attrition to make it Shine better than any of the other Bodies had
+      done, without excepting the White ones, which I add, le&#383;t the Effect
+      &#383;hould be wholly a&#383;crib'd to the di&#383;po&#383;ition White
+      Bodies are wont to have to Reflect much Light.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 418 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_418" id="LPage_418"></a>[pg 418]</span>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Fifteenthly, Having well excited the Stone, I nimbly plung'd it under
+      Water<a name="LNtA_40" id="LNtA_40_"></a><a href="#LNt_40"><sup>40</sup></a>,
+      that I had provided for that purpo&#383;e, and perceiv'd it to Shine whil&#383;t
+      it was beneath the Surface of that Liquor, and this I did divers times.
+      But when I indeavour'd to produce a Light by rubbing it upon the lately
+      mentioned Cover of the Box, the Stone and it being both held beneath the
+      Surface of the Water, I did not well &#383;atisfie my &#383;elf in the
+      Event of the Trial; But this I found, if I took the Stone out, and Rubb'd
+      it upon a piece of Cloath, it would not as el&#383;e it was wont to do,
+      pre&#383;ently acquire a Luminou&#383;ne&#383;s, but needed to be rubb'd
+      manife&#383;tly much longer before the de&#383;ired Effect was found.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Sixteenthly, I al&#383;o try'd &#383;everal times, that by covering it
+      with my
+       <!--  Page 419 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_419"
+      id="LPage_419"></a>[pg 419]</span> warm Spittle (having no warm Water at
+      hand) it did not lo&#383;e his Light.<a name="LNtA_41" id="LNtA_41_"></a><a
+      href="#LNt_41"><sup>41</sup></a>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Seventeenthly, Finding that by Rubbing the Stone with the Flat &#383;ide
+      downwards, I did by rea&#383;on of the Opacity of the Ring; and the &#383;udden
+      Decay of Light upon the cea&#383;ing of the Attrition, probably lo&#383;e
+      the &#383;ight of the Stones greate&#383;t Vividne&#383;s; and &#383;uppo&#383;ing
+      that the Commotion made in one part of the &#383;tone will be ea&#383;ily
+      propagated all over, I &#383;ometimes held the piece of Cloath upon which
+      I rubb'd it, &#383;o, that one &#383;ide of the Stone was expo&#383;ed to
+      my Eye, whil&#383;t I was rubbing the other, whereby it appear'd more
+      Vivid than formerly, and to make Luminous Tracts by its Motions too and
+      fro. And &#383;ometimes holding the Stone upwards, I rubb'd its Broad
+      &#383;ide with a fine &#383;mooth piece of Tran&#383;parent Horn, by which
+      means the Light through that Diaphanous Sub&#383;tance, did whil&#383;t I
+      was actually rubbing the Stone, appear &#383;o Brisk that &#383;ometimes
+      and in &#383;ome places it &#383;eem'd to have little Sparks of fire.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Eighteenthly, I took al&#383;o a piece of flat Blew Gla&#383;s, and having
+      rubb'd the Diamond well upon a Cloath, and nimbly clapt the Gla&#383;s
+      upon it, to try whether in ca&#383;e the Light could peirce it, it would
+      by
+       <!--  Page 420 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_420"
+      id="LPage_420"></a>[pg 420]</span> appearing Green, or of &#383;ome other
+      Colour than Blew, a&#383;&#383;i&#383;t me to gue&#383;s whether it &#383;elf
+      were &#383;incere or no. But finding the Gla&#383;s impervious to &#383;o
+      faint a Light, I then thought it fit to try whether that hard Bodies would
+      not by Attrition increa&#383;e the Diamonds Light &#383;o as to become
+      penetrable thereby, and accordingly when I rubb'd the Gla&#383;s briskly
+      upon the Stone, I found the Light to be Con&#383;picuous enough, and
+      &#383;omewhat Dy'd in its pa&#383;&#383;age, but found it not ea&#383;ie
+      to give a Name to the Colour it exhibited.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      La&#383;tly, To comply with the Su&#383;pition I had upon the whole
+      Matter, that the chief manife&#383;t Change wrought in the Stone, was by
+      Compre&#383;&#383;ion of its parts, rather than Incale&#383;cence, I took
+      a piece of white Tile well Glaz'd, and if I pre&#383;s'd the Stone hard
+      again&#383;t it, it &#383;eem'd though I did not rub it to and fro, to
+      &#383;hine at the Sides: And however it did both very manife&#383;tly and
+      vigorou&#383;ly Shine, if whil&#383;t I &#383;o pre&#383;s'd it, I mov'd
+      it any way upon the Surface of the Tile, though I did not make it draw a
+      Line of above a quarter of an Inch long, or thereabouts. And though I made
+      it not move to and fro, but only from one end of the &#383;hort Line to
+      the other, without any return or Lateral motion. Nay, after it had been
+       <!--  Page 421 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_421"
+      id="LPage_421"></a>[pg 421]</span> often rubb'd, and &#383;uffer'd to lo&#383;e
+      its Light again, not only it &#383;eem'd more ea&#383;ie to be excited
+      than at the beginning of the Night; but if I did pre&#383;s hard upon it
+      with my Finger, at the very in&#383;tant that I drew it briskly off, it
+      would di&#383;clo&#383;e a very Vivid but exceeding &#383;hort Liv'd
+      Splendour, not to call it a little Coru&#383;cation.<a name="LNtA_42"
+      id="LNtA_42_"></a><a href="#LNt_42"><sup>42</sup></a> So that a <i>Carte&#383;ian</i>
+      would &#383;carce &#383;cruple to think he had found in this Stone no
+      &#383;light Confirmation of his Ingenious Ma&#383;ters <i>Hypothe&#383;is</i>,
+      touching the Generation of Light in Sublunary Bodies, not &#383;en&#383;ibly
+      Hot.
+    </p>
+    <!--  Page 422 -->
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_422" id="LPage_422"></a>[pg 422]</span>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/462.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      A Po&#383;t&#383;cript.
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      Annexed &#383;ome Hours after the<br /> Ob&#383;ervations were Written.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>So many particulars taken notice of in one Night, may make this Stone
+      appear a kind of Prodigie, and the rather, becau&#383;e having try'd as I
+      formerly noted, not only a fine Artificial Cry&#383;tal, and &#383;ome al&#383;o
+      that is Natural, but a Ruby and two Diamonds, I did not find that any of
+      the&#383;e di&#383;clos'd the like Glimmering of
+       <!--  Page 423 --> <span class="pagenum"><a name="LPage_423"
+      id="LPage_423"></a>[pg 423]</span> Light;<a name="LNtA_43" id="LNtA_43_"></a><a
+      href="#LNt_43"><sup>43</sup></a> yet after all, perceiving by the Hardne&#383;s,
+      and the Te&#383;timony of a Skilfull Gold&#383;mith, that this was rather
+      a Natural than Artificial Stone; for fear le&#383;t there might be &#383;ome
+      difference in the way of Setting, or in the &#383;hape of the Diamonds I
+      made u&#383;e of, neither of which was like this, a flat Table-&#383;tone,
+      I thought fit to make a farther Trial of my own Diamonds, by &#383;uch a
+      brisk and a&#383;&#383;iduous Affriction as might make amends for the Di&#383;advantages
+      above-mention'd, in ca&#383;e they were the cau&#383;e of the un&#383;ucce&#383;sfulne&#383;s
+      of the former Attempts: And accordingly I found, that by this way I could
+      ea&#383;ily bring a Diamond I wore on my Finger to di&#383;clo&#383;e a
+      Light, that was &#383;en&#383;ible enough, and continued &#383;o though I
+      cover'd it with Spittle, and us'd &#383;ome other trials about it. And
+      this will much le&#383;&#383;en the wonder of all the formerly mention'd
+      Ob&#383;ervations, by &#383;hewing that the properties that are &#383;o
+      &#383;trange are not peculiar to one Diamond, but may be found in others
+      al&#383;o, and perhaps in divers other hard and</i> Diaphanous <i>Stones.
+      Yet I hope that what this Di&#383;covery takes away from the Wonder of the&#383;e
+      Ob&#383;ervations, it will add to the In&#383;tructivene&#383;s of them,
+      by affording pregnants Hints, towards the Inve&#383;tigation of the Nature
+      of Light.</i>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      FINIS.
+    </h3>
+    <hr />
+    <h2>
+      Notes.
+    </h2>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_1" id="LNt_1_"></a><a href="#LNtA_1">1</a> L. Annæ Senecæ Natur.
+      Que&#383;t. l. 6. c. 5.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_2" id="LNt_2_"></a><a href="#LNtA_2">2</a> He that de&#383;ires
+      more in&#383;tances of this kind and matter, that according to this
+      doctrine may much help the Theory of colours, and particularly the force
+      both of Sulphureous and volatile, is likewi&#383;e of Alcalizate and Acid
+      Salts, and in what particulars, Colours likely depend not in the cau&#383;ation
+      from any Salt at all, may beg his information from M. Boyle who hath
+      &#383;ome while &#383;ince honoured me with the &#383;ight of his papers
+      concerning this &#383;ubject, containing many excellent experiments, made
+      by him for the Elucidation of this doctrine, &amp;c Dr. R. Sharrock in his
+      ingenious and u&#383;efull Hi&#383;tory of the Propagation and Improvement
+      of Vegetables, publi&#383;hed in the yeare 1660.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_3" id="LNt_3_"></a><a href="#LNtA_3">3</a> <i>See the Di&#383;cour&#383;e
+      of the Nature of Whitene&#383;s and Blackne&#383;s.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_4" id="LNt_4_"></a><a href="#LNtA_4">4</a> Since for his eminent
+      Qualities and Loyalty Grac'd, by his Maje&#383;ty, with the Honour of
+      Knighthood.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_5" id="LNt_5_"></a><a href="#LNtA_5">5</a> Exercitat. 325 Parag.
+      4
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_6" id="LNt_6_"></a><a href="#LNtA_6">6</a> <i>Album quippe &amp;
+      agrum, hoc quidem a&#383;perum e&#383;&#383;e dicit, hoc vero læve. de Sen&#383;u
+      &amp; Sen&#383;ib. 3. 3.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_7" id="LNt_7_"></a><a href="#LNtA_7">7</a> Epist. 2. pag. 45.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_8" id="LNt_8_"></a><a href="#LNtA_8">8</a> Gent. Septen. Hi&#383;tor.
+      lib. 4 cap. 13.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_9" id="LNt_9_"></a><a href="#LNtA_9">9</a> Hi&#383;t. Anatom.
+      Cent. 3. Hi&#383;t. 44.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_10" id="LNt_10_"></a><a href="#LNtA_10">10</a> Olearius Voyage
+      de Mo&#383;co. et de Per&#383;e <i>liv</i>. 3.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_11" id="LNt_11_"></a><a href="#LNtA_11">11</a> <i>Pi&#383;o</i>
+      Nat. &amp; Med. Hi&#383;t. <i>Bra&#383;il. lib</i> 1. in fine.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_12" id="LNt_12_"></a><a href="#LNtA_12">12</a> <i>Purchas</i>
+      Pilgrim. Second part, Seventh Book 3. Chap. Sect 5.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_13" id="LNt_13_"></a><a href="#LNtA_13">13</a> <i>Purchas</i>.
+      Ibid.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_14" id="LNt_14_"></a><a href="#LNtA_14">14</a> <i>Purchas</i>
+      Ibid. in fin
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_15" id="LNt_15_"></a><a href="#LNtA_15">15</a> See <i>Scaliger</i>
+      Exercit. 325. Sect. 9.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_16" id="LNt_16_"></a><a href="#LNtA_16">16</a> <i>Nicolaus
+      Monardes</i> lib <i>&#383;implic. ex India allatis</i>, cap. 27.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_17" id="LNt_17_"></a><a href="#LNtA_17">17</a> Kircher. Art.
+      Mag. lucis &amp; umbræ, <i>lib. 1. part. 3.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_18" id="LNt_18_"></a><a href="#LNtA_18">18</a> <i>Herbari&#383;ts</i>
+      are wont to call this Plant <i>Cyanus vulgaris minor</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_19" id="LNt_19_"></a><a href="#LNtA_19">19</a> Paracel&#383;us
+      de Mineral. tract. 1. pag. m. 243
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_20" id="LNt_20_"></a><a href="#LNtA_20">20</a> See <i>Parkin&#383;on</i>
+      Th. Boran. Trib. 9. cap. 26.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_21" id="LNt_21_"></a><a href="#LNtA_21">21</a> <i>Parkin&#383;on</i>,
+      Thea. Bot. Trib. 4 cap. 12.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_22" id="LNt_22_"></a><a href="#LNtA_22">22</a> <i>Beguinus</i>,
+      Tyr. Chy. Lib. 2º. Cap. 13º.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_23" id="LNt_23_"></a><a href="#LNtA_23">23</a> Libr. 2<sup>do</sup>
+      Cap. 34.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_24" id="LNt_24_"></a><a href="#LNtA_24">24</a> See the latter
+      end of the fiftieth Experiment.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_25" id="LNt_25_"></a><a href="#LNtA_25">25</a> <i>The Curious
+      Reader that de&#383;ires further Information concerning Lakes, may Re&#383;ort
+      to the 7th Book of</i> Neri's <i>Art of Gla&#383;s, Engli&#383;hed (6 or 7
+      years &#383;ince the Writing of this 49th Experiment) and Illu&#383;trated
+      with Learned Ob&#383;ervations, by the Inqui&#383;itive and experienc'd
+      Dr.</i> Charles Merret.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_26" id="LNt_26_"></a><a href="#LNtA_26">26</a> Boetius de Boot.
+      Gem. &amp; Lapid. Hi&#383;tor. Lib. 3. Cap. 8.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_27" id="LNt_27_"></a><a href="#LNtA_27">27</a> Musæi Wormiani.
+      Cap. 17.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_28" id="LNt_28_"></a><a href="#LNtA_28">28</a> <i>Purchas</i>'s
+      Pilgrim. lib. 1. cap. 4. pag. 104.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_29" id="LNt_29_"></a><a href="#LNtA_29">29</a> In the year 1619.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_30" id="LNt_30_"></a><a href="#LNtA_30">30</a> Benvonuto Cellini
+      <i>nell Arte del</i> Gioiellare, <i>Lib.</i> 1. <i>pag.</i> 10.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_31" id="LNt_31_"></a><a href="#LNtA_31">31</a> The Narrative in
+      the Authors own words, is this. <i>Ego</i> (&#383;ayes he) <i>&#383;anctè
+      affirmare po&#383;&#383;um me unam aureo Annulo inclu&#383;am perpetuo ge&#383;tare,
+      cujus facultatem (&#383;i gemmæ e&#383;t) nunquam &#383;atis admirari
+      potui. Ge&#383;taverat enim ante Triginta annos Hi&#383;panus quidam non
+      procula puternis ædibus habitans. Is cum vitâ functus e&#383;&#383;et,
+      &amp; ip&#383;ius &#383;u&#383;pellex (ut moris apud nos e&#383;t) venum
+      expo&#383;ita e&#383;&#383;et, inter cætera etiam Turcois exponebatur.
+      Verum nemo (licet complures eo concurri&#383;&#383;ent, ut eam propter
+      Coloris Elegantiam, quam vivo Domino habuerat emerent) &#383;ibi emptam
+      voluit, pri&#383;tinum enim nitorem &amp; Colorem pror&#383;us ami&#383;erat,
+      ut potius Malachites, quam Turcois videretur. Aderat tum temporis gemmæ
+      habendæ de&#383;iderio etiam parens &amp; frater meus, qui antea sæpius
+      gratiam &amp; elegantiam ip&#383;ius viderant, mirabundi eam nunc tam e&#383;&#383;e
+      deformem, Emit eam nihilominus pater, &#383;ati&#383;que vili pretio, qua
+      omnibus contemptui erat, ac pre&#383;entes non eam e&#383;&#383;e quam Hi&#383;panus
+      ge&#383;tarat, arbitrarentur. Domum rever&#383;us Pater, qui tam turpem
+      Gemmam ge&#383;tare &#383;ibi indecorum putabat, eam mihi dono dat,
+      inquiens; Quandoquidem, fili mi, vulgi fama e&#383;t, Turcoidem, ut
+      facultates &#383;uas exercere po&#383;&#383;it, dono dari debere tibi eam
+      devoveo, ego acceptam Gemmam &#383;culptori trado, at gentilitia mea in&#383;ignia
+      illi, quamadmodum fieri &#383;olet, in Ja&#383;pide Chalcedono, alii&#383;que
+      Ignobilioribus Gemmis, in&#383;culperat. Turpe enim exi&#383;timabam, huju&#383;modi
+      Gemmâ ornatus gratia, dum gratiam nullam haberet, uti. Paret Sculptor
+      redditque Gemmam, quam ge&#383;to pro annulo Signatorio. Vix per men&#383;em
+      ge&#383;taram, redit illi pri&#383;tinus color, &#383;ed non ita nitens
+      propter Sculpturam, ac inæqualem &#383;uperficiem. Miramur omnes gemmam,
+      atque id præcipuè quod color indies pulchrior fieret. Id quià ob&#383;ervabam,
+      nunquam fere eam à manu depo&#383;ui, ita ut nunc adhuc candem ge&#383;tem.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_32" id="LNt_32_"></a><a href="#LNtA_32">32</a> <i>Olaus Wormius,
+      in Musæ. 18º pag. 186.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_33" id="LNt_33_"></a><a href="#LNtA_33">33</a> <i>Musæ. Worm.</i>
+      pag. 99.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_34" id="LNt_34_"></a><a href="#LNtA_34">34</a> Arte Vetraria,
+      lib. 7 cap. 102.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_35" id="LNt_35_"></a><a href="#LNtA_35">35</a> The&#383;e were
+      brought in and Read before the Royal Society, (the Day following) <i>Oct.</i>
+      28. 1663.
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_36" id="LNt_36_"></a><a href="#LNtA_36">36</a> <i>The Stone it
+      &#383;elf being to be &#383;hown to the Royal Society, when the Ob&#383;ervations
+      were deliver'd, I was willing (being in ha&#383;te) to omit the De&#383;cription
+      of it, which is in &#383;hort, That it was a Flat or Table Diamond, of
+      about a third part of an Inch in length, and &#383;omewhat le&#383;s in
+      breadth, that it was a Dull Stone, and of a very bad Water, having in the
+      Day time very little of the Vividne&#383;s of ev'n ordinary Diamonds, and
+      being Blemi&#383;hed with a whiti&#383;h Cloud about the middle of it,
+      which covered near a third part of the Stone.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_37" id="LNt_37_"></a><a href="#LNtA_37">37</a> <i>Ha&#383;t made
+      me forget to take notice that I went abroad the &#383;ame Morning, the Sun
+      &#383;hining forth clear enough, to look upon the Diamond though a</i>
+      Micro&#383;cope, <i>that I might try whether by that Magnifying Gla&#383;s
+      any thing of peculiar could be di&#383;cern'd in the Texture of the Stone,
+      and e&#383;pecially of the whiti&#383;h Cloud that po&#383;&#383;e&#383;t
+      a good part of it. But for all my attention I could not di&#383;cover any
+      peculiarity worth mentioning.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_38" id="LNt_38_"></a><a href="#LNtA_38">38</a> V. <i>For it drew
+      light Bodies like Amber, Jet, and other Concretes that are noted to do
+      &#383;o; But its attractive power &#383;eem'd inferiour to theirs.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_39" id="LNt_39_"></a><a href="#LNtA_39">39</a> IX. <i>We dur&#383;t
+      not hold it in the Flame of a Candle, no more than put it into a naked
+      Fire; For fear too Violent a Heat (which has been ob&#383;erv'd to &#383;poil
+      many other precious Stones) &#383;hould vitiate and impair a Jewel, that
+      was but borrow'd, and was &#383;uppos'd to be the only one of its Kind.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_40" id="LNt_40_"></a><a href="#LNtA_40">40</a> XV. <i>We likewi&#383;e
+      Plung'd it as &#383;oon as we had excited it, under Liquors of &#383;everal
+      &#383;orts, as Spirit of Wine, Oyl both Chymical and expre&#383;s'd, an
+      Acid Spirit, and as I remember an Alcalizate Solution, and found not any
+      of tho&#383;e various Liquors to de&#383;troy its Shining property.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_41" id="LNt_41_"></a><a href="#LNtA_41">41</a> XVI. <i>Having
+      found by this Ob&#383;ervation, that a warm Liquor would not extingui&#383;h
+      Light in the Diamond, I thought fit to try, whether by rea&#383;on of its
+      warmth it would not excite it, and divers times I found, that if it were
+      kept therein, till the Water had lei&#383;ure to communicate &#383;ome of
+      its Heat to it, it would often &#383;hine as &#383;oon as it was taken
+      out, and probably we &#383;hould have &#383;een it Shine more, whil&#383;t
+      it was in the Water, if &#383;ome degree of Opacity which heated Water is
+      wont to acquire, upon the &#383;core of the Numerous little Bubbles
+      generated in it, had not kept us from di&#383;cerning the Lu&#383;tre of
+      the Stone.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_42" id="LNt_42_"></a><a href="#LNtA_42">42</a> <i>I after
+      bethought my &#383;elf of imploying a way, which produc'd the de&#383;ir'd
+      Effect both &#383;ooner and better. For holding betwixt my Fingers a Steel
+      Bodkin, near the Lower part of it, I pre&#383;s'd the point hard again&#383;t
+      the Surface of the Diamond, and much more if I &#383;truck the point again&#383;t
+      it, the Coru&#383;cation would be extremely &#383;uddain, and very Vivid,
+      though very Vani&#383;hing too, and this way which commonly much &#383;urpris'd
+      and pleas'd the Spectators, &#383;eem'd far more proper than the other, to
+      &#383;how that pre&#383;&#383;ure alone, if forcible enough, though it
+      were &#383;o &#383;uddain, and &#383;hort, that it could not well be
+      &#383;uppos'd to give the Stone any thing near a &#383;en&#383;ible degree
+      of Warmth, as may be &#383;u&#383;pected of Rubbing, yet 'tis &#383;ufficient
+      to generate a very Vivid Light.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="note">
+      <a name="LNt_43" id="LNt_43_"></a><a href="#LNtA_43">43</a> We afterwards,
+      try'd precious Stones, as Diamonds, Rubies, Saphires, and Emeralls, &amp;c.
+      but found not any of them to Shine except &#383;ome Diamonds, and of the&#383;e
+      we were not upon &#383;o little practice, able to fore-tell before hand,
+      which would be brought to Shine, and which would not; For &#383;everal
+      very good Diamonds, either would not Shine at all, or much le&#383;s than
+      others that were farr inferiour to them. And yet tho&#383;e Ingenious Men
+      are mi&#383;taken, that think a Diamond mu&#383;t be foul and cloudy, as
+      Mr. <i>Claytons</i> was, to be fit for Shining; for as we could bring
+      &#383;ome &#383;uch to afford a Glimmering Light, &#383;o with &#383;ome
+      clear and excellent Diamonds, we could do the like. But none of tho&#383;e
+      many that we try'd of all Kinds, were equal to the Diamond on which the Ob&#383;ervations
+      were made, not only con&#383;idering the degree of Light it afforded, but
+      the ea&#383;ine&#383;s wherewith it was excited, and the Comparatively
+      great duration of its Shining.
+    </p>
+    <div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/039a.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      <b>Transcriber's notes.</b>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Errata of the printed book have all been corrected. They were as
+      follows:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Pag. <a href="#LPage_142">142</a>. l. 20. The&#383;e words, <i>And to
+      manife&#383;t</i>, with the re&#383;t of what is by a mi&#383;take further
+      printed in this fourth Experiment, belongeth, and is to be referred to the
+      end of the &#383;econd Eperiment, p.<a href="#LPage_137">137</a>. pag. <a
+      href="#LPage_145">145</a>. l. 1. leg. <i>matter</i>. <a href="#LPage_146">146</a>.
+      l. 4. leg. <i>Bolts-head</i>. pag <a href="#LPage_161">161</a>. in the
+      marginal note l. 2. dele <i>de</i> ib. l. 3. lege lib 1. p <a
+      href="#LPage_163">163</a>. l. ult. in&#383;ert <i>where</i> between the
+      words <i>places</i> and <i>the</i>. p. <a href="#LPage_164">164</a> l. 1.
+      dele <i>that</i>. ibid, l. 8. leg <i>Epidermis</i>. ibid. l. 19 leg. 300.
+      for 200. p. <a href="#LPage_169">169</a>. l. 22. leg. <i>into it</i>. p.
+      <a href="#LPage_170">170</a>. l. 23. &amp; 24. leg. <i>Some Solutions
+      hereafter to be mentioned</i>, for <i>the Solutions of Pota&#383;hes</i>,
+      and other <i>Lixiviate Salts</i>. p. <a href="#LPage_171">171</a>. l. 6.
+      in&#383;ert <i>part of</i> between the words <i>mo&#383;t</i> and <i>di&#383;&#383;olved</i>
+      p. <a href="#LPage_176">176</a>. l. ult. in&#383;ert the participle <i>it</i>
+      between the words <i>Judged</i> and <i>not</i> p. <a href="#LPage_234">234</a>.
+      l. 4. leg. <i>Woud-wax</i> or <i>Wood-wax</i>. p. <a href="#LPage_320">320</a>
+      l. 29. leg. <i>urine</i> for <i>urne</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In addition I have corrected the following original typos:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The preface: I devis'd tbem -> I devis'd them<br /> The preface: make
+      Expements -> make Experiments<br /> The Publisher to the reader: made of
+      Eperiments -> made of Experiments<br /> I. Ch. III.6 divers Expements ->
+      divers Experiments<br /> I. Ch. III.13 epecially with some sorts ->
+      especially with some sorts<br /> II. Ch. II.8 Slightet Texture -> Slightest
+      Texture<br /> II. Exp. I two Colonrs -> two Colours<br /> II. Exp. XIII were
+      the change of Colour ... is attempted -> where the change (etc.)<br /> III.
+      Exp. XII avoiding of Ambignity -> avoiding of Ambiguity<br /> III. Exp.
+      XXIX Juice of this Sipce -> Juice of this Spice<br /> III. Exp. XL forty
+      second Expement -> forty second Experiment<br /> III. Exp. XLIV keep them
+      swimning -> keep them swimming<br /> III. Exp. XLVI it seem'd propable to
+      me -> it seem'd probable to me<br /> III. Exp. XLVII where not comprehended
+      -> were not comprehended<br /> III. Exp. XLVIII frequent Igintion ->
+      frequent Ignition<br /> III. Exp. L I could tell yon -> I could tell you<br />
+      A Copy of the Letter: nemo unqnam vere asserere -> nemo nunquam vere
+      asserere<br /> (ib.): what is reladed -> what is related<br /> Observations:
+      carefulsy drawn -> carefully drawn
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      - and emended<br /> Ph&#339;nomenon/a to Phænomenon/a 10 times and<br /> C&#339;ruleous
+      etc. -> Cæruleous 20 times
+    </p>
+
+<div style='display:block;margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EXPERIMENTS AND CONSIDERATIONS TOUCHING COLOURS ***</div>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Experiments and Considerations Touching
+Colours (1664), by Robert Boyle
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Experiments and Considerations Touching Colours (1664)
+
+Author: Robert Boyle
+
+Release Date: December 28, 2004 [EBook #14504]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TOUCHING COLOURS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Robert Shimmin, Keith Edkins and the PG Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                   EXPERIMENTS
+                       AND
+                 CONSIDERATIONS
+                     Touching
+                     COLOURS.
+
+  First occasionally Written, among some other
+   _Essays_, to a Friend; and now suffer'd to
+                 come abroad as
+
+                       THE
+                    BEGINNING
+                      Of An
+               Experimental History
+                       OF
+                     COLOURS.
+
+         By the Honourable ROBERT BOYLE,
+          Fellow of the ROYAL SOCIETY.
+
+_Non fingendum, aut excogitandum, sed inveniendum,
+quid Natura faciat, aut ferat._ Bacon.
+
+                    _LONDON._
+
+     Printed for _Henry Herringman_ at the
+    _Anchor_ on the Lower walk of the _New
+              Exchange._ MDCLXIV.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       THE
+                     PREFACE.
+
+Having in convenient places of the following Treatise, mention'd the
+Motives, that induc'd me to write it, and the Scope I propos'd to my self
+in it; I think it superfluous to entertain the Reader now, with what he
+will meet with hereafter. And I should judge it needless, to trouble
+others, or my self, with any thing of Preface: were it not that I can
+scarce doubt, but this Book will fall into the hands of some Readers, who
+being unacquainted with the difficulty of attempts of this nature, will
+think itn strange that I should publish any thing about Colours, without a
+particular Theory of them. But I dare expect that Intelligent and Equitable
+Readers will consider on my behalf: That the professed Design of this
+Treatise is to deliver things rather _Historical_ than _Dogmatical_, and
+consequently if I have added divers new _speculative_ Considerations and
+hints, which perhaps may afford no despicable Assistance, towards the
+framing of a solid and comprehensive Hypothesis, I have done at least as
+much as I promis'd, or as the nature of my undertaking exacted. But another
+thing there is, which if it should be objected, I fear I should not be able
+so easily to answer it, and that is; That in the following treatise
+(especially in the Third part of it) the Experiments might have been better
+Marshall'd, and some of them deliver'd in fewer words. For I must confess
+that this Essay was written to a private Friend, and that too, by snatches,
+at several times, and places, and (after my manner) in loose sheets, of
+which I oftentimes had not all by me that I had already written, when I was
+writing more, so that it needs be no wonder if all the Experiments be not
+rang'd to the best Advantage, and if some connections and consecutions of
+them might easily have been mended. Especially since having carelessly laid
+by the loose Papers, for several years after they were written, when I came
+to put them together to dispatch them to the Press, I found some of those I
+reckon'd upon, to be very unseasonably wanting. And to make any great
+change in the order of the rest, was more than the Printers importunity,
+and that, of my own avocations (and perhaps also considerabler
+solicitations) would permit. But though some few preambles of the
+particular Experiments might have (perchance) been spar'd, or shorten'd, if
+I had had all my Papers under my View at once; Yet in the most of those
+Introductory passages, the Reader will (I hope) find hints, or
+Advertisements, as well as Transitions. If I sometimes seem to insist long
+upon the circumstances of a Tryall, I hope I shall be easily excused by
+those that both know, how nice divers experiments of Colours are, and
+consider that I was not barely to _relate_ them, but so as to teach a young
+Gentleman to make them. And if I was not sollicitous, to make a nicer
+division of the whole Treatise, than into three parts, whereof the One
+contains some Considerations about Colours in general. The Other exhibits a
+specimen of an Account of particular Colours, Exemplifi'd in Whiteness and
+Blackness. And the Third promiscuous Experiments about the remaining
+Colours (especially Red) in order to a Theory of them. If, I say, I
+contented my self with this easie Division of my Discourse, it was perhaps
+because I did not think it so necessary to be Curious about the Method or
+Contrivance of a Treatise, wherein I do not pretend to present my Reader
+with a compleat Fabrick, or so much as Modell; but only to bring in
+Materials proper for the Building; And if I did not well know how Ingenious
+the Curiosity and Civility of Friends makes them, to perswade Men by
+specious allegations, to gratifie their desires; I should have been made to
+believe by persons very well qualify'd to judge of matters of this nature,
+that the following Experiments will not need the addition of accurate
+Method and speculative Notions to procure Acceptance for the Treatise that
+contains them: For it hath been represented, That in most of them, as the
+Novelty will make them surprizing, and the Quickness of performance, keep
+them from being tedious; so the sensible changes, that are effected by
+them, are so manifest, so great, and so sudden, that scarce any will be
+displeased to see them, and those that are any thing Curious will scarce be
+able to see them, without finding themselves excited, to make Reflexions
+upon Them. But though with me, who love to measure Physical things by
+their _use_, not their _strangeness_, or _prettiness_, the partiality of
+others prevails not to make me over value these, or look upon them in
+themselves as other than Trifles: Yet I confess, that ever since I did
+divers years ago shew some of them to a Learned Company of _Virtuosi_: so
+many persons of differing Conditions, and ev'n Sexes, have been Curious to
+see them, and pleas'd not to Dislike them, that I cannot Despair, but that
+by complying with those that urge the Publication of them, I may both
+gratifie and excite the Curious, and lay perhaps a Foundation whereon
+either others or my self may in time superstruct a substantial theory of
+Colours. And if _Aristotle_, after his Master _Plato_, have rightly
+observ'd Admiration to be the _Parent of Philosophy_, the wonder, some of
+these Trifles have been wont to produce in all sorts of Beholders, and the
+access they have sometimes gain'd ev'n to the Closets of Ladies, seem to
+promise, that since the subject is so pleasing, that the Speculation
+appears as Delightful! as Difficult, such easie and recreative Experiments,
+which require but little time, or charge, or trouble in the making, and
+when made are sensible and surprizing enough, may contribute more than
+others, (far more important but as much more difficult) to recommend those
+parts of Learning (Chymistry and Corpuscular Philosophy) by which they have
+been produc'd, and to which they give Testimony ev'n to such kind of
+persons, as value a pretty Trick more than a true Notion, and would scarce
+admit Philosophy, if it approach'd them in another Dress: without the
+strangeness or endearments of pleasantness to recommend it. I know that I
+do but ill consult my own Advantage in the consenting to the Publication of
+the following Treatise: For those things, which, whilst men knew not how
+they were perform'd, appear'd so strange, will, when the way of making
+them, and the Grounds on which I devis'd them, shall be Publick, quickly
+lose all that their being _Rarityes_, and their _being thought Mysteries_,
+contributed to recommend them. But 'tis fitter for Mountebancks than
+Naturalis to desire to have their discoverys rather admir'd than
+understood, and for my part I had much rather deserve the thanks of the
+Ingenious, than enjoy the Applause of the Ignorant. And if I can so farr
+contribute to the discovery of the nature of Colours, as to help the
+Curious to it, I shall have reach'd my End, and sav'd my self some Labour
+which else I may chance be tempted to undergo in prosecuting that subect,
+and Adding to this Treatise, which I therefore call a _History_, because it
+chiefly contains matters of fact, and which History the Title declares me
+to look upon but as _Begun_: Because though that above a hundred, not to
+say a hundred and fifty Experiments, (some loose, and others interwoven
+amongst the discourses themselves) may suffice to give a _Beginning_ to a
+History not hitherto, that I know, begun, by any; yet the subject is so
+fruitfull, and so worthy, that those that are Curious of these Matters will
+be farr more wanting to themselves than I can suspect, if what I now
+publish prove any more than a _Beginning_. For, as I hope my Endeavours may
+afford them some assistance towards this work, so those Endeavours are much
+too Vnfinish'd to give them any discouragement, as if there were little
+left for others to do towards the History of Colours.
+
+For (first) I have been willing to leave unmention'd the _most part_ of
+those Phænomena of Colours, that Nature presents us of her own accord,
+(that is, without being guided or over-ruld by man) such as the different
+Colours that several sorts of Fruites pass through before they are
+perfectly ripe, and those that appear upon the fading of flowers and
+leaves, and the putrifaction (and its several degrees) of fruits, &c.
+together with a thousand other obvious Instances of the changes of colours.
+Nor have I _much_ medled with those familiar Phænomena wherein man is not
+an Idle spectator; such as the Greenness produc'd by salt in Beef much
+powder'd, and the Redness produc'd in the shells of Lobsters upon the
+boyling of those fishes; For I was willing to leave the _gathering_ of
+_Observations_ to those that have not the Opportunity to _make
+Experiments_. And for the same Reasons, among others, I did purposly omit
+the Lucriferous practise of Trades-men about colours; as the ways of
+making Pigments, of Bleanching wax, of dying Scarlet, &c. though to divers
+of them I be not a stranger, and of some I have myself made Tryall.
+
+Next; I did purposely pass by divers Experiments of other Writers that I
+had made Tryall of (and that not without registring some of their Events)
+unless I could some way or other improve them, because I wanted leasure to
+insert them, and had thoughts of prosecuting the work once begun of laying
+together those I had examin'd by themselves in case of my not being
+prevented by others diligence. So that there remains not a little, among
+the things that are already published, to imploy those that have a mind to
+exercise themselves in repeating and examining them. And I will not
+undertake, that _none_ of the things deliver'd, ev'n in this Treatise,
+though never so faithfully set down, may not prove to be thus farr of this
+Sort, as to afford the Curious somewhat to add about them. For I remember
+that I have somewhere in the Book it self acknowledged, that having written
+it by snatches, partly in the Counntrey, and partly at unseasonable times
+of the year, when the want of fit Instruments, and of a competent variety
+of flowers, salts, Pigments, and other materials made me leave some of the
+following Experiments, (especialy those about Emphatical Colours) far more
+unfinish'd than they should have been, if it had been as easie for me to
+_supply_ what was wanting to compleat them, as to _discern_. Thirdly to
+avoyd discouraging the young Gentleman I call Pyrophilus, whom the less
+Familiar, and more Laborious operations of Chymistry would probably have
+frighted, I purposely declin'd in what I writ to him, the setting down any
+Number of such Chymicall Experiments, as, by being very elaborate or
+tedious, would either require much skill, or exercise his patience. And yet
+that this sort of Experiments is exceedingly Numerous, and might more than
+a little inrich the History of Colours, those that are vers'd in Chymical
+processes, will, I presume, easily allow me.
+
+And (Lastly) for as much as I have occasion more than once in my several
+Writings to treat either porposely or incidentally of matters relating to
+Colours; I did not, perhaps, conceive my self oblig'd, to deliver in one
+Treatise _all_ that I would say concerning that subject.
+
+But to conclude, by summing up what I would say concerning what I _have_
+and what I _have not_ done, in the following Papers; I shall not (_on the
+one side_) deny, that considering that I pretended not to write an accurate
+Treatise of Colours, but an Occasional Essay to acquaint a private friend
+with what then occurrd to me of the things I had thought or try'd
+concerning them; I might presume I did enough for once, if I did clearly
+and faithfully set down, though not _all_ the Experiments I could, yet at
+least such a variety of them, that an attentive Reader that shall consider
+the Grounds on which they have been made, and the hints that are purposely
+(though dispersedly) couched in them, may easily _compound_ them, and
+otherwise _vary_ them, so as very much to increase their Number. And yet
+(_on the other side_) I am so sensible both of how much I have, either out
+of necessity or choice, left undone, and of the fruitfullness of the
+subject I have begun to handle; that though I had performed far more then
+'tis like many Readers will judge I have, I should yet be very free to let
+them apply to my Attempts that of _Seneca_, where having spoken of the
+Study of Natures Mysteries, and Particularly of the Cause of Earth-Quakes,
+he subjoins.[1] _Nulla res consummata est dum incipit. Nec in hac tantum re
+omnium maxima ac involutissimá, in quâ etiam cum multum actum erit, omnis
+ætas, quod agat inveniet; sed in omni alio Negotio, longè semper à perfecto
+fuere Principia._
+
+  [1] L. Annæ Senecæ Natur. Quest. l. 6. c. 5.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+         _The Publisher to the_
+                 READER.
+
+_Friendly Reader,_
+
+Here is presented to thy view one of the Abstrusest as well as the
+Gentilest Subjects of Natural Philosophy, the _Experimentall History of
+Colours_; which though the Noble Author be pleased to think but _Begun_,
+yet I must take leave to say, that I think it so well begun, that the work
+is more than half dispatcht. Concerning which I cannot but give this
+advertisement to the Reader, that I have heard the Author express himself,
+that it would not surprise him, if it should happen to be objected, that
+some of these Experiments have been already published, partly by Chymists,
+and partly by two or three very fresh Writers upon other Subjects. And
+though the number of these Experiments be but very small, and though they
+be none of the considerablest, yet it may on this occasion be further
+represented, that it is easie for our Author to name several men, (of whose
+number I can truly name my self) who remember either their having seen him
+make, or their having read, his Accounts of the Experiments delivered in
+the following Tract several years since, and long before the publication of
+the Books, wherein they are mentioned. Nay in divers passages (where he
+could do it without any great inconvenience) he hath struck out
+Experiments, which he had tryed many years ago, because he since found them
+divulged by persons from whom he had not the least hint of them; which yet
+is not touched, with design to reflect upon any Ingenious Man, as if he
+were a Plagiary: For, though our Generous Author were not reserved enough
+in showing his Experiments to those that expressed a Curiosity to see them
+(amongst whom a very Learned Man hath been pleased publickly to acknowledge
+it several years ago[2]; yet the same thing may be well enough lighted on
+by persons that know nothing of one another. And especially Chymical
+Laboratories may many times afford the same _Phænomenon_ about Colours to
+several persons at the same or differing times. And as for the few
+_Phænomena_ mentioned in the same Chymical writers, as well as in the
+following Treatise, our Author hath given an account, why he did not
+decline rejecting them, in the Anotations upon the 47th Experiment of the
+third part. Not here to mention, what he elsewhere saith, to shew what use
+may be Justifiably made of Experiments not of his own devising by a writer
+of Natural History, if, what he employes of others mens, be well examined
+or verified by himself.
+
+  [2] He that desires more instances of this kind and matter, that
+  according to this doctrine may much help the Theory of colours, and
+  particularly the force both of Sulphureous and volatile, is likewise of
+  Alcalizate and Acid Salts, and in what particulars, Colours likely depend
+  not in the causation from any Salt at all, may beg his information from
+  M. Boyle who hath some while since honoured me with the sight of his
+  papers concerning this subject, containing many excellent experiments,
+  made by him for the Elucidation of this doctrine, &c Dr. R. Sharrock in
+  his ingenious and usefull History of the Propagation and Improvement of
+  Vegetables, published in the yeare 1660.
+
+In the mean time, this Treatise is such, that there needs no other
+invitation to peruse it, but that tis composed by one of the Deepest & Most
+indefatigable searchers of Nature, which, I think the World, as far as I
+know it, affords. For mine own part, I feel a Secret Joy within me, to see
+such beginings upon such _Themes_, it being demonstratively true, _Mota
+facilius moveri_, which causeth me to entertain strong hopes, that this
+Illustrious _Virtuoso_ and Restless Inquirer into Nature's Secrets will not
+stop here, but go on and prosper in the Disquisition or the other principal
+Colours, _Green, Red_, and _Yellow_. The Reasoning faculty set once afloat,
+will be carried on, and that with ease, especially, when the productions
+thereof meet, as they do here, with so greedy an Entertainment at home and
+abroad. I am confident, that the ROYAL SOCIETY, lately constituted by his
+MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY _for improving Natural knowledge_, will Judge it
+their interest to exhort our Author to the prosecution of this Argument,
+considering, how much it is their design and business to accumulate a good
+stock of such accurate Observations and Experiments, as may afford them and
+their Offpring genuine Matter to raise a Masculine Philosophy upon, whereby
+the Mind of Man may be enobled with the Knowledge of solid Truths, and the
+Life of Man benefited with ampler accommodations, than it hath been
+hitherto.
+
+Our Great Author, one of the Pillars of that Illustrious Corporation, is
+constantly furnishing large _Symbola_'s to this work, and is now falln, as
+you see, upon so comprehensive and important a theme, as will, if insisted
+on and compleated, prove one of the considerablest peeces of that
+structure. To which, if he shall please to add his Treatise of _Heat_ and
+_Flame_, as he is ready to publish his Experimental Accounts of _Cold_, I
+esteem, the World will be obliged to Him for having shewed them both the
+_Right_ and _Left Hand_ of Nature, and the Operations thereof.
+
+The considering Reader will by this very Treatise see abundant cause to
+sollicit the Author for more; sure I am, that of whatever of the
+Productions of his Ingeny comes into _Forein parts_ (where I am happy in
+the acquaintance of many intelligent friends) is highly valued; And to my
+knowledge, there are those among the French, that have lately begun to
+learn English, on purpose to enable themselves to read his Books, being
+impatient of their Traduction into Latin. If I durst say all, I know of the
+Elogies received by me from abroad concerning Him, I should perhaps make
+this Preamble too prolix, and certainly offend the modesty of our Author.
+
+Wherefore I shall leave this, and conclude with desiring the Reader, that
+if he meet with other faults besides those, that the Errata take notice of
+(as I believe he may) he will please to consider both the weakness of the
+Authors eyes, for not reviewing, and the manifold Avocations of the
+Publisher for not doing his part; who taketh his leave with inviting those,
+that have also considered this Nice subject experimentally, to follow the
+Example of our Noble Author, and impart such and the like performances to
+the now very inquisitive world. _Farewell._
+
+_H. O._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       THE
+                    CONTENTS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+_The Author shews the Reason, first of his Writing on this Subject_ (1.)
+_Next of his present manner of Handling it, and why he partly declines a
+Methodical way_ (2.) _and why he has partly made use of it in the History
+of_ Whiteness _and_ Blackness. (3.)
+
+Chap. 2. _Some general Considerations are premis'd, first of the
+Insignificancy of the Observasion of Colours in many Bodies_ (4, 5.) _and
+the Importance of it in others_ (5.) _as particularly in the Tempering of
+Steel_ (6, 7, 8.) _The reason why other particular Instances are in that
+place omitted_ (9) _A necessary distinction about Colour premis'd_ (10,
+11.) _That Colour is not Inherent in the Object_ (11.) _prov'd first by the
+Phantasms of Colours to_ Dreaming _men, and_ Lunaticks; _Secondly by the
+sensation or apparition of Light upon a Blow given the Eye or the Distemper
+of the Brain from internal Vapours_ (12.) _The Author recites a particular
+Instance in himself; another that hapn'd to an Excellent Person related to
+him_ (13.) _and a third told him by an Ingenious Physician_ (14, 15.)
+_Thirdly, from the change of Colours made by the Sensory Disaffected_ (15,
+16.) _Some Instances of this are related by the Author, observ'd in
+himself_ (16, 17.) _others told him by a Lady of known Veracity_ (18.) _And
+others told him by a very Eminent Man_ (19.) _But the strange Instances
+afforded by such as are Bit by the_ Tarantula _are omitted, as more
+properly deliver'd in another place_. (20.)
+
+Chap. 3. _That the Colour of Bodies depends chiefly on the disposition of
+the Superficial parts, and partly upon the Variety of the Texture of the
+Object_ (21.) _The former of these are confirm'd by several Persons_ (22.)
+_and two Instances, the first of the Steel mention'd before, the second of
+melted Lead_ (23, 24.) _of which last several Observables are noted_ (25.)
+_A third Instance is added of the Porousness of the appearing smooth
+Surface of Cork_ (26, 27.) _And that the same kind of Porousness may be
+also in the other Colour'd Bodies; And of what kind of Figures, the
+Superficial reflecting Particles of them may be_ (28.) _and of what Bulks,
+and closeness of Position_ (29.) _How much these may conduce to the
+Generation of Colour instanc'd in the Whiteness of Froth, and in the
+mixtures of Dry colour'd Powders_ (30.) _A further explication of the
+Variety that may be in the Superficial parts of Colour'd Bodies, that may
+cause that Effect, by an example drawn from the Surface of the Earth_ (31.)
+_An Apology for that gross Comparison_ (32.) _That the appearances of the
+Superficial asperities may be Varied from the position of the Eye, and
+several Instances given of such appearances_ (33, 34, 35.) _That the
+appearance of the Superficial particles may be Varied also by their Motion,
+confirm'd by an Instance of the smoaking Liquor_ (35.) _especially if the
+Superficial parts be of such a Nature as to appear divers in several
+Postures, explain'd by the variety of Colours exhibited by the shaken
+Leaves of some Plants_ (36.) _and by changeable Taffities_ (37, 38, 39.)
+_The Authors wish that the Variety of Colours in Mother of Pearl were
+examin'd with a_ Microscope (40.) _And his Conjectures, that possibly good_
+Microscopes _might discover those Superficial inequalities to be Real,
+which we now only imagine with his reasons drawn partly from the
+Discoveries of the_ Telescope, _and_ Microscope (41.) _And partly also from
+the Prodigiously strange example of a Blind man that could feel Colours_
+(42.) _whose History is Related_ (43, 44, 45.) _The Authors conjecture and
+thoughts of it_ (46, 47, 48, 49.) _and several Conclusions and Corollaries
+drawn from it about the Nature of Blackness and Black Bodies_ (50, 51, 52.)
+_and about the Asperities of several other Colour'd Bodies_ (53.) _And from
+these, and some premis'd Considerations, are propos'd some Conjectures;
+That the reason of the several Phænomena of Colours, afterwards to be met
+with, depends upon the Disposition of the Seen parts of the Object_ (54.)
+_That Liquors may alter the Colours of each other, and of other Bodies,
+first by their Insinuating themselves into the Pores, and filling them,
+whence the Asperity of the Surface of a Body becomes alter'd, explicated
+with some Instances_ (55, 56.) _Next by removing those Bodies, which before
+hindred the appearance of the Genuine Colour, confirm'd by several
+examples_ (57) _Thirdly, by making a Fissure or Separation either in the
+Contiguous or Continued Particles of a Body_ (58.) _Fourthly, by a Union or
+Conjunction of the formerly separated Particles; Illustrated with divers
+Instances of precipitated Bodies_ (59.) _Fifthly, by Dislocating the parts,
+and putting them both into other Orders and Postures, which is Illustrated
+with Instances_ (60, 61.) _Sixthly, by Motion, which is explain'd_ (62.)
+_And lastly, and chiefly, by the Union of the Saline Bodies, with the
+Superficial parts of another Body, whereby both their Bigness and Shape
+must necessarily be alter'd_ (63, 64.) _Explain'd by Experiments_ (65, 66.)
+_That the Colour of Bodies may be Chang'd by the concurrence of two or more
+of these ways_ (67.) _And besides all these, Eight Reflective causes of
+Colours, there may be in Transparent Bodies several Refractive_ (68, 69)
+_Why the Author thinks the Nature of Colours deserves yet a further
+Inquiry_ (69.) _First for that the little Motes of Dust exhibited very
+lovely Colours in a darkned Room, whilst in a convenient posture to the
+Eye, which in other Postures and Lights they did not_ (70.) _And that
+though the smaller Parts of some Colour'd Bodies are Transparent, yet of
+others they are not, so that the first Doubt's, whether the Superficial
+parts create those Colours, and the second, whether there be any Refraction
+at all in the later_ (71, 72, 73.) _A famous Controversie among
+Philosophers, about the Nature of Colour decided_. (74. 75.)
+
+Chap. 4. _The controversie stated about Real and Emphatical Colours_ (75,
+76.) _That the great Disparity between them seems to be, partly their
+Duration in the same state, and partly, that Genuine Colours are produc'd
+in Opacous Bodies by Reflection, and Emphatical in Transparent by
+Refraction_ (78.) _but that this is not to be taken in too large a Sense,
+the Cautionary instance of Froth is alleged and insisted on_ (78, 79.)
+_That the Duration is not a sufficient Characteristick, exemplify'd by the
+duration of Froth, and other Emphatical Colours, and the suddain fading of
+Flowers, and other Bodies of Real ones_ (80.) _That the position of the Eye
+is not necessary to the discerning Emphatical Colours, shew'd by the seeing
+white Froth, or an Iris cast on the Wall by a Prism, in what place of the
+Room soever the Eye be_ (81.) _which proceeds from the specular Reflection
+of the Wall_ (82.) _that Emphatical Colours may be Compounded, and that the
+present Discourse is not much concern'd, whether there be, or be not made a
+distinction between Real and Emphatical Colours_. (83.)
+
+Chap. 5. _Six Hypotheses about Colour recited_ (84, 85) _Why the Author
+cannot more fully Speak of any of these_ (86.) _nor Acquiesce in them_ (87,
+88.) _What_ Pyrophilus _is to expect in this Treatise_ (88, 89.) _What
+Hypothesis of Light and Colour the Author most inclines too_ (90.) _Why he
+thinks neither that nor any other sufficient; and what his Difficulties
+are, that make him decline all Hypotheses, and to think it very difficult
+to stick to any._ (91, 92.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Part the Second.
+
+_Of the Nature of Whiteness and Blackness,_
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+_The reason why the Author chose the Explication of Whiteness and
+Blackness_ (93.) _Wherein_ Democritus _thought amiss of these_ (94.)
+Gassendus _his Opinion about them_ (95.) _What the Author approves, and a
+more full Explication of White, makinig it a Multiplicity of Light or
+Reflections_ (96, 97.) _Confirm'd first by the Whiteness of the_ Meridian
+_Sun, observ'd in Water_ (98.) _and of a piece of Iron glowing Hot_ (99.)
+_Secondly, by the Offensiveness of Snow to the Travellers eyes, confirm'd
+by an example of a Person that has Travell'd much in Russia_ (100.) _and by
+an Observation out of_ Olaus Magnus (100.) _and that the Snow does
+inlighten and clear the Air in the Night, confirm'd by the Mosco Physician,
+and Captain_ James (101.) _But that Snow has no inherent Light, prov'd by
+Experience_ (102.) _Thirdly, by the great store of Reflections, from white
+Bodies observ'd in a darkned Room, and by their unaptness to be Kindled by
+a Burning-glass_ (103.) _Fourthly, the Specularness of White Bodies is
+confirm'd by the Reflections in a dark Room from other Bodies_ (104.) _and
+by the appearance of a River, which both to the Eye and in a darkned Room
+appear'd White_ (105, 106.) _Fifthly, by the Whiteness of distill'd_
+Mercury, _and that of the_ Galaxie (107, 108.) _and by the Whiteness of
+Froth, rais'd from whites of Eggs beaten; that this Whiteness comes not
+from the Air, shew'd by Experiments_ (109, 110.) _where occasionally the
+Whiteness of Distill'd Oyls, Hot water, &c. are shew'd_ (111.) _That it
+seems not necessary the Reflecting Surfaces should be Sphærical, confirm'd
+by Experiments_ (112, 113.) _Sixthly, by the Whiteness of the Powders of
+transparent Bodies_ (114.) _Seventhly, by the Experiment of Whitening and
+Burnishing Silver._ (115, 116.)
+
+Chap. 2. _A Recital of some Opinions about Blackness, and which the Author
+inclines to_ (117.) _which he further insists on and explicates_ (118,
+119.) _and shews for what reasons he imbrac'd that Hypothesis_ (120.)
+_First, from the contrary Nature of Whiteness and Blackness, White
+reflecting most Beams outwards, Black should reflect most inward_ (120.)
+_Next, from the Black appearance of all Bodies, when Shadow'd; And the
+manner how this paucity of Reflection outwards is caus'd, is further
+explicated, by shewing that the Superficial parts may be Conical and
+Pyramical_ (121.) _This and other Considerations formerly deliver'd,
+Illustrated by Experiments with black and white Marble_ (122, 123.)
+_Thirdly, from the Black appearance of Holes in white Linnen, and from the
+appearance of Velvet stroak'd several ways, and from an Observation of
+Carrots_ (124, 125.) _Fourthly, from the small Reflection from Black in a
+darkned Room_ (125, 126.) _Fifthly, from the Experiment of a Checker'd Tile
+expos'd to the Sun-beams_ (127.) _which is to be preferr'd before a Similar
+Experiment try'd in_ Italy, _with black and white Marble_ (128.) _Some
+other congruous Observations_ (129.) _Sixthly, from the Roasting black'd
+Eggs in the Sun_ (130.) _Seventhly, by the Observation of the Blind man
+lately mention'd, and of another mention'd by_ Bartholine (130.) _That
+notwithstanding all these Reasons, the Author is not absolutely Positive,
+but remains yet a Seeker after the true Nature of Whiteness and Blackness._
+(131, 132.)
+
+Experiments _in Consort, touching_ Whiteness _and_ Blackness.
+
+_The first_ Experiment, _with a Solution of Sublimate, made White with
+Spirit of Urine_, &c. (133, 134.)
+
+_The second_ Experiment, _with an Infusion of Galls, made Black with
+Vitriol_, &c. (135, 136.) _further Discours'd of_ (137.)
+
+_The third_ Experiment, _of the Blacking of Hartshorn, and Ivory, and
+Tartar, and by a further Calcination making them White_ (138, 139.)
+
+_The fourth_ Experiment, _limiting the_ Chymist's _principle_, Adusta nigra
+sed perusta alba, _by several Instances of Calcin'd Alabaster, Lead,
+Antimony, Vitriol, and by the Testimony of_ Bellonius, _about the white
+Charcoles of_ Oxy-cædar, _and by that of_ Camphire. (140, 141, 142.) _That
+which follows about Inks was misplac'd by an Errour of the Printer, for it
+belongs to what has been formerly said of Galls_ (142, 143.)
+
+_The fifth_ Experiment, _of the black Smoak of Camphire_ (144.)
+
+_The sixth_ Experiment, _of a black_ Caput Mortuum, _of Oyl of Vitriol,
+with Oyl of Worm-word, and also with Oyl of Winter-Savory_ (145.)
+
+_The seventh_ Experiment, _of whitening Wax_ (146.)
+
+_The eighth_ Experiment, _with Tin-glass, and Sublimate_ (147, 148.)
+
+_The ninth_ Experiment, _of a Black powder of Gold in the bottom of_
+Aqua-fortis, _and of the Blacking of Refin'd Gold and Silver_ (148, 149.)
+
+_The tenth_ Experiment, _of the staining Hair, Skin, Ivory_, &c. _Black,
+with Crystals of Silver_ (150, 151.)
+
+_The eleventh_ Experiment, _about the Blackness of the Skin, and Hair of_
+Negroes, _and Inhabitants of Hot Climates. Several Objections are made, and
+the whole Matter more fully discours'd and stated from several notable
+Histories and Observations_ (from the 151 to the 167.)
+
+_The twelfth_ Experiment, _of the white Powders, afforded by Precipitating
+several Bodies, as Crabs Eyes, Minium, Coral, Silver, Lead, Tin,
+Quick-silver, Tin-glass, Antimony, Benzoin, and Resinous Gumms out of
+Spirit of Wine_, &c. _but this is not Universal, since other Bodies, as
+Gold, Antimony, Quick-silver_, &c. _may be Precipitated of other Colours_
+(168, 169, 170.)
+
+_The thirteenth_ Experiment, _of Changing the Blackness of some Bodies into
+other Colours_ (171, 172.) _and of Whitening what would be Minium, and
+Copper, with Tin, and of Copper with Arsnick, which with Coppilling again
+Vanishes; of covering the Colour of that of_ 1/3 _of Gold with_ 2/3 _of
+Silver melted in a Mass together_ (173, 174)
+
+_The fourteenth_ Experiment, _of turning the black Body of Horn into a
+White immediately with Scraping, without changing the Substantial form, or
+without the Intervention of Salt, Sulphur, or Mercury_ (176.)
+
+_The fifteenth_ Experiment, _contains several Instances against the Opinion
+of the_ Chymists _that Sulphur_ Adust _is the cause of Blackness, and the
+whole Matter is fully discuss'd and stated_ (from 176 to 184)
+
+Part the Third.
+
+_Concerning Promiscuous Experiments about Colours_.
+
+Experiment the First.
+
+_IN confirmation of a former Conjecture about the Generation of Colours
+from diversity of Reflections are set down several Observations made in a
+Darkned room_ (186, 187.)
+
+Experiment _the second, That white Linnen seem'd Ting'd with the Red of
+Silk plac'd near it in a light Room_ (188,189.)
+
+Experiment _the third, Of the Trajection of Light through Colour'd Papers_
+(189, 190.)
+
+Experiment _the fourth, Observations of a Prism in a dark Room_ (191, 192.)
+
+Experiment _the fifth, Of the Refracting and Reflecting Prismatical Colours
+in a light Room_ (193.)
+
+Experiment _the sixth, On the Vanishing of the_ Iris _of the Prism, upon
+the access of a greater adventitious Light_ (194.)
+
+Experiment _the seventh, Of the appearances of the same Colour'd Papers by
+Candle-light_ (195, 196).
+
+Experiment _the eighth, Of the Yellowness of the Flame of a Candle_ (197).
+
+Experiment _the ninth, Of the Greenish Blew transparency of Leaf Gold_
+(198).
+
+Experiment _the tenth, Of the curious Tinctures afforded by_ Lignum
+Nephriticum (from 199 to 203). _Several trials for the Investigation of the
+Nature of it_ (from 204 to 206.) Kircher's _relation of this Wood set down,
+and examin'd_ (from 206 to 212). _A Corollary on this tenth_ Experiment,
+_shewing how it may be applicable for the Discovering, whether any Salt be
+of an Acid, or a Sulphureous, and Alcalizate Nature_ (from 213 to 216).
+
+_The eleventh_ Experiment, _Of certain pieces of Glass that afforded this
+Variety of Colours; And of the way of so Tinging any Plate of Glass with
+Silver_ (from 216 to 219).
+
+_The twelfth_ Experiment, _Of the Mixing and Tempering of Painters
+Pigments_ (219, 220, 221).
+
+_The thirteenth_ Experiment, _Of compounding several Colours by Trajecting
+the Sun-beams through Ting'd Glasses_ (from 221 to 224).
+
+_The fourteenth_ Experiment, _Of the Compounding of Real and Phantastical
+Colours, and the Results_ (224, 225, 226.) _as also the same of
+Phantastical Colours_ (226, 227.)
+
+_The fifteenth_ Experiment, _Of Varying the Trajected_ Iris _by a Colour'd
+Prism_ (228, 229.)
+
+_The sixteenth_ Experiment, _Of the Red fumes of Spirit of_ Nitre, _and,
+the resembling Redness of the Horizontal Sun-beams_ (230, 231.)
+
+_The seventeenth_ Experiment, _Of making a Green by nine Kinds of
+Compositions_ (from 231 to 236.) _And some Deductions from them against the
+necessity of recurring to Substantial forms and Hypostatical principles for
+the production of Colours_ (from 237 to 240.)
+
+_The eighteenth_ Experiment, _Of several Compositions of Blew and Yellow
+which produce not a Green, and of the production of a Green by other
+Colours_ (241, 242.)
+
+_The nineteenth_ Experiment, _contains several instances of producing
+Colours, without the alteration of any Hypostatical principle, by the
+Prism, Bubbles, and Feathers_ ( from 242 to 245.)
+
+_The twentieth_ Experiment _Of turning the Blew of Violets into a Red by
+Acid Salts, and to a Green by Alcalizate (245, 246.) and the use of it for
+Investigating the Nature of Salts_ (247, 248.)
+
+_The one and twentieth_ Experiment, _of the same Changes effected by the
+same means on the Blew Tinctures of Corn-flowers_ (249, 250.) _And some
+Restrictions to shew it not to be so general a propriety as one might
+imagine_ (251.)
+
+_The twenty second_ Experiment, _of turning a Solution of Verdigrease into
+a Blew, with Alcalizate and Urinous Salts_ (252, 253, 254.)
+
+_The twenty third_ Experiment, _of taking away the Colour of Roses with the
+Steams of Sulphur, and heightning them with the Steams Condens'd into Oyl
+of Sulphur_ per Campanam (254, 255.)
+
+_The twenty fourth_ Experiment, _of Tinging a great quantity of Liquor with
+a very little Ting'd Substance, Instanced in_ Cochineel (from 255 to 257.)
+
+_The twenty fifth_ Experiment, _of the more general use of Alcalizate and
+Sulphureous Salts in the Tinctures of Vegetables, further Instanced in the
+Tincture of Privet Berries, and of the Flowers of Mesereon and Pease_ (from
+257 to 259.) _An_ Annotation, _shewing that of the three Hypostatical
+principles, Salt according to_ Paracelsus _is the most active about
+Colours_ (from 259 to 261.) _Some things Precursory premis'd to three
+several Instances next following, against the fore-mention'd Operations of
+Salts_ (261, 262.)
+
+_The twenty sixth_ Experiment, _containing Trials with Acid and Sulphureous
+Salts on the Red Tinctures of Clove-july-flowers, Buckthorn Berries,
+Red-Roses, Brasil_, &c. (262, 263.)
+
+_The twenty seventh_ Experiment, _of the changes of the Colour of Jasmin
+flowers, and Snow drops, by Alcalizate and Sulphureous Salts_ (263, 264.)
+
+_The twenty eighth_ Experiment, _of other differing Effects on Mary-golds,
+Prim-roses, and fresh Madder_ (265.) _with an Admonition, that these Salts
+may have differing Effects in the changing of the tinctures of divers other
+Vegetables_ (266, 267.)
+
+_The twenty ninth_ Experiment, _of the differing Effects of these Salts on
+Ripe and Unripe Juices, instanced in Black-berries, and the Juices of
+Roses_ (from 267 to 270.) _Two reasons, why the Author added this twenty
+ninth_ Experiment, _the last of which is confirm'd by an Instance of Mr._
+Parkinson, _consonant to the Confession of the Makers of such Colours_
+(272.)
+
+_The thirtieth_ Experiment, _of several changes in Colours by Digestion,
+exemplify'd by an_ Amalgam _of_ Gold _and_ Mercury _and by Spirit of
+Harts-horn. And (to such as believe it) by the changes of the_ Elixir.
+
+_The thirty first_ Experiment, _shewing that most Tinctures drawn by
+Digestion Incline to a Red, instanc'd in_ Jalap, Guaicum, _Amber, Benzoin,
+Sulphur, Antimony_, &c. (276, 277.)
+
+_The thirty second_ Experiment, _That some Reds with Diluting turn Yellow,
+others not, exemplify'd by the Tincture of_ Cochineel, _and by Balsam of_
+Sulphur, _Tinctures of_ Amber, &c. (277, 278, 279.)
+
+_The thirty third_ Experiment, _of a Red Tincture of_ Saccarum Saturni _and
+Oyl of_ Turpentine _made by Digestion_ (279.)
+
+_The thirty fourth_ Experiment, _of drawing a Volatile red Tincture of
+Mercury_, _whose Steams were white, but it would Tinge the Skin black_
+(279, 280.)
+
+_The thirty fifth_ Experiment, _of a suddain way of making a Blood red
+Colour with Oyl of_ Vitriol, _and Oyl of_ Anniseeds, _two transparent
+Liquors_ (280, 281.)
+
+_The thirty sixth_ Experiment, _of the Degenerating of several Colours
+exemplify'd in the last mention'd Blood red, and by Mr._ Parkinsons
+_relation of_ Turnsol, _by some Trials with the Juice of Buck-thorn
+Berries, and other Vegetables, to which several notable Considerations and
+Advertisements back'd with_ Experiments _are adjoyn'd_ (from 281 to 288.)
+
+_The thirty seventh_ Experiment, _Of Varying the Colour of the Tinctures
+of_ Cochineel, _Red-cherries, and Brasil, with Acid and Sulphureous Salts,
+and divers Considerations thereon_ (from 288 to 290.)
+
+_The thirty eighth_ Experiment, _About the Red fumes of some, and White of
+other distill'd Bodies, and of their Coalition for the most part into a
+transparent Liquor_ (290, 291.) _And of the various Colours of dry
+Sublimations, exemplify'd with several_ Experiments (292, 293, 294.)
+
+_The thirty ninth_ Experiment, _Of Varying the Decoction of_ Balaustiums
+_with Acid and Urinous Salts_ (294, 295.) _Some_ Annotations _wherein two_
+Experiments _of_ Gassendus _are Related, Examined, and Improv'd_ (from 295
+to 302.)
+
+_The fortieth_ Experiment, _Of the no less Strange than Pleasant changes
+made with a Solution of Sublimate_ (from 301 to 306.) _The difference
+between a Chymical axd Philosophical Solution of a_ Phænomenon (307, 308.)
+_The Authors Chymical Explication of the_ Phænomena, _confirm d by several_
+Experiments _made on_ Mercury, _with several Saline Liquors_ (from 308 to
+310.) _An Improvement of the fortieth_ Experiment, _by a fresh Decoction
+of_ Antimony _in a_ Lixivium (311, 312, 313.) _Reflections on the tenth,
+twentieth, and fortieth_ Experiments, _compar'd together, shewing a way
+with this Tincture of Sublimate to distinguish whether any Saline Body to
+be examin'd be of a Urinous or Alcalizate Nature_ (from 314 to 317.) _The
+Examination of Spirit of_ Sal-armoniack, _and Spirit of_ Oak _by these
+Principles_ (from 316 to 319.) _That the Author knows ways of making highly
+Operative Saline bodies, that produce none of the before mention'd effects_
+(319, 320.) _Some notable_ Experiments _about Solutions and Precipitations
+of Gold and Silver_ (320, 321.)
+
+_The one and fortieth_ Experiment, _Of Depriving a deep Blew Solution of
+Copper of its Colour_ (322.) _to which is adjoyn'd the Discolouring or
+making Transparent a Solution of Verdigrease, &c. and another of Restoring
+or Increasing it_ (322, 323.)
+
+_The forty second_ Experiment, _Of changing a Milk white Precipitate of_
+Mercury _into a Yellow, by Affusion of fair Water, with several
+Considerations thereon_ (from 323 to 326.)
+
+_The forty third_ Experiment, _Of Extracting a Green Solution with fair
+Water out of imperfectly Calcin'd Vitriol_ (327.)
+
+_The forty fourth_ Experiment, _Of the Deepning and Diluting of several
+Tinctures, by the Affusions of Liquors, and by Conical Glasses that
+contain'd them, Exemplify'd in the Tinctures of_ Cochineel, Brasil,
+Verdigrease, Glass, Litmus, _of which last on this occasion several
+pleasant_ Phænomena _are related_ (from 328 to 335.) _To which are adjoyn'd
+certain Cautional Corollaries_ (335, 336.) _The Waterdrinker and some of
+his Legerdemain tricks related._(337.)
+
+_The forty fifth_ Experiment, _Of the turning Rhenish and White Wine into a
+lovely Green, with a preparation of Steel _(338, 339.) _Some further Trial
+made about these Tinctures, and a Similar_ Experiment _of_ Olaus Wormius
+(340.)
+
+_The forty sixth_ Experiment, _Of the Internal Colour of Metalls exhibited
+by Calcination_ (341, 342, 343.) Annotation _the first, That several
+degrees of Fire may disclose a differing Colour_ (343.) Annotation _the
+second, That the Glasses of Metalls may exhibit also other Kinds of
+Colours_ (344.) Annotation _the third, That Minerals by several degrees of
+Fire may disclose several Colours_(345).
+
+Experiment _the forty seventh, Of the Internal Colours of Metalls disclos'd
+by their Dissolutions in several_ Menstruums (from 345 to 350.)
+Annotation _the first, The Authors Apology for Recording some already
+known_ Experiments, _without mentioning their Authors_ (from 350 to 352.)
+Annotation _the second, That some Minerals also by Dissolutions in_
+Menstruums _may exhibit divers Colours_. Annotation _the third, That
+Metalls disclose other Colours by Precipitations, instanc'd in_ Mercury
+(from 353 to 355.)
+
+_The forty eighth_ Experiment, _Of Tinging Glass Blew with Leaf Silver, and
+with Calcin'd Copper, and White with Putty_ (from 355 to 358.) Annotation
+_the first, That this white Glass is the Basis of Ammels_ (358.) Annotion
+_the second, That Colour'd Glasses may be Compounded like Colour'd Liquors
+in Dying Fats_ (359.) Annotation _the third, Of Tinging Glass with Minerel
+Substances, and of trying what Metalls they contain by this means_ (from
+360 to 362.) Annotation _the fourth, That Metalls may be Ting'd by
+Mineralls_ (362, 363.) Annotation _the fifth, Of making several Kinds of
+Amauses or Counterfeit Stones_ (from 363 to 365.) Annotation _the sixth, Of
+the Scarlet Dye, of the Stains of dissolv'd Gold and Silver_ (366, 367) _Of
+the Greenness of Salt Beef, and Redness of Neats Tongues from Salts; of
+Gilding Silver with Bathe Water_ (368, 369.) _And Tinging the Nails and
+Skin with_ Alcanna (369)
+
+_The forty ninth_ Experiment, _Of making Lakes_ (369.) _A particular
+example in Turmerick_ (370, 371.) Annotation _the first, That in
+Precipitations wherein Allum is a Coefficient, a great part of them may
+consist of the Stony particles of that Compound Body_ (from 372 to 375.)
+Annotation _the second, That Lakes may be made of other Substances, as
+Madder, Rue,_ &c. _but that Alcalizate Salts do not Always Extract the same
+Colour of which the Vegetable appears_ (from 376 to 378.) Annotation _the
+third, That the_ Experiments _related may Hint divers others_ (378)
+Annotation _the fourth, That Alum is usefull for the preparing other than
+Vegetable Pigments_ (379.)
+
+_The fiftieth_ Experiment, _Of the Similar effects of_ Saccarum Saturni
+_and_ Alkalies, _of Precipitating with Oyl of_ Vitriol _out of_
+Aqua-fortis, _and Spirit of_ Vinegar; _and of divers Varyings of the
+Colours, with these Compounded_ (from 380 to 384.) _Another very pretty_
+Experiment, _with a Solution of_ Minium (384, 385.) _That these_
+Experiments _Skilfully digested may hint divers matters about Colours_
+(386.) _The Authors Apologetick conclusion, in which is Cursorily hinted
+the Bow or Scarlet Dye_ (387.) _The Authors Letter to Sir_ Robert Moray,
+_concerning his Observations on the Shining Diamond_ (391. &c.) _And the
+Observations themselves_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Errata.
+
+Pag. 142. l. 20. These words, _And to manifest_, with the rest of what is
+by a mistake further printed in this fourth Experiment, belongeth, and is
+to be referred to the end of the second Eperiment, p.137. pag. 145. l. 1.
+leg. _matter_. 146. l. 4. leg. _Bolts-head_. pag 161. in the marginal note
+l. 2. dele _de_ ib. l. 3. lege lib 1. p 163. l. ult. insert _where_ between
+the words _places_ and _the_. p. 164 l. 1. dele _that_. ibid, l. 8. leg
+_Epidermis_. ibid. l. 19 leg. 300. for 200. p. 169. l. 22. leg. _into it_.
+p. 170. l. 23. & 24. leg. _Some Solutions hereafter to be mentioned_, for
+_the Solutions of Potashes_, and other _Lixiviate Salts_. p. 171. l. 6.
+insert _part of_ between the words _most_ and _dissolved_ p. 176. l. ult.
+insert the participle _it_ between the words _Judged_ and _not_ p. 234. l.
+4. leg. _Woud-wax_ or _Wood-wax_. p. 320 l. 29. leg. _urine_ for _urne_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                      _THE_
+             _EXPERIMENTAL HISTORY_
+               _OF COLOURS BEGUN._
+
+                THE FIRST PART.
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+1 I have seen you so passionately addicted, _Pyrophilus_ to the delightful
+Art of Limning and Painting, that I cannot but think my self obliged to
+acquaint you with some of those things that have occurred to mee concerning
+the changes of Colours. And I may expect that I shall as well serve the
+_Virtuosi_ in general, as gratifie you in particular, by furnishing a
+person, who, I hope, will both improve my Communications, and communicate
+his Improvements, with such Experiments and Observations as may both invite
+you to enquire seriously into the Nature of Colours, and assist you in the
+Investigation of it. This being the principal scope of the following Tract,
+I should do that which might prevent my own design, if I should here
+attempt to deliver you an accurate and particular Theory of Colours; for
+that were to present you with what I desire to receive from you; and, as
+farr as in mee lay, to make that study needless, to which I would engage
+you.
+
+2 Wherefore my present work shall be but to divert and recreate, as well as
+excite you by the delivery of matters of fact, such as you may for the most
+part try with much _ease_, and possibly not without some _delight_: And
+lest you should expect any thing of Elaborate or Methodical in what you
+will meet with here, I must confess to you before-hand, that the seasons I
+was wont to chuse to devise and try Experiments about Colours, were those
+daies, wherein having taken Physick, and finding my self as unfit to
+speculate, as unwilling to be altogether idle, I chose this diversion, as a
+kind of Mean betwixt the one and the other. And I have the less scrupled to
+set down the following Experiments, as some of them came to my mind, and as
+the Notes wherein I had set down the rest, occurr'd to my hands, that by
+declining a Methodical way of delivering them, I might leave you and my
+self the greater liberty and convenience to add to them, and transpose them
+as shall appear expedient.
+
+3 Yea, that you may not think mee too reserv'd, or look upon an Enquiry
+made up of meer Narratives, as somewhat jejune, am content to _premise_ a
+few considerations, that now offer themselves to my thoughts, which relate
+in a more general way, either to the Nature of Colours, or to the study of
+it. And I shall _insert_ an _Essay_, as well Speculative as Historical, of
+the Nature of Whiteness and Blackness, that you may have a _Specimen_ of
+the History of Colours, I have sometimes had thoughts of; and if you
+dislike not the Method I have made use of, I hope, you, and some of the
+_Virtuosi_, your friends, may be thereby invited to go thorow with _Red,
+Blew, Yellow_, and the rest of the particular Colours, as I have done with
+_White_ and _Black_, but with farr more sagacity and success. And if I can
+invite Ingenious men to undertake such Tasks, I doubt not but the Curious
+will quickly obtain a better Account of Colours, than as yet we have, since
+in our Method the Theorical part of the Enquiry being attended, and as it
+were interwoven with the Historical, whatever becomes of the disputable
+Conjectures, the Philosophy of Colours will be promoted by the indisputable
+Experiments.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHAP. II.
+
+1 To come then in the first place to our more general Considerations, I
+shall begin with saying something as to the Importance of examining the
+Colours of Bodies. For there are some, especially _Chymists_, who think,
+that a considerable diversity of Colours does constantly argue an equal
+diversity of Nature, in the Bodies wherein it is conspicuous; but I confess
+I am not altogether of their mind; for not to mention changeable Taffaties,
+the blew and golden necks of Pidgeons, and divers Water-fowl, Rainbows
+Natural and Artificial, and other Bodies, whose Colours the Philosophers
+have been pleased to call not Real, but Apparent and Phantastical; not to
+insist on these, I say, (for fear of needlesly engaging in a Controversie)
+we see in Parrots, Goldfinches, and divers other Birds, not only that the
+contiguous feathers which are probably as near in properties as place, are
+some of them Red, and others White, some of them Blew, & others Yellow,
+_&c._ but that in the several parts of the self-same feather there may
+often be seen the greatest disparity of Colours; and so in the leaves of
+Tulips, July-flowers, and some other Vegetables the several leaves, and
+even the several parts of the same leaf, although no difference have been
+observed in their other properties, are frequently found painted with very
+different Colours. And such a variety we have much more admired in that
+lovely plant which is commonly, and not unjustly call'd the _Marvayl of
+Peru_; for of divers scores of fine Flowers, which in its season that gaudy
+Plant does almost daily produce, I have scarce taken notice of any two that
+were dyed perfectly alike. But though _Pyro_: such things as these, among
+others, keep mee from daring to affirm, that the Diversity and change of
+Colours does _alwaies_ argue any great difference or alteration, betwixt,
+or in, the Bodies, wherein it is to be discerned, yet that _oftentimes_ the
+Alteration of Colours does signifie considerable Alterations in the
+disposition of parts of Bodies, may appear in the Extraction of Tinctures,
+and divers other Chymical Operations, wherein the change of Colours is the
+chief, and sometimes the only thing, by which the Artist regulates his
+proceeding, and is taught to know when 'tis seasonable for him to leave
+off. Instances of this sort are more obvious in divers sorts of fruits, as
+Cherries, Plums, &c. wherein, according as the Vegetable sap is sweetned,
+or otherwise ripened, by passing from one degree to another of Maturation,
+the external part of the fruit passes likewise from one to another Colour.
+But one of the noblest Instances I have met with of this kind, is not so
+obvious; and that is the way of tempering Steel to make Gravers, Drills,
+Springs, and other Mechanical Instruments, which we have divers times both
+made Artificers practise in our presence, and tryed our selves, after the
+following manner, First, the slender Steel to be tempered is to be hardened
+by heating as much of it as is requisite among glowing Coals, till it be
+glowing hot, but it must not be quenched assoon as it is taken from the
+fire (for that would make it too brittle, and spoil it) but must be held
+over a bason of water, till it descend from a White heat to a Red one,
+which assoon as ever you perceive, you must immediately quench as much as
+you desire to harden in the cold water. The Steel thus hardened, will, if
+it be good, look somewhat White and must be made bright at the end, that
+its change of Colours may be there conspicuous; and then holding it so in
+the flame of a Candle, that the bright end may be, for about half an inch,
+or more, out of the flame, that the smoak do not stain or sully the
+brightness of it, you shall after a while see that clean end, which is
+almost contiguous to the flame, pass very nimbly from one Colour to
+another, as from a brighter Yellow, to a deeper and reddish Yellow, which
+Artificers call a _sanguine_, and from that to a fainter first, and then a
+a deeper Blew. And to bring home this Experiment to our present purpose, it
+is found by daily Experience, that each of these succeeding Colours argue
+such a change made in the texture of the Steel, that if it be taken from
+the flame, and immediately quenched in the tallow (whereby it is setled in
+whatever temper it had before) when it is Yellow, it is of such a hardness
+as makes it fit for Gravers Drills, and such like tools; but if it be kept
+a few minutes longer in the flame till it grow Blew, it becomes much
+softer, and unfit to make Gravers for Metalls, but fit to make Springs for
+Watches, and such like Instruments, which are therefore commonly of that
+Colour; and if the Steel be kept in the flame, after that this deep Blew
+hath disclosed it self, it will grow so soft, as to need to be new hardened
+again, before it can be brought to a temper, fit for Drills or Penknives.
+And I confess _Pyro._ I have taken much pleasure to see the Colours run
+along from the parts of the Steel contiguous to the flame, to the end of
+the Instrument, and succeed one another so fast, that if a man be not
+vigilant, to thrust the Steel into the tallow at the very nick of time, at
+which it has attain'd its due Colour, he shall miss of giving his tool the
+right temper. But because the flame of a Candle is offensive to my weak
+eyes, and because it is apt to either black or sully the contiguous part of
+the Steel which is held in it, and thereby hinder the change of Colours
+from being so long and clearly discern'd, I have sometimes made this
+Experiment by laying the Steel to be tempered upon a heated bar of Iron,
+which we finde also to be employ'd by some Artificers in the tempering of
+such great Instruments, as are too big to be soon heated sufficiently by
+the flame of a Candle. And you may easily satisfie your self _Pyro_: of the
+differing hardness and toughness, which is ascribed to Steel temper'd at
+different Colours, if you break but some slender wires of Steel so
+temper'd, and observe how they differ in brittleness, and if with a file
+you also make tryal of their various degrees of hardness.
+
+2 But _Pyrophilus_, I must not at present any further prosecute the
+Consideration of the importance of Experiments about Colours, not only
+because you will in the following papers finde some instances, that would
+here be presented you out of their due place, of the use that may be made
+of such Experiments, in discovering in divers bodies, what kind the salt
+is, that is predominant in them; but also because a speculative Naturalist
+might justly enough allege, that as Light is so pleasing an object, as to
+be well worth our looking on, though it discover'd to us nothing but its
+self; so modifi'd Light called Colour, were worth our contemplation, though
+by understanding its Nature we should be taught nothing else. And however,
+I need not make either you or my self excuses for entertaining you on the
+subject I am now about to treat of, since the pleasure _Pyro_: takes in
+mixing and laying on of Colours, will I presume keep him, and will (I am
+sure) keep mee from thinking it troublesome to set down, especially after
+the tedious processes (about other matters) wherewith I fear I may have
+tyr'd him, some easie, and not unpleasant Experiments relating to that
+subject.
+
+3 But, before we descend to the more particular considerations, we are to
+present you concerning Colours, I presume it will be seasonable to propose
+at the very entrance a Distinction; the ignorance or neglect of which,
+seems to mee to have frequently enough occasioned either mistakes or
+confusion in the Writings of divers Modern Philosophers; for Colour may be
+considered, either as it is a quality residing in the body that is said to
+be coloured, or to modifie the light after such or such a manner; or else
+as the Light it self, which so modifi'd, strikes upon the organ of sight,
+and so causes that Sensation which we call Colour; and that this latter may
+be look'd upon as the more proper, though not the usual acception of the
+word Colour, will be made probable by divers passages in the insuing part
+of our discourse; and indeed it is the Light it self, which after a certain
+manner, either mingled with shades, or some other waies troubled, strikes
+our eyes, that does more immediately produce that motion in the organ, upon
+whose account men say they see such or such a Colour in the object; yet,
+because there is in the body that is said to be coloured, a certain
+disposition of the superficial particles, whereby it sends the Light
+reflected, or refracted, to our eyes thus and thus alter'd, and not
+otherwise, it may also in some sense be said, that Colour depends upon the
+visible body; and therefore we shall not be against that way of speaking of
+Colours that is most used among the Modern Naturalists, provided we be
+allowed to have recourse when occasion shall require to the premis'd
+distinction, and to take the more immediate cause of Colour to be the
+modifi'd Light it self, as it affects the Sensory; though the disposition
+also of the colour'd body, as that modifies the Light, may be call'd by
+that name Metonimically (to borrow a School term) or Efficiently, that is
+in regard of its turning the Light, that rebounds from it, or passes thorow
+it, into this or that particular Colour.
+
+4 I know not whether I may not on this occasion add, that Colour is so far
+from being an Inherent quality of the object in the sense that is wont to
+be declar'd by the Schools, or even in the sense of some Modern Atomists,
+that, if we consider the matter more attentively, we shall see cause to
+suspect, if not to conclude, that though Light do more immediately affect
+the organ of sight, than do the bodies that send it thither, yet Light it
+self produces the sensation of a Colour, but as it produces such a
+determinate kind of local motion in some part of the brain; which, though
+it happen most commonly from the motion whereinto the slender strings of
+the _Retina_ are put, by the appulse of Light, yet if the like motion
+happen to be produc'd by any other cause, wherein the Light concurrs not at
+all, a man shall think he sees the same Colour. For proof of this, I might
+put you in mind, that 'tis usual for dreaming men to think they see the
+Images that appear to them in their sleep, adorn'd some with this, and some
+with that lively Colour, whilst yet, both the curtains of their bed, and
+those of their eyes are close drawn. And I might add the confidence with
+which distracted persons do oftentimes, when they are awake, think, they
+see black fiends in places, where there is no black object in sight without
+them. But I will rather observe, that not only when a man receives a great
+stroak upon his eye, or a very great one upon some other part of his head,
+he is wont to see, as it were, flashes of lightning, and little vivid, but
+vanishing flames, though perhaps his eyes be shut: But the like apparitions
+may happen, when the motion proceeds not from something without, but from
+something within the body, provided the unwonted fumes that wander up and
+down in the head, or the propagated concussion of any internal part in the
+body, do cause about the inward extremities of the Optick Nerve, such a
+motion as is wont to be there produc'd, when the stroak of the Light upon
+the _Retina_ makes us conclude, that we see either Light, or such and such
+a Colour: This the most ingenious _Des Cartes_ hath very well observ'd, but
+because he seems not to have exemplifi'd it by any unobvious or peculiar
+observation, I shall indeavour to illustrate this doctrine by a few
+Instances.
+
+5 And first, I remember, that having, through Gods goodness, been free for
+several years, from troublesome Coughs, being afterwards, by an accident,
+suddenly cast into a violent one, I did often, when I was awaked in the
+night by my distempers, observe, that upon coughing strongly, it would seem
+to mee, that I saw very vivid, but immediately disappearing flames, which I
+took particular notice of, because of the conjecture I am now mentioning.
+
+6 An excellent and very discreet person, very near ally'd both to you and
+mee, was relating to mee, that some time since, whilst she was talking with
+some other Ladies, upon a sudden, all the objects, she looked upon,
+appeared to her dyed with unusual Colours, some of one kind, and some of
+another, but all so bright and vivid, that she should have been as much
+delighted, as surpriz'd with them, but that finding the apparition to
+continue, she fear'd it portended some very great alteration as to her
+health: As indeed the day after she was assaulted with such violence by
+Hysterical and Hypocondrical Distempers, as both made her rave for some
+daies, and gave her, during that time, a Bastard Palsey.
+
+7 Being a while since in a Town, where the Plague had made great havock,
+and inquiring of an ingenious man, that was so bold, as without much
+scruple to visit those that were sick of it, about the odd symptomes of a
+Disease that had swept away so many there; he told mee, among other things,
+that he was able to tell divers Patients, to whom he was called, before
+they took their beds, or had any evident symptomes of the Plague, that they
+were indeed infected upon peculiar observations, that being asked, they
+would tell him that the neighbouring objects, and particularly his cloths,
+appear'd to them beautifi'd with most glorious Colours, like those of the
+Rainbow, oftentimes succeeding one another; and this he affirm'd to be one
+of the most usual, as well as the most early symptomes, by which this odd
+Pestilence disclos'd it self: And when I asked how long the Patients were
+wont to be thus affected, he answered, that it was most commonly for about
+a day; and when I further inquired whether or no Vomits, which in that
+Pestilence were usually given, did not remove this symptome (For some used
+the taking of a Vomit, when they came ashore, to cure themselves of the
+obstinate and troublesome giddiness caus'd by the motion of the ship)
+reply'd, that generally, upon the evacuation made by the Vomit, that
+strange apparition of Colours ceased, though the other symptomes were not
+so soon abated, yet he added (to take notice of that upon the by, because
+the observation may perchance do good) that an excellent Physician, in
+whose company he was wont to visit the sick, did give to almost all those
+to whom he was called, in the beginning before Nature was much weakened, a
+pretty odd Vomit consisting of eight or ten dramms of Infusion of _Crocus
+Metallorum_, and about half a dramm, or much more, of White Vitriol, with
+such success, that scarce one of ten to whom it was seasonably administred,
+miscarried.
+
+8 But to return to the consideration of Colours: As an apparition of them
+may be produced by motions from within, without the assistance of an
+outward object, so I have observed, that 'tis sometimes possible that the
+Colour that would otherwise be produced by an outward object, may be
+chang'd by some motion, or new texture already produced in the Sensory, as
+long as that unusual motion, or new disposition lasts; for I have divers
+times try'd, that after I have through a Telescope look'd upon the Sun,
+though thorow a thick, red, or blew glass, to make its splendor supportable
+to the eye, the impression upon the _Retina_, would be not only so vivid,
+but so permanent, that if afterwards I turned my eye towards a flame, it
+would appear to mee of a Colour very differing from its usual one. And if I
+did divers times successively shut and open the same eye, I should see the
+adventitious Colour, (if I may so call it) changed or impair'd by degrees,
+till at length (for this unusual motion of the eye would not presently
+cease) the flame would appear to mee, of the same hew that it did to other
+beholders; a not unlike effect I found by looking upon the Moon, when she
+was near full, thorow an excellent Telescope, without colour'd Glass to
+screen my eye with; But that which I desire may be taken notice of, because
+we may elsewhere have occasion to reflect upon it, and because it seems not
+agreeable to what Anatomists and Optical Writers deliver, touching the
+relation of the two eyes to each other, is this circumstance, that though
+my Right eye, with which I looked thorow the Telescope, were thus affected
+by the over-strong impression of the light, yet when the flame of a Candle,
+or some other bright object appear'd to me of a very unusual Colour, whilst
+look'd upon with the Discompos'd Eye, or (though not so notably) with both
+eyes at once; yet if I shut that Eye, and looked upon the same object with
+the other, it would appear with no other than its usual Colour, though if I
+again opened, and made use of the Dazled eye, the vivid adventitious Colour
+would again appear. And on this occasion I must not pretermit an
+Observation which may perswade us, that an over-vehement stroak upon the
+Sensory, especially if it be naturally of a weak constitution, may make a
+more lasting impression than one would imagine, which impression may in
+some cases, as it were, mingle with, and vitiate the action of vivid
+objects for a long time after.
+
+For I know a Lady of unquestionable Veracity, who having lately, by a
+desperate fall, receiv'd several hurts, and particularly a considerable one
+upon a part of her face near her Eye, had her sight so troubl'd and
+disorder'd, that, as she hath more than once related to me, not only when
+the next morning one of her servants came to her bed side, to ask how she
+did, his cloaths appear'd adorn'd with such variety of dazling Colours,
+that she was fain presently to command him to withdraw, but the Images in
+her Hangings, did, for many daies after, appear to her, if the Room were
+not extraordinarily darken'd, embellish'd with several offensively vivid
+Colours, which no body else could see in them; And when I enquir'd whether
+or no White Objects did not appear to her adorn'd with more luminous
+Colours than others, and whether she saw not some which she could not now
+well describe to any, whose eyes had never been distemper'd, she answer'd
+mee, that sometimes she thought she saw Colours so new and glorious, that
+they were of a peculiar kind, and such as she could not describe by their
+likeness to any she had beheld either before or since, and that White
+Objects did so much disorder her sight, that if several daies after her
+fall, she look'd upon the inside of a Book, she fanci'd she saw there
+Colours like those of the Rain-bow, and even when she thought her self
+pretty well recover'd, and made bold to leave her Chamber, the coming into
+a place where the Walls and Ceeling were whited over, made those Objects
+appear to her cloath'd with such glorious and dazling Colours, as much
+offended her sight, and made her repent her venturousness, and she added,
+that this Distemper of her Eyes lasted no less than five or six weeks,
+though, since that, she hath been able to read and write much without
+finding the least Inconvenience in doing so. I would gladly have known,
+whether if she had shut the Injur'd Eye, the _Phænomena_ would have been
+the same, when she employ'd only the other, but I heard not of this
+accident early enough to satisfie that Enquiry.
+
+9 Wherefore, I shall now add, that some years before, a person exceedingly
+eminent for his profound Skil in almost all kinds of Philological Learning,
+coming to advise with mee about a Distemper in his Eyes, told me, among
+other Circumstances of it, that, having upon a time looked too fixedly upon
+the Sun, thorow a Telescope, without any coloured Glass, to take off from
+the dazling splendour of the Object, the excess of Light did so strongly
+affect his Eye, that ever since, when he turns it towards a Window, or any
+White Object, he fancies, he seeth a Globe of Light, of about the bigness
+the Sun then appeared of to him, to pass before his Eyes: And having
+Inquir'd of him, how long he had been troubled with this Indisposition, he
+reply'd, that it was already nine or ten years, since the Accident, that
+occasioned it, first befel him.
+
+I could here subjoyn, _Pyrophilus_, some memorable Relations that I have
+met with in the Account given us by the experienc'd _Epiphanius
+Ferdinandus_, of the Symptomes he observ'd to be incident to those that are
+bitten with the Tarantula, by which (Relations) I could probably shew, that
+without any change in the Object, a change in the Instruments of Vision may
+for a great while make some Colours appear Charming, and make others
+Provoking, and both to a high degree, though neither of them produc'd any
+such Effects before. These things, I say, I could here subjoyn in
+confirmation of what I have been saying, to shew, that the Disposition of
+the Organ is of great Importance in the Dijudications we make of Colours,
+were it not that these strange Stories belonging more properly to another
+Discourse, I had rather, (contenting my self to have given you an
+Intimation of them here) that you should meet with them fully deliver'd
+there.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHAP. III.
+
+But, _Pyrophilus_, I would not by all that I have hitherto discours'd, be
+thought to have forgotten the Distinction (of Colour) that I mentioned to
+you about the beginning of the third Section of the former Chapter; and
+therefore, after all I have said of Colour, as it is modifi'd Light, and
+immediately affects the Sensory, I shall now re-mind you, that I did not
+deny, but that Colour might in some sense be consider'd as a Quality
+residing in the body that is said to be Colour'd, and indeed the greatest
+part of the following Experiments referr to Colour principally under that
+Notion, for there is in the bodyes we call Colour'd, and chiefly in their
+Superficial parts, a certain disposition, whereby they do so trouble the
+Light that comes from them to our Eye, as that it there makes that distinct
+Impression, upon whose Account we say, that the Seen body is either White
+or Black, or Red or Yellow, or of any one determinate Colour. But because
+we shall (God permiting) by the Experiments that are to follow some Pages
+hence, more fully and particularly shew, that the Changes, and consequently
+in divers places the Production and the appearance of Colours depends upon
+the continuing or alter'd Texture of the Object, we shall in this place
+intimate (and that too but as by the way) two or three things about this
+Matter.
+
+2. And first it is not without some Reason, that I ascribe Colour (in the
+sense formerly explan'd) _chiefly_ to the Superficial parts of Bodies, for
+not to question how much Opacous Corpuscles may abound even in those Bodies
+we call Diaphanous, it seems plain that of Opacous bodies we do indeed see
+little else than the Superficies, for if we found the beams of Light that
+rebound from the Object to the Eye, to peirce deep into the Colour'd body,
+we should not judge it Opacous, but either Translucid, or at least
+Semi-diaphanous, and though the Schools seem to teach us that Colour is a
+Penetrative Quality, that reaches to the Innermost parts of the Object, as
+if a piece of Sealing-wax be broken into never so many pieces, the Internal
+fragments will be as Red as the External surface did appear, yet that is
+but a Particular Example that will not overthrow the Reason lately offer'd,
+especially since I can alleage other Examples of a contrary Import, and two
+or three Negative Instances are sufficient to overthrow the Generality of a
+Positive Rule, especially if that be built but upon One or a Few Examples.
+Not (then) to mention Cherries, Plums, and I know not how many other
+Bodies, wherein the skin is of one Colour, and what it hides of another, I
+shall name a couple of Instances drawn from the Colours of Durable bodies
+that are thought far more Homogeneous, and have not parts that are either
+Organical, or of a Nature approaching thereunto.
+
+3 To give you the first Instance, I shall need but to remind you of what I
+told you a little after the beginning of this Essay, touching the Blew and
+Red and Yellow, that may be produc'd upon a piece of temper'd Steel, for
+these Colours though they be very Vivid, yet if you break the Steel they
+adorn, they will appear to be but Superficial; not only the innermost parts
+of the Metall, but those that are within a hairs breadth of the
+Superficies, having not any of these Colours, but retaining that of the
+Steel it self. Besides that, we may as well confirm this Observation, as
+some other particulars we elsewhere deliver concerning Colours, by the
+following Experiment which we purposely made.
+
+4 We took a good quantity of clean Lead, and melted it with a strong Fire,
+and then immediately pouring it out into a clean Vessel of a convenient
+shape and matter, (we us'd one of Iron, that the great and sudden Heat
+might not injure it) and then carefully and nimbly taking off the Scum that
+floated on the top, we perceiv'd, as we expected, the smooth and glossie
+Surface of the melted matter, to be adorn'd with a very glorious Colour,
+which being as Transitory as Delightfull, did almost immediately give place
+to another vivid Colour, and that was as quickly succeeded by a third, and
+this as it were chas'd away by a fourth, and so these wonderfully vivid
+Colours successively appear'd and vanish'd, (yet the same now and then
+appearing the second time) till the Metall ceasing to be hot enough to
+afford any longer this pleasing Spectacle, the Colours that chanc'd to
+adorn the Surface, when the Lead thus began to cool, remain'd upon it; but
+were so Superficial, that how little soever we scrap'd off the Surface of
+the Lead, we did in such places scrape off all the Colour, and discover
+only that which is natural to the Metall it self, which receiving its
+adventitious Colours, only when the heat was very Intense, and in that part
+which was expos'd to the comparatively very cold Air, (which by other
+Experiments seems to abound with subtil Saline parts, perhaps not uncapable
+of working upon Lead so dispos'd:) These things I say, together with my
+observing that whatever parts of the so strongly melted Lead were expos'd a
+while to the Air, turn'd into a kind of Scum or Litharge, how bright and
+clean soever they appear'd before, suggested to me some Thoughts or
+Ravings, which I have not now time to acquaint You with. One that did not
+know me, _Pyrophilus_, would perchance think I endeavour'd to impose upon
+You by relating this Experiment, which I have several times try'd, but the
+Reason why the _Phænomena_ mention'd have not been taken notice of, may be,
+that unless Lead be brought to a much higher degree of Fusion or Fluidity
+than is usual, or than is indeed requisite to make it melt, the _Phænomena_
+I mention'd will scarce at all disclose themselves; And we have also
+observ'd that this successive appearing and vanishing of vivid Colours, was
+wont to be impair'd or determin'd whilst the Metal expos'd to the Air
+remain'd yet hotter than one would readily suspect. And one thing I must
+further Note, of which I leave You to search after the Reason, namely, that
+the same Colours did not always and regularly succeed one another, as is
+usually in Steel, but in the diversify'd Order mention'd in this following
+Note, which I was scarce able to write down, the succession of the Colours
+was so very quick, whether that proceeded from the differing degrees of
+Heat in the Lead expos'd to the cool Air, or from some other Reason, I
+leave you to examine.
+
+    [_Blew, Yellow, Purple, Blew; Green, Purple, Blew, Yellow, Red; Purple,
+    Blew, Yellow and Blew, Yellow, Blew, Purple, Green mixt, Yellow, Red,
+    Blew, Green, Yellow, Red, Purple, Green_.]
+
+5. The _Atomists_ of Old, and some Learned men of late, have attempted to
+explicate the variety of Colours in Opacous bodies from the various Figures
+of their Superficial parts; the attempt is Ingenious, and the Doctrine
+seems partly True, but I confess I think there are divers other things that
+must be taken in as concurrent to produce those differing forms of
+Asperity, whereon the Colours of Opacous bodies seem to depend. To declare
+this a little, we must assume, that the Surfaces of all such Bodies how
+Smooth or polite soever they may appear to our Dull Sight and Touch, are
+exactly smooth only in a popular, or at most in a Physical sense, but not
+in a strict and rigid sense.
+
+6. This, excellent _Microscopes_ shew us in many Bodies, that seem Smooth
+to our naked Eyes; and this not only as to the little Hillocks or
+Protuberancies that swell above that which may be conceiv'd to be the Plain
+or Level of the consider'd Surface, for it is obvious enough to those that
+are any thing conversant with such Glasses, but as to numerous Depressions
+beneath that Level, of which sort of Cavities by the help of a
+_Microscope_, which the greatest Artificer that makes them, judges to be
+the greatest Magnifying Glass in _Europe_, except one that equals it, we
+have on the Surface of a thin piece of Cork that appear'd smooth to the
+Eye, observ'd about sixty in a Row, within the length of less then an 31
+and 32 part of an Inch, (for the Glass takes in no longer a space at one
+view) and these Cavities (which made that little piece of Cork look almost
+like an empty Honey-comb) were not only very distinct, and figur'd like one
+another, but of a considerable bigness, and a scarce credible depth;
+insomuch that their distinct shadows as well as sides were plainly
+discern'd and easiy to be reckon'd, and might have been well distinguish'd,
+though they had been ten times lesser than they were; which I thought it
+not amiss to mention to you _Pyrophilus_ upon the by, that you may thence
+make some Estimate, what a strange Inequality, and what a multitude of
+little Shades, there may really be, in a scarce sensible part of the
+Physical superficies, though the naked Eye sees no such matter. And as
+Excellent _Microscopes_ shew us this Ruggedness in many Bodies that pass
+for Smooth, so there are divers Experiments, though we must not now stay to
+urge them, which seem to perswade us of the same thing as to the rest of
+such Bodies as we are now treating off; So, that there is no sensible part
+of an Opacous body, that may not be conceiv'd to be made up of a multitude
+of singly insensible Corpuscles, but in the giving these surfaces that
+disposition, which makes them alter the Light that reflects thence to the
+Eye after the manner requisite to make the Object appear Green, Blew, &c.
+the Figures of these Particles have _a great_, but not _the only_ stroak.
+'Tis true indeed that the protuberant Particles may be of very great
+variety of Figures, Sphærical, Elliptical, Conical, Cylindrical,
+Polyedrical, and some very irregular, and that according to the Nature of
+these, and the situation of the Lucid body, the Light must be variously
+affected, after one manner from Surfaces (I now speak of Physical Surfaces)
+consisting of Sphaerical, and in another from those that are made up of
+Conical or Cylindrical Corpuscles; some being fitted to reflect more of the
+incident Beams of Light, others less, and some towards one part, others
+towards another. But besides this difference of Shape, there may be divers
+other things that may eminently concurr to vary the forms of Asperity that
+Colours so much depend on. For, willingly allowing the Figure of the
+Particles in the first place, I consider secondly, that the superficial
+Corpuscles, if I may so call them, may be bigger in one Body, and less in
+another, and consequently fitted to allay the Light falling on them with
+greater shades. Next, the protuberant Particles may be set more or less
+close together, that is, there may be a greater or a smaller number of them
+within the compass of one, than within the compass of another small part of
+the Surface of the same Extent, and how much these Qualities may serve to
+produce Colour may be somewhat guess'd at, by that which happens in the
+Agitation of Water; for if the Bubbles that are thereby made be Great, and
+but Few, the Water will scarce acquire a sensible Colour, but if it be
+reduc'd to a Froth, consisting of Bubbles, which being very Minute and
+Contiguous to each other, are a multitude of them crowded into a narrow
+Room, the Water (turned to Froth) does then exhibit a very manifest White
+Colour,[3] (to which these last nam'd Conditions of the Bubbles do as well
+as their Convex figure contribute) and that for Reasons to be mention'd
+anon. Besides, it is not necessary that the Superficial particles that
+exhibit one Colour, should be all of them Round, or all Conical, or all of
+any one Shape, but Corpuscles of differing Figures may be mingled on the
+Surface of the Opacous Body, as when the Corpuscles that make a Blew
+colour, and those that make a Yellow, come to be Accurately and Skilfully
+mix'd, they make up a Green, which though it seem one simple Colour, yet in
+this case appears to be made by Corpuscles of very differing Kinds, duely
+commix'd. Moreover the Figure and Bigness of the little Depressions,
+Cavities, Furrows or Pores intercepted betwixt these protuberant
+Corpuscles, are as well to be consider'd as the Sizes and Shapes of the
+Corpuscles themselves: For we may conceive the Physical superficies of a
+Body, where (as we said) its Colour does as it were reside, to be cut
+Transversly by a Mathematical plain, which you know is conceiv'd to be
+without any Depth or Thickness at all, and then as some parts of the
+Physical Superficies will be Protuberant; or swell above this last plain,
+so others may be depress'd beneath it; as (to explane my self by a gross
+Comparison) in divers places of the Surface of the Earth, there are not
+only Neighbouring Hills, Trees, &c. that are rais'd above the Horizontal
+Level of the Valley, but Rivers, Wells, Pits and other Cavities that are
+depress'd beneath it, and that such Protuberant and Concave parts of a
+Surface may remit the Light so differingly, as much to vary a Colour, some
+examples and other things, that we shall hereafter have occasion to take
+notice off in this Tract, will sufficiently declare, till when, it may
+suffice to put you in mind, that of two Flat-sides of the same piece of,
+for example, red Marble, the one being diligently Polished, and the other
+left to its former Roughness, the differing degrees or sorts of Asperity,
+for the side that is smooth to the Touch wants not its Roughness, will so
+diversifie the Light reflected from the several Plains to the Eye, that a
+Painter would employ two differing Colours to represent them.
+
+  [3] _See the Discourse of the Nature of Whiteness and Blackness._
+
+7. And I hope, _Pyrophilus_, you will not think it strange or impertinent,
+that I employ in divers passages of these Papers, examples drawn from
+Bodies and Shadows far more Gross, than those minute Protuberances and
+shady Pores on which in most cases the Colour of a Body as 'tis an Inherent
+Quality or Disposition of its Surface, seems to depend. For sometimes I
+employ such Examples, rather to declare my Meaning, than prove my
+Conjecture; things, whom their Smallness makes Insensible, being better
+represented to the Imagination by such familiar Objects, as being like them
+enough in other respects, are of a Visible bulk. And next, though the Beams
+of Light are such subtil Bodies, that in respect of them, even Surfaces
+that are sensibly Smooth, are not exactly so, but have their own degree of
+Roughness, consisting of little Protuberances and Depressions; and though
+consequently such Inequalities may suffice to give Bodies differing
+Colours, as we see in Marble that appears White or Black, or Red or Blew,
+even when the most carefully Polish'd, yet 'tis plain by the late Instance
+of Red Marble, and many others, that even bigger Protuberances and greater
+Shades may likewise so Diversifie the Roughness of a Bodies Superficies, as
+manifestly to concurr to the varying of its Colour, whereby such Examples
+appear to be proper enough to be employ'd in such a Subject as we have now
+in hand. And having hinted thus much on this Occasion, I now proceed.
+
+8. The Situation also of the Superficial particles is considerable, which I
+distinguish into the Posture of the single Corpuscles, in respect of the
+Light, and of the Eye, and the Order of them in reference also to one
+another; for a Body may otherwise reflect the Light, when its Superficial
+particles are more erected upon the Plain that may be conceiv'd to pass
+along their Basis, and when the Points or Extremes of such Particles are
+Obverted to the Eye, than when those Particles are so Inclin'd, that their
+Sides are in great part Discernable, as the Colour of Plush or Velvet will
+appear Vary'd to you, if you carefully stroak part of it one way, and part
+of it another, the posture of the particular Thrids, in reference to the
+Light, or the Eye, becoming thereby different. And you may observe in a
+Field of ripe Corn blown upon by the Wind, that there will appear as it
+were Waves of a Colour (at least Gradually) differing from that of the rest
+of the Field, the Wind by Depressing some of the Ears, and not at the same
+time others, making the one Reflect more from the Lateral and Strawy parts,
+than do the rest. And so, when Doggs are so angry, as to Erect the Hairs
+upon their Necks, and upon some other parts of their Bodies, those Parts
+seem to acquire a Colour vary'd from that which the same Hairs made, when
+in their usual Posture they did farr more stoop. And that the Order wherein
+the Superficial Corpuscles are Rang'd is not to be neglected, we may guess
+by turning of Water into Froth, the beating of Glass, and the scraping of
+Horns, in which cases the Corpuscles that were before so marshall'd as to
+be Perspicuous, do by the troubling of that Order become Dispos'd to
+terminate and reflect more Light, and thereby to appear Whitish. And there
+are other ways in which the Order of the Protuberant parts, in reference to
+the Eye, may much contribute to the appearing of a particular Colour, for I
+have often observ'd, that when Pease are Planted, or Set in Parallel Lines,
+and are Shot up about half a Foot above the Surface of the Ground, by
+looking on the Field or Plot of Ground from that part towards which the
+Parallel Lines tended, the greater part of the Ground by farr would appear
+of its own dirty Colour, but if I look'd upon it Transversly, the Plot
+would appear very Green, the upper parts of the Pease hindering the
+intercepted parts of the Ground, which as I said retain'd their wonted
+Colour, from being discover'd by the Eye. And I know not, _Pyrophilus_,
+whether I might not add, that even the Motion of the Small Parts of a
+Visible Object may in some cases contribute, though it be not so easie to
+say how, to the Producing or the Varying of a Colour; for I have several
+times made a Liquor, which when it has well settled in a close Vial, is
+Transparent and Colourless, but as soon as the Glass is unstopp'd, begins
+to fly away very plentifully in a White and Opacous fume; and there are
+other Bodies, whose Fumes, when they fill a Receiver, would make one
+suspect it contains Milk, and yet when these Fumes settle into a Liquor,
+that Liquor is not White, but Transparent; And such White Fumes I have seen
+afforded by unstopping a Liquor I know, which yet is it self Diaphanous and
+Red; Nor are these the only Instances of this Kind, that our Tryals can
+supply us with. And if the Superficial Corpuscles be of the Grosser sort,
+and be so Framed, that their differing Sides or Faces may exhibit differing
+Colours, then the Motion or Rest of those Corpuscles may be considerable,
+as to the Colour of the Superficies they compose, upon this account, that
+sometimes more, sometimes fewer of the Sides dispos'd to exhibit such a
+Colour may by this means become or continue more Obverted to the Eye than
+the rest, and compose a Physical Surface, that will be more or less
+sensibly interrupted; As, to explane my meaning, by proposing a gross
+Example, I remember, that in some sorts of Leavy Plants thick set by one
+another, the two sides of whose Leaves were of somewhat differing Colours,
+there would be a notable Disparity as to Colour, if you look'd upon them
+both when the Leaves being at Rest had their upper and commonly expos'd
+sides Obverted to the Eye, and when a breath of Wind passing thorow them,
+made great Numbers of the usually Hidden sides of the Leaves become
+conspicuous. And though the Little Bodies, we were lately speaking of, may
+Singly and Apart seem almost Colourless, yet when Many of them are plac'd
+by one another, so near, that the Eye does not easily discern an
+Interruption, within a sensible space, they may exhibit a Colour; as we
+see, that though a Slenderest Thrid of Dy'd Silk do's, whilst look'd on
+Single, seem almost quite Devoyd of Redness, (for instance) yet when
+numbers of these Thrids are brought together into one Skein, their Colour
+becomes notorious.
+
+9. But the same Occasion that invited me to say what I have mention'd
+concerning the Leaves of Trees, invites me also to give you some account of
+what happens in Changeable Taffities, where we see differing Colours, as it
+were, Emerge and Vanish upon the Ruffling of the same piece of Silk: As I
+have divers times with Pleasure observ'd, by the help of such a
+_Microscope_, as, though it do not very much Magnifie the Object, has in
+recompence this great Conveniency, that you may easily, as fast as you
+please, remove it from one part to another of a Large Object, of which the
+Glass taking a great part at once, you may thereby presently Survey the
+Whole. Now by the help of such a _Microscope_ I could easily (as I began to
+say) discern, that in a piece of Changeable Taffity, (that appear'd, for
+Instance, sometimes Red, and sometimes Green) the Stuff was compos'd of Red
+thrids and Green, passing under and over each other, and crossing one
+another in almost innumerable points; and if I look'd through the Glass
+upon any considerable portion of the Stuff, that (for example sake) to the
+naked Eye appear'd to be Red, I could plainly see, that in that Position,
+the Red thrids were Conspicuous, and reflected a vivid Light; and though I
+could also perceive, that there were Green ones, yet by reason of their
+disadvantagious Position in the _Physical Surface_ of the Taffity, they
+were in part hid by the more Protuberant Thrids of the other Colour; and
+for the same cause, the Reflection from as much of the Green as was
+discover'd, was comparatively but Dim and Faint. And if, on the contrary, I
+look'd through the _Microscope_ upon any part that appear'd Green, I could
+plainly see that the Red thrids were less fully expos'd to the Eye, and
+obscur'd by the Green ones, which therefore made up the Predominant Colour.
+And by observing the Texture of the Silken Stuff, I could easisy so expose
+the Thrids either of the one Colour or of the other to my Eye, as at
+pleasure to exhibit an apparition of Red or Green, or make those Colours
+succeed one another: So that, when I observ'd their Succession by the help
+of the Glass, I could mark how the Predominant Colour did as it were start
+out, when the Thrids that exhibited it came to be advanagiously plac'd; And
+by making little Folds in the Stuff after a certain manner, the Sides that
+met and terminated in those Folds, would appear to the naked Eye, one of
+them Red, and the other Green. When Thrids of more than two differing
+Colours chance to be Interwoven, the resulting changeableness of the
+Taffity may be also somewhat different. But I choose to give an Instance in
+the Stuff I have been speaking off, because the mixture being more Simple,
+the way whereby the Changeableness is produc'd, may be the more easily
+apprehended: and though Reason alone might readily enough lead a
+considering Man to guess at the Explication, in case he knew how Changeable
+Taffities are made: yet I thought it not impertinent to mention it, because
+both Scholars and Gentlemen are wont to look upon the Inquiry into
+Manufactures, as a _Mechanick_ imployment, and consequently below Them; and
+because also with such a _Microscope_ as I have been mentioning, the
+discovery is as well Pleasant as Satisfactory, and may afford Hints of the
+Solution of other _Phænomena_ of Colours. And it were not amiss, that some
+diligent Inquiry were made, whether the _Microscope_ would give us an
+account of the Variableness of Colour, that is so Conspicuous and so
+Delightfull in Mother of Pearl, in Opalls, and some other resembling
+Bodies: For though I remember I did formerly attempt something of that Kind
+(fruitlesly enough) upon Mother of Pearl, yet not having then the advantage
+of my best _Microscope_, nor some Conveniences that might have been wish'd,
+I leave it to you, who have better Eyes, to try what you can do further;
+since 'twill be _Some_ discovery to find, that, in this case, the best Eyes
+and _Microscopes_ themselves can make _None_.
+
+10. I confess, _Pyrophilus_, that a great part of what I have deliver'd,
+(or propos'd rather) concerning the differing forms of Asperity in Bodies,
+by which Differences the incident Light either comes to be Reflected with
+more or less of Shade, and with that Shade more or less Interrupted, or
+else happens to be also otherwise Modify'd or Troubl'd, is but Conjectural.
+But I am not sure, that if it were not for the Dullness of our Senses,
+either these or some other Notions of Kin to them, might be better
+Countenanc'd; for I am apt to suspect, that if we were Sharp sighted
+enough, or had such perfect _Microscopes_, as I fear are more to be wish'd
+than hop'd for, our promoted Sense might discern in the Physical Surfaces
+of Bodies, both a great many latent Ruggidnesses, and the particular Sizes,
+Shapes, and Situations of the extremely little Bodies that cause them, and
+perhaps might perceive among other Varieties that we now can but imagine,
+how those little Protuberances and Cavities do Interrupt and Dilate the
+Light, by mingling with it a multitude of little and singly undiscernable
+Shades, though some of them more, and some of them less Minute, some less,
+and some more Numerous; according to the Nature and Degree of the
+particular Colour we attribute to the Visible Object; as we see, that in
+the Moon we can with Excellent _Telescopes_ discern many Hills and Vallies,
+and as it were Pits and other Parts, whereof some are more, and some less
+Vividly illustrated, and others have a fainter, others a deeper Shade,
+though the naked Eye can discern no such matter in that Planet. And with an
+Excellent _Microscope_, where the _Naked_ Eye did see but a Green powder,
+the _Assisted_ Eye as we noted above, could discern particular Granules,
+some of them of a Blew, and some of them of a Yellow colour, which
+Corpuscles we had beforehand caus'd to be exquisitly mix'd to compound the
+Green.
+
+11. And, _Pyrophilus_, that you may not think me altogether extravagant in
+what I have said of the Possibility, (for I speak of no more) of discerning
+the differing forms of Asperity in the Surfaces of Bodies of several
+Colours, I'l here set down a Memorable particular that chanc'd to come to
+my Knowledge, since I writ a good part of this _Essay_; and it is this.
+Meeting casually the other Day with the deservedly Famous[4] Dr. _J.
+Finch_, Extraordinary _Anatomist_ to that Great Patron of the _Virtuosi_,
+the now Great Duke of _Toscany_, and enquiring of this Ingenious Person,
+what might be the chief Rarity he had seen in his late return out of
+_Italy_ into _England_, he told me, it was a Man at _Maestricht_ in the
+Low-Countrys, who at certain times can discern and _distinguish Colours by
+the Touch_ with his Fingers. You'l easily Conclude, that this is farr more
+strange, than what I propos'd but as _not Impossible_; since the Sense of
+the _Retina_ seeming to be much more Tender and quick than that of those
+Grosser Filaments, Nerves or Membranes of our Fingers, wherewith we use to
+handle Gross and Hard Bodies, it seems scarce credible, that any
+Accustomance, or Diet, or peculiarity of Constitution, should enable a Man
+to distinguish with such Gross and Unsuitable Organs, such Nice and Subtile
+Differences as those of the forms of Asperity, that belong to differing
+Colours, to receive whose Languid and Delicate Impressions by the
+Intervention of Light, Nature seems to have appointed and contexed into the
+_Retina_ the tender and delicate Pith of the Optick Nerve. Wherefore I
+confess, I propos'd divers Scruples, and particularly whether the Doctor
+had taken care to bind a Napkin or Hankerchief over his Eyes so carefully,
+as to be sure he could make no use of his Sight, though he had but
+Counterfeited the want of it, to which I added divers other Questions, to
+satisfie my Self, whether there were any Likelihood of Collusion or other
+Tricks. But I found that the Judicious Doctor having gone farr out of his
+way, purposely to satisfie Himself and his Learned Prince about this
+Wonder, had been very Watchfull and Circumspect to keep _Himself_ from
+being Impos'd upon. And that he might not through any mistake in point of
+Memory mis-inform _Me_, he did me the Favour at my Request, to look out the
+Notes he had Written for his Own and his Princes Information, the summ of
+which Memorials, as far as we shall mention them here, was this, That the
+Doctor having been inform'd at _Utrecht_, that there Lived one at some
+Miles distance from _Maestricht_, who could distinguish Colours by the
+Touch, when he came to the last nam'd Town, he sent a Messenger for him,
+and having Examin'd him, was told upon Enquiry these Particulars:
+
+  [4] Since for his eminent Qualities and Loyalty Grac'd, by his Majesty,
+  with the Honour of Knighthood.
+
+That the Man's name was _John Vermaasen_, at that time about 33 Years of
+Age; that when he was but two years Old, he had the Small Pox, which
+rendred him absolutely Blind: That at this present he is an _Organist_, and
+serves that Office in a publick Quire.
+
+That the Doctor discoursing with him over Night, the Blind man affirm'd,
+that he could distinguish Colours by the Touch, but that he could not do
+it, unless he were Fasting; Any quantity of Drink taking from him that
+Exquisitness of Touch, which is requisite to so Nice a Sensation.
+
+That hereupon the Doctor provided against the next Morning seven pieces of
+Ribbon, of these seven Colours, Black, White, Red, Blew, Green, Yellow, and
+Gray, but as for _mingled_ Colours, this _Vermaasen_ would not undertake to
+discern them, though if offer'd, he would tell that they were _Mix'd_.
+
+That to discern the Colour of the Ribbon, he places it betwixt the Thumb
+and the Fore-finger, but his most exquisite perception was in his Thumb,
+and much better in the right Thumb than in the left.
+
+That after the Blind man had four or five times told the Doctor the several
+Colours, (though Blinded with a Napkin for fear he might have some Sight)
+the Doctor found he was twice mistaken, for he call'd the White Black, and
+the Red Blew, but still, he, before his Errour, would lay them by in Pairs,
+saying, that though he could easily distinguish them from all others, yet
+those two Pairs were not easily distinguish'd amongst themselves, whereupon
+the Doctor desir'd to be told by him what kind of Discrimination he had of
+Colours by his Touch, to which he gave a reply, for whose sake chiefly I
+insert all this Narrative in this place, namely, That all the difference
+was more or less Asperity, for says he, (I give you the Doctor's own words)
+Black feels as if you were feeling Needles points, or some harsh Sand, and
+Red feels very Smooth.
+
+That the Doctor having desir'd him to tell in Order the difference of
+Colours to his Touch, he did as follows;
+
+Black and White are the most asperous or unequal of all Colours, and so
+like, that 'tis very hard to distinguish them, but Black is the most Rough
+of the two, Green is next in Asperity, Gray next to Green in Asperity,
+Yellow is the fifth in degree of Asperity, Red and Blew are so like, that
+they are as hard to distinguish as Black and White, but Red is somewhat
+more Asperous than Blew, so that Red has the sixth place, and Blew the
+seventh in Asperity.
+
+12. To these Informations the Obliging Doctor was pleas'd to add the
+welcome present of three of those very pieces of Ribbon, whose Colours in
+his presence the Blind man had distinguished, pronouncing the one Gray, the
+other Red, and the third Green, which I keep by me as Rarities, and the
+rather, because he fear'd the rest were miscarry'd.
+
+13. Before I saw the Notes that afforded me the precedent Narrative, I
+confess I suspected this man might have thus discriminated Colours, rather
+by the Smell than by the Touch; for some of the Ingredients imployed by
+Dyers to Colour things, have Sents, that are not so Languid, nor so near of
+Kin, but that I thought it not impossible that a very Critical Nose might
+distinguish them, and this I the rather suspected, because he requir'd,
+that the Ribbons, whose Colours he was to Name, should be offer'd him
+Fasting in the morning; for I have observ'd in Setting Doggs, that the
+feeding of them (especially with some sorts of Aliments) does very much
+impair the exquisite sent of their Noses. And though some of the foregoing
+particulars would have prevented that Conjecture, yet I confess to you
+(_Pyrophilus_) that I would gladly have had the Opportunity of Examining
+this Man my self, and of Questioning him about divers particulars which I
+do not find to have been yet thought upon. And though it be not incredible
+to me, that since the Liquors that Dyers imploy to tinge, are qualifi'd to
+do so by multitudes of little Corpuscles of the Pigment or Dying stuff,
+which are dissolved and extracted by the Liquor, and swim to and fro in it,
+those Corpuscles of Colour (as the _Atomists_ call them) insinuating
+themselves into, and filling all the Pores of the Body to be Dyed, may
+Asperate its Superficies more or less according to the Bigness and Texture
+of the Corpuscles of the Pigment; yet I can scarce believe, that our Blind
+man could distinguish all the Colours he did, meerly by the Ribbons having
+more or less of Asperity, so that I cannot but think, notwithstanding this
+History, that the Blind man distinguish'd Colours not only by the _Degrees_
+of Asperity in the Bodies offer'd to him, but by _Forms_ of it, though this
+(latter) would perhaps have been very difficult for him to make an
+Intelligible mention of, because those Minute disparities having not been
+taken notice of by men for want of touch as Exquisite as our Blind Mans,
+are things he could not have Intelligibly express'd, which will easily seem
+Probable, if you consider, that under the name of Sharp, and Sweet, and
+Sour, there are abundance of, as it were, immediate peculiar Relishes or
+Tasts in differing sorts of Wine, which though Critical and Experienc'd
+Palats can easily discern themselves cannot make them be understood by
+others, such Minute differences not having hitherto any Distinct names
+assign'd them. And it seems that there was somthing in the Forms of
+Asperity that was requisite to the Distinction of Colours, besides the
+Degree of it, since he found it so difficult to distingush Black and White
+from one another, though not from other Colours. For I might urge, that he
+seems not consonant to himself about the _Red_, which as you have seen in
+one place, he represents as somewhat more Asperous than the _Blew_; and in
+another, very Smooth: But because he speaks of this Smoothness in that
+place, where he mentions the Roughness of _Black_, we may favourably
+presume that he might mean but a _comparative Smoothness_; and therefore I
+shall not Insist on this, but rather Countenance my Conjecture by this,
+that he found it so Difficult, not only, to Discriminate Red and Blew,
+(though the first of our promiscuous Experiments will inform you, that the
+Red reflects by great Odds more Light than the other) but also to
+distinguish Black and White from one another, though not from other
+Colours. And indeed, though in the Ribbonds that were offer'd him, they
+might be almost equally Rough, yet in such slender Corpuscles as those of
+Colour, there may easily enough be Conceiv'd, not only a greater Closeness
+of Parts, or else Paucity of Protuberant Corpuscles, and the little extant
+Particles may be otherwise Figur'd, and Rang'd in the White than in the
+Black, but the Cavities may be much Deeper in the one than the other.
+
+14. And perhaps, (_Pyrophilus_) it may prove some _Illustration of what I
+mean_, and help you to conceive how _this may_ be, if I Represent, that
+where the Particles are so exceeding Slender, we may allow the Parts
+expos'd to the Sight and Touch to be a little Convex in comparison of the
+Erected Particle of Black Bodies, as if there were Wyres I know not how
+many times Slenderer than a Hair: whether you suppose them to be Figur'd
+like Needles, or Cylindrically, like the Hairs of a Brush, with
+Hemisphærical (or at least Convex) Tops, they will be so very Slender, and
+consequently the Points both of the one sort and the other so very Sharp,
+that even an exquisite Touch will be able to distinguish no greater
+Difference between them, than that which our Blind man allow'd, when
+comparing Black and White Bodies, he said, that the latter was the less
+Rough of the two. Nor is every Kind of Roughness, though Sensible enough,
+Inconsistent with Whiteness, there being Cases, wherein the Physical
+Superficies of a Body is made by the same Operation both _Rough_ and
+_white_, as when the Level Surface of clear Water being by agitation
+Asperated with a multitude of Unequal Bubbles, do's thereby acquire a
+Whiteness; and as a Smooth piece of Glass, by being Scratch'd with a
+Diamond, do's in the Asperated part of its Surface disclose the same
+Colour. But more (perchance) of this elsewhere.
+
+15. And therefore, we shall here pass by the Question, whether any thing
+might be consider'd about the Opacity of the Corpuscles of Black Pigments,
+and the _Comparative_ Diaphaneity of those of many White Bodies, apply'd to
+our present Case; and proceed, to represent, That the newly mention'd
+Exiguity and Shape of the extant Particles being suppos'd, it will then be
+considerable what we lately but Hinted, (and therefore must now somewhat
+Explane) That the Depth of the little Cavities, intercepted between the
+extant Particles, without being so much greater in Black Bodies than in
+White ones, as to be perceptibly so to the Gross Organs of Touch, may be
+very much greater in reference to their Disposition of Reflecting the
+imaginary subtile Beams of Light. For in Black Bodies, those Little
+intercepted Cavities, and other Depressions, may be so Figur'd, so Narrow
+and so Deep, that the incident Beams of Light, which the more extant Parts
+of the Physical Superficies are dispos'd to Reflect inwards, may be
+Detain'd there, and prove unable to Emerge; whilst in a White Body, the
+Slender Particles may not only by their Figure be fitted to Reflect the
+Light copiously outwards, but the intercepted Cavities being not Deep, nor
+perhaps very Narrow, the Bottoms of them may be so Constituted, as to be
+fit to Reflect outwards much of the Light that falls even upon Them; as you
+may possibly better apprehend, when we shall come to treat of Whiteness and
+Blackness. In the mean time it may suffice, that you take Notice with me,
+that the Blind mans Relations import no necessity of Concluding, that,
+though, because, according to the Judgment of his Touch, Black was the
+Roughest, as it is the Darkest of Colours, therefore White, which
+(according to us) is the Lightest, should be also the Smoothest: since I
+observe, that he makes Yellow to be two Degrees more Asperous than Blew,
+and as much less Asperous than Green; whereas indeed, Yellow do's not only
+appear to the Eye a Lighter Colour than Blew, but (by our first Experiment
+hereafter to be mention'd) it will appear, that Yellow reflected much more
+Light than Blew, and manifestly more than Green, (which we need not much
+wonder at, since in this Colour and the two others (Blew and Yellow) 'tis
+not _only_ the _Reflected Light_ that is to be considered, since to produce
+both these, _Refraction_ seems to Intervene, which by its Varieties may
+much alter the Case:) which both seems to strengthen the Conjecture I was
+formerly proposing, that there was something else in the _Kinds_ of
+Asperity, as well as in the _Degrees_ of it, which enabled our Blind man to
+Discriminate Colours, and do's at least show, that we cannot in all Cases
+from the bare Difference in the Degrees of Asperity betwixt Colours, safely
+conclude, that the Rougher of any two always Reflects the least Light.
+
+16. But this notwithstanding, (_Pyrophilus_) and what ever Curiosity I may
+have had to move some Questions to our Sagacious Blind man, yet thus much I
+think you will admit us to have gain'd by his Testimony, that since many
+Colours may be felt with the Circumstances above related, the Surfaces of
+such Coloured Bodies must certainly have differing _Degrees_, and in all
+probability have differing _Forms_ or Kinds of Asperity belonging to them,
+which is all the Use that my present attempt obliges me to make of the
+History above deliver'd, that being sufficient to prove, _that_ Colour do's
+much depend upon the Disposition of the Superficial parts of Bodies, and to
+shew in general, _wherein_ 'tis probable that such a Disposition do's
+(principally at least) consist.
+
+17. But to return to what I was saying before I began to make mention of
+our Blind _Organist_, what we have deliver'd touching the causes of the
+several Forms or Asperity that may Diversifie the Surfaces of Colour'd
+Bodies, may perchance somewhat assist us to make some Conjectures in the
+general, at several of the ways whereby 'tis possible for the Experiments
+hereafter to be mention'd, to produce the suddain changes of Colours that
+are wont to be Consequent upon them; for most of these _Phænomena_ being
+produc'd by the Intervention of Liquors, and these for the most part
+abounding with very Minute, Active, and Variously Figur'd Saline
+Corpuscles, Liquors so Qualify'd may well enough very Nimbly after the
+Texture of the Body they are imploy'd to Work upon, and so may change the
+form of Asperity, and thereby make them Remit to the Eye the Light that
+falls on them, after another manner than they did before, and by that means
+Vary the Colour, so farr forth as it depends upon the Texture or
+Disposition of the Seen Parts of the Object, which I say, _Pyrophilus_,
+that you may not think I would absolutely exclude all other ways of
+Modifying the Beams of Light between their Parting from the Lucid Body, and
+their Reception into the common Sensory.
+
+18. Now there seem to me divers ways, by which we may conceive that Liquors
+may Nimbly alter the Colour of one another, and of other Bodies, upon which
+they Act, but my present haste will allow me to mention but some of them,
+without Insisting so much as upon those I shall name.
+
+19. And first, the Minute Corpuscles that compose a Liquor may early
+insinuate themselves into those Pores of Bodies, whereto their Size and
+Figure makes them Congruous, and these Pores they may either exactly Fill,
+or but Inadequately, and in this latter Case they will for the most part
+alter the Number and Figure, and always the Bigness of the former Pores.
+And in what capacity soever these Corpuscles of a Liquor come to be Lodg'd
+or Harbour'd in the Pores that admit them, the Surface of the Body will for
+the most part have its Asperity alter'd, and the Incident Light that meets
+with a Grosser Liquor in the little Cavities that before contain'd nothing
+but Air, or some yet Subtiler Fluid, will have its Beams either Refracted,
+or Imbib'd, or else Reflected more or less Interruptedly, than they would
+be, if the Body had been Unmoistned, as we see, that even fair Water
+falling on white Paper, or Linnen, and divers other Bodies apt to soak it
+in, will for some such Reasons as those newly mention'd, immediately alter
+the Colour of them, and for the most part make it Sadder than that of the
+Unwetted Parts of the same Bodies. And so you may see, that when in the
+Summer the High-ways are Dry and Dusty, if there falls store of Rain, they
+will quickly appear of a much Darker Colour than they did before, and if a
+Drop of Oyl be let fall upon a Sheet of White Paper, that part of it, which
+by the Imbibition of the Liquor acquires a greater Continuity, and some
+Transparency, will appear much Darker than the rest, many of the Incident
+Beams of Light being now Transmitted, that otherwise would be Reflected
+towards the Beholders Eyes.
+
+20. Secondly, A Liquor may alter the Colour of a Body by freeing it from
+those things that hindred it from appearing in its Genuine Colour; and
+though this may be said to be rather a Restauration of a Body to its own
+Colour, or a Retection of its native Colour, than a Change, yet still there
+Intervenes in it a change of the Colour which the Body appear'd to be of
+before this Operation. And such a change a Liquor may work, either by
+Dissolving, or Corroding, or by some such way of carrying off that Matter,
+which either Veil'd or Disguis'd the Colour that afterwards appears. Thus
+we restore Old pieces of Dirty Gold to a clean and nitid Yellow, by putting
+them into the Fire, and into _Aqua-fortis_, which take off the adventitious
+Filth that made that pure Metall look of a Dirty Colour. And there is also
+an easie way to restore Silver Coyns to their due Lustre, by fetching off
+that which Discolour'd them. And I know a _Chymical_ Liquor, which I
+employ'd to restore pieces of Cloath spotted with Grease to their proper
+Colour, by Imbibing the Spotted part with this Liquor, which Incorporating
+with the Grease, and yet being of a very Volatile Nature, does easily carry
+it away with it Self. And I have sometimes try'd, that by Rubbing upon a
+good Touch-stone a certain _Metalline_ mixture so Compounded, that the
+Impression it left upon the Stone appear'd of a very differing Colour from
+that of Gold, yet a little of _Aqua-fortis_ would in a Trice make the
+Golden Colour disclose it self, by Dissolving the other _Metalline_
+Corpuscles that conceal'd those of the Gold, which you know that
+_Menstruum_ will leave Untouch'd.
+
+21. Thirdly, A Liquor may alter the Colour of a Body by making a
+Comminution of its Parts, and that principally two ways, the first by
+Disjoyning and Dissipating those Clusters of Particles, if I may so call
+them, which stuck more Loosely together, being fastned only by some more
+easily Dissoluble Ciment, which seems to be the Case of some of the
+following Experiments, where you'l find the Colour of many Corpuscles
+brought to cohere by having been Precipitated together, Destroy'd by the
+Affusion of very peircing and incisive Liquors. The other of the two ways I
+was speaking of, is, by Dividing the Grosser and more Solid Particles into
+Minute ones, which will be always Lesser, and for the most part otherwise
+Shap'd than the Entire Corpuscle so Divided, as it will happen in a piece
+of Wood reduc'd into Splinters or Chips, or as when a piece of Chrystal
+heated red Hot and quench'd in Cold water is crack'd into a multitude of
+little Fragments, which though they fall not asunder, alter the Disposition
+of the Body of the Chrystal, as to its manner of Reflecting the Light, as
+we shall have Occasion to shew hereafter.
+
+22. There is a fourth way contrary to the third, whereby a Liquor may
+change the Colour of another Body, especially of another Fluid, and that
+is, by procuring the Coalition of several Particles that before lay too
+Scatter'd and Dispers'd to exhibit the Colour that afterwards appears. Thus
+sometimes when I have had a Solution of Gold so Dilated, that I doubted
+whether the Liquor had really Imbib'd any true Gold or no, by pouring in a
+little _Mercury_, I have been quickly able to satisfie my Self, that the
+Liquor contain'd Gold, that Mettall after a little while Cloathing the
+Surface of the _Quick-silver_, with a Thin Film of its own Livery. And
+chiefly, though not only by this way of bringing the Minute parts of Bodies
+together in such Numbers as to make them become Notorious to the Eye, many
+of these Colours seem to be Generated which are produc'd by Precipitations,
+especially by such as are wont to be made with fair Water, as when Resinous
+Gumms dissolv'd in Spirit of Wine, are let fall again, if the Spirit be
+Copiously diluted with that weakning Liquor. And so out of the Rectify'd
+and Transparent Butter of _Antimony_, by the bare Mixture of fair Water,
+there will be plentifully Precipitated that Milk-white Substance, which by
+having its Looser Salts well wash'd off, is turn'd into that Medicine,
+which Vulgar _Chymists_ are pleas'd to call _Mercurius Vitæ._
+
+23. A fifth way, by which a Liquor may change the Colour of a Body, is, by
+Dislocating the Parts, and putting them out of their former Order into
+another, and perhaps also altering the Posture of the single Corpuscles as
+well as their Order or Situation in respect of one another. What certain
+Kinds of Commotion or Dislocation of the Parts of a Body may do towards the
+Changing its Colour, is not only evident in the Mutations of Colour
+observable in _Quick-silver_, and some other Concretes long kept by
+_Chymists_ in a Convenient Heat, though in close Vessels, but in the
+Obvious Degenerations of Colour, which every Body may take notice of in
+Bruis'd Cherries, and other Fruit, by comparing after a while the Colour of
+the Injur'd with that of the Sound part of the same Fruit. And that also
+such Liquors, as we have been speaking of, may greatly Discompose the
+Textures of many Bodies, and thereby alter the Disposition of their
+Superficial parts, the great Commotion made in Metalls, and several other
+Bodies by _Aqua-fortis_, Oyl of _Vitriol_, and other Saline _Menstruums_,
+may easily perswade us, and what such Vary'd Situations of Parts may do
+towards the Diversifying of the manner of their Reflecting the Light, may
+be Guess'd in some Measure by the Beating of Transparent Glass into a White
+Powder, but farr better by the Experiments lately Pointed at, and hereafter
+Deliver'd, as the Producing and Destroying Colours by the means of subtil
+Saline Liquors, by whose Affusion the Parts of other Liquors are manifestly
+both Agitated, and likewise Dispos'd after another manner than they were
+before such Affusion. And in some _Chymical_ Oyls, as particularly that of
+Lemmon Pills, by barely Shaking the Glass, that holds it, into Bubbles,
+that Transposition of the Parts which is consequent to the Shaking, will
+shew you on the Surfaces of the Bubbles exceeding Orient and Lively
+Colours, which when the Bubbles relapse into the rest of the Oyl, do
+immediately Vanish.
+
+24. I know not, _Pyrophilus_, whether I should mention as a Distinct way,
+because it is of a somewhat more General Nature, that Power, whereby a
+Liquor may alter the Colour of another Body, by putting the Parts of it
+into Motion; For though possibly the Motion so produc'd, does, as such,
+seldome suddenly change the Colour of the Body whose Parts are Agitated,
+yet this seems to be one of the most General, however not Immediate causes
+of the Quick change of Colours in Bodies. For the Parts being put into
+Motion by the adventitious Liquor, divers of them that were before United,
+may become thereby Disjoyn'd, and when that Motion ceases or decays others
+of them may stick together, and that in a new Order, by which means the
+Motion may sometimes produce Permanent changes of Colours, as in the
+Experiment you will meet with hereafter, of presently turning a Snowy White
+Body into a Yellow, by the bare Affusion of fair Water, which probably so
+Dissolves the Saline Corpuscles that remain'd in the _Calx_, and sets them
+at Liberty to Act upon one another, and the Metall, far more Powerfully
+than the Water without the Assistance of such Saline Corpuscles could do.
+And though you rubb Blew _Vitriol_, how Venereal and Unsophisticated soever
+it be, upon the Whetted Blade of a Knife, it will not impart to the Iron
+its Latent Colour, but if you moisten the _Vitriol_ with your Spittle, or
+common Water, the Particles of the Liquor disjoyning those of the
+_Vitriol_, and thereby giving them the Various Agitation requisite to Fluid
+Bodies, the Metalline Corpuscles of the thus Dissolv'd _Vitriol_ will Lodge
+themselves in Throngs in the Small and Congruous Pores of the Iron they are
+Rubb'd on, and so give the Surface of it the Genuine Colour of the Copper.
+
+25. There remains yet a way, _Pyrophilus_ to be mention'd, by which a
+Liquor may alter the Colour of another Body, and this seems the most
+Important of all, because though it be nam'd but as One, yet it may indeed
+comprehend Many, and that is, by Associating the Saline Corpuscles, or any
+other Sort of the more Rigid ones of the Liquor, with the Particles of the
+Body that it is employ'd to Work upon. For these Adventitious Corpuscles
+Associating themselves with the Protuberant Particles of the Surface of a
+Colour'd Body, must necessarily alter their Bigness, and will most commonly
+alter their Shape. And how much the Colours of Bodies depend upon the Bulk
+and Figure of their Superficial Particles, you may Guess by this, that
+eminent antient _Philosophers_ and divers _Moderns_, have thought that all
+Colours might in a general way be made out by these two; whose being
+Diversify'd, will in our Case be attended with these two Circumstances, the
+One, that the Protuberant Particles being Increas'd in Bulk, they will
+oftentimes be Vary'd as to the Closness or Laxity of their Order, fewer of
+them being contain'd within the same Sensible (though Minute) space than
+before; or else by approaching to one another, they must Straighten the
+Pores, and it may be too, they will by their manner of Associating
+themselves with the Protuberant Particles, intercept new Pores. And this
+invites me to consider farther, that the Adventitious Corpuscles, I have
+been speaking of, may likewise produce a great Change as well in the Little
+Cavities or Pores as in the Protuberances of a Colour'd Body; for besides
+what we have just now taken notice of, they may by Lodging themselves in
+those little Cavities, fill them up, and it may well happen, that they may
+not only fill the Pores they Insinuate themselves into, but likewise have
+their Upper Parts extant above them; and partly by these new Protuberances,
+partly by Increasing the Bulk of the former, these Extraneous Corpuscles
+may much alter the Number and Bigness of the Surfaces Pores, changing the
+Old and Intercepting new ones. And then 'tis Odds, but the Order of the
+Little Extancies, and consequently that of the Little Depressions in point
+of Situation will be alter'd likewise: as if you dissolve _Quick-silver_ in
+some kind of _Aqua-fortis_, the Saline Particles of the _Menstruum_
+Associating themselves with the Mercurial Corpuscles, will make a Green
+Solution, which afterwards easily enough Degenerates. And Red Lead or
+_Minium_ being Dissolv'd in Spirit of Vinegar, yields not a Red, but a
+Clear Solution, the Redness of the Lead being by the Liquor Destroy'd. But
+a better Instance may be taken from Copper, for I have try'd, that if upon
+a Copper-plate you let some Drops of weak _Aqua-fortis_ rest for a while,
+the Corpuscles of the _Menstruum_, joyning with those of the Metall, will
+produce a very sensible Asperity upon the Surface of the Plate, and will
+Concoagulate that way into very minute Grains of a Pale Blew _Vitriol_;
+whereas if upon another part of the same Plate you suffer a little strong
+Spirit of Urine to rest a competent time, you shall find the Asperated
+Surface adorn'd with a Deeper and Richer Blew. And the same _Aqua-fortis_,
+that will quickly change the Redness of Red Lead into a Darker Colour,
+will, being put upon Crude Lead, produce a Whitish Substance, as with
+Copper it did a Blewish. And as with Iron it will produce a Reddish, and on
+White Quills a Yellowish, so much may the Coalition of the Parts of the
+same Liquor, with the differingly Figur'd Particles of Stable Bodies,
+divers ways Asperate the differingly Dispos'd Surfaces, and to Diversifie
+the Colour of those Bodies. And you'l easily believe, that in many changes
+of Colour, that happen upon the Dissolutions of Metalls, and Precipitations
+made with Oyl of _Tartar_, and the like Fix'd Salts, there may Intervene a
+Coalition of Saline Corpuscles with the Particles of the Body Dissolv'd or
+Precipitated, if you examine how much the _Vitriol_ of a Metall may be
+Heavier than the Metalline part of it alone, upon the Score of the Saline
+parts Concoagulated therewith, and, that in Several Precipitations the
+weight of the _Calx_ does for the same Reason much exceed that of the
+Metall, when it was first put in to be Dissolv'd.
+
+26. But, _Pyrophilus_, to consider these Matters more particularly would be
+to forget that I declar'd against Adventuring, at least for this time, at
+particular Theories of Colours, and that accordingly you may justly expect
+from me rather Experiments than Speculations, and therefore I shall Dismiss
+this Subject of the Forms of Superficial Asperity in Colour'd Bodies, as
+soon as I shall but have nam'd to you by way of Supplement to what we have
+hitherto Discours'd in this Section, a Couple of Particulars, (which you'l
+easily grant me) The one, That there are divers other ways for the speedy
+Production even of True and Permanent Colours in Bodies, besides those
+Practicable by the help of Liquors; for proof of which Advertisement,
+though several Examples might be alleged, yet I shall need but Re-mind you
+of what I mention'd to you above, touching the change of Colours suddenly
+made on Temper'd Steel, and on Lead, by the Operation of Heat, without the
+Intervention of a Liquor. But the other particular I am to observe to you
+is of more Importance to our present Subject and it is, That though Nature
+and Art may in some cases so change the Asperity of the Superficial parts
+of a Body, as to change its Colour by either of the ways I have propos'd
+Single or Unassisted, yet for the most part 'tis by two or three, or
+perhaps by more of the fore-mention'd ways Associated together, that the
+Effect is produc'd, and if you consider how Variously those several ways
+and some others Ally'd unto them, which I have left unmention'd, may be
+Compounded and Apply'd, you will not much wonder that such fruitfull,
+whether Principles (or Manners of Diversification) should be fitted to
+Change or Generate no small store of Differing Colours.
+
+27. Hitherto, _Pyrophilus_, we have in discoursing of the Asperity of
+Bodies consider'd the little Protuberances of other Superficial particles
+which make up that Roughness, as if we took it for granted, that they must
+be perfectly Opacous and Impenetrable by the Beams of Light, and so, must
+contribute to the Variety of Colours as they terminate more or less Light,
+and reflect it to the Eye mix'd with more or less of thus or thus mingl'd
+Shades. But to deal Ingenuously with you, _Pyrophilus_, before I proceed
+any further, I must not conceal from you, that I have often thought it
+worth a Serious Enquiry, whether or no Particles of Matter, each of them
+sing'y Insensible, and therefore small enough to be capable of being such
+Minute Particles as the _Atomists_ both of old and of late have (not
+absurdly) called _Corpuscula Coloris_, may not yet consist each of them of
+divers yet Minuter Particles, betwixt which we may conceive little
+Commissures where they Adhere to one another, and, however, may not be
+Porous enough to be, at least in some degree, Pervious to the unimaginably
+subtile Corpuscles that make up the Beams of Light, and consequently to be
+in such a degree Diaphanous. For, _Pyrophilus_, that the proposed Enquiry
+may be of moment to him that searches after the Nature of Colour, you'l
+easily grant, if you consider, that whereas Perfectly Opacous bodies can
+but reflect the incident Beams of Light, those that are Diaphanous are
+qualified to refract them too, and that Refraction has such a stroak in the
+Production of Colours, as you cannot but have taken notice of, and perhaps
+admir'd in the Colours generated by the Trajection of Light through Drops
+of Water that exhibit a Rain-bow, through Prismatical glasses, and through
+divers other Transparent bodies. But 'tis like, _Pyrophilus_, you'l more
+easily allow that about this matter 'tis rather Important to have a
+Certainty, than that 'tis Rational to entertain a Doubt; wherefore I must
+mention to you some of the Reasons that make me think it may need a further
+Enquiry, for I find that in a Darkned Room, where the Light is permitted to
+enter but at One hole, the little wandering Particles of Dust, that are
+commonly called Motes, and, unless in the Sunbeams, are not taken notice of
+by the unassisted Sight, I have, I say, often observ'd, that these roving
+Corpuscles being look'd on by an Eye plac'd on one side of the Beams that
+enter'd the Little hole, and by the Darkness having its Pupill much
+Enlarg'd, I could discern that these Motes as soon as they came within the
+compass of the Luminous, whether Cylinder or Inverted Cone, if I may so
+call it, that was made up by the Unclouded Beams of the Sun, did in certain
+positions appear adorn'd with very vivid Colours, like those of the
+Rain-bow, or rather like those of very Minute, but Sparkling fragments of
+Diamonds; and as soon as the Continuance of their Motion had brought them
+to an Inconvenient position in reference to the Light and the Eye, they
+were only visible without Darting any lively Colours as before, which seems
+to argue that these little Motes, or minute Fragments, of several sorts of
+bodies reputed Opacous, and only crumbled as to their Exteriour and Looser
+parts into Dust, did not barely Reflect the Beams that fell upon them, but
+remit them to the Eye Refracted too. We may also observe, that several
+Bodies, (as well some of a Vegetable, as others of an Animal nature) which
+are wont to pass for Opacous, appear in great part Transparent, when they
+are reduc'd into Thin parts, and held against a powerful Light. This I have
+not only taken notice of in pieces of Ivory reduc'd but into Thick leaves,
+as also in divers considerable Thick shells of Fishes, and in shaving of
+Wood, but I have also found that a piece of Deal, far thicker than one
+would easily imagine, being purposly interposed betwixt my Eye plac'd in a
+Room, and the clear Daylight, was not only somewhat Transparent, but
+(perhaps by reason of its Gummous nature) appear'd quite through of a
+lovely Red. And in the Darkned Room above mention'd, Bodies held against
+the hole at which the Light enter'd, appear'd far less Opacous then they
+would elsewhere have done, insomuch that I could easily and plainly see
+through the whole Thickness of my Hand, the Motions of a Body plac'd (at a
+very near distance indeed, but yet) beyond it. And even in Minerals, the
+Opacity is not always so great as many think, if the Body be made Thin, for
+White Marble though of a pretty Thickness, being within a Due distance
+plac'd betwixt the Eye and a Convenient Light, will Suffer the Motions of
+ones Finger to be well discern'd through it, and so will pieces, Thick
+enough, of many common Flints. But above all, that Instance is remarkable,
+that is afforded us by _Muscovie_ glass, (which some call _Selenites_,
+others _Lapis Specularis_) for though plates of this Mineral, though but of
+a moderate Thickness, do often appear Opacous, yet if one of these be
+Dextrously split into the thinnest Leaves 'tis made up of, it will yield
+such a number of them, as scarce any thing but Experience could have
+perswaded me, and these Leaves will afford the most Transparent sort of
+consistent Bodies, that, for ought I have observ'd, are yet known; and a
+single Leaf or Plate will be so far from being Opacous, that 'twill scarce
+be so much as Visible. And multitudes of Bodies there are, whose Fragments
+seem Opacous to the naked Eye, which yet, when I have included them in good
+_Microscopes_, appear'd Transparent; but, _Pyrophilus_, on the other side I
+am not yet sure that there are no Bodies, whose Minute Particles even in
+such a _Microscope_ as that of mine, which I was lately mentioning, will
+not appear Diaphanous. For having consider'd _Mercury_ Precipitated _per
+se_, the little Granules that made up the powder, look'd like little
+fragments of Coral beheld by the naked Eye at a Distance (for very Near at
+hand Coral will sometimes, especially if it be Good, shew some
+Transparency.) Filings likewise of Steel and Copper, though in an excellent
+_Microscope_, and a fair Day, they show'd like pretty Big Fragments of
+those Metalls, and had considerable Brightness on some of their Surfaces,
+yet I was not satisfi'd, that I perceiv'd any Reflection from the Inner
+parts of any of the Filings. Nay, having look'd in my best _Microscope_
+upon the Red _Calx_ of Lead, (commonly call'd _Minium_) neither I, nor any
+I shew'd it to, could discern it to be other than Opacous, though the Day
+were Clear, and the Object strongly Enlightned. And the deeply Red Colour
+of _Vitriol_ appear'd in the same _Microscope_ (notwithstanding the great
+Comminution effected by the Fire) but like Grossy beaten Brick. So that,
+_Pyrophilus_, I shall willingly resign you the care of making some further
+Enquiries into the Subject we have now been considering; for I confess, as
+I told you before, that I think that the Matter may need a further
+Scrutiny, nor would I be forward to Determine how far or in what cases the
+Transparency or Semi-diaphaniety of the Superficial Corpuscles of Bigger
+Bodies, may have an Interest in the Production of their Colours, especially
+because that even in divers White bodies, as Beaten Glass, Snow and Froth,
+where it seems manifest that the Superficial parts are singly Diaphanous,
+(being either Water, or Air, or Glass) we see not that such Variety of
+Colours are produc'd as usually are by the Refraction of Light, even in
+those Bodies, when by their Bigness, Shape, &c. they are conveniently
+qualify'd to exhibit such Various and Lively Colours as those of the
+Rain-bow, and of Prismatical Glasses.
+
+28. By what has been hitherto discours'd, _Pyrophilus_, we may be assisted
+to judge of that famous Controversie which was of Old disputed betwixt the
+_Epicureans_ and other _Atomists_ on the one side, and most other
+_Philosophers_ on the other side. The former Denying Bodies to be Colour'd
+in the Dark, and the Latter making Colour to be an Inherent quality, as
+well as Figure, Hardness; Weight, or the like. For though this Controversie
+be Reviv'd, and hotly Agitated among the _Moderns_, yet I doubt whether it
+be not in great part a Nominal dispute, and therefore let us, according to
+the Doctrine formerly deliver'd, Distinguish the Acceptions of the word
+Colour, and say, that if it be taken in the Stricter Sense, the
+_Epicureans_ seem to be in the Right, for if Colour be indeed, though not
+according to them, but Light Modify'd, how can we conceive that it can
+Subsist in the Dark, that is, where it must be suppos'd there is no Light;
+but on the other side, if Colour be consider'd as a certain Constant
+Disposition of the Superficial parts of the Object to Trouble the Light
+they Reflect after such and such a Determinate manner, this Constant, and,
+if I may so speak, Modifying disposition persevering in the Object, whether
+it be Shin'd upon or no, there seems no just reason to deny, but that in
+this Sense, Bodies retain their Colour as well in the Night as Day; or, to
+Speak a little otherwise, it may be said, that Bodies are Potentially
+Colour'd in the Dark, and Actually in the Light. But of this Matter
+discoursing more fully elsewhere, as 'tis a difficulty that concerns
+Qualities in general, I shall forbear to insist on it here.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHAP. IV
+
+1. Of greater Moment in the Investigation of the Nature of Colours is the
+Controversie, Whether those of the Rain-bow, and those that are often seen
+in Clouds, before the Rising, or after the Setting of the Sun; and in a
+word, Whether those other Colours, that are wont to be call'd Emphatical,
+ought or ought not to be accounted True Colours. I need not tell you that
+the Negative is the Common Opinion, especially in the Schools, as may
+appear by that Vulgar distinction of Colours, whereby these under
+Consideration are term'd Apparent, by way of Opposition to those that in
+the other Member of the Distinction are call'd True or Genuine. This
+question I say seems to me of Importance, upon this Account, that it being
+commonly Granted, (or however, easie enough to be Prov'd) that Emphatical
+Colours are Light it self Modify'd by Refractions chiefly, with a
+concurrence sometimes of Reflections, and perhaps some other Accidents
+depending on these two; if these Emphatical Colours be resolv'd to be
+Genuine, it will seem consequent, that Colours, or at least divers of them,
+are but Diversify'd Light, and not such Real and Inherent qualities as they
+are commonly thought to be.
+
+2. Now since we are wont to esteem the Echoes and other Sounds of Bodies,
+to be True Sounds, all their Odours to be True Odours, and (to be short)
+since we judge other Sensible Qualities to be True ones, because they are
+the proper Objects of some or other of our Senses, I see not why Emphatical
+Colours, being the proper and peculiar Objects of the Organ of Sight, and
+capable to Affect it as Truly and as Powerfully as other Colours, should be
+reputed but Imaginary ones.
+
+And if we have (which perchance you'l allow) formerly evinc'd Colour, (when
+the word is taken in its more Proper sense) to be but Modify'd Light, there
+will be small Reason to deny these to be true Colours, which more
+manifestly than others disclose themselves to be produc'd by
+Diversifications of the Light.
+
+3. There is indeed taken notice of a Difference betwixt these Apparent
+colours, and those that are wont to be esteem'd Genuine, as to the
+Duration, which has induc'd some Learned Men to call the former rather
+Evanid than Fantastical. But as the Ingenious _Gassendus_ does somewhere
+Judiciously observe, if this way of Arguing were Good, the Greeness of a
+Leaf ought to pass for Apparent, because, soon Fading into a Yellow, it
+Scarce lasts at all, in comparison of the Greeness of an Emerauld. I shall
+add, that if the Sun-beams be in a convenient manner trajected through a
+Glass-prism, and thrown upon some well-shaded Object within a Room, the
+Rain-bow thereby Painted on the Surface of the Body that Terminates the
+Beams, may oftentimes last longer than Some Colours I have produc'd in
+certain Bodies, which would justly, and without scruple be accounted
+Genuine Colours, and yet suddenly Degenerate, and lose their Nature.
+
+4. A greater Disparity betwixt Emphatical Colours, and others, may perhaps
+be taken from this, that Genuine Colours seem to be produc'd in Opacous
+Bodies by Reflection, but Apparent ones in Diaphanous Bodies, and
+principally by Refraction, I say Principally rather than Solely, because in
+some cases Reflection also may concurr, but still this seems not to
+conclude these Latter Colours not to be True ones. Nor must what has been
+newly said of the Differences of True and Apparent Colours, be interpreted
+in too Unlimited a Sense, and therefore it may perhaps somewhat Assist you,
+both to Reflect upon the two fore-going Objections, and to judge of some
+other Passages which you'l meet with in this Tract, if I take this Occasion
+to observe to you, that if Water be Agitated into Froth, it exhibits you
+know a White colour, which soon after it Loses upon the Resolution of the
+Bubbles into Air and Water, now in this case either the Whiteness of the
+Froth is a True Colour or not, if it be, then True Colours, supposing the
+Water pure and free from Mixtures of any thing Tenacious, may be as
+Short-liv'd as those of the Rain-bow; also the Matter, wherein the
+Whiteness did Reside, may in a few moments perfectly Lose all foot-steps or
+remains of it. And besides, even Diaphanous Bodies may be capable of
+exhibiting True Colours by Reflection, for that Whiteness is so produc'd,
+we shall anon make it probable. But if on the other side it be said, that
+the Whiteness of Froth is an Emphatical Colour, then it must no longer be
+said, that Fantastical Colours require a certain Position of the Luminary
+and the Eye, and must be Vary'd or Destroy'd by the Change thereof, since
+Froth appears White, whether the Sun be Rising or Setting, or in the
+Meridian, or any where between it and the Horizon, and from what
+(Neighbouring) place soever the Beholders Eye looks upon it. And since by
+making a Liquor Tenacious enough, yet without Destroying its Transparency,
+or Staining it with any Colour, you may give the Little Films, whereof the
+Bubbles consist, such a Texture, as may make the Froth last very many
+Hours, if not some Days, or even Weeks, it will render it somewhat Improper
+to assign Duration for the Distinguishing Character to Discriminate Genuine
+from Fantastical Colours. For such Froth may much outlast the Undoubtedly
+true Colours of some of Nature's Productions, as in that Gaudy Plant not
+undeservedly call'd the Mervail of _Peru_, the Flowers do often Fade, the
+same Day they are Blown; And I have often seen a _Virginian_ Flower, which
+usually Withers within the compass of a Day; and I am credibly Inform'd,
+that not far from hence a curious Herborist has a Plant, whose Flowers
+perish in about an Hour. But if the Whiteness of Water turn'd into Froth
+must therefore be reputed Emphatical, because it appears not that the
+Nature of the Body is Alter'd, but only that the Disposition of its Parts
+in reference to the Incident Light is Chang'd, why may not the Whiteness be
+accounted Emphatical too, which I shall shew anon to be Producible, barely
+by such another change in Black Horn? and yet this so easily acquir'd
+Whiteness seems to be as truly its Colour as the Blackness was before, and
+at least is more Permanent than the Greenness of Leaves, the Redness of
+Roses, and, in short, than the Genuine Colours of the most part of Nature's
+Productions. It may indeed be further Objected, that according as the Sun
+or other Luminous Body changes place, these Emphatical Colours alter or
+vanish. But not to repeat what I have just now said, I shall add, that if a
+piece of Cloath in a Drapers Shop (in such the Light being seldome Primary)
+be variously Folded, it will appear of differing Colours, as the Parts
+happen to be more Illuminated or more Shaded, and if you stretch it Flat,
+it will commonly exhibit some one Uniform Colour, and yet these are not
+wont to be reputed Emphatical, so that the Difference seems to be chiefly
+this, that in the Case of the Rain-bow, and the like, the Position of the
+Luminary Varies the Colour, and in the Cloath I have been mentioning, the
+Position of the Object does it. Nor am I forward to allow that in all Cases
+the Apparition of Emphatical Colours requires a Determinate position of the
+Eye, for if Men will have the Whiteness of Froth Emphatical, you know what
+we have already Inferr'd from thence. Besides, the Sun-beams trajected
+through a Triangular Glass, after the manner lately mention'd, will, upon
+the Body that Terminates them, Paint a Rain-bow, that may be seen whether
+the Eye be plac'd on the Right Hand of it or the Left, or Above or Beneath
+it, or Before or Behind it; and though there may appear some Little
+Variation in the Colours of the Rain-bow, beheld from Differing parts of
+the Room, yet such a Diversity may be also observ'd by an Attentive Eye in
+Real Colours, look'd upon under the like Circumstances, Nor will it follow,
+that because there remains no Footsteps of the Colour upon the Object, when
+the Prism is Remov'd, that therefore the Colour was not Real, since the
+Light was truly Modify'd by the Refraction and Reflection it Suffer'd in
+its Trajection through the Prism; and the Object in our case serv'd for a
+Specular Body, to Reflect that Colour to the Eye. And that you may not be
+Startled, _Pyrophilus_, that I should Venture to say, that a Rough and
+Coiour'd Object may serve for a _Speculum_ to Reflect the Artificial
+Rain-bow I have been mentioning, consider what usually happens in Darkned
+Rooms, where a Wall, or other Body conveniently Situated within, may so
+Reflect the Colours of Bodies, without the Room, that they may very clearly
+be Discern'd and Distinguish'd, and yet 'tis taken for granted, that the
+Colours seen in a Darkned Room, though they leave no Traces of themselves
+upon the Wall or Body that Receives them, are the True Colours of the
+External Objects, together with which the Colours of the Images are Mov'd
+or do Rest. And the Errour is not in the Eye, whose Office is only to
+perceive the Appearances of things, and which does Truly so, but in the
+Judging or Estimative faculty, which Mistakingly concludes that Colour to
+belong to the Wall, which does indeed belong to the Object, because the
+Wall is that from whence the Beams of Light that carry the Visible
+_Species_, do come in Straight Lines directly to the Eye, as for the same
+Reason we are wont at a certain Distance from Concave Sphærical Glasses, to
+perswade our Selves that we see the Image come forth to Meet us, and Hang
+in the Air betwixt the Glass and Us, because the Reflected Beams that
+Compose the image cross in that place, where the Image seems to be, and
+thence, and not from the Glass, do in Direct Lines take their Course to the
+Eye, and upon the like Cause it is, that divers Deceptions in Sounds and
+other Sensible Objects do depend, as we elsewhere declare.
+
+5. I know not, whether I need add, that I have purposely Try'd, (as you'l
+find some Pages hence, and will perhaps think somewhat strange) that
+Colours that are call'd Emphatical, because not Inherent in, the Bodies in
+which they Appear, may be Compounded with one another, as those that are
+confessedly Genuine may. But when all this is said, _Pyrophilus_, I must
+Advertise you, that it is but Problematically Spoken, and that though I
+think the Opinion I have endeavour'd to fortifie Probable, yet a great part
+of our Discourse concerning Colours may be True, whether that Opinion be so
+or not.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHAP. V.
+
+1. There are you know, _Pyrophilus_, besides those Obsolete Opinions about
+Colours which have been long since Rejected, very Various Theories that
+have each of them, even at this day, Eminent Men for its Abetters; for the
+Peripatetick Schools, though they dispute amongst themselves divers
+particulars concerning Colours, yet in this they seem Unanimously enough to
+Agree, that Colours are Inherent and Real Qualities, which the Light doth
+but Disclose, and not concurr to Produce. Besides there are _Moderns_, who
+with a slight Variation adopt the Opinion of _Plato_, and as he would have
+Colour to be nothing but a Kind of Flame consisting of Minute Corpuscles as
+it were Darted by the Object against the Eye, to whose Pores their
+Littleness and Figure made them congruous, so these would have Colour to be
+an Internal Light of the more Lucid parts of the Object, Darkned and
+consequently Alter'd by the Various Mixtures of the less Luminous parts.
+There are also others, who in imitation of some of the Ancient _Atomists_,
+make Colour not to be Lucid steam, but yet a Corporeal _Effluvium_ issuing
+out of the Colour'd Body, but the Knowingst of these have of late Reform'd
+their Hypothesis, by acknowledging and adding that some External Light is
+necessary to Excite, and as _they_ speak, Sollicit these Corpuscles of
+Colour as _they_ call them, and Bring them to the Eye. Another and more
+principal Opinion of the _Modern_ Philosophers, to which this last nam'd
+may by a Favourable explication be reconcil'd, is that which derives
+Colours from the Mixture of Light and Darkness, or rather Light and
+Shadows. And as for the _Chymists_ 'tis known, that the generality of them
+ascribes the Origine of Colours to the Sulphureous Principle in Bodies,
+though I find, as I elsewhere largely shew, that some of the Chiefest of
+them derive Colours rather from Salt than Sulphur, and others, from the
+third Hypostatical Principle, _Mercury_. And as for the _Cartesians_ I need
+not tell you, that they, supposing the Sensation of Light to bee produc'd
+by the Impulse made upon the Organs of Sight, by certain extremely Minute
+and Solid Globules, to which the Pores of the Air and other Diaphanous
+bodies are pervious, endeavour to derive the Varieties of Colours from the
+Various Proportion of the Direct Progress or Motion of these Globules to
+their Circumvolution or Motion about their own Centre, by which Varying
+Proportion they are by this Hypothesis suppos'd qualify'd to strike the
+Optick Nerve after several Distinct manners, so to produce the perception
+of Differing Colours.
+
+2. Besides these six principal Hypotheses, _Pyrophilus_, there may be some
+others, which though Less known, may perhaps as well as thesc deserve to be
+taken into consideration by you; but that I should copiously debate any of
+them at present, I presume you will not expect, if you consider the Scope
+of these Papers, and the Brevity I have design'd in them, and therefore I
+shall at this time only take notice to you in the general of two or three
+things that do more peculiarly concern the Treatise you have now in your
+hands.
+
+3. And first, though the Embracers of the Several Hypotheses I have been
+naming to you, by undertaking each Sect of them to explicate Colours
+indefinitely, by the particular Hypotheses they maintain, seem to hold it
+forth as the only Needful Theory about that Subject, yet for my part I
+doubt whether any one of all these Hypotheses have a right to be admitted
+Exclusively to all others, for I think it Probable, that Whiteness and
+Blackness may be explicated by Reflection alone without Refraction, as
+you'l find endeavour'd in the Discourse you'l meet with e're long Of the
+Origine of Whiteness and Blackness, and on the other side, since I have not
+found that by any Mixture of White and True Black, (for there is a Blewish
+Black which many mistake for a Genuine) there can be a Blew, a Yellow, or a
+Red, to name no other Colours, produced, and since we do find that these
+Colours may be produc'd in the Glass-prism and other Transparent bodies, by
+the help of Refractions, it seems that Refraction is to be taken in into
+the Explication of some Colours, to whose Generation they seem to concurr,
+either by making a further or other Commixture of Shades with the Refracted
+Light, or by some other way not now to be discours'd. And as it seems not
+improbable, that in case the Pores of the Air, and other Diaphanous bodies
+be every where almost fill'd with such _Globuli_ as the _Cartesians_
+suppose, the Various kind of Motion of these _Globuli_, may in many cases
+have no small stroak in Varying our Perception of Colour, so without the
+Supposition of these _Globuli_, which 'tis not so easie to evince, I think
+we may probably enough conceive in general, that the Eye may be Variously
+affected, not only by the Entire Beams of Light that fall upon it as they
+are such, but by the Order, and by the Degree of Swiftness, and in a word
+by the Manner according to which the Particles that compose each Particular
+Beam arrive at the Sensory, so that whatever be the Figure of the Little
+Corpuscles, of which the Beams of Light consist, not only the Celerity or
+Slowness of their Revolution or Rotation in reference to their Progressive
+Motion, but their more Absolute Celerity, their Direct or Undulating
+Motion, and other Accidents, which may attend their Appulse to the Eye, may
+fit them to make Differing Impressions on it.
+
+4. Secondly, For these and the like Considerations, _Pyrophilus_, I must
+desire that you would look upon this little Treatise, not as a Discourse
+written Principally to maintain any of the fore-mention'd Theories,
+Exclusively to all others, or substitute a New one of my Own, but as the
+beginning of a History of Colours, upon which, when you and your Ingenious
+friends shall have Enrich'd it, a Solid Theory may be safely built. But yet
+because this History is not meant barely for a Register of the things
+recorded in it, but for an _Apparatus_ to a sound and comprehensitive
+Hypothesis, I thought fit, so to temper the whole Discourse, as to make it
+as conducible, as conveniently I can to that End, and therefore I have not
+scrupled to let you see that I was willing, as to save you the labour of
+Cultivating some Theories that I thought would never enable you to reach
+the Ends you aim at, so to contract your Enquiries into a Narrow compass,
+for both which purposes I thought it requisite to do these two things, the
+_One_, to set down some Experiments which by the help of the Reflections
+and Insinuations that attend them, may assist you to discover the
+Infirmness and Insufficiency both of the common Peripatetick Doctrine, and
+of the now more applauded Theory of the _Chymists_ about Colour, because
+those two Doctrines having Possess'd themselves, the one of the most part
+of the Schools, and the other of the Esteem of the Generality ef Physicians
+and other Learned Men, whose Professions and Ways of Study do not exact
+that they should Scrupulously examine the very First and Simplest
+Principles of Nature, I fear'd it would be to little purpose, without doing
+something to discover the Insufficiency of these Hypotheses, that I should,
+(which was the _Other_ thing I thought requisite for me to do) set down
+among my other Experiments those in the greatest Number, that may let you
+see, that, till I shall be Better Inform'd, I encline to take Colour to be
+a Modification of Light, and would invite you chiefly to Cultivate that
+Hypothesis, and Improve it to the making out of the Generation of
+Particular Colours, as I have Endeavour'd to apply it to the Explication of
+Whiteness and Blackness.
+
+5. Thirdly. But, _Pyrophilus_, though this be at present the Hypothesis I
+preferr, yet I propose it but in a General Sense, teaching only that the
+Beams of Light, Modify'd by the Bodies whence they are sent (Reflected or
+Refracted) to the Eye, produce there that Kind of Sensation, Men commonly
+call Colour; But whether I think this Modification of the Light to be
+perform'd by Mixing it with Shades, or by Varying the Proportion of the
+Progress and Rotation of the _Cartesian Globuli Cælestes_, or by some other
+way which I am not now to mention, I pretend not here to Declare. Much less
+do I pretend to Determine, or scarce so much as to Hope to know all that
+were requisite to be Known, to give You, or even my Self, a perfect account
+of the Theory of Vision and Colours, for in Order to such an undertaking I
+would first Know what Light is, and if it be a Body (as a Body or the
+Motion of a Body it seems to be) what Kind of Corpuscles for Size and Shape
+it consists of, with what Swiftness they move Forwards, and Whirl about
+their own Centres. Then I would Know the Nature of Refraction, which I take
+to be one of the Abstrusest things (not to explicate Plausibly, but to
+explicate Satisfactorily) that I have met with in Physicks; I would further
+Know what Kind and what Degree of Commixture of Darkness or Shades is made
+by Refractions or Reflections, or both, in the Superficial particles of
+those Bodies, that being Shin'd upon, constantly exhibit the one, for
+Instance, a Blew, the other a Yellow, the third a Red Colour; I would
+further Know why this Contemperation of Light and Shade, that is made, for
+Example, by the Skin of a Ripe Cherry, should exhibit a Red, and not a
+Green, and the Leaf of the same Tree should exhibit a Green rather than a
+Red; and indeed, Lastly, why since the Light that is Modify'd into these
+Colours consists but of Corpuscles moved against the _Retina_ or Pith of
+the Optick Nerve, it should there not barely give a Stroak, but produce a
+Colour, whereas a Needle wounding likewise the Eye, would not produce
+Colour but Pain. These, and perhaps other things I should think requisite
+to be Known, before I should judge my Self to have fully Comprehended the
+True and Whole Nature of Colours; and therefore, though by making the
+Experiments and Reflections deliver'd in this Paper, I have endeavour'd
+somewhat to Lessen my Ignorance in this Matter, and think it far more
+Desireable to discover a Little, than to discover Nothing, yet I pretend
+but to make it Probable by the Experiments I mention, that some Colours may
+be Plausibly enough Explicated in the General by the Doctrine here
+propos'd; For whensoever I would Descend to the Minute and Accurate
+Explication of Particulars, I find my Self very Sensible of the great
+Obscurity of things, without excepting those which we never see but when
+they are Enlightned, and confess with _Scaliger_[5], _Latet natura hæc_,
+(says he, Speaking of that of Colour) _& sicut aliarum rerum species in
+profundissima caligine inscitiæ humanæ._
+
+  [5] Exercitat. 325 Parag. 4
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                      _THE_
+             _EXPERIMENTAL HISTORY_
+                  _OF COLOURS._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    PART. II.
+
+         _Of the Nature of Whiteness and_
+                   _Blackness._
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+1. Though after what I have acknowledged, _Pyrophilus_, of the Abstruse
+Nature of Colours in _particular_, you will easily believe, that I pretend
+not to give you a Satisfactory account of Whiteness and Blackness; Yet not
+wholly to frustrate your Expectation of my offering something by way of
+Specimen towards the Explication of some Colours in particular, I shall
+make choice of These as the most Simple Ones, (and by reason of their
+mutual Opposition the Least hardly explicable) about which to present you
+my Thoughts, upon condition you will take them at most to be my
+Conjectures, not my Opinions.
+
+2. When I apply'd my Self to consider, how the cause of Whiteness might be
+explan'd by Intelligible and Mechanical Principles, I remembred not to have
+met with any thing among the Antient _Corpuscularian_ Philosophers,
+touching the Quality we call Whiteness, save that _Democritus_ is by
+_Aristotle_ said to have ascrib'd the Whiteness of Bodies to their
+Smoothness, and on the contrary their Blackness to their Asperity.[6] But
+though about the Latter of those Qualities his Opinion be allowable, as we
+shall see anon, yet that he heeds a Favourable Interpretation in what is
+Deliver'd concerning the First, (at least if his Doctrine be not
+Mis-represented in this point, as it has been in many others) we shall
+quickly have Occasion to manifest. But amongst the _Moderns_, the most
+Learned _Gassendus_ in his Ingenious Epistle publish'd in the Year 1642.
+_De apparente Magnitudine solis humilis & sublimis_, reviving the
+_Atomical_ Philosophy, has, though but Incidentally, deliver'd something
+towards the Explication of Whiteness upon Mechanical Principles: And
+because no Man that I know of, has done so before him, I shall, to be sure
+to do him Right, give you his Sense in his own Words:[7] _Cogites velim_
+(says he) _lucem quidem in Diaphano nullius coloris videri, sed in Opaco
+tamen terminante Candicare, ac tantò magis, quantò densior seu collectior
+fuerit. Deinde aquam non esse quidem coloris ex se candidi & radium tamen
+ex eâ reflexum versus oculum candicare. Rursus cum plana aquæ Superficies
+non nisi ex una parte eam reflexionem faciat: si contigerit tamen illam in
+aliquot bullas intumescere, bullam unamquamque reflectionem facere, &
+candoris speciem creare certa Superficiei parte. Ad hæc Spumam ex aqua pura
+non alia ratione videri candescere & albescerere quam quod sit congeries
+confertissima minutissimarum bullarum, quarum unaquæque suum radium
+reflectit, unde continens candor alborve apparet. Denique Nivem nihil aliud
+videri quam speciem purissimæ spumæ ex bullulis quam minutissimis &
+confertissimis cohærentis. Sed ridiculam me exhibeam, si tales meas nugas
+uberius proponem._
+
+  [6] _Album quippe & agrum, hoc quidem asperum esse dicit, hoc vero læve.
+  de Sensu & Sensib. 3. 3._
+
+  [7] Epist. 2. pag. 45.
+
+3. But though in this passage, that very Ingenous Person has Anticipated
+part of what I should say; Yet I presume you will for all that expect, that
+I should give you a fuller Account of that Notion of Whiteness, which I
+have the least Exceptions to, and of the Particulars whence I deduce it,
+which to do, I must mention to you the following Experiments and
+Observations.
+
+Whiteness then consider'd as a Quality in the Object, seems chiefly to
+depend upon this, That the Superficies of the Body that is call'd White, is
+Asperated by almost innumerable Small Surfaces, which being of an almost
+Specular Nature, are also so Plac'd, that some Looking this way, and some
+that way, they yet Reflect the Rays of Light that fall on them, not towards
+one another, but outwards towards the Spectators Eye. In this Rude and
+General account of Whiteness, it seems that besides those Qualities, which
+are common to Bodies of other Colours, as for instance the Minuteness and
+Number of the Superficial parts, the two chief things attributed to Bodies
+as White are made to be, First, that its Little Protuberances and
+Superficial parts be of somewhat a Specular Nature, that they may as little
+Looking-glasses each of them Reflect the Beams it receives, (or the little
+Picture of the Sun made on it) without otherwise considerably Altering
+them; whereas in most other Colours, they are wont to be much Chang'd, by
+being also Refracted, or by being Return'd to the Eye, mixt with Shades or
+otherwise. And next, that its Superficial parts be so Situated, that they
+Retain not the Incident Rays of Light by Reflecting them Inwards, but Send
+them almost all Back, so that the Outermost Corpuscles of a White Body,
+having their Various Little Surfaces of a Specular Nature, a Man can from
+no place Behold the Body, but that there will be among those Innumerable
+_Superficieculæ_, that Look some one way, and some another, enough of them
+Obverted to his Eye, to afford like a broken Looking-glass, a confused
+Idæa, or Representation of Light, and make such an Impression on the Organ,
+as that for which Men are wont to call a Body White. But this Notion will
+perhaps be best Explan'd by the same Experiments and Observations, on which
+it is Built, And therefore I shall now advance to _Them_.
+
+4. And in the first place I consider, that the Sun and other Powerfully
+Lucid Bodies, are not only wont to Offend, which we call to Dazle our Eyes,
+but that if any Colour be to be Ascrib'd to them as they are Lucid, it
+seems it should be Whiteness: For the Sun at Noon-day, and in Clear
+weather, and when his Face is less Troubled, and as it were Stained by the
+Steams of Sublunary Bodies, and when his Beams have much less of the
+Atmosphere to Traject in their Passage to our Eyes, appears of a Colour
+more approaching to White, than when nearer the Horizon, the Interposition
+of certain Sorts of Fumes and Vapours make him oftentimes appear either
+Red, or at least more Yellow. And when the Sun Shines upon that Natural
+Looking-glass, a Smooth water, that part of it, which appears to this or
+that particular Beholder, the most Shin'd on, does to his Eye seem far
+Whiter than the rest. And here I shall add, that I have sometimes had the
+Opportunity to observe a thing, that may make to my present purpose,
+namely, that when the Sun was Veil'd over as it were, with a Thin White
+Cloud, and yet was too Bright to be Look'd upon Directly without Dazling,
+by casting my Eyes upon a Smooth water, as we sometimes do to observe
+Eclipses without prejudice to our Eyes, the Sun then not far from the
+Meridian, appear'd to me not Red, but so White, that 'twas not without some
+Wonder, that I made the Observation. Besides, though we in _English_ are
+wont to say, a thing is Red hot, as an Expression of its being
+Superlatively _Ignitum_, (if I may so Speak for want of a proper _English_
+word) yet in the Forges of Smiths, and the Furnaces of other Artificers, by
+that which they call a White heat, they mean a further Degree of
+_Ignition_, than by that which both they and we call a Red heat.
+
+5. Secondly, I consider, that common Experience informs us, that as much
+Light Over-powers the Eye, so when the Ground is covered with Snow, (a Body
+extremely White) those that have Weak Eyes are wont to complain of too much
+Light: And even those that have not, are generally Sensible of an
+Extraordinary measure of Light in the Air; and if they are fain to Look
+very long upon the Snow, find their Sight Offended by it. On which occasion
+we may call to mind what _Xenophon_ relates, that his _Cyrus_ marching his
+Army for divers days through Mountains covered with Snow, the Dazling
+splendor of its Whiteness prejudic'd the Sight of very many of his
+Souldiers, and Blinded some of them; and other Stories of that Nature be
+met with in Writers of good Note. And the like has been affirm'd to me by
+credible Persons of my own Acquaintance, and especially by one who though
+Skill'd in Physick and not Ancient confess'd to me when I purposely ask'd
+him, that not only during his stay in _Muscovy_, he found his Eyes much
+Impair'd, by being reduc'd frequently to Travel in the Snow, but that the
+Weakness of his Eyes did not Leave him when he left that Country, but has
+follow'd him into these Parts, and yet continues to Trouble him. And to
+this doth agree what I as well as others have observ'd, namely, that when I
+Travell'd by Night, when the Ground was all cover'd with Snow, though the
+Night otherwise would not have been Lightsome, yet I could very well see to
+Choose my way. But much more Remarkable to my present purpose is that,
+which I have met with in _Olaus Magnus_,[8] concerning the way of
+Travelling in Winter in the _Northern_ Regions, where the Days of that
+Season are so very Short; for after other things not needfull to be here
+Transcribed: _Iter_, says he, _Diurnum duo scilicet montana milliaria (quæ
+12 Italica sunt) consiciunt. Nocte verò sub splendissima luna, duplatum
+iter consumunt aut triplatum. Neque id incommodè fit, cum nivium
+reverberatione lunaris splendoris sublimes & declives campos illustret, ac
+etiam montium præcipitia ac noxias feras à lorgè prospiciant evitandas_.
+Which Testimony I the less Scruple to allege, because that it agrees very
+well with what has been Affirm'd to me by a Physician of _Mosco_, whom the
+Notion I have been Treating of concerning Whiteness invited me to ask
+whether he could not See much farther when he Travell'd by Night in
+_Russia_ than he could do in _England_, or elsewhere, when there was no
+Snow upon the Ground; For this Ingenious Person inform'd me, that he could
+See Things at a farr greater Distance, and with more Clearness, when he
+Travell'd by Night on the _Russian_ Snow, though without the Assistance of
+Moon-shine, than we in these Parts would easily be perswaded. Though it
+seems not unlikely to me, that the Intenseness of the Cold may contribute
+something to the considerableness of the Effect, by much Clearing the Air
+of Darkish Steams, which in these more Temperate Climates are wont to
+Thicken it in Snowy weather: For having purposely inquir'd of this Doctor,
+and consulted that Ingenious Navigator Captain _James_'s Voyage hereafter
+to be further mention'd, I find both their Relations agree in this, that in
+Dark Frosty Nights they could Discover more Stars, and See the rest Clearer
+than we in _England_ are wont to do.
+
+  [8] Gent. Septen. Histor. lib. 4 cap. 13.
+
+6. I know indeed that divers Learned Men think, that Snow so strongly
+Affects our Eye, not by a Borrow'd, but a Native Light; But I venture to
+give it as a Proof, that White Bodies reflect more Light than Others,
+because having once purposely plac'd a parcel of Snow in a Room carefully
+Darkned, that no Celestial Light might come to fall upon it; neither I, nor
+an ingenous Person, (Skill'd in Opticks) whom I desir'd for a Witness,
+could find, that it had any other Light than what it receiv'd. And however,
+'tis usual among those that Travel in Dark Nights, that the Guides wear
+something of White to be Discern'd by, there being scarce any Night so
+Dark, but that in the Free Air there remains some Light, though Broken and
+Debilitated perhaps by a thousand Reflections from the Opacous Corpuscles
+that Swim in the Air, and lend it to one another before it comes to arrive
+at the Eye.
+
+7. Thirdly, And the better to shew that White Bodies reflect store of
+Light, in comparson of those that are otherwise Colour'd, I did in the
+Darkn'd Room, formerly mention'd, hold not far from the Hole, at which the
+Light was admitted, a Sheet only of White Paper, from whence casting the
+Sun-beams upon a White Wall, whereunto it was Obverted, it manifestly
+appear'd both to Me, and to the Person I took for a Witness of the
+Experiment, that it Reflected a far greater Light, than any of the other
+Colours formerly mention'd, the Light so thrown upon one Wall notably
+Enlightning it, and by it a good part of the Room. And yet further to show
+you, that White Bodies Reflect the Beams From them, and not Towards
+themselves, Let me add, that Ordinary Burning-glasses, such as are wont to
+be employ'd to light Tobacco, will not in a great while Burn, or so much as
+Discolour a Sheet of White Paper. Insomuch that even when I was a Boy, and
+Lov'd to make Tryals with Burning-glasses, I could not but wonder at this
+Odd _Phænomenon_, which set me very Early upon Guessing at the Nature of
+Whiteness, especially because I took notice, that the Image of the Sun upon
+a White Paper was not so well Defin'd (the Light seeming too Diffus'd) as
+upon Black, and because I try'd, that Blacking over the Paper with Ink, not
+only the Ink would be quickly Dry'd up, but the Paper that I could not Burn
+before, would be quickly set on Fire. I have also try'd, that by exposing
+my Hand with a Thin Black Glove over it to the Warm Sun, it was thereby
+very quickly and considerably more Heated, than if I took off the Glove,
+and held my Hand Naked, or put on it another Glove of Thin but White
+Leather. And having thus shewn you, _Pyrophilus_, that White Bodies reflect
+the most Light of any, let us now proceed, to consider what is further to
+be taken notice of in them, in order to our present Enquiry.
+
+8. And Fourthly, whereas among the Dispositions we attributed to White
+Bodies, we also intimated this, That such Bodies are apt, like _Speculums_,
+though but Imperfect ones, to Reflect the Light that falls on them
+Untroubled or Unstain'd, we shall besides other particulars to be met with
+in these Papers, offer you this in favour of the Conjecture; That in the
+Darkned Room several times mention'd in this Treatse, we try'd that the
+Sun-beams being cast from a Coloured Body upon a neighbouring White Wall,
+the Determinate Colour of the Body was from the Wall reflected to the Eye;
+whereas we could in divers cases manifestly Alter the Colour arriving at
+the Eye, by Substituting at a convenient Distance, a (conveniently)
+Colour'd (and Glossy) Body instead of the White Wall. As by throwing the
+Beams from a Yellow Body upon a Blew, there would be Exhibited a kind of
+Green, as in the Experiments about Colours is more fully Declar'd.
+
+9. I know not whether I should on this Occasion take notice, that when, as
+when looking upon the Calm and Smooth Surface of a River betwixt my Eye and
+the Sun, it appear'd to be a natural _Speculum_, wherein that Part which
+Reflected to my Eye the Entire and defin'd Image of the Sun, and the Beams
+less remote from those which exhibited That Image, appear'd indeed of a
+great and Whitish Brightness, but the rest Comparatively Dark enough: if
+afterwards the Superficies chanc'd to be a little, but not much troubled,
+by a gentle Breath of Wind, and thereby reduc'd into a Multitude of Small
+and Smooth _Speculums_, the Surface of the River would suitably to the
+Doctrine lately deliver'd, at a Distance appear very much of Kin to White,
+though it would lose that Brightness or Whiteness upon the Return of the
+Surface to Calmness and an Uniform Level. And I have sometimes for Tryals
+sake brought in by a Lenticular Glass, the Image of a River, Shin'd upon by
+the Sun, into an Upper Room Darkn'd, and Distant about a Quarter of a Mile
+from the River, by which means the Numerous Declining Surfaces of the Water
+appear'd so Contracted, that upon the Body that receiv'd the Images, the
+whole River appear'd a very White Object at two or three paces distance.
+But if we drew Near it, this Whiteness appear'd to proceed from an
+Innumerable company of Lucid Reflections, from the several Gently wav'd
+Superficies of the Water, which look'd Near at hand like a Multitude of
+very Little, but Shining Scales of Fish, of which many did every moment
+Disappear, and as many were by the Sun, Wind and River generated anew. But
+though this Observation seem'd Sufficiently to discover, how the Appearing
+Whiteness in that case was Produc'd, yet in some other cases Water may have
+the Same, though not so Vivid a Colour upon other Accounts; for oftentimes
+it happens that the Smooth Surface of the Water does appear Bright or
+Whitish, by reason of the Reflection not immediatly of the Images of the
+Sun, but of the Brightness of the Sky; and in such cases a Convenient Wind
+may where it passes along make the Surface look Black, by causing many such
+Furrows and Cavities, as may make the Inflected Superficies of the Water
+reflect the Brightness of the Sky rather Inward than Outward. And again if
+the Wind increase into a Storm, the Water may appear White, especially near
+the Shore and the Ship, namely because the Rude Agitation Breaks it into
+Fome or Froth. So much do Whiteness and Blackness depend upon the
+Disposition of the Superficial parts of a Body to Reflect the Beams of
+Light Inward or Outward. But that as White Bodies reflect the most Light of
+any, so there Superficial Particles are, in the Sense newly Deliver'd, of a
+Specular Nature, I shall now further endeavour to shew both by the making
+of Specular bodies White, and the making of a White body Specular.
+
+10. In the Fifth place then, I will inform You, that (not to repeat what
+_Gassendus_ observes concerning Water) I have for Curiosity sake Distill'd
+Quicksilver in a Cucurbit, fitted with a Capacious Glass-head, and observ'd
+that when the Operation was perform'd by the Degrees of Fire requisite for
+my purpose, there would stick to the Inside of the Alembick a multitude of
+Little round drops of _Mercury_. And as you know that _Mercury_ is a
+Specular Body, so each of these Little drops was a small round
+Looking-glass, and a Multitude of them lying Thick and Near one another,
+they did both in my Judgment, and that of those I Invited to see it, make
+the Glass they were fastened to, appear manifestly a White Body. And yet as
+I said, this Whiteness depended upon the Minuteness and Nearness of the
+Little Mercurial _Globuli_, the Convexity of whose Surfaces fitted them to
+represent in a Narrow compass a Multitude of Little Lucid Images to
+differingly situated Beholders. And here let me observe a thing that seems
+much to countenance the Notion I have been recommending: namely, that
+whereas divers parts of the Sky, and especially the Milky-way, do to the
+naked Eye appear White, (as the name it self imports) yet the Galaxie
+look'd upon through the Telescope, does not shew White, but appears to be
+made up of a Vast multitude of Little Starrs; so that a Multitude of Lucid
+Bodies, if they be so Small that they cannot Singly or apart be discern'd
+by the Eye, and if they be sufficiently Thick set by one another, may by
+their confus'd beams appear to the Eye One White Body. And why it is not
+possible, that the like may be done, when a Multitude of Bright and Little
+Corpuscles being crowded together, are made to send together Vivid beams to
+the Eye, though they Shine but as the Planets by a Borrow'd Light?
+
+
+11. But to return to our Experiments. We may take notice, That the White of
+an Egg, though in part Transparent, yet by its power of Reflecting some
+Incident Rays of Light, is in some measure a Natural _Speculum_, being long
+agitated with a Whisk or Spoon, loses its Transparency, and becomes very
+White, by being turn'd into Froth, that is into an Aggregate of Numerous
+small Bubbles, whose Convex Superficies fits them to Reflect the Light
+every way Outwards. And 'tis worth Noting, that when Water, for instance,
+is Agitated into Froth, if the Bubbles be Great and Few, the Whiteness will
+be but Faint, because the number of _Specula_ within a Narrow compass is
+but Small, and they are not Thick set enough to Reflect so Many Little
+Images or Beams of the Lucid Body, as are requisite to produce a Vigorous
+sensation of Whiteness: And partly least it should be said, that the
+Whiteness of such Globulous Particles proceeds from the Air Included in the
+Froth; (which to make good, it should be prov'd that the Air it self is
+White) and partly to illustrate the better the Notion we have propos'd of
+Whiteness, I shall add, that I purposely made this Experiment, I took a
+quantity Fair water, & put to it in a clear Glass phial, a convenient
+quantity of Oyl or Spirit of Turpentine, because that Liquor will not
+incorporate with Water, and yet is almost as Clear and Colourless as it;
+these being Gently Shaken together, the Agitation breaks the Oyl (which as
+I said, is Indispos'd to Mix like Wine or Milk _per minima_ with the Water)
+into a Multitude of Little Globes, which each of them Reflecting Outwards a
+Lucid Image, make the Imperfect Mixture of the two Liquors appear Whitish;
+but if by Vehemently Shaking the Glass for a competent time you make a
+further Comminution of the Oyl into far more Numerous and Smaller
+_Globuli_, and thereby confound it also better with the Water, the Mixture
+will appear of a Much greater Whiteness, and almost like Milk; whereas if
+the Glass be a while let alone, the Colour will by degrees Impair, as the
+Oyly globes grow Fewer and Bigger, and at length will quite Vanish, leaving
+both the Liquors Distinct and Diaphanous as before. And such a Tryal hath
+not ill succeeded, when insteed of the Colourless Oyl of Turpentine I took
+a Yellow Mixture made of a good Proportion of Crude Turpentine dissolv'd in
+that Liquor; and (if I mis-remember not) it also Succeeded better than one
+would expect, when I employ'd an Oyl brought by Filings of Copper infused
+in it, to a deep Green. And this (by the way) may be the Reason, why often
+times when the Oyls of some Spices and of Anniseeds &c. are Distilled in a
+Limbec with Water, the Water (as I have several times observ'd) comes over
+Whitish, and will perhaps continue so for a good while, because if the Fire
+be made too Strong, the subtile Chymical Oyl is thereby much Agitated and
+Broken, and Blended with the Water in such Numerous and Minute Globules, as
+cannot easily in a short time Emerge to the Top of the Water, and whilst
+they Remain in it, make it, for the Reason newly intimated, look Whitish;
+and perhaps upon the same Ground a cause may be rendred, why Hot water is
+observ'd to be usually more Opacous and Whitish, than the same Water Cold,
+the Agitation turning the more Spirituous or otherwise Conveniently
+Dispos'd Particles of the Water into Vapours, thereby Producing in the Body
+of the Liquor a Multitude of Small Bubbles, which interrupt the Free
+passage, that the Beams of Light would else have Every way, and from the
+Innermost parts of the Water Reflect many of them Outwards. These and the
+like Examples, _Pyrophilus_, have induc'd me to Suspect, that the
+Superficial Particles of White bodies, may for the Most part be as well
+Convex as Smooth; I content my self to say _Suspect_ and _for the most
+part_, because it seems not Easie to prove, that when Diaphanous bodies, as
+we shall see by and by, are reduc'd into White Powders, each Corpuscle must
+needs be of a Convex Superficies, since perhaps it may Suffice that
+Specular Surfaces look severally ways. For (as we have seen) when a
+Diaphanous Body comes to be reduc'd to very Minute parts, it thereby
+requires a Multitude of Little Surfaces within a Narrow compass. And though
+each of these should not be of a Figure Convenient to Reflect a Round Image
+of the Sun, yet even from such an Inconveniently Figur'd body, there may be
+Reflected some (either Streight or Crooked) Physical Line of Light, which
+Line I call Physical, because it has some Breadth in it, and in which Line
+in many cases some Refraction of the Light falling upon the Body it depends
+on, may contribute to the Brightness, as if a Slender Wire, or Solid
+Cylinder of Glass be expos'd to the Light, you shall see in some part of it
+a vivid Line of Light, and if we were able to draw out and lay together a
+Multitude of these Little Wires or Thrids of Glass, so Slender, that the
+Eye could not discern a Distance betwixt the Luminous Lines, there is
+little doubt (as far as I can guess by a Tryal purposely made with very
+Slender, but far less Slender Thrids of Glass, whose Aggregate was Look'd
+upon one way White) but the whole Physical Superficies compos'd of them,
+would to the Eye appear White, and if so, it will not be always necessary
+that the Figure of those Corpuscles, that make a Body appear White, should
+be _Globulous_. And as for Snow it self, though the Learned _Gassendus_ (as
+we have seen above) makes it to seem nothing else but a pure Frozen Froth,
+consisting of exceedingly Minute and Thickset Bubbles; yet I see no
+necessity of Admitting that, since not only by the Variously and Curiously
+Figur'd Snow, that I have divers times had the Opportunity with Pleasure to
+observe, but also by the Common Snow, it rather doth appear both to the
+Naked Eye, and in a _Microscope_, often, if not most commonly, to consist
+principally of Little Slender Icicles of several Shapes, which afford such
+Numerous Lines of Light, as we have been newly Speaking of.
+
+12. Sixthly, If you take a Diaphanous Body, as for instance a Piece of
+Glass, and reduce it to Powder, the same Body, which when it was Entire,
+freely Transmitted the Beams of Light, acquiring by Contusion a multitude
+of Minute Surfaces, each of which is as it were a Little, but Imperfect
+_Speculum_, is qualify'd to Reflect in a Confus'd manner, so many either
+Beams, or Little and Singly Unobservable Images of the Lucid Body, that
+from a Diaphanous it Degenerates into a White Body. And I remember, I have
+for Trials sake taken Lumps of Rock Crystal, and Heating them Red hot in a
+Crucible, I found according to my Expectation, that being Quench'd in Fair
+water, even those that remain'd in seemingly entire Lumps exchang'd their
+Translucency for Whiteness, the Ignition and Extinction having as it were
+Crack'd each Lump into a multitude of Minute Bodies, and thereby given it a
+great multitude of new Surfaces. And ev'n with Diaphanous Bodies, that are
+Colour'd, there may be this way a Greater Degree of Whiteness produced,
+than one would lightly think; as I remember, I have by Contusion obtain'd
+Whitish Powders of _Granates_, Glass of _Antimony_, and _Emeralds_ finely
+Beaten, and you may more easily make the Experiment, by taking Good
+Venereal _Vitriol_ of a Deep Blew, and comparing with some of the Entire
+Crystalls purposely reserv'd, some of the Subtile Powder of the same Salt,
+which will Comparatively exhibit a very considerable degree of Whitishness.
+
+13. Seventhly, And as by a Change of Position in the Parts, a Body that is
+not White, may be made White, so by a Slight change of the Texture of its
+Surface, a White Body may be Depriv'd of its Whiteness. For if, (as I have
+try'd in Gold-smiths Shops) you take a piece of Silver that has been
+freshly Boyl'd, as the Artificers call it, (which is done by, first
+Brushing, and then Decocting it with Salt and Tartar, and perhaps some
+other Ingredients) you shall find it to be of a Lovely White. But if you
+take a piece of Smooth Steel, and therewith Burnish a part of it, which may
+be presently done, you shall find that Part will Lose its Whiteness, and
+turn a _Speculum_, looking almost every where Dark, as other
+Looking-glasses do, which may not a little confirm our Doctrine. For by
+this we may guess, what it is chiefly that made the Body White before, by
+considering that all that was done to deprive it of that Whiteness, was
+only to Depress the Little Protuberances that were before on the Surface of
+the Silver into one Continu'd Superficies, and thereby effect this, that
+now the Image of the Lucid Body, and consequently a Kind of Whiteness shall
+appear to your Eye, but in some place of the greater Silver Looking-glass
+(whence the Beams reflected at an Angle Equal to that wherewith they fall
+on it, may reach your Eye) whilst the Asperity remain'd Undestroy'd, the
+Light falling on innumerable Little _Specula_ Obverted some one way, and
+some another, did from all Sensibly Distinguishable parts of the
+Superficies reflect confus'd Beams or Representations of Light to the
+Beholders Eye, from whence soever he chance to Look upon it. And among the
+Experiments annex'd to this Discourse, you will find One, wherein by the
+Change of Texture in Bodies, Whiteness is in a Trice both Generated and
+Destroy'd.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHAP. II.
+
+1. What we have Discours'd of Whiteness, may somewhat Assist us to form a
+Notion of Blackness, those two Qualities being Contrary enough to
+Illustrate each other. Yet among the Antient _Philosophers_ I find less
+Assistance to form a Notion of Blackness than of Whiteness, only
+_Democritus_ in the passage above Recited out of _Aristotle_ has given a
+General Hint of the Cause of this Colour, by referring the Blackness of
+Bodies to their Asperity. But this I call but a General Hint, because those
+Bodies that are Green, and Purple, and Blew, seem to be so as well as Black
+ones, upon the Account of their Superficial Asperity. But among the
+_Moderns_, the formerly mention'd _Gassendus_, perhaps invited by this Hint
+of _Democritus_, has Incidentally in another Epistle given us, though a
+very Short, yet a somewhat Clearer account of the Nature of Blackness in
+these words: _Existimare par est corpora suâpte Naturâ nigra constare ex
+particulis, quarum Superficieculæ scabræ sint, nec facilè lucem extrorsum
+reflectant._ I wish this Ingenious Man had enlarg'd himself upon this
+Subject; For indeed it seems, that as that which makes a Body White, is
+chiefly such a Disposition of its Parts, that it Reflects (I mean without
+much Interruption) more of the Light that falls on it, than Bodies of any
+other Colour do, so that which makes a Body Black is principally a Peculiar
+kind of Texture, chiefly of its Superficial Particle, whereby it does as it
+were Dead the Light that falls on it, so that very little is Reflected
+Outwards to the Eye.
+
+2. And this Texture may be Explicated two, and perhaps more than two
+several ways, whereof the first is by Supposing in the Superficies of the
+Black Body a Particular kind of Asperity, whereby the Superficial Particles
+reflect but Few of the Incident Beams Outwards, and the rest Inwards
+towards the Body it self. As if for Instance, we should conceive the
+Surface of a Black Body to be Asperated by an almost Numberless throng of
+Little Cylinders, Pyramids, Cones, and other such Corpuscles, which by
+their being Thick Set and _Erected_, reflect the Beams of Light from one to
+another Inwards, and send them too and fro so often, that at length they
+are Lost before they can come to Rebound out again to the Eye. And this is
+the first of the two mention'd ways of Explicating Blackness. The other way
+is by Supposing the Texture of Black Bodies to be such, that either by
+their Yielding to the Beams of Light, or upon some other Account, they do
+as it were Dead the Beams of Light, and keep them from being Reflected in
+any Plenty, or with any Considerable Vigour of Motion, Outwards. According
+to this Notion it may be said, that the Corpuscles that make up the Beams
+of Light, whether they be Solary _Effluviums_, or Minute Particles of some
+Ætherial Substance, Thrusting on one another from the Lucid Body, do,
+falling on Black Bodies, meet with such a Texture, that such Bodies receive
+Into themselves, and Retain almost all the Motion communicated to them by
+the Corpuscles that make up the Beams of Light, and consequently Reflect
+but Few of them, or those but Languidly, towards the Eye, it happening here
+almost in like manner as to a ball, which thrown against a Stone or Floor,
+would Rebound a great way Upwards, but Rebounds very Little or not at all,
+when it is thrown against Water, or Mud, or a Loose Net, because the Parts
+yield, and receive into themselves the Motion, on whose Account the Ball
+should be Reflected Outwards. But this Last way of Explicating Blackness, I
+shall content my Self to have Propos'd, without either Adopting it, or
+absolutely Rejecting it. For the Hardness of Touchstones, Black Marble and
+other Bodies, that being Black are Solid, seem to make it somewhat
+Improbable, that such Bodies should be of so Yielding a Texture, unless we
+should say, that some Bodies may be more Dispos'd to Yield to the Impulses
+of the Corpuscles of Light by reason of a Peculiar Texture, than other
+Bodies, that in other Tryals appear to be Softer than they. But though the
+Former of these two Explications of Blackness be that, by which we shall
+Endeavour to give an Account of it, yet as we said, we shall not Absolutely
+Reject this Latter, partly because they both Agree in this, that Black
+Bodies Reflect but Little of the Light that falls on them, and partly
+because it is not Impossible, that in some Cases both the Disposition of
+the Superficial particles, as to Figure and Position, and the Yielding of
+the Body, or some of its Parts, may joyntly, though not in an Equal measure
+concurr to the rendring of a Body Black. The Considerations that induc'd me
+to propose this Notion of Blackness, as I Explan'd it, are principally
+these:
+
+3. First, That as I lately said, Whiteness and Blackness being generally
+reputed to be Contrary Qualities, Whiteness depending as I said upon the
+Disposition of the Parts of a Body to Reflect much Light, it seems likely,
+that Blackness may depend upon a Contrary Disposition of the Black Bodies
+Surface; But upon this I shall not Insist.
+
+4. Next then we see, that if a Body of One and the same Colour be plac'd,
+part in the Sun-beams, and part in the Shade, that part which is not Shin'd
+on will appear more of Kin to Blackness than the other, from which more
+Light Rebounds to the Eye; And Dark Colours seem the Blacker, the less
+Light they are Look'd upon in, and we think all Things Black in the Dark,
+when they send no Beams to make Impressions on our Organs of Sight, so that
+Shadows and Darkness are near of Kin, and Shaddow we know is but a
+Privation of Light; and accordingly Blackness seems to proceed from the
+Paucity of Beams Reflected from the Black Body to the Eye, I say the
+Paucity of Beams, because those Bodies that we call Black, as Marble, Jeat,
+&c. are Short of being perfectly so, else we should not See them at all.
+But though the Beams that fall on the Sides of those Erected Particles that
+we have been mentioning, do Few of them return Outwards, yet those that
+fall upon the Points of those Cylinders, Cones, or Pyramids, may thence
+Rebound to the Eye, though they make there but a Faint Impression, because
+they Arrive not there, but Mingl'd with a great Proportion of Little
+Shades. This may be Confirm'd by my having procur'd a Large piece of Black
+Marble well Polish'd, and brought to the Form of a Large Sphærical and
+Concave _Speculum_; For on the Inside this Marble being well Polish'd, was
+a kind of Dark Looking-glass, wherein I could plainly see a Little Image of
+the Sun, when that Shin'd upon it. But this Image was very far from
+Offending and Dazling my Eyes, as it would have done from another
+_Speculum_; Nor, though the _Speculum_ were Large, could I in a Long time,
+or in a Hot Sun set a piece of Wood on Fire, though a far less _Speculum_
+of the same Form, and of a more Reflecting Matter, would have made it Flame
+in a Trice.
+
+5. And on this Occasion we may as well in Reference to something formerly
+deliver'd concerning Whiteness, as in Reference to what has been newly
+said, Subjoyn what we further observ'd touching the Differing Reflections
+of Light from White and Black Marble, namely, that having taking a pretty
+Large Mortar of White Marble, New and Polish'd in the Inside, and Expos'd
+it to the Sun, we found that it Reflected a great deal of Glaring Light,
+but so Dispers'd, that we could not make the Reflected Beams concurr in any
+such Conspicuous _Focus_, as that newly taken notice of in the Black
+Marble, though perhaps there may enough of them be made to meet near the
+Bottom, to make some Kind of _Focus_, especially since by holding in the
+Night-time a Candle at a convenient Distance, we were able to procure a
+Concourse of some, though not many of the Reflected Beams, at about two
+Inches distant from the Bottom of the Mortar: But we found the Heat even of
+the Sunbeams so Dispersedly Reflected to be very Languid, even in
+Comparison of the Black Marbles _Focus_. And the Little Picture of the Sun,
+that appear'd upon the White Marble as a _Speculum_, was but very Faint and
+exceeding ill Defin'd. Secondly, That taking two pieces of Plain and
+Polish'd Surfaces, and casting on them Successively the Beams of the Same
+Candle, In such manner, as that the Neighbouring Superficies being Shaded
+by an Opacous and Perforated Body, the Incident Beams were permitted to
+pass but through a Round Hole of about Half an Inch Diameter, the Circle of
+Light that appear'd on the White Marble was in Comparison very Bright, but
+very ill Defin'd; whereas that on the Black Marble was far less Luminous,
+but much more precisely Defin'd.
+
+6. Thirdly, When you Look upon a piece of Linnen that has Small Holes in
+it, those Holes appear very Black, and Men are often deceiv'd in taking
+Holes for Spots of Ink; And Painters to represent Holes, make use of Black,
+the Reason of which seems to be, that the Beams that fall on those Holes,
+fall into them So Deep, that none of them is Reflected back to the Eye. And
+in narrow Wells part of the Mouth seems Black, because the Incident Beams
+are Reflected Downwards from one side to another, till they can no more
+Rebound to the Eye.
+
+We may consider too, that if Differing parts of the same piece of Black
+Velvet be stroak'd Opposite ways, the piece of Velvet will appear of two
+Distinct kinds of Blackness, the one far Darker than the other, of which
+Disparity the Reason Seems to be, that in the Less obscure part of the
+Velvet, the Little Silken Piles whereof 'tis made up, being Inclin'd, there
+is a Greater part of each of them Obverted to the Eye, whereas in the other
+part the Piles of Silk being more Erected, there are far Fewer Beams
+Reflected Outwards from the Lateral parts of each Pile, So that most of
+those that Rebound to the Eye, come from the Tops of the Piles, which make
+but a small part of the whole Superficies, that may be cover'd by the piece
+of Velvet. Which Explication I propose, not that I think the Blackness of
+the Velvet proceeds from the Cause assign'd, since each Single Pile of Silk
+is Black by reason of its Texture, in what Position soever you Look upon
+it; But that the Greater Blackness of one of these Tuffts seems to proceed
+from the Greater Paucity of Beams Reflected from it, and that from the
+Fewness of those Parts of a Surface that Reflect Beams, and the Multitude
+of those Shaded Parts that Reflect none. And I remember, that I have
+oftentimes observ'd, that the Position of Particular Bodies far greater
+than Piles of Silk in reference to the Eye, may notwithstanding their
+having each of them a Colour of its own, make one part of their Aggregate
+appear far Darker than the other; For I have near Great Towns often taken
+notice, that a Cart-load of Carrots pack'd up, appear'd of a much Darker
+Colour when Look'd upon, where the Points of the Carrots were Obverted to
+the Eye, than where the Sides of them were so.
+
+7. Fourthly, In a Darkned Room, I purposely observ'd, that if the
+Sun-beams, which came in at the Hole were receiv'd upon White or any other
+Colour, and directed to a Convenient place of the Room, they would
+Manifestly, though not all Equally, Encrease the Light of that Part;
+whereas if we Substituted, either a piece of Black Cloth or Black Velvet,
+it would so Dead the Incident Beams, that the place (newly mention'd)
+whereto I Obverted the Black Body, would be Less Enlightned than it was
+before, when it received its Light but from the Weak and Oblique
+Reflections of the Floor and Walls of a pretty Large Room, through which
+the Beams that came in at the Hole were Confusedly and Brokenly Dispers'd.
+
+8. Fifthly, And to shew that the Beams that fall on Black Bodies, as they
+do not Rebound Outwards to the Eye, so they are Reflected towards the Body
+it self, as the Nature of those Erected Particles to which we have imputed
+Blackness, requires, we will add an Experiment that will also confirm our
+Doctrine touching Whiteness; Namely, that we took a Broad and Large Tile,
+and having Whitened over one half of the Superficies of it, and Black'd the
+other, we expos'd it to the Summer Sun; And having let it lye there a
+convenient time (for the Difference is more Apparent, if it have not lain
+there too long) we found, as we expected, that whilst the Whited part of
+the Tile remained Cool enough, the Black'd part of the same Tile was grown
+not only Sensible, but very Hot, (sometimes to a strong Degree.) And to
+satisfie some of our Friends the more, we have sometimes left upon the
+Surface of the Tile, besides the White and Black parts thereof, a part that
+Retain'd the native Red of the Tile it self, and Exposing them to the Sun,
+we observ'd this Last mention'd to have Contracted a Heat in comparison of
+the White, but a Heat Inferiour to that of the Black, of which the Reason
+seems to be, that the Superficial Particles of Black Bodies, being, as we
+said, more Erected, than those of White or Red ones, the Corpuscles of
+Light falling on their sides, being for the most part Reflected Inwards
+from one Particle to another, and thereby engag'd as it were and kept from
+Rebounding Upwards, they communicate their brisk Motion, wherewith they
+were impell'd against the Black Body, (upon whose account had they fallen
+upon a White Body, they would have been Reflected Outwards) to the Small
+parts of the Black Body, and thereby Produce in those Small parts such an
+Agitation, as (when we feel it) we are wont to call Heat. I have been
+lately inform'd, that an Observation near of Kin to Ours, has been made by
+some Learned Men in _France_ and _Italy_, by long Exposing to a very Hot
+Sun, two pieces of Marble, the one White, the other Black; But though the
+Observation be worthy of them, and may confirm the same Truth with Our
+Experiment, yet besides that our Tryal needs not the Summer, nor any Great
+Heat to succeed, It seems to have this Advantage above the other, that
+whereas Bodies more Solid, and of a Closer Texture, though they use to be
+more Slowly Heated, are wont to receive a Greater Degree of Heat from the
+Sun or Fire, than (_Cæteris paribus_) Bodies of a Slightest Texture; I have
+found by the Information of Stone-cutters, and by other ways of Enquiry,
+that Black Marble is much Solider and Harder than White, so that possibly
+the Difference betwixt the Degrees of Heat they receive from the Sunbeams
+will by many be ascrib'd to the Difference of their Texture, rather than to
+that of their Colour, though I think our Experiment will make it Probable
+enough that the greater part of that Difference may well be ascrib'd to
+that Disposition of Parts, which makes the one Reflect the Sunbeams Inward;
+and the other Outwards. And with this Doctrine accords very well, that
+Rooms hung with Black, are not only Darker than else they would be, but are
+wont to be Warmer too; Insomuch that I have known a great Lady, whose
+Constitution was somewhat Tender, complain that she was wont to catch Cold,
+when she went out into the Air, after having made any long Visits to
+Persons, whose Rooms were hung with Black. And this is not the only Lady I
+have heard complain of the Warmth of such Rooms, which though perhaps it
+may be partly imputed to the _Effluvia_ of those Materials wherewith the
+hangings were Dy'd, yet probably the Warmth of such Rooms depends chiefly
+upon the same Cause that the Darkness does; As (not to repeat what I
+formerly Noted touching my Gloves,) to satisfie some Curious Persons of
+that Sex, I have convinc'd them, by Tryall, that of two Pieces of Silken
+Stuff given me by themselves, and expos'd in their Presence, to the same
+Window, Shin'd on by that Sun, the White was _considerably_ Heated, when
+the Black was not so much as _Sensibly_ so.
+
+9. Sixthly, I remember, that Acquainting one Day a _Virtuoso_ of
+Unsuspected Credit, that had Visited Hot Countries, with part of what I
+have here Deliver'd concerning Blackness, he Related to me by way of
+Confirmation of it, a very notable Experiment, which he had both others
+make, and Made himself in a Warm Climate, namely, that having carefully
+Black'd over Eggs, and Expos'd them to the Hot Sun, they were thereby in no
+very Long time well Roasted, to which Effect I conceive the Heat of the
+Climate must have Concurr'd with the Disposition of the Black Surface to
+Reflect the Sunbeams Inward, for I remember, that having made that among
+other Tryals in _England_, though in Summer-time, the Eggs I Expos'd,
+acquir'd indeed a considerable Degree of Heat, but yet not so Intense a
+One, as prov'd Sufficient to Roast them.
+
+10. Seventhly, and Lastly, Our Conjectures at the Nature of Blackness may
+be somewhat Confirm'd by the (formerly mention'd) Observation of the Blind
+_Dutch-man_, that Discerns Colours with his Fingers; for he Says, that he
+Feels a greater Roughness upon the Surfaces of Black Bodies, than upon
+those of Red, or Yellow, or Green. And I remember, that the Diligent
+_Bartholinus_ says,[9] that a Blind Earl of _Mansfield_ could Distinguish
+White from Black only by the Touch, which would Sufficiently Argue a great
+Disparity in the Asperities, or other Superficial Textures of Bodies of
+those two Colours, if the Learn'd Relator had Affirm'd the Matter upon his
+own Knowledge.
+
+  [9] Hist. Anatom. Cent. 3. Hist. 44.
+
+II. These, _Pyrophilus_, are the chief things that Occurr to me at present,
+about the Nature of Whiteness and Blackness, which it they have Rendred it
+so much as Probable, that in _Most_; or at least _Many_ Cases, the Causes
+of these Qualities may be such as I have Adventur'd to Deliver, it is as
+much as I Pretend to; for till I have Opportunity to Examine the Matter by
+some further Tryals, I am not sure, but that in some White and Black
+Bodies, there may Concurr to the Colour some peculiar Texture or
+Disposition of the Body, whereby the Motion of the Small Corpuscles that
+make up the Incident Beams of Light, may be Differingly Modify'd, before
+they reach the Eye, especially in this, that White Bodies do not only
+Copiously Reflect those Incident Corpuscles Outwards, but Reflect them
+Briskly, and do not otherwise Alter them in the manner of their Motion. Nor
+shall I now stay to Enquire, whether some of those other ways, (as a
+Disposition to Alter the Velocity, the Rotation, or the Order and Manner of
+Appulse so the Eye of the Reflected Corpuscles that Compos'd the Incident
+Beams of Light) which we mention'd when we consider'd the Production of
+Colours in General, may not in some Cases be Applicable to those of White
+and Black Bodies: For I am yet so much a _Seeker_ in this Matter, and so
+little Wedded to the Opinions I have propos'd, that what I am to add shall
+be but the Beginning of a Collection of Experiments and Observation towards
+the History of Whiteness and Blackness, without at present interposing my
+Explications of them, that so, I may assist your Enquires without much
+Fore-stalling or Biassing your Judgment.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                   EXPERIMENT
+                       IN
+                    CONSORT,
+                    Touching
+              Whiteness & Blackness.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+EXPERIMENT I.
+
+Having promis'd in the 114, and 115. Pages of the foregoing Discourse of
+Whiteness and Blackness, to shew, that those two Colours may by a change of
+Texture in bodies, each of them apart Diaphanous and Colourless, be at
+pleasure and in a trice as well Generated as Destroy'd, We shall begin with
+Experiments that may acquit us of that promise.
+
+Take then what Quantity you please of Fair Water, and having Heated it, put
+into it as much good Common Sublimate, as it is able to Dissolve, and (to
+be sure of having it well glutted:) continue putting in the Sublimate, till
+some of it lye Untouch'd in the bottom of the Liquor, Filter this Solution
+through Cap-paper, to have it cleer and limpid, and into a spoonfull or two
+thereof, (put into a clean glass vessel,) shake about four or five drops
+(according as you took more or less of this Solution) of good limpid
+Spirits of Urine, and immediately the whole mixture will appear White like
+Milk, to which mixture if you presently add a convenient proportion of
+Rectifi'd _Aqua Fortis_ (for the number of drops is hard to determine,
+because of the Differing Strength of the liquor, but easily found by tryal)
+the Whiteness will presently disappear, and the whole mixture become
+Transparent, which you may, if you please, again reduce to a good degree of
+Whiteness (though inferiour to the first) onely by a more copious affusion
+of fresh Spirit of Urine. _N_. First, That it is not so necessary to employ
+either _Aqua Fortis_ or Spirit of Urine about this Experiment, but that we
+have made it with other liquors instead of these, of which perhaps more
+elsewhere. Secondly, That this Experiment, though not made with the same
+_Menstruums_, nor producing the same Colour is yet much of Kin to that
+other to be mentioned in this Tract among our other Experiments of Colours,
+about turning a Solution of Præcipitate into an Orange-colour, and the
+Chymical Reason being much alike in both, the annexing it to one of them
+may suffice FOR both.
+
+_EXPERIMENT II._
+
+Make a strong Infusion of broken Galls in Fair Water, and having Filtred it
+into a clean Vial, add more of the same liquor to it, till you have made it
+somewhat Transparent, and sufficiently diluted the Colour, for the credit
+of the Experiment, lest otherwise the Darkness of the liquor might make it
+be objected, that 'twas already almost Ink; Into this Infusion shake a
+convenient quantity of a Cleer, but very strong Solution of Vitriol, and
+you shall immediately see the mixture turn Black almost like Ink, and such
+a way of producing Blackness is vulgar enough; but if presently after you
+doe upon this mixture drop a small quantity of good oyl of Vitriol, and, by
+shaking the Vial disperse it nimbly through the two other liquors, you
+shall (if you perform your part well, and have employ'd oyl of Vitriol
+Cleer and Strong enough) see the Darkness of the liquor presently begin to
+be discuss'd, and grow pretty Cleer and Transparent, losing its Inky
+Blackness, which you may again restore to it by the affusion of a small
+quantity of a very strong Solution of Salt of Tartar. And though neither of
+these Atramentous liquors will seem other than very Pale Ink, if you write
+with a clean Pen dipt in them, yet that is common to them with some sorts
+of Ink that prove very good when Dry, as I have also found, that when I
+made these carefully, what I wrote with either of them, especially with the
+Former, would when throughly Dry grow Black enough not to appear bad Ink.
+This Experiment of taking away and restoring Blackness from and to the
+liquors, we have likewise tryed in Common Ink; but there it succeeds not so
+well, and but very slowly, by reason that the Gum wont to be employed in
+the making it, does by its Tenacity oppose the operations of the above
+mention'd Saline liquors. But to consider Gum no more, what some kind of
+Præcipitation may have to do in the producing and destroying of Inks
+without it, I have elsewhere given you some occasion and assistance to
+enquire; But I must not now stay to do so my self, only I shall take notice
+to you, that though it be taken for granted that bodies will not be
+Præcipitated by Alcalizat Salts, that have not first been dissolved in some
+Acid _Menstruums_, yet I have found upon tryals, which my conjectures lead
+me to make on purpose, That divers Vegetables _barely infus'd_, or, _but
+slightly decocted in common water_, would, upon the affusion of a Strong
+and Cleer _Lixivium_ of Potashes, and much more of some other Præcipitating
+liquors that I sometimes employ, afford good store of a Crudled matter,
+such as I have had in the Præcipitations of Vegetable substances, by the
+intervention of Acid things, and that this matter was easily separable from
+the rest of the liquor, being left behind by it in the Filtre; and in
+making the first Ink mention'd in this Experiment, I found that I could by
+Filtration separate pretty store of a very Black pulverable substance, that
+remain'd in the Filtre, and when the Ink was made Cleer again by the Oyl of
+Vitriol, the affusion of dissolv'd _Sal Tartari_ seem'd but to Præcipitate,
+and thereby to Unite and render Conspicuous the particles of the Black
+mixture that had before been dispers'd into very Minute and singly
+Invisible particles by the Incisive and resolving power of the highly
+Corrosive Oyl of Vitriol.
+
+And to manifest, _Pyrophilus_, that Galls are not so requisite as many
+suppose to the making Atramentous Liquors, we have sometimes made the
+following Experiment, We took dryed Rose leaves and Decocted them for a
+while in Fair Water, into two or three spoonfulls of this Decoction we
+shook a few drops of a strong and well filtrated Solution of Vitriol (which
+perhaps had it been Green would have done as well) and immediately the
+mixture did turn Black, and when into this mixture presently after it was
+made, we shook a just Proportion of _Aqua Fortis_, we turn'd it from a
+Black Ink to a deep Red one, which by the affusion of a little Spirit of
+Urine may be reduc'd immediately to an Opacous and Blackish Colour. And in
+regard, _Pyrophilus_, that in the former Experiments, both the Infusion of
+Galls, and the Decoction of Roses, and the Solution of Copperis employ'd
+about them, are endow'd each of them with its own Colour, there may be a
+more noble Experiment of the sudden production of Blackness made by the
+way mention'd in the Second Section of the Second Part of our Essays, for
+though upon the Confusion of the two Liquors there mention'd, there do
+immediately emerge a very Black mixture, yet both the Infusion of
+_Orpiment_ and the Solution of _Minium_ were before their being joyn'd
+together, Limpid and Colourless.
+
+_EXPERIMENT III._
+
+If pieces of White Harts-horn be with a competent degree of Fire distill'd
+in a Glass-retort, they will, after the avolation of the Flegm, Spirit,
+Volatile Salt, and the looser and lighter parts of the Oleagenous
+substance, remain behind of a Cole-black colour. And even Ivory it self
+being skilfully Burnt (how I am wont to do it, I have elsewhere set down)
+affords Painters one of the best and deepest Blacks they have, and yet in
+the Instance of distill'd Harts-horn, the operation being made in
+Glass-vessels carefully clos'd, it appears there is no Extraneous Black
+substance that Insinuates it self into White Harts-horn, and thereby makes
+it turn Black; but that the Whiteness is destroy'd, and the Blackness
+generated, only by a Change of Texture, made in the burnt Body, by the
+Recess of some parts and the Transposition of others. And though I remember
+not that in many Distillations of Harts-horn I ever sound the _Cap. Mort_.
+to pass from Black to a true Whiteness, whilst it continu'd in Clos'd
+vessels, yet having taken out the Cole-black fragments, and Calcin'd them
+in Open vessels, I could in few hours quite destroy that Blackness, &
+without sensibly changing their Bulk or Figure, reduce them to great
+Whiteness. So much do these two Colours depend upon the Disposition of the
+little parts, that the Bodies wherein they are to be met with do consist
+of. And we find, that if Whitewine Tartar, or even the white Crystalls of
+such Tartar be burnt without being truly Calcin'd, the _Cap. Mortuum_ (as
+the Chymists call the more Fixt part) will be Black. But if you further
+continue the Calcination till you have perfectly Incinerated the Tartar, &
+kept it long enough in a Strong fire, the remaining _Calx_ will be White.
+And so we see that not only other Vegetable substances, but even White
+woods, as the Hazel, will yield a Black Charcoal, and afterwards Whitish
+ashes; And so Animal substances naturally White, as Bones and Eggshels,
+will grow Black upon the being Burnt, and White again when they are
+perfectly Calcin'd.
+
+_EXPERIMENT IV._
+
+But yet I much Question whether that Rule delivered by divers, as well
+Philosophers as Chymists, _adusta nigra, sed perusta alba_, will hold as
+Universally as is presum'd, since I have several Examples to allege against
+it: For I have found that by burning Alablaster, so as both to make it
+appear to boyl almost like Milk, and to reduce it to a very fine Powder, it
+would not at all grow Black, but retain its Pure and Native Whiteness, and
+though by keeping it longer than is usual in the fire, I produced but a
+faint Yellow, even in that part of the Powder that lay nearest the top of
+the Crucible, yet having purposely enquired of an Experienced Stone-cutter,
+who is Curious enough in tryng Conclusions in his own Trade, he told me he
+had found that if Alabaster or Plaster of Paris be very long kept in a
+Strong fire, the whole heap of burnt Powder would exchange its Whiteness
+for a much deeper Colour than the Yellow I observ'd. Lead being Calcin'd
+with a Strong fire turns (after having purhaps run thorough divers other
+Colour) into _Minium_, whose Colour we know is a deep red; and if you urge
+this _Minium_, as I have purposely done with a Strong fire, you may much
+easier find a Glassie and Brittle Body darker than _Minium_, than any white
+_Calx_ or Glass. 'Tis known among Chymists, that the white _Calx_ of
+Antimony, by the further and more vehement operation of the fire, may be
+melted into Glass, which we have obtain'd of a Red Colour, which is far
+deeper than that of the _Calx_ of Burnt Antimony, and though common Glafs
+of Antimony being usually Adulterated with _Borax_, have its Colour thereby
+diluted, oftentimes to a very pale Yellow; yet not onely ours made more
+sincerily, was, as we said, of a Colour less remote from Black, than was
+the _Calx_; but we observ'd, that by Melting it once or twice more, and so
+exposing it to the further operation of the Fire, we had, as we expected,
+the Colour heightned. To which we shall add but this one Instance, (which
+is worth the taking notice of in Reference to Colours:) That, if you take
+Blew, but Unsophisticated, Vitriol, and burn it very slowly, and with a
+Gentle degree of Heat, you may observe, that when it has Burnt but a
+Little, and yet so far as that you may rub it to Powder betwixt your
+fingers, it will be of a White or Whitish Colour; But if you Prosecute the
+Calcination, this Body which by a light Adustion was made White, will pass
+through other Colours, as Gray, Yellowish, and Red; and if you further burn
+it with a Long and Vehement fire, by that time it comes to be _Perustum_,
+it will be of a dark purple, nearer to Black, not only than the first
+_Calx_, but than the Vitriol before it at all felt the fire. I might add
+that _Crocus_ _Martis_ (_per se_ as they call it) made by the Lasting
+violence of the Reverberated flames is not so near a Kin to White, as the
+Iron or Steel that afforded it was before its Calcinations; but that I
+suppose, these Instances may Suffice to satisfie you, that Minerals are to
+be excepted out of the forementioned Rule, which perhaps, though it seldome
+fail in substances belonging to the Vegetable or Animal Kingdome, may yet
+be Question'd even in some of these, if that be true, which the Judicious
+Traveller _Bellonius_ affirms, that Charcoales made out of the Wood of
+_Oxycæder_ are White; And I could not find that though in Retorts Hartshorn
+and other White Bodies will be Denigrated by Heat, yet Camphire would not
+at all lose its Whiteness, though I have purposely kept it in such a heat,
+as made it melt and boyl.
+
+_EXPERIMENT V._
+
+And now I speak of Camphire, it puts me in mind of adding this Experiment,
+That, though as I said in Clos'd Glasses, I could not Denigrate it by Heat,
+but it would Sublime to the sides and top of the Glass, as it was before,
+yet not only it will, being set on fire in the Free Air, send forth a
+Copious smoak, but having purposely upon some of it that was Flaming, clapt
+a Large Glass, almost in the form of a Hive, (but more Slender only) with a
+Hole at the top, (which I caus'd to be made to trye Experiments of Fire and
+Flame in) it continued so long burning that it Lin'd all the Inside of the
+Glass with a Soot as Black as Ink, and so Copious, that the Closeness of
+the Vessel consider'd, almost all that part of the White Camphire that did
+take Fire, seem'd to have been chang'd into that deep Black Substance.
+
+_EXPERIMENT VI_
+
+And this also brings into my mind another Experiment that I made about the
+production of Blackness, whereof, for Reasons too long to be here deduced,
+I expected and found a good Success, an it was this: I took Rectifi'd Oyl
+of Vitriol (that I might have the Liquor Clean as well as Strong) and by
+degrees mixt with it a convenient proportion of the Essential Oyl, as
+Chymists call it, of Wormwood, drawn over with store of Water in a Limbec,
+and warily Distilling the mixture in a Retort, there remain'd a scarce
+credible quantity of dry Matter, Black as a Coal. And because the Oyl of
+Wormwood, though a Chymical Oyl drawn by a _Virtuoso_, seem'd to have
+somewhat in it of the Colour of the Plant, I Substituted in its Room, the
+Pure and Subtile Essential Oyl of Winter-Savory, and mixing little by
+little this Liquor, with (if I mis-remember not) an Equal weight of the
+formerly mention'd Rectifi'd Oyl of Vitriol, and Distilling them as before
+in a Retort, besides what there pass'd over into the Receiver, even these
+two clear Liquors left me a Considerable Proportion, (though not so great
+as the two former) of a Substance Black as Pitch, which I yet Keep by me
+as a Rarity.
+
+_EXPERIMENT VII._
+
+A way of Whiting Wax Cheaply and in Great Quantity may be a thing of good
+Oeconomical Use, and we have elsewhere set down the Practice of Trades-men
+that Blanch it; But here Treating of Whiteness only in Order to the
+Philosophy of Colours, I shall not Examine which of the Slow wayes may be
+best Employ'd, to free Wax from the Yellow Melleous parts, but shall rather
+set down a Quick way of making it White, though but in very Small
+Quantities. Take then a little Yellow Wax, scraped or thinly sliced, and
+putting it into a Bolts-head or some other Convenient Glass, pour to it a
+pretty deal of Spirit of Wine, and placing the Vessel in Warm Sand,
+Encrease the Heat by degrees, till the Spirit of Wine begin to Simper or to
+Boyl a little; and continuing that degree of Fire, if you have put Liquor
+enough, you will quickly have the Wax dissolv'd, then taking it off the
+fire, you may either suffer it to Cool as hastily as with Safety to the
+Glass you can, or Pour it whilst 'tis yet Hot into a Filtre of Paper, and
+either in the Glass where it Cools, or in the Filtre, you will soon find
+the Wax and _Menstruum_ together reduc'd into a White Substance, almost
+like Butter, which by letting the Spirit Exhale will shrink into a much
+Lesser Bulk, but still retaining its Whiteness. And that which is pretty in
+the working of this Magistery of Wax, is, that the Yellowness vanishes,
+neither appearing in the Spirit of Wine that passes Limpid through the
+Filtre, nor in the Butter of Wax, if I may so call it, that, as I said, is
+White.
+
+
+_EXPERIMENT VIII._
+
+There is an Experiment, _Pyrophilus_, which though I do not so exactly
+remember, and though it be somewhat Nice to make, yet I am willing to
+Acquaint You with, because the thing Produc'd, though it be but a
+Curiosity, is wont not a little to please the Beholders, and it is a way of
+turning by the help of a Dry Substance, an almost Golden-Colour'd Concrete,
+into a White one, the Several Tryals are not at present so fresh in my
+Memory to enable me to tell you Certainly, whether an Equal onely or a
+Double weight of Common Sublimate must be taken in reference to the
+Tinglass, but if I mistake not, there was in the Experiment that succeeded
+best, Two parts of the Former taken to One of the Latter. These Ingredients
+being finely Powdred and Exactly mix'd, we Sublim'd together by degrees of
+fire (the due Gradation of which is in this Experiment a thing of main
+Importance) there ascended a matter of a very peculiar Texture, for it was
+for the most part made up of very Thin, Smooth, Soft and Slippery Plates,
+almost like the finest sort of the Scales of Fishes, but of so Lovely a
+White Inclining to Pearl-Colour, and of so Curious and Shining a Gloss,
+that they appear'd in some respect little Inferiour to Orient Pearls, and
+in other Regards, they seem'd to Surpass them, and were Applauded for a
+sort of the Prettiest Trifles that we had ever prepar'd to Amuse the Eye. I
+will not undertake that though you'l hardly miss changing the Colour of
+your shining Tinglass, yet you will the first or perhaps the second time
+hit Right upon the way of making the Glistring Sublimate I have been
+mentioning.
+
+_EXPERIMENT IX._
+
+When we Dissolve in _Aqua Fortis_ a mixture of Gold and Silver melted into
+one Lump, it usually happens that the Powder of Gold that falls to the
+bottom, as not being Dissoluble by that _Menstruum_, will not have its own
+Yellow, but appear of a Black Colour, though neither the Gold, nor the
+Silver, nor the _Aqua Fortis_ did before manifest any Blackness. And divers
+Alchymists, when they make Solutions of Minerals they would Examine, are
+very Glad, if they see a Black Powder Præcipitated to the Bottom, taking it
+for a Hopefull Sign, that those Particles are of a Golden Nature, which
+appear in a Colour so ordinary to Gold parted from other Metalls by _Aqua
+Fortis_, that it is a trouble to the Refiner to Reduce the Præcipitated
+_Calx_ to its Native Colour. For though, (as we have try'd,) that may be
+Quickly enough done by Fire, which will make this Gold look very Gloriously
+(as indeed 'tis at least one of the Best wayes that is Practis'd for the
+Refining of Gold,) yet it requires both Watchfulness and Skill, to give it
+such a Degree of Fire as will serve to Restore it to its Lustre, without
+giving it such a One, as may bring it to Fusion, to which the Minuteness of
+the _Corpuseles_ it consists of makes the Powder very apt. And this brings
+into my Mind, that having taken a Flat and Bright piece of Gold, that was
+Refin'd by a Curious and Skilfull Person on purpose to Trye to what height
+of Purity Gold could be brought by Art, I found that this very piece, as
+Glorious as it look'd, being rubb'd a little upon a piece of fine clean
+Linnen, did sully it with a kind of Black; and the like I have observ'd in
+Refin'd Silver, which I therefore mention, because I formerly suspected
+that the Impurity of the Metall might have been the only Cause of what I
+have divers times obferv'd in wearing Silver-hilted Swords, Namely, that
+where they rubb'd upon my Clothes, if they were of a Light-Colour'd Cloath,
+the Affriction would quickly Black them; and Congruously hereunto I have
+found Pens Blackt almost all over, when I had a while carri'd them about me
+in a Silver Ink-case. To which I shall only add, that whereas in these
+several Instances of Denigration, the Metalls are worn off, or otherwise
+Reduc'd into very Minute Parts, that Circumstance may prove not Unworthy
+your Notice.
+
+_EXPERIMENT X._
+
+That a Solution of Silver does Dye Hair of a Black Colour, is a Known
+Experiment, which some persons more Curious than Dextrous, have so
+Unluckily made upon themselves as to make their Friends very Merry. And I
+remember that the other day, I made my self some Sport by an Improvement of
+this Observation, for having dissolv'd some Pure Silver in _Aqua Fortis_,
+and Evaporated the _Menstruum ad siccitatem_, as they speak, I caus'd a
+Quantity of fair Water to be pour'd upon the _Calx_ two or three several
+times, and to be at each Evaporated, till the _Calx_ was very Drye, and all
+the Greenish Blewness that is wont to appear in Common Crystals of Silver,
+was quite carry'd away. Then I made those I meant to Deceive, Moisten some
+part of their Skin with their own Spittle, and slightly Rub the moistned
+parts with a little of this Prepar'd Silver, Whereupon they Admir'd to see,
+that a Snow-white Body laid upon the White Skin should presently produce a
+deep Blackness, as if the stains had been made with Ink, especially
+considering that this Blackness could not, like that produc'd by ordinary
+Ink, be readily Wash'd off, but requir'd many Hours, and part of it some
+dayes to its Obliteration. And with the same White _Calx_ and a little Fair
+Water we likewise Stain'd the White Hafts of Knives, with a lasting Black
+in those parts where the _Calx_ was Plentifully enough laid on, for where
+it was laid on but very Thinly, the Stain was not quite of so Deep a
+Colour.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XI_
+
+The Cause of the Blackness of those many Nations, which by one common Name
+we are wont to call _Negroes_, has been long since Disputed of by Learned
+Men, who possibly had not done amiss, if they had also taken into
+Consideration, why some whole races of other Animals besides Men, as Foxes
+and Hares, are Distinguish'd by a Blackness not familiar to the Generality
+of Animals of the same Species; The General Opinion (to be mention'd a
+little lower) has been rejected even by some of the Antient Geographers,
+and among our Moderns _Ortelius_ and divers other Learned Men have
+Question'd it. But this is no place to mention what thoughts I have had to
+and fro about these Matters: Only as I shall freely Acknowledge, that to me
+the inquiry seems more Abstruse than it does to many others, and that
+because consulting with Authors, and with Books of Voyages, and with
+Travellers, to satisfie my self in matters of Fact, I have met with some
+things among them, which seem not to agree very well with the Notions of
+the most Classick Authors concerning these things; for it being my Present
+Work to deliver rather matters Historical than Theorys, I shall Annex Some
+few of my Collections, instead of a Solemn Disputation. It is commonly
+presum'd that the Heat of the Climate wherein they live, is the reason, why
+so many Inhabitants of the Scorching Regions of _Africa_ are Black; and
+there is this familiar Observation to Countenance this Conjecture, That we
+plainly see that Mowers, Reapers, and other Countrey-people, who spend the
+most part of the Hot Summer dayes expos'd to the Sun, have the skin of
+their Hands and Faces, which are the parts immediately Expos'd to the Sun
+and Air, made of a Darker Colour than before, and consequently tending to
+Blackness; And Contrarywise we observe that the _Danes_ and some other
+people that Inhabit Cold Climates, and even the _English_ who feel not so
+Rigorous a Cold, have usually Whiter faces than the _Spaniards_,
+_Portugalls_ and other European Inhabitants of Hotter Climates. But this
+Argument I take to be far more Specious than Convincing; for though the
+Heat of the Sun may Darken the Colour of the Skin, by that Operation, which
+we in _English_ call Sun-burning, yet Experience doth not Evince, that I
+remember, That that Heat alone can produce a Discolouring that shall amount
+to a true Blackness, like that of _Negroes_, and we shall see by and by
+that even the Children of some _Negroes_ not yet 10. dayes Old (perhaps not
+so much by three quarters of that time) will notwithstanding their Infancy
+be of the same Hue with their Parents. Besides, there is this strong
+Argument to be alleg'd against the Vulgar Opinion, that in divers places in
+_Asia_ under the same Parallel, or even of the same Degree of Latitude with
+the _African_ Regions Inhabited by Blacks, the People are at most but
+Tawny;[10] And in _Africa_ it self divers Nations in the Empire of
+_Ethiopia_ are not _Negroes_, though Situated in the Torrid Zone, and as
+neer the Æquinoctial, as other Nations that are so (as the Black
+Inhabitants of _Zeylan_ and _Malabar_ are not in our Globes plac'd so near
+the Line as _Amara_ the Famousest place in _Ethiopia_.) Moreover, (that
+which is of no small Moment in our present Disquisition) I find not by the
+best Navigators and Travellers to the _West-Indies_, whose Books or
+themselves I have consulted on this Subject, that excepting perhaps one
+place or two of small extent, there are any Blacks Originally Natives of
+any part of _America_ (for the Blacks now there have been by the
+_Europeans_ long Transplanted thither) though the New World contain in it
+so great a Variety of Climates, and particularly reach quite Cross the
+Torri'd Zone from one Tropick to another. And enough it be true that the
+_Danes_ be a Whiter People than the _Spaniards_, yet that may proceed
+rather from other causes (not here to be enquired into) than from the
+Coldness of the Climate, since not onely the _Swedes_ and other Inhabitants
+of those Cold Countreys, are not usually so White as the _Danes_, nor
+Whiter than other Nations in proportion to their Vicinity to the Pole. [And
+since the Writing of the former part of this Essay, having an opportunity
+on a Solemn occasion to take Notice of the Numerous Train of Some
+Extraordinary Embassadours sent from the _Russian_ Emperour to a great
+Monarch, observ'd, that (though it were then Winter) the Colour of their
+Hair and Skin was far less Whitish than the _Danes_ who Inhabit a milder
+Region is wont to be, but rather for the most part of a Darkish Brown; And
+the Physician to the Embassadour with whom those _Russes_ came, being ask'd
+by me whether in _Muscovy_ it self the Generality of the People were more
+inclin'd to have Dark-colour'd Hair than Flaxen, he answer'd Affirmatively;
+but seem'd to suspect that the True and Antient _Russians_, a Sept of whom
+he told me he had met with in one of the Provinces of that vast Empire,
+were rather White like the _Danes_, than any thing near so Brown as the
+present _Muscovites_ whom he guesses to be descended of the _Tartars_, and
+to have inherited their Colour from them.] But to Prosecute our former
+Discourse, I shall add for further Proof of the Conjecture I was
+countenancing that good Authors inform us that there are _Negroes_ in
+_Africa_ not far from the _Cape of good Hope_, and consequently beyond the
+Southern Tropick, and without the Torrid Zone, much about the same Northern
+Latitude (or very little more) wherein there are divers _American_ Nations
+that are not _Negroes_, and wherein the Inhabitants of _Candia_, some parts
+of _Sicily_, and even of _Spain_ are not so much as Tawny-Mores. But (which
+is a fresh and strong Argument against the common Opinion,) I find by our
+recent Relations of _Greenland_ (our Accounts whereof we owe to the
+Curiosity of that Royal _Virtuoso_ the present King of _Denmark_,) that the
+Inhabitants are Olive-colour'd, or rather of a Darker Hiew. But if the Case
+were the same with Men, and those other kinds of Animals I formerly nam'd,
+I should offer something as a considerable proof, That, Cold may do much
+towards the making Men White or Black, and however I shall let down the
+Observation as I have met with it, as worthy to come into the History of
+Whiteness and Blackness, and it is, that in some parts of _Russia_ and of
+_Livonia_ it is affirm'd by _Olaus Magnus_ and others, that Hares and Foxes
+(some add Partridges) which before were Black, or Red, or Gray, do in the
+depth of Winter become White by reason of the great Cold; (for that it
+should be, as some conceive, by Looking upon the Snow, seems improbable
+upon divers accounts) And I remember that having purposely enquir'd of a
+_Virtuoso_ who lately Travell'd through _Livonia_ to _Mosco_ concerning the
+Truth of this Tradition, he both told me, he believ'd it, and added, that
+he saw divers of those lately nam'd Animals either in _Russia_ or
+_Livonia_, (for I do not very well remember whether of the two) which,
+though White when he saw them in Winter, they assur'd him had been Black,
+or of other Colours before the Winter began, and would be so again when it
+was over. But for further satisfaction, I also consulted one that had for
+some years been an Eminent Physician in _Russia_, who though he rejected
+some other Traditions that are generally enough believ'd concerning that
+Countrey, told me nevertheless, that he saw no cause to doubt of this
+Tradition of _Olaus Magnus_ as to Foxes and Hares, not onely because 'tis
+the common and uncontroul'd Assertion of the Natives, but also because he
+himself in the Winter could never that he remember'd see Foxes and Hares of
+any other Colour than White; And I my self having seen a small White Fox
+brought out of _Russia_ into _England_ towards the latter end of Winter,
+foretold those that shew'd him me, that he would change Colour in Summer,
+and accordingly coming to look upon him again in _July_, I found that the
+Back and Sides, together with the upper part of the Head and Tayl were
+already grown of a Dark Colour, the lower part of the Head and Belly
+containing as yet a Whiteness. Let me add, that were it not for some
+scruple I have, I should think more than what _Olaus_ relates, confirm'd by
+the judicious _Olearius_, who was twice employ'd into those parts as a
+Publick Minister, who in his Account of _Moscovy_ has this Passage: _The
+Hares there are Gray; but in some Provinces they grow white in the Winter_.
+And within some few Lines after: _It is not very Difficult to find the
+Cause of this Change, which certainly proceeds only from the Outward Cold,
+since I know that even in Summer, Hares will change Colour, if they be kept
+a competent time in a Cellar_; I say, were it not for Some Scruple, because
+I take notice, that in the same Page the Author Affirms, that the like
+change of Colour that happens to Hares in some Provinces of _Muscovy_,
+happens to them also in _Livonia_, and yet immediately subjoyns, that in
+_Curland_ the Hares vary not their Colour in Winter, though these two last
+named Countries be contiguous, (that is) sever'd only by the River of
+_Dugna_; For it is scarce conceivable how Cold alone should have, in
+Countries so near, so strangely differing an operation, though no less
+strange a thing is confess'd by many, that ascribe the Complexion of
+_Negroes_ to the Heat of the Sun, when they would have the River of
+_Cenega_ so to bound the _Moors_, that though on the North-side they are
+but Tawny, on the other side they are Black.
+
+  [10] Olearius Voyage de Mosco. et de Perse _liv_. 3.
+
+There is another Opinion concerning the Complexion of _Negroes_, that is
+not only embrac'd by many of the more Vulgar Writers, but likewise by that
+ingenious Traveller Mr. _Sandys_, and by a late most learned Critick,
+besides other men of Note, and these would have the Blackness of _Negroes_
+an effect of _Noah's_ Curse ratify'd by God's, upon _Cham_; But though I
+think that even a Naturalist may without disparagement believe all the
+Miracles attested by the Holy Scriptures, yet in this case to flye to a
+Supernatural Cause, will, I fear, look like Shifting off the Difficulty,
+instead of Resolving it; for we enquire not the First and Universal, but
+the Proper, Immediate, and Physical Cause of the Jetty Colour of _Negroes_;
+And not only we do not find expressed in the Scripture, that the Curse
+meant by _Noah_ to _Cham_, was the Blackness of his Posterity, but we do
+find plainly enough there that the Curse was quite another thing, namely
+that he should be a Servant of Servants, that is by an Ebraism, a very
+Abject Servant to his Brethren, which accordingly did in part come to pass,
+when the _Israelites_ of the posterity of _Sem_, subdued the _Canaanites_,
+that descended from _Cham_, and kept them in great Subjection. Nor is it
+evident that Blackness is a Curse, for Navigators tell us of Black Nations,
+who think so much otherwise of their own condition, that they paint the
+Devil White. Nor is Blackness inconsistent with Beauty, which even to our
+European Eyes consists not so much in Colour, as an Advantageous Stature, a
+Comely Symmetry of the parts of the Body, and Good Features in the Face. So
+that I see not why Blackness should be thought such a Curse to the
+_Negroes_, unless perhaps it be, that being wont to go Naked in those Hot
+Climates, the Colour of their Skin does probably, according to the Doctrine
+above deliver'd, make the Sun-beams more Scorching to them, than they would
+prove to a people of a White Complexion.
+
+Greater probability there is, That the Principal Cause (for I would not
+exclude all concurrent ones) of the Blackness of _Negroes_ is some Peculiar
+and Seminal Impression, for not onely we see that _Blackmore_ boyes brought
+over into these Colder Climates lose not their Colour; But good Authors
+inform us, That the Off-spring of _Negroes_ Transplanted out of _Africa_,
+above a hundred years ago, retain still the Complexion of their
+Progenitors, though possibly in Tract of time it will decay; As on the
+other side, the White people removing into very Hot Climates, have their
+Skins by the Heat of the Sun scorch'd into Dark Colours; yet neither they,
+nor their Children have been observ'd, even in the Countreys of _Negroes_,
+to descend to a Colour amounting to that of the Natives; whereas I remember
+I have Read in _Pisos_[11] excellent account of _Brasile_, that betwixt the
+_Americans_ and _Negroes_ are generated a distinct sort of Men, which they
+call _Cabocles_, and betwixt _Portugalls_ and _Æthiopian_ women, He tells
+us, he has sometimes seen Twins, whereof one had a White skin, the other a
+Black; not to mention here some other instances, he gives, that the
+productions of the mixtures of differing people, that is (indeed,) the
+effects of Seminal Impressions which they consequently argue to have been
+their Causes; and we shall not much scruple at this, if we consider, that
+even Organical parts may receive great Differences from such peculiar
+Impressions, upon what account soever they came to be setled in the first
+Individual persons, from whom they are Propogated to Posterity, as we see
+in the Blobber-Lips and Flat-Noses of most Nations of _Negroes_. And if we
+may Credit what Learned men deliver concerning the Little Feet of the
+_Chinesses_, the _Macrocephali_ taken notice of by _Hippocrates_, will not
+be the only Instance we might apply to our present purpose. And on this
+occasion it will not perchance be Impertinent to add something of what I
+have observ'd in other Animals, as that there is a sort of Hens that want
+Rumps; And that (not to mention that in several places there is a sort of
+Crows or Daws that are not Cole-black as ours, but partly of a Whitish
+Colour) in spight of _Porphyries_ examples of Inseparable Accidents, I have
+seen a perfectly White Raven, as to Bill as well as Feathers, which I
+attentively considered, for fear of being impos'd upon. And this recalls
+into my Memory, what a very Ingenious Physician has divers times related to
+me of a young Lady, to whom being call'd, he found that though she much
+complain'd of want of Health, yet there appear'd so little cause either in
+her Body, or her Condition to Guess that She did any more than fancy her
+self Sick, that scrupling to give her Physick, he perswaded her Friends
+rather to divert her Mind by little Journeys of Pleasure, in one of which
+going to Visit St. _Winifrids_ Well, this Lady, who was a _Catholick_, and
+devout in her Religion, and a pretty while in the Water to perform some
+Devotions, and had occasion to fix her Eyes very attentively upon the Red
+pipple-stones, which in a scatter'd order made up a good part of those that
+appear'd through the water, and a while after growing Bigg, she was
+deliver'd of a Child, whose White Skin was Copiously speckl'd with spots of
+the Colour and Bignesss of those Stones, and though now this Child have
+already liv'd several years, yet she still retains them. I have but two
+things to add concerning the Blackness of _Negroes_, the one is, that the
+Seat of that Colour seems to be but the thin _Epidermes_, or outward Skin,
+for I knew a young _Negroe_, who having been lightly Sick of the Small Pox
+or Measles, (for it was doubted which of the two was his Disease) I found
+by enquiry of a person that was concern'd for him, that in those places
+where the little Tumors had broke their passage through the Skin, when they
+were gone, they left Within specks behind them; And the lately commended
+_Piso_ assures us, that having the opportunity in _Brasil_ to Dissect many
+_Negroes_, he cleerly found that their Blackness went no deeper than the
+very outward Skin, which _Cuticula_ or _Epidermis_ being remov'd, the
+undermost Skin or _Cutis_ appear'd just as White as that of _Europæan_
+Bodyes. And the like has been affirmed to me by a Physician of our own,
+whom, hearing he had Dissectcd a _Negroe_ here in _England_, I consulted
+about this particular. The other thing to be here taken notice of
+concerning _Negroes_ is, That having enquir'd of an Intelligent
+acquaintance of mine (who keeps in the _Indies_ about 300. of them as well
+Women as Men to work in his Plantations,) whether their Children come Black
+into the world; he answer'd, That they did not, but were brought forth of
+almost the like Reddish Colour with our _European_ Children; and having
+further enquir'd, how long it was before these Infants appear'd Black, be
+reply'd, that 'twas not wont to be many daies. And agreeable to this
+account I find that, given us in a freshly publish'd French Book written by
+a _Jesuit_, that had good opportunity of Knowing the Truth of what he
+Delivers, for being one of the Missionaries of his Order into the Southern
+_America_ upon the Laudable Design of Converting Infidels to Christianity,
+he Baptiz'd several Infants, which when newly Born, were much of the same
+Colour with _European_ Babes, but within about a Week began to appear of
+the Hue of their Parents. But more Pregnant is the Testimony of our
+Countrey-man _Andrew Battel_, who being sent Prisoner by the _Portugalls_
+to _Angola_, liv'd there, and in the adjoyning Regions, partly as a
+Prisoner, partly as a Pilot, and partly as a Souldier, near 18. years, and
+he mentioning the _African_ Kingdom of _Longo_, peopl'd with Blacks, has
+this passage:[12] _The Children in this Countrey are Born White, and change
+their Colour in two dayes to a Perfect Black_. As for Example, _The_
+Portugalls _which dwell in the Kingdome of_ Longo _have sometimes Children
+by the_ Negroe_-women, and many times the Fathers are deceived, thinking,
+when the Child is Born, that it is theirs, and within two dayes it proves
+the Son or Daughter of a_ Negroe,_ which the_ Portugalls _greatly grieve
+at_; And the same person has elsewhere a Relation, which, if he have made
+no use at all of the liberty of a Traveller, is very well worth our Notice,
+since this, together with that we have formerly mention'd of Seminal
+Impressions, shews a possibility, that a Race of _Negroes_ might be begun,
+though none of the Sons of _Adam_, for many Precedent Generations were of
+that Complexion. For I see not why it should not be at least as possible,
+that White Parents may sometimes have Black Children, as that _African
+Negroes_ should sometimes have lastingly White ones, especially since
+concurrent causes may easily more befriend the Productions of the Former
+kind, than under the scorching Heat of _Africa_ those of the Latter. And I
+remember on the occasion of what he delivers, that of the White Raven
+formerly mention'd, the Possessor affirm'd to me, that in the Nest out of
+which he was taken White, they found with him but one other Young one, and
+that he was of as Jetty a Black as any common Raven. But let us hear our
+Author himself[13]; _Here are_ (sayes he, speaking of the formerly
+mention'd Regions) _Born in this Countrey White Children, which is very
+rare among them, for their Parents are_ Negroes; _And when any of them are
+Born, they are presented to the King, and are call'd_ Dondos; _these are as
+White as any White Men. These are the Kings Witches, and are brought up in
+Witchcraft, and alwayes wait on the King: There is no man that dare meddle
+with these_ Dondos, _if they go to the Market they may take what they lift,
+for all Men stand in awe of them. The King of_ Longo _hath four of them_.
+And yet this Countrey in our Globes is plac'd almost in the midst of the
+Torrid Zone (four or five Degrees Southward of the Line.) And our Author
+elsewhere tells us of the Inhabitants, that they are so fond of their
+Blackness, that they will not suffer any that is not of that Colour (as the
+_Portugalls_ that come to Trade thither) to be so much as Buri'd in their
+Land, of which he annexes a particular example,[14] that may be seen in his
+Voyage preserv'd by our Industrious Countreyman Mr. _Purchas_. But it is
+high time for me to dismiss Observations, and go on with Experiments.
+
+  [11] _Piso_ Nat. & Med. Hist. _Brasil. lib_ 1. in fine.
+
+  [12] _Purchas_ Pilgrim. Second part, Seventh Book 3. Chap. Sect 5.
+
+  [13] _Purchas_. Ibid.
+
+  [14] _Purchas_ Ibid. in fin
+
+_EXPERIMENT XII._
+
+The way, _Pyrophilus,_ of producing Whiteness by Chymical Præcipitations is
+very well worth our observing, for thereby Bodyes of very Differing Colours
+as well as Natures, though dissolv'd in Several Liquors, are all brought
+into _Calces_ or Powders that are White. Thus we find that not only
+Crabs-eyes, that are of themselves White, and Pearls that are almost so,
+but _Coral_ and _Minium_ that are Red, being dissolv'd in Spirit of
+Vinegar, may be uniformly Præcipitated by Oyl of _Tartar_ into White
+Powders. Thus Silver and Tin separately dissolv'd in _Aqua Fortis_, will
+the one Præcipitate it self, and the other be Præcipitated by common
+Salt-water into a White _Calx_, and so will Crude Lead and Quicksilver
+first dissolv'd likewise in _Aqua Fortis_. The like _Calx_ will be afforded
+as I have try'd by a Solution of that shining Mineral Tinglass dissolv'd in
+_Aqua Fortis_, and Præcipitated out of it; and divers of these _Calces_ may
+be made at least as Fair and White, if not better Colour'd, if instead of
+Oyl of _Tartar_ they were Præcipitated with Oyl of _Vitriol_, or with
+another Liquor I could Name. Nay, that Black Mineral _Antimony_ it self,
+being reduc'd by and with the Salts that concurr to the Composition of
+common Sublimate, into that Cleer though Unctuous Liquor that Chymists
+commonly call Rectifi'd Butter of _Antimony_, will by the bare affusion of
+store of Fair Water be struck down into that Snow-white Powder, which when
+the adhering Saltness is well wash'd off, Chymists are pleas'd to call
+_Mercurius Vitæ_, though the like Powder may be made of _Antimony_, without
+the addition of any _Mercury_ at all. And this Lactescence if I may so call
+it, does also commonly ensue when Spirit of Wine, being Impregnated with
+those parts of Gums or other Vegetable Concretions, that are suppos'd to
+abound with Sulphureous Corpuscles, fair Water is suddenly pour'd upon the
+Tincture or Solution. And I remember that very lately I did, for Tryal
+sake, on a Tincture of _Benjamin_ drawn with Spirit of Wine, and brought to
+be as Red as Blood, pour some fair Water, which presently mingling with the
+Liquor, immediately turn'd the whole Mixture White. But if such Seeming
+Milks be suffer'd to stand unstirr'd for a convenient while, they are wont
+to let fall to the bottome a Resinous Substance, which the Spirit of Wine
+Diluted and Weakned by the Water pour'd into it was unable to support any
+longer. And something of Kin to this change of Colour in Vegetables is
+that, which Chymists are wont to observe upon the pouring of Acid Spirits
+upon the Red Solution of _Sulphur_, dissolv'd in an Infusion of Pot-ashes,
+or in some other sharp _Lixivium_, the Præcipitated _Sulphur_ before it
+subsides, immediately turning the Red Liquor into a White one. And other
+Examples might be added of this way of producing Whiteness in Bodyes by
+Præcipitating them out of the Liquors wherein they have been Dissolv'd; but
+I think it may be more usefull to admonish you, _Pyrophilus_, that this
+observation admits of Restrictions, and is not so Universal, as by this
+time perhaps you have begun to think it; For though most Præcipitated
+Bodyes are White, yet I know some that are not; For Gold Dissolv'd in _Aqua
+Regis_, whether you Præcipitate it with Oyl of _Tartar_, or with Spirit of
+_Sal Armoniack_, will not afford a White but a Yellow _Calx_. _Mercury_
+also though reduc'd into Sublimate, and Præcipitated with Liquors abounding
+with Volatile Salts, as the Spirits drawn from Urine, Harts-horn, and other
+Animal substances, yet will afford, as we Noted in our first Experiment
+about Whiteness and Blackness, a White Præcipitate, yet with some Solutions
+hereafter to be mentioned, it will let fall an Orange-Tawny Powder. And so
+will Crude _Antimony_, if, being dissolv'd in a strong Lye, you pour (as
+farr as I remember) any Acid Liquor upon the Solution newly Filtrated,
+whilst it is yet Warm. And if upon the Filtrated Solution of _Vitriol_, you
+pour a Solution of one of these fix'd Salts, there will subside a Copious
+substance, very farr from having any Whiteness, which the Chymists are
+pleas'd to call, how properly I have elsewhere examin'd, the _Sulphur of
+Vitriol_. So that most part of Dissolv'd Bodyes being by Præcipitation
+brought to White Powders, and yet some affording Præcipitates of other
+Colours, the reason of both the Phænomena may deserve to be enquir'd into.
+
+
+_EXPERIMENT XIII._
+
+Some Learned Modern Writers[15] are of Opinion, that the Account upon which
+Whiteness and Blackness ought to be call'd, as they commonly are, the two
+Extreme Colours, is, That Blackness (by which I presume is meant the Bodyes
+endow'd with it) receives no other Colours; but Whiteness very easily
+receives them all; whence some of them compare Whiteness to the
+_Aristotelian Materia prima_, that being capable of any sort of Forms, as
+they suppose White Bodyes to be of every kind of Colour. But not to Dispute
+about Names or Expressions, the thing it self that is affirm'd as Matter of
+Fact, seems to be True enough in most Cases, not in all, or so, as to hold
+Universally. For though it be a common observation among Dyers, That
+Clothes, which have once been throughly imbu'd with Black, cannot so well
+afterwards be Dy'd into Lighter Colours, the præexistent Dark Colour
+infecting the Ingredients, that carry the Lighter Colour to be introduc'd,
+and making it degenerate into Some more Sad one; Yet the Experiments lately
+mention'd may shew us, that where the change of Colour in Black Bodies is
+attempted, not by mingling Bodyes of Lighter Colours with them, but by
+Addition of such things as are proper to alter the Texture of those
+Corpuscles that contain the Black Colour, 'tis no such difficult matter, as
+the lately mention'd Learned Men imagine, to alter the Colour of Black
+Bodyes. For we saw that Inks of several Kinds might in a trice be depriv'd
+of all their Blackness; and those made with Logwood and Red-Roses might
+also be chang'd, the one into a Red, the other into a Reddish Liquor; and
+with Oyl of _Vitriol_ I have sometimes turn'd Black pieces of Silk into a
+kind of Yellow, and though the Taffaty were thereby made Rotten, yet the
+spoyling of that does no way prejudice the Experiment, the change of Black
+Silk into Yellow, being never the less True, because the Yellow Silk is the
+less good. And as for Whiteness, I think the general affirmation of its
+being so easily Destroy'd or Transmuted by any other Colour, ought not to
+be receiv'd without some Cautions and Restrictions. For whereas, according
+to what I formerly Noted, Lead is by Calcination turned into that Red
+Powder we call _Minium_; And Tin by Calcination reduc'd to a White _Calx_,
+the common Putty that is sold and us'd so much in Shops, instead of being,
+as it is pretended and ought to be, only the _Calx_ of Tin, is, by the
+Artificers that make it, to save the charge of Tin, made, (as some, of
+themselves have confess'd, and as I long suspected by the Cheap rate it may
+be bought for) but of half Tin and half Lead, if not far more Lead than
+Tin, and yet the Putty in spight of so much Lead is a very White Powder,
+without disclosing any mixture of _Minium_. And so if you take two parts of
+Copper, which is a High-colour'd Metall, to but one of Tin, you may by
+Fusion bring them into one Mass, wherein the Whiteness of the Tin is much
+more Conspicuous and Predominant than the Reddishness of the Copper. And on
+this occasion it may not be Impertinent to mention an Experiment, which I
+relate upon the Credit of a very Honest man, whom I purposely enquir'd of
+about it, being my self not very fond of making Tryals with _Arsenick_, the
+Experiment is this, That if you Colliquate _Arsenick_ and Copper in a due
+proportion, the _Arsenick_ will Blanch the Copper both within and without,
+which is an Experiment well enough Known; but when I enquir'd, whether or
+no this White mixture being skilfully kept a while upon the Cupel would not
+let go its _Arsenick_, which made Whiteness its prædominant Colour, and
+return to the Reddishness of Copper, I was assur'd of the Affirmative; so
+that among Mineral Bodyes, some of those that are White, may be far more
+capable, than those I am reasoning with seem to have known, of Eclipsing
+others, and of making their Colour Prædominant in Mixtures. In further
+Confirmation of which may be added, that I remember that I also took a lump
+of Silver and Gold melted together, wherein by the Æstimate of a very
+Experienced Refiner, there might be about a fourth or third part of Gold,
+and yet the Yellow Colour of the Gold was so hid by the White of the
+Silver, that the whole Mass appear'd to be but Silver, and when it was
+rubb'd upon the Touchstone, an ordinary beholder could scarce have
+distinguish'd it from the Touch of common Silver; though if I put a little
+_Aqua Fortis_ upon any part of the White Surface it had given the
+Touchstone, the Silver in the moistned part being immediately taken up and
+conceal'd by the Liquor, the Golden Particles would presently disclose that
+native Yellow, and look rather as if Gold, than if the above mention'd
+mixture, had been rubb'd upon the Stone.
+
+  [15] See _Scaliger_ Exercit. 325. Sect. 9.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XIV._
+
+I took a piece of Black-horn, (polish'd as being part of a Comb) this with
+a piece of broken glass I scrap'd into many thin and curdled flakes, some
+shorter and some longer, and having laid a pretty Quantity of these
+scrapings together, I found, as I look'd for, that the heap they compos'd
+was White, and though, if I laid it upon a clean piece of White Paper, its
+Colour seem'd somewhat Eclips'd by the greater Whiteness of the Body it was
+compar'd with, looking somewhat like Linnen that had been sulli'd by a
+little wearing, yet if I laid it upon a very Black Body, as upon a Beaver
+Hatt, it then appear'd to be of a good White, which Experiment, that you
+may in a trice make when you please, seems very much to Disfavour both
+their Doctrine that would have Colours to flow from the Substantial Forms
+of Bodyes, and that of the Chymists also, who ascribe them to one or other
+of their three Hypostatical Principles; for though in our Case there was so
+great a Change made, that the same Body without being substantially either
+Increas'd or Lessened, passes immediately from one extreme Colour to
+another (and that too from Black to White) yet this so great and sudden
+change is effected by a slight Mechanical Transposition of parts, there
+being no Salt or _Sulphur_ or _Mercury_ that can be pretended to be Added
+or Taken away, nor yet any substantial Form that can reasonably be suppos'd
+to be Generated and Destroy'd, the Effect proceeding only from a Local
+Motion of the parts which so vary'd their Position as to multiply their
+distinct Surfaces, and to Qualifie them to Reflect far more Light to the
+Eye, than they could before they were scrap'd off from the entire piece of
+Black horn.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XV._
+
+And now, _Pyrophilus_, it will not be improper for us to take some notice
+of an Opinion touching the cause of Blackness, which I judged it not so
+seasonable to Question, till I I had set down some of the Experiments, that
+might justifie my dissent from it. You know that of late divers Learned
+Men, having adopted the three Hypostatical Principles, besides other
+Notions of the Chymists, are very inclinable to reduce all Qualities of
+Bodies to one or other of those three Principles, and Particularly assign
+for the cause of Blackness the Sootie steam of _adust_ or _torrifi'd
+Sulphur_. But I hope that what we have deliver'd above to countenance the
+Opinion we have propos'd about the Cause of Blackness, will so easily
+supply you with several Particulars that may be made use of against this
+Opinion, that I shall now represent to You but two things concerning it.
+
+
+And First it seems that the favourers of the Chymicall Theories might have
+pitcht upon some more proper term, to express the Efficient of Blackness
+than _Sulphur adust_; for we know that _common Sulphur_, not only when
+Melted, but even when Sublim'd, does not grow Black by suffering the Action
+of the fire, but continues and ascends Yellow, and rather more than less
+White, than it was before its being expos'd to the fire. And if it be set
+on fire, as when we make that acid Liquor, that Chymists call _Oleum
+Sulphuris per campanam_, it affords very little Soot, and indeed the flame
+yeelds so little, that it will scarce in any degree Black a sheet of White
+Paper, held a pretty while over the flame and smoak of it, which is
+observed rather to Whiten than Infect linnen, and which does plainly make
+Red Roses grow very Pale, but not at all Black, as far as the Smoak is
+permitted to reach the leaves. And I can shew you of a sort of fixt Sulphur
+made by an Industrious Laborant of your acquaintance, who assur'd me that
+he was wont to keep it for divers weeks together night and day in a naked
+and Violent fire, almost like that of the Glass-house, and when, to
+satisfie my Curiosity, I made him take out a lump of it, though it were
+glowing hot (and yet not melted,) it did not, when I had suffered it to
+cool, appear Black, the true Colour of it being a true Red. I know it may
+be said, that _Chymists_ in the Opinion above recited mean the _Principle
+of Sulphur_, and not _common Sulphur_ which receives its name, not from its
+being _all_ perfectly of a Sulphureous Nature, but for that _plenty_ and
+_Predominancy_ of the Sulphureous Principle in it. But allowing this, 'tis
+easie to reply, that still according to this very Reason, torrifi'd Sulphur
+should afford more Blackness, than most other concretes, wherein that
+Principle is confess'd to be far less copious. Also when I have expos'd
+Camphire to the fire in Close Vessels, as Inflamable, and consequenly
+(according to the Chymists) as Sulphureous a Body as it is, I could not by
+such a degree of Heat, as brought it to Fusion, and made it Boyl in the
+glass, impress any thing of Blackness, or of any other Colour, than its own
+pure White, upon this Vegetable concrete. But what shall we say to Spirit
+of Wine, which being made by a Chymical Analysis of the Liquor that affords
+it, and being totally Inflamable, seems to have a full right to the title
+they give it of _Sulphur Vegetabile_, & yet this fluid Sulphur not only
+contracts not any degree of Blackness by being often so heated, as to be
+made to Boyl, but when it burns away with an Actual flame, I have not found
+that it would discolour a piece of White Paper held over it, with any
+discernable soot. Tin also, that wants not, according to the Chymists, a
+_Sulphur Joviale_, when throughly burned by the fire into a _Calx_, is not
+Black, but eminently White. And I lately noted to you out of _Bellonius_,
+that the Charcoals of Oxy-cedar are not of the former of these two Colours,
+but of the latter. And the Smoak of our Tinby coals here in _England_, has
+been usually observ'd, rather to Blanch linnen then to Black it. To all
+which, other Particulars of the like nature might be added, but I rather
+choose to put you in mind of the third Experiment, about making Black
+Liquors, or Inks, of Bodies that were non of them Black before. For how can
+it be said, that when those Liquors are put together actually Cold, and
+continue so after their mixture, there intervenes any new _Adustion of
+Sulphur_ to produce the emergent Blackness? (and the same question will be
+appliable to the Blackness produc'd upon the blade of a Knife, that has cut
+Lemmons and some kind of Sowr apples, if the juyce (though both Actually
+and Potentially Cold) be not quickly wip'd of) And when by the instilling
+either of a few drops of Oyl of Vitriol as in the second Experiment, or of
+a little of the Liquor mention'd in the Passage pointed at in the fourth
+Experiment, (where I teach at once to Destroy one black Ink, and make
+another) the Blackness produc'd by those Experiments is presently
+destroy'd; if the Colour proceeded only from the Plenty of Sulphurous
+parts, torrify'd in the Black Bodies, I demand, what becomes of them, when
+the Colour so suddenly dissappears? For it cannot Reasonably be said, that
+all those that suffic'd to make so great a quantity of Black Matter, should
+resort to so very small a proportion of the Clarifying Liquor, (if I may so
+call it) as to be deluted by it, with out at all Denigrating it. And if it
+be said that the Instill'd Liquor dispers'd those Black Corpuscles, I
+demand, how that Dispersion comes to destroy their Blackness, but by making
+such a Local Motion of their parts, as destroys their former Texture? which
+may be a Matter of such moment in cases like ours, that I remember that I
+have in few houres, without addition, from Soot it self, attain'd pretty
+store of Crystalline Salt, and good store of Transparent Liquor, and (which
+I have on another occasion noted as remarkable) this so Black Substance had
+its Colour so alter'd, by the change of Texture it receiv'd from the fire,
+wherewith it was distill'd, that it did for a great while afford such
+plenty of very white Exhalations, that the Receiver, though large, seem'd
+to be almost fill'd with Milk.
+
+Secondly, But were it granted, as it is in some cases not Improbable, that
+divers Bodies may receive a Blackness from a Sootie Exhalation, occasion'd
+by the Adustion of their Sulphur, which (for the Reasons lately mention'd I
+should rather call their Oyly parts;) yet still this account is applicable
+but to some Particular Bodies, and will afford us no General Theory of
+Blackness. For if, for example, White Harts-horn, being, in Vessels well
+luted to each other, expos'd to the fire, be said to turn Black by the
+Infection of its own Smoak, I think I may justly demand, what it is that
+makes the Smoak or Soot it self Black, since no Such Colour, but its
+contrary, appear'd before in the Harts-horn? And with the same Reason, when
+we are told, that torrify'd Sulphur makes bodies Black, I desire to be told
+also, why Torrefaction makes Sulphur it self Black? nor will there be any
+Satisfactory Reason assign'd of these Quæries, without taking in those
+Fertile as well as intelligible Mechanical Principles of the Position and
+Texture of the Minute parts of the body in reference to the Light and the
+Eye; and these applicable Principles may Serve the turn in many cases,
+where the Adustion of Sulphur cannot be pretended; as in the appearing
+Blackness of an Open window, lookt upon at a somewhat remote distance from
+the house, as also in the Blackness Men think they see in the Holes that
+happen to be in White linnen, or Paper of the like Colour; and in the
+Increasing Blackness immediatly Produc'd barely by so rubbing Velvet, whose
+Piles were Inclin'd before, as to reduce them to a more Erected posture, in
+which and in many other cases formerly alleg'd, there appears nothing
+requisite to the Production of _the_ Blackness, but the hindering of the
+incident Beams of Light from rebounding plentifully enough to the Eye. To
+be short, those I reason with, do concerning Blackness, what the Chymists
+are wont also to do concerning other Qualities, namely to content
+themselves to tell us, in what Ingredient of a Mixt Body, the Quality
+enquir'd after, does reside, instead of explicating the Nature of it, which
+(to borrow a comparison from their own Laboratories) is much as if in an
+enquiry after the cause of Salivation, they should think it enough to tell
+us, that the several Kinds of Præcipitates of Gold and _Mercury_) as
+likewise of Quick-silver and Silver (for I know that make and use of such
+Precipitates also) do Salivate upon the account of the _Mercury_, which
+though Disguis'd abounds in them, whereas the Difficulty is as much to know
+upon what account _Mercury_ it self, rather than other Bodies, has that
+power of working by Salivation. Which I say not, as though it were not
+_something_ (and too often the most we can arrive at) to discover in which
+of the Ingredients of a Compounded Body, the Quality, whose Nature is
+sought, resides, but because, though this Discovery it self may pass for
+_something_, and is oftentimes more than what is taught us about the same
+subjects in the Schools, yet we ought not to think it _enough_, when more
+Clear and Particular accounts are to be had.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       THE
+               Experimental History
+                       OF
+                     COLOURS
+                      Begun.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 The Third PART.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                   Containing
+              Promiscuous Experiments
+                      About
+                     COLOURS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+EXPERIMENT I.
+
+Because that, according to the Conjectures I have above propos'd, one of
+the most General Causes of the Diversity of Colours in Opacous Bodyes, is,
+that some reflect the Light mingl'd with more, others with less of Shade
+(either as to Quantity, or as to Interruption) I hold it not unfit to
+mention in the first place, the Experiments that I thought upon to examine
+this Conjecture. And though coming to transcribe them out of some
+Physiological _Adversaria_ I had written in loose Papers, I cannot find one
+of the chief Records I had of my Tryals of this Nature, yet the Papers that
+scap'd miscarrying, will, I presume, suffice to manifest the main thing for
+which I now allege them; I find then Among my _Adversaria_, the following
+Narrative.
+
+_October_ the 11. About ten in the Morning in Sun-shiny Weather, (but not
+without fleeting Clouds) we took several sorts of Paper Stain'd, some of
+one Colour, and some of another; and in a Darken'd Room whose Window look'd
+Southward, we cast the Beams that came in at a hole about three Inches and
+a half in Diameter, upon a White wall that was plac'd on one side, about
+five foot distance from them.
+
+The White gave much the Brightest Reflection.
+
+The Green, Red, and Blew being Compar'd together, the Red gave much the
+strongest Reflection, and manifestly enough also threw its _Colour_ upon
+the Wall; The Green and Blew were scarce Discernable by their Colours, and
+seem'd to reflect an almost Equal Light.
+
+The Yellow Compar'd with the two last nam'd, Reflected somewhat more Light.
+
+The Red and Purple being Compar'd together, the former manifestly Reflected
+a good deal more Light.
+
+The Blew and Purple Compar'd together, the former seem'd to Reflect a
+little more Light, though the Purple Colour were more manifestly seen.
+
+A Sheet of very well fleck'd Marbl'd Paper being Apply'd as the others, did
+not cast any or its Distinct Colours upon the Wall; nor throw its Light
+upon it with an Equal Diffusion, but threw the Beams Unstain'd and Bright
+to this and that part of the Wall, as if it's Polish had given it the
+Nature of a specular Body. But comparing it with a sheet of White Paper, we
+found the Reflection of the latter to be much Stronger, it diffusing almost
+as much Light to a _good Extent_ as the Marble Paper did to _one part_ of
+the Wall.
+
+The Green and Purple left us somewhat in suspence which Reflected the most
+Light; only the Purple seem'd to have some little Advantage over the Green,
+which was Dark in its kind.
+
+Thus much I find in our above mention'd _Collections_, among which there
+are also some Notes concerning the Production of _Compounded Colours_, _by
+Reflection_ from Bodyes differingly Colour'd. And these Notes we intended
+should supply us with what we should mention as our second Experiment: but
+having lost the Paper that contain'd the Particulars, and remembring onely
+in General, that if the Objects which Reflected the Light were not Strongly
+Colour'd and somewhat Glossy, the Reflected Beams would not manifestly make
+a Compounded Colour upon the Wall, and even then but very Faintly, we shall
+now say no more of that Matter, only reserving our selves to mention
+hereafter the Composition of a Green, which we still retain in Memory.
+
+_EXPERIMENT II._
+
+We may add, _Pyrophilus_, on this Occasion, that though a Darken'd Room be
+Generally thought requisite to make the Colour of a Body appear by
+Reflection from another Body, that is not one of those that are commonly
+agreed upon to be Specular (as Polish'd Metall, Quick silver, Glass, Water,
+&c.) Yet I have often observ'd that when I wore Doublets Lin'd with some
+silken Stuff that was very Glossy and Vividly Colour'd, especially Red, I
+could in an Inlightned Room plainly enough Discern the Colour, upon the
+Pure White Linnen that came out at my Sleeve and reach'd to my Cufs; as if
+that Fine White Body were more Specular, than Colour'd and Unpolish'd
+Bodyes are thought Capable of being.
+
+_EXPERIMENT III._
+
+Whilst we were making the newly mention'd Experiments, we thought fit to
+try also what Composition of Colours might be made by Altering the Light in
+its Passage to the Eye by the Interposition not of Perfectly Diaphanous
+Bodies, (that having been already try'd by others as well as by us (as we
+shall soon have occasion to take notice) but of Semi-opacous Bodyes, and
+those such as look'd upon in an ordinary Light, and not held betwixt it and
+the Eye, are not wont to be Discriminated from the rest of Opacous Bodyes;
+of this Tryal, our mention'd _Adversaria_ present us the following Account.
+
+Holding these Sheets, sometimes one sometimes the other of them, before the
+Hole betwixt the Sun and the Eye, with the Colour'd sides obverted to the
+Sun; we found them _single_ to be somewhat Transparent, and appear of the
+same Colour as before, onely a little alter'd by the great Light they were
+plac'd in; but laying _two_ of them one over another and applying them so
+to the Hole, the Colours were compounded as follows.
+
+The Blew and Yellow scarce exhibited any thing but a Darker Yellow, which
+we ascrib'd to the Coarseness of the Blew Papers, and its Darkness in its
+Kind. For applying the Blew parts of the Marbl'd Paper with the Yellow
+Paper after the same manner, they exhibited a good Green.
+
+The Yellow and Red look'd upon together gave us but a Dark Red, somewhat
+(and but a little,) inclining to an Orange Colour.
+
+The Purple and Red look'd on together appear'd more Scarlet.
+
+The Purple and Yellow made an Orange.
+
+The Green and Red made a Dark Orange Tawny.
+
+The Green and Purple made the Purple appear more Dirty.
+
+The Blew and Purple made the Purple more Lovely, and far more Deep.
+
+The Red parts of the Marbl'd Paper look'd upon with the Yellow appear'd of
+a Red far more like Scarlet than without it.
+
+                                                                [Page 191]
+But the Fineness or Coarseness of the Papers, their being carefully or
+slightly Colour'd, and divers other Circumstances, may so vary the Events
+of such Experiments as these, that if, _Pyrophilus_, you would Build much
+on them, you must carefully Repeat them.
+
+_EXPERIMENT IV._
+
+The Triangular Prismatical Glass being the Instrument upon whose Effects we
+may the most Commodiously speculate the Nature of Emphatical Colours, (and
+perhaps that of Others too;) we thought it might be usefull to observe the
+several Reflections and Refractions which the Incident Beams of Light
+suffer in Rebounding from it, and Passing through it. And this we thought
+might be Best done, not (as is usual,) in an ordinary Inlightn'd Room,
+where (by reason of the Difficulty of doing otherwise) ev'n the Curious
+have left Particulars Unheeded, which may in a convenient place be easily
+taken notice of; but in a Darken'd Room, where by placing the Glass in a
+convenient Posture, the Various Reflections and Refractions may be
+Distinctly observ'd; and where it may appear _what_ Beams are Unting'd; and
+_which_ they are, that upon the Bodyes that terminate them, do Paint either
+the Primary or Secondary Iris. In pursuance of this we did in the above
+mention'd Darken'd Room, make observation of no less than four Reflections,
+and three Refractions that were afforded us by the same Prism, and thought
+that notwithstanding what was taught us by the Rules of Catoptricks and
+Dioptricks, it would not be amiss to find also, by hiding sometimes one
+part of the Prism, and sometimes another, and observing where the Light or
+Colour Vanish'd thereupon, by which Reflection and by which Refraction each
+of the several places whereon the Light rebounding from, or passing
+through, the Prism appear'd either Sincere or Tincted, was produc'd. But
+because it would be Tedious and not so Intelligible to deliver this in
+Words, I have thought fit to Referr You to the Annexed Scheme where the
+Newly mention'd particulars may be at one View taken Notice of.
+
+_EXPERIMENT V._
+
+[Illustration: _The Explication of the Scheme._]
+
+_PPP_. An Aequilaterotriangular Crystalline Prism, one of whose edges _P_.
+is placed directly towards the Sun.
+
+_A B_ & [alpha] [beta] Two rays from the Sun falling on the Prism at _B_
+[beta]. and thence partly reflected towards _C_ & [gamma]. and partly
+refracted towards _D_ & [delta].
+
+_B C_ & [beta] [gamma]. Those reflected Rays.
+
+_B D_ & [beta] [delta]. Those refracted Rays which are partly refracted
+towards _E_ & [epsilon]. and there paint an Iris 1 2 3 4 5. denoting the
+five consecutions of colours Red, Yellow, Green, Blew, and Purple; and are
+partly reflected towards _F_ & [zeta].
+
+_D F_ & [delta] [zeta]. Those Reflected Rays which are partly refracted
+towards _G_ & [eta]. colourless, and partly reflected, towards _H_ &
+[theta].
+
+_F H_ & [zeta] [theta]. Those reflected Rays which are refracted towards
+_I_ & [iota]. and there paint an other fainter Iris, the colours of which
+are contrary to the former 5 4 3 2 1. signifying Purple, Blew, Green,
+Yellow, Red, so that the Prism in this posture exhibits four Rainbows.
+
+I know not whether you will think it Inconsiderable to annex to this
+Experiment, That we observ'd in a Room not Darken'd, that the Prismatical
+Iris (if I may so call it) might be Reflected without losing any of its
+several _Colours_ (for we now consider not their _Order_) not onely from a
+plain Looking-glass and from the calm Surface of Fair Water, but also from
+a Concave Looking-glass; and that Refraction did as little Destroy those
+Colours as Reflection. For by the help of a large (double Convex)
+Burning-glass through which we Refracted the Suns Beams, we found that one
+part of the Iris might be made to appear either beyond, or on this side of
+the other Parts of the same Iris; but yet the same Vivid Colours would
+appear in the Displac'd part (if I may so term it) as in the other. To
+which I shall add, that having, by hiding the side of the Prism, obverted
+to the Sun with an Opacous Body, wherein only one small hole was left for
+the Light to pass through, reduc'd the Prismatical Iris (cast upon White
+Paper) into a very narrow compass, and look'd upon it througn a Microscope;
+the Colours appear'd the same as to kind that they did to the naked Eye.
+
+_EXPERIMENT VI._
+
+It may afford matter of Speculation to the Inquisitive, such as you,
+_Prophilus_, that as the Colours of outward Objects brought into a Darken'd
+Room, do so much depend for their Visibility upon the Dimness of the Light
+they are there beheld by; that the ordinary Light of the day being freely
+let in upon them, they immediately disappear: so our Tryals have inform'd
+us, that as to the Prismatical Iris painted on the Floor by the beams of
+the Sun Trajected through a Triangular-glass; though the Colours of it
+appear very Vivid ev'n at Noon-day, and in Sun shiny Weather, yet by a more
+Powerfull Light they may be made to disappear. For having sometimes, (in
+prosecution of some Conjectures of mine not now to be Insisted on,) taken a
+large Metalline Concave _Speculum_, and with it cast the converging Beams
+of the Sun upon a Prismatical Iris which I had caus'd to be projected upon
+the Floor, I found that the over-powerfull Light made the Colours of the
+Iris disappear. And if I so Reflected the Light as that it cross'd but the
+middle of the Iris, in that part only the Colours vanish'd or were made
+Invisible; those parts of the Iris that were on the right and left hand of
+the Reflected Light (which seem'd to divide them, and cut the Iris asunder)
+continuing to exhibit the same Colours as before. But upon this we must not
+now stay to Speculate.
+
+_EXPERIMENT VII._
+
+I have sometimes thought it worth while to take notice, whether or no the
+Colours of Opacous Bodies might not appear to the Eye somewhat Diversify'd,
+not only by the Disposition of the Superficial parts of the Bodyes
+themselves and by the Position of the Eye in Reference to the Object and
+the Light, (for these things are Notorious enough;) but according also to
+the Nature of the Lucid Body that shines upon them. And I remember that in
+Prosecution of this Curiosity, I observ'd a manifest Difference in some
+Kinds of Colour'd Bodyes look'd on by Day-light, and afterwards by the
+light of the Moon; either directly falling on them or Reflected upon them
+from a Concave Looking-glass. But not finding at present in my Collections
+about Colours any thing set down of this Kind, I shall, till I have
+opportunity to repeat them, content my self to add what I find Register'd
+concerning Colours look'd on by Candle-light, in regard that not only the
+Experiment is more easie to be repeated, but the Objects being the Same
+Sorts of Colour'd Paper lastly mention'd, the Collation of the two
+Experiments may help to make the Conjectures they will suggest somewhat the
+less uncertain.
+
+Within a few dayes of the time above mention'd, divers Sheets of Colour'd
+Paper that had been look'd upon before in the Sunshine were look'd upon at
+night by the light of a pretty big Candle, (snuff'd) and the Changes that
+were observ'd were these.
+
+The Yellow seem'd much fainter than in the Day, and inclinable to a pale
+Straw Colour.
+
+The Red seem'd little Chang'd; but seem'd to Reflect Light more strongly
+than any other Colour (for White was none of them.)
+
+A fair Deep Green look'd upon by it self seem'd to be a Dark Blew: But
+being look'd upon together with a Dark Blew, appear'd Greenish; and beheld
+together with a Yellow appear'd more Blew than at first.
+
+The Blew look'd more like a Deep Purple or Murray than it had done in the
+Daylight.
+
+The Purple seem'd very little alter'd.
+
+The Red look'd upon with the Yellow made the Yellow look almost like Brown
+Cap-paper.
+
+_N_. The Caution Subjoyned to the third Experiments is also Applicable to
+this.
+
+_EXPERIMENT VIII._
+
+But here I must not omit to subjoyn, that to satisfie our Selves, whether
+or no the Light of a Candle were not made unsincere, and as it were Ting'd
+with a Yellow Colour by the Admixtion of the Corpuscles it assumes from its
+Fuel; we did not content our selves with what appears to the Naked Eye, but
+taking a pretty thick Rod or Cylinder (for thin Peeces would not serve the
+turn) of deep Blew Glass, and looking upon the Candles flame at a
+Convenient distance througn it, we perceiv'd as we expected, the Flame to
+look Green; which as we often note, is the Colour wont to emerge from the
+Composition of Opacous Bodies, which were apart one of them Blew, and the
+other Yellow. And this perchance may be the main Reason of that which some
+observe, that a sheet of very White Paper being look'd upon by Candle
+light, 'tis not easie at first to discern it from a light Yellow or Lemon
+Colour; White Bodyes (as we have elsewhere observ'd) having more than those
+that are otherwise Colour'd, of a Specular Nature; in regard that though
+they exhibit not, (unless they be Polish'd,) the shape of the Luminary that
+shines on them, yet they Reflect its Light more Sincere and Untroubl'd, by
+either Shades or Refractions, than Bodyes of other Colours (as Blew, or
+Green, or Yellow or the like.)
+
+_EXPERIMENT IX._
+
+We took a Leaf of Such Foliated Gold as Apothecaries are wont to Gild their
+Pills with; and with the Edge of a Knife, (lightly moysten'd by drawing it
+over the Surface of the Tongue, and afterwards) laid upon the edge of the
+Gold Leaf; we so fasten'd it to the Knife, that being held against the
+light, it conctinu'd extended like a little Flagg. This Leaf being held
+very near the Eye, and obverted to the Light, appear'd so full of Pores,
+that it seem'd to have such a kind of Transparency as that of a Sive, or a
+piece of Cyprus, or a Love-Hood; but the Light that pass'd by these Pores
+was in its Passages So Temper'd with Shadow, and Modify'd, that the Eye
+discern'd no more a Golden Colour, but a Greenish Blew. And for other's
+satisfaction, we did in the Night look upon a Candle through such a Leaf of
+Gold; and by trying the Effect of Several Proportions of Distance betwixt
+the Leaf, the Eye and the Light, we quickly hit upon such a Position for
+the Leaf of Gold, as that the flame, look'd on through it, appear'd of a
+Greenish Blew, as we have seen in the Day time. The like Experiment try'd
+with a Leaf of Silver succeeded not well.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_EXPERIMENT X._
+
+We have sometimes found in the Shops of our Druggists, a certain Wood,
+which is there called _Lignum Nephriticum_, because the Inhabitants of the
+Country where it grows, are wont to use the Infusion of it made in fair
+Water against the Stone of the Kidneys, and indeed an Eminent Physician of
+our Acquaintance, who has very Particularly enquir'd into that Disease,
+assures me, that he has found such an Infusion one of the most effectual
+Remedyes, which he has ever tried against that formidable Disease. The
+ancientest Account I have met with of this Simple, is given us by the
+Experienc'd _Monardes_ in these Words. _Nobis,_ says he,[16] _Nova Hispania
+mittit quoddam ligni genus crassum & enode, cujus usus jam diu receptus
+fuit in his Regionibus ad Renum vitia & urinæ difficultates ac arenulas
+pellendas. Fit autem hac ratione, Lignum assulatim & minutim concisum in
+limpidissima aqua fontana maceratur, inque ea relinquitur, donec aqua à
+bibentibus absumpta sit, dimidia hora post injectum lignum aqua cæruleum
+colorem contrabit, qui sensim intenditur pro temporis diuturnitate, tametsi
+lignum candidum fit_. This Wood, _Pyrophilus_, may afford us an Experiment,
+which besides the singularity of it, may give no small assistance to an
+attentive Considerer towards the detection of the Nature of Colours. The
+Experiment as we made it is this. Take _Lignum Nephriticum_, and with a
+Knife cut it into thin Slices, put about a handfull of these Slices into
+two three or four pound of the purest Spring-water, let them infuse there a
+night, but if you be in hast, a much shorter time may suffice; _decant_
+this Impregnated Water into a clear Glass Vial, and if you hold it directly
+between the Light and your Eye, you shall see it wholly Tincted (excepting
+the very top of the Liquor, wherein you will some times discern a
+Sky-colour'd Circle) with an almost Golden Colour, unless your Infusion
+have been made too Strong of the Wood, for in that case it will against the
+Light appear somewhat Dark and Reddish, and requires to be diluted by the
+addition of a convenient quantity of fair Water. But if you hold this Vial
+from the Light, so that your Eye be plac'd betwixt the Window and the Vial,
+the Liquor will appear of a deep and lovely Cæruleous Colour, of which
+also the drops, if any be lying on the outside of the Glass, will seem to
+be very perfectly; And thus far we have try'd the Experiment, and found it
+to Succeed even by the Light of Candles of the larger size. If you so hold
+the Vial over against your Eyes, that it may have a Window on one side of
+it, and a Dark part of the Room both before it and on the other side, you
+shall see the Liquor partly of a Blewish and partly of a Golden Colour. If
+turning your back to the Window, you powr out some of the Liquor towards
+the Light and towards your Eyes, it will seem at the comming out of the
+Glass to be perfectly Cæruleous, but when it is fallen down a little way,
+the drops may seem Particolour'd, according as the Beams of Light do more
+or less fully Penetrate and Illustrate them. If you take a Bason about half
+full of Water, and having plac'd it so in the Sun-beams Shining into a
+Room, that one part of the Water may be freely illustrated by the Beams of
+Light, and the other part of it Darkned by the shadow of the Brim of the
+Bason, if then I say you drop of our Tincture, made somewhat strong, both
+into the Shaded and Illuminated parts of the Water, you may by looking upon
+it from several places, and by a little Agitation of the water, observe
+divers pleasing Phænomena which were tedious to particularize. If you powr
+a little of this Tincture upon a sheet of White Paper, so as the Liquor may
+remain of some depth upon it, you may perceive the Neighbouring drops to be
+partly of one Colour, and partly of the other, according to the position of
+your Eye in reference to the Light when it looks upon them, but if you powr
+off all the Liquor, the Paper will seem Dy'd of an almost Yellow Colour.
+And if a sheet of Paper with some of this Liquor in it be plac'd in a
+window where the Sunbeams may shine freely on it, then if you turn your
+back to the Sun and take a Pen or some such slender Body, and hold it
+over-thwart betwixt the Sun and the Liquor, you may perceive that the
+Shadow projected by the Pen upon the Liquor, will not all of it be a vulgar
+and Dark, but in part a curiously Colour'd shadow, that edge of it, which
+is next the Body that makes it, being almost of a lively Golden Colour, and
+the remoter verge of a Cæruleous one.
+
+  [16] _Nicolaus Monardes_ lib _simplic. ex India allatis_, cap. 27.
+
+These and other Phænomena, which I have observ'd in this delightfull
+Experiment, divers of my friends have look'd upon not without some wonder,
+and I remember an excellent Oculist finding by accident in a friends
+Chamber a fine Vial full of this Liquor, which I had given that friend, and
+having never heard any thing of the Experiment, nor having any Body near
+him that could tell him what this strange Liquor might be, was a great
+while apprehensive, as he presently after told me, that some strange new
+distemper was invading his Eyes. And I confess that the unusualness of the
+Phænomena made me very sollicitous to find out the Cause of this
+Experiment, and though I am far from pretending to have found it, yet my
+enquiries have, I suppose, enabled me to give such hints, as may lead your
+greater sagacity to the discovery of the Cause of this wonder. And first
+finding that this Tincture, if it were too copious in the water, Kept the
+Colours from being so lively, and their Change from being so discernable,
+and finding also that the Impregnating Virtue of this Wood did by its being
+frequently Infus'd in New Water by degrees Decay, I Conjectur'd that the
+Tincture afforded by the Wood must proceed from some Subtiler parts of it
+drawn forth by the Water, which swimming too and fro in it did so Modifie
+the Light, as to exhibit such and such Colours; and because these Subtile
+parts were so easily Soluble even in Cold water, I concluded that they must
+abound with Salts, and perhaps contain much of the Essential Salt, as the
+_Chymists_ call it, of the Wood. And to try whether these Subtile parts
+were Volatile enough to be Distill'd, without the Dissolution of their
+Texture, I carefully Distill'd some of the Tincted Liquor in very low
+Vessels, and the gentle heat of a Lamp Furnace; but found all that came
+over to be as Limpid and Colourless as Rock-water, and the Liquor remaining
+in the Vessel to be so deeply Cæruleous, that it requir'd to be oppos'd to
+a very strong Light to appear of any other Colour. I took likewise a Vial
+with Spirit of Wine, and a little Salt of Harts-horn, and found that there
+was a certain proportion to be met with betwixt the Liquor and the Salt,
+which made the Mixture fit to exhibit some little Variety of Colours not
+Observable in ordinary Liquors, as it was variously directed in reference
+to the Light and the Eye, but this Change of Colour was very far short from
+that which we had admir'd in our Tincture. But however, I suspected that
+the Tinging Particles did abound with such Salts, whose Texture, and the
+Colour springing from it, would probably be alter'd by peircing Acid Salts,
+which would in likelihood either make some Dissipation of their Parts, or
+Associate themselves to the like Bodies, and either way alter the Colour
+exhibited by them; whereupon Pouring into a small Vial full of Impregnated
+Water, a very little Spirit of Vinegar, I found that according to my
+Expectation, the Cæruleous Colour immediately vanish'd, but was deceiv'd
+in the Expectation I had, that the Golden Colour would do so too; for,
+which way soever I turned the Vial, either to or from the Light, I found
+the Liquor to appear always of a Yellowish Colour and no other: Upon this I
+imagin'd that the Acid Salts of the Vinegar having been able to deprive the
+Liquor of its Cæruleous Colour, a Sulphureous Salt being of a contrary
+Nature, would be able to Mortifie the Saline Particles of Vinegar, and
+Destroy their Effects; And accordingly having plac'd my Self betwixt the
+Window, and the Vial, and into the Same Liquor dropt a few drops of Oyl of
+Tartar _per Deliquium_, (as _Chymists_ call it) I observ'd with pleasure,
+that immediately upon the Diffusion of this Liquor, the Impregnated Water
+was restor'd to its former Cæruleous Colour; And this Liquor of _Tartar_
+being very Ponderous, and falling at first to the Bottom of the Vial, it
+was easie to observe that for a little while the Lower part of the Liquor
+appear'd deeply Cæruleous; whilst all the Upper part retain'd its former
+Yellowness, which it immediately lost as soon as either Agitation or Time
+had made a competent Diffusion of the Liquor of _Tartar_ through the Body
+of the former Tincture; and this restored Liquor did, as it was Look'd upon
+against or from the Light, exhibit the Same _Phænomena_ as the Tincted
+Water did, before either of the Adventitious Liquors was pour'd into it.
+
+Having made, _Pyrophilus_, divers Tryals upon this Nephritick Wood, we
+found mention made of it by the Industrious Jesuit _Kircherus_, who having
+received a Cup Turned of it from the _Mexican_ Procurator of his Society,
+has probably receiv'd also from him the Information he gives us concerning
+that _Exotick_ Plant, and therefore partly for that Reason, and partly
+because what he Writes concerning it, does not perfectly agree with what we
+have deliver'd, we shall not Scruple to acquaint you in his own Words, with
+as much of what he writes concerning our Wood, as is requisite to our
+present purpose. _Hoc loco_ (says he)[17] _neutiquam omittendum duximus
+quoddam ligni candidi Mexicani genus, quod Indigenæ Coalle & Tlapazatli
+vocant, quod etsi experientia hucusque non nisi Cæruleo aquam colore
+tingere docuerit, nos tamen continua experientia invenimus id aquam in omne
+Colorum genus transformare, quod merito cuipiam Paradoxum videri posset;
+Ligni frutex grandis, ut aiunt, non rarò in molem arboris excrescit,
+truncus illius eft crassus, enodis, instar piri arboris, folia ciceris
+foliis, aut rutæ haud absimilia, flores exigui, oblongi, lutei & spicatim
+digesti; est frigida & humida planta, licet parum recedat à medio
+temperamento. Hujus itaque descriptæ arboris lignum in poculum efformatum,
+aquam eidem infusam primo in aquam intense Cæruleam, colore floris
+Buglossæ; tingit, & quo diutius in eo steterit, tanto intensiorem colorem
+acquirit. Hanc igitur aquam si Vitreæ Sphæræ infuderis, lucique exposueris,
+ne ullum quidem Cærulei coloris vestigium apparebit, sed instar aquæ puræ
+putæ fontanæ limpidam claramque aspicientibus se præbebit. Porro si hanc
+phialam vitream versus locum magis umbrosum direxeris, totus humor
+gratissimum virorem referet; si adhuc umbrosioribus locis, subrubrum, & sic
+pro rerum objectarum conditione, mirum dictu, colorem mutabit; in tenebris
+verò vel in vase opaco posita, Cæruleum colorem suum resumet._
+
+  [17] Kircher. Art. Mag. lucis & umbræ, _lib. 1. part. 3._
+
+In this passage we may take notice of the following Particulars. And first,
+he calls it a White _Mexican_ Wood, whereas (not to mention that
+_Mornardes_ informs us that it is brought out of _Nova Hispania_) the Wood
+that we have met with in several places, and employ'd as _Lignum
+Nephriticum_, was not White, but for the most part of a much Darker Colour,
+not unlike that of the Sadder Colour'd Wood of Juniper. 'Tis true, that
+_Monardes_ himself also says, that the Wood is White; and it is affirm'd,
+that the Wood which is of a Sadder Colour is Adulterated by being Imbu'd
+with the Tincture of a Vegetable, in whose Decoction it is steep'd. But
+having purposely enquir'd of the Eminentest of our _English_ Druggists, he
+peremptorily deny'd it. And indeed, having consider'd some of the fairest
+Round pieces of this Wood that I could meet with in these Parts, I had
+Opportunity to take notice that in one or two of them it was the External
+part of the Wood that was White, and the more Inward part that was of the
+other Colour, the contrary of which would probably have appear'd, if the
+Wood had been Adulterated after the afore-mention'd manner. And I have at
+present by me a piece of such Wood, which for about an Inch next the Bark
+is White, and then as it were abruptly passes to the above-mention'd
+Colour, and yet this Wood by the Tincture, it afforded us in Water, appears
+to have its Colour'd part Genuine enough; for as for the White part, it
+appears upon tryal of both at once, much less enrich'd with the tingent
+Property.
+
+Next, whereas our Author tells us, that the Infusion of this Wood expos'd
+in a Vial to the Light, looks like Spring-water, in which he afterwards
+adds, that there is no Tincture to be seen in it, our Observation and his
+agree not, for the Liquor, which opposed to the Darker part of a Room
+exhibits a Sky-colour, did constantly, when held against the Light, appear
+Yellowish or Reddish, according as its Tincture was more Dilute or Deep;
+and then, whereas it has been already said, that the Cæruleous Colour was
+by Acid Salts abolished, this Yellowish one surviv'd without any
+considerable Alteration, so that unless our Author's Words be taken in a
+very Limited Sense, we must conclude, that either his Memory mis-inform'd
+him, or that his White _Nephritick_ Wood, and the Sadder Colour'd one which
+we employ'd, were not altogether of the same Nature: What he mentions of
+the Cup made of _Lignum Nephriticum_, we have not had Opportunity to try,
+not having been able to procure pieces of that Wood great enough, and
+otherwise fit to be turned into Cups; but as for what he says in the Title
+of his Experiment, that this Wood tinges the Water with all Sorts of
+Colours, that is much more than any of those pieces of Nephritick Wood that
+we have hitherto employ'd, was able to make good; The change of Colours
+discernable in a Vial full of Water, Impregnated by any of them, as it is
+directed towards a place more Lightsome or Obscure, being far from
+affording a Variety answerable to so promising a Title. And as for what he
+tells us, that in the Dark the Infusion of our Wood will resume a
+Cæruleous Colour, I wish he had Inform'd us how he Try'd it.
+
+But this brings into my mind, that having sometimes for Curiosity sake,
+brought a round Vial with a long Neck fill'd with the Tincture of _Lignum
+Nephriticum_ into the Darken'd Room already often mention'd, and holding it
+sometimes in, sometimes near the Sun-beams that enter'd at the hole, and
+sometimes partly in them, and partly out of them, the Glass being held in
+several postures, and look'd upon from several Neighbouring parts of the
+Room, disclos'd a much greater Variety of Colours than in ordinary
+inlightn'd Rooms it is wont to do; exhibiting, besides the usual Colours, a
+Red in some parts, and a Green in others, besides Intermediate Colours
+produc'd by the differing Degrees, and odd mixtures of Light and Shade.
+
+By all this You may see, _Pyrophilus_, the reasonableness of what we
+elsewhere had occasion to mention, when we have divers times told you, that
+it is usefull to have New Experiments try'd over again, though they were,
+at first, made by Knowing and Candid Men, such Reiterations of Experiments
+commonly exhibiting some New Phænomena, detecting some Mistake or hinting
+some Truth, in reference to them, that was not formerly taken notice of.
+And some of our friends have been pleas'd to think, that we have made no
+unusefull addition to this Experiment, by shewing a way, how in a moment
+our Liquor may be depriv'd of its Blewness, and restor'd to it again by the
+affusion of a very few drops of Liquors, which have neither of them any
+Colour at all of their own. And that which deserves some particular wonder,
+is, that the Cæruleous Tincture of our Wood is subject by the former
+Method to be Destroy'd or Restor'd, the Yellowish or Reddish Tincture
+continuing what it was. And that you may see, that Salts are of a
+considerable use in the striking of Colours, let me add to the many
+Experiments which may be afforded us to this purpose by the Dyers Trade,
+this Observation; That as far as we have hitherto try'd, those Liquors in
+general that are strong of Acid Salts have the Power of Destroying the
+Blewness of the Infusion of our Wood, and those Liquors indiscriminatly
+that abound with Sulphureous Salts, (under which I comprehend the Urinous
+and Volatile Salts of Animal Substances, and the Alcalisate or fixed Salts
+that are made by Incineration) have the vertue of Restoring it.
+
+_A Corollary of the Tenth Experiment._
+
+That this Experiment, _Pyrophilus_, may be as well Usefull as Delightfull
+to You, I must mind You, _Pyrophilus_, that in the newly mention'd
+Observation, I have hinted to You a New and Easie way of Discovering in
+many Liquors (for I dare not say in all) whether it be an Acid or
+Sulphureous Salt, that is Predominant; and that such a Discovery is
+oftentimes of great Difficulty, and may frequently be of great Use, he that
+is not a Stranger to the various Properties and Effects of Salts, and of
+how great moment it is to be able to distinguish their Tribes, may readily
+conceive. But to proceed to the way of trying other Liquors by an Infusion
+of our Wood, take it briefly thus. Suppose I have a mind to try whether I
+conjecture aright, when I imagine that Allom, though it be plainly a Mixt
+Body, does abound rather with Acid than Sulphureous Salt. To satisfie my
+self herein, I turn my back to the Light, and holding a small Vial full of
+the Tincture of _Lignum Nephriticum_, which look'd upon in that Position,
+appears Cæruleous, I drop into it a little of a strong Solution of Allom
+made in Fair Water, and finding upon the Affusion and shaking of this New
+liquor, that the Blewness formerly conspicuous in our Tincture does
+presently vanish, I am thereby incited to suppose, that the Salt
+Prædominant in Allom belongs to the Family of Sour Salts; but if on the
+other side I have a mind to examine whether or no I rightly conceive that
+Salt of Urine, or of Harts-horn is rather of a Saline Sulphureous (if I may
+so speak) than of an Acid Nature, I drop a little of the Saline Spirit of
+either into the Nephritick Tincture, and finding that the Cæruleous Colour
+is rather thereby Deepned than Destroy'd, I collect that the Salts, which
+constitute these Spirits, are rather Sulphureous than Acid. And to satisfie
+my self yet farther in this particular, I take a small Vial of fresh
+Tincture, and placing both it and my self in reference to the Light as
+formerly, I drop into the Infusion just as much Distill'd Vinegar, or other
+Acid liquor as will serve to Deprive it of its Blewness (which a few drops,
+if the Sour Liquor be strong, and the Vial small will suffice to do) then
+without changing my Posture, I drop and shake into the same Vial a small
+proportion of Spirit of Hartshorn or Urine, and finding that upon this
+affusion, the Tincture immediately recovers its Cæruleous Colour, I am
+thereby confirm'd firm'd in my former Opinion, of the Sulphureous Nature of
+these Salts. And so, whereas it is much doubted by Some Modern Chymists to
+what sort of Salt, that which is Prædominant in Quick-lime belongs, we have
+been perswaded to referr it rather to Lixiviate than Acid Salts, by having
+observ'd, that though an Evaporated Infusion of it will scarce yield such a
+Salt, as Ashes and other Alcalizate Bodyes are wont to do, yet if we
+deprive our Nephritick Tincture of its Blewness by just so much Distill'd
+Vinegar as is requisite to make that Colour Vanish, the _Lixivium_ of
+Quick-lime will immediately upon its Affusion recall the Banished Colour;
+but not so Powerfully as either of the Sulphureous Liquors formerly
+mention'd. And therefore I allow my self to guess at the _Strength_ of the
+Liquors examin'd by this Experiment, by the _Quantity_ of them which is
+sufficient to Destroy or Restore the Cæruleous Colour of our Tincture. But
+whether concerning Liquors, wherein neither Acid nor Alcalisate Salts are
+Eminently Prædominant, our Tincture will enable us to conjecture any thing
+more than that such Salts are not Prædominant in them, I take not upon me
+to determine here, but leave to further Tryal; For I find not that Spirit
+of Wine, Spirit of Tartar freed from Acidity, or Chymical Oyl of
+Turpentine, (although Liquors which must be conceiv'd very Saline, if
+Chymists have, which is here no place to Dispute, rightly ascrib'd tasts to
+the Saline Principle of Bodyes,) have any Remarkable Power either to
+deprive our Tincture of its Cæruleous Colour, or restore it, when upon the
+Affusion of Spirit of Vinegar it has disappear'd.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XI._
+
+And here I must not omit, _Pyrophilus_, to inform You, that we can shew You
+even in a Mineral Body something that may seem very near of Kin to the
+Changeable Quality of the Tincture of _Lignum Nephriticum_, for we have
+several flat pieces of Glass, of the thickness of ordinary Panes for
+Windows one of which being interposed betwixt the Eye and a clear Light,
+appears of a Golden Colour, not much unlike that of the moderate Tincture
+of our Wood, but being so look'd upon as that the Beams of light are not so
+much Trajected thorough it as Reflected from it to the Eye, that Yellow
+seems to degenerate into a pale Blew, somewhat like that of a Turquoise.
+And what which may also appear strange, is this, that if in a certain
+posture you hold one of these Plates Perpendicular to the Horizon, so that
+the Sun-beams shine upon half of it, the other half being Shaded, You may
+see that the part Shin'd upon will be of a much Diluter Yellow than the
+Shaded part which will appear much more Richly Colour'd; and if You alter
+the Posture of the Glass, so that it be not held Perpendicular, but
+Parallel in reference to the Horizon, You may see, (which perhaps you will
+admire) the Shaded part look of a Golden Colour, but the other that the Sun
+shines freely on, will appear considerably Blew, and as you remove any part
+of the Glass thus held Horizontally into the Sun-beams or Shade, it will in
+the twinkling of an Eye seem to pass from one of the above mention'd
+Colours to the other, the Sun-beams Trajected through it upon a sheet of
+White Paper held near it, do colour it with a Yellow, somewhat bordering
+upon a Red, but yet the Glass may be so oppos'd to the Sun, that it may
+upon Paper project a mix'd Colour here and there more inclin'd to Yellow,
+and here and there more to Blew. The other Phænomena of this odd Glass, I
+fear it would be scarce worth while to Record, and therefore I shall rather
+advertise You, _First_ that in the trying of these Experiments with it, you
+must take notice that one of the sides has either alone, or at least
+principally its Superficial parts dispos'd to the Reflection of the Blew
+Colour above nam'd, and that therefore you must have a care to keep that
+side nearest to the Eye. And next, that we have our selves made Glasses not
+unfit to exhibit an Experiment not unlike that I have been speaking of, by
+laying upon pieces of Glass some very finely foliated Silver, and giving it
+by degrees a much stronger Fire than is requisite or usual for the Tinging
+of Glasses of other Colours. And this Experiment, not to mention that it
+was made without a Furnace in which Artificers that Paint Glass are wont to
+be very Curious, is the more considerable, because, that though a Skilfull
+Painter could not deny to me that 'twas with Silver he Colour'd his Glasses
+Yellow; yet he told me, that when to Burn them (as they speak) he layes on
+the plates of Glass nothing but a _Calx_ of Silver Calcin'd without
+Corrosive Liquors, and Temper'd with Fair Water, the Plates are Ting'd of a
+fine Yellow that looks of a Golden Colour, which part soever of it you turn
+to or from the Light; whereas (whether it be what an Artificer would call
+Over-doing, or Burning, or else the imploying the Silver Crude that makes
+the Difference,) we have found more than once, that some Pieces of Glass
+prepar'd as we have related, though held against the Light they appear'd of
+a Transparent Yellow, yet look'd on with ones back turn'd to the Light they
+exhibited an Untransparent Blew.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XII._
+
+If you will allow me, _Pyrophilus_, for the avoiding of Ambiguity, to
+imploy the Word Pigments, to signifie such prepared materials (as
+Cochinele, Vermilion, Orpiment,) as Painters, Dyers and other Artificers
+make use of to impart or imitate particular Colours, I shall be the better
+understood in divers passages of the following papers, and particularly
+when I tell you, That the mixing of Pigments being no inconsiderable part
+of the Painters Art, it may seem an Incroachment in me to meddle with it.
+But I think I may easily be excus'd (though I do not altogether pass it by)
+if I restrain my self to the making of a Transient mention of some few of
+their Practices about this matter; and that only so far forth, as may
+warrant me to observe to you, that there are but few Simple and Primary
+Colours (if I may so call them) from whose Various Compositions all the
+rest do as it were Result. For though Painters can imitate the Hues (though
+not always the Splendor) of those almost Numberless differing Colours that
+are to be met with in the Works of Nature, and of Art, I have not yet
+found, that to exhibit this strange Variety they need imploy any more than
+_White_, and _Black_, and _Red_, and _Blew_, and _Yellow_; these _five_,
+Variously _Compounded_, and (if I may so speak) _Decompounded_, being
+sufficient to exhibit a Variety and Number of Colours, such, as those that
+are altogether Strangers to the Painters Pallets, can hardly imagine.
+
+Thus (for Instance) Black and White differingly mix'd, make a Vast company
+of Lighter and Darker Grays.
+
+Blew and Yellow make a huge Variety of Greens.
+
+Red and Yellow make Orange Tawny.
+
+Red with a little White makes a Carnation.
+
+Red with an Eye of Blew, makes a Purple; and by these simple Compositions
+again Compounded among themselves, the Skilfull Painter can produce what
+kind of Colour he pleases, and a great many more than we have yet Names
+for. But, as I intimated above, 'tis not my Design to prosecute this
+Subject, though I thought it not unfit to take some Notice of it, because
+we may hereafter have occasion to make use of what has been now deliver'd,
+to illustrate the Generation of Intermediate Colours; concerning which we
+must yet subjoyn this Caution, that to make the Rules about the Emergency
+of Colours, fit to be Relied upon, the Corpuscles whereof the Pigments
+consist must be such as do not Destroy one anothers Texture, for in case
+they do, the produced Colour may be very Different from that which would
+Result from the Mixture of other harmless Pigments of the same Colours, as
+I shall have Occasion to shew ere long.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XIII._
+
+It may also give much light to an Enquirer into the Nature of Colours, to
+know that not only in Green, but in many (if not all) other Colours, the
+Light of the Sun passing through Diaphanous Bodies of differing Hues may be
+tinged of the same Compound Colour, as if it came from some Painters
+Colours of the same Denomination, though this later be exhibited by
+Reflection, and be (as the former Experiment declares) manifestly
+Compounded of material Pigments. Wherefore to try the Composition of
+Colours by Trajection, we provided several Plates of Tinged Glass, which
+being laid two at a time one on the top of another, the Object look'd upon
+through them both, appear'd of a Compounded Colour, which agrees well with
+what we have observ'd in the second Experiment, of Looking against the
+Light through differingly Colour'd Papers. But we thought the Experiment
+would be more Satisfactory, if we procur'd the Sun-beams to be so Ting'd in
+their passage through Plates of Glass, as to exhibit the Compounded Colour
+upon a Sheet of White Paper. And though by reason of the Thickness of the
+Glasses, the Effect was but Faint, even when the Sun was High and Shin'd
+forth clear, yet, we easily remedied that by Contracting the Beams we cast
+on them by means of a Convex Burning-glass, which where it made the Beams
+much converge Increas'd the Light enough to make the Compounded Colour very
+manifest upon the Paper. By this means we observ'd, that the Beams
+trajected through Blew and Yellow compos'd a Green, that an intense and
+moderate Red did with Yellow make differing degrees of Saffron, and Orange
+Tawny Colours, that Green and Blew made a Colour partaking of both, such as
+that which some Latin Writers call _Pavonaceus_, that Red and Blew made a
+Purple, to which we might add other Colours, that we produc'd by the
+Combinations of Glasses differingly Ting'd, but that I want proper Words to
+express them in our Language, and had not when we made the Tryals, the
+Opportunity of consulting with a Painter, who perchance might have Suppli'd
+me with some of the terms I wanted.
+
+I know not whether it will be requisite to subjoyn on this Occasion, what I
+tried concerning Reflections from Colour'd Glasses, and other Transparent
+Bodies, namely, that having expos'd four or five sorts of them to the Sun,
+and cast the Reflected Beams upon White Paper held near at hand, the Light
+appear'd not manifestly Ting'd, but as if it had been Reflected from the
+Impervious parts of a Colourless Glass, only that Reflected from the Yellow
+was here and there stain'd with the same Colour, as if those Beams were not
+all Reflected from the Superficial, but some from the Internal parts of the
+Glass; upon which Occasion you may take notice, that a Skilfull Tradesman,
+who makes such Colour'd Glass told me, that where as the Red Pigment was
+but Superficial, the Yellow penetrated to the very midst of the Plate. But
+for further Satisfaction, not having the Opportunity to Foliate those
+Plates, and so turn them into Looking-glasses, we Foliated a Plate of
+_Muscovy_ Glass, and then laying on it a little Transparent Varnish of a
+Gold Colour, we expos'd it to the Sun-beams, so as to cast them upon a Body
+fit to receive them, on which the Reflected Light, appearing, as we
+expected, Yellow, manifested that Rebounding from the Specular part of the
+_Selenitis_, it was Ting'd in its return with the Colour of the Transparent
+Varnish through which it pass'd.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XIV._
+
+After what we have said of the Composition of Colours, it will now be
+seasonable to annex some Experiments that we made in favour of those
+Colours, that are taught in the Schools not to be Real, but only Apparent
+and Phantastical; For we found by Tryals, that these Colours might be
+Compounded, both with True and Stable Colours, and with one another, as
+well as unquestionably Genuine and Lasting Colours, and that the Colours
+resulting from such Compositions, would respectively deserve the same
+Denominations.
+
+For first, having by the Trajection of the Sun-beams through a Glass-prism
+thrown an Iris on the Floor, I found that by placing a Blew Glass at a
+convenient distance betwixt the Prism and the Iris, that part of the Iris
+that was before Yellow, might be made to appear Green, though not of a
+Grass Green, but of one more Dilute and Yellowish. And it seems not
+improbable, that the narrow Greenish List (if I may so call it) that is
+wont to be seen between the Yellow and Blew parts of the Iris, is made by
+the Confusion of those two Bordering Colours.
+
+Next, I found, that though the want of a sufficient Liveliness in either of
+the Compounding Colours, or a light Error in the manner of making the
+following Tryals, was enough to render some of them Unsuccessfull, yet when
+all necessary Circumstances were duely observ'd, the Event was answerable
+to our Expectation and Desire.
+
+And (as I formerly Noted) that Red and Blew compound a Purple, so I could
+produce this last nam'd Colour, by casting at some Distance from the Glass
+the Blew part of the Prismatical Iris (as I think it may be call'd for
+Distinction sake) upon a Lively Red, (for else the Experiment succeeds not
+so well.) And I remember, that sometimes when I try'd this upon a piece of
+Red Cloath, _that_ part of the Iris which would have been Blew, (as I try'd
+by covering that part of the Cloath with a piece of White Paper) and
+Compounded with the Red, wherewith the Cloath was Imbued before, appear'd
+of a fair Purple, did, when I came to View it near at hand, look very Odly,
+as if there were some strange Reflection or Refraction or both made in the
+Hairs of which that Cloath was composed.
+
+Calling likewise the Prismatical Iris upon a very Vivid Blew, I found that
+part of it, which would else have been the Yellow, appear Green. (Another
+somewhat differing Tryal, and yet fit to confirm this, you will find in the
+fifteenth Experiment.)
+
+But it may seem somewhat more strange, that though the Prismatical Iris
+being made by the Refraction of Light through a Body that has no Colour at
+all, must according to the Doctrine of the Schools consist of as purely
+Emphatical Colours, as may be, yet even these may be Compounded with one
+another, as well as Real Colours in the Grossest Pigments. For I took at
+once two Triangular Glasses, and one of them being kept fixt in the same
+Posture, that the Iris it projected on the Floor might not Waver, I cast on
+the same Floor another Iris with the other Prism, and Moving it too and fro
+to bring what part of the second Iris I pleas'd, to fall upon what part of
+the first I thought fit, we did sometimes (for a small Errour suffices to
+hinder the Success) obtain by this means a Green Colour in that part of the
+more Stable Iris, that before was Yellow, or Blew, and frequently by
+casting those Beams that in one of the Iris's made the Blew upon the Red
+parts of the other Iris, we were able to produce a lovely Purple, which we
+can Destroy or Recompose at pleasure, by Severing and Reapproaching the
+Edges of the two Iris's.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XV._
+
+On this occasion, _Pyrophilus_, I shall add, that finding the Glass-prism
+to be the usefullest Instrument Men have yet imploy'd about the
+Contemplation of Colours, and considering that Prisms hitherto in use are
+made of Glass, Transparent and Colourless, I thought it would not be amiss
+to try, what change the Superinduction of a Colour, without the Destruction
+of the Diaphaneity, would produce in the Colours exhibited by the Prism.
+But being unable to procure one to be made of Colour'd Glass, and fearing
+also that if it were not carefully made, the Thickness of it would render
+it too Opacous, I endeavoured to substitute one made of Clarify'd Rosin, or
+of Turpentine brought (as I elsewhere teach) to the consistence of a
+Transparent Gum. But though these Endeavours were not wholly lost, yet we
+found it so difficult to give these Materials their true Shape, that we
+chose rather to Varnish over an ordinary Prism with some of these few
+Pigments that are to be had Transparent; as accordingly we did first with
+Yellow, and then with Red, or rather Crimson, made with Lake temper'd with
+a convenient Oyl, and the Event was, That for want of good Transparent
+Colours, (of which you know there are but very few) both the Yellow and the
+Red made the Glass so Opacous, (though the Pigment were laid on but upon
+two Sides of the Glass, no more being absolutely necessary) that unless I
+look'd upon an Inlightned Window, or the Flame of a Candle, or some other
+Luminous or very Vivid object, I could scarce discern any Colours at all,
+especially when the Glass was cover'd with Red. But when I did look on such
+Objects, it appear'd (as I expected) that the Colour of the Pigment had
+Vitiated or Drown'd some of those which the Prism would according to its
+wont have exhibited, and mingling with others, Alter'd them: as I remember,
+that both to my Eyes, and others to whom I show'd it, when the Prism was
+cover'd with Yellow, it made those Parts of bright Objects, where the Blew
+would else have been Conspicuous, appear of a light Green. But,
+_Pyrophilus_, both the Nature of the Colours, and the Degree of
+Transparency, or of Darkness in the Pigment, besides divers other
+Circumstances, did so vary the _Phænomena_ of these Tryals, that till I can
+procure small Colour'd Prisms, or Hollow ones that may be filled with
+Tincted Liquor, or obtain Some better Pigments than those I was reduc'd to
+imploy, I shall forbear to Build any thing upon what has been delivered,
+and shall make no other use of it, than to invite you to prosecute the
+Inquiry further.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XVI._
+
+And here, _Pyrophilus_, since we are treating of Emphatical Colours, we
+shall add what we think not unworthy your Observation, and not unfit to
+afford some Exercise to the Speculative. For there are some Liquors, which
+though Colourless themselves, when they come to be Elevated, and Dispers'd
+into Exhalations, exhibit a conspicuous Colour, which they lose again, when
+they come to be Reconjoyn'd into a Liquor, as good Spirit of _Nitre_; or
+upon its account strong _Aqua-fortis_, though devoid of all appearance of
+Redness whilst they continue in the form of a Liquor, if a little Heat
+chance to turn the Minute parts of them into Vapour, the Steam will appear
+of a Reddish or deep Yellow Colour, which will Vanish when those
+Exhalations come to resume the form of Liquor.
+
+And not only if you look upon a Glass half full of _Aqua-fortis_, or Spirit
+of _Nitre_, and half full of _Nitrous_ steams proceeding from it, you will
+see the Upper part of the Glass of the Colour freshly mention'd, if through
+it you look upon the Light. But which is much more considerable, I have
+tried, that putting _Aqua-fortis_ in a long clear Glass, and adding a
+little Copper or some such open Metall to it, to excite Heat and Fumes, the
+Light trajected through those Fumes, and cast upon a sheet of White Paper,
+did upon that appear of the Colour that the Fumes did, when directly Look'd
+upon, as if the Light were as well Ting'd in its passage through these
+Fumes, as it would have been by passing through some Glass or Liquor in
+which the same Colour was Inherent.
+
+To which I shall further add, that having sometimes had the Curiosity to
+observe whether the Beams of the Sun near the Horizon trajected through a
+very Red Sky, would not (though such rednesses are taken to be but
+Emphatical Colours) exhibit the like Colour, I found that the Beams falling
+within a Room upon a very White Object, plac'd directly opposite to the
+Sun, disclos'd a manifest Redness, as if they had pass'd through a Colour'd
+_Medium_.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XVII._
+
+The emergency, _Pyrophilus_, of Colours upon the Coalition of the Particles
+of such Bodies as were neither of them of the Colour of that Mixture
+whereof they are the Ingredients, is very well worth our attentive
+Observation, as being of good use both Speculative and Practical; For much
+of the Mechanical use of Colours among Painters and Dyers, doth depend upon
+the Knowledge of what Colours may be produc'd by the Mixtures of Pigments
+so and so Colour'd. And (as we lately intimated) 'tis of advantage to the
+contemplative Naturalist, to know how many and which Colours are Primitive
+(if I may so call them) and Simple, because it both eases his Labour by
+confining his most sollicitous Enquiry to a small Number of Colours upon
+which the rest depend, and assists him to judge of the nature of particular
+compounded Colours, by shewing him from the Mixture of what more Simple
+ones, and of what Proportions of them to one another, the particular Colour
+to be consider'd does result. But because to insist on the Proportions, the
+Manner and the Effects of such Mixtures would oblige me to consider a
+greater part of the Painters Art and Dyers Trade, than I am well acquainted
+with, I confin'd my self to make Trial of _several ways to produce Green_,
+by the composition of Blew and Yellow. And shall in this place both
+Recapitulate most of the things I have Dispersedly deliver'd already
+concerning that Subject, and Recruit them.
+
+And first, whereas Painters (as I noted above) are wont to make Green by
+tempering Blew and Yellow, both of them made into a soft Consistence, with
+either Water or Oyl, or some Liquor of Kin to one of those two, according
+as the Picture is to be Drawn with those they call _water Colours_, or
+those they term _Oyl Colours_, I found that by choosing fit Ingredients,
+and mixing them in the form of Dry Powders, I could do, what I could not if
+the Ingredients were temper'd up with a Liquor; But the Blew and Yellow
+Powders must not only be finely Ground, but such as that the Corpuscles of
+the one may not be too unequal to those of the other, lest by their
+Disproportionate Minuteness the Smaller cover and hide the Greater. We us'd
+with good success a slight Mixture of the fine Powder of Bise, with that of
+Orpiment, or that of good Yellow Oker, I say a _slight_ Mixture, because we
+found that an _exquisite_ Mixture did not do so well, but by lightly
+mingling the two Pigments in several little Parcels, those of them in which
+the Proportion and Manner of Mixture was more Lucky, afforded us a good
+Green.
+
+2. We also learn'd in the Dye-houses, that Cloth being Dy'd Blew with Woad,
+is afterwards by the Yellow Decoction of _Luteola_ or Woud-wax or Wood-wax
+Dy'd into a Green Colour.
+
+3. You may also remember what we above Related, where we intimated, that
+having in a Darkn'd Room taken two Bodies, a Blew and a Yellow, and cast
+the Light Reflected from the one upon the other, we likewise obtain'd a
+Green.
+
+4. And you may remember, that we observ'd a Green to be produc'd, when in
+the same Darkn'd Room we look'd at the Hole at which alone the Light
+enter'd, through the Green and Yellow parts of a sheet of Marbl'd Paper
+laid over one another.
+
+5. We found too, that the Beams of the Sun being trajected through two
+pieces of Glass, the one Blew and the other Yellow, laid over one another,
+did upon a sheet of White paper on which they were made to fall, exhibit a
+lovely Green.
+
+6. I hope also, that you have not already forgot, what was so lately
+deliver'd, concerning the composition of a Green, with a Blew and Yellow;
+of which most Authors would call the one a _Real_, and the other an
+_Emphatical_.
+
+7. And I presume, you may have yet fresh in your memory, what the
+fourteenth Experiment informs you, concerning the exhibiting of a Green, by
+the help of a Blew and Yellow, that were both of them Emphatical.
+
+8. Wherefore we will proceed to take notice, that we also devis'd a way of
+trying whether or no Metalline Solutions though one of them at least had
+its Colour Adventitious, by the mixture of the _Menstruum_ employ'd to
+dissolve it, might not be made to compound a Green after the manner of
+other Bodies. And though this seem'd not easie to be perform'd by reason of
+the Difficulty of finding Metalline Solutions of the Colour requisite, that
+would mix without Præcipitating each other; yet after a while having
+consider'd the matter, the first Tryal afforded me the following
+Experiment. I took a High Yellow Solution of good Gold in _Aqua-Regis_,
+(made of _Aqua-fortis_, and as I remember half its weight of Spirit of
+Salt) To this I put a due Proportion of a deep and lovely Blew Solution of
+Crude Copper, (which I have elsewhere taught to be readily Dissoluble in
+strong Spirit of Urine) and these two Liquors though at first they seem'd a
+little to Curdle one another, yet being throughly mingl'd by Shaking, they
+presently, as had been Conjectur'd, united into a Transparent Green Liquor,
+which continu'd so for divers days that I kept it in a small Glass wherein
+'twas made, only letting fall a little Blackish Powder to the Bottom. The
+other _Phænomena_ of this Experiment belong not to this place, where it may
+suffice to take notice of the Production of a Green, and that the
+Experiment was more than once repeated with Success.
+
+9. And lastly, to try whether this way of compounding Colours would hold
+ev'n in Ingredients actually melted by the Violence of the Fire, provided
+their Texture were capable of safely induring Fusion, we caus'd some Blew
+and Yellow Ammel to be long and well wrought together in the Flame of a
+Lamp, which being Strongly and Incessantly blown on them kept them in some
+degree of Fusion, and at length (for the Experiment requires some Patience
+as well as Skil) we obtain'd the expected Ammel of a Green Colour.
+
+I know not, _Pyrophilus_, whether it be worth while to acquaint you with
+the ways that came into my Thoughts, whereby in some measure to explicate
+the first of the mention'd ways of making a Green; for I have sometimes
+Conjectur'd, that the mixture of the Bise and the Orpiment produc'd a Green
+by so altering the Superficial Asperity, which each of those Ingredients
+had apart, that the Light Incident on the mixture was Reflected with
+differing Shades, as to Quantity, or Order, or both, from those of either
+of the Ingredients, and such as the Light is wont to be Modify'd with, when
+it Reflects from Grass, or Leaves, or some of those other Bodies that we
+are wont to call Green. And sometimes too I have doubted, whether the
+produced Green might not be partly at least deriv'd from this, That the
+Beams that Rebound from the Corpuscles of the Orpiment, giving one kind of
+stroak upon the _Retina_, whose Perception we call Yellow, and the Beams
+Reflected from the Corpuscles of the Bise, giving another stroak upon the
+same _Retina_, like to Objects that are Blew, the Contiguity and Minuteness
+of these Corpuscles may make the Appulse of the Reflected Light fall upon
+the _Retina_ within so narrow a Compass, that the part they Beat upon being
+but as it were a Physical point, they may give a Compounded stroak, which
+may consequently exhibit a Compounded and new Kind of Sensation, as we see
+that two Strings of a Musical Instrument being struck together, making two
+Noises that arrive at the Ear at the same time as to Sense, yield a Sound
+differing from either of them, and as it were Compounded of both; Insomuch
+that if they be Discordantly ton'd, though each of them struck apart would
+yield a Pleasing Sound, yet being struck together they make but a Harsh and
+troublesome Noise. But this not being so fit a place to prosecute
+Speculations, I shall not insist, neither upon these Conjectures nor any
+others, which the Experiment we have been mentioning may have suggested to
+me. And I shall leave it to you, _Pyrophilus_, to derive what Instruction
+you can from comparing together the Various ways whereby a Yellow and a
+Blew can be made to Compound a Green. That which I now pretend to, being
+only to shew that the first of those mention'd ways, (not to take at
+present notice of the rest) does far better agree with our Conjectures
+about Colours, than either with the Doctrine of the Schools, or with that
+of the _Chymists_, both which seem to be very much Disfavour'd by it.
+
+For first, since in the Mixture of the two mention'd Powders I could by the
+help of a very excellent _Microscope_ (for ordinary ones will scarce serve
+the turn) discover that which seem'd to the naked Eye a Green Body, to be
+but a heap of Distinct, though very small Grains of Yellow Orpiment and
+Blew Bise confusedly enough Blended together, it appears that the Colour'd
+Corpuscles of either kind did each retain its own Nature and Colour; By
+which it may be guess'd, what meer Transposition and Juxtaposition of
+Minute and Singly unchang'd Particles of Matter can do to produce a new
+Colour; For that this Local Motion and new Disposition of the small parts
+of the Orpiment did Intervene is much more manifest than it is easie to
+Explicate how they should produce this new Green otherwise than by the new
+Manner of their being put together, and consequently by their new
+Disposition to Modifie the Incident Light by Reflecting it otherwise than
+they did before they were Mingl'd together.
+
+Secondly, The Green thus made being (if I may so speak) Mechanically
+produc'd, there is no pretence to derive it from I know not what
+incomprehensible Substantial Form, from which yet many would have us
+believe that Colours must flow; Nor does this Green, though a Real and
+Permanent, not a Phantastical and Vanid Colour, seem to be such an Inherent
+Quality as they would have it, since not only each part of the Mixture
+remains unalter'd in Colour, and consequently of a differing Colour from
+the Heap they Compose, but if the Eye be assisted by a _Microscope_ to
+discern things better and more distinctly than before it could, it sees not
+a Green Body, but a Heap of Blew and Yellow Corpuscles.
+
+And in the third place, I demand what either Sulphur, or Salt, or Mercury
+has to do in the Production of this Green; For neither the Bise nor the
+Orpiment were indu'd with that Colour before, and the bare Juxtaposition of
+the Corpuscles of the two Powders that work not upon each other, but might
+if we had convenient Instruments be separated, unalter'd, cannot with any
+probability be imagin'd either to Increase or Diminish any of the three
+Hypostatical Principles, (to which of them soever the _Chymists_ are
+pleas'd to ascribe Colours) nor does there here Intervene so much as Heat
+to afford them any colour to pretend, that at least there is made an
+Extraversion (as the _Helmontians_ speak) of the Sulphur or of any of the
+two other supposed Principles; But upon this Experiment we have already
+Reflected enough, if not more than enough for once.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XVIII._
+
+But here, _Pyrophilus_, I must advertise you, that 'tis not every Yellow
+and every Blew that being mingl'd will afford a Green; For in case one of
+the Ingredients do not Act only as endow'd with such a Colour, but as
+having a power to alter the Texture of the Corpuscles of the other, so as
+to Indispose them to Reflect the Light, as Corpuscles that exhibit a Blew
+or a Yellow are wont to Reflect it, the emergent Colour may be not Green,
+but such as the change of Texture in the Corpuscles of one or both of the
+Ingredients qualifies them to shew forth; as for instance, if you let fall
+a few Drops of Syrrup of Violets upon a piece of White Paper, though the
+Syrrup being spread will appear Blew, yet mingling with it two or three
+Drops of the lately mention'd Solution of Gold, I obtain'd not a Green but
+a Reddish mixture, which I expected from the remaining Power of the Acid
+Salts abounding in the Solution, such Salts or Saline Spirits being wont,
+as we shall see anon, though weakn'd, so to work upon that Syrrup as to
+change it into a Red or Reddish Colour. And to confirm that for which I
+allege the former Experiment, I shall add this other, that having made a
+very strong and high-colour'd Solution of Filings of Copper with Spirit of
+Urine, though the _Menstruum_ seem'd Glutted with the Metall, because I put
+in so much Filings that many of them remain'd for divers days Undissolv'd
+at the Bottom, yet having put three or four Drops of Syrrup of Violets upon
+White Paper, I found that the deep Blew Solution proportionably mingl'd
+with this other Blew Liquor did not make a Blew mixture, but, as I
+expected, a fair Green, upon the account of the Urinous Salt that was in
+the _Menstruum_.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XIX._
+
+To shew the _Chymists_, that Colours may be made to Appear or Vanish, where
+there intervenes no Accession or Change either of the Sulphureous, or the
+Saline, or the Mercurial principle (as they speak) of Bodies: I shall not
+make use of the Iris afforded by the Glass-prism, nor of the Colours to be
+seen in a fair Morning in those drops of Dew that do in a convenient manner
+Reflect and Refract the Beams of Light to the Eye; But I will rather mind
+them of what they may observe in their own Laboratories, namely, that
+divers, if not all, Chymical Essential Oyls, as also good Spirit of Wine,
+being shaken till they have good store of Bubbles, those Bubbles will (if
+attentively consider'd) appear adorn'd with various and lovely Colours,
+which all immediately Vanish, upon the relapsing of the Liquor that affords
+those Bubbles their Skins, into the rest of the Oyl, or Spirit of Wine, so
+that a Colourless Liquor may be made in a trice to exhibit variety of
+Colours, and may lose them in a moment without the Accession or Diminution
+of any of its Hypostatical Principles. And, by the way, 'tis not unworthy
+our notice, that some Bodies, as well Colourless, as Colour'd, by being
+brought to a great Thinness of parts, acquire Colours though they had none
+before, or Colours differing from them they were before endued with: For,
+not to insist on the Variety of Colours, that Water, made somewhat
+Glutinous by Sope, acquires, when 'tis blown into such Sphærical Bubbles as
+Boys are wont to make and play with; Turpentine (though it have a Colour
+deep enough of its own) may (by being blown into after a certain manner) be
+brought to afford Bubbles adorn'd with variety of Orient Colours, which
+though they Vanish after some while upon the breaking of the Bubbles, yet
+they would in likelihood always exhibit Colours upon their _Superfices_,
+(though not always the same in the same Parts of them, but Vary'd according
+to the Incidence of the Sight, and the Position of the Eye) if their
+Texture were durable enough: For I have seen one that was Skill'd at
+fashioning Glasses by the help of a Lamp, blowing some of them so strongly
+as to burst them, whereupon it was found, that the Tenacity of the Metall
+was such, that before it broke it suffer'd it self to be reduc'd into Films
+so extremely thin, that being kept clean they constantly shew'd on their
+Surfaces (but after the manner newly mention'd) the varying Colours of the
+Rain-bow, which were exceedingly Vivid, as I had often opportunity to
+observe in some, that I caus'd purposely to be made, to keep by me.
+
+But lest it should be objected, that the above mentioned Instances are
+drawn from Transparent Liquors, it may possibly appear, not impertinent to
+add, what I have sometimes thought upon, and several times tried, when I
+was considering the Opinions of the _Chymists_ about Colours, I took then a
+Feather of a convenient Bigness and Shape, and holding it at a fit distance
+betwixt my Eye and the Sun when he was near the Horizon, me thought there
+appear'd to me a Variety of little Rain-bows, with differing and very vivid
+Colours, of which none was constantly to be seen in the Feather; the like
+_Phænomenon_ I have at other times (though not with altogether so good
+success) produc'd, by interposing at a due distance a piece of Black
+Ribband betwixt the almost setting Sun and my Eye, not to mention the
+Trials I have made to the same purpose, with other Bodies.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XX._
+
+Take good Syrrup of Violets, Imprægnated with the Tincture of the flowers,
+drop a little of it upon a White Paper (for by that means the Change of
+Colour will be more conspicuous, and the Experiment may be practis'd in
+smaller Quantities) and on this Liquor let fall two or three drops of
+Spirit either of Salt or Vinegar, or almost any other eminently Acid
+Liquor, and upon the Mixture of these you shall find the Syrrup immediatly
+turn'd Red, and the way of Effecting such a Change has not been unknown to
+divers Persons who have produc'd the like, by Spirit of Vitriol, or juice
+of Limmons, but have Groundlessly ascrib'd the Effect to some Peculiar
+Quality of those two Liquors, whereas, (as we have already intimated)
+almost any Acid Salt will turn Syrrup of Violets Red. But to improve the
+Experiment, let me add what has not (that I know of) been hitherto
+observ'd, and has, when we first shew'd it them, appear'd something
+strange, even to those that have been inquisitive into the Nature of
+Colours; namely, that if instead of Spirit of Salt, or that of Vinegar, you
+drop upon the Syrrup of Violets a little Oyl of Tartar _per Deliquium_, or
+the like quantity of Solution of Potashes, and rubb them together with your
+finger, you shall find the Blew Colour of the Syrrup turn'd in a moment
+into a perfect Green, and the like may be perform'd by divers other
+Liquors, as we may have occasion elsewhere to Inform you.
+
+_Annotation upon the twentieth Experiment_.
+
+The use of what we lately deliver'd concerning the way of turning Syrrup of
+Violets, Red or Green, may be this; That, though it be a far more common
+and procurable Liquor than the Infusion of _Lignum Nephriticum_, it may yet
+be easily substituted in its Room, when we have a mind to examine, whether
+or no the Salt predominant in a Liquor or other Body, wherein 'tis Loose
+and Abundant, belong to the Tribe of _Acid_ Salts or not. For if such a
+Body turn the Syrrup of a Red or Reddish Purple Colour, it does for the
+most part argue the Body (especially if it be a distill'd Liquor) to abound
+with Acid Salt. But if the Syrrup be made Green, that argues the
+Predominant Salt to be of a Nature repugnant to that of the Tribe of Acids.
+For, as I find that either Spirit of Salt, or Oyl of Vitriol, or
+_Aqua-fortis_, or Spirit of Vinegar, or Juice of Lemmons, or any of the
+Acid Liquors I have yet had occasion to try, will turn Syrrup of Violets,
+of a _Red_, (or at least, of a _Reddish_ Colour, so I have found, that not
+only the Volatile Salts of all Animal Substances I have us'd, as Spirit of
+Harts-horn, of Urine, of Sal-Armoniack, of Blood, &c. but also all the
+Alcalizate Salts I have imploy'd, as the Solution of Salt of Tartar, of
+Pot-ashes, of common Wood-ashes, Lime-water, &c. will immediately change
+the Blew Syrrup, into a perfect Green. And by the same way (to hint that
+upon the by) I elsewhere show you, both the changes that Nature and Time
+produce, in the more Saline parts of some Bodies, may be discover'd, and
+also how ev'n such Chymically prepar'd Bodies, as belong not either to the
+Animal Kingdome, or to the Tribe of _Alcali's_, may have their new and
+superinduc'd Nature successfully Examin'd. In this place I shall only add,
+that not alone the Changing the Colour of the Syrrup, requires, that the
+Changing Body be more strong, of the Acid, or other sort of Salt that is
+Predominant in it, than is requisite for the working upon the Tincture of
+_Lignum Nephriticum_; but that in this is also, the Operation of the
+formerly mention'd Salts upon our Syrrup, differs from their Operation upon
+our Tinctures, that in this Liquor, if the Cæruleous Colour be _Destroy'd_
+by an Acid Salt, it may be _Restor'd_ by one that is either Volatile, or
+Lixiviate; whereas in Syrrup of Violets, though one of these contrary Salts
+will _destroy_ the Action of the other, yet neither of them will _restore_
+the Syrrup to its native Blew; but each of them will Change it into the
+Colour which it self doth (if I may so speak) affect, as we shall have
+Occasion to show in the Notes on the twenty fifth Experiment.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXI._
+
+There is a Weed, more known to Plowmen than belov'd by them, whose Flowers
+from their Colour are commonly call'd _Blew-bottles_, and _Corn-weed_ from
+their Growing among Corn[18]. These Flowers some Ladies do, upon the
+account of their Lovely Colour, think worth the being Candied, which when
+they are, they will long retain so fair a Colour, as makes them a very fine
+Sallad in the Winter. But I have try'd, that when they are freshly
+gather'd, they will afford a Juice, which when newly express'd, (for in
+some cases 'twill soon enough degenerate) affords a very deep and pleasant
+Blew. Now, (to draw this to our present Scope) by dropping on this fresh
+Juice, a little Spirit of Salt, (that being the Acid Spirit I had then at
+hand) it immediately turn'd (as I predicted) into a Red. And if instead of
+the Sowr Spirit I mingled with it a little strong Solution of an Alcalizate
+Salt, it did presently disclose a lovely Green; the same Changes being by
+those differing sorts of Saline Liquors, producible in this _Natural
+juice_, that we lately mention'd to have happen'd to that _factitious
+Mixture_, the Syrrup of Violets. And I remember, that finding this Blew
+Liquor, when freshly made, to be capable of serving in a Pen for an Ink of
+that Colour, I attempted by moistning one part of a piece of White Paper
+with the Spirit of Salt I have been mentioning, and another with some
+Alcalizate or Volatile Liquor, to draw a Line on the leisurely dry'd Paper,
+that should, e'vn before the Ink was dry, appear partly Blew, partly Red,
+and partly Green: But though the latter part of the Experiment succeeded
+not well, (whether because Volatile Salts are too Fugitive to be retain'd
+in the Paper, and Alcalizate ones are too Unctuous, or so apt to draw
+Moisture from the Air, that they keep the Paper from drying well) yet the
+former Part succeeded well enough; the Blew and Red being Conspicuous
+enough to afford a surprizing Spectacle to those, I acquaint not with (what
+I willingly allow you to call) the _Trick_.
+
+  [18] _Herbarists_ are wont to call this Plant _Cyanus vulgaris minor_.
+
+_Annotation upon the one and twentieth Experiment._
+
+But lest you should be tempted to think (_Pyrophilus_) that Volatile or
+Alcalizate Salts change Blews into Green, rather upon the score of the
+easie Transition of the former Colour into the latter, than upon the
+account of the Texture, wherein most Vegetables, that afford a Blew, seem,
+though otherwise differing, to be Allied, I will add, that when I purposely
+dissolv'd Blew Vitriol in fair Water, and thereby imbu'd sufficiently that
+Liquor with that Colour, a Lixiviate Liquor, and a Urinous Salt being
+Copiously pour'd upon distinct Parcels of it, did each of them, though
+perhaps with some Difference, turn the Liquor not Green, but of a deep
+Yellowish Colour, almost like that of Yellow Oker, which Colour the
+Precipitated Corpuscles retain'd, when they had Leisurely subsided to the
+Bottom. What this Precipitated Substance is, it is not needfull now to
+Enquire in this place, and in another, I have shown you, that
+notwithstanding its Colour, and its being Obtainable from an Acid
+_Menstruum_ by the help of Salt of Tartar, it is yet far enough from being
+the true Sulphur of Vitriol.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXII._
+
+Our next Experiment (_Pyrophilus_) will perhaps seem to be of a contrary
+Nature to the two former, made upon Syrrup of Violets, and Juice of
+Blew-bottles. For as in them by the Affusion of Oyl of Tartar, a Blewish
+Liquor is made Green, so in this, by the sole Mixture of the same Oyl, a
+Greenish Liquor becomes Blew. The hint of this Experiment was given us by
+the practice of some _Italian_ Painters, who being wont to Counterfeit
+_Ultra-marine Azure_ (as they call it) by Grinding Verdigrease with
+Sal-Armoniack, and some other Saline Ingredients, and letting them Rot (as
+they imagine) for a good while together in a Dunghill, we suppos'd, that
+the change of Colour wrought in the Verdigrease by this way of Preparation,
+must proceed from the Action of certain Volatile and Alcalizate Salts,
+abounding in some of the mingled Concretes, and brought to make a further
+Dissolution of the Copper abounding in the Verdigrease, and therefore we
+Conjectur'd, that if both the Verdigrease, and such Salts were dissolv'd in
+fair Water, the small Parts of both being therein more subdivided, and set
+at liberty, would have better access to each other, and thereby Incorporate
+much the more suddenly; And accordingly we found, that if upon a strong
+Solution of good French Verdigrease (for 'tis that we are wont to imploy,
+as the best) you pour a just quantity of Oyl of Tartar, and shake them well
+together, you shall immediately see a notable Change of Colour, and the
+Mixture will grow thick, and not transparent, but if you stay a while, till
+the Grosser part be Precipitated to, and setled in the Bottom, you may
+obtain a clear Liquor of a very lovely Colour, and exceeding delightfull to
+the Eye. But, you must have a care to drop in a competent Quantity of Oyl
+of Tartar, for else the Colour will not be so Deep, and Rich; and if
+instead of this Oyl you imploy a clear _Lixivium_ of Pot-ashes, you may
+have an Azure somewhat Lighter or Paler than, and therefore differing from,
+the former. And if instead of either of these Liquors, you make use of
+Spirit of Urine, or of Harts-horn, you may according to the Quantity and
+Quality of the Spirit you pour in, obtain some further Variety (though
+scarce considerable) of Cæruleous Liquors. And yet lately by the help of
+this Urinous Spirit we made a Blew Liquor, which not a few Ingenious
+Persons, and among them, some, whose Profession makes them very Conversant
+with Colours, have looked upon with some wonder. But these Azure Colour'd
+Liquors should be freed from the Subsiding matter, which the Salts of
+Tartar or Urine precipitate out of them, rather by being Decanted, than by
+Filtration. For by the latter of these ways we have sometimes found, the
+Colour of them very much Impair'd, and little Superiour to that of the
+grosser Substance, that it left in the Filtre.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXIII._
+
+That Roses held over the Fume of Sulphur, may quickly by it be depriv'd of
+their Colour, and have as much of their Leaves, as the Fume works upon,
+burn'd pale, is an Experiment, that divers others have tried, as well as I.
+But (_Pyrophilus_) it may seem somewhat strange to one that has never
+consider'd the Compounded nature of Brimstone, That, whereas the Fume of
+Sulphur will, as we have said, Whiten the Leaves of Roses; That Liquor,
+which is commonly call'd Oyl of Sulphur _per Campanam_, because it is
+suppos'd to be made by the Condensation of these Fumes in Glasses shap't
+like Bells, into a Liquor, does powerfully heighten the Tincture of Red
+Roses, and make it more Red and Vivid, as we have easily tried by putting
+some Red-Rose Leaves, that had been long dried, (and so had lost much of
+their Colour) into a Vial of fair Water. For a while after the Affusion of
+a convenient Quantity of the Liquor we are speaking of, both the Leaves
+themselves, and the Water they were Steep'd in, discover'd a very fresh and
+lovely Colour.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXIV._
+
+It may (_Pyrophilus_) somewhat serve to Illustrate, not only the Doctrine
+of _Pigments_, and of _Colours_, but divers other Parts of the _Corpuscular
+Philosophy_; as that explicates Odours, and many other things, not as the
+Schools by Aery Qualities, but by Real, though extremely Minute Bodies; to
+examine, how much of a Colourless Liquor, a very small Parcel of a Pigment
+may Imbue with a _discernable_ Colour. And though there be scarce any thing
+of Preciseness to be expected from such Trials, yet I presum'd, that (at
+least) I should be able to show a much further Subdivision of the Parts of
+Matter into _Visible_ Particles, than I have hitherto found taken notice
+of, and than most men would imagine; no Body, that I know of, having yet
+attempted to reduce this Matter to any Measure.
+
+The Bodies, the most promising for such a purpose, might seem to be the
+Metalls, especially Gold, because of the Multitude, and Minuteness of its
+Parts, which might be argu'd from the incomparable Closeness of its
+Texture: But though we tried a Solution of Gold made in _Aqua Regia_ first,
+and then in fair Water; yet in regard we were to determine the Pigment we
+imploy'd, not by _Bulk_ but _Weight_, and because also, that the Yellow
+Colour of Gold is but a faint one in Comparison of the deep Colour of
+_Cochineel_, we rather chose this to make our Trials with. But among divers
+of these it will suffice to set down one, which was carefully made in
+Vessels conveniently Shap'd; (and that in the presence of a Witness, and an
+Assistant) the Sum whereof I find among my _Adversaria_, Registred in the
+following Words. To which I shall only premise, (to lessen the wonder of so
+strange a diffusion of the Pigment) That _Cochineel_ will be better
+Dissolv'd, and have its Colour far more heightn'd by Spirit of Urine, than
+(I say not by common Water, but) by Rectify'd Spirit of Wine it self.
+
+The Note I spoke off is this. [One Grain of _Cochineel_ dissolv'd in a
+pretty Quantity of Spirit of Urine, and then dissolv'd further by degrees
+in fair Water, imparted a discernable, though but a very faint Colour, to
+about six Glass-fulls of Water, each of them containing about forty three
+Ounces and an half, which amounts to above a hundred twenty five thousand
+times its own Weight.]
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXV._
+
+It may afford a considerable Hint (_Pyrophilus_) to him, that would improve
+the Art of Dying, to know what change of Colours may be produc'd by the
+three several sorts of Salts already often mention'd, (some or other of
+which may be procur'd in Quantity at reasonable Rates) in the Juices,
+Decoctions, Infusions, and (in a word) the more soluble parts of
+Vegetables. And, though the design of this Discourse be the Improvement of
+Knowledge, not of Trades: yet thus much I shall not scruple to intimate
+here, That the Blew Liquors, mention'd in the twentieth and one and
+twentieth Experiments, are far from being the only Vegetable Substances,
+upon which Acid, Urinous, and Alcalizate Salts have the like Operations to
+those recited in those two Experiments. For Ripe _Privet Berries_ (for
+instance) being crush'd upon White Paper, though they stain it with a
+Purplish Colour, yet if we let fall on some part of it two or three drops
+of Spirit of Salt, and on the other part a little more of the Strong
+Solution of Pot-ashes, the former Liquor immediately turn'd that part of
+the Thick juice or Pulp, on which it fell, into a lovely Red, and the
+latter turn'd the other part of it into a delightfull Green. Though I will
+not undertake, that those Colours in that Substance shall not be much more
+Orient, than Lasting; and though (_Pyrophilus_) this Experiment may seem to
+be almost the same with those already deliver'd concerning Syrrup of
+Violets, and the Juice of Blew-bottles, yet I think it not amiss to take
+this Occasion to inform you, that this Experiment reaches much farther,
+than perhaps you yet imagine, and may be of good Use to those, whom it
+concerns to know, how Dying Stuffs may be wrought upon by Saline Liquors.
+For, I have found this Experiment to succeed in so many Various Berries,
+Flowers, Blossoms, and other finer Parts of Vegetables, that neither my
+Memory, nor my Leisure serves me to enumerate them. And it is somewhat
+surprizing to see, by how Differingly-colour'd Flowers, or Blossoms, (for
+example) the Paper being stain'd, will by an Acid Spirit be immediately
+turn'd Red, and by any _Alcaly_ or any Urinous Spirit turn'd Green;
+insomuch that ev'n the crush'd Blossoms of _Meserion_, (which I gather'd in
+Winter and frosty Weather) and those of Pease, crush'd upon White Paper,
+how remote soever their Colours be from Green, would in a moment pass into
+a deep Degree of that Colour, upon the Touch of an Alcalizate Liquor. To
+which let us add, That either of those new Pigments (if I may so call them)
+may by the Affusion of enough of a contrary Liquor, be presently chang'd
+from Red into Green, and from Green into Red, which Observation will hold
+also in Syrrup of Violets, Juices of Blew-bottles, &c.
+
+_Annotation._
+
+After what I have formerly deliver'd to evince, That there are many
+Instances, wherein new Colours are produc'd or acquir'd by Bodies, which
+_Chymists_ are wont to think destitute of Salt, or to whose change of
+Colours no new Accession of Saline Particles does appear to contribute, I
+think we may safely enough acknowledge, that we have taken notice of so
+many Changes made by the Intervention of Salts in the Colours of Mix'd
+Bodies, that it has lessen'd our Wonder, That though _many Chymists_ are
+wont to ascribe the Colours of Such Bodies to their Sulphureous, and _the
+rest_ to their Mercurial Principle; yet _Paracelsus_ himself directs us in
+the Indagation of Colours, to have an Eye principally upon Salts, as we
+find in that passage of his, wherein he takes upon him to Oblige his
+Readers much by Instructing them, of what things they are to expect the
+Knowledge from each of the three distinct Principles of Bodies. _Alias_
+(says he) _Colorum similis ratio est: De quibus brevem institutionem hanc
+attendite, quod scilicet colores omnes ex Sale prodeant. Sal enim dat
+colorem, dat Balsamum._[19] And a little beneath. _Iam natura Ipsa colores
+protrathit ex sale, cuique speciei dans illum, qui ipsi competit_, &c.
+After which he concludes; _Itaque qui rerum omnium corpora cognoscere vult,
+huic opus est, ut ante omnia cognoscat Sulphur, Ab hoc, qui desiderat
+novisse Colores is scientiam istorum petat à Sale, Qui scire vult Virtutes,
+is scrutetur arcana Mercurii. Sic nimirum fundamentum hauserit Mysteriorum,
+in quolibet crescenti indagandorum, prout natura cuilibet speciei ea
+ingessit_. But though _Paracelsus_ ascribes to each of his belov'd
+Hypostatical Principles, much more than I fear will be found to belong to
+it; yet if we please to consider Colours, not as _Philosophers_, but as
+_Dyers_, the concurrence of Salts to the striking and change of Colours,
+and their Efficacy, will, I suppose, appear so considerable, that we shall
+not need to quarrel much with _Paracelsus_, for ascribing in this place
+(for I dare not affirm that he uses to be still of one Mind) the Colours of
+Bodies to their Salts, if by Salts he here understood, not only Elementary
+Salts, but such also as are commonly taken for Salts, as Allom, Crystals of
+Tartar, Vitriol, &c. because the Saline principle does chiefly abound in
+them, though indeed they be, as we elsewhere declare, mix'd Bodies, and
+have most of them, besides what is Saline, both Sulphureous, Aqueous, and
+Gross or Earthy parts.
+
+  [19] Paracelsus de Mineral. tract. 1. pag. m. 243
+
+But though (_Pyrophilus_) I have observ'd a Red and Green to be produc'd,
+the former, by Acid Salts, the later by Salts not Acid, in the express
+Juices of so many differing Vegetable Substances, that the Observation, if
+persued, may prove (as I said) of good Use: yet to show you how much e'vn
+these Effects depend upon the particular Texture of Bodies, I must subjoyn
+some cases wherein I (who am somewhat backwards to admit Observations for
+Universal) had the Curiosity to discover, that the Experiments would not
+Uniformly succeed, and of these Exceptions, the chief that I now remember,
+are reducible to the following three.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXVI._
+
+And, (first) I thought fit to try the Operation of Acid Salts upon
+Vegetable Substances, that are already and by their own Nature Red. And
+accordingly I made Trial upon Syrrup of Clove-july-flowers, the clear
+express'd Juice of the succulent Berries of _Spina Cervina_, or Buckthorn
+(which I had long kept by me for the sake of its deep Colour) upon Red
+Roses, Infusion of Brazil, and divers other Vegetable Substances, on some
+of which crush'd (as is often mention'd) upon White Paper, (which is also
+to be understood in most of these Experiments, if no Circumstance of them
+argue otherwise) Spirit of Salt either made no considerable Change, or
+alter'd the Colour but from a Darker to a Lighter Red. How it will succeed
+in many other Vegetable Juices, and Infusions of the same Colour, I have at
+present so few at hand, that I must leave you to find it out your self. But
+as for the Operation of the other sorts of Salts upon these Red Substances,
+I found it not very Uniform, some Red, or Reddish Infusions, as of Roses,
+being turn'd thereby into a dirty Colour, but yet inclining to Green. Nor
+was the Syrrup of Clove-july-flowers turn'd by the solution of Pot-ashes to
+a much better, though somewhat a Greener, Colour. Another sort of Red
+Infusions was by an _Alcaly_ not turn'd into a Green, but advanc'd into a
+Crimson, as I shall have occasion to note ere long. But there were other
+sorts, as particularly the lovely Colour'd juice of Buckthorn Berries, that
+readily pass'd into a lovely Green.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXVII._
+
+Among other Vegetables, which we thought likely to afford Exceptions to the
+General Observation about the differing Changes of Colours produc'd by Acid
+and Sulphureous Salts, we thought fit to make Trial upon the Flowers of
+_Jasmin_, they being both White as to Colour, and esteem'd to be of a more
+Oyly nature than other Flowers. Whereupon having taken the White parts only
+of the Flowers, and rubb'd them somewhat hard with my Finger upon a piece
+of clean Paper, it appear'd very little Discolour'd. Nor had Spirit of
+Salt, wherewith I moisten'd one part of it, any considerable Operation upon
+it. But Spirit of Urine, and somewhat more effectually a strong Alcalizate
+Solution, did immediately turn the almost Colourless Paper moisten'd by the
+Juice of the _Jasmin_, not as those Liquors are wont to do, when put upon
+the Juices of other Flowers, of a good Green, but of a Deep, though
+somewhat Greenish Yellow, which Experiment I did afterwards at several
+times repeat with the like success. But it seems not that a great degree of
+Unctuousness is necessary to the Production of the like Effects, for when
+we try'd the Experiment with the Leaves of those purely White Flowers that
+appear about the end of Winter, and are commonly call'd _Snow drops_, the
+event, was not much unlike that, which, we have been newly mentioning.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXVIII._
+
+Another sort of Instances to show, how much changes of Colour effected by
+Salts, depend upon the particular Texture of the Colour'd Bodies, has been
+afforded me by several _Yellow_ Flowers, and other Vegetables, as Mary-gold
+Leaves, early Prim-roses, fresh Madder, &c. For being rubb'd upon White
+Paper, till they imbued it with their Colour, I found not, that by the
+addition of Alcalizate Liquors, nor yet by that of an Urinous Spirit, they
+would be turn'd either Green or Red: nor did so Acid a Spirit, as that of
+Salt, considerably alter their Colour, save that it seem'd a little to
+Dilute it. Only in some early Prim-roses it destroy'd the greatest part of
+the Colour, and made the Paper almost White agen. And Madder also afforded
+some thing peculiar, and very differing from what we have newly mention'd:
+For having gather'd Some Roots of it, and, (whilst they were recent)
+express'd upon White Paper the Yellow Juice, an Alcalizate Solution drop'd
+upon it did not turn it either Green or White, but Red. And the bruis'd
+Madder it self being drench'd with the like Alcalizate Solution, exchang'd
+also its Yellowishness for a Redness.
+
+_An admonition touching the four preceding Experiments._
+
+Having thus (_Pyrophilus_) given you divers Instances, to countenance the
+General observation deliver'd in the twenty fifth Experiment, and divers
+Exceptions whereby it ought to be Limited; I must leave the further Inquiry
+into these Matters to your own Industry. For not remembring at present many
+of those other Trials, long since made to satisfie my self about
+Particulars, and not having now the Opportunity to repeat them, I must
+content my Self to have given you the Hint, and the ways of prosecuting the
+search your Self; and only declare to you in general, that, As I have made
+many Trials, unmention'd in this Treatise, whose Events were agreeable to
+those mention'd in the twenty fifth Experiment, so (to name now no other
+Instances) what I have try'd with Acid and Sulphureous Salts upon the Pulp
+of Juniper Berries, rubb'd upon White Paper, inclines me to think, That
+among that vast Multitude, and strange Variety of Plants that adorn the
+face of the Earth, perhaps many other Vegetables may be found, on which
+such _Menstruums_ may not have such Operations, as upon the Juice of
+Violets, Pease-blossoms, &c. no nor upon any of those three other sorts of
+Vegetables, that I have taken notice of in the three fore-going
+Experiments. It sufficiently appearing ev'n by these, that the effects of a
+Salt upon the Juices of particular Vegetables do very much depend upon
+their particular Textures.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXIX._
+
+It may be of some Use towards the discovery of the nature of these Changes,
+which the Alimental Juice receives in some Vegetables, according to the
+differing degrees of their Maturity, and according to the differing kinds
+of Plants of the same Denomination, to observe what Operation Acid,
+Urinous, and Alcalizate Salts will have upon the Juices of the several
+sorts of the Vegetable substances I have been mentioning.
+
+To declare my meaning by an Example, I took from the same Cluster, one
+Blackberry full Ripe, and another that had not yet gone beyond a Redness,
+and rubbing apiece of white Paper, with the former, I observ'd, that the
+Juice adhering to it was of adark Reddish Colour, full of little Black
+Specks; and that this Juice by a drop of a strong _Lixivium_, was
+immediately turn'd into a Greenish Colour deep enough, by as much Urinous
+Spirit into a Colour much of Kin to the former, though somewhat differing,
+and fainter; and by a drop of Spirit of Salt into a fine and lightsome Red:
+where as the Red Berry being in like manner rubb'd upon Paper, left on it a
+Red Colour, which was very little alter'd by the Acid Spirit newly nam'd,
+and by the Urinous and Lixiviate Salts receiv'd changes of Colour differing
+from those that had been just before produc'd in the dark Juice of the Ripe
+Blackberry.
+
+I remember also, that though the Infusion of Damask-Roses would as well,
+though not so much, as that of Red, be heightned by Acid Spirits to an
+intense degree of Redness, and by Lixiviate Salts be brought to a Darkish
+Green; yet having for Trials sake taken a Rose, whose Leaves, which were
+large and numerous, like those of a Province Rose, were perfectly Yellow,
+though in a Solution of Salt of Tartar, they afforded a Green Blewish
+Tincture, yet I did not by an Acid Liquor obtain a Red one; all that the
+Saline Spirit I imploy'd, perform'd, being (if I much misremember not) to
+Dilute Somewhat the Yellowness of the Leaves. I would also have tried the
+Tincture of Yellow Violets, but could procure none. And if I were in those
+Islands of _Banda_, which are made Famous as well as Rich, by being the
+almost only places, where Cloves will prosper, I should think it worth my
+Curiosity to try, what Operation the three differing Kinds of Salts, I have
+so often mention'd, would have upon the Juice of this Spice, (express'd at
+the several Seasons of it) as it grows upon the Tree. Since good Authors
+inform us, (of what is remarkable) that these whether Fruits, or Rudiments
+of Fruits, are at first _White_, afterward _Green_, and then _Reddish_,
+before they be beaten off the Tree, after which being Dry'd before they are
+put up, they grow _Blackish_ as we see them. And one of the recentest
+_Herbarists_ informs us, that the Flower grows upon the top of the Clove it
+self, consisting of four small Leaves, like a Cherry Blossom, but of an
+excellent _Blew_. But (_Pyrophilus_) to return to our own Observations, I
+shall add, that I the rather choose, to mention to you an Example drawn
+from Roses, because that though I am apt to think, as I elsewhere
+advertise, that something may be guess'd at about some of the Qualities of
+the Juices of Vegetables, by the Resemblance or Disparity that we meet with
+in the Changes made of their Colours, by the Operation of the same kinds of
+Salts; yet that those Conjectures should be very warily made, may appear
+among other things, by the Instance I have chosen to give in Roses. For
+though, (as I formerly told you) the Dry'd Leaves, both of the Damask, and
+of Red ones, give a Red Tincture to Water sharpen'd with Acid Salts, yet
+the one sort of Leaves is known to have a Purgative faculty,[20] and the
+other are often, and divers ways, imploy'd for Binding.
+
+  [20] See _Parkinson_ Th. Boran. Trib. 9. cap. 26.
+
+And I also choose (_Pyrophilus_) to subjoyn this twenty ninth Experiment to
+those that precede it, about the change of the Colours of Vegetables by
+Salts, for these two reasons: The first, that you may not easily entertain
+Suspitions, if in the Trials of an Experiment of some of the Kinds formerly
+mention'd, you should meet with an Event somewhat differing from what my
+Relations may have made you expect. And the second, That you may hereby be
+invited to discern, that it may not be amiss to take notice of the
+particular Seasons wherein you gather the Vegetables which in Nicer
+Experiments you make use of. For, it I were not hindred both by haste and
+some justifiable Considerations, I could perhaps add considerable
+Instances, to those lately deliver'd, for the making out of this
+Observation; but for certain reasons I shall at present substitute a
+remarkable passage to be met with in that Laborious Herbarist Mr.
+_Parkinson_, where treating of the Virtues of the (already divers times
+mention'd) Buckthorn Berries, he subjoyns the following account of several
+Pigments that are made of them, not only according to the several ways of
+Handling them, but according to the differing Seasons of Maturity, at which
+they are Gather'd; _Of these Berries_, (says he) _are made three several
+sorts of Colours as they shall be gather'd, that is, being gather'd while
+they are Green, and kept Dry, are call'd Sapberries, which being steep'd
+into some Allom-water, or fresh bruis'd into Allom-water, they give a
+reasonable fair Yellow Colour which Painters use for their Work, and
+Book-binders to Colour the edges of Books, and Leather-dressers to Colour
+Leather, as they use also to make a Green Colour, call'd Sap-green, taken
+from the Berries when they are Black, being bruis'd and put into a Brass or
+Copper Kettle or Pan, and there suffer'd to abide three or four_ _Days, or
+a little heated upon the Fire, and some beaten Allom put unto them, and
+afterwards press'd forth, the Juice or Liquor is usually put in great
+Bladders tied with strong thred at the Head and hung up untill it be Dry,
+which is dissolv'd in Water or Wine, but Sack_ (he affirms) _is the best to
+preserve the Colour from Starving, (as they call it) that is, from
+Decaying, and make it hold fresh the longer. The third Colour (where of
+none_ (says he) _that I can find have made mention but only_ Tragus_) is a
+Purplish Colour, which is made of the Berries suffer'd to grow upon the
+Bushes untill the middle or end of_ November, _that they are ready to drop
+from the Trees._
+
+And, I remember (_Pyrophilus_) that I try'd, with a success that pleas'd me
+well enough, to make such a kind of Pigment, as Painters call Sap-green, by
+a way not unlike that, deliver'd here by our Author, but I cannot now find
+any thing relating to that matter among my loose Papers. And my Trials were
+made so many years ago, that I dare not trust my Memory for Circumstances,
+but will rather tell you, that in a noted Colour-shop, I brought them by
+Questions to confess to me, that they made their Sap-green much after the
+ways by our _Botanist_ here mention'd. And on this occasion I shall add an
+Observation, which though it does not strictly belong to this place, may
+well enough be mention'd here, namely, that I find by an account given us
+by the Learned _Clusius_, of _Alaternus_, that ev'n the Grosser Parts of
+the same Plant, are some of them one Colour, and some another; For speaking
+of that Plant, he tells us, that the _Portugalls_ use the Bark to Dye their
+Nets into a Red Colour, and with the Chips of the Wood, which are Whitish,
+they Dye a Blackish Blew.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXX._
+
+Among the Experiments that tend to shew that the change of Colours in
+Bodies may proceed from the Vary'd Texture of their Parts, and the
+consequent change of their Disposition to Reflect or Refract the Light,
+that sort of Experiments must not be left unmention'd, which is afforded us
+by Chymical Digestions. For, if _Chymists_ will believe several famous
+Writers about what they call the Philosophers Stone, they must acknowledge
+that the same Matter, seald up Hermetically in a Philosophical Egg, will by
+the continuance of Digestion, or if they will have it so (for it is not
+Material in our case which of the two it be) of Decoction, run through a
+great Variety of differing Colours, before it come to that of the Noblest
+_Elixir_; whether that be Scarlet, or Purple, or what ever other Kind of
+Red. But without building any thing on so Obtruse and Questionable an
+Operation, (which yet may be pertinently represented to those that believe
+the thing) we may observe, that divers Bodies digested in carefully-clos'd
+Vessels, will in tract of time, change their Colour: As I have elsewhere
+mention'd my having observ'd ev'n in Rectify'd Spirit of Harts-horn, and as
+is evident in the Precipitations of Amalgams of Gold, and Mercury, without
+Addition, where by the continuance of a due Heat the Silver-Colour'd
+Amalgam is reduc'd into a shining Red Powder. Further Instances of this
+Kind you may find here and there in divers places of my other Essays. And
+indeed it has been a thing, that has much contributed to deceive many
+_Chymists_, that there are more Bodies than one, which by Digestion will be
+brought to exhibit that Variety and Succession of Colours, which they
+imagine to be Peculiar to what they call the _True matter of the
+Philosophers_. But concerning this, I shall referr you to what you may
+elsewhere find in the Discourse written touching the passive Deceptions of
+_Chymists_, and more about the Production of Colours by Digestion you will
+meet with presently. Wherefore I shall now make only this Observation from
+what has been deliver'd, That in these Operations there appears not any
+cause to attribute the new Colours emergent to the Action of a new
+Substantial form, nor to any Increase or Decrement of either the Salt,
+Sulphur, or Mercury of the Matter that acquires new Colours: For the
+Vessels are clos'd, and these Principles according to the _Chymists_ are
+Ingenerable and Incorruptible; so that the Effect seems to proceed from
+hence, that the Heat agitating and shuffling the Corpuscles of the Body
+expos'd to it, does in process of time so change its Texture, as that the
+Transposed parts do Modifie the incident Light otherwise, than they did
+when the Matter appear'd of another Colour.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXXI._
+
+Among the several changes of Colour, which Bodies acquire or disclose by
+Digestion, it it very remarkable, that _Chymists_ find a Redness rather
+than any other Colour in most of the Tinctures they Draw, and ev'n in the
+more Gross Solutions they make of almost all Concretes, that abound either
+with Mineral or Vegetable Sulphur, though the _Menstruum_ imploy'd about
+these Solutions or Tinctures be never so Limpid or Colourless.
+
+This we have observ'd in I know not how many Tinctures drawn with Spirit of
+Wine from _Jalap_, _Guaicum_, and several other Vegetables; and not only in
+the Solutions of _Amber_, _Benzoin_, and divers other Concretes made with
+the same _Menstruum_, but also in divers Mineral Tinctures. And, not to
+urge that familiar Instance of the Ruby of Sulphur, as _Chymists_ upon the
+score of its Colour, call the Solution of Flowers of Brimstone, made with
+the Spirit of Turpentine, nor to take notice of other more known Examples
+of the aptness of Chymical Oyls, to produce a Red Colour with the Sulphur
+they extract, or dissolve; not to insist (I say) upon Instances of this
+nature, I shall further represent to you, as a thing remarkable, that, both
+Acid and Alcalizate Salts, though in most other cases of such contrary
+Operations, in reference to Colours, will with many Bodies that abound with
+Sulphureous, or with Oyly parts, produce a Red; as is manifest partly in
+the more Vulgar Instances of the Tinctures, or Solutions of Sulphur made
+with _Lixiviums_, either of Calcin'd Tartar or Pot-ashes, and other Obvious
+examples, partly by this, that the true Glass of Antimony extracted with
+some Acid Spirits, with or without Wine, will yield a Red Tincture, and
+that I know an Acid Liquor, which in a moment will turn Oyl of Turpentine
+into a deep Red. But among the many Instances I could give you of the easie
+Production of Redness by the Operation of Saline Spirit, as well as of
+Spirit of Wine; I remember two or three of those I have tried, which seem
+remarkable enough to deserve to be mention'd to you apart.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXXII._
+
+But before we set them down, it will not perhaps appear impertinent to
+premise;
+
+That there seems to be a manifest Disparity betwixt Red Liquors, so that
+some of them may be said to have a Genuine Redness in comparison of others,
+that have a Yellowish Redness: For if you take (for example) a good
+Tincture of _Chochineel_, dilute it never so much with fair Water, you will
+not (as far as I can judge by what I have tried) be able to make it a
+Yellow Liquor. Insomuch that a Single drop of a rich Solution of
+_Cochineel_ in Spirit of Urine, being Diluted with above an Ounce of fair
+Water, exhibited no Yellowishness at all, but a fair (though somewhat
+faint) Pinck or Carnation; and even when _Cochineel_ was by degrees Diluted
+much beyond the newly mention'd Colour, by the way formerly related to you
+in the twenty fourth Experiment, I remember not, that there appear'd in the
+whole Trial any Yellow. But if you take Balsom of Sulphur (for Instance)
+though it may appear in a Glass, where it has a good Thickness, to be of a
+deep Red, yet if you shake the Glass, or pour a few drops on a sheet of
+White Paper, spreading them on it with your Finger, the Balsom that falls
+back along the sides of the Glass, and that which stains the Paper, will
+appear Yellow, not Red. And there are divers Tinctures, such as that of
+Amber made with Spirit of Wine, (to name now no more) that will appear
+either Yellow or Red, according as the Vessels that they fill, are Slender
+or Broad.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXXIII._
+
+But to proceed to the Experiments I was about to deliver; _First_; Oyl or
+Spirit of Turpentine, though clear as fair Water, being Digested upon the
+purely White Sugar of Lead, has, in a short time, afforded us a high Red
+Tincture, that some Artists are pleas'd to call the Balsom of _Saturn_,
+which they very much (and probably not altogether without cause) extoll as
+an excellent Medicine in divers Outward affections.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXXIV._
+
+_Next_, take of common Brimstone finely powdred five Ounces, of
+Sal-Armoniack likewise pulveriz'd an equal weight, of beaten Quick-lime six
+Ounces, mix these Powders exquisitely, and Distill them through a Retort
+plac'd in Sand by degrees of Fire, giving at length as intense a Heat as
+you well can in Sand, there will come over (if you have wrought well) a
+Volatile Tincture of Sulphur, which may probably prove an excellent
+Medicine, and should have been mention'd among the other Preparations of
+Sulphur, which we have elsewhere imparted to you, but that it is very
+pertinent to our present Subject, The change of Colours. For though none of
+the Ingredients be Red, the Distill'd Liquor will be so: and this Liquor if
+it be well Drawn, will upon a little Agitation of the Vial first unstop'd
+(especially if it be held in a Warmer hand) lend forth a copious Fume, not
+Red, like that of Nitre, but White; And sometimes this Liquor may be so
+Drawn, that I remember, not long since, I took pleasure to observe in a
+parcel of it, that Ingredients not Red, did not only yield by Distillation
+a Volatile Spirit that was Red, but though that Liquor did upon the bare
+opening of the Bottle it was kept in, drive us away with the plenty and
+sulphureous sent of a White steam which it sent forth, yet the Liquor it
+self being touch'd by our Fingers, did immediately Dye them Black.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXXV._
+
+The third and _last_ Experiment I shall now mention to shew, how prone
+Bodies abounding in Sulphureous parts are to afford a Red Colour, is one,
+wherein by the Operation of a Saline Spirit upon a White or Whitish Body,
+which according to the _Chymists_ should be altogether Sulphureous, a
+Redness may be produc'd, not (as in the former Experiments) slowly, but in
+the twinkling of an Eye. We took then of the Essential Oyl of Anniseeds,
+which has this Peculiarity, that in Cold weather it loses its Fluidity and
+the greatest part of its Transparency, and looks like a White or Whitish
+Oyntment, and near at hand seems to consist of a Multitude of little soft
+Scales: Of this Coagulated Stuff we spread a little with a Knife upon a
+piece of White Paper, and letting fall on it, and mixing with it a drop or
+two of Oyl of Vitriol, immediately (as we fore-saw) there emerg'd together
+with some Heat and Smoak, a Blood-Red Colour, which therefore was in a
+trice produc'd by two Bodies, whereof the one had but a Whitish Colour, and
+the other (if carefully rectify'd) had no Colour at all.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXXVI._
+
+But on this Occasion (_Pyrophilus_) we must add once for all, that in many
+of the above-recited Experiments, though the changes of Colour happen'd as
+we have mention'd them: yet the emergent or produc'd Colour is oft times
+very subject to Degenerate, both quickly and much. Notwithstanding which,
+since the Changes, we have set down, do happen presently upon the Operation
+of the Bodies upon each other, or at the times by us specify'd; _that_ is
+sufficient both to justifie our Veracity, and to shew what we Intend; it
+not being Essential to the Genuineness of a Colour to be Durable. For a
+fading Leaf, that is ready to Rot, and moulder into Dust, may have as true
+a Yellow, as a Wedge of Gold, which so obstinately resists both Time and
+Fire. And the reason, why I take occasion from the former Experiment to
+subjoyn this general Advertisement, is, that I have several times observ'd,
+that the Mixture resulting from the Oyls of Vitriol, and of Anniseeds,
+though it acquire a thicker consistence than either of the Ingredients had,
+has quickly lost its Colour, turning in a very short time into a dirty
+Gray, at least in the Superficial parts, where 'tis expos'd to the Air;
+which last Circumstance I therefore mention, because that, though it seem
+probable, that this Degeneration of Colours may oft times and in divers
+cases proceed from the further Action of the Saline Corpuscles, and the
+other Ingredients upon one another, yet in many cases much of the Quick
+change of Colours seems ascribeable to the Air, as may be made probable by
+several reasons: The first whereof may be fetcht from the newly recited
+Example of the two Oyls; The next may be, that we have sometimes observ'd
+long Window-Curtains of light Colours, to have that part of them, which was
+expos'd to the Air, when the Window was open, of one Colour, and the lower
+part, that was sheltred from the Air by the Wall, of another Colour: And
+the third Argument may be fetch'd from divers Observations, both of others,
+and our own; For of that Pigment so well known in Painters Shops, by the
+name of _Turnsol_, our Industrious _Parkinson_, in the particular account
+he gives of the Plant that bears it, tells us also, That _the Berries when
+they are at their full Maturity, have within them between the outer Skin
+and the inward Kirnel or Seed, a certain Juice or Moisture, which being
+rubb'd upon Paper or Cloath, at the first appears of a fresh and lovely
+Green Colour, but presently changeth into a kind of Blewish Purple, upon
+the Cloath or Paper, and the same Cloath afterwards wet in Water, and wrung
+forth, will Colour the Water into a Claret Wine Colour, and these_
+(concludes he) _are those Raggs of Cloath, which are usually call'd_
+Turnsol _in the Druggists or Grocers Shops_[21]. And to this Observation of
+our _Botanist_ we will add an Experiment of our own, (made before we met
+with That) which, though in many Circumstances, very differing, serves to
+prove the same thing; for having taken of the deeply Red Juice of
+_Buckthorn_ Berries, which I bought of the Man that uses to sell it to the
+Apothecaries, to make their Syrrup _de Spina Cervina_, I let some of it
+drop upon a piece of White Paper, and having left it there for many hours,
+till the Paper was grown dry again, I found what I was inclin'd to suspect,
+namely, That this Juice was degenerated from a deep Red to a dirty kind of
+Greyish Colour, which, in a great part of the stain'd Paper seem'd not to
+have so much as an Eye of Red: Though a little Spirit of Salt or dissolv'd
+_Alcaly_ would turn this unpleasant Colour (as formerly I told you it would
+change the not yet alter'd Juice) into a Red or Green. And to satisfie my
+self, that this Degeneration of Colour did not proceed from the Paper, I
+drop'd some of the deep Red or Crimson Juice upon a White glaz'd Tile, and
+suffering it to dry on there, I found that ev'n in that Body, on which it
+could not Soak, and by which it could not be Wrought, it nevertheless lost
+its Colour. And these Instances (_Pyrophilus_) I am the more carefull to
+mention to you, that you may not be much Surpris'd or Discourag'd, if you
+should sometimes miss of performing punctually what I affirm my self to
+have done in point of changing Colours; since in these Experiments the
+over-sight or neglect of such little Circumstances, as in many others would
+not be perhaps considerable, may occasion the mis-carrying of a Trial. And
+I was willing also to take this occasion of Advertising you in the
+repeating of the Experiments mention'd in this Treatise, to make use of the
+Juices of Vegetables, and other things prepar'd for your Trials, as soon as
+ever they are ready, lest one or other of them grow less fit, if not quite
+unfit by delay; and to estimate the Event of the Trials by the Change, that
+is produc'd presently upon the due and sufficient Application of Actives to
+Passives, (as they speak) because in many cases the effects of such
+Mixtures may not be lasting, and the newly produc'd Colour may in a little
+time degenerate. But, (_Pyrophilus_) I forgot to add to the two former
+Observations lately made about Vegetables, a third of the same Import, made
+in Mineral substances, by telling you, That the better to satisfie a Friend
+or two in this particular, I sometimes made, according to some Conjectures
+of mine, this Experiment; That having dissolv'd good Silver in
+_Aqua-fortis_, and Precipitated it with Spirit of Salt, upon the first
+Decanting of the Liquor, the remaining Matter would be purely White; but
+after it had lain a while uncover'd, that part of it, that was Contiguous
+to the Air, would not only lose its Whiteness, but appear of a very Dark
+and almost Blackish Colour, I say that part that was Contiguous to the Air,
+because if that were gently taken off, the Subjacent part of the same Mass
+would appear very White, till that also, having continu'd a while expos'd
+to the Air, would likewise Degenerate. Now whether the Air perform these
+things by the means of a Subtile Salt, which we elsewhere show it not to be
+destitute of, or by a peircing Moisture, that is apt easily to insinuate it
+self into the Pores of some Bodies, and thereby change their Texture, and
+so their Colour; Or by solliciting the Avolation of certain parts of the
+Bodies, to which 'tis Contiguous; or by some other way, (which possibly I
+may elsewhere propose and consider) I have not now the leisure to
+discourse. And for the same reason, though I could add many other
+Instances, of what I formerly noted touching the emergency of Redness upon
+the Digestion of many Bodies, insomuch that I have often seen upon the
+Borders of _France_ (and probably we may have the like in _England_) a sort
+of Pears, which digested for some time with a little Wine, in a Vessel
+exactly clos'd, will in not many hours appear throughout of a deep Red
+Colour, (as also that of the Juice, wherein they are Stew'd, becomes) but
+ev'n on pure and white Salt of Tartar, pure Spirit of Wine, as clear as
+Rock-water, will (as we elsewhere declare) by long Digestion acquire a
+Redness; Though I say such Instances might be Multiply'd, and though there
+be some other Obvious changes of Colours, which happen so frequently, that
+they cannot but be as well Considerable as Notorious; such as is the
+Blackness of almost all Bodies burn'd in the open Air: yet our haste
+invites us to resign you the Exercise of enquiring into the Causes of these
+Changes. And certainly, the reason both _why_ the Soots of such differing
+Bodies are almost all of them all Black, _why_ so much the greater part of
+Vegetables should be rather Green than of any other Colour, and
+particularly (which more directly concerns this place) _why_ gentle Heats
+do so frequently in Chymical Operations produce rather a Redness than
+another Colour in digested _Menstruums_, not only Sulphureous, as Spirit of
+Wine, but Saline, as Spirit of Vinegar, may be very well worth a serious
+Inquiry; which I shall therefore recommend to _Pyrophilus_ and his
+Ingenious Friends.
+
+  [21] _Parkinson_, Thea. Bot. Trib. 4 cap. 12.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXXVII._
+
+It may seem somewhat strange, that if you take the Crimson Solution of
+_Cochineel_, or the Juice of Black Cherries, and of some other Vegetables
+that afford the like Colour, (which because many take but for a deep Red,
+we do with them sometimes call it so) and let some of it fall upon a piece
+of Paper, a drop or two of an Acid Spirit, such as Spirit of Salt, or
+_Aqua-fortis_, will immediately turn it into a fair Red. Whereas if you
+make an Infusion of Brazil in fair Water, and drop a little Spirit of Salt
+or _Aqua-fortis_ into it, that will destroy its Redness, and leave the
+Liquor of a Yellow, (sometimes Pale) I might perhaps plausibly enough say
+on this occasion, that if we consider the case a little more attentively,
+we may take notice, that the action of the Acid Spirit seems in both cases,
+but to weaken the Colour of the Liquor on which it falls. And so though it
+destroy Redness in the Tincture of Brazil, as well as produce Red in the
+Tincture of _Chochineel_, its Operations may be Uniform enough, since as
+Crimson seems to be little else than a very deep Red, with (perhaps) an Eye
+of Blew, so some kinds of Red seem (as I have lately noted) to be little
+else than heightned Yellow. And consequently in such Bodies, the Yellow
+seems to be but a diluted Red. And accordingly Alcalizate Solutions and
+Urinous Spirits, which seem dispos'd to Deepen the Colours of the Juices
+and Liquors of most Vegetables, will not only restore the Solution of
+_Cochineel_ and the Infusion of Brazil to the Crimson, whence the Spirit of
+Salt had chang'd them into a truer Red; but will also (as I lately told
+you) not only heighthen the Yellow Juice of Madder into Red, but advance
+the Red Infusion of Brazil to a Crimson. But I know not whether it will not
+be much safer to derive these Changes from vary'd Textures, than certain
+kinds of Bodies; and you will perhaps think it worth while, that I should
+add on this occasion, That it may deserve some Speculation, why,
+notwithstanding what we have been observing, though Blew and Purple seem to
+be deeper Colours than Red, and therefore the Juices of Plants of either of
+the two former Colours may (congruously enough to what has been just now
+noted) be turn'd Red by Spirit of Salt or _Aqua-fortis_, yet Blew Syrrup of
+Violets and some Purples should both by Oyl of Tartar and Spirit of Urine
+be chang'd into Green, which seems to be not a deeper but a more diluted
+Colour than Blew, if not also than Purple.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXXVIII._
+
+It would much contribute to the History of Colours, if _Chymists_ would in
+their Laboratories take a heedfull notice, and give us a faithfull account
+of the Colours observ'd in the Steams of Bodies either Sublim'd or
+Distill'd, and of the Colours of those Productions of the Fire, that are
+made up by the Coalition of those Steams. As (for Instance) we observe in
+the Distilling of pure Salt peter, that at a certain season of the
+Operation, the Body, though it seem either Crystalline, or White, affords
+very Red Fumes: whereas though Vitriol be Green or Blew, the Spirit of it
+is observ'd to come over in Whitish Fumes. The like Colour I have taken
+notice of in the Fumes of several other Concretes of differing Colours, and
+Natures, especially when Distill'd with strong Fires. And we elsewhere
+note, that ev'n Soot, as Black as it is, has fill'd our Receivers with such
+copious White Fumes, that they seem'd to have had their In-sides wash'd
+with Milk. And no less observable may be, the Distill'd Liqours, into which
+such Fumes convene, (for though we will not deny, that by skill and care a
+Reddish Liqour may be obtain'd from Nitre) yet the common Spirit of it, in
+the making ev'n of which store of these Red Fumes are wont to pass over
+into the Receiver, appears not to be at all Red. And besides, that neither
+the Spirit of Vitriol, nor that of Soot is any thing White; And, besides
+also, that as far as I have observ'd, most (for I say not all) of the
+Empyreumatical Oyls of Woods, and other Concretes, are either of a deep
+Red, or of a Colour between Red and Black; besides this, I say, 'tis very
+remarkable that notwithstanding that great Variety of Colours to be met
+with in the Herbs, Flowers, and other Bodies wont to be Distill'd in
+_Balneo_: yet (as far at least as our common Distillers Experience
+reacheth) all the Waters and Spirits that first come over by that way of
+Distillation, leave the Colours of their Concretes behind them, though
+indeed there be one or two Vegetables not commonly taken notice of, whose
+Distill'd Liqours I elsewhere observe to carry over the Tincture of the
+Concrete with them. And as in Distillations, so in Sublimations, it were
+worth while to take notice of what comes up, in reference to our present
+scope, by purposely performing them (as I have in some cafes done) in
+conveniently shap'd Glasses, that the Colour of the ascending Fumes may be
+discern'd; For it may afford a Naturalist good Information to observe the
+Congruities or the Differences betwixt the Colours of the ascending Fumes,
+and those of the _Flowers_, they compose by their Convention. For it is
+evident, that these _Flowers_, do many of them in point of Colour, much
+differ, not only from one another, but oft times from the Concretes that
+afforded them. Thus, (not here to repeat what I formerly noted of the Black
+Soots of very differingly Colour'd Bodies) though Camphire and Brimstone
+afford _Flowers_ much of their own Colour, save that those of Brimstone are
+wont to be a little Paler, than the Lumps that yielded them; yet ev'n of
+Red _Benzoin_, that sublim'd Substance, which _Chymists_ call its
+_Flowers_, is wont to be White or Whitish. And to omit other Instances,
+ev'n one and the same Black Mineral, Antimony, may be made to afford
+_Flowers_, some of them Red, and some Grey, and, which is more strange,
+some of them purely White. And 'tis the Prescription of some Glass-men by
+exquisitely mingling a convenient proportion of Brimstone, Sal-Armoniack,
+and Quicksilver, and Subliming them, together, to make a Sublimate of an
+excellent Blew; and though having caus'd the Experiment to be made, we
+found the produc'd Sublimate to be far from being of a lovely Colour, (as
+was promis'd) that there and there, it seem'd Blewish, and at least was of
+a Colour differing enough from either of the Ingredients, which is
+sufficient for our present purpose. But a much finer Colour is promis'd by
+some of the Empiricks, that pretend to Secrets, who tell us, that Orpiment,
+being Sublim'd, will afford among the Parts of it that fly Upward, some
+little Masses, which, though the Mineral it self be of a good Yellow, will
+be Red enough to emulate Rubies, both in Colour and Translucency. And this
+Experiment may, for ought I know, sometimes succeed; for I remember, that
+having in a small Bolt-head purposely sublim'd some powder'd Orpiment, we
+could in the Lower part of the Sublimate discern here and there some
+Reddish Lines, though much of the Upper part of the Sublimate consisted of
+a matter, which was not alone purely Yellow, but transparent almost like a
+Powder. And we have also this way obtain'd a Sublimate, the Lower part
+whereof though it consisted not of Rubies, yet the small pieces of it,
+which were Numerous enough, were of a pleasant Reddish Colour, and
+Glitter'd very prettily. But to insist on such kind of Trials and
+Observations (where the ascending Fumes of Bodies differ in Colour from the
+Bodies themselves) though it might indeed Inrich the History of Colours,
+would Robb me of too much of the little time I have to dispatch what I have
+further to tell you concerning them.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXXIX_
+
+Take the dry'd Buds (or Blossoms) of the Pomegranate Tree, (which are
+commonly call'd in the Shops _Balaustiums_) pull off the Reddish Leaves,
+and by a gentle Ebullition of them in fair Water, or by a competent
+Infusion of them in like Water well heated, extract a faint Reddish
+Tincture, which if the Liquor be turbid, you may Clarifie it by Filtrating
+it Into this, if you pour a little good Spirit of Urine, or some other
+Spirit abounding in the like sort of Volatile Salts, the Mixture will
+presently turn of a dark Greenish Colour, but if instead of the
+fore-mention'd Liquor, you drop into the simple Infusion a little rectify'd
+Spirit of Sea-Salt, the Pale and almost Colourless Liquor will immediately
+not only grow more Transparent, but acquire a high Redness, like that of
+Rich Claret Wine, which so suddenly acquir'd Colour, may as quickly be
+Destroy'd and turn'd into a dirty Blewish Green, by the affusion of a
+competent quantity of the above-mention'd Spirit of Urine.
+
+_Annotation._
+
+This Experiment may bring some Light to, and receive some from a couple of
+other Experiments, that I remember I have met with in the ingenious
+_Gassendus_'s Animadversions upon _Epicurus_'s Philosophy, whilst I was
+turning over the Leaves of those Learned Commentaries; (my Eyes being too
+weak to let me read such Voluminous Books quite thorough) And I the less
+scruple (notwithstanding my contrary Custom in this Treatise) to set down
+these Experiments of another, because I shall a little improve the latter
+of them, and because by comparing there with that which I have last
+recited, we may be assisted to Conjecture upon what account it is, that Oyl
+of Vitriol heightens the Tincture of Red-rose Leaves, since Spirit of Salt,
+which is a highly Acid _Menstruum_, but otherwise differing enough from Oyl
+of Vitriol, does the same thing. Our Authors Experiments then, as we made
+them, are these; We took about a Glass-full of luke-warm Water, and in it
+immerg'd a quantity of the Leaves of _Senna_, and presently upon the
+Immersion there did not appear any Redness in the Water, but dropping into
+it a little Oyl of Tartar, the Liquor soon discover'd a Redness to the
+watchfull Eye, whereas by a little of that Acid Liquor of Vitriol, which is
+like the former, undeservedly called Oyl, such a Colour would not be
+extracted from the infused _Senna_. On the other side we took some Red-rose
+Leaves dry'd, and having shaken them into a Glass of fair Water, they
+imparted to it no Redness, but upon the affusion of a little Oyl of Vitriol
+the Water was immediately turn'd Red, which it would not have been, if
+instead of Oyl of Vitriol, we had imployed Oyl of Tartar to produce that
+Colour: That these were _Gassendus_ his Experiments, I partly remember, and
+was assur'd by a Friend, who lately Transcribed them out of _Gassendus_ his
+Book, which I therefore add, because I have not now that Book at hand. And
+the design of _Gassendus_ in these Experiments our Friend affirms to be, to
+prove, that of things not Red a Redness may be made only by Mixture, and
+the Varied position of parts, wherein the Doctrine of that Subtil
+Philosopher doth not a little Authorize, what we have formerly delivered
+concerning the Emergency and Change of Colours. But the instances, that we
+have out of him set down, seem not to be the most Eminent, that may be
+produced of this truth: For our next Experiment will shew the production of
+several Colours out of Liquors, which have not any of them any such Colour,
+nor indeed any discernable one at all; and whereas though our Author tells
+us, that there was no Redness either in the Water, or the Leaves of
+_Senna_, or the Oyl of Tartar; And though it be true, that the Predominant
+Colour of the Leaves of _Senna_ be another than Red, yet we have try'd,
+that by steeping that Plant a Night even in Cold water, it would afford a
+very deep Yellow or Reddish Tincture without the help of the Oyl of Tartar,
+which seems to do little more than assist the Water to extract more nimbly
+a plenty of that Red Tincture, wherewith the Leaves of _Senna_ do of
+themselves abound, and having taken off the Tincture of _Senna_, made only
+with fair Water, before it grew to be Reddish, and Decanted it from the
+Leaves, we could not perceive, that by dropping some Oyl of Tartar into it,
+that Colour was considerable, though it were a little heightned into a
+Redness; which might have been expected, if the particles of the Oyl did
+eminently Co-operate, otherwise than we have expressed, to the production
+of this Redness.
+
+And as for the Experiment with Red-rose Leaves, the same thing may be
+alleged, for we found that such Leaves by bare Infusion for a Night and Day
+in fair Water, did afford us a Tincture bordering at least upon Redness,
+and that Colour being conspicuous in the Leaves themselves, would not by
+some seem so much to be produc'd as to be extracted by the affusion of Oyl
+of Vitriol. And the Experiment try'd with the dry'd Leaves of Damask-roses
+succeeded but imperfectly, but that is indeed observable to our Authors
+purpose, that Oyl of Tartar will not perform in this Experiment what Oyl of
+Vitriol doth; but because this last named Liquor is not so easily to be
+had, give me leave to Advertise you, that the Experiment will succeed, if
+instead of it you imploy _Aqua-fortis_. And though some Trials of our own
+formerly made, and others easily deducible from what we have already
+deliver'd, about the different Families and Operations of Salt, might
+enable us to present you an Experiment upon Red-rose Leaves, more
+accommodated to our Authors purpose, than that which he hath given us; yet
+our Reverence to so Candid a Philosopher, invites us rather to improve his
+Experiment, than substitute another in its place. Take therefore of the
+Tincture of Red-rose Leaves, (for with Damask-rose Leaves the Experiment
+succeedeth not well) made as before hath been taught with a little Oyl of
+Vitriol, and a good quantity of fair Water, pour off this Liquor into a
+clear Vial, half fill'd with Limpid water; till the Water held against the
+Light have acquir'd a competent Redness, without losing its Transparency,
+into this Tincture drop leisurely a little good Spirit of Urine, and
+shaking the Vial, which you must still hold against the Light, you shall
+see the Red Liquor immediately turn'd into a fine Greenish Blew, which
+Colour was not to be found in any of the Bodies, upon whose Mixture it
+emerg'd, and this Change is the more observable, because in many Bodies the
+Degenerating of Blew into Red is usual enough, but the turning of Red into
+Blew is very unfrequent. If at every drop of Spirit of Urine you shake the
+Vial containing the Red Tincture, you may delightfully observe a pretty
+variety of Colours in the passage of that Tincture from a Red to a Blew,
+and sometimes we have this way hit upon such a Liquor, as being look't upon
+against and from the Light, did seem faintly to emulate the above-mention'd
+Tincture of _Lignum Nephriticum_. And if you make the Tincture of Red-roses
+very high, and without Diluting it with fair Water, pour on the Spirit of
+Urine, you may have a Blew so deep, as to make the Liquor Opacous, but
+being dropt upon White Paper the Colour will soon disclose it self. Also
+having made the Red, and consequently the Blew Tincture very Transparent,
+and suffer'd it to rest in a small open Vial for a Day or two, we found
+according to our Conjecture, that not only the Blew but the Red Colour also
+was Vanish'd; the clear Liquor being of a bright Amber Colour, at the
+bottom of which subsided a Light, but Copious feculency of almost the same
+Colour, which seems to be nothing but the Tincted parts of the Rose Leaves
+drawn out by the Acid Spirits of the Oyl of Vitriol, and Precipitated by
+the Volatile Salt of the Spirit of Urine, which makes it the more probable,
+that the Redness drawn by the Oyl of Vitriol, was at least as well an
+extraction of the Tinging parts of the Roses, as a production of Redness;
+and lastly, if you be destitute of Spirit of Urine, you may change the
+Colour of the Tincture of Roses with many other Sulphureous Salts, as a
+strong Solution of Pot-ashes, Oyl of Tartar, &c. which yet are seldome so
+free from Feculency, as the Spirituous parts of Urine becomes by repeated
+Distillation.
+
+_Annotation_.
+
+On this, occasion, I call to mind, that I found, a way of producing, though
+not the same kind of Blew, as I have been mentioning, yet a Colour near of
+Kin to it, namely, a fair Purple, by imploying a Liquor not made Red by
+Art, instead of the Tincture of Red-roses, made with an Acid Spirit; And my
+way was only to take Log-wood, (a Wood very well known to Dyers) having by
+Infusion the Powder of it a while in fair Water made that Liquor Red, I
+dropt into it a _Tantillum_ of an Urinous Spirit, as that of Sal-Armoniack,
+(and I have done the same thing with an _Alcali_) by which the Colour was
+in a moment turn'd into a Rich, and lovely Purple. But care must be had,
+that you let not fall into a Spoonfull above two or three Drops, lest the
+Colour become so deep, as to make the Liquor too Opacous. And (to answer
+the other part of _Gassendus_ his Experiment) if instead of fair Water, I
+infus'd the Log-wood in Water made somewhat sowr by the Acid Spirit of
+Salt, I should obtain neither a Purple Liquor, nor a Red, but only a Yellow
+one.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XL._
+
+The Experiment I am now to mention to you, _Pyrophilus_, is that which both
+you, and all the other _Virtuosi_ that have seen it, have been pleas'd to
+think very strange; and indeed of all the Experiments of Colours, I have
+yet met with, it seems to be the fittest to recommend the Doctrine propos'd
+in this Treatise, and to shew that we need not suppose, that all Colours
+must necessarily be Inherent Qualities, flowing from the Substantial Forms
+of the Bodies they are said to belong to, since by a bare Mechanical change
+of Texture in the Minute parts of Bodies; two Colours may in a moment be
+Generated quite _De novo,_ and utterly Destroy'd. For there is this
+difference betwixt the following Experiment, and most of the others
+deliver'd in these Papers, that in this, the Colour that a Body already
+had, is not chang'd into another, but betwixt two Bodies, each of them
+apart devoid of Colour, there is in a moment generated a very deep Colour,
+and which if it were let alone, would be permanent; and yet by a very small
+Parcel of a third Body, that has no Colour of its own, (lest some may
+pretend I know not what Antipathy betwixt Colours) this otherwise permanent
+Colour will be in another trice so quite Destroy'd, that there will remain
+no foot-stepts either of it or of any other Colour in the whole Mixture.
+
+The Experiment is very easie, and it is thus perform'd: Take good common
+Sublimate, and fully satiate with it what quantity of Water you please,
+Filtre the Solution carefully through clean and close Paper, that it may
+drop down as Clear and Colourless as Fountain water. Then when you'l shew
+the Experiment, put of it about a Spoonfull into a small Wine-glass, or any
+other convenient Vessel made of clear Glass, and droping in three or four
+drops of good Oyl of Tartar, _per Deliquium_; well Filtred that it may
+likewise be without Colour, these two Limpid Liquors will in the twinkling
+of an Eye turn into an Opacous mixture of a deep Orange Colour, which by
+keeping the Glass continually shaking in your hand, you must preserve from
+setling too soon to the Bottom; And when the Spectators have a little
+beheld this first Change, then you must presently drop in about four or
+five drops of Oyl of Vitriol, and continuing to shake the Glass pretty
+strongly, that it may the Nimbler diffuse it self, the whole Colour, if you
+have gone Skilfully to work, will immediately disappear, and all the Liquor
+in the Glass will be Clear and Colourless as before, without so much as a
+Sediment at the Bottom. But for the more gracefull Trial of this
+Experiment, 'twill not be amiss to observe, First, That there should not be
+taken too much of the Solution of Sublimate, nor too much of the Oyl of
+Tartar drop'd in, to avoid the necessity of putting in so much Oyl of
+Vitriol as may make an Ebullition, and perhaps run over the Glass.
+Secondly, That 'tis convenient to keep the Glass always a little shaking,
+both for the better mixing of the Liquors, and to keep the Yellow Substance
+from Subsiding, which else it would in a short time do, though when 'tis
+subsided it will retain its Colour, and also be capable of being depriv'd
+of it by the Oyl newly mention'd. Thirdly, That if any Yellow matter stick
+at the sides of the Glass, 'tis but inclining the Glass, till the clarify'd
+Liquor can wash alongst it, and the Liquor will presently imbibe it, and
+deprive it of its Colour.
+
+Many have somewhat wondred, how I came to light upon this Experiment, but
+the Notions or Conjectures I have about the differing Natures of the
+Several Tribes of Salts, having led me to devise the Experiment, it will
+not be difficult for me to give you the Chymical Reason, if I may so speak,
+of the _Phænomenon_. Having then observ'd, that _Mercury_ being dissolv'd
+in Some _Menstruums_, would yield a dark Yellow Precipitate, and supposing
+that, as to this, common Water, and the Salts that stick to the _Mercury_
+would be equivalent to those Acid _Menstruums_, which work upon the
+_Quick-silver_, upon the account of their Saline particles, I substituted a
+Solution of Sublimate in fair Water, instead of a Solution of _Mercury_ in
+_Aqua-fortis_, or Spirit of _Nitre_, that simple Solution being both
+clearer and free from that very offensive Smell, which accompanies the
+Solutions of _Mercury_ made with those other corrosive Liquors; then I
+consider'd, that That, which makes the Yellow Colour, is indeed but a
+Precipitate made by the means of the Oyl of Tartar, which we drop in, and
+which, as _Chymists_ know, does generally precipitate Metalline Bodies
+corroded by Acid Salts; so that the Colour in our case results from the
+Coalition of the Mercurial particles with the Saline ones, wherewith they
+were formerly associated, and with the Alcalizate particles of the Salt of
+Tartar that swim up and down in the Oyl. Wherefore considering also, that
+very many of the effects of Lixiviate Liquors, upon the Solutions of other
+Bodies, may be destroy'd by Acid _Menstruums_, as I elsewhere more
+particularly declare, I concluded, that if I chose a very potently Acid
+Liquor, which by its Incisive power might undo the work of the Oyl of
+Tartar, and disperse again those Particles, which the other had by
+Precipitation associated, into such minute Corpuscles as were before singly
+Inconspicuous, they would become Inconspicuous again, and consequently
+leave the Liquor as Colourless as before the Precipitation was made.
+
+This, as I said, _Pyrophilus_, seems to be the Chymical reason of this
+Experiment, that is such a reason, as, supposing the truth of those
+Chymical Notions I have elsewhere I hope evinc'd, may give such an account
+of the _Phænomena_ as Chymical Notions can supply us with; but I both here
+and elsewhere make use of this way of speaking, to intimate that I am
+sufficiently aware of the difference betwixt a Chymical Explication of a
+_Phænomenon_, and one that is truly Philosophical or Mechanical; as in our
+present case, I tell you something, when I tell you that the Yellowness of
+the Mercurial Solution and the Oyl of Tartar is produc'd by the
+Precipitation occasion'd by the affusion of the latter of those Liquors,
+and that the destruction of the Colour proceeds from the Dissipation of
+that Curdl'd matter, whose Texture is destroy'd, and which is dissolv'd
+into Minute and Invisible particles by the potently Acid _Menstruum_, which
+is the reason, why there remains no Sediment in the Bottom, because the
+infused Oyl takes it up, and resolves it into hidden or invisible Parts, as
+Water does Salt or Sugar. But when I have told you all this, I am far from
+thinking I have told all that such an Inquisitive Person as your self would
+know, for I presume you would desire as well as I to learn (at least) why
+the Particles of the _Mercury_, of the Tartar, and of the Acid Salts
+convening together, should make rather an Orange Colour than a Red, or a
+Blew, or a Green, for 'tis not enough to say what I related a little
+before, that divers Mercurial Solutions, though otherwise made, would yield
+a Yellow precipitate, because the Question will recurr concerning them; and
+to give it a satisfactory answer, is, I freely acknowledge, more than I
+dare as yet pretend to.
+
+But to confirm my conjecture about the Chymical reason of our Experiment, I
+may add, that as I have (_viz._ pag. 34th. of this Treatise) elsewhere (on
+another occasion) told you, with Saline Liquors of another kind and nature
+than Salt of Tartar, (namely, with Spirit of Urine, and Liquors of kin to
+that) I can make the _Mercury_ precipitate out of the first simple Solution
+quite of another Colour than that hitherto mention'd; Nay, if instead of
+altering the Precipitating liquor, I alter'd the Texture of the Sublimate
+in such a way as my Notions about Salt requir'd, I could produce the same
+_Phænomenon_. For having purposely Sublim'd together Equal parts (or
+thereabout) of Sal-Armoniack and Sublimate, first diligently Mix'd, the
+ascending Flowers being diffolv'd in fair Water, and Filtred, gave a
+Solution Limpid and Colourless, like that of the other Sublimates, and yet
+an _Akaly_ drop'd into this Liquor did not turn it Yellow but White. And
+upon the same Grounds we may with _Quick-silver_, without the help of
+common Sublimate, prepare another sort of Flowers dissoluble in Water
+without Discolouring it, with which I could likewise do what I newly
+mention'd; to which I shall add, (what possibly you'l somewhat wonder at)
+That so much does the Colour depend upon the Texture resulting from the
+Convention of the several sorts of Corpuscles, that though in out
+Experiment, Oyl of Vitriol destroys the Yellow Colour, yet with
+_Quick-silver_ and fair Water, by the help of Oyl of Vitriol alone, we may
+easily make a kind of Precipitate of a fair and permanent Yellow, as you
+will e're long (in the forty second Expement of this third Part) be taught.
+And I may further add, that I chose Oyl of Vitriol, not so much for any
+other or peculiar Quality, as for its being, when 'tis well rectify'd,
+(which 'tis somewhat hazardous to bring it to be) not only devoid of Colour
+and in Smells, but extremely Strong and Incisive; For though common and
+undephlegmated _Aqua-fortis_ will not perform the same thing well, yet that
+which is made exceeding Strong by being carefully Dephlegm'd, will do it
+pretty well, though not so well as Oyl of Vitriol which is so Strong, that
+even without Rectification it may for a need be made use of. I will not
+here tell you what I have try'd, that I may be able to deprive at pleasure
+the Precipitate that one of the Sulphureous Liquors had made, by the
+copious Affusion of the other: Because I found, though this Experiment is
+too ticklish to let me give a full account of it in few words, I shall
+therefore tell you, that it is not only for once, that the other
+above-mention'd Experiment may be made, the same Numerical parcels of
+Liquor being still imploy'd in it; for after I have Clarify'd the Orange
+Colour'd Liquor, by the addition of as little of the Oyl of Viriol as will
+suffice to perform the effect, I can again at pleasure re-produce the
+Opacous Colour, by the dropping in of fresh Oyl of Tartar, and destroy it
+again by the Re-affusion of more of the Acid _Menstruum_; and yet oftner if
+I please, can I with these two contrariant Liquors recall and disperse the
+Colour, though by reason of the addition of so much new Liquor, in
+reference to the Mercurial particles, the Colour will at length appear more
+dilute and faint.
+
+_An improvement of the fortieth Experiment_.
+
+And, _Pyrophilus_, to confirm yet further the Notions that led me to think
+on the propos'd Experiment, I shall acquaint you with another, which when I
+had conveniency I have sometimes added to it, and which has to the
+Spectators appear'd little less Odd than the first; And though because the
+Liquor, requisite to make the Trial succeed well, must be on purpose
+prepar'd anew a while before, because it will not long retain its fitness
+for this work, I do but seldome annex this Experiment to the other, yet I
+shall tell you how I devis'd it, and how I make it. If you boyl Crude
+Antimony in a strong and clear _Lixivium_, you shall separate a Substance
+from it, which some Modern _Chymists_ are pleas'd to call its Sulphur, but
+how deservedly I shall not here examine, having elsewhere done it in an
+Opportune place; wherefore I shall now but need to take notice, that when
+this suppos'd Sulphur (not now to call it rather a kind of _Crocus_) is let
+fall by the Liquor upon its Refrigeration, it often settles in Flakes, or
+such like parcels of a Yellow Substance, (which being by the precedent
+dissolution reduc'd into Minute parts, may peradventure be made to take
+Fire much more easily than the Grosser Powder of unprepar'd Antimony would
+have done.) Considering therefore, that common Sulphur boyl'd in a
+_Lixivium_ may be Precipitated out of it by Rhenish-wine or White-wine,
+which are Sowrish Liquors, and have in them, as I elsewhere shew, an Acid
+Salt; and having found also by Trial, that with other Acid Liquors I could
+Precipitate out of Lixiviate Solvents some other Mineral concretions
+abounding with Sulphureous parts, of which sort is crude Antimony, I
+concluded it to be easie to Precipitate the Antimony dissolv'd, as was
+lately mention'd, with the Acid Oyl of Vitriol; and though common Sulphur
+yields a White Precipitate, which the _Chymists_ call _Lac Sulphuris_, yet
+I suppos'd the Precipitated Antimony would be of a deep Yellow Colour, as
+well, if made with Oyl of Vitriol, as if made only by Refrigeration and
+length of Time. From this 'twas easie to deduce this Experiment, that if
+you put into one Glass some of the freshly Impregnated and Filtrated
+Solution of Antimony, and into another some of the Orange-Colour'd Mixture,
+(which I formerly shew'd you how to make with a Mercurial Solution and Oyl
+of Tartar) a few drops of Oyl of Vitriol dropp'd into the last mention'd
+Glass, would, as I told you before, turn the Deep Yellow mixture into a
+Cleer Liquor; whereas a little of the same Oyl dropp'd out of the same Viol
+into the other Glass would presently (but not without some ill sent) turn
+the moderately cleer Solution into a Deep Yellow Substance, But this, as I
+Said, succeeds not well, unless you employ a _Lixivium_ that has but newly
+dissolv'd Antimony, and has not yet let it fall. But yet in Summer time, if
+your _Lixivium_ have been duly Impregnated and well Filtred after it is
+quite cold, it will for some dayes (perhaps much longer than I had occasion
+to try) retain Antimony enough to exhibit, upon the Affusion of the
+Corrosive Oyl, as much of a good Yellow Substance as is necessary to
+satisfie the Beholders of the Possibility of the Experiment.
+
+_Reflections upon the XL. Experiment Compared with the X. and XX._
+
+The Knowledge of the Distinction of Salts which we have propos'd, whereby
+they are discriminated into _Acid, Volatile,_ or _Salfuginous_ (if I may
+for Distinction sake so call the Fugitive Salts of Animal Substances) and
+_fix'd_ or _Alcalizate_, may possibly (by that little part which we have
+already deliver'd, of what we could say of its Applicableness) appear of so
+much Use in Natural Philosophy (especially in the Practick part of it) that
+I doubt not but it will be no Unwelcome Corollary of the Preceding
+Experiment, if by the help of it I teach you to distinguish, which of those
+Salts is Predominant in Chymical Liquors, as well as whether any of them be
+so or not. For though in our Notes upon the X. and XX. Experiments I have
+shown you a way by means of the Tincture of _Lignum Nephriticum_, or of
+Syrrup of Violets, to discover whether a propounded Salt be Acid or not,
+yet you can thereby only find in general that such and such Salts belong
+not to the Tribe of Acids, but cannot determine whether they belong to the
+Tribe of Urinous Salts (under which for distinction sake I comprehend all
+those Volatile Salts of Animal or other Substances that are contrary to
+Acids) or to that of Alcalies. For as well the one as the other of these
+Salino-Sulphurous Salts will restore the Cæruleous Colour to the Tincture
+of _Lignum Nephriticum_, and turn that of Syrrup of Violets into Green.
+Wherefore this XL. Experiment does opportunely supply the deficiency of
+those. For being sollicitous to find out some ready wayes of discriminating
+the Tribes of Chymical Salts, I found that all those I thought fit to make
+Tryal of, would, if they were of a Lixiviate Nature, make with Sublimate
+dissolv'd in Fair Water an _Orange Tawny_ Precipitate; whereas if they were
+of an Urinous Nature the Precipitate would be _White_ and Milky. So that
+having alwayes by me some Syrrup of Violets and some Solution of Sublimate,
+I can by the help of the first of those Liquors discover in a trice,
+whether the propounded Salt or Saline Body be of an Acid Nature or no, if
+it be I need (you know) inquire no further; but if it be not, I can very
+easily, and as readily distinguish between the other two kinds of Salts, by
+the White or Orange-Colour that is immediately produc'd, by letting fall a
+few Drops or Grains of the Salt to be examin'd, into a spoonfull of the
+cleer Solution of Sublimate. For Example, it has been suppos'd by some
+eminently Learned, That when Sal Armoniack being mingled with an Alcaly is
+forc'd from it by the Fire in close Vessels, the Volatile Salt that will
+thereby be obtain'd (if the Operation be skilfully perform'd,) is but a
+more fine and subtile sort of Sal Armoniack, which, 'tis presum'd, this
+Operation do's but more exquisitely purifie, than common Solutions,
+Filtrations, and Coagulations. But this Opinion may be easily shown to be
+Erroneous, as by other Arguments, so particularly by the lately deliver'd
+Method of distinguishing the Tribes of Salts. For the Saline Spirit of Sal
+Armoniack, as it is in many other manifest Qualities very like the Spirit
+of Urine, so like, that it will in a trice make Syrrup of Violets of a
+Lovely Green, turn a Solution of good Verdigrease into an Excellent Azure,
+and make the Solution of a Sublimate yield a White Precipitate, insomuch
+that in most (for I say not all of the Experiments) where I Aim onely at
+producing a sudden change of Colour, I scruple not to use Spirit of Sal
+Armoniack when it is at hand, instead of Spirit of Urine, as indeed it
+seems chiefly to consist (besides the flegm that helps to make it fluid) of
+the Volatile Urinous Salt (yet not excluding that of Soot) that abounds in
+the Sal Armoniack and is set at liberty from the Sea Salt wherewith it was
+formerly associated, and clogg'd, by the Operation of the Alcaly, that
+divides the Ingredients of Sal Armoniack, and retains that Sea Salt with it
+self. What use may be made of the like way of exploration in that inquiry
+which puzzles so many Modern Naturalists, whether the Rich Pigment (which
+we have often had occasion to mention) belongs to the Vegetable or Animal
+Kingdome, you may find in another place where I give you some account of
+what I try'd about Cocheneel. But I think it needless to exemplifie here
+our Method by any other Instances, many such being to be met with in divers
+parts of this Treatise; but I will rather advertise you, that, by this way
+of examining Chymical Liquors, you may not onely in most Cases conclude
+_Affirmatively_, but in some Cases _Negatively_. As since Spirit of Wine,
+and as far as I have try'd, those Chymical Oyles which Artists call
+Essential, did not (when I us'd them as I had us'd the several Families of
+Salts upon that Syrrup) turn Syrrup of Violets Red or Green, nor the
+Solution of Sublimate White or Yellow, I inferr'd it may thence be probably
+argued, that either they are destitute of Salt, or have such as belongs not
+to either of the three Grand families already often mention'd. When I went
+to examine the Spirit of Oak or of such like Concretes forced over through
+a Retort, I found by this means amongst others, that (as I elsewhere show)
+these Chymists are much mistaken in it, that account it a simple Liquor,
+and one of their Hypostatical Principles: for not to mention what flegm it
+may have, I found that with a few drops of one of this sort of Spirits
+mix'd with a good proportion of Syrrup of Violets, I could change the
+Colour and make it Purplish, by the affinity of which Colour to Redness, I
+conjectur'd that this Spirit had some Acid Corpuscles in it, and
+accordingly I found that as it would destroy the Blewness of a Tincture of
+_Lignum Nephriticum_, so being put upon Corals it would Corrode them, as
+common Spirit of Vinegar, and other Acid Liquors are wont to do. And
+farther to examine whether there were not a great part of the Liquor that
+was not of an Acid nature, having separated the Sour or Vinegar-like part
+from the rest, which (if I mistake not) is far the more Copious, we
+concluded as we had conjectured, the other or remaining part, though it had
+a strong taste as well as smell, to be of a nature differing from that of
+either of the three sorts of Salts above mention'd, since it did as little
+as Spirit of Wine, and Chymical Oyls, alter the Colour either of Syrrup of
+Violets or Solution of Sublimate, whence we also inferr'd that the change
+that had been made of that Syrrup into a Purple Colour, was effected by the
+Vinegar, that was one of the two Ingredients of the Liquor, which was wont
+to pass for a Simple or Uncompounded Spirit. And, upon this account, 'twas
+of the Spirit of Oak (and the like Concretes) freed from it's Vinegar that
+I elsewhere told you, that I had not then observ'd it, (and I have repeated
+the Tryal but very lately) to destroy the Cæruleous Tincture of _Lignum
+Nephriticum_. But this onely, _en passant_; for the Chief thing I had to
+add was this, That by the same way may be examin'd and discover'd, divers
+changes that are produc'd in Bodies either by Nature only, or by Art;
+either of them being able by changing the Texture of some Concretes I could
+name, to qualifie them to Operate after a New manner upon the above
+mention'd Syrrup, or Solution, or both. And by this means, to tell you that
+upon the by, I have been able to discover, that there may be made Bodies,
+which though they run _per Deliquium_, as readily as Salt of Tartar, belong
+in other respects, not to the family of Alcaliz, much less to that of
+Salfuginous, or that of Acid Salts. Perhaps too, I may know a way of making
+a highly operative Saline Body that shall neither change the Colour of
+Syrrup of Violets, nor Precipitate the Solution of Sublimate; And, I can
+likewise if I please conceal by what Liquors I perform such changes of
+Colour, as I have been mentioning to you, by quite altering the Texture of
+some ordinary Chymical productions, the Exploration of which is the main
+use of the fortieth Experiment, which I think teaches not a little, if it
+teach us to discover the nature of those things (in reference to Salt) that
+are obtain'd by the ordinary Chymical Analysis of mix'd Bodyes, though
+perhaps there may be other Bodyes prepar'd by Chymistry which may have the
+same Effects in the change of Colours; and yet be produc'd not from what
+Chymists call the Resolution of Bodies, but from their Composition. But the
+discoursing of things of this nature is more proper for another place. I
+shall now onely add, what might perhaps have been more seasonably told you
+before; That the Reason why the way of Exploration of Salts hitherto
+deliver'd, succeeds in the Solution of Sublimate, depends upon the
+particular Texture of that Solution, as well as upon the differing Natures
+of the Saline Liquors imploy'd to Precipitate it. For Gold dissolv'd in
+_Aqua Regia_, whether you Precipitate it with Oyl of Tartar which is an
+Alcaly, or with Spirit of Urine, or Sal Armoniack which belongs to the
+family of Volatile Salts, will either way afford a Yellow substance: though
+with such an Acid Liquor, as, I say not Spirit of Salt, the Body that
+yields it, being upon the matter an Ingredient of _Aqua Regis_, but Oyl of
+Vitriol it self, I did not find that I could Precipitate the Metall out of
+the Solution, or destroy the Colour of it, though the same Oyl of Vitriol
+would readily Precipitate Silver dissolv'd in _Aqua-fortis_. And if you
+dissolve pure Silver in _Aqua-fortis_, and suffer it to shoot into
+Crystals, the cleer Solution of these made in fair Water, will afford a
+very White Precipitate, whether it be made with an Alcaly, or an Acid
+Spirit, as that of Salt, whereas, which may seem somewhat strange, with
+Spirit of Sal Armoniack (that I us'd was made of Quicklime) I could obtain
+no such White Precipitate; that Volatile Spirit, nor (as I remember) that
+of Urine, scarce doing any more than striking down a very small quantity of
+Matter, which was neither White nor Whitish, so that the remaining Liquor
+being suffer'd to evaporate till the superfluous Moisture was gone, the
+greatest part of the Metalline Corpuscles with the Saline ones that had
+imbib'd them, concoagulated into Salt, as is usual in such Solutions,
+wherein the Metall has not been Precipitated.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XLI._
+
+Of Kin to the last or fortieth Experiment is another which I remember I
+have sometimes shewn to _Virtuosi_ that were pleas'd not to dislike it. I
+took Spirit of Urine made by Fermentation, and with a due proportion of
+Copper brought into small parts, I obtain'd a very lovely Azure Solution,
+and when I saw the Colour was such as was requisite, pouring into a clean
+Glass, about a spoonfull of this tincted Liquor, (of which I us'd to keep a
+Quantity by me,) I could by shaking into it some drops of Strong Oyl of
+Vitriol, deprive it in a trice of its Deep Colour, and make it look like
+Common-water.
+
+_Annotation_.
+
+This Experiment brings into my mind this other, which oftentimes succceds
+well enough, though not quite so well as the former; Namely, that if into
+about a small spoonfull of a Solution of good French Verdigrease made in
+fair Water, I drop't and shak'd some strong Spirit of Salt, or rather
+deflegm'd _Aqua Fortis_, the Greenness of the Solution would be made in a
+trice almost totally to disappear, & the Liquor held against the Light
+would scarce seeme other than Cleer or Limpid, to any but an Attentive Eye,
+which is therefore remarkable; because we know that _Aqua-fortis_ corroding
+Copper, which is it that gives the Colour to Verdigrease, is wont to reduce
+it to a Green Blew Solution. But if into the other altogether or almost
+Colourless Liquor I was speaking of, you drop a just quantity either of Oyl
+of Tartar or Spirit of Urine, you shall find that after the Ebullition is
+ceas'd, the mixture will disclose a lively Colour, though somewhat
+differing from that which the Solution of Verdigrease had at first.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XLII._
+
+That the Colour (_Pyrophilus_) of a Body may be chang'd by a Liquor which
+of it self is of no Colour, provided it be Saline, we have already
+manifested by a multitude of instances. Nor doth it seem so strange,
+because Saline Particles swimming up and down in Liquors, have been by many
+observ'd to be very operative in the Production and change of Colours. But
+divers of our Friends that are not acquainted with Chymical Operations have
+thought it very strange that a White Body, and a Dry one too, should
+immediately acquire a rich new Colour upon the bare affusion of
+Spring-Water destitute as well of adventitious Salt as of Tincture. And yet
+(_Pyrophilus_) the way of producing such a change of Colours may be easily
+enough lighted on by those that are conversant in the Solutions of Mercury.
+For we have try'd, that though by Evaporating a Solution of Quick-Silver in
+_Aqua-fortis_, and abstracting the Liquor till the remaining matter began
+to be well, but not too strongly dryed, fair Water pour'd on the remaining
+_Calx_ made it but somewhat Yellowish; yet when we took good Quick-Silver,
+and three or four times its weight of Oyl of Vitriol, in case we in a Glass
+Retort plac'd in Sand drew off the Saline _Menstruum_ from the Metalline
+Liquor, till there remain'd a dry _Calx_ at the bottome, though this
+Precipitate were a Snow White Body, yet upon pouring on it a large quantity
+of fair Water, we did almost in a moment perceive it to pass from a Milky
+Colour to one of the loveliest Light Yellows that ever we had beheld. Nor
+is the Turbith Mineral, that Chymists extol for its power to Salivate, and
+for other vertues, of a Colour much inferiour to this, though it be often
+made with a differing proportion of the Ingredients, a more troublesome
+way. For _Beguinus_,[22] who calls it _Mercurius præcipitatus optimus_,
+takes to one part of Quick-Silver, but two of Liquor, and that is Rectifi'd
+Oyl of Sulphur, which is (in _England_ at least) far more scarce and dear
+than Oyl of Vitriol; he also requires a previous Digestion, two or three
+Cohobations, and frequent Ablutions with hot Distill'd Water, with other
+prescriptions, which though they may conduce to the Goodness of the
+Medicine, which is that he aims at, are troublesome, and, our Tryals have
+inform'd you unneccessary to the _obtaining the Lemmon Colour_ which he
+regards not. But though we have very rarely seen either in Painters Shops,
+or elsewhere a finer Yellow than that which we have divers times this way
+produc'd (which is the more considerable, because durable and pleasant
+Yellows are very hard to be met with, as may appear by the great use which
+Painters are for its Colours sake fain to make of that pernicious and heavy
+Mineral, Orpiment) yet I fear our Yellow is too costly, to be like to be
+imploy'd by Painters, unless about Choice pieces of Work, nor do I know how
+well it will agree with every Pigment, especially, wich Oyl'd Colours. And
+whether this Experiment, though it have seem'd somewhat strange to most we
+have shown it to, be really of another Nature than those wherein Saline
+Liquors are imploy'd, may, as we formerly also hinted, be so plausibly
+doubted, that whether the Water pour'd on the _Calx_, do barely by imbibing
+some of its Saline parts alter its Colour by altering its Texture, or
+whether by dissolving the Concoagulated Salts, it does become a Saline
+_Menstruum_, and, as such, work upon the Mercury, I freely leave to you
+(_Pyrophilus_) to consider. And that I may give you some Assistance in your
+Enquiry, I will not only tell you, that I have several times with fair
+Water wash'd from this _Calx_, good store of strongly tasted Corpuscles,
+which by the abstraction of the _Menstruum_, I could reduce into Salt; but
+I will also subjoyn an Experiment, which I devis'd, to shew among other
+things, how much a real and permanent Colour may be as it were drawn forth
+by a Liquor that has neither Colour, nor so much as Saline or other Active
+parts, provided it can but bring the parts of the Body it imbibes to
+convene into clusters dispos'd after the manner requisite to the exhibiting
+of the emergent Colour. The Experiment was this.
+
+  [22] _Beguinus_, Tyr. Chy. Lib. 2º. Cap. 13º.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XLIII._
+
+We took good common Vitriol, and having beaten it to Powder, and put it
+into a Crucible, we kept it melted in a gentle heat, till by the
+Evaporation of some parts, and the shuffling of the rest, it had quite lost
+its former Colour, what remain'd we took out, and found it to be a friable
+_Calx_, of a dirty Gray. On this we pour'd fair Water, which it did not
+Colour Green or Blew, but only seem'd to make a muddy mixture with it, then
+stopping the Vial wherein the Ingredients were put, we let it stand in a
+quiet place for some dayes, and after many hours the water having dissolv'd
+a good part of the imperfectly calcin'd Body, the Vitriolate Corpuscles
+swiming to and fro in the Liquor, had time by their opportune Occursions to
+constitute many little Masses of Vitriol, which gave the water they
+impregnated a fair Vitriolate Colour; and this Liquor being pour'd off, the
+remaining dirty Powder did in process of time communicate the like Colour,
+but not so deep, to a second parcel of cleer Water that we pour'd on it.
+But this Experiment _Pyrophilus_ is, (to give you that hint by the way) of
+too Luciferous a Nature to be fit to be fully prosecuted, now that I am in
+haste, and willing to dispatch what remains. And we have already said of
+it, as much as is requisite to our present purpose.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XLIV._
+
+It may (_Pyrophilus_) somewhat contribute towards the shewing how much some
+Colours depend upon the less or greater mixture, and (as it were,)
+Contemperation of the Light with shades, to observe, how that sometimes the
+number of Particles, of the same Colour, receiv'd into the Pores of a
+Liquor, or swiming up and down in it, do seem much to vary the Colour of
+it. I could here present you with particular instances to show, how in many
+(if not most) consistent Bodyes, if the Colour be not a Light one, as
+White, Yellow, or the like, the closeness of parts in the Pigments makes it
+look Blackish, though when it is display'd and laid on thinly, it will
+perhaps appear to be either Blew, or Green, or Red. But the Colours of
+consistent Pigments, not being those which the Preamble of this Experiment
+has lead you to expect Examples in, I shall take the instances I am now to
+give you, rather from Liquors than Dry Bodyes. If then you put a little
+fair Water into a cleer and slender Vial, (or rather into one of those
+pipes of Glass, which we shall by and by mention;) and let fall into it a
+few drops of a strong Decoction or Infusion of _Cochineel_, or (for want of
+that) of _Brazil_; you may see the tincted drops descend like little Clouds
+into the Liquor; through which, if, by shaking the Vial, you diffuse them,
+they will turn the water either of a Pinck Colour, or like that which is
+wont to be made by the washing of raw flesh in fair Water; by dropping a
+little more of the Decoction, you may heighten the Colour into a fine Red,
+almost like that which ennobles Rubies; by continuing the affusion, you may
+bring the Liquor to a kind of a Crimson, and afterwards to a Dark and
+Opacous Redness, somewhat like that of Clotted Blood. And in the passage of
+the Liquor from one of these Colours to the other, you may observe, if you
+consider it attentively, divers other less noted Colours belonging to Red,
+to which it is not easie to give Names; especially considering how much the
+proportion of the Decoction to the fair Water, and the strength of that
+Decoction, together with that of the trajected Light and other
+Circumstances, may vary the Phænomena of this Experiment. For the
+convenienter making whereof, we use instead of a Vial, any slender Pipe of
+Glass of about a foot or more in length, and about the thickness of a mans
+little finger; For, if leaving one end of this Pipe open, you Seal up the
+other Hermetically, (or at least stop it exquisitely with a Cork well
+fitted to it, and over-laid with hard Sealing Wax melted, and rubb'd upon
+it;) you shall have a Glass, wherein may be observ'd the Variations of the
+Colours of Liquors much better than in large Vials, and wherein Experiments
+of this Nature may be well made with very small quantities of Liquor. And
+if you please, you may in this Pipe produce variety of Colours in the
+various parts of the Liquor, and keep them swimming upon one another
+unmix'd for a good while. And some have marveil'd to see, what variety of
+Colours we have sometimes (but I confess rather by chance than skill)
+produc'd in those Glasses, by the bare infusion of Brazil, variously
+diluted with fair Water, and alter'd by the Infusion of several Chymical
+Spirits and other Saline Liquors devoid themselves of Colour, and when the
+whole Liquor is reduc'd to an Uniform degree of Colour, I have taken
+pleasure to make that very Liquor seem to be of Colours gradually
+differing, by filling with it Glasses of a Conical figure, (whether the
+Glass have its basis in the ordinary position, or turn'd upwards.) And yet
+you need not Glasses of an extraordinary shape to see an instance of what
+the vari'd mixture of Light and Shadow can do in the diversifying of the
+Colour. For if you take but a large round Vial, with a somewhat long and
+slender Neck, and filling it with our Red Infusion of Brazil, hold it
+against the Light, you will discern a notable Disparity betwixt the Colour
+of that part of the Liquor which is in the Body of the Vial, and that which
+is more pervious to the Light in the Neck. Nay, I remember, that I once had
+a Glass and a Blew Liquor (consisting chiefly (or only, if my memory
+deceive me not,) of a certain Solution of Verdigrease) so fitted for my
+purpose, that though in other Glasses the Experiment would not succeed, yet
+when that particular Glass was fill'd with that Solution, in the Body of
+the Vial it appear'd of a Lovely Blew, and in the neck, (where the Light
+did more dilute the Colour,) of a manifest Green; and though I suspected
+there might be some latent Yellowness in the substance of the neck of the
+Glass, which might with the Blew compose that Green, yet was I not
+satisfi'd my self with my Conjecture, but the thing seem'd odd to me, as
+well as to divers curious persons to whom it was shown. And I lately had a
+Broad piece of Glass, which being look'd on against the Light seem'd clear
+enough, and held from the Light appear'd very lightly discolour'd, and yet
+it was a piece knock'd off from a great lump of Glass, to which if we
+rejoyn'd it, where it had been broken off, the whole Mass was as green as
+Grass. And I have several times us'd Bottles and stopples that were both
+made (as those, I had them from assur'd me) of the very same Metall, and
+yet whilst the bottle appear'd but inclining towards a Green, the Stopple
+(by reason of its great thickness) was of so deep a Colour that you would
+hardly believe they could possibly be made of the same materials. But to
+satisfie some Ingenious Men, on another occasion, I provided my self of a
+flat Glass (which I yet have by me,) with which if I look against the Light
+with the Broad side obverted to the Eye, it appeares like a good ordinary
+window Glass; but if I turn the Edge of it to my Eye, and place my Eye in a
+convenient posture in reference to the Light, it may contend for deepness
+of Colour with an Emerald. And this Greeness puts me in mind of a certain
+thickish, but not consistent Pigment I have sometimes made, and can show
+you when you please, which being dropp'd on a piece of White Paper appears,
+where any quantity of it is fallen, of a somewhat Crimson Colour, but being
+with ones finger spread thinly on the Paper does presently exhibit a fair
+Green, which seems to proceed only from its disclosing its Colour upon the
+Extenuation of its Depth into Superficies, if the change be not somewhat
+help'd by the Colours degenerating upon one or other of the Accounts
+formerly mention'd. Let me add, that having made divers Tryals with that
+Blew substance, which in Painters shops is call'd _Litmase_, we have
+sometimes taken Pleasure to observe, that being dissolv'd in a due
+proportion of fair Water, the Solution either oppos'd to the Light, or
+dropp'd upon White paper, did appear of a deep Colour betwixt Crimson and
+Purple; and yet that being spread very thin on the Paper and suffer'd to
+dry on there, the Paper was wont to appear Stain'd of a Fine Blew. And to
+satisfie my selfe, that the diversity came not from the Paper, which one
+might suspect capable of inbibing the Liquor, and altering the Colour, I
+made the Tryal upon a flat piece of purely White Glass'd Earth, (which I
+sometimes make use of about Experiments of Colours) with an Event not
+unlike the former.
+
+And now I speak of _Litmass_, I will add, that having this very day taken a
+piece of it, that I had kept by me these several years, to make Tryals
+about Colours, and having let fall a few drops of the strong Infusion of it
+in fair water, into a fine Crystal Glass, shap'd like an inverted Cone, and
+almost full of fair Water, I had now (as formerly) the pleasure to see, and
+to show others, how these few tincted drops variously dispersing themselves
+through the Limpid Water, exhibited divers Colours, or varieties of Purple
+and Crimson. And when the Corpuscles of the Pigment seem'd to have equally
+diffus'd themselves through the whole Liquor, I then by putting two or
+three drops of Spirit of Salt, first made an odd change in the Colour of
+the Liquor, as well as a visible commotion among its small parts, and in a
+short time chang'd it wholly into a very Glorious Yellow, like that of a
+Topaz. After which if I let fall a few drops of the strong and heavy
+Solution of Pot-ashes, whose weight would quickly carry it to the sharp
+bottome of the Glass, there would soon appear four very pleasant and
+distinct Colours; Namely, a Bright, but Dilute Colour at the picked bottome
+of the Glass; a Purple, a little higher; a deep and glorious Crimson,
+(which Crimson seem'd to terminate the operation of the Salt upward) in the
+confines betwixt the Purple and the Yellow; and an Excellent Yellow, the
+same that before enobled the whole Liquor, reaching from thence to the top
+of the Glass. And if I pleas'd to pour very gently a little Spirit of Sal
+Armoniack, upon the upper part of this Yellow, there would also be a Purple
+or a Crimson, or both, generated there, so that the unalter'd part of the
+Yellow Liquor appear'd intercepted betwixt the two Neighbouring Colours.
+
+My scope in this 3d. Experiment (_Pyrophilus_) is manifold, as first to
+invite you to be wary in judging of the Colour of Liquors in such Glasses
+as are therein recommended to you, and consequently as much, if not more,
+when you imploy other Glasses. Secondly, That you may not think it strange,
+that I often content my self to rub upon a piece of White paper, the Juice
+of Bodies I would examine, since not onely I could not easily procure a
+sufficient Quantity of the juices of divers of them; but in several Cases
+the Tryals of the quantities of such Juices in Glasses would make us more
+lyable to mistakes, than the way that in those cases I have made use of.
+Thirdly, I hope you will by these and divers other particulars deliver'd in
+this Treatise, be easily induc'd to think that I may have set down many
+Phænomena very faithfully, and just as they appear'd to me, and yet by
+reason of some unheeded circumstance in the conditions of the matter, and
+in the degree of Light, or the manner of trying the Experiment, you may
+find some things to vary from the Relations I make of them. Lastly, I
+design'd to give you an opportunity to free your self from the amazement
+which possesses most Men, at the Tricks of those Mountebancks that are
+commonly call'd Water-drinkers. For though not only the vulgar, but ev'n
+many persons that are far above that Rank, have so much admir'd to see, a
+man after having drunk a great deal of fair water, to spurt it out again in
+the form of Claret Wine, Sack, and Milk, that they have suspected the
+intervening of Magick, or some forbidden means to effect what they
+conceived above the power of Art; yet having once by chance had occasion to
+oblige a Wanderer that made profession of that and other Jugling Tricks, I
+was easily confirm'd by his Ingenious confession to me, That this so much
+Admir'd Art, indeed consisted rather in a few Tricks, than in any great
+Skill, in altering the Nature and Colours of things. And I am easy to be
+perswaded; that there may be a great deal of Truth in a little Pamphlet
+Printed divers years ago in English, wherein the Author undertakes to
+discover, and that (if I mistake not) by the confession of some of the
+Complices themselves, That a famous Water-drinker then much Admir'd in
+_England_, perform'd his pretended Transmutations of Liquors by the help of
+two or three inconsiderable preparations and mixtures of not unobvious
+Liquors, and chiefly of an Infusion of Brazil variously diluted and made
+Pale or Yellowish, (and otherwise alter'd) with Vinegar, the rest of their
+work being perform'd by the shape of the Glasses, by Craft and Legerdemane.
+And for my part, that which I marvel at in this business, is, the Drinkers
+being able to take down so much Water, and spout it out with that violence;
+though Custome and a Vomit seasonably taken before hand, may in some of
+them much facilitate the work. But as for the changes made in the Liquors,
+they were but few and slight in comparison of those, that the being
+conversant in Chymical Experiments, and dextrous in applying them to the
+Transmuting of Colours, may easily enough enable a man to make, as ev'n
+what has been newly deliver'd in this, and the foregoing Experiment;
+especially if we add to it the things contained in the XX, the XXXIX and
+the XL. Experiments, may perhaps have already perswaded You.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XLV._
+
+You may I presume (_Pyrophilus_) have taken notice, that in this whole
+Treatise, I purposely decline (as far as I well can) the mentioning of
+Elaborate Chymical Experiments, for fear of frighting you by their
+tediousness and difficulty; but yet in confirmation of what I have been
+newly telling you about the possibility of Varying the Colours of Liquors,
+better than the Water-drinkers are wont to do, I shall add, that _Helmont_
+used to make a preparation of Steel, which a very Ingenious Chymist, his
+Sons Friend, whom you know, sometimes employes for a succedaneum to the
+Spaw-waters, by Diluting this _Essentia Martis Liquida_ (as he calls it)
+with a due proportion of Water. Now that for which I mention to you this
+preparation, (which as he communicated to me, I know he will not refuse to
+_Pyrophilus_) is this, that though the Liquor (as I can shew you when you
+please) be almost of the Colour of a German (not an Oriental) Amethyst, and
+consequently remote enough from Green, yet a very few drops being let fall
+into a Large proportion of good Rhenish, or (in want of that) White Wine
+(which yet do's not quite so well) immediately turn'd the Liquor into a
+lovely Green, as I have not without delight shown several curious Persons.
+By which _Phænomenon_ you may learn, among other things, how requisite it
+is in Experiments about the changes of Colours heedfully to mind the
+Circumstances of them; for Water will not, as I have purposely try'd,
+concurr to the production of any such Green, nor did it give that Colour to
+moderate Spirit of Wine, wherein I purposely dissolv'd it, and Wine it self
+is a Liquor that few would suspect of being able to work suddenly any such
+change in a Metalline preparation of this Nature; and to satisfie my self
+that this new Colour proceeds rather from the peculiar Texture of the Wine,
+than from any greater Acidity, that Rhenish or White-wine (for that may not
+absurdly be suspected) has in comparison of Water; I purposely sharpen'd
+the Solution of this Essence in fair Water, with a good quantity of Spirit
+of Salt, notwithstanding which, the mixture acquir'd no Greenness. And to
+vary the Experiment a little, I try'd, that if into a Glass of Rhenish Wine
+made Green by this Essence, I dropp'd an Alcalizate Solution, or Urinous
+Spirit, the Wine would presently grow Turbid, and of an odd Dirty Colour;
+But if instead of dissolving the Essence in Wine, I dissolv'd it in fair
+Water sharpen'd perhaps with a little Spirit of Salt, then either the
+Urinous Spirit of Sal Armoniack, or the solution of the fix'd Salt of
+Pot-ashes would immediately turn it of a Yellowish Colour, the fix'd or
+Urinous Salt Precipitating the Vitriolate substance contain'd in the
+Essence. But here I must not forget to take notice of a circumstance that
+deserves to be compar'd with some part of the foregoing Experiment, for
+whereas our Essence imparts a Greenness to Wine, but not to Water, the
+Industrious _Olaus Wormius_[23] in his late _Musæum_ tells us of a rare
+kind of Turn-Sole which he calls _Bezetta Rubra_ given him by an Apothecary
+that knew not how it was made, whose lovely Redness would be easily
+communicated to Water, if it were immers'd in it; but scarce to Wine, and
+not at all to Spirit of Wine, in which last circumstance it agrees with
+what I lately told you of our Essence, notwithstanding their disagreement
+in other particulars.
+
+  [23] Libr. 2do Cap. 34.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XLVI._
+
+We have often taken notice, as of a remarkable thing, that Metalls as they
+appear to the Eye, before they come to be farther alter'd by other Bodyes,
+do exhibit Colours very different from those which the Fire and the
+_Menstruum_, either apart, or both together, do produce in them; especially
+considering that these Metalline Bodyes are after all these disguises
+reducible not only to their former Metalline Consistence and other more
+radical properties, but to their Colour too, as if Nature had given divers
+Metalls to each of them a double Colour, an _External_, and an _Internal_;
+But though upon a more attentive Consideration of this difference of
+Colours, it seem'd probable to me, that divers (for I say not all) of those
+Colours which we have just now call'd _Internal_, are rather produc'd by
+the Coalition of Metalline Particles with those of the Salts, or other
+Bodyes employ'd to work on them, than by the bare alteration of the parts
+of the Metalls themselves: and though therefore we may call the obvious
+Colours, Natural or Common, & the others Adventitious, yet because such
+changes of Colours, from whatsoever cause they be resolv'd to proceed may
+be properly enough taken in to illustrate our present Subject, we shall not
+scruple to take notice of some of them, especially because there are among
+them such as are produc'd without the intervention of Saline _Menstruums_.
+Of the Adventitious Colours of Metalline Bodies the Chief sorts seem to be
+these three. The first, such Colours as are produc'd without other
+Additaments by the Action of the fire upon Metalls. The next such as emerge
+from the Coalition of Metalline Particles with those of some _Menstruum_
+imploy'd to Corrode a Metall or Precipitate it; And the last, The Colours
+afforded by Metalline Bodyes either Colliquated with, or otherwise
+Penetrating into, other Bodies, especially fusible ones. But these
+(_Pyrophilus,_) are only as I told you, the _Chief_ sorts of the
+adventitious Colours of Metalls, for there may others belong to them, of
+which I shall hereafter have occasion to take notice of some, and of which
+also there possibly may be others that I never took notice of.
+
+And to begin with the first sort of Colours, 'tis well enough known to
+Chymists, that Tin being Calcin'd by fire alone is wont to afford a White
+_Calx_, and Lead Calcin'd by fire alone affords that most Common Red-Powder
+we call _Minium:_ Copper also Calcin'd _per se_, by a long or violent fire,
+is wont to yield (as far as I have had occasion to take notice of it) a
+very Dark or Blackish Powder; That Iron likewise may by the Action of
+Reverberated flames be turn'd into a Colour almost like that of Saffron,
+may be easily deduc'd from the Preparation of that Powder, which by reason
+of its Colour and of the Metall 'tis made of is by Chymists call'd, _Crocus
+Martis per se_. And that _Mercury_ made by the stress of Fire, may be
+turn'd into a Red Powder, which Chymists call Precipitate _per se_, I
+elsewhere more particularly declare.
+
+_Annotation I._
+
+It is not unworthy the Admonishing you, (_Pyrophilus_,) and it agrees very
+well with our Conjectures about the dependence of the change of a Body's
+Colour upon that of its Texture, that the same Metall may by the successive
+operation of the fire receive divers Adventitious Colours, as is evident in
+Lead, which before it come to so deep a Colour as that of _Minium_, may
+pass through divers others.
+
+_Annotation II_.
+
+Not only the _Calces_, but the Glasses of Metalls, Vitrify'd _per se_, may
+be of Colours differing from the Natural or Obvious Colour of the Metall;
+as I have observ'd in the Glass of Lead, made by long exposing Crude Lead
+to a violent fire, and what I have observ'd about the Glass or Slagg of
+Copper, (of which I can show you some of an odd kind of Texture,) may be
+elsewhere more conveniently related. I have likewise seen a piece of very
+Dark Glass, which an Ingenious Artificer that show'd it me profess'd
+himself to have made of Silver alone by an extreme _Violence_ (which seems
+to be no more than is needfull) of the fire.
+
+_Annotation III_.
+
+Minerals also by the Action of the Fire may be brought to afford Colours
+very differing from their own, as I not long since noted to you about the
+variously Colour'd Flowers of Antimony, to which we may add the Whitish
+Grey-Colour of its _Calx_, and the Yellow or Reddish Colour of the Glass,
+where into that _Calx_ may be flux'd.
+
+And I remember, that I elsewhere told you, that Vitriol Calcin'd with a
+very gentle heat, and afterwards with higher and higher degrees of it, may
+be made to pass through several Colours before it descends to a Dark
+Purplish Colour, whereto a strong fire is wont at length to reduce it. But
+to insist on the Colours produc'd by the Operation of fire upon several
+Minerals would take up farr more time than I have now to spare.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XLVII._
+
+The Adventitious Colours produc'd upon Metalls, or rather with them, by
+Saline Liquors, are many of them so well known to Chymists, that I would
+not here mention them, but that besides a not un-needed Testimony, I can
+add something of my own, to what I shall repeat about them, and divers
+Experiments which are familiar to Chymists, are as yet unknown to the
+greatest part of Ingenious Men.
+
+That Gold dissolv'd in _Aqua Regia_ ennobles the _Menstruum_ with its own
+Colour, is a thing that you cannot (_Pyrophilus_,) but have often seen. The
+Solutions of Mercury in _Aqua-fortis_ are not generally taken notice of, to
+give any notable Tincture to the _Menstruum_; but sometimes when the Liquor
+first falls upon the Quick Silver, I have observ'd a very remarkable,
+though not durable, Greenness, or Blewness to be produc'd, which is a
+_Phænomenon_ not unfit for you to consider, though I have not now the
+leisure to discourse upon it. Tin Corroded by _Aqua-fortis_ till the
+_Menstruum_ will work no farther on it, becomes exceeding White, but as we
+elsewhere note, does very easily of it self acquire the consistence, not of
+a Metalline _Calx_, but of a Coagulated matter, which we have observ'd with
+pleasure to look so like, either to curdled Milk, or curdled Whites of
+Eggs, that a person unacquainted with such Solutions may easily be mistaken
+in it. But when I purposely prepar'd a _Menstruum_ that would dissolve it
+as _Aqua-fortis_ dissolves Silver, and not barely Corrode it, and quickly
+let it fall again, I remember not that I took notice of any particular
+Colour in the Solution, as if the more Whitish Metalls did not much Tinge
+their _Menstruums_, though the conspicuously Colour'd Metalls as Gold, and
+Copper, do. For Lead dissolv'd in Spirit of Vinegar or _Aqua-fortis_ gives
+a Solution cleer enough, and if the _Menstruum_ be abstracted appears
+either Diaphanous or White. Of the Colour of Iron we have elsewhere said
+something: And 'tis worth noting, that though if that Metall be dissolv'd
+in oyl of Vitriol diluted with water, it affords a Salt or Magistery so
+like in colour, as well as some other Qualities, to other green Vitriol,
+that Chymists do not improperly call it _Vitriolum Martis_; yet I have
+purposely try'd, that, by changing the _Menstruum_, and pouring upon the
+filings of Steel, instead of oyl of Vitriol, _Aqua Fortis_, (whereof as I
+remember, I us'd 4 parts to one of the Metall) I obtain'd not a Green, but
+a Saffron Colour Solution; or rather a thick Liquor of a deep but yellowish
+Red. Common Silver, such as is to be met with in Coines, being dissolv'd in
+_Aqua fortis_, yields a Solution tincted like that of Copper, which is not
+to be wondred at, because in the coining of Silver, they are wont (as we
+elsewhere particularly inform you) to give it an Allay of Copper, and that
+which is sold in shops for refined silver, is not (so far as we have tryed)
+so perfectly free from that ignobler Metall, but that a Solution of It in
+_Aqua fortis_, will give a Venereal Tincture to the _Menstruum_. But we
+could not observe upon the solution of some Silver, which was perfectly
+refin'd, (such as some that we have, from which 8 or 10 times its weight of
+Lead has been blown off) that the _Menstruum_ though held against the Light
+in a Crystal Vial did manifestly disclose any Tincture, only it seem'd
+sometimes not to be quite destitute of a little, but very faint
+Blewishness.
+
+But here I must take notice, that of all the Metalls, there is not any
+which doth so easily and constantly disclose its unobvious colour as Copper
+doth. For not only in acid _Menstruums_ as _Aqua Fortis_ and Spirit of
+Vinegar, it gives a Blewish green solution, but if it be almost any way
+corroded, it _appears of one of those_ two colours, as may be observ'd in
+Verdigreese made several wayes, in that odd preparation of _Venus_, which
+we elsewhere teach you to make with Sublimate, and in the common Vitriols
+of _Venus_ deliver'd by Chymists; and so constant is the disposition of
+Copper, notwithstanding the disguise Artists put upon it, to disclose the
+colour we have been mentioning, that we have by forcing it up with _Sal
+Armoniack_ obtain'd a Sublimate of a Blewish Colour. Nay a famous Spagyrist
+affirms, that the very Mercury of it is green, but till he teach us an
+intelligible way of making such a Mercury, we must content ourselves to
+inform you, that we have had a Cupreous Body, that was Præcipitated out of
+a distill'd Liquor, that seem'd to be the the Sulphur of _Venus_, and
+seem'd even when flaming, of a Greenish Colour. And indeed Copper is a
+Metall so easily wrought upon by Liquors of several kinds, that I should
+tell you, I know not any Mineral, that will concurr to the production of
+such a variety of Colours as Copper dissol'd in several _Menstruums_, as
+Spirit of Vinegar, _Aqua fortis_, _Aqua Regis_, Spirit of Nitre, of Urine,
+of Soot, Oyls of several kinds, and I know not how many other Liquors, if
+the variety of somewhat differing colours (that Copper will be made to
+assume, as it is wrought upon by several Liquors) were not comprehended
+within the Limits of Greenish Blew, or Blewish Green.
+
+And yet I must advertise you (_Pyrophilus_) that being desirous to try if I
+could not make with crude Copper a Green Solution without the Blewishness
+that is wont to accompany its Vulgar Solutions, I bethought my self of
+using two _Menstruums_, which I had not known imploy'd to work on this
+Metall, and which I had certain Reasons to make Tryal of, as I successfully
+did. The one of these Liquors (if I much misremember not) was Spirit of
+Sugar distill'd in a Retort, which must be warily done, (if you will avoid
+breaking your glasses) and the other, Oyl or Spirit of Turpentine, which
+affords a fine Green Solution that is useful to me on several occasions.
+And yet to shew that the adventitious colour may result, as well from the
+true and permanent Copper it self, as the Salts wherewith 'tis corroded, I
+shall add, that if you take a piece of good _Dantzick_ Copperis, or any
+other Vitriol wherein _Venus_ is prædominant, and having moistened it in
+your Mouth, or with fair water, rubb it upon a whetted knife, or any other
+bright piece of Steel or Iron, it will (as we have formerly told you)
+present'y stain the Steel with a Reddish colour, like that of Copper, the
+reason of which, we must not now stay to inquire.
+
+_Annotation I._
+
+I presume you may have taken notice (_Pyrophilus_) that I have borrowed
+some of the Instances mention'd in this 47th Experiment, from the
+Laboratories of Chymists, and because in some (though very few) other
+passages of this Essay, I have likewise made use of Experiments mention'd
+also by some Spagyrical Writers, I think it not amiss to represent to you
+on this Occasion once for all, some things besides those which I intimated
+in the præamble of this present Experiment; For besides, that 'tis very
+allowable for a Writer to repeat an Experiment which he invented not, in
+case he improve it; And besides that many Experiments familiar to Chymists
+are unknown to the generality of Learned Men, who either never read
+Chymical processes, or never understood their meaning, or never durst
+believe them; besides these things, I say, I shall represent, That, as to
+the few Experiments I have borrowed from the Chymists, if they be very
+Vulgar, 'twould perhaps be difficult to ascribe each of them its own
+Author, and 'tis more than the generality of Chymists themselves can do:
+and if they be not of very known and familiar practise among them, unless
+the Authors wherein I found them had given me cause to believe, themselves
+had try'd them, I know not why I might not set them down, as a part of the
+_Phænomena_ of Colours which I present you; Many things unanimously enough
+deliver'd as matters of fact by (I know not how many Chymical Writers)
+being not to be rely'd on, upon the single Authority of such Authors: For
+Instance, as some Spagyrists deliver (perhaps amongst several deceitful
+processes) that _Saccarum Saturni_ with Spirit of Turpentine will afford a
+Balsom, so _Beguinus_ and many more tell us, that the same Concrete
+(_Saccarum Saturni_) will yield an incomparably fragrant Spirit, and a
+pretty Quantity of two several Oyles, and yet since many have complain'd,
+as well as I have done, that they could find no such odoriferous, but
+rather an ill-sented Liquor, and scarce any oyl in their Distillation of
+that sweet Vitriol, a wary person would as little build any thing on what
+they say of the former Experiment, as upon what they averr of the later,
+and therefore I scrupled not to mention this Red Balsom of which I have not
+seen any, (but what I made) among my other experiments about redness.
+
+_Annot. II._
+
+We have sometimes had the Curiosity to try what Colours Minerals, as
+Tinglass, Antimony, Spelter, &c. would yield in several _Menstruums_, nor
+have we forborn to try the Colours of stones, of which that famous one,
+(which _Helmont_ calls _Paracelsus's Ludus_) though it be digg'd out of the
+Earth and seem a true stone, has afforded in _Menstruums_ capable to
+dissolve so solid a stone, sometimes a Yellowish, sometimes a Red solution
+of both which I can show you. But though I have from Minerals obtain'd with
+several _Menstruums_ very differing Colours, and some such as perhaps you
+would be surpriz'd to see drawn from such Bodies: yet I must now pass by
+the particulars, being desirous to put an End to this Treatise, before I
+put an end to your Patience and my own.
+
+_Annotation III._
+
+And yet before I pass to the next Experiment, I must put you in mind, that
+the Colours of Metals may in many cases be further alter'd by imploying,
+either præcipitating Salts, or other convenient Substances to act upon
+their Solutions. Of this you may remember, that I have given you several
+Instances already, to which may be added such as these, That if Quicksilver
+be dissolv'd in _Aqua fortis_, and Præcipitated out of the Solution, either
+with water impregnated with Sea salt, or with the spirit of that Concrete,
+it falls to the Bottom in the form of a white powder, whereas if it be
+Præcipitated with an Alcaly, it will afford a Yellowish or tawny powder,
+and if there be no Præcipitation made, and the _Menstruum_ be drawn off
+with a convenient fire, the corroded Mercury will remain in the bottom, in
+the form of a substance that may be made to appear of differing Colours by
+differing degrees of Heat; As I remember that lately having purposely
+abstracted _Aqua fortis_ from some Quicksilver that we had dissolv'd in it,
+so that there remain'd a white _Calx_, exposing that to several degrees of
+Fire, and afterwards to a naked one, we obtain'd some new Colours, and at
+length the greatest part of the _Calx_ lying at the Bottome of the Vial,
+and being brought partly to a Deep Yellow, and partly to a Red Colour, the
+rest appear'd elevated to the upper part and neck of the Vial, some in the
+form of a Reddish, and some of an Ash-Colour Sublimate. But of the
+differing Colours which by differing wayes and working of Quick Silver with
+Fire, and Saline Bodies, may be produc'd in Precipitates, I may elsewhere
+have occasion to take further notice. I also told you not long since, that
+if you corrode Quick-silver with Oyl of Vitriol instead of _Aqua-fortis_,
+and abstract the _Menstruum_, there will remain a White _Calx_ which by the
+Affusion of Fair Water presently turns into a Lemmon Colour. And ev'n the
+_Succedaneum_ to a _Menstruum_ may sometimes serve the turn to change the
+Colours of a Metal. The lovely Red which Painters call Vermillion, is made
+of Mercury, which is of the Colour of Silver, and of Brimstone which is of
+Kin to that of Gold, Sublim'd up together in a certain proportion, as is
+vulgarly known to Spagyrists.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XLVIII._
+
+The third chief sort of the Adventitious Colours of Metals, is, that which
+is produc'd by associating them (especially when Calcin'd) with other
+fusible Bodies, and Principally Venice, and other fine Glass devoid of
+Colour.
+
+I have formerly given you an Example, whereby it may appear, that a Metal
+may impart to Glass a Colour much differing from its own, when I told you,
+how with Silver, I had given Glass a lovely Golden Colour. And I shall now
+add, that I have Learn'd from one of the Chief Artificers that sells
+Painted Glass, that those of his Trade Colour it Yellow with a preparation
+of the _Calx_ of Silver. Though having lately had occasion among other
+Tryals to mingle a few grains of Shell-silver (such as is imploy'd with the
+Pensil and Pen) with a convenient proportion of powder'd Crystal Glass,
+having kept them two or three hours in fusion, I was surpriz'd to find the
+Colliquated Mass to appear upon breaking the Crucible of a lovely Saphirine
+Blew, which made me suspect my Servant might have brought me a wrong
+Crucible, but he constantly affirm'd it to be the same wherein the Silver
+was put, and considerable Circumstances countenanc'd his Assertion, so that
+till I have opportunity to make farther Tryal, I cannot but suspect, either
+that Silver which is not (which is not very probable) brought to a perfect
+Fusion and Colliquation with Glass, may impart to it other Colours than
+when Neal'd upon it, or else (which is less unlikely) that though Silver
+Beaters usually chuse the finest Coyn they can get, as that which is most
+extensive under the Hammer, yet the Silver-leaves of which this Shel-silver
+was made, might retain so much Copper as to enable it to give the
+predominant tincture to the Glass.
+
+For, I must proceed to tell you (_Pyrophilus_) as another instance of the
+Adventitious Colours of Metals, that which is something strange, Namely,
+That though Copper Calcin'd _per se_ affords but a Dark and basely Colour'd
+_Calx_, yet the Glassmen do with it, as themselves inform me, Tinge their
+Glass green. And I remember, that when once we took some crude Copper, and
+by frequent Ignition quenching it in Water had reduc'd it to a Dark and
+Ill-colour'd Powder, and afterward kept it in Fusion in about a 100. times
+its weight of fine Glass, we had, though not a Green, yet a Blew colour'd
+Mass, which would perhaps have been Green, if we had hit right upon the
+Proportion of the Materials, and the Degree of Fire, and the Time wherein
+it ought to be kept in Fusion, so plentifully does that Metal abound in a
+Venerial Tincture, as Artists call it, and in so many wayes does it
+disclose that Richness. But though Copper do as we have said give somewhat
+near the like Colour to Glass, which it does to _Aqua-fortis_, yet it seems
+worth inquiry, whether those new Colours which Mineral Bodies disclose in
+melted Glass, proceed from the Coalition of the Corpuscles of the Mineral
+with the Particles of the Glass as such, or from the Action (excited or
+actuated by fire) of the Alcalizate Salt (which is a main Ingredient of
+Glass,) upon the Mineral Body, or from the concurrence of both these
+Causes, or else from any other. But to return to that which we were saying,
+we may observe that _Putty_ made by calcining together a proportion of Tin
+and Lead, as it is it self a White _Calx_, so does it turn the _Pitta di
+Crystallo_ (as the Glassmen call the matter of the Purer sort of Glass,
+wherewith it is Colliquated into a White Mass, which if it be opacous
+enough is employ'd, as we elsewhere declare, for White Amel. But of the
+Colours which the other Metals may be made to produce in Colourless Glass,
+and other Vitrifiable Bodies, that have native Colours of their own, I must
+leave you to inform your self upon Tryal, or at least must forbear to do it
+till another time, considering how many Annotations are to follow, upon
+what has in this and the two former Experiments been said already.
+
+_Annotation I._
+
+When the Materials of Glass being melted with Calcin'd Tin, have compos'd a
+Mass Undiaphanous and White, this White Amel is as it were the Basis of all
+those fine Concretes that Goldsmiths and several Artificers imploy in the
+curious Art of Enamelling. For this White and Fusible substance will
+receive into it self, without spoyling them, the Colours of divers other
+Mineral substances, which like it will indure the fire.
+
+_Annotation II._
+
+So that as by the present (XLVIII.) Experiment it appears, that divers
+Minerals will impart to fusible Masses, Colours differing from their own;
+so by the making and compounding of Amels, it may appear, that divers
+Bodies will both retain their Colour in the fire, and impart the _same_ to
+some others wherewith they were vitrifi'd, and in such Tryals as that
+mention'd in the 17. Experiment, where I told you, that ev'n in Amels a
+Blew and Yellow will compound a Green. 'Tis pretty to behold, not only that
+some Colours are of so fix'd a Nature, as to be capable of mixture without
+receiving any detriment by the fire, that do's so easily destroy or spoyl
+those of other Bodies; but Mineral Pigments may be mingled by fire little
+less regularly and successfully, than in ordinary Dyeing Fatts, the vulgar
+Colours are wont to be mingled by the help of Water.
+
+_Annotation III._
+
+'Tis not only Metalline, but other Mineral Bodies, that may be imploy'd, to
+give Tinctures unto Glass (and 'tis worth noting how small a quantity of
+some Mineral substances, will Tinge a Comparatively vast proportion of
+Glass, and we have sometimes attempted to Colour Glass, ev'n with Pretious
+Stones, and had cause to think the Experiment not cast away. And 'tis known
+by them that have look'd into the Art of Glass, that the Artificers use to
+tinge their Glass Blew, with that Dark Mineral _Zaffora_, (some of my
+Tryals on which I elsewhere acquaint you) which some would have to be a
+Mineral Earth, others a Stone, and others neither the one, nor the other,
+but which is confessedly of a Dark, but not a Blew Colour, though it be not
+agreed of what particular Colour it is. 'Tis likewise though a familiar yet
+a remarkable practise among those that Deal in the making of Glass, to
+imploy (as some of themselves have inform'd me) what they call Manganess,
+and some Authors call _Magnesia_ (of which I make particular mention in
+another Treatise) to exhibit in Glass not only other Colours than its own,
+(which is so like in Darkness or blackishness to the Load stone, that 'tis
+given by Mineralists, for one of the Reasons of its Latine Name) but
+Colours differing from one another. For though they use it, (which is
+somewhat strange) to Clarifye their Glass, and free it from that Blewish
+Greenish Colour, which else it would too often be subject to, yet they also
+imploy it in certain proportions, to tinge their Glass both with a Red
+colour, and with a Purplish or Murry, and putting in a greater Quantity,
+they also make with it that deep obscure Glass which is wont to pass for
+Black, which agrees very well with, and may serve to confirm what we noted
+near the beginning of the 44th Experiment, of the seeming Blackness of
+those Bodies that are overcharg'd with the Corpuscles of such Colours, as
+Red, or Blew, or Green, &c. And as by several Metals and other Minerals we
+can give various Colours to Glass, so on the other side, by the differing
+Colours that Mineral Oars, or other Mineral Powders being melted with Glass
+disclose in it, a good Conjecture may be oftentimes made of the Metall or
+known Mineral, that the Oar propos'd, either holds, or is most of kin to.
+And this easie way of examining Oars, may be in some cases of good use, and
+is not ill deliver'd by _Glauber_, to whom I shall at present refer you,
+for a more particular account of it: unless your Curiosity command also
+what I have observ'd about these matters; only I must here advertise you,
+that great circumspection is requisite to keep this way from proving
+fallacious, upon the account of the variations of Colour that may be
+produc'd by the differing proportions that may be us'd betwixt the Oar and
+the Glass, by the Richness or Poorness of the Oar it self, by the Degree of
+Fire, and (especially) by the Length of Time, during which the matter is
+kept in fusion; as you will easily gather from what you will quickly meet
+with in the following Annotation upon this present 48th Experiment.
+
+_Annotation IV._
+
+There is another way and differing enough from those already mention'd, by
+which Metalls may be brought to exhibit adventitious Colours: For by This,
+the Metall do's not so much impart a Colour to another Body, as receive a
+Colour from it, or rather both Bodies do by the new Texture resulting from
+their mistion produce a new Colour. I will not insist to this purpose upon
+the Examples afforded us by yellow Orpiment, and common Sea Salt, from
+which, sublim'd together, Chymists unanimously affirm their White or
+Crystalline Arsenick to be made: But 'tis not unworthy our noting, That
+though Yellow Orpiment be acknowledg'd to be the Copiousest by far of the
+two Ingredients of Arsenick, yet this last nam'd Body being duely added to
+the highest Colour'd Metall Copper, when 'tis in fusion, gives it a
+whiteness both within and without. Thus _Lapis Calaminaris_ changes and
+improves the Colour of Copper by turning it into Brass. And I have
+sometimes by the help of Zinck duely mix'd after a certain manner, given
+Copper one of the Richest Golden Colours that ever I have seen the Best
+true Gold Ennobled with. But pray have a care that such Hints fall not into
+any hands that may mis-imploy them.
+
+_Annotation V._
+
+Upon the Knowledge of the differing wayes of making Minerals and Metalls
+produce their adventitious Colours in Bodies capable of Vitrification,
+depends the pretty Art of making what Chymists by a Barbarous Word are
+pleas'd to call _Amanses_, that is counterfeit, or factitious Gemms, as
+Emeralds, Rubies, Saphires, Topazes, and the like. For in the making of
+these, though pure Sand or Calcin'd Crystal give the Body, yet 'tis for the
+most part some Metalline or Mineral _Calx_, mingled in a small proportion
+that gives the Colour. But though I have many years since taken delight, to
+divert my self with this pleasing Art, and have seen very pretty
+Productions of it, yet besides that I fear I have now forgot most of the
+little Skill I had in it, this is no place to entertain you with what would
+rather take up an intire Discourse, than be comprehended in an Annotation;
+wherefore the few things which I shall here take notice of to you, are only
+what belong to the present Argument, Namely,
+
+First, That I have often observ'd that Calcin'd Lead Colliquated with fine
+White Sand or Crystal, reduc'd by ignitions and subsequent extinctions in
+Water to a subtile Powder, will of it self be brought by a due Decoction to
+give a cleer Mass Colour'd like a _German_ Amethyst. For though this glass
+of Lead, is look'd upon by them that know no better way of making
+_Amanses_, as the grand Work of them all, yet which is an inconvenience
+that much blemishes this way, the Calcin'd Lead it self does not only
+afford matter to the _Amanses_, but has also as well as other Metals a
+Colour of its own, which as I was saying, I have often found to be like
+that of _German_ (as many call them) not Eastern Amethysts.
+
+Secondly, That nevertheless this Colour may be easily over-powr'd by those
+of divers other Mineral Pigments (if I may so call them) so that with a
+glass of Lead, you may Emulate (for Instance) the fresh and lovely
+Greenness of an Emerald, though in divers cases the Colour which the Lead
+it self upon Vitrification tends to, may vitiate that of the Pigment, which
+you would introduce into the Mass.
+
+Thirdly, That so much ev'n these Colours depend upon Texture, that in the
+Glass of Lead it self made of about three parts of _Lytharge_ or _Minium_
+Colliquated with one of very finely Powder'd Crystal or Sand, we have taken
+pleasure to make the mixture pass through differing Colours, as we kept it
+more or less in the Fusion. For it was not usually till after a pretty long
+Decoction that the Mass attain'd to the Amethystin Colour.
+
+Fourthly and lastly, That the degrees of Coction and other Circumstances
+may so vary the Colour produc'd in the same mass, that in a Crucible that
+was not great I have had fragments of the same Mass, in some of which
+perhaps not so big as a Hazel-Nut, you may discern four distinct Colours.
+
+_Annotation VI._
+
+You may remember (_Pyrophilus_) that when I mention'd the three sorts of
+adventitious Colours of Metals, I mention'd them but as the chief, not the
+only. For there may be other wayes, which though they do not in so strict a
+sense belong to the adventitious Colours of Metals, may not inconveniently
+be reduc'd to them. And of these I shall name now a couple, without denying
+that there may be more.
+
+The first may be drawn from the practise of those that Dye Scarlet. For the
+famousest Master in that Art, either in _England_ or _Holland_, has
+confess'd to me, that neither others, nor he can strike that lovely Colour
+which is now wont to be call'd the _Bow-Dye_, without their Materials be
+Boyl'd in Vessels, either made of, or lin'd with a particular Metall. But
+of what I have known attempted in this kind, I must not as yet for fear of
+prejudicing or displeasing others give you any particular Account.[24]
+
+The other way (_Pyrophilus_) of making Metals afford unobvious Colours, is
+by imbuing divers Bodies with Solutions of them made in their proper
+_Menstruum's_, As (for Instance) though Copper plentifully dissolv'd in
+_Aqua fortis_, will imbue several Bodies with the Colour of the Solution;
+Yet Some other Metalls will not (as I elsewhere tell you) and have often
+try'd. Gold dissolv'd in _Aqua Regia_, will, (which is not commonly known)
+Dye the Nails and Skin, and Hafts of Knives, and other things made of
+Ivory, not with a Golden, but a Purple Colour, which though it manifest it
+self but slowly, is very durable, and scarce ever to be wash'd out. And if
+I misremember not, I have already told you in this Treatise, that the purer
+Crystals of fine Silver made with _Aqua fortis_, though they appear White,
+will presently Dye the Skin and Nails, with a Black, or at least a very
+Dark Colour, which Water will not wash off, as it will ordinary Ink from
+the same parts. And divers other Bodies may the Same way be Dy'd, some of a
+Black, and others of a Blackish Colour.
+
+  [24] See the latter end of the fiftieth Experiment.
+
+And as Metalline, so likewise Mineral Solutions may produce Colours
+differing enough from those of the Liquors themselves. I shall not fetch an
+Example of this, from what we daily see happen in the powdring of Beef,
+which by the Brine imploy'd about it (especially if the flesh be over
+salted) do's oftentimes appear at our Tables of a Green, and sometimes of a
+Reddish Colour, (deep enough) nor shall I insist on the practise of some
+that deal in Salt Petre, who, (as I suspected, and as themselves
+acknowledg'd to me) do, with the mixture of a certain proportion of that;
+and common Salt, give a fine Redness, not only to Neats Tongues, but which
+is more pretty as well as difficult, to such flesh, as would otherwise be
+purely White; These Examples, I say, I shall decline insisting on, as
+chusing rather to tell you, that I have several times try'd, that a
+Solution of the Sulphur of Vitriol, or ev'n of common Sulphur, though the
+Liquor appear'd clear enough, would immediately tinge a piece of new Coin,
+or other clean Silver, sometimes with a Golden, sometimes with a deeper,
+and more Reddish colour, according to the strength of the Solution, and the
+quantity of it, that chanc'd to adhere to the Metall; which may take off
+your wonder that the water of the hot Spring at _Bath_, abounding with
+dissolv'd Substances of a very Sulphureous Nature, should for a while, as
+it were gild, the new or clean pieces of Silver coyn, that are for a due
+time immers'd in it. And to these may be added those formerly mention'd
+Examples of the adventitious Colours of Mineral Bodies; which brings into
+my mind, that, ev'n Vegetable Liquors, whether by degeneration, or by
+altering the Texture of the Body that imbibes them, may stain other Bodies
+with Colours differing enough, from their own, of which very good
+Herbarists have afforded us a notable Example, by affirming that the Juice
+of _Alcanna_ being green (in which state I could never here procure it)
+do's yet Dye the Skin and Nails of a Lasting Red. But I see this Treatise
+is like to prove too bulky without the addition of further Instances of
+this Nature.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XLIX._
+
+Meeting the other day, _Pyrophilus_, in an _Italian_ book, that treats of
+other matters, with a way of preparing what the Author calls a _Lacca_ of
+Vegetables, by which the _Italians_ mean a kind of Extract fit for
+Painting, like that rich _Lacca_ in English commonly call'd _Lake_, which
+is imploy'd by Painters as a glorious Red. And finding the Experiment not
+to be inconsiderable, and very defectively set down, it will not be amiss
+to acquaint you with what some Tryals have inform'd us, in reference to
+this Experiment, which both by our Italian Author, and by divers of his
+Countrymen, is look'd upon as no trifling Secret.
+
+Take then the root call'd in Latin _Curcuma_, and in English Turmerick,
+(which I made use of, because it was then at hand, and is among Vegetables
+fit for that purpose one of the most easiest to be had) and when it is
+beaten, put what Quantity of it you please into fair Water, adding to every
+pound of Water about a spoonfull or better of as strong a _Lixivium_ or
+Solution of Potashes as you can well make, clarifying it by Filtration
+before you put it to the Decocting water. Let these things boyl, or rather
+simper over a soft Fire in a clean glaz'd Earthen Vessel, till you find by
+the Immersion of a sheet of White Paper (or by some other way of Tryal)
+that the Liquor is sufficiently impregnated with the Golden Tincture of the
+Turmerick, then take the Decoction off the Fire, and Filter or Strain it
+that it may be clean, and leisurely dropping into it a strong Solution of
+Roch Allum, you shall find the Decoction as it were curdl'd, and the
+tincted part of it either to emerge, to subside, or to swim up and down,
+like little Yellow flakes; and if you pour this mixture into a Tunnel lin'd
+with Cap Paper, the Liquor that Filtred formerly so Yellow, will now pass
+clean thorow the Filtre, leaving its tincted, and as it were curdled parts
+in the Filtre, upon which fair Water must be so often pour'd, till you have
+Dulcifi'd the matter therein contain'd, the sign of which Dulcification is
+(you know) when the Water that has pass'd through it, comes from it as
+tasteless as it was pour'd on it. And if without Filtration you would
+gather together the flakes of this Vegetable Lake, you must pour a great
+Quantity of fair Water upon the Decoction after the affusion of the
+Alluminous Solution, and you shall find the Liquor to grow clearer, and the
+Lake to settle together at the bottom, or emerge to the top of the Water,
+though sometimes having not pour'd out a sufficient Quantity of fair Water,
+we have observ'd the Lake partly to subside, and partly to emerge, leaving
+all the middle of the Liquor clear. But to make this Lake fit for use, it
+must by repeated affusions of fresh Water, be Dulcifi'd from the adhering
+Salts, as well as that separated by Filtration, and be spread and suffer'd
+to dry leisurely upon pieces of Cloth, with Brown Paper, or Chalk, or
+Bricks under them to imbibe the Moisture[25].
+
+                                                                [Page 372]
+_Annotation I._
+
+Whereas it is presum'd that the Magistery of Vegetables obtain'd this way
+consists but of the more Soluble and Coloured parts of the Plants that
+afford it, I must take the liberty to Question the supposition. And for my
+so doing, I shall give you this account.
+
+According to the Notions (such as they were) that I had concerning Salts;
+Allom, though to sense a Homogeneous Body, ought not to be reckon'd among
+true Salts, but to be it self look'd upon as a kind of Magistery, in regard
+that as Native Vitriol (for such I have had) contains both a Saline
+substance and a Metall, whether Copper, or Iron, corroded by it, and
+associated with it; so Allom which may be of so near a kin to Vitriol, that
+in some places of _England_ (as we are assur'd by good Authority the same
+stone will sometimes afford both) seems manifestly to contain a peculiar
+kind of Acid Spirit, generated in the Bowels of the Earth, and some kind of
+stony matter dissolv'd by it. And though in making our ordinary Allom, the
+Workmen use the Ashes of a Sea Weed (vulgarly call'd Kelp) and Urine: yet
+those that should know, inform us, that, here in _England_, there is
+besides the factitious Allom, Allom made by Nature Without the help of
+those Additaments. Now (_Pyrophilus_) when I consider'd this composition of
+Allom, and that Alcalizate Salts are wont to Præcipitate what acid Salts
+have dissolv'd, I could not but be prone to suspect that the Curdled
+Matter, which is call'd the Magistery of Vegetables, may have in it no
+inconsiderable proportion of a stony substance Præcipitated out of the
+Allom by the _Lixivium_, wherein the Vegetable had been decocted, and to
+shew you, that there is no necessity, that all the curdl'd substance must
+belong to the Vegetable, I shall add, that I took a strong Solution of
+Allom, and having Filtred it, by pouring in a convenient Quantity of a
+strong Solution of Potashes, I presently, as I expected, turn'd the mixture
+into a kind of white Curds, which being put to Filtre, the Paper retain'd a
+stony _Calx_, copious enough, very White, and which seem'd to be of a
+Mineral Nature, both by some other signes, and this, that little Bits of it
+being put upon a live Coal, which was Gently Blown whilst they were on it,
+they did neither melt nor fly away, and you may keep a Quantity of this
+White substance for a good while, (nay for ought I can guess for a very
+long one) in a red hot Crucible without losing or spoiling it; nor did hot
+Water wherein I purposely kept another parcel of such _Calx_, seem to do
+any more than wash away the looser adhering Salts from the stony substance,
+which therefore seem'd unlikely to be separable by ablutions (though
+reiterated) from the Præcipitated parts of the Vegetable, whose Lake is
+intended. And to shew you, that there is likewise in Allom a Body, with
+which the fix'd Salt of the Alcalizate Solution will concoagulate into a
+Saline Substance differing from either of them, I shall add, that I have
+taken pleasure to recover out of the slowly exhal'd Liquor, that pass'd
+through the filtre, and left the foremention'd _Calx_ behind, a Body that
+at least seem'd a Salt very pretty to look on, as being very White, and
+consisting of an innumerable company of exceeding slender, and shining
+Particles, which would in part easily melt at the flame of a Candle, and in
+part flye away with some little noise. But of this substance, and its odd
+Qualities more perhaps elsewhere; for now I shall only take notice to you,
+that I have likewise with Urinous Salts, such as the Spirit of Sal
+Armoniack, as well as with the Spirit of Urine it self, Nay, (if I much
+mistake not) ev'n with Stale Urine undistil'd, easily Precipitated such a
+White _Calx_ as I was formerly speaking of, out of a Limpid Solution of
+Allom, so that there is need of Circumspection in judging of the Natures of
+Liquors by Precipitations wherein Allom intervenes, else we may sometimes
+mistakingly imagine that to be Precipitated out of a Liquor by Allom, which
+is rather Precipitated out of Allom by the Liquor: And this puts me in mind
+to tell you, that 'tis not unpleasant to behold how quickly the Solution of
+Allom (or injected lumps of Allom) do's occasion the severing of the
+colour'd parts of the Decoction from the Liquor that seem'd to have so
+perfectly imbib'd them.
+
+  [25] _The Curious Reader that desires further Information concerning
+  Lakes, may Resort to the 7th Book of_ Neri's _Art of Glass, Englished (6
+  or 7 years since the Writing of this 49th Experiment) and Illustrated
+  with Learned Observations, by the Inquisitive and experienc'd Dr._
+  Charles Merret.
+
+_Annot. II._
+
+The above mention'd way of making Lakes we have tryed not only with
+Turmerick, but also with Madder, which yielded us a Red Lake; and with Rue,
+which afforded us an extract, of (almost if not altogether) the same Colour
+with that of the leaves.
+
+But in regard that 'tis Principally the Alcalizate Salt of the Pot-ashes,
+which enables the water to Extract so powerfully the Tincture of the
+Decocted Vegetables, I fear that our Author may be mistaken by supposing
+that the Decoction will alwayes be of the very same Colour with the
+Vegetable it is made off. For Lixiviate Salts, to which Pot-ashes eminently
+belong, though by peircing and opening the Bodies of Vegetables, they
+prepare and dispose them to part readily with their Tincture, yet some
+Tinctures they do not only draw out, but likewise alter them, as may be
+easily made appear by many of the Experiments already set down in this
+Treatise, and though Allom being of an Acid Nature, its Solutions may in
+some Cases destroy the Adventitious Colours produc'd by the Alcaly, and
+restore the former: yet besides that Allom is not, as I have lately shown,
+a meer Acid Salt, but a mixt Body, and besides, that its operations are
+languid in comparison of the activity of Salts freed by Distillation, or by
+Incineration and Dissolution, from the most of their Earthy parts, we have
+seen already Examples, that in divers Cases an Acid Salt will not restore a
+Vegetable substance to the Colour of which an Alcalizate one had depriv'd
+it, but makes it assume a third very differing from both, as we formerly
+told you, that if Syrrup of Violets were by an Alcaly turn'd Green, (which
+Colour, as I have try'd, may be the same way produc'd in the Violet-leaves
+themselves without any Relation to a Syrrup) an Acid Salt would not make it
+Blew again, but Red. And though I have by this way of making Lakes, made
+Magisteries (for such they seem to be) of Brazil, and as I remember of
+Cochinele it self, and of other things, Red, Yellow or Green which Lakes
+were enobled with a Rich Colour, and others had no bad one; yet in some the
+colour of the Lake seem'd rather inferiour than otherwise to that of the
+Plant, and in others it seem'd both very differing, and much worse; but
+Writing this in a time and place where I cannot provide my self of Flowres
+and other Vegetables to prosecute such Tryals in a competent variety of
+Subjects, I am content not to be positive in delivering a judgment of this
+way of Lakes, till Experience, or You, _Pyrophilus_, shall have afforded me
+a fuller and more particular Information.
+
+_Annotation III._
+
+And on this occasion (_Pyrophilus_) I must here (having forgot to do it
+sooner) advertise you once for all, that having written several of the
+foregoing Experiments, not only in haste but at seasons of the year, and in
+places wherein I could not furnish my self with such Instruments, and such
+a variety of Materials, as the design of giving you an Introduction into
+the History of Colours requir'd, it can scarce be otherwise but that divers
+of the Experiments, that I have set down, may afford you some matter of new
+Tryals, if you think fit to supply the deficiencies of some of them
+(especially the freshly mention'd about Lakes, and those that concern
+Emphatical Colours) which deficiencies for want of being befriended with
+accommodations I could better discern than avoid.
+
+_Annotation IV._
+
+The use of Allom is very great as well as familiar in the Dyers Trade, and
+I have not been ill pleas'd with the use I have been able to make of it in
+preparing other pigments than those they imploy with Vegetable Juices. But
+the Lucriferous practises of Dyers and other Tradesmen, I do, for Reasons
+that you may know when you please, purposely forbear in this Essay, though
+not strictly from pointing at, yet from making it a part of my present work
+explicitly and circumstantially to deliver, especially since I now find
+(though late and not without some Blushes at my prolixity) that what I
+intended but for a short Essay, is already swell'd into almost a Volume.
+
+_EXPERIMENT L._
+
+Yet here, _Pyrophilus_, I must take leave to insert an Experiment, though
+perhaps you'l think its coming in here an Intrusion, For I confess its more
+proper place would have been among those Experiments, that were brought as
+proofs and applications of our Notions concerning the differences of Salts;
+but not having remembred to insert it in its fittest place, I had rather
+take notice of it in this, than leave it quite unmention'd: partly because
+it doth somewhat differ from the rest of our Experiments about Colours, in
+the way whereby 'tis made; and partly because the grounds upon which I
+devis'd it, may hint to you somewhat of the Method I use in Designing and
+Varying Experiments about Colours, and upon this account I shall inform
+you, not only What I did, but Why I did it.
+
+I consider'd then that the work of the former Experiments was either to
+change the Colour of a Body into another, or quite to destroy it, without
+giving it a successor, but I had a mind to give you also a way, whereby to
+turn a Body endued with one Colour into two Bodies, of Colours, as well as
+consistencies, very distinct from each other, and that by the help of a
+Body that had it self no Colour at all. In order to this, I remembred, that
+finding the Acidity of Spirit of Vinegar to be wholly destroy'd by its
+working upon _Minium_ (or calcin'd Lead) whereby the Saline particles of
+the _Menstruum_ have their Taste and Nature quite alter'd, I had, among
+other Conjectures I had built upon that change, rightly concluded, that the
+Solution of Lead in Spirit of Vinegar would alter the Colour of the Juices
+and Infusions of Several Plants, much after the like manner that I had
+found Oyl of Tartar to do; and accordingly I was quickly satisfied upon
+Tryal, that the Infusion of Rose-leaves would by a small quantity of this
+Solution well mingl'd with it, be immediately turn'd into a somewhat sad
+Green.
+
+And further, I had often found, that Oyl of Vitriol, though a potently Acid
+_Menstruum_, will yet Præcipitate many Bodies, both Mineral and others,
+dissolv'd not onely in _Aqua fortis_ (as some Chymists have observ'd) but
+particularly in Spirit of Vinegar, and I have further found, that the
+_Calces_ or Powders Præcipitated by this Liquor were usually fair and
+White.
+
+Laying these things together, 'twas not difficult to conclude, that if upon
+a good Tincture of Red Rose-leaves made with fair Water, I dropp'd a pretty
+quantity of a strong and sweet Solution of _Minium_, the Liquor would be
+turn'd into the like muddy Green Substance, as I have formerly intimated to
+You, that Oyl of Tartar would reduce it to, and that if then I added a
+convenient quantity of good Oyl of Vitriol, this last nam'd Liquor would
+have two distinct operations upon the Mixture, the one, that it would
+Præcipitate that resolv'd Lead in the form of a White Powder; the other,
+that it would Clarifie the muddy Mixture, and both restore, and exceedingly
+heighten the Redness of the Infusion of Roses, which was the most copious
+Ingredient of the Green composition, and accordingly trying the Experiment
+in a Wine glass sharp at the bottom (like an inverted Cone) that the
+subsiding Powder might seem to take up the more room, and be the more
+conspicuous, I found that when I had shaken the Green Mixture, that the
+colour'd Liquor might be the more equally dispersed, a few drops of the
+rectifi'd Oyl of Vitriol did presently turn the opacous Liquor into one
+that was cleer and Red, almost like a Rubie, and threw down good store of a
+Powder, which when 'twas settl'd, would have appear'd very White, if some
+interspers'd Particles of the red Liquor had not a little Allay'd the
+Purity, though not blemish'd the Beauty of the Colour. And to shew you,
+_Pyrophilus_, that these Effects do not flow from the Oyl of Vitriol, as it
+is such, but as it is a strongly Acid _Menstruum_, that has the property
+both to Præcipitate Lead, as well as some other Concretes out of Spirit of
+Vinegar, and to heighten the Colour of Red Rose-leaves, I add, that I have
+done the same thing, though perhaps not quite so well with Spirit of Salt,
+and that I could not do it with _Aqua-fortis_, because though that potent
+_Menstruum_ does as well as the others heighthen the Redness of Roses, yet
+it would not like them Precipitate Lead out of Spirit of Vinegar, but would
+rather have dissolv'd it, if it had not found it dissolv'd already.
+
+And as by this way we have produc'd a Red Liquor, and a White Precipitate
+out of a Dirty Green magistery of Rose-leaves, so by the same Method, you
+may produce a fair Yellow, and sometimes a Red Liquor, and the like
+Precipitate, out of an Infusion of a curious Purple Colour. For you may
+call to mind, that in the Annotation upon the 39th. Experiment I intimated
+to you, that I had with a few drops of an Alcaly turn'd the Infusion of
+Logg-wood into a lovely Purple. Now if instead of this Alcaly I substituted
+a very Strong and well Filtrated Solution of _Minium_, made with Spirit of
+Vinegar, and put about half as much of this Liquor as there was of the
+Infusion of Logg-wood, (that the mixture might afford a pretty deal of
+Precipitate,) the affusion of a convenient proportion of Spirit of Salt,
+would (if the Liquors were well and nimbly stirr'd together) presently
+strike down a Precipitate like that formerly mention'd, and turn the Liquor
+that swam above it, for the most part into a lovely Yellow.
+
+But for the advancing of this Experiment a little further, I consider'd,
+that in case I first turn'd a spoonfull of the infusion of Logg-wood
+Purple, by a convenient proportion of the Solution of _Minium_, the
+Affusion of Spirit of Sal Armnoniack, would Precipitate the Corpuscles of
+Lead conceal'd in the Solution of _Minium_, and yet not destroy the Purple
+colour of the Liquor; whereupon I thus proceeded; I took about a spoonfull
+of the _fresh_ Tincture of Logg-wood, (for I found that if it were _stale_
+the Experiment would not alwayes succeed,) and having put to it a
+convenient proportion of the Solution of _Minium_ to turn it into a deep
+and almost opacous Purple, I then drop'd in as much Spirit of Sal
+Armoniack, as I guess'd would Precipitate about half or more (but not all)
+of the Lead, and immediately stirring the mixture well together, I mingled
+the Precipitated parts with the others, so that they fell to the bottom,
+partly in the form of a Powder, and partly in the form of a Curdled
+Substance, that (by reason of the Predominancy of the Ting'd Corpuscles
+over the White) retain'd as well as the Supernatant Liquor; a Blewish
+Purple colour sufficiently Deep, and then instantly (but yet Warily,)
+pouring on a pretty Quantity of Spirit of Salt, the matter first
+Precipitated, was, by the above specified figure of the bottome of the
+Glass preserv'd from being reach'd by the Spirituous Salt; which hastily
+Precipitated upon it a new Bed (if I may so call it) of White Powder, being
+the remaining Corpuscles of the Lead, that the Urinous Spirit had not
+struck down: So that there appear'd in the Glass three distinct and very
+differingly colour'd Substances; a Purple or Violet-colour'd Precipitate at
+the bottom, a White and Carnation (sometimes a Variously colour'd)
+Precipitate over That, and at the Top of all a Transparent Liquor of a
+lovely Yellow, or Red.
+
+Thus you see, _Pyrophilus_, that though to some I may have seem'd to have
+lighted on this (50th.) Experiment by chance, and though others may
+imagine, that to have excogitated it, must have proceeded from some
+extraordinary insight into the nature of Colours, yet indeed, the devising
+of it need not be look'd upon as any great matter, especially to one that
+is a little vers'd in the notions, I have in these, and other Papers hinted
+concerning the differences of Salts. And perhaps I might add upon more than
+conjecture, that these very notions and some particulars scatteringly
+deliver'd in this Treatise, being skilfully put together, may suggest
+divers matters (at least,) about Colours, that will not be altogether
+Despicable. But those hinted, _Pyrophilus_, I must now leave such as You to
+prosecute, having already spent farr more time than I intended to allow my
+self in acquainting You with particular Experiments and Observations
+concerning the changes of Colour, to which I might have added many more,
+but that I hope I may have presented You with a competent number to make
+out in some measure what I have at the beginning of this Essay either
+propos'd as my Design in this Tract, or deliver'd as my Conjectures
+concerning these matters. And it not being my present Designe, as I have
+more than once Declar'd, to deliver any Positive Hypothesis or solemn
+Theory of Colours, but only to furnish You with some Experiments towards
+the framing of such a Theory; I shall add nothing to what I have said
+already, but a request that you would not be forward to think I have been
+mistaken in any thing I have deliver'd as matter of Fact concerning the
+changes of Colours, in case you should not every time you trye it, find it
+exactly to succeed. For besides the Contingencies to which we have
+elsewhere shewn some other Experiments to be obnoxious, the omission or
+variation of a seemingly unconsiderable circumstance, may hinder the
+success of an Experiment, wherein no other fault has been committed. Of
+which truth I shall only give you that single and almost obvious, but yet
+illustrious instance of the Art of Dying Scarlets, for though you should
+see every Ingredient that is us'd about it, though I should particularly
+inform You of the weight of each, and though you should be present at the
+kindling of the fire, and at the increasing and remitting of it, when ever
+the degree of Heat is to be alter'd, and though (in a word) you should see
+every thing done so particularly that you would scarce harbour the least
+doubt of your comprehending the whole Art: Yet if I should not disclose to
+You, that the Vessels, that immediately contain the Tinging Ingredients,
+are to be made of or to be lin'd with Tin, You would never be able by all
+that I could tell you else (at-least, if the Famousest and Candidest
+Artificers do not strangely delude themselves) to bring your Tincture of
+Chochinele to Dye a perfect Scarlet. So much depends upon the very Vessel,
+wherein the Tinging matters are boyl'd, and so great an Influence may an
+unheeded Circumstance have on the Success of Experiments concerning
+Colours.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    _FINIS._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                      A SHORT
+                      ACCOUNT
+                      OF SOME
+                    OBSERVATIONS
+                Made by Mr. _BOYLE_
+
+   About a _Diamond_ that _Shines_ in the Dark.
+
+      First enclosed in a Letter written to
+                      a Friend,
+
+And now together with it annexed to the Foregoing
+         Treatise, upon the score of the
+                   Affinity Betwixt
+                _Light_ and _Colours_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                     _LONDON,_
+
+      Printed for _Henry Herringman_. 1664
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                     A COPY
+                     OF THE
+                     LETTER
+
+ That Mr. _Boyle_ wrote to Sir _Robert Morray_,
+   to accompany the _Observations_ touching
+             the _Shining Diamond_.
+
+_SIR,_
+
+Though Sir _Robert Morray_ and Monsieur _Zulichem_ be Persons that have
+deserv'd so well of the Commonwealth of Learning, that I should think my
+self unworthy to be look'd upon as a Member of it, if I declin'd to Obey
+them, or to Serve them; yet I should not without Reluctancy send you the
+Notes, you desire for him, if I did not hope that you will transmit
+together with them, some Account why they are not less unworthy of his
+perusal; which, that you may do; I must inform you, how the writing of them
+was Occasion'd, which in short was thus. As I was just going out of Town,
+hearing that an Ingenious Gentleman of my Acquaintance, lately return'd
+from _Italy_, had a Diamond, that being rubb'd, would shine in the Dark,
+and that he was not far off, I snatch'd time from my Occasions to make him
+a Visit, but finding him ready to go abroad, and having in vain try'd to
+make the Stone yield any Light in the Day time, I borrow'd it of him for
+that Night, upon condition to restore it him within a Day or two at
+furthest, at _Gresham_ College, where we appointed to attend the meeting of
+the Society, that was then to be at that place. And hereupon I hasted that
+Evening out of Town, and finding after Supper that the Stone which in the
+Day time would afford no discernable Light, was really Conspicuous in the
+Dark, I was so taken with the Novelty, and so desirous to make some use of
+an opportunity that was like to last so little a while, that though at that
+time I had no body to assist me but a Foot-Boy, yet sitting up late, I made
+a shift that Night to try a pretty number of such of the things that then
+came into my thoughts, as were not in that place and time unpracticable.
+And the next Day being otherwise imploy'd, I was fain to make use of a
+drowsie part of the Night to set down hastily in Writing what I had
+observ'd, and without having the time in the Morning, to stay the
+transcribing of it, I order'd the Observations to be brought after me to
+_Gresham_ College, where you may remember, that they were together with the
+Stone it self shown to the Royal Society, by which they had the good
+Fortune not to be dislik'd, though several things were through hast
+omitted, some of which you will find in the Margin of the inclosed Paper.
+The substance of this short Narrative I hope you will let Monsieur
+_Zulichem_ know, that he may be kept from expecting any thing of finish'd
+in the Observations, and be dispos'd to excuse the want of it. But such as
+they are, I hope they will prove (without a Clinch) Luciferous Experiments,
+by setting the Speculations of the Curious on work, in a diligent Inquiry
+after the Nature of Light, towards the discovery of which, perhaps they
+have not yet met with so considerable an Experiment, since here we see
+Light produc'd in a dead and opacous Body, and that not as in rotten Wood,
+or in Fishes, or as in the _Bolonian_ Stone, by a Natural Corruption, or by
+a Violent Destruction of the Texture of the Body, but by so slight a
+Mechanical operation upon its Texture, as we seem to know what it is, and
+as is immediately perform'd, and that several wayes without at all
+prejudicing the Body, or making any sensible alterations in its Manifest
+Qualities. And I am the more willing to expose my hasty Tryals to Monsieur
+_Zulichem_, and to You, because, he being upon the Consideration of
+Dioptricks, so odd a _Phænomenon_ relateing to the Subject, as probably he
+treats of, Light will, I hope, excite a person to consider it, that is wont
+to consider things he treats of very well. And for you Sir, I hope you will
+both recrute and perfect the Observations you receive, For you know that I
+cannot add to them, having a good while since restor'd to Mr. _Clayton_ the
+Stone, which though it be now in the hands of a Prince that so highly
+deserves, by understanding them, the greatest Curiosities; yet he
+vouchsafes you that access to him as keeps me from doubting, you may easily
+obtain leave to make further Tryals with it, of such a Monarch as ours,
+that is not more inquisitive himself, than a favourer of them that are so.
+I doubt not but these Notes will put you in mind of the Motion you made to
+the Society, to impose upon me the Task of bringing in, what I had on other
+occasions observ'd concerning shining Bodies. But though I deny not, that I
+sometimes made observations about the _Bolonian_ Stone, and try'd some
+Experiments about some other shining Bodies; Yet the same Reasons that
+reduc'd me then to be unwilling to receive ev'n their commands, must now be
+my Apology for not answering your Expectations, Namely the abstruse nature
+of Light, and my being already over-burden'd, and but too much kept
+imploy'd by the Urgency of the Press, as well as by more concerning and
+distracting Occasions. But yet I will tell you some part of what I have met
+with in reference to the Stone, of which I send you an account. Because I
+find on the one side, that a great many think it no Rarity upon a mistaken
+perswasion, that not only there are store of Carbuncles, of which this is
+one; but that all Diamonds and other Glistering Jewels shine in the Dark.
+Whereas on the other side there are very Learn'd Men, who (plausibly
+enough) deny that there are any Carbuncles or shining Stones at all.
+
+And certainly, those Judicious men have much more to say for themselves,
+than the others commonly Plead, and therefore did deservedly look upon Mr.
+_Clayton_'s Diamond as a great Rarity. For not only _Boetius de Boot_, who
+is judg'd the best Author on this Subject, ascribes no such Virtue to
+Diamonds, but begins what he delivers of Carbuncles, with this passage.[26]
+_Magna fama est Carbunculi. Is vulgo putatur in tenebris Carbonis instar
+lucere; fortassis quia Pyropus seu Anthrax appellatus a veteribus fuit.
+Verum hactenus nemo nunquam verè asserere ausus fuit, se gemmam noctu
+lucentem vidisse. Garcias ab Horto proregis Indiæ Medicus, refert se
+allocutum fuisse, qui se vidisse affirmarent. Sed iis fidem non habuit._
+And a later Author, the Diligent and Judicious _Johannes de Laet_ in his
+Chapter of Carbuncles and of Rubies, has this passage. _Quia autem
+Carbunculi, Pyropi & Anthraces a veteribus nominantur, vulgo creditum fuit,
+Carbonis instar in tenebris lucere, quod tamen nullâ gemmâ hastenus
+deprehensum, licet à quibusdam temerè jactetur._ And the recentest Writer I
+have met with on this Subject, _Olaus Wormius_, in his Account of his well
+furnish'd _Musæum_, do's, where he treats of Rubies, concurr with the
+former Writers by these Words.[27] _Sunt qui Rubinum veterum Carbunculum
+esse existimant, sed deest una illa nota, quod in tenebris instar Anthracis
+non luceat: Ast talem Carbunculum in rerum naturâ non inveniri major pars
+Authoram existimant. Licet unum aut alterum in India apud Magnates quosdam
+reperiri scribant, cum tamen ex aliorum relatione id habeant saltem, sed
+ipsi non viderint._ In confirmation of which I shall only add, that hearing
+of a Rubie, so very Vivid, that the Jewellers themselves have several times
+begg'd leave of the fair Lady to whom it belong'd, that they might try
+their choicest Rubies by comparing them with That, I had the Opportunity by
+the Favour of this Lady and her Husband, (both which I have the Honour to
+be acquainted with) to make a Trial of this famous Rubie in the Night, and
+in a Room well Darkn'd, but not only could not discern any thing of Light,
+by looking on the Stone before any thing had been done to it, but could not
+by all my Rubbing bring it to afford the least Glimmering of Light.
+
+  [26] Boetius de Boot. Gem. & Lapid. Histor. Lib. 3. Cap. 8.
+
+  [27] Musæi Wormiani. Cap. 17.
+
+But, Sir, though I be very backward to admit strange things for truths, yet
+I am not very forward to reject them as impossibilities, and therefore I
+would not discourage any from making further Inquiry, whether or no there
+be Really in _Rerum natura_, any such thing as a true Carbuncle or Stone
+that without Rubbing will shine in the Dark. For if such a thing can be
+found, it may afford no small Assistance to the Curious in the
+Investigation of Light, besides the Nobleness and Rarity of the thing it
+selfe. And though _Vartomannus_ was not an Eye witness of what he relates,
+that the King of _Pegu_, one of the Chief Kings of the _East-Indies_, had a
+true Carbuncle of that Bigness and Splendour, that it shin'd very
+Gloriously in the Dark, and though _Garcias ab Horto_, the _Indian_
+Vice-Roys Physician, speaks of another Carbuncle, only upon the Report of
+one, that he Discours'd with, who affirmed himself to have seen it; yet as
+we are not sure that these Men that gave themselves out to be Eye-witnesses
+speak true, yet they may have done so for ought we know to the contrary.
+And I could present you with a much considerabler Testimony to the same
+purpose, if I had the permission of a Person concern'd, without whose leave
+I must not do it. I might tell you that _Marcus Paulus Venetus_[28] (whose
+suppos'd Fables, divers of our later Travellours and Navigatours have since
+found to be truths) speaking of the King of _Zeilan_ that then was, tells
+us, that he was said to have the best Rubie in the World, a Palm long and
+as big as a mans Arm, without spot, shining like a Fire, and he subjoyns,
+that the Great _Cham_, under whom _Paulus_ was a considerable Officer, sent
+and offer'd the value of a City for it; But the King answer'd, he would not
+give it for the treasure of the World, nor part with it, having been his
+Ancestours. And I could add, that in the Relation made by two _Russian_
+Cossacks of their Journey into _Catay_[29], written to their Emperour, they
+mention'd their having been told by the people of those parts, that their
+King had a Stone, which Lights as the Sun both Day and Night, call'd in
+their Language _Sarra_, which those Cossacks interpret a Ruby. But these
+Relations are too uncertain for me to build any thing upon, and therefore I
+shall proceed to tell you, that there came hither about two years since out
+of _America_, the Governour of one of the Principal Colonies there, an
+Ancient _Virtuoso_, and one that has the Honour to be a member of the Royal
+Society; this Gentleman finding some of the chief Affairs of his Country
+committed to another and me, made me divers Visits, and in one of them when
+I enquir'd what Rare Stones they had in those parts of the _Indies_ he
+belong'd to, he told me, that the _Indians_ had a Tradition that in a
+certain hardly accessible Hill, a pretty way up in the Country, there was a
+Stone which in the Night time shin'd very vividly, and to a great distance,
+and he assur'd me, that though he thought it not fit to venture himself so
+far among those Savages, yet he purposely sent thither a bold _Englishman_,
+with some Natives to be his guides, and that this Messenger brought him
+back word, that at a distance from the Hillock he had plainly perceiv'd
+such a shining Substance as the _Indians_ Tradition mention'd, and being
+stimulated by Curiosity, had slighted those Superstitious Fears of the
+Inhabitants, and with much ado by reason of the Difficulty of the way, had
+made a shift to clamber up to that part of the Hill, where, by a very
+heedful Observation, he suppos'd himself to have seen the Light: but
+whether 'twere that he had mistaken the place, or for some other Reason, he
+could not find it there, though when he was return'd to his former Station,
+he did agen see the Light shining in the same place where it shone before.
+A further Account of this Light I expect from the Gentleman that gave me
+this, who lately sent me the news of his being landed in that Country. And
+though I reserve to my self a full Liberty of Believing no more than I see
+cause; yet I do the less scruple to relate this, because a good part of it
+agrees well enough with another Story that I shall in the next place have
+occasion to subjoyn, in order whereunto I shall tell you, that though the
+Learned Authors I formerly mention'd, tell us, that no Writer has affirm'd
+his having himself seen a real Carbuncle, yet, considering the Light of Mr.
+_Claytons_ Diamond, it recall'd into my mind, that some years before, when
+I was Inquisitive about Stones, I had met with an old _Italian_ Book highly
+extoll'd to me by very competent Judges, and that though the Book were very
+scarce, I had purchas'd it at a dear Rate, for the sake of a few
+considerable passages I met with in it, and particularly one, which being
+very remarkable in it self, and pertinent to our present Argument, I shall
+put it for you, though not word for word, which I fear I have forgot to do,
+yet as to the Sense, into _English_.
+
+  [28] _Purchas_'s Pilgrim. lib. 1. cap. 4. pag. 104.
+
+  [29] In the year 1619.
+
+_Having promis'd_ (Says our Author)[30] _to say something of that most
+precious sort of Jewels,_ Carbuncles, _because they are very rarely to be
+met with, we shall briefly deliver what we know of them. In_ Clement _the
+seventh's time, I happen'd to see one of_ _them at a certain_ Ragusian
+_Merchants, nam'd_ Beigoio di Bona, _This was a Carbuncle white, of that
+kind of whiteness which we said was to be found in those Rubies of which we
+made mention a little above,_ (where he had said that those Rubies had a
+kind of Livid Whiteness or Paleness like that of a Calcidonian) _but it had
+in it a Lustre so pleasing and so marveilous, that it shin'd in the Dark,
+but not as much as colour'd Carbuncles, though it be true, that in an
+exceeding Dark place I saw it shine in the manner of fire almost gone out.
+But as for colour'd Carbuncles, it has not been my Fortune to have seen
+any, wherefore I will onely set down what I Learn'd about them Discoursing
+in my Youth with a_ Roman _Gentleman of antient Experience in matters of
+Jewels, who told me, That one_ Jacopo Cola _being by Night in a Vineyard of
+his, and espying something in the midst of it, that shin'd like a little_
+glowing Coal, at the foot of a Vine, went near towards the place where he
+thought himself to have seen that fire, but not finding it, he said, that
+being return'd to the same place, whence he had first descry'd it, and
+perceiving there the same splendor as before, he mark'd it so heedfully,
+that he came at length to it, where he took up a very little Stone, which
+he carry'd away with Transports and Joy. And the next day carrying it about
+to show it divers of his Friends, whilst he was relating after what manner
+he found it, there casually interven'd a _Venetian_ Embassadour,
+exceedingly expert in Jewels, who presently knowing it to be a Carbuncle,
+did craftily before he and the said _Jacopo_ parted (so that there was no
+Body present that understood the Worth of so Precious a Gemm) purchase it
+for the Value of 10. Crowns, and the next day left _Rome_ to shun the being
+necessitated to restore it, and (as he affirm'd) it was known within some
+while after that the said _Venetian_ Gentleman did in _Constantinople_ sell
+that Carbuncle to the then Grand Seignior, newly come to the Empire, for a
+hundred thousand Crowns. _And this is what I can say_ concerning
+_Carbuncles_, and this is not a little at least as to the first part of
+this account, where our _Cellini_ affirms himself to have seen a Real
+Carbuncle with his own Eyes, especially since this Author appears wary in
+what he delivers, and is inclin'd rather to lessen, than increase the
+wonder of it. And his Testimony is the more considerable, because though he
+were born a Subject neither to the Pope nor the then King of _France_ (that
+Royal _Virtuoso_ _Francis_ the first) yet both the one and the other of
+those Princes imploy'd him much about making of their Noblest Jewels. What
+is now reported concerning a Shining Substance to be seen in one of the
+Islands about _Scotland_, were very improper for me to mention to Sr.
+_Robert Morray_, to whom the first Information was Originally brought, and
+from whom I expect a farther (for I scarce dare expect a convincing)
+account of it. But I must not omit that some _Virtuoso_ questioning me the
+other day at _White-Hall_ about Mr. _Claytons_ Diamond, and meeting amongst
+them an Ingenious _Dutch_ Gentleman, whose Father was long Embassador for
+the Netherlands in _England_, I Learn'd of him, that, he is acquainted with
+a person, whose Name he told (but I do not well remember it) who was
+Admiral of the _Dutch_ in the _East-Indies_, and who assur'd this Gentleman
+_Monsieur Boreel_, that at his return from thence he brought back with him
+into _Holland_ a Stone, which though it look'd but like a Pale Dull
+Diamond, such as he saw Mr. _Claytons_ to be, yet was it a Real Carbuncle,
+and did without rubbing shine so much, that when the Admiral had occasion
+to open a Chest which he kept under Deck in a Dark place, where 'twas
+forbidden to bring Candles for fear of Mischances, as soon as he open'd the
+Trunck, the Stone would by its Native Light, shine so as to Illustrate a
+great part of it, and this Gentleman having very civilly and readily
+granted me the request I made him, to Write to the Admiral, who is yet
+alive in _Holland_, (and probably may still have the Jewel by him,) for a
+particular account of this Stone, I hope ere long to receive it, which will
+be the more welcome to me, not onely because so unlikely a thing needs a
+cleer evidence, but because I have had some suspition of that (supposing
+the truth of the thing) what may be a shining Stone in a very hot Countrey
+as the _East-Indies_, may perhaps cease to be so (at least in certain
+seasons,) in one as cold as _Holland_. For I observ'd in the Diamond I send
+you an account of, that not onely rubbing but a very moderate degree of
+warmth, though excited by other wayes, would make it shine a little. And
+'tis not impossible that there may be Stones as much more susceptible than
+that, of the Alterations requisite to make a Diamond shine, as that
+appeares to be more susceptible of them, than ordinary Diamonds. And I
+confess to you, that this is not the only odd suspition (for they are not
+so much as conjectures) that what I try'd upon this Diamond suggested to
+me. For not here to entertain you with the changes I think may be effected
+ev'n in harder sorts of Stones, by wayes not vulgar, nor very promising,
+because I may elsewhere have occasion to speak of them, and this Letter is
+but too Prolix already, that which I shall now acknowledge to you is, That
+I began to doubt whether there may not in some Cases be some Truth in what
+is said of the right Turquois, that it often changes Colour as the wearer
+is Sick or Well, and manifestly loses its splendor at his Death. For when I
+found that ev'n the warmth of an Affriction that lasted not above a quarter
+of a minute, Nay, that of my Body, (whose Constitution you know is none of
+the hottest) would make a manifest change in the solidest of Stones a
+Diamond, it seem'd not impossible, that certain warm and Saline steams
+issuing from the Body of a living man, may by their plenty or paucity, or
+by their peculiar Nature, or by the total absence of them, diversifie the
+Colour, and the splendor of so soft a Stone as the Turquois. And though I
+admir'd to see, that I know not how many Men otherwise Learn'd, should
+confidently ascribe to Jewels such Virtues as seem no way competible to
+Inanimate Agents, if to any Corporeal ones at all, yet as to what is
+affirm'd concerning the Turquois's changing Colour, I know not well how to
+reject the Affirmation of so Learned (and which in this case is much more
+considerable) so Judicious a Lapidary as _Boetius de Boot_[31], who upon
+his own particular and repeated Experience delivers so memorable a
+Narrative of the Turquois's changing Colour, that I cannot but think it
+worth your Perusal, especially since a much later and very Experienc'd
+Author, _Olaus Wormius_,[32] where he treats of that Stone, Confirms it
+with this Testimony. _Imprimis memorandum exemplum quod Anshelmus Boetius
+de seipso refert, tam mutati Coloris, quam à casu preservationis. Cui &
+ipse haud dissimile adferre possum, nisi ex Anshelmo petitum quis putaret._
+I remember that I saw two or three years since a _Turcois_ (worn in a Ring)
+wherein there were some small spots, which the _Virtuoso_ whose it was
+asur'd me he had observ'd to grow sometimes greater sometimes less, and to
+be sometimes in one part of the Stone, sometimes in another. And I having
+encourag'd to make Pictures from time to time of the Stone, and of the
+Situation of the cloudy parts, thatso their Motion may be more
+indisputable, and better observ'd, he came to me about the midle of this
+very week, and assur'd me that he had, as I wish'd, made from time to time
+Schemes or Pictures of the differing parts of the Stone, whereby the
+several Removes and motions of the above mentioned Clouds are very
+manifest, though the cause seem'd to him very occult: these Pictures he has
+promis'd to show me, and is very ready to put the Stone it self into my
+hands. But the ring having been the other day casually broken upon his
+finger, unless it can be taken out, and set again without any considerable
+heat, he is loath to have it medled with, for fear its peculiarity should
+be thereby destroy'd. And possibly his apprehension would have been
+strengthen'd, if I had had opportunity to tell him what is related by the
+Learned _Wormius_[33] of an acquaintance of his, that had a _Nephritick_
+stone, of whose eminent Virtues he had often Experience ev'n in himself,
+and for that cause wore it still about his Wrist; and yet going upon a time
+into a Bath of fair Water only, wherein certain Herbs had been boyl'd, the
+Stone by being wetted with this decoction, was depriv'd of all his Virtue,
+whence _Wormius_ takes Occasion to advertise the sick, to lay by such
+stones whensoever they make use of a Bath. And we might expect to find
+_Turcos_ likewise, easily to be wrought upon in point of Colour, if that
+were true, which the curious _Antonio Neri_, in his ingenious _Arte
+Vetraria_[34] teaches of it, namely, That _Turcois's discolour'd_ and grown
+white, will regain and acquire an excellent Colour, if you but keep them
+two or three days at most cover'd with Oyl of sweet Almonds kept in a
+temperate heat by warm ashes, I say if it were true, because I doubt
+whether it be so, and have not as yet had opportunity to satisfie my self
+by Tryals, because I find by the confession of the most Skilfull Persons
+among whom I have laid out for _Turcoises_, that the true ones are great
+rarities, though others be not at all so. And therefore I shall now only
+mind you of one thing that you know as well as I, namely, that the rare
+Stone which is called _Oculus Mundi_, if it be good in its Kind, will have
+so great a change made in its Texture by being barely left a while in the
+Languidest of Liquors, common Waters, that from Opacous it will become
+Transparent, and acquire a Lustre of which it will again be depriv'd,
+without using any other Art or Violence, by leaving it a while in the Air.
+And before experience had satisfy'd us of the truth of this, it seem'd as
+unlikely that common Water or Air, should work such great changes in that
+Gemm, as it now seems that the Effluviums of a human Body should effect
+lesser changes in a _Turcois_, especially if more susceptible of them, than
+other Stones of the same kind. But both my Watch and my Eyes tell me that
+'tis now high time to think of going to sleep, matters of this Nature, will
+be better, as well as more easily, clear'd by Conference, than Writing. And
+therefore since I think you know me too well to make it needfull for me to
+disclame Credulity, notwithstanding my having entertain'd you with all
+these Extravagancies; for you know well, how wide a difference I am wont to
+put betwixt things that barely _may be_, and things that _are_, and between
+those Relations that are but not unworthy to be inquir'd into, and those
+that are not worthy to be actually believ'd; without making Apologies for
+my Ravings, I shall readily comply with the drowsiness that calls upon me
+to release You, and the rather, because Monsieur _Zulichem_ being concern'd
+in your desire to know the few things I have observed about the shining
+Stone. To entertain those with Suspicions that are accustomed not to
+acquiesce but in Demonstrations, were a thing that cannot be look'd upon as
+other than very improper by,
+
+SIR,
+
+_Your most Affectionate_
+
+and
+
+_most Faithfull Servant,_
+
+RO. BOYLE.
+
+  [30] Benvonuto Cellini _nell Arte del_ Gioiellare, _Lib._ 1. _pag._ 10.
+
+  [31] The Narrative in the Authors own words, is this. _Ego_ (sayes he)
+  _sanctè affirmare possum me unam aureo Annulo inclusam perpetuo gestare,
+  cujus facultatem (si gemmæ est) nunquam satis admirari potui. Gestaverat
+  enim ante Triginta annos Hispanus quidam non procula puternis ædibus
+  habitans. Is cum vitâ functus esset, & ipsius suspellex (ut moris apud
+  nos est) venum exposita esset, inter cætera etiam Turcois exponebatur.
+  Verum nemo (licet complures eo concurrissent, ut eam propter Coloris
+  Elegantiam, quam vivo Domino habuerat emerent) sibi emptam voluit,
+  pristinum enim nitorem & Colorem prorsus amiserat, ut potius Malachites,
+  quam Turcois videretur. Aderat tum temporis gemmæ habendæ desiderio etiam
+  parens & frater meus, qui antea sæpius gratiam & elegantiam ipsius
+  viderant, mirabundi eam nunc tam esse deformem, Emit eam nihilominus
+  pater, satisque vili pretio, qua omnibus contemptui erat, ac presentes
+  non eam esse quam Hispanus gestarat, arbitrarentur. Domum reversus Pater,
+  qui tam turpem Gemmam gestare sibi indecorum putabat, eam mihi dono dat,
+  inquiens; Quandoquidem, fili mi, vulgi fama est, Turcoidem, ut facultates
+  suas exercere possit, dono dari debere tibi eam devoveo, ego acceptam
+  Gemmam sculptori trado, at gentilitia mea insignia illi, quamadmodum
+  fieri solet, in Jaspide Chalcedono, aliisque Ignobilioribus Gemmis,
+  insculperat. Turpe enim existimabam, hujusmodi Gemmâ ornatus gratia, dum
+  gratiam nullam haberet, uti. Paret Sculptor redditque Gemmam, quam gesto
+  pro annulo Signatorio. Vix per mensem gestaram, redit illi pristinus
+  color, sed non ita nitens propter Sculpturam, ac inæqualem superficiem.
+  Miramur omnes gemmam, atque id præcipuè quod color indies pulchrior
+  fieret. Id quià observabam, nunquam fere eam à manu deposui, ita ut nunc
+  adhuc candem gestem._
+
+  [32] _Olaus Wormius, in Musæ. 18º pag. 186._
+
+  [33] _Musæ. Worm._ pag. 99.
+
+  [34] Arte Vetraria, lib. 7 cap. 102.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                  OBSERVATIONS
+
+              Made this 27th.[35]
+           of _October_ 1663. about
+                 Mr. _Clayton's_
+                  Diamond.[36]
+
+Being look'd on in the Day time, though in a Bed, whose Curtains were
+carefully drawn, I could not discern it to Shine at all, though well
+Rubb'd, but about a little after Sun-set, whilst the Twilight yet lasted,
+Nay, this Morning[37] a pretty while after Sun-rising, (but before I had
+been abroad in the more freely inlightned Air of the Chamber) I could upon
+a light Affriction easily perceive the Stone to Shine.
+
+  [35] These were brought in and Read before the Royal Society, (the Day
+  following) _Oct._ 28. 1663.
+
+  [36] _The Stone it self being to be shown to the Royal Society, when the
+  Observations were deliver'd, I was willing (being in haste) to omit the
+  Description of it, which is in short, That it was a Flat or Table
+  Diamond, of about a third part of an Inch in length, and somewhat less in
+  breadth, that it was a Dull Stone, and of a very bad Water, having in the
+  Day time very little of the Vividness of ev'n ordinary Diamonds, and
+  being Blemished with a whitish Cloud about the middle of it, which
+  covered near a third part of the Stone._
+
+  [37] _Hast made me forget to take notice that I went abroad the same
+  Morning, the Sun shining forth clear enough, to look upon the Diamond
+  though a_ Microscope, _that I might try whether by that Magnifying Glass
+  any thing of peculiar could be discern'd in the Texture of the Stone, and
+  especially of the whitish Cloud that possest a good part of it. But for
+  all my attention I could not discover any peculiarity worth mentioning._
+
+Secondly, The Candles being removed, I could not in a Dark place discern
+the Stone to have any Light, when I looked on it, without having Rubb'd or
+otherwise prepar'd it.
+
+Thirdly, By two white Pibbles though hard Rubb'd one against another, nor
+by the long and vehement Affriction of Rock Crystal against a piece of Red
+cloath, nor yet by Rubbing two Diamonds set in Ring, as I had Rubb'd this
+Stone, I could produce any sensible degree of Light.
+
+Fourthly, I found this Diamond hard enough, not only to enable me to write
+readily with it upon Glass, but to Grave on Rock Crystal it self.
+
+Fifthly, I found this to have like other Diamonds, an Electrical
+faculty.[38]
+
+  [38] V. _For it drew light Bodies like Amber, Jet, and other Concretes
+  that are noted to do so; But its attractive power seem'd inferiour to
+  theirs._
+
+Sixthly, Being rubb'd upon my Cloaths, as is usual for the exciting of
+Amber, Wax, and other Electrical Bodies, it did in the Dark manifestly
+shine like Rotten Wood, or the Scales of Whitings, or other putrified Fish.
+
+Seventhly, But this Conspicuousness was Fainter than that of the Scales,
+and Slabber (if I may so call it) of Whitings, and much Fainter than the
+Light of a Glow-worm, by which I have been sometimes able to Read a short
+Word, whereas after an ordinary Affriction of this Diamond I was not able
+to discern distinctly by the Light of it any of the nearest Bodies: And
+this Glimmering also did very manifestly and considerably Decay presently
+upon the ceasing of the Affriction, though the Stone continued Visible some
+while after.
+
+Eighthly, But if it were Rubb'd upon a convenient Body for a pretty while,
+and Briskly enough, I found the Light would be for some moments much more
+considerable, almost like the Light of a Glow-worm, insomuch after I ceased
+Rubbing, I could with the Chaf'd stone exhibit a little Luminous Circle,
+like that, but not so bright as that which Children make by moving a stick
+Fir'd at the end, and in this case it would continue Visible about seven or
+eight times as long as I had been in Rubbing it.
+
+Ninthly, I found that holding it a while near[39] the Flame of a Candle,
+(from which yet I was carefull to avert my Eyes) and being immediately
+remov'd into the Dark, it disclosed some faint Glimmering, but inferiour to
+that, it was wont to acquire by Rubbing. And afterward holding it near a
+Fire that had but little Flame, I found the Stone to be rather less than
+more excited, than it had been by the Candle.
+
+  [39] IX. _We durst not hold it in the Flame of a Candle, no more than put
+  it into a naked Fire; For fear too Violent a Heat (which has been
+  observ'd to spoil many other precious Stones) should vitiate and impair a
+  Jewel, that was but borrow'd, and was suppos'd to be the only one of its
+  Kind._
+
+Tenthly, I likewise indeavour'd to make it Shine, by holding it a pretty
+while in a very Dark place, over a thick piece of Iron, that was well
+Heated, but not to that Degree as to be Visibly so. And though at length I
+found, that by this way also, the Stone acquired some Glimmering, yet it
+was less than by either of the other ways above mention'd.
+
+Eleventhly, I also brought it to some kind of Glimmering Light, by taking
+it into Bed with me, and holding it a good while upon a warm part of my
+Naked Body.
+
+Twelfthly, To satisfie my self, whether the Motion introduc'd into the
+Stone did generate the Light upon the account of its producing Heat there,
+I held it near the Flame of a Candle, till it was qualify'd to shine pretty
+well in the Dark, and then immediately I apply'd a slender Hair to try
+whether it would attract it, but found not that it did so; though if it
+were made to shine by Rubbing, it was as I formerly noted Electrical. And
+for further Confirmation, though I once purposedly kept it so near the hot
+Iron I just now mention'd, as to make it sensibly Warm, yet it shin'd more
+Dimly than it had done by Affriction or the Flame of a Candle, though by
+both those ways it had not acquir'd any warmth that was sensible.
+
+Thirteenthly, Having purposely rubb'd it upon several Bodies differing as
+to Colour, and as to Texture, there seem'd to be some little Disparity in
+the excitation (if I may so call it) of Light. Upon White and Red Cloths it
+seem'd to succeed best, especially in comparison of Black ones.
+
+Fourteenthly, But to try what it would do rubb'd upon Bodies more hard, and
+less apt to yield Heat upon a light Affriction, than Cloath, I first rubb'd
+it upon a white wooden Box, by which it was excited, and afterwards upon a
+piece of purely Glazed Earth, which seem'd during the Attrition to make it
+Shine better than any of the other Bodies had done, without excepting the
+White ones, which I add, lest the Effect should be wholly ascrib'd to the
+disposition White Bodies are wont to have to Reflect much Light.
+
+Fifteenthly, Having well excited the Stone, I nimbly plung'd it under
+Water[40], that I had provided for that purpose, and perceiv'd it to Shine
+whilst it was beneath the Surface of that Liquor, and this I did divers
+times. But when I indeavour'd to produce a Light by rubbing it upon the
+lately mentioned Cover of the Box, the Stone and it being both held beneath
+the Surface of the Water, I did not well satisfie my self in the Event of
+the Trial; But this I found, if I took the Stone out, and Rubb'd it upon a
+piece of Cloath, it would not as else it was wont to do, presently acquire
+a Luminousness, but needed to be rubb'd manifestly much longer before the
+desired Effect was found.
+
+  [40] XV. _We likewise Plung'd it as soon as we had excited it, under
+  Liquors of several sorts, as Spirit of Wine, Oyl both Chymical and
+  express'd, an Acid Spirit, and as I remember an Alcalizate Solution, and
+  found not any of those various Liquors to destroy its Shining property._
+
+Sixteenthly, I also try'd several times, that by covering it with my warm
+Spittle (having no warm Water at hand) it did not lose his Light.[41]
+
+  [41] XVI. _Having found by this Observation, that a warm Liquor would not
+  extinguish Light in the Diamond, I thought fit to try, whether by reason
+  of its warmth it would not excite it, and divers times I found, that if
+  it were kept therein, till the Water had leisure to communicate some of
+  its Heat to it, it would often shine as soon as it was taken out, and
+  probably we should have seen it Shine more, whilst it was in the Water,
+  if some degree of Opacity which heated Water is wont to acquire, upon the
+  score of the Numerous little Bubbles generated in it, had not kept us
+  from discerning the Lustre of the Stone._
+
+Seventeenthly, Finding that by Rubbing the Stone with the Flat side
+downwards, I did by reason of the Opacity of the Ring; and the sudden Decay
+of Light upon the ceasing of the Attrition, probably lose the sight of the
+Stones greatest Vividness; and supposing that the Commotion made in one
+part of the stone will be easily propagated all over, I sometimes held the
+piece of Cloath upon which I rubb'd it, so, that one side of the Stone was
+exposed to my Eye, whilst I was rubbing the other, whereby it appear'd more
+Vivid than formerly, and to make Luminous Tracts by its Motions too and
+fro. And sometimes holding the Stone upwards, I rubb'd its Broad side with
+a fine smooth piece of Transparent Horn, by which means the Light through
+that Diaphanous Substance, did whilst I was actually rubbing the Stone,
+appear so Brisk that sometimes and in some places it seem'd to have little
+Sparks of fire.
+
+Eighteenthly, I took also a piece of flat Blew Glass, and having rubb'd the
+Diamond well upon a Cloath, and nimbly clapt the Glass upon it, to try
+whether in case the Light could peirce it, it would by appearing Green, or
+of some other Colour than Blew, assist me to guess whether it self were
+sincere or no. But finding the Glass impervious to so faint a Light, I then
+thought it fit to try whether that hard Bodies would not by Attrition
+increase the Diamonds Light so as to become penetrable thereby, and
+accordingly when I rubb'd the Glass briskly upon the Stone, I found the
+Light to be Conspicuous enough, and somewhat Dy'd in its passage, but found
+it not easie to give a Name to the Colour it exhibited.
+
+Lastly, To comply with the Suspition I had upon the whole Matter, that the
+chief manifest Change wrought in the Stone, was by Compression of its
+parts, rather than Incalescence, I took a piece of white Tile well Glaz'd,
+and if I press'd the Stone hard against it, it seem'd though I did not rub
+it to and fro, to shine at the Sides: And however it did both very
+manifestly and vigorously Shine, if whilst I so press'd it, I mov'd it any
+way upon the Surface of the Tile, though I did not make it draw a Line of
+above a quarter of an Inch long, or thereabouts. And though I made it not
+move to and fro, but only from one end of the short Line to the other,
+without any return or Lateral motion. Nay, after it had been often rubb'd,
+and suffer'd to lose its Light again, not only it seem'd more easie to be
+excited than at the beginning of the Night; but if I did press hard upon it
+with my Finger, at the very instant that I drew it briskly off, it would
+disclose a very Vivid but exceeding short Liv'd Splendour, not to call it a
+little Coruscation.[42] So that a _Cartesian_ would scarce scruple to think
+he had found in this Stone no slight Confirmation of his Ingenious Masters
+_Hypothesis_, touching the Generation of Light in Sublunary Bodies, not
+sensibly Hot.
+
+  [42] _I after bethought my self of imploying a way, which produc'd the
+  desir'd Effect both sooner and better. For holding betwixt my Fingers a
+  Steel Bodkin, near the Lower part of it, I press'd the point hard against
+  the Surface of the Diamond, and much more if I struck the point against
+  it, the Coruscation would be extremely suddain, and very Vivid, though
+  very Vanishing too, and this way which commonly much surpris'd and
+  pleas'd the Spectators, seem'd far more proper than the other, to show
+  that pressure alone, if forcible enough, though it were so suddain, and
+  short, that it could not well be suppos'd to give the Stone any thing
+  near a sensible degree of Warmth, as may be suspected of Rubbing, yet
+  'tis sufficient to generate a very Vivid Light._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A Postscript.
+
+Annexed some Hours after the Observations were Written.
+
+_So many particulars taken notice of in one Night, may make this Stone
+appear a kind of Prodigie, and the rather, because having try'd as I
+formerly noted, not only a fine Artificial Crystal, and some also that is
+Natural, but a Ruby and two Diamonds, I did not find that any of these
+disclos'd the like Glimmering of Light;[43] yet after all, perceiving by
+the Hardness, and the Testimony of a Skilfull Goldsmith, that this was
+rather a Natural than Artificial Stone; for fear lest there might be some
+difference in the way of Setting, or in the shape of the Diamonds I made
+use of, neither of which was like this, a flat Table-stone, I thought fit
+to make a farther Trial of my own Diamonds, by such a brisk and assiduous
+Affriction as might make amends for the Disadvantages above-mention'd, in
+case they were the cause of the unsuccessfulness of the former Attempts:
+And accordingly I found, that by this way I could easily bring a Diamond I
+wore on my Finger to disclose a Light, that was sensible enough, and
+continued so though I cover'd it with Spittle, and us'd some other trials
+about it. And this will much lessen the wonder of all the formerly
+mention'd Observations, by shewing that the properties that are so strange
+are not peculiar to one Diamond, but may be found in others also, and
+perhaps in divers other hard and_ Diaphanous _Stones. Yet I hope that what
+this Discovery takes away from the Wonder of these Observations, it will
+add to the Instructiveness of them, by affording pregnants Hints, towards
+the Investigation of the Nature of Light._
+
+  [43] We afterwards, try'd precious Stones, as Diamonds, Rubies, Saphires,
+  and Emeralls, &c. but found not any of them to Shine except some
+  Diamonds, and of these we were not upon so little practice, able to
+  fore-tell before hand, which would be brought to Shine, and which would
+  not; For several very good Diamonds, either would not Shine at all, or
+  much less than others that were farr inferiour to them. And yet those
+  Ingenious Men are mistaken, that think a Diamond must be foul and cloudy,
+  as Mr. _Claytons_ was, to be fit for Shining; for as we could bring some
+  such to afford a Glimmering Light, so with some clear and excellent
+  Diamonds, we could do the like. But none of those many that we try'd of
+  all Kinds, were equal to the Diamond on which the Observations were made,
+  not only considering the degree of Light it afforded, but the easiness
+  wherewith it was excited, and the Comparatively great duration of its
+  Shining.
+
+FINIS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's notes.
+
+The Errata of the printed book have all been corrected.
+They were as follows:
+
+Pag. 142. l. 20. These words, And to manifest, with the rest of what is by
+a mistake further printed in this fourth Experiment, belongeth, and is to
+be referred to the end of the second Eperiment, p.137. pag. 145. l. 1. leg.
+matter. 146. l. 4. leg. Bolts-head. pag 161. in the marginal note l. 2.
+dele de ib. l. 3. lege lib 1. p 163. l. ult. insert where between the words
+places and the. p. 164 l. 1. dele that. ibid, l. 8. leg Epidermis. ibid. l.
+19 leg. 300. for 200. p. 169. l. 22. leg. into it. p. 170. l. 23. & 24.
+leg. Some Solutions hereafter to be mentioned, for the Solutions of
+Potashes, and other Lixiviate Salts. p. 171. l. 6. insert part of between
+the words most and dissolved p. 176. l. ult. insert the participle it
+between the words Judged and not p. 234. l. 4. leg. Woud-wax or Wood-wax.
+p. 320 l. 29. leg. urine for urne.
+
+In addition I have corrected the following original typos:
+
+The preface: I devis'd tbem -> I devis'd them
+The preface: make Expements -> make Experiments
+The Publisher to the reader: made of Eperiments -> made of Experiments
+I. Ch. III.6 divers Expements -> divers Experiments
+I. Ch. III.13 epecially with some sorts -> especially with some sorts
+II. Ch. II.8 Slightet Texture -> Slightest Texture
+II. Exp. I two Colonrs -> two Colours
+II. Exp. XIII were the change of Colour -> where the change
+III. Exp. XII avoiding of Ambignity -> avoiding of Ambiguity
+III. Exp. XXIX Juice of this Sipce -> Juice of this Spice
+III. Exp. XL forty second Expement -> forty second Experiment
+III. Exp. XLIV keep them swimning -> keep them swimming
+III. Exp. XLVI it seem'd propable to me -> it seem'd probable to me
+III. Exp. XLVII where not comprehended -> were not comprehended
+III. Exp. XLVIII frequent Igintion -> frequent Ignition
+III. Exp. L I could tell yon -> I could tell you
+A Copy of the Letter: nemo unqnam vere -> nemo nunquam vere
+(ib.): what is reladed -> what is related
+Observations: carefulsy drawn -> carefully drawn
+
+- and emended
+Phoenomenon/a to Phaenomenon/a 10 times and
+Coeruleous etc. -> Caeruleous 20 times
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Experiments and Considerations
+Touching Colours (1664), by Robert Boyle
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Experiments and Considerations Touching
+Colours (1664), by Robert Boyle
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Experiments and Considerations Touching Colours (1664)
+
+Author: Robert Boyle
+
+Release Date: December 28, 2004 [EBook #14504]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TOUCHING COLOURS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Robert Shimmin, Keith Edkins and the PG Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                   EXPERIMENTS
+                       AND
+                 CONSIDERATIONS
+                     Touching
+                     COLOURS.
+
+  First occasionally Written, among some other
+   _Essays_, to a Friend; and now suffer'd to
+                 come abroad as
+
+                       THE
+                    BEGINNING
+                      Of An
+               Experimental History
+                       OF
+                     COLOURS.
+
+         By the Honourable ROBERT BOYLE,
+          Fellow of the ROYAL SOCIETY.
+
+_Non fingendum, aut excogitandum, sed inveniendum,
+quid Natura faciat, aut ferat._ Bacon.
+
+                    _LONDON._
+
+     Printed for _Henry Herringman_ at the
+    _Anchor_ on the Lower walk of the _New
+              Exchange._ MDCLXIV.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       THE
+                     PREFACE.
+
+Having in convenient places of the following Treatise, mention'd the
+Motives, that induc'd me to write it, and the Scope I propos'd to my self
+in it; I think it superfluous to entertain the Reader now, with what he
+will meet with hereafter. And I should judge it needless, to trouble
+others, or my self, with any thing of Preface: were it not that I can
+scarce doubt, but this Book will fall into the hands of some Readers, who
+being unacquainted with the difficulty of attempts of this nature, will
+think itn strange that I should publish any thing about Colours, without a
+particular Theory of them. But I dare expect that Intelligent and Equitable
+Readers will consider on my behalf: That the professed Design of this
+Treatise is to deliver things rather _Historical_ than _Dogmatical_, and
+consequently if I have added divers new _speculative_ Considerations and
+hints, which perhaps may afford no despicable Assistance, towards the
+framing of a solid and comprehensive Hypothesis, I have done at least as
+much as I promis'd, or as the nature of my undertaking exacted. But another
+thing there is, which if it should be objected, I fear I should not be able
+so easily to answer it, and that is; That in the following treatise
+(especially in the Third part of it) the Experiments might have been better
+Marshall'd, and some of them deliver'd in fewer words. For I must confess
+that this Essay was written to a private Friend, and that too, by snatches,
+at several times, and places, and (after my manner) in loose sheets, of
+which I oftentimes had not all by me that I had already written, when I was
+writing more, so that it needs be no wonder if all the Experiments be not
+rang'd to the best Advantage, and if some connections and consecutions of
+them might easily have been mended. Especially since having carelessly laid
+by the loose Papers, for several years after they were written, when I came
+to put them together to dispatch them to the Press, I found some of those I
+reckon'd upon, to be very unseasonably wanting. And to make any great
+change in the order of the rest, was more than the Printers importunity,
+and that, of my own avocations (and perhaps also considerabler
+solicitations) would permit. But though some few preambles of the
+particular Experiments might have (perchance) been spar'd, or shorten'd, if
+I had had all my Papers under my View at once; Yet in the most of those
+Introductory passages, the Reader will (I hope) find hints, or
+Advertisements, as well as Transitions. If I sometimes seem to insist long
+upon the circumstances of a Tryall, I hope I shall be easily excused by
+those that both know, how nice divers experiments of Colours are, and
+consider that I was not barely to _relate_ them, but so as to teach a young
+Gentleman to make them. And if I was not sollicitous, to make a nicer
+division of the whole Treatise, than into three parts, whereof the One
+contains some Considerations about Colours in general. The Other exhibits a
+specimen of an Account of particular Colours, Exemplifi'd in Whiteness and
+Blackness. And the Third promiscuous Experiments about the remaining
+Colours (especially Red) in order to a Theory of them. If, I say, I
+contented my self with this easie Division of my Discourse, it was perhaps
+because I did not think it so necessary to be Curious about the Method or
+Contrivance of a Treatise, wherein I do not pretend to present my Reader
+with a compleat Fabrick, or so much as Modell; but only to bring in
+Materials proper for the Building; And if I did not well know how Ingenious
+the Curiosity and Civility of Friends makes them, to perswade Men by
+specious allegations, to gratifie their desires; I should have been made to
+believe by persons very well qualify'd to judge of matters of this nature,
+that the following Experiments will not need the addition of accurate
+Method and speculative Notions to procure Acceptance for the Treatise that
+contains them: For it hath been represented, That in most of them, as the
+Novelty will make them surprizing, and the Quickness of performance, keep
+them from being tedious; so the sensible changes, that are effected by
+them, are so manifest, so great, and so sudden, that scarce any will be
+displeased to see them, and those that are any thing Curious will scarce be
+able to see them, without finding themselves excited, to make Reflexions
+upon Them. But though with me, who love to measure Physical things by
+their _use_, not their _strangeness_, or _prettiness_, the partiality of
+others prevails not to make me over value these, or look upon them in
+themselves as other than Trifles: Yet I confess, that ever since I did
+divers years ago shew some of them to a Learned Company of _Virtuosi_: so
+many persons of differing Conditions, and ev'n Sexes, have been Curious to
+see them, and pleas'd not to Dislike them, that I cannot Despair, but that
+by complying with those that urge the Publication of them, I may both
+gratifie and excite the Curious, and lay perhaps a Foundation whereon
+either others or my self may in time superstruct a substantial theory of
+Colours. And if _Aristotle_, after his Master _Plato_, have rightly
+observ'd Admiration to be the _Parent of Philosophy_, the wonder, some of
+these Trifles have been wont to produce in all sorts of Beholders, and the
+access they have sometimes gain'd ev'n to the Closets of Ladies, seem to
+promise, that since the subject is so pleasing, that the Speculation
+appears as Delightful! as Difficult, such easie and recreative Experiments,
+which require but little time, or charge, or trouble in the making, and
+when made are sensible and surprizing enough, may contribute more than
+others, (far more important but as much more difficult) to recommend those
+parts of Learning (Chymistry and Corpuscular Philosophy) by which they have
+been produc'd, and to which they give Testimony ev'n to such kind of
+persons, as value a pretty Trick more than a true Notion, and would scarce
+admit Philosophy, if it approach'd them in another Dress: without the
+strangeness or endearments of pleasantness to recommend it. I know that I
+do but ill consult my own Advantage in the consenting to the Publication of
+the following Treatise: For those things, which, whilst men knew not how
+they were perform'd, appear'd so strange, will, when the way of making
+them, and the Grounds on which I devis'd them, shall be Publick, quickly
+lose all that their being _Rarityes_, and their _being thought Mysteries_,
+contributed to recommend them. But 'tis fitter for Mountebancks than
+Naturalis to desire to have their discoverys rather admir'd than
+understood, and for my part I had much rather deserve the thanks of the
+Ingenious, than enjoy the Applause of the Ignorant. And if I can so farr
+contribute to the discovery of the nature of Colours, as to help the
+Curious to it, I shall have reach'd my End, and sav'd my self some Labour
+which else I may chance be tempted to undergo in prosecuting that subect,
+and Adding to this Treatise, which I therefore call a _History_, because it
+chiefly contains matters of fact, and which History the Title declares me
+to look upon but as _Begun_: Because though that above a hundred, not to
+say a hundred and fifty Experiments, (some loose, and others interwoven
+amongst the discourses themselves) may suffice to give a _Beginning_ to a
+History not hitherto, that I know, begun, by any; yet the subject is so
+fruitfull, and so worthy, that those that are Curious of these Matters will
+be farr more wanting to themselves than I can suspect, if what I now
+publish prove any more than a _Beginning_. For, as I hope my Endeavours may
+afford them some assistance towards this work, so those Endeavours are much
+too Vnfinish'd to give them any discouragement, as if there were little
+left for others to do towards the History of Colours.
+
+For (first) I have been willing to leave unmention'd the _most part_ of
+those Phaenomena of Colours, that Nature presents us of her own accord,
+(that is, without being guided or over-ruld by man) such as the different
+Colours that several sorts of Fruites pass through before they are
+perfectly ripe, and those that appear upon the fading of flowers and
+leaves, and the putrifaction (and its several degrees) of fruits, &c.
+together with a thousand other obvious Instances of the changes of colours.
+Nor have I _much_ medled with those familiar Phaenomena wherein man is not
+an Idle spectator; such as the Greenness produc'd by salt in Beef much
+powder'd, and the Redness produc'd in the shells of Lobsters upon the
+boyling of those fishes; For I was willing to leave the _gathering_ of
+_Observations_ to those that have not the Opportunity to _make
+Experiments_. And for the same Reasons, among others, I did purposly omit
+the Lucriferous practise of Trades-men about colours; as the ways of
+making Pigments, of Bleanching wax, of dying Scarlet, &c. though to divers
+of them I be not a stranger, and of some I have myself made Tryall.
+
+Next; I did purposely pass by divers Experiments of other Writers that I
+had made Tryall of (and that not without registring some of their Events)
+unless I could some way or other improve them, because I wanted leasure to
+insert them, and had thoughts of prosecuting the work once begun of laying
+together those I had examin'd by themselves in case of my not being
+prevented by others diligence. So that there remains not a little, among
+the things that are already published, to imploy those that have a mind to
+exercise themselves in repeating and examining them. And I will not
+undertake, that _none_ of the things deliver'd, ev'n in this Treatise,
+though never so faithfully set down, may not prove to be thus farr of this
+Sort, as to afford the Curious somewhat to add about them. For I remember
+that I have somewhere in the Book it self acknowledged, that having written
+it by snatches, partly in the Counntrey, and partly at unseasonable times
+of the year, when the want of fit Instruments, and of a competent variety
+of flowers, salts, Pigments, and other materials made me leave some of the
+following Experiments, (especialy those about Emphatical Colours) far more
+unfinish'd than they should have been, if it had been as easie for me to
+_supply_ what was wanting to compleat them, as to _discern_. Thirdly to
+avoyd discouraging the young Gentleman I call Pyrophilus, whom the less
+Familiar, and more Laborious operations of Chymistry would probably have
+frighted, I purposely declin'd in what I writ to him, the setting down any
+Number of such Chymicall Experiments, as, by being very elaborate or
+tedious, would either require much skill, or exercise his patience. And yet
+that this sort of Experiments is exceedingly Numerous, and might more than
+a little inrich the History of Colours, those that are vers'd in Chymical
+processes, will, I presume, easily allow me.
+
+And (Lastly) for as much as I have occasion more than once in my several
+Writings to treat either porposely or incidentally of matters relating to
+Colours; I did not, perhaps, conceive my self oblig'd, to deliver in one
+Treatise _all_ that I would say concerning that subject.
+
+But to conclude, by summing up what I would say concerning what I _have_
+and what I _have not_ done, in the following Papers; I shall not (_on the
+one side_) deny, that considering that I pretended not to write an accurate
+Treatise of Colours, but an Occasional Essay to acquaint a private friend
+with what then occurrd to me of the things I had thought or try'd
+concerning them; I might presume I did enough for once, if I did clearly
+and faithfully set down, though not _all_ the Experiments I could, yet at
+least such a variety of them, that an attentive Reader that shall consider
+the Grounds on which they have been made, and the hints that are purposely
+(though dispersedly) couched in them, may easily _compound_ them, and
+otherwise _vary_ them, so as very much to increase their Number. And yet
+(_on the other side_) I am so sensible both of how much I have, either out
+of necessity or choice, left undone, and of the fruitfullness of the
+subject I have begun to handle; that though I had performed far more then
+'tis like many Readers will judge I have, I should yet be very free to let
+them apply to my Attempts that of _Seneca_, where having spoken of the
+Study of Natures Mysteries, and Particularly of the Cause of Earth-Quakes,
+he subjoins.[1] _Nulla res consummata est dum incipit. Nec in hac tantum re
+omnium maxima ac involutissima, in qua etiam cum multum actum erit, omnis
+aetas, quod agat inveniet; sed in omni alio Negotio, longe semper a perfecto
+fuere Principia._
+
+  [1] L. Annae Senecae Natur. Quest. l. 6. c. 5.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+         _The Publisher to the_
+                 READER.
+
+_Friendly Reader,_
+
+Here is presented to thy view one of the Abstrusest as well as the
+Gentilest Subjects of Natural Philosophy, the _Experimentall History of
+Colours_; which though the Noble Author be pleased to think but _Begun_,
+yet I must take leave to say, that I think it so well begun, that the work
+is more than half dispatcht. Concerning which I cannot but give this
+advertisement to the Reader, that I have heard the Author express himself,
+that it would not surprise him, if it should happen to be objected, that
+some of these Experiments have been already published, partly by Chymists,
+and partly by two or three very fresh Writers upon other Subjects. And
+though the number of these Experiments be but very small, and though they
+be none of the considerablest, yet it may on this occasion be further
+represented, that it is easie for our Author to name several men, (of whose
+number I can truly name my self) who remember either their having seen him
+make, or their having read, his Accounts of the Experiments delivered in
+the following Tract several years since, and long before the publication of
+the Books, wherein they are mentioned. Nay in divers passages (where he
+could do it without any great inconvenience) he hath struck out
+Experiments, which he had tryed many years ago, because he since found them
+divulged by persons from whom he had not the least hint of them; which yet
+is not touched, with design to reflect upon any Ingenious Man, as if he
+were a Plagiary: For, though our Generous Author were not reserved enough
+in showing his Experiments to those that expressed a Curiosity to see them
+(amongst whom a very Learned Man hath been pleased publickly to acknowledge
+it several years ago[2]; yet the same thing may be well enough lighted on
+by persons that know nothing of one another. And especially Chymical
+Laboratories may many times afford the same _Phaenomenon_ about Colours to
+several persons at the same or differing times. And as for the few
+_Phaenomena_ mentioned in the same Chymical writers, as well as in the
+following Treatise, our Author hath given an account, why he did not
+decline rejecting them, in the Anotations upon the 47th Experiment of the
+third part. Not here to mention, what he elsewhere saith, to shew what use
+may be Justifiably made of Experiments not of his own devising by a writer
+of Natural History, if, what he employes of others mens, be well examined
+or verified by himself.
+
+  [2] He that desires more instances of this kind and matter, that
+  according to this doctrine may much help the Theory of colours, and
+  particularly the force both of Sulphureous and volatile, is likewise of
+  Alcalizate and Acid Salts, and in what particulars, Colours likely depend
+  not in the causation from any Salt at all, may beg his information from
+  M. Boyle who hath some while since honoured me with the sight of his
+  papers concerning this subject, containing many excellent experiments,
+  made by him for the Elucidation of this doctrine, &c Dr. R. Sharrock in
+  his ingenious and usefull History of the Propagation and Improvement of
+  Vegetables, published in the yeare 1660.
+
+In the mean time, this Treatise is such, that there needs no other
+invitation to peruse it, but that tis composed by one of the Deepest & Most
+indefatigable searchers of Nature, which, I think the World, as far as I
+know it, affords. For mine own part, I feel a Secret Joy within me, to see
+such beginings upon such _Themes_, it being demonstratively true, _Mota
+facilius moveri_, which causeth me to entertain strong hopes, that this
+Illustrious _Virtuoso_ and Restless Inquirer into Nature's Secrets will not
+stop here, but go on and prosper in the Disquisition or the other principal
+Colours, _Green, Red_, and _Yellow_. The Reasoning faculty set once afloat,
+will be carried on, and that with ease, especially, when the productions
+thereof meet, as they do here, with so greedy an Entertainment at home and
+abroad. I am confident, that the ROYAL SOCIETY, lately constituted by his
+MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY _for improving Natural knowledge_, will Judge it
+their interest to exhort our Author to the prosecution of this Argument,
+considering, how much it is their design and business to accumulate a good
+stock of such accurate Observations and Experiments, as may afford them and
+their Offpring genuine Matter to raise a Masculine Philosophy upon, whereby
+the Mind of Man may be enobled with the Knowledge of solid Truths, and the
+Life of Man benefited with ampler accommodations, than it hath been
+hitherto.
+
+Our Great Author, one of the Pillars of that Illustrious Corporation, is
+constantly furnishing large _Symbola_'s to this work, and is now falln, as
+you see, upon so comprehensive and important a theme, as will, if insisted
+on and compleated, prove one of the considerablest peeces of that
+structure. To which, if he shall please to add his Treatise of _Heat_ and
+_Flame_, as he is ready to publish his Experimental Accounts of _Cold_, I
+esteem, the World will be obliged to Him for having shewed them both the
+_Right_ and _Left Hand_ of Nature, and the Operations thereof.
+
+The considering Reader will by this very Treatise see abundant cause to
+sollicit the Author for more; sure I am, that of whatever of the
+Productions of his Ingeny comes into _Forein parts_ (where I am happy in
+the acquaintance of many intelligent friends) is highly valued; And to my
+knowledge, there are those among the French, that have lately begun to
+learn English, on purpose to enable themselves to read his Books, being
+impatient of their Traduction into Latin. If I durst say all, I know of the
+Elogies received by me from abroad concerning Him, I should perhaps make
+this Preamble too prolix, and certainly offend the modesty of our Author.
+
+Wherefore I shall leave this, and conclude with desiring the Reader, that
+if he meet with other faults besides those, that the Errata take notice of
+(as I believe he may) he will please to consider both the weakness of the
+Authors eyes, for not reviewing, and the manifold Avocations of the
+Publisher for not doing his part; who taketh his leave with inviting those,
+that have also considered this Nice subject experimentally, to follow the
+Example of our Noble Author, and impart such and the like performances to
+the now very inquisitive world. _Farewell._
+
+_H. O._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       THE
+                    CONTENTS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+_The Author shews the Reason, first of his Writing on this Subject_ (1.)
+_Next of his present manner of Handling it, and why he partly declines a
+Methodical way_ (2.) _and why he has partly made use of it in the History
+of_ Whiteness _and_ Blackness. (3.)
+
+Chap. 2. _Some general Considerations are premis'd, first of the
+Insignificancy of the Observasion of Colours in many Bodies_ (4, 5.) _and
+the Importance of it in others_ (5.) _as particularly in the Tempering of
+Steel_ (6, 7, 8.) _The reason why other particular Instances are in that
+place omitted_ (9) _A necessary distinction about Colour premis'd_ (10,
+11.) _That Colour is not Inherent in the Object_ (11.) _prov'd first by the
+Phantasms of Colours to_ Dreaming _men, and_ Lunaticks; _Secondly by the
+sensation or apparition of Light upon a Blow given the Eye or the Distemper
+of the Brain from internal Vapours_ (12.) _The Author recites a particular
+Instance in himself; another that hapn'd to an Excellent Person related to
+him_ (13.) _and a third told him by an Ingenious Physician_ (14, 15.)
+_Thirdly, from the change of Colours made by the Sensory Disaffected_ (15,
+16.) _Some Instances of this are related by the Author, observ'd in
+himself_ (16, 17.) _others told him by a Lady of known Veracity_ (18.) _And
+others told him by a very Eminent Man_ (19.) _But the strange Instances
+afforded by such as are Bit by the_ Tarantula _are omitted, as more
+properly deliver'd in another place_. (20.)
+
+Chap. 3. _That the Colour of Bodies depends chiefly on the disposition of
+the Superficial parts, and partly upon the Variety of the Texture of the
+Object_ (21.) _The former of these are confirm'd by several Persons_ (22.)
+_and two Instances, the first of the Steel mention'd before, the second of
+melted Lead_ (23, 24.) _of which last several Observables are noted_ (25.)
+_A third Instance is added of the Porousness of the appearing smooth
+Surface of Cork_ (26, 27.) _And that the same kind of Porousness may be
+also in the other Colour'd Bodies; And of what kind of Figures, the
+Superficial reflecting Particles of them may be_ (28.) _and of what Bulks,
+and closeness of Position_ (29.) _How much these may conduce to the
+Generation of Colour instanc'd in the Whiteness of Froth, and in the
+mixtures of Dry colour'd Powders_ (30.) _A further explication of the
+Variety that may be in the Superficial parts of Colour'd Bodies, that may
+cause that Effect, by an example drawn from the Surface of the Earth_ (31.)
+_An Apology for that gross Comparison_ (32.) _That the appearances of the
+Superficial asperities may be Varied from the position of the Eye, and
+several Instances given of such appearances_ (33, 34, 35.) _That the
+appearance of the Superficial particles may be Varied also by their Motion,
+confirm'd by an Instance of the smoaking Liquor_ (35.) _especially if the
+Superficial parts be of such a Nature as to appear divers in several
+Postures, explain'd by the variety of Colours exhibited by the shaken
+Leaves of some Plants_ (36.) _and by changeable Taffities_ (37, 38, 39.)
+_The Authors wish that the Variety of Colours in Mother of Pearl were
+examin'd with a_ Microscope (40.) _And his Conjectures, that possibly good_
+Microscopes _might discover those Superficial inequalities to be Real,
+which we now only imagine with his reasons drawn partly from the
+Discoveries of the_ Telescope, _and_ Microscope (41.) _And partly also from
+the Prodigiously strange example of a Blind man that could feel Colours_
+(42.) _whose History is Related_ (43, 44, 45.) _The Authors conjecture and
+thoughts of it_ (46, 47, 48, 49.) _and several Conclusions and Corollaries
+drawn from it about the Nature of Blackness and Black Bodies_ (50, 51, 52.)
+_and about the Asperities of several other Colour'd Bodies_ (53.) _And from
+these, and some premis'd Considerations, are propos'd some Conjectures;
+That the reason of the several Phaenomena of Colours, afterwards to be met
+with, depends upon the Disposition of the Seen parts of the Object_ (54.)
+_That Liquors may alter the Colours of each other, and of other Bodies,
+first by their Insinuating themselves into the Pores, and filling them,
+whence the Asperity of the Surface of a Body becomes alter'd, explicated
+with some Instances_ (55, 56.) _Next by removing those Bodies, which before
+hindred the appearance of the Genuine Colour, confirm'd by several
+examples_ (57) _Thirdly, by making a Fissure or Separation either in the
+Contiguous or Continued Particles of a Body_ (58.) _Fourthly, by a Union or
+Conjunction of the formerly separated Particles; Illustrated with divers
+Instances of precipitated Bodies_ (59.) _Fifthly, by Dislocating the parts,
+and putting them both into other Orders and Postures, which is Illustrated
+with Instances_ (60, 61.) _Sixthly, by Motion, which is explain'd_ (62.)
+_And lastly, and chiefly, by the Union of the Saline Bodies, with the
+Superficial parts of another Body, whereby both their Bigness and Shape
+must necessarily be alter'd_ (63, 64.) _Explain'd by Experiments_ (65, 66.)
+_That the Colour of Bodies may be Chang'd by the concurrence of two or more
+of these ways_ (67.) _And besides all these, Eight Reflective causes of
+Colours, there may be in Transparent Bodies several Refractive_ (68, 69)
+_Why the Author thinks the Nature of Colours deserves yet a further
+Inquiry_ (69.) _First for that the little Motes of Dust exhibited very
+lovely Colours in a darkned Room, whilst in a convenient posture to the
+Eye, which in other Postures and Lights they did not_ (70.) _And that
+though the smaller Parts of some Colour'd Bodies are Transparent, yet of
+others they are not, so that the first Doubt's, whether the Superficial
+parts create those Colours, and the second, whether there be any Refraction
+at all in the later_ (71, 72, 73.) _A famous Controversie among
+Philosophers, about the Nature of Colour decided_. (74. 75.)
+
+Chap. 4. _The controversie stated about Real and Emphatical Colours_ (75,
+76.) _That the great Disparity between them seems to be, partly their
+Duration in the same state, and partly, that Genuine Colours are produc'd
+in Opacous Bodies by Reflection, and Emphatical in Transparent by
+Refraction_ (78.) _but that this is not to be taken in too large a Sense,
+the Cautionary instance of Froth is alleged and insisted on_ (78, 79.)
+_That the Duration is not a sufficient Characteristick, exemplify'd by the
+duration of Froth, and other Emphatical Colours, and the suddain fading of
+Flowers, and other Bodies of Real ones_ (80.) _That the position of the Eye
+is not necessary to the discerning Emphatical Colours, shew'd by the seeing
+white Froth, or an Iris cast on the Wall by a Prism, in what place of the
+Room soever the Eye be_ (81.) _which proceeds from the specular Reflection
+of the Wall_ (82.) _that Emphatical Colours may be Compounded, and that the
+present Discourse is not much concern'd, whether there be, or be not made a
+distinction between Real and Emphatical Colours_. (83.)
+
+Chap. 5. _Six Hypotheses about Colour recited_ (84, 85) _Why the Author
+cannot more fully Speak of any of these_ (86.) _nor Acquiesce in them_ (87,
+88.) _What_ Pyrophilus _is to expect in this Treatise_ (88, 89.) _What
+Hypothesis of Light and Colour the Author most inclines too_ (90.) _Why he
+thinks neither that nor any other sufficient; and what his Difficulties
+are, that make him decline all Hypotheses, and to think it very difficult
+to stick to any._ (91, 92.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Part the Second.
+
+_Of the Nature of Whiteness and Blackness,_
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+_The reason why the Author chose the Explication of Whiteness and
+Blackness_ (93.) _Wherein_ Democritus _thought amiss of these_ (94.)
+Gassendus _his Opinion about them_ (95.) _What the Author approves, and a
+more full Explication of White, makinig it a Multiplicity of Light or
+Reflections_ (96, 97.) _Confirm'd first by the Whiteness of the_ Meridian
+_Sun, observ'd in Water_ (98.) _and of a piece of Iron glowing Hot_ (99.)
+_Secondly, by the Offensiveness of Snow to the Travellers eyes, confirm'd
+by an example of a Person that has Travell'd much in Russia_ (100.) _and by
+an Observation out of_ Olaus Magnus (100.) _and that the Snow does
+inlighten and clear the Air in the Night, confirm'd by the Mosco Physician,
+and Captain_ James (101.) _But that Snow has no inherent Light, prov'd by
+Experience_ (102.) _Thirdly, by the great store of Reflections, from white
+Bodies observ'd in a darkned Room, and by their unaptness to be Kindled by
+a Burning-glass_ (103.) _Fourthly, the Specularness of White Bodies is
+confirm'd by the Reflections in a dark Room from other Bodies_ (104.) _and
+by the appearance of a River, which both to the Eye and in a darkned Room
+appear'd White_ (105, 106.) _Fifthly, by the Whiteness of distill'd_
+Mercury, _and that of the_ Galaxie (107, 108.) _and by the Whiteness of
+Froth, rais'd from whites of Eggs beaten; that this Whiteness comes not
+from the Air, shew'd by Experiments_ (109, 110.) _where occasionally the
+Whiteness of Distill'd Oyls, Hot water, &c. are shew'd_ (111.) _That it
+seems not necessary the Reflecting Surfaces should be Sphaerical, confirm'd
+by Experiments_ (112, 113.) _Sixthly, by the Whiteness of the Powders of
+transparent Bodies_ (114.) _Seventhly, by the Experiment of Whitening and
+Burnishing Silver._ (115, 116.)
+
+Chap. 2. _A Recital of some Opinions about Blackness, and which the Author
+inclines to_ (117.) _which he further insists on and explicates_ (118,
+119.) _and shews for what reasons he imbrac'd that Hypothesis_ (120.)
+_First, from the contrary Nature of Whiteness and Blackness, White
+reflecting most Beams outwards, Black should reflect most inward_ (120.)
+_Next, from the Black appearance of all Bodies, when Shadow'd; And the
+manner how this paucity of Reflection outwards is caus'd, is further
+explicated, by shewing that the Superficial parts may be Conical and
+Pyramical_ (121.) _This and other Considerations formerly deliver'd,
+Illustrated by Experiments with black and white Marble_ (122, 123.)
+_Thirdly, from the Black appearance of Holes in white Linnen, and from the
+appearance of Velvet stroak'd several ways, and from an Observation of
+Carrots_ (124, 125.) _Fourthly, from the small Reflection from Black in a
+darkned Room_ (125, 126.) _Fifthly, from the Experiment of a Checker'd Tile
+expos'd to the Sun-beams_ (127.) _which is to be preferr'd before a Similar
+Experiment try'd in_ Italy, _with black and white Marble_ (128.) _Some
+other congruous Observations_ (129.) _Sixthly, from the Roasting black'd
+Eggs in the Sun_ (130.) _Seventhly, by the Observation of the Blind man
+lately mention'd, and of another mention'd by_ Bartholine (130.) _That
+notwithstanding all these Reasons, the Author is not absolutely Positive,
+but remains yet a Seeker after the true Nature of Whiteness and Blackness._
+(131, 132.)
+
+Experiments _in Consort, touching_ Whiteness _and_ Blackness.
+
+_The first_ Experiment, _with a Solution of Sublimate, made White with
+Spirit of Urine_, &c. (133, 134.)
+
+_The second_ Experiment, _with an Infusion of Galls, made Black with
+Vitriol_, &c. (135, 136.) _further Discours'd of_ (137.)
+
+_The third_ Experiment, _of the Blacking of Hartshorn, and Ivory, and
+Tartar, and by a further Calcination making them White_ (138, 139.)
+
+_The fourth_ Experiment, _limiting the_ Chymist's _principle_, Adusta nigra
+sed perusta alba, _by several Instances of Calcin'd Alabaster, Lead,
+Antimony, Vitriol, and by the Testimony of_ Bellonius, _about the white
+Charcoles of_ Oxy-caedar, _and by that of_ Camphire. (140, 141, 142.) _That
+which follows about Inks was misplac'd by an Errour of the Printer, for it
+belongs to what has been formerly said of Galls_ (142, 143.)
+
+_The fifth_ Experiment, _of the black Smoak of Camphire_ (144.)
+
+_The sixth_ Experiment, _of a black_ Caput Mortuum, _of Oyl of Vitriol,
+with Oyl of Worm-word, and also with Oyl of Winter-Savory_ (145.)
+
+_The seventh_ Experiment, _of whitening Wax_ (146.)
+
+_The eighth_ Experiment, _with Tin-glass, and Sublimate_ (147, 148.)
+
+_The ninth_ Experiment, _of a Black powder of Gold in the bottom of_
+Aqua-fortis, _and of the Blacking of Refin'd Gold and Silver_ (148, 149.)
+
+_The tenth_ Experiment, _of the staining Hair, Skin, Ivory_, &c. _Black,
+with Crystals of Silver_ (150, 151.)
+
+_The eleventh_ Experiment, _about the Blackness of the Skin, and Hair of_
+Negroes, _and Inhabitants of Hot Climates. Several Objections are made, and
+the whole Matter more fully discours'd and stated from several notable
+Histories and Observations_ (from the 151 to the 167.)
+
+_The twelfth_ Experiment, _of the white Powders, afforded by Precipitating
+several Bodies, as Crabs Eyes, Minium, Coral, Silver, Lead, Tin,
+Quick-silver, Tin-glass, Antimony, Benzoin, and Resinous Gumms out of
+Spirit of Wine_, &c. _but this is not Universal, since other Bodies, as
+Gold, Antimony, Quick-silver_, &c. _may be Precipitated of other Colours_
+(168, 169, 170.)
+
+_The thirteenth_ Experiment, _of Changing the Blackness of some Bodies into
+other Colours_ (171, 172.) _and of Whitening what would be Minium, and
+Copper, with Tin, and of Copper with Arsnick, which with Coppilling again
+Vanishes; of covering the Colour of that of_ 1/3 _of Gold with_ 2/3 _of
+Silver melted in a Mass together_ (173, 174)
+
+_The fourteenth_ Experiment, _of turning the black Body of Horn into a
+White immediately with Scraping, without changing the Substantial form, or
+without the Intervention of Salt, Sulphur, or Mercury_ (176.)
+
+_The fifteenth_ Experiment, _contains several Instances against the Opinion
+of the_ Chymists _that Sulphur_ Adust _is the cause of Blackness, and the
+whole Matter is fully discuss'd and stated_ (from 176 to 184)
+
+Part the Third.
+
+_Concerning Promiscuous Experiments about Colours_.
+
+Experiment the First.
+
+_IN confirmation of a former Conjecture about the Generation of Colours
+from diversity of Reflections are set down several Observations made in a
+Darkned room_ (186, 187.)
+
+Experiment _the second, That white Linnen seem'd Ting'd with the Red of
+Silk plac'd near it in a light Room_ (188,189.)
+
+Experiment _the third, Of the Trajection of Light through Colour'd Papers_
+(189, 190.)
+
+Experiment _the fourth, Observations of a Prism in a dark Room_ (191, 192.)
+
+Experiment _the fifth, Of the Refracting and Reflecting Prismatical Colours
+in a light Room_ (193.)
+
+Experiment _the sixth, On the Vanishing of the_ Iris _of the Prism, upon
+the access of a greater adventitious Light_ (194.)
+
+Experiment _the seventh, Of the appearances of the same Colour'd Papers by
+Candle-light_ (195, 196).
+
+Experiment _the eighth, Of the Yellowness of the Flame of a Candle_ (197).
+
+Experiment _the ninth, Of the Greenish Blew transparency of Leaf Gold_
+(198).
+
+Experiment _the tenth, Of the curious Tinctures afforded by_ Lignum
+Nephriticum (from 199 to 203). _Several trials for the Investigation of the
+Nature of it_ (from 204 to 206.) Kircher's _relation of this Wood set down,
+and examin'd_ (from 206 to 212). _A Corollary on this tenth_ Experiment,
+_shewing how it may be applicable for the Discovering, whether any Salt be
+of an Acid, or a Sulphureous, and Alcalizate Nature_ (from 213 to 216).
+
+_The eleventh_ Experiment, _Of certain pieces of Glass that afforded this
+Variety of Colours; And of the way of so Tinging any Plate of Glass with
+Silver_ (from 216 to 219).
+
+_The twelfth_ Experiment, _Of the Mixing and Tempering of Painters
+Pigments_ (219, 220, 221).
+
+_The thirteenth_ Experiment, _Of compounding several Colours by Trajecting
+the Sun-beams through Ting'd Glasses_ (from 221 to 224).
+
+_The fourteenth_ Experiment, _Of the Compounding of Real and Phantastical
+Colours, and the Results_ (224, 225, 226.) _as also the same of
+Phantastical Colours_ (226, 227.)
+
+_The fifteenth_ Experiment, _Of Varying the Trajected_ Iris _by a Colour'd
+Prism_ (228, 229.)
+
+_The sixteenth_ Experiment, _Of the Red fumes of Spirit of_ Nitre, _and,
+the resembling Redness of the Horizontal Sun-beams_ (230, 231.)
+
+_The seventeenth_ Experiment, _Of making a Green by nine Kinds of
+Compositions_ (from 231 to 236.) _And some Deductions from them against the
+necessity of recurring to Substantial forms and Hypostatical principles for
+the production of Colours_ (from 237 to 240.)
+
+_The eighteenth_ Experiment, _Of several Compositions of Blew and Yellow
+which produce not a Green, and of the production of a Green by other
+Colours_ (241, 242.)
+
+_The nineteenth_ Experiment, _contains several instances of producing
+Colours, without the alteration of any Hypostatical principle, by the
+Prism, Bubbles, and Feathers_ ( from 242 to 245.)
+
+_The twentieth_ Experiment _Of turning the Blew of Violets into a Red by
+Acid Salts, and to a Green by Alcalizate (245, 246.) and the use of it for
+Investigating the Nature of Salts_ (247, 248.)
+
+_The one and twentieth_ Experiment, _of the same Changes effected by the
+same means on the Blew Tinctures of Corn-flowers_ (249, 250.) _And some
+Restrictions to shew it not to be so general a propriety as one might
+imagine_ (251.)
+
+_The twenty second_ Experiment, _of turning a Solution of Verdigrease into
+a Blew, with Alcalizate and Urinous Salts_ (252, 253, 254.)
+
+_The twenty third_ Experiment, _of taking away the Colour of Roses with the
+Steams of Sulphur, and heightning them with the Steams Condens'd into Oyl
+of Sulphur_ per Campanam (254, 255.)
+
+_The twenty fourth_ Experiment, _of Tinging a great quantity of Liquor with
+a very little Ting'd Substance, Instanced in_ Cochineel (from 255 to 257.)
+
+_The twenty fifth_ Experiment, _of the more general use of Alcalizate and
+Sulphureous Salts in the Tinctures of Vegetables, further Instanced in the
+Tincture of Privet Berries, and of the Flowers of Mesereon and Pease_ (from
+257 to 259.) _An_ Annotation, _shewing that of the three Hypostatical
+principles, Salt according to_ Paracelsus _is the most active about
+Colours_ (from 259 to 261.) _Some things Precursory premis'd to three
+several Instances next following, against the fore-mention'd Operations of
+Salts_ (261, 262.)
+
+_The twenty sixth_ Experiment, _containing Trials with Acid and Sulphureous
+Salts on the Red Tinctures of Clove-july-flowers, Buckthorn Berries,
+Red-Roses, Brasil_, &c. (262, 263.)
+
+_The twenty seventh_ Experiment, _of the changes of the Colour of Jasmin
+flowers, and Snow drops, by Alcalizate and Sulphureous Salts_ (263, 264.)
+
+_The twenty eighth_ Experiment, _of other differing Effects on Mary-golds,
+Prim-roses, and fresh Madder_ (265.) _with an Admonition, that these Salts
+may have differing Effects in the changing of the tinctures of divers other
+Vegetables_ (266, 267.)
+
+_The twenty ninth_ Experiment, _of the differing Effects of these Salts on
+Ripe and Unripe Juices, instanced in Black-berries, and the Juices of
+Roses_ (from 267 to 270.) _Two reasons, why the Author added this twenty
+ninth_ Experiment, _the last of which is confirm'd by an Instance of Mr._
+Parkinson, _consonant to the Confession of the Makers of such Colours_
+(272.)
+
+_The thirtieth_ Experiment, _of several changes in Colours by Digestion,
+exemplify'd by an_ Amalgam _of_ Gold _and_ Mercury _and by Spirit of
+Harts-horn. And (to such as believe it) by the changes of the_ Elixir.
+
+_The thirty first_ Experiment, _shewing that most Tinctures drawn by
+Digestion Incline to a Red, instanc'd in_ Jalap, Guaicum, _Amber, Benzoin,
+Sulphur, Antimony_, &c. (276, 277.)
+
+_The thirty second_ Experiment, _That some Reds with Diluting turn Yellow,
+others not, exemplify'd by the Tincture of_ Cochineel, _and by Balsam of_
+Sulphur, _Tinctures of_ Amber, &c. (277, 278, 279.)
+
+_The thirty third_ Experiment, _of a Red Tincture of_ Saccarum Saturni _and
+Oyl of_ Turpentine _made by Digestion_ (279.)
+
+_The thirty fourth_ Experiment, _of drawing a Volatile red Tincture of
+Mercury_, _whose Steams were white, but it would Tinge the Skin black_
+(279, 280.)
+
+_The thirty fifth_ Experiment, _of a suddain way of making a Blood red
+Colour with Oyl of_ Vitriol, _and Oyl of_ Anniseeds, _two transparent
+Liquors_ (280, 281.)
+
+_The thirty sixth_ Experiment, _of the Degenerating of several Colours
+exemplify'd in the last mention'd Blood red, and by Mr._ Parkinsons
+_relation of_ Turnsol, _by some Trials with the Juice of Buck-thorn
+Berries, and other Vegetables, to which several notable Considerations and
+Advertisements back'd with_ Experiments _are adjoyn'd_ (from 281 to 288.)
+
+_The thirty seventh_ Experiment, _Of Varying the Colour of the Tinctures
+of_ Cochineel, _Red-cherries, and Brasil, with Acid and Sulphureous Salts,
+and divers Considerations thereon_ (from 288 to 290.)
+
+_The thirty eighth_ Experiment, _About the Red fumes of some, and White of
+other distill'd Bodies, and of their Coalition for the most part into a
+transparent Liquor_ (290, 291.) _And of the various Colours of dry
+Sublimations, exemplify'd with several_ Experiments (292, 293, 294.)
+
+_The thirty ninth_ Experiment, _Of Varying the Decoction of_ Balaustiums
+_with Acid and Urinous Salts_ (294, 295.) _Some_ Annotations _wherein two_
+Experiments _of_ Gassendus _are Related, Examined, and Improv'd_ (from 295
+to 302.)
+
+_The fortieth_ Experiment, _Of the no less Strange than Pleasant changes
+made with a Solution of Sublimate_ (from 301 to 306.) _The difference
+between a Chymical axd Philosophical Solution of a_ Phaenomenon (307, 308.)
+_The Authors Chymical Explication of the_ Phaenomena, _confirm d by several_
+Experiments _made on_ Mercury, _with several Saline Liquors_ (from 308 to
+310.) _An Improvement of the fortieth_ Experiment, _by a fresh Decoction
+of_ Antimony _in a_ Lixivium (311, 312, 313.) _Reflections on the tenth,
+twentieth, and fortieth_ Experiments, _compar'd together, shewing a way
+with this Tincture of Sublimate to distinguish whether any Saline Body to
+be examin'd be of a Urinous or Alcalizate Nature_ (from 314 to 317.) _The
+Examination of Spirit of_ Sal-armoniack, _and Spirit of_ Oak _by these
+Principles_ (from 316 to 319.) _That the Author knows ways of making highly
+Operative Saline bodies, that produce none of the before mention'd effects_
+(319, 320.) _Some notable_ Experiments _about Solutions and Precipitations
+of Gold and Silver_ (320, 321.)
+
+_The one and fortieth_ Experiment, _Of Depriving a deep Blew Solution of
+Copper of its Colour_ (322.) _to which is adjoyn'd the Discolouring or
+making Transparent a Solution of Verdigrease, &c. and another of Restoring
+or Increasing it_ (322, 323.)
+
+_The forty second_ Experiment, _Of changing a Milk white Precipitate of_
+Mercury _into a Yellow, by Affusion of fair Water, with several
+Considerations thereon_ (from 323 to 326.)
+
+_The forty third_ Experiment, _Of Extracting a Green Solution with fair
+Water out of imperfectly Calcin'd Vitriol_ (327.)
+
+_The forty fourth_ Experiment, _Of the Deepning and Diluting of several
+Tinctures, by the Affusions of Liquors, and by Conical Glasses that
+contain'd them, Exemplify'd in the Tinctures of_ Cochineel, Brasil,
+Verdigrease, Glass, Litmus, _of which last on this occasion several
+pleasant_ Phaenomena _are related_ (from 328 to 335.) _To which are adjoyn'd
+certain Cautional Corollaries_ (335, 336.) _The Waterdrinker and some of
+his Legerdemain tricks related._(337.)
+
+_The forty fifth_ Experiment, _Of the turning Rhenish and White Wine into a
+lovely Green, with a preparation of Steel _(338, 339.) _Some further Trial
+made about these Tinctures, and a Similar_ Experiment _of_ Olaus Wormius
+(340.)
+
+_The forty sixth_ Experiment, _Of the Internal Colour of Metalls exhibited
+by Calcination_ (341, 342, 343.) Annotation _the first, That several
+degrees of Fire may disclose a differing Colour_ (343.) Annotation _the
+second, That the Glasses of Metalls may exhibit also other Kinds of
+Colours_ (344.) Annotation _the third, That Minerals by several degrees of
+Fire may disclose several Colours_(345).
+
+Experiment _the forty seventh, Of the Internal Colours of Metalls disclos'd
+by their Dissolutions in several_ Menstruums (from 345 to 350.)
+Annotation _the first, The Authors Apology for Recording some already
+known_ Experiments, _without mentioning their Authors_ (from 350 to 352.)
+Annotation _the second, That some Minerals also by Dissolutions in_
+Menstruums _may exhibit divers Colours_. Annotation _the third, That
+Metalls disclose other Colours by Precipitations, instanc'd in_ Mercury
+(from 353 to 355.)
+
+_The forty eighth_ Experiment, _Of Tinging Glass Blew with Leaf Silver, and
+with Calcin'd Copper, and White with Putty_ (from 355 to 358.) Annotation
+_the first, That this white Glass is the Basis of Ammels_ (358.) Annotion
+_the second, That Colour'd Glasses may be Compounded like Colour'd Liquors
+in Dying Fats_ (359.) Annotation _the third, Of Tinging Glass with Minerel
+Substances, and of trying what Metalls they contain by this means_ (from
+360 to 362.) Annotation _the fourth, That Metalls may be Ting'd by
+Mineralls_ (362, 363.) Annotation _the fifth, Of making several Kinds of
+Amauses or Counterfeit Stones_ (from 363 to 365.) Annotation _the sixth, Of
+the Scarlet Dye, of the Stains of dissolv'd Gold and Silver_ (366, 367) _Of
+the Greenness of Salt Beef, and Redness of Neats Tongues from Salts; of
+Gilding Silver with Bathe Water_ (368, 369.) _And Tinging the Nails and
+Skin with_ Alcanna (369)
+
+_The forty ninth_ Experiment, _Of making Lakes_ (369.) _A particular
+example in Turmerick_ (370, 371.) Annotation _the first, That in
+Precipitations wherein Allum is a Coefficient, a great part of them may
+consist of the Stony particles of that Compound Body_ (from 372 to 375.)
+Annotation _the second, That Lakes may be made of other Substances, as
+Madder, Rue,_ &c. _but that Alcalizate Salts do not Always Extract the same
+Colour of which the Vegetable appears_ (from 376 to 378.) Annotation _the
+third, That the_ Experiments _related may Hint divers others_ (378)
+Annotation _the fourth, That Alum is usefull for the preparing other than
+Vegetable Pigments_ (379.)
+
+_The fiftieth_ Experiment, _Of the Similar effects of_ Saccarum Saturni
+_and_ Alkalies, _of Precipitating with Oyl of_ Vitriol _out of_
+Aqua-fortis, _and Spirit of_ Vinegar; _and of divers Varyings of the
+Colours, with these Compounded_ (from 380 to 384.) _Another very pretty_
+Experiment, _with a Solution of_ Minium (384, 385.) _That these_
+Experiments _Skilfully digested may hint divers matters about Colours_
+(386.) _The Authors Apologetick conclusion, in which is Cursorily hinted
+the Bow or Scarlet Dye_ (387.) _The Authors Letter to Sir_ Robert Moray,
+_concerning his Observations on the Shining Diamond_ (391. &c.) _And the
+Observations themselves_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Errata.
+
+Pag. 142. l. 20. These words, _And to manifest_, with the rest of what is
+by a mistake further printed in this fourth Experiment, belongeth, and is
+to be referred to the end of the second Eperiment, p.137. pag. 145. l. 1.
+leg. _matter_. 146. l. 4. leg. _Bolts-head_. pag 161. in the marginal note
+l. 2. dele _de_ ib. l. 3. lege lib 1. p 163. l. ult. insert _where_ between
+the words _places_ and _the_. p. 164 l. 1. dele _that_. ibid, l. 8. leg
+_Epidermis_. ibid. l. 19 leg. 300. for 200. p. 169. l. 22. leg. _into it_.
+p. 170. l. 23. & 24. leg. _Some Solutions hereafter to be mentioned_, for
+_the Solutions of Potashes_, and other _Lixiviate Salts_. p. 171. l. 6.
+insert _part of_ between the words _most_ and _dissolved_ p. 176. l. ult.
+insert the participle _it_ between the words _Judged_ and _not_ p. 234. l.
+4. leg. _Woud-wax_ or _Wood-wax_. p. 320 l. 29. leg. _urine_ for _urne_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                      _THE_
+             _EXPERIMENTAL HISTORY_
+               _OF COLOURS BEGUN._
+
+                THE FIRST PART.
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+1 I have seen you so passionately addicted, _Pyrophilus_ to the delightful
+Art of Limning and Painting, that I cannot but think my self obliged to
+acquaint you with some of those things that have occurred to mee concerning
+the changes of Colours. And I may expect that I shall as well serve the
+_Virtuosi_ in general, as gratifie you in particular, by furnishing a
+person, who, I hope, will both improve my Communications, and communicate
+his Improvements, with such Experiments and Observations as may both invite
+you to enquire seriously into the Nature of Colours, and assist you in the
+Investigation of it. This being the principal scope of the following Tract,
+I should do that which might prevent my own design, if I should here
+attempt to deliver you an accurate and particular Theory of Colours; for
+that were to present you with what I desire to receive from you; and, as
+farr as in mee lay, to make that study needless, to which I would engage
+you.
+
+2 Wherefore my present work shall be but to divert and recreate, as well as
+excite you by the delivery of matters of fact, such as you may for the most
+part try with much _ease_, and possibly not without some _delight_: And
+lest you should expect any thing of Elaborate or Methodical in what you
+will meet with here, I must confess to you before-hand, that the seasons I
+was wont to chuse to devise and try Experiments about Colours, were those
+daies, wherein having taken Physick, and finding my self as unfit to
+speculate, as unwilling to be altogether idle, I chose this diversion, as a
+kind of Mean betwixt the one and the other. And I have the less scrupled to
+set down the following Experiments, as some of them came to my mind, and as
+the Notes wherein I had set down the rest, occurr'd to my hands, that by
+declining a Methodical way of delivering them, I might leave you and my
+self the greater liberty and convenience to add to them, and transpose them
+as shall appear expedient.
+
+3 Yea, that you may not think mee too reserv'd, or look upon an Enquiry
+made up of meer Narratives, as somewhat jejune, am content to _premise_ a
+few considerations, that now offer themselves to my thoughts, which relate
+in a more general way, either to the Nature of Colours, or to the study of
+it. And I shall _insert_ an _Essay_, as well Speculative as Historical, of
+the Nature of Whiteness and Blackness, that you may have a _Specimen_ of
+the History of Colours, I have sometimes had thoughts of; and if you
+dislike not the Method I have made use of, I hope, you, and some of the
+_Virtuosi_, your friends, may be thereby invited to go thorow with _Red,
+Blew, Yellow_, and the rest of the particular Colours, as I have done with
+_White_ and _Black_, but with farr more sagacity and success. And if I can
+invite Ingenious men to undertake such Tasks, I doubt not but the Curious
+will quickly obtain a better Account of Colours, than as yet we have, since
+in our Method the Theorical part of the Enquiry being attended, and as it
+were interwoven with the Historical, whatever becomes of the disputable
+Conjectures, the Philosophy of Colours will be promoted by the indisputable
+Experiments.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHAP. II.
+
+1 To come then in the first place to our more general Considerations, I
+shall begin with saying something as to the Importance of examining the
+Colours of Bodies. For there are some, especially _Chymists_, who think,
+that a considerable diversity of Colours does constantly argue an equal
+diversity of Nature, in the Bodies wherein it is conspicuous; but I confess
+I am not altogether of their mind; for not to mention changeable Taffaties,
+the blew and golden necks of Pidgeons, and divers Water-fowl, Rainbows
+Natural and Artificial, and other Bodies, whose Colours the Philosophers
+have been pleased to call not Real, but Apparent and Phantastical; not to
+insist on these, I say, (for fear of needlesly engaging in a Controversie)
+we see in Parrots, Goldfinches, and divers other Birds, not only that the
+contiguous feathers which are probably as near in properties as place, are
+some of them Red, and others White, some of them Blew, & others Yellow,
+_&c._ but that in the several parts of the self-same feather there may
+often be seen the greatest disparity of Colours; and so in the leaves of
+Tulips, July-flowers, and some other Vegetables the several leaves, and
+even the several parts of the same leaf, although no difference have been
+observed in their other properties, are frequently found painted with very
+different Colours. And such a variety we have much more admired in that
+lovely plant which is commonly, and not unjustly call'd the _Marvayl of
+Peru_; for of divers scores of fine Flowers, which in its season that gaudy
+Plant does almost daily produce, I have scarce taken notice of any two that
+were dyed perfectly alike. But though _Pyro_: such things as these, among
+others, keep mee from daring to affirm, that the Diversity and change of
+Colours does _alwaies_ argue any great difference or alteration, betwixt,
+or in, the Bodies, wherein it is to be discerned, yet that _oftentimes_ the
+Alteration of Colours does signifie considerable Alterations in the
+disposition of parts of Bodies, may appear in the Extraction of Tinctures,
+and divers other Chymical Operations, wherein the change of Colours is the
+chief, and sometimes the only thing, by which the Artist regulates his
+proceeding, and is taught to know when 'tis seasonable for him to leave
+off. Instances of this sort are more obvious in divers sorts of fruits, as
+Cherries, Plums, &c. wherein, according as the Vegetable sap is sweetned,
+or otherwise ripened, by passing from one degree to another of Maturation,
+the external part of the fruit passes likewise from one to another Colour.
+But one of the noblest Instances I have met with of this kind, is not so
+obvious; and that is the way of tempering Steel to make Gravers, Drills,
+Springs, and other Mechanical Instruments, which we have divers times both
+made Artificers practise in our presence, and tryed our selves, after the
+following manner, First, the slender Steel to be tempered is to be hardened
+by heating as much of it as is requisite among glowing Coals, till it be
+glowing hot, but it must not be quenched assoon as it is taken from the
+fire (for that would make it too brittle, and spoil it) but must be held
+over a bason of water, till it descend from a White heat to a Red one,
+which assoon as ever you perceive, you must immediately quench as much as
+you desire to harden in the cold water. The Steel thus hardened, will, if
+it be good, look somewhat White and must be made bright at the end, that
+its change of Colours may be there conspicuous; and then holding it so in
+the flame of a Candle, that the bright end may be, for about half an inch,
+or more, out of the flame, that the smoak do not stain or sully the
+brightness of it, you shall after a while see that clean end, which is
+almost contiguous to the flame, pass very nimbly from one Colour to
+another, as from a brighter Yellow, to a deeper and reddish Yellow, which
+Artificers call a _sanguine_, and from that to a fainter first, and then a
+a deeper Blew. And to bring home this Experiment to our present purpose, it
+is found by daily Experience, that each of these succeeding Colours argue
+such a change made in the texture of the Steel, that if it be taken from
+the flame, and immediately quenched in the tallow (whereby it is setled in
+whatever temper it had before) when it is Yellow, it is of such a hardness
+as makes it fit for Gravers Drills, and such like tools; but if it be kept
+a few minutes longer in the flame till it grow Blew, it becomes much
+softer, and unfit to make Gravers for Metalls, but fit to make Springs for
+Watches, and such like Instruments, which are therefore commonly of that
+Colour; and if the Steel be kept in the flame, after that this deep Blew
+hath disclosed it self, it will grow so soft, as to need to be new hardened
+again, before it can be brought to a temper, fit for Drills or Penknives.
+And I confess _Pyro._ I have taken much pleasure to see the Colours run
+along from the parts of the Steel contiguous to the flame, to the end of
+the Instrument, and succeed one another so fast, that if a man be not
+vigilant, to thrust the Steel into the tallow at the very nick of time, at
+which it has attain'd its due Colour, he shall miss of giving his tool the
+right temper. But because the flame of a Candle is offensive to my weak
+eyes, and because it is apt to either black or sully the contiguous part of
+the Steel which is held in it, and thereby hinder the change of Colours
+from being so long and clearly discern'd, I have sometimes made this
+Experiment by laying the Steel to be tempered upon a heated bar of Iron,
+which we finde also to be employ'd by some Artificers in the tempering of
+such great Instruments, as are too big to be soon heated sufficiently by
+the flame of a Candle. And you may easily satisfie your self _Pyro_: of the
+differing hardness and toughness, which is ascribed to Steel temper'd at
+different Colours, if you break but some slender wires of Steel so
+temper'd, and observe how they differ in brittleness, and if with a file
+you also make tryal of their various degrees of hardness.
+
+2 But _Pyrophilus_, I must not at present any further prosecute the
+Consideration of the importance of Experiments about Colours, not only
+because you will in the following papers finde some instances, that would
+here be presented you out of their due place, of the use that may be made
+of such Experiments, in discovering in divers bodies, what kind the salt
+is, that is predominant in them; but also because a speculative Naturalist
+might justly enough allege, that as Light is so pleasing an object, as to
+be well worth our looking on, though it discover'd to us nothing but its
+self; so modifi'd Light called Colour, were worth our contemplation, though
+by understanding its Nature we should be taught nothing else. And however,
+I need not make either you or my self excuses for entertaining you on the
+subject I am now about to treat of, since the pleasure _Pyro_: takes in
+mixing and laying on of Colours, will I presume keep him, and will (I am
+sure) keep mee from thinking it troublesome to set down, especially after
+the tedious processes (about other matters) wherewith I fear I may have
+tyr'd him, some easie, and not unpleasant Experiments relating to that
+subject.
+
+3 But, before we descend to the more particular considerations, we are to
+present you concerning Colours, I presume it will be seasonable to propose
+at the very entrance a Distinction; the ignorance or neglect of which,
+seems to mee to have frequently enough occasioned either mistakes or
+confusion in the Writings of divers Modern Philosophers; for Colour may be
+considered, either as it is a quality residing in the body that is said to
+be coloured, or to modifie the light after such or such a manner; or else
+as the Light it self, which so modifi'd, strikes upon the organ of sight,
+and so causes that Sensation which we call Colour; and that this latter may
+be look'd upon as the more proper, though not the usual acception of the
+word Colour, will be made probable by divers passages in the insuing part
+of our discourse; and indeed it is the Light it self, which after a certain
+manner, either mingled with shades, or some other waies troubled, strikes
+our eyes, that does more immediately produce that motion in the organ, upon
+whose account men say they see such or such a Colour in the object; yet,
+because there is in the body that is said to be coloured, a certain
+disposition of the superficial particles, whereby it sends the Light
+reflected, or refracted, to our eyes thus and thus alter'd, and not
+otherwise, it may also in some sense be said, that Colour depends upon the
+visible body; and therefore we shall not be against that way of speaking of
+Colours that is most used among the Modern Naturalists, provided we be
+allowed to have recourse when occasion shall require to the premis'd
+distinction, and to take the more immediate cause of Colour to be the
+modifi'd Light it self, as it affects the Sensory; though the disposition
+also of the colour'd body, as that modifies the Light, may be call'd by
+that name Metonimically (to borrow a School term) or Efficiently, that is
+in regard of its turning the Light, that rebounds from it, or passes thorow
+it, into this or that particular Colour.
+
+4 I know not whether I may not on this occasion add, that Colour is so far
+from being an Inherent quality of the object in the sense that is wont to
+be declar'd by the Schools, or even in the sense of some Modern Atomists,
+that, if we consider the matter more attentively, we shall see cause to
+suspect, if not to conclude, that though Light do more immediately affect
+the organ of sight, than do the bodies that send it thither, yet Light it
+self produces the sensation of a Colour, but as it produces such a
+determinate kind of local motion in some part of the brain; which, though
+it happen most commonly from the motion whereinto the slender strings of
+the _Retina_ are put, by the appulse of Light, yet if the like motion
+happen to be produc'd by any other cause, wherein the Light concurrs not at
+all, a man shall think he sees the same Colour. For proof of this, I might
+put you in mind, that 'tis usual for dreaming men to think they see the
+Images that appear to them in their sleep, adorn'd some with this, and some
+with that lively Colour, whilst yet, both the curtains of their bed, and
+those of their eyes are close drawn. And I might add the confidence with
+which distracted persons do oftentimes, when they are awake, think, they
+see black fiends in places, where there is no black object in sight without
+them. But I will rather observe, that not only when a man receives a great
+stroak upon his eye, or a very great one upon some other part of his head,
+he is wont to see, as it were, flashes of lightning, and little vivid, but
+vanishing flames, though perhaps his eyes be shut: But the like apparitions
+may happen, when the motion proceeds not from something without, but from
+something within the body, provided the unwonted fumes that wander up and
+down in the head, or the propagated concussion of any internal part in the
+body, do cause about the inward extremities of the Optick Nerve, such a
+motion as is wont to be there produc'd, when the stroak of the Light upon
+the _Retina_ makes us conclude, that we see either Light, or such and such
+a Colour: This the most ingenious _Des Cartes_ hath very well observ'd, but
+because he seems not to have exemplifi'd it by any unobvious or peculiar
+observation, I shall indeavour to illustrate this doctrine by a few
+Instances.
+
+5 And first, I remember, that having, through Gods goodness, been free for
+several years, from troublesome Coughs, being afterwards, by an accident,
+suddenly cast into a violent one, I did often, when I was awaked in the
+night by my distempers, observe, that upon coughing strongly, it would seem
+to mee, that I saw very vivid, but immediately disappearing flames, which I
+took particular notice of, because of the conjecture I am now mentioning.
+
+6 An excellent and very discreet person, very near ally'd both to you and
+mee, was relating to mee, that some time since, whilst she was talking with
+some other Ladies, upon a sudden, all the objects, she looked upon,
+appeared to her dyed with unusual Colours, some of one kind, and some of
+another, but all so bright and vivid, that she should have been as much
+delighted, as surpriz'd with them, but that finding the apparition to
+continue, she fear'd it portended some very great alteration as to her
+health: As indeed the day after she was assaulted with such violence by
+Hysterical and Hypocondrical Distempers, as both made her rave for some
+daies, and gave her, during that time, a Bastard Palsey.
+
+7 Being a while since in a Town, where the Plague had made great havock,
+and inquiring of an ingenious man, that was so bold, as without much
+scruple to visit those that were sick of it, about the odd symptomes of a
+Disease that had swept away so many there; he told mee, among other things,
+that he was able to tell divers Patients, to whom he was called, before
+they took their beds, or had any evident symptomes of the Plague, that they
+were indeed infected upon peculiar observations, that being asked, they
+would tell him that the neighbouring objects, and particularly his cloths,
+appear'd to them beautifi'd with most glorious Colours, like those of the
+Rainbow, oftentimes succeeding one another; and this he affirm'd to be one
+of the most usual, as well as the most early symptomes, by which this odd
+Pestilence disclos'd it self: And when I asked how long the Patients were
+wont to be thus affected, he answered, that it was most commonly for about
+a day; and when I further inquired whether or no Vomits, which in that
+Pestilence were usually given, did not remove this symptome (For some used
+the taking of a Vomit, when they came ashore, to cure themselves of the
+obstinate and troublesome giddiness caus'd by the motion of the ship)
+reply'd, that generally, upon the evacuation made by the Vomit, that
+strange apparition of Colours ceased, though the other symptomes were not
+so soon abated, yet he added (to take notice of that upon the by, because
+the observation may perchance do good) that an excellent Physician, in
+whose company he was wont to visit the sick, did give to almost all those
+to whom he was called, in the beginning before Nature was much weakened, a
+pretty odd Vomit consisting of eight or ten dramms of Infusion of _Crocus
+Metallorum_, and about half a dramm, or much more, of White Vitriol, with
+such success, that scarce one of ten to whom it was seasonably administred,
+miscarried.
+
+8 But to return to the consideration of Colours: As an apparition of them
+may be produced by motions from within, without the assistance of an
+outward object, so I have observed, that 'tis sometimes possible that the
+Colour that would otherwise be produced by an outward object, may be
+chang'd by some motion, or new texture already produced in the Sensory, as
+long as that unusual motion, or new disposition lasts; for I have divers
+times try'd, that after I have through a Telescope look'd upon the Sun,
+though thorow a thick, red, or blew glass, to make its splendor supportable
+to the eye, the impression upon the _Retina_, would be not only so vivid,
+but so permanent, that if afterwards I turned my eye towards a flame, it
+would appear to mee of a Colour very differing from its usual one. And if I
+did divers times successively shut and open the same eye, I should see the
+adventitious Colour, (if I may so call it) changed or impair'd by degrees,
+till at length (for this unusual motion of the eye would not presently
+cease) the flame would appear to mee, of the same hew that it did to other
+beholders; a not unlike effect I found by looking upon the Moon, when she
+was near full, thorow an excellent Telescope, without colour'd Glass to
+screen my eye with; But that which I desire may be taken notice of, because
+we may elsewhere have occasion to reflect upon it, and because it seems not
+agreeable to what Anatomists and Optical Writers deliver, touching the
+relation of the two eyes to each other, is this circumstance, that though
+my Right eye, with which I looked thorow the Telescope, were thus affected
+by the over-strong impression of the light, yet when the flame of a Candle,
+or some other bright object appear'd to me of a very unusual Colour, whilst
+look'd upon with the Discompos'd Eye, or (though not so notably) with both
+eyes at once; yet if I shut that Eye, and looked upon the same object with
+the other, it would appear with no other than its usual Colour, though if I
+again opened, and made use of the Dazled eye, the vivid adventitious Colour
+would again appear. And on this occasion I must not pretermit an
+Observation which may perswade us, that an over-vehement stroak upon the
+Sensory, especially if it be naturally of a weak constitution, may make a
+more lasting impression than one would imagine, which impression may in
+some cases, as it were, mingle with, and vitiate the action of vivid
+objects for a long time after.
+
+For I know a Lady of unquestionable Veracity, who having lately, by a
+desperate fall, receiv'd several hurts, and particularly a considerable one
+upon a part of her face near her Eye, had her sight so troubl'd and
+disorder'd, that, as she hath more than once related to me, not only when
+the next morning one of her servants came to her bed side, to ask how she
+did, his cloaths appear'd adorn'd with such variety of dazling Colours,
+that she was fain presently to command him to withdraw, but the Images in
+her Hangings, did, for many daies after, appear to her, if the Room were
+not extraordinarily darken'd, embellish'd with several offensively vivid
+Colours, which no body else could see in them; And when I enquir'd whether
+or no White Objects did not appear to her adorn'd with more luminous
+Colours than others, and whether she saw not some which she could not now
+well describe to any, whose eyes had never been distemper'd, she answer'd
+mee, that sometimes she thought she saw Colours so new and glorious, that
+they were of a peculiar kind, and such as she could not describe by their
+likeness to any she had beheld either before or since, and that White
+Objects did so much disorder her sight, that if several daies after her
+fall, she look'd upon the inside of a Book, she fanci'd she saw there
+Colours like those of the Rain-bow, and even when she thought her self
+pretty well recover'd, and made bold to leave her Chamber, the coming into
+a place where the Walls and Ceeling were whited over, made those Objects
+appear to her cloath'd with such glorious and dazling Colours, as much
+offended her sight, and made her repent her venturousness, and she added,
+that this Distemper of her Eyes lasted no less than five or six weeks,
+though, since that, she hath been able to read and write much without
+finding the least Inconvenience in doing so. I would gladly have known,
+whether if she had shut the Injur'd Eye, the _Phaenomena_ would have been
+the same, when she employ'd only the other, but I heard not of this
+accident early enough to satisfie that Enquiry.
+
+9 Wherefore, I shall now add, that some years before, a person exceedingly
+eminent for his profound Skil in almost all kinds of Philological Learning,
+coming to advise with mee about a Distemper in his Eyes, told me, among
+other Circumstances of it, that, having upon a time looked too fixedly upon
+the Sun, thorow a Telescope, without any coloured Glass, to take off from
+the dazling splendour of the Object, the excess of Light did so strongly
+affect his Eye, that ever since, when he turns it towards a Window, or any
+White Object, he fancies, he seeth a Globe of Light, of about the bigness
+the Sun then appeared of to him, to pass before his Eyes: And having
+Inquir'd of him, how long he had been troubled with this Indisposition, he
+reply'd, that it was already nine or ten years, since the Accident, that
+occasioned it, first befel him.
+
+I could here subjoyn, _Pyrophilus_, some memorable Relations that I have
+met with in the Account given us by the experienc'd _Epiphanius
+Ferdinandus_, of the Symptomes he observ'd to be incident to those that are
+bitten with the Tarantula, by which (Relations) I could probably shew, that
+without any change in the Object, a change in the Instruments of Vision may
+for a great while make some Colours appear Charming, and make others
+Provoking, and both to a high degree, though neither of them produc'd any
+such Effects before. These things, I say, I could here subjoyn in
+confirmation of what I have been saying, to shew, that the Disposition of
+the Organ is of great Importance in the Dijudications we make of Colours,
+were it not that these strange Stories belonging more properly to another
+Discourse, I had rather, (contenting my self to have given you an
+Intimation of them here) that you should meet with them fully deliver'd
+there.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHAP. III.
+
+But, _Pyrophilus_, I would not by all that I have hitherto discours'd, be
+thought to have forgotten the Distinction (of Colour) that I mentioned to
+you about the beginning of the third Section of the former Chapter; and
+therefore, after all I have said of Colour, as it is modifi'd Light, and
+immediately affects the Sensory, I shall now re-mind you, that I did not
+deny, but that Colour might in some sense be consider'd as a Quality
+residing in the body that is said to be Colour'd, and indeed the greatest
+part of the following Experiments referr to Colour principally under that
+Notion, for there is in the bodyes we call Colour'd, and chiefly in their
+Superficial parts, a certain disposition, whereby they do so trouble the
+Light that comes from them to our Eye, as that it there makes that distinct
+Impression, upon whose Account we say, that the Seen body is either White
+or Black, or Red or Yellow, or of any one determinate Colour. But because
+we shall (God permiting) by the Experiments that are to follow some Pages
+hence, more fully and particularly shew, that the Changes, and consequently
+in divers places the Production and the appearance of Colours depends upon
+the continuing or alter'd Texture of the Object, we shall in this place
+intimate (and that too but as by the way) two or three things about this
+Matter.
+
+2. And first it is not without some Reason, that I ascribe Colour (in the
+sense formerly explan'd) _chiefly_ to the Superficial parts of Bodies, for
+not to question how much Opacous Corpuscles may abound even in those Bodies
+we call Diaphanous, it seems plain that of Opacous bodies we do indeed see
+little else than the Superficies, for if we found the beams of Light that
+rebound from the Object to the Eye, to peirce deep into the Colour'd body,
+we should not judge it Opacous, but either Translucid, or at least
+Semi-diaphanous, and though the Schools seem to teach us that Colour is a
+Penetrative Quality, that reaches to the Innermost parts of the Object, as
+if a piece of Sealing-wax be broken into never so many pieces, the Internal
+fragments will be as Red as the External surface did appear, yet that is
+but a Particular Example that will not overthrow the Reason lately offer'd,
+especially since I can alleage other Examples of a contrary Import, and two
+or three Negative Instances are sufficient to overthrow the Generality of a
+Positive Rule, especially if that be built but upon One or a Few Examples.
+Not (then) to mention Cherries, Plums, and I know not how many other
+Bodies, wherein the skin is of one Colour, and what it hides of another, I
+shall name a couple of Instances drawn from the Colours of Durable bodies
+that are thought far more Homogeneous, and have not parts that are either
+Organical, or of a Nature approaching thereunto.
+
+3 To give you the first Instance, I shall need but to remind you of what I
+told you a little after the beginning of this Essay, touching the Blew and
+Red and Yellow, that may be produc'd upon a piece of temper'd Steel, for
+these Colours though they be very Vivid, yet if you break the Steel they
+adorn, they will appear to be but Superficial; not only the innermost parts
+of the Metall, but those that are within a hairs breadth of the
+Superficies, having not any of these Colours, but retaining that of the
+Steel it self. Besides that, we may as well confirm this Observation, as
+some other particulars we elsewhere deliver concerning Colours, by the
+following Experiment which we purposely made.
+
+4 We took a good quantity of clean Lead, and melted it with a strong Fire,
+and then immediately pouring it out into a clean Vessel of a convenient
+shape and matter, (we us'd one of Iron, that the great and sudden Heat
+might not injure it) and then carefully and nimbly taking off the Scum that
+floated on the top, we perceiv'd, as we expected, the smooth and glossie
+Surface of the melted matter, to be adorn'd with a very glorious Colour,
+which being as Transitory as Delightfull, did almost immediately give place
+to another vivid Colour, and that was as quickly succeeded by a third, and
+this as it were chas'd away by a fourth, and so these wonderfully vivid
+Colours successively appear'd and vanish'd, (yet the same now and then
+appearing the second time) till the Metall ceasing to be hot enough to
+afford any longer this pleasing Spectacle, the Colours that chanc'd to
+adorn the Surface, when the Lead thus began to cool, remain'd upon it; but
+were so Superficial, that how little soever we scrap'd off the Surface of
+the Lead, we did in such places scrape off all the Colour, and discover
+only that which is natural to the Metall it self, which receiving its
+adventitious Colours, only when the heat was very Intense, and in that part
+which was expos'd to the comparatively very cold Air, (which by other
+Experiments seems to abound with subtil Saline parts, perhaps not uncapable
+of working upon Lead so dispos'd:) These things I say, together with my
+observing that whatever parts of the so strongly melted Lead were expos'd a
+while to the Air, turn'd into a kind of Scum or Litharge, how bright and
+clean soever they appear'd before, suggested to me some Thoughts or
+Ravings, which I have not now time to acquaint You with. One that did not
+know me, _Pyrophilus_, would perchance think I endeavour'd to impose upon
+You by relating this Experiment, which I have several times try'd, but the
+Reason why the _Phaenomena_ mention'd have not been taken notice of, may be,
+that unless Lead be brought to a much higher degree of Fusion or Fluidity
+than is usual, or than is indeed requisite to make it melt, the _Phaenomena_
+I mention'd will scarce at all disclose themselves; And we have also
+observ'd that this successive appearing and vanishing of vivid Colours, was
+wont to be impair'd or determin'd whilst the Metal expos'd to the Air
+remain'd yet hotter than one would readily suspect. And one thing I must
+further Note, of which I leave You to search after the Reason, namely, that
+the same Colours did not always and regularly succeed one another, as is
+usually in Steel, but in the diversify'd Order mention'd in this following
+Note, which I was scarce able to write down, the succession of the Colours
+was so very quick, whether that proceeded from the differing degrees of
+Heat in the Lead expos'd to the cool Air, or from some other Reason, I
+leave you to examine.
+
+    [_Blew, Yellow, Purple, Blew; Green, Purple, Blew, Yellow, Red; Purple,
+    Blew, Yellow and Blew, Yellow, Blew, Purple, Green mixt, Yellow, Red,
+    Blew, Green, Yellow, Red, Purple, Green_.]
+
+5. The _Atomists_ of Old, and some Learned men of late, have attempted to
+explicate the variety of Colours in Opacous bodies from the various Figures
+of their Superficial parts; the attempt is Ingenious, and the Doctrine
+seems partly True, but I confess I think there are divers other things that
+must be taken in as concurrent to produce those differing forms of
+Asperity, whereon the Colours of Opacous bodies seem to depend. To declare
+this a little, we must assume, that the Surfaces of all such Bodies how
+Smooth or polite soever they may appear to our Dull Sight and Touch, are
+exactly smooth only in a popular, or at most in a Physical sense, but not
+in a strict and rigid sense.
+
+6. This, excellent _Microscopes_ shew us in many Bodies, that seem Smooth
+to our naked Eyes; and this not only as to the little Hillocks or
+Protuberancies that swell above that which may be conceiv'd to be the Plain
+or Level of the consider'd Surface, for it is obvious enough to those that
+are any thing conversant with such Glasses, but as to numerous Depressions
+beneath that Level, of which sort of Cavities by the help of a
+_Microscope_, which the greatest Artificer that makes them, judges to be
+the greatest Magnifying Glass in _Europe_, except one that equals it, we
+have on the Surface of a thin piece of Cork that appear'd smooth to the
+Eye, observ'd about sixty in a Row, within the length of less then an 31
+and 32 part of an Inch, (for the Glass takes in no longer a space at one
+view) and these Cavities (which made that little piece of Cork look almost
+like an empty Honey-comb) were not only very distinct, and figur'd like one
+another, but of a considerable bigness, and a scarce credible depth;
+insomuch that their distinct shadows as well as sides were plainly
+discern'd and easiy to be reckon'd, and might have been well distinguish'd,
+though they had been ten times lesser than they were; which I thought it
+not amiss to mention to you _Pyrophilus_ upon the by, that you may thence
+make some Estimate, what a strange Inequality, and what a multitude of
+little Shades, there may really be, in a scarce sensible part of the
+Physical superficies, though the naked Eye sees no such matter. And as
+Excellent _Microscopes_ shew us this Ruggedness in many Bodies that pass
+for Smooth, so there are divers Experiments, though we must not now stay to
+urge them, which seem to perswade us of the same thing as to the rest of
+such Bodies as we are now treating off; So, that there is no sensible part
+of an Opacous body, that may not be conceiv'd to be made up of a multitude
+of singly insensible Corpuscles, but in the giving these surfaces that
+disposition, which makes them alter the Light that reflects thence to the
+Eye after the manner requisite to make the Object appear Green, Blew, &c.
+the Figures of these Particles have _a great_, but not _the only_ stroak.
+'Tis true indeed that the protuberant Particles may be of very great
+variety of Figures, Sphaerical, Elliptical, Conical, Cylindrical,
+Polyedrical, and some very irregular, and that according to the Nature of
+these, and the situation of the Lucid body, the Light must be variously
+affected, after one manner from Surfaces (I now speak of Physical Surfaces)
+consisting of Sphaerical, and in another from those that are made up of
+Conical or Cylindrical Corpuscles; some being fitted to reflect more of the
+incident Beams of Light, others less, and some towards one part, others
+towards another. But besides this difference of Shape, there may be divers
+other things that may eminently concurr to vary the forms of Asperity that
+Colours so much depend on. For, willingly allowing the Figure of the
+Particles in the first place, I consider secondly, that the superficial
+Corpuscles, if I may so call them, may be bigger in one Body, and less in
+another, and consequently fitted to allay the Light falling on them with
+greater shades. Next, the protuberant Particles may be set more or less
+close together, that is, there may be a greater or a smaller number of them
+within the compass of one, than within the compass of another small part of
+the Surface of the same Extent, and how much these Qualities may serve to
+produce Colour may be somewhat guess'd at, by that which happens in the
+Agitation of Water; for if the Bubbles that are thereby made be Great, and
+but Few, the Water will scarce acquire a sensible Colour, but if it be
+reduc'd to a Froth, consisting of Bubbles, which being very Minute and
+Contiguous to each other, are a multitude of them crowded into a narrow
+Room, the Water (turned to Froth) does then exhibit a very manifest White
+Colour,[3] (to which these last nam'd Conditions of the Bubbles do as well
+as their Convex figure contribute) and that for Reasons to be mention'd
+anon. Besides, it is not necessary that the Superficial particles that
+exhibit one Colour, should be all of them Round, or all Conical, or all of
+any one Shape, but Corpuscles of differing Figures may be mingled on the
+Surface of the Opacous Body, as when the Corpuscles that make a Blew
+colour, and those that make a Yellow, come to be Accurately and Skilfully
+mix'd, they make up a Green, which though it seem one simple Colour, yet in
+this case appears to be made by Corpuscles of very differing Kinds, duely
+commix'd. Moreover the Figure and Bigness of the little Depressions,
+Cavities, Furrows or Pores intercepted betwixt these protuberant
+Corpuscles, are as well to be consider'd as the Sizes and Shapes of the
+Corpuscles themselves: For we may conceive the Physical superficies of a
+Body, where (as we said) its Colour does as it were reside, to be cut
+Transversly by a Mathematical plain, which you know is conceiv'd to be
+without any Depth or Thickness at all, and then as some parts of the
+Physical Superficies will be Protuberant; or swell above this last plain,
+so others may be depress'd beneath it; as (to explane my self by a gross
+Comparison) in divers places of the Surface of the Earth, there are not
+only Neighbouring Hills, Trees, &c. that are rais'd above the Horizontal
+Level of the Valley, but Rivers, Wells, Pits and other Cavities that are
+depress'd beneath it, and that such Protuberant and Concave parts of a
+Surface may remit the Light so differingly, as much to vary a Colour, some
+examples and other things, that we shall hereafter have occasion to take
+notice off in this Tract, will sufficiently declare, till when, it may
+suffice to put you in mind, that of two Flat-sides of the same piece of,
+for example, red Marble, the one being diligently Polished, and the other
+left to its former Roughness, the differing degrees or sorts of Asperity,
+for the side that is smooth to the Touch wants not its Roughness, will so
+diversifie the Light reflected from the several Plains to the Eye, that a
+Painter would employ two differing Colours to represent them.
+
+  [3] _See the Discourse of the Nature of Whiteness and Blackness._
+
+7. And I hope, _Pyrophilus_, you will not think it strange or impertinent,
+that I employ in divers passages of these Papers, examples drawn from
+Bodies and Shadows far more Gross, than those minute Protuberances and
+shady Pores on which in most cases the Colour of a Body as 'tis an Inherent
+Quality or Disposition of its Surface, seems to depend. For sometimes I
+employ such Examples, rather to declare my Meaning, than prove my
+Conjecture; things, whom their Smallness makes Insensible, being better
+represented to the Imagination by such familiar Objects, as being like them
+enough in other respects, are of a Visible bulk. And next, though the Beams
+of Light are such subtil Bodies, that in respect of them, even Surfaces
+that are sensibly Smooth, are not exactly so, but have their own degree of
+Roughness, consisting of little Protuberances and Depressions; and though
+consequently such Inequalities may suffice to give Bodies differing
+Colours, as we see in Marble that appears White or Black, or Red or Blew,
+even when the most carefully Polish'd, yet 'tis plain by the late Instance
+of Red Marble, and many others, that even bigger Protuberances and greater
+Shades may likewise so Diversifie the Roughness of a Bodies Superficies, as
+manifestly to concurr to the varying of its Colour, whereby such Examples
+appear to be proper enough to be employ'd in such a Subject as we have now
+in hand. And having hinted thus much on this Occasion, I now proceed.
+
+8. The Situation also of the Superficial particles is considerable, which I
+distinguish into the Posture of the single Corpuscles, in respect of the
+Light, and of the Eye, and the Order of them in reference also to one
+another; for a Body may otherwise reflect the Light, when its Superficial
+particles are more erected upon the Plain that may be conceiv'd to pass
+along their Basis, and when the Points or Extremes of such Particles are
+Obverted to the Eye, than when those Particles are so Inclin'd, that their
+Sides are in great part Discernable, as the Colour of Plush or Velvet will
+appear Vary'd to you, if you carefully stroak part of it one way, and part
+of it another, the posture of the particular Thrids, in reference to the
+Light, or the Eye, becoming thereby different. And you may observe in a
+Field of ripe Corn blown upon by the Wind, that there will appear as it
+were Waves of a Colour (at least Gradually) differing from that of the rest
+of the Field, the Wind by Depressing some of the Ears, and not at the same
+time others, making the one Reflect more from the Lateral and Strawy parts,
+than do the rest. And so, when Doggs are so angry, as to Erect the Hairs
+upon their Necks, and upon some other parts of their Bodies, those Parts
+seem to acquire a Colour vary'd from that which the same Hairs made, when
+in their usual Posture they did farr more stoop. And that the Order wherein
+the Superficial Corpuscles are Rang'd is not to be neglected, we may guess
+by turning of Water into Froth, the beating of Glass, and the scraping of
+Horns, in which cases the Corpuscles that were before so marshall'd as to
+be Perspicuous, do by the troubling of that Order become Dispos'd to
+terminate and reflect more Light, and thereby to appear Whitish. And there
+are other ways in which the Order of the Protuberant parts, in reference to
+the Eye, may much contribute to the appearing of a particular Colour, for I
+have often observ'd, that when Pease are Planted, or Set in Parallel Lines,
+and are Shot up about half a Foot above the Surface of the Ground, by
+looking on the Field or Plot of Ground from that part towards which the
+Parallel Lines tended, the greater part of the Ground by farr would appear
+of its own dirty Colour, but if I look'd upon it Transversly, the Plot
+would appear very Green, the upper parts of the Pease hindering the
+intercepted parts of the Ground, which as I said retain'd their wonted
+Colour, from being discover'd by the Eye. And I know not, _Pyrophilus_,
+whether I might not add, that even the Motion of the Small Parts of a
+Visible Object may in some cases contribute, though it be not so easie to
+say how, to the Producing or the Varying of a Colour; for I have several
+times made a Liquor, which when it has well settled in a close Vial, is
+Transparent and Colourless, but as soon as the Glass is unstopp'd, begins
+to fly away very plentifully in a White and Opacous fume; and there are
+other Bodies, whose Fumes, when they fill a Receiver, would make one
+suspect it contains Milk, and yet when these Fumes settle into a Liquor,
+that Liquor is not White, but Transparent; And such White Fumes I have seen
+afforded by unstopping a Liquor I know, which yet is it self Diaphanous and
+Red; Nor are these the only Instances of this Kind, that our Tryals can
+supply us with. And if the Superficial Corpuscles be of the Grosser sort,
+and be so Framed, that their differing Sides or Faces may exhibit differing
+Colours, then the Motion or Rest of those Corpuscles may be considerable,
+as to the Colour of the Superficies they compose, upon this account, that
+sometimes more, sometimes fewer of the Sides dispos'd to exhibit such a
+Colour may by this means become or continue more Obverted to the Eye than
+the rest, and compose a Physical Surface, that will be more or less
+sensibly interrupted; As, to explane my meaning, by proposing a gross
+Example, I remember, that in some sorts of Leavy Plants thick set by one
+another, the two sides of whose Leaves were of somewhat differing Colours,
+there would be a notable Disparity as to Colour, if you look'd upon them
+both when the Leaves being at Rest had their upper and commonly expos'd
+sides Obverted to the Eye, and when a breath of Wind passing thorow them,
+made great Numbers of the usually Hidden sides of the Leaves become
+conspicuous. And though the Little Bodies, we were lately speaking of, may
+Singly and Apart seem almost Colourless, yet when Many of them are plac'd
+by one another, so near, that the Eye does not easily discern an
+Interruption, within a sensible space, they may exhibit a Colour; as we
+see, that though a Slenderest Thrid of Dy'd Silk do's, whilst look'd on
+Single, seem almost quite Devoyd of Redness, (for instance) yet when
+numbers of these Thrids are brought together into one Skein, their Colour
+becomes notorious.
+
+9. But the same Occasion that invited me to say what I have mention'd
+concerning the Leaves of Trees, invites me also to give you some account of
+what happens in Changeable Taffities, where we see differing Colours, as it
+were, Emerge and Vanish upon the Ruffling of the same piece of Silk: As I
+have divers times with Pleasure observ'd, by the help of such a
+_Microscope_, as, though it do not very much Magnifie the Object, has in
+recompence this great Conveniency, that you may easily, as fast as you
+please, remove it from one part to another of a Large Object, of which the
+Glass taking a great part at once, you may thereby presently Survey the
+Whole. Now by the help of such a _Microscope_ I could easily (as I began to
+say) discern, that in a piece of Changeable Taffity, (that appear'd, for
+Instance, sometimes Red, and sometimes Green) the Stuff was compos'd of Red
+thrids and Green, passing under and over each other, and crossing one
+another in almost innumerable points; and if I look'd through the Glass
+upon any considerable portion of the Stuff, that (for example sake) to the
+naked Eye appear'd to be Red, I could plainly see, that in that Position,
+the Red thrids were Conspicuous, and reflected a vivid Light; and though I
+could also perceive, that there were Green ones, yet by reason of their
+disadvantagious Position in the _Physical Surface_ of the Taffity, they
+were in part hid by the more Protuberant Thrids of the other Colour; and
+for the same cause, the Reflection from as much of the Green as was
+discover'd, was comparatively but Dim and Faint. And if, on the contrary, I
+look'd through the _Microscope_ upon any part that appear'd Green, I could
+plainly see that the Red thrids were less fully expos'd to the Eye, and
+obscur'd by the Green ones, which therefore made up the Predominant Colour.
+And by observing the Texture of the Silken Stuff, I could easisy so expose
+the Thrids either of the one Colour or of the other to my Eye, as at
+pleasure to exhibit an apparition of Red or Green, or make those Colours
+succeed one another: So that, when I observ'd their Succession by the help
+of the Glass, I could mark how the Predominant Colour did as it were start
+out, when the Thrids that exhibited it came to be advanagiously plac'd; And
+by making little Folds in the Stuff after a certain manner, the Sides that
+met and terminated in those Folds, would appear to the naked Eye, one of
+them Red, and the other Green. When Thrids of more than two differing
+Colours chance to be Interwoven, the resulting changeableness of the
+Taffity may be also somewhat different. But I choose to give an Instance in
+the Stuff I have been speaking off, because the mixture being more Simple,
+the way whereby the Changeableness is produc'd, may be the more easily
+apprehended: and though Reason alone might readily enough lead a
+considering Man to guess at the Explication, in case he knew how Changeable
+Taffities are made: yet I thought it not impertinent to mention it, because
+both Scholars and Gentlemen are wont to look upon the Inquiry into
+Manufactures, as a _Mechanick_ imployment, and consequently below Them; and
+because also with such a _Microscope_ as I have been mentioning, the
+discovery is as well Pleasant as Satisfactory, and may afford Hints of the
+Solution of other _Phaenomena_ of Colours. And it were not amiss, that some
+diligent Inquiry were made, whether the _Microscope_ would give us an
+account of the Variableness of Colour, that is so Conspicuous and so
+Delightfull in Mother of Pearl, in Opalls, and some other resembling
+Bodies: For though I remember I did formerly attempt something of that Kind
+(fruitlesly enough) upon Mother of Pearl, yet not having then the advantage
+of my best _Microscope_, nor some Conveniences that might have been wish'd,
+I leave it to you, who have better Eyes, to try what you can do further;
+since 'twill be _Some_ discovery to find, that, in this case, the best Eyes
+and _Microscopes_ themselves can make _None_.
+
+10. I confess, _Pyrophilus_, that a great part of what I have deliver'd,
+(or propos'd rather) concerning the differing forms of Asperity in Bodies,
+by which Differences the incident Light either comes to be Reflected with
+more or less of Shade, and with that Shade more or less Interrupted, or
+else happens to be also otherwise Modify'd or Troubl'd, is but Conjectural.
+But I am not sure, that if it were not for the Dullness of our Senses,
+either these or some other Notions of Kin to them, might be better
+Countenanc'd; for I am apt to suspect, that if we were Sharp sighted
+enough, or had such perfect _Microscopes_, as I fear are more to be wish'd
+than hop'd for, our promoted Sense might discern in the Physical Surfaces
+of Bodies, both a great many latent Ruggidnesses, and the particular Sizes,
+Shapes, and Situations of the extremely little Bodies that cause them, and
+perhaps might perceive among other Varieties that we now can but imagine,
+how those little Protuberances and Cavities do Interrupt and Dilate the
+Light, by mingling with it a multitude of little and singly undiscernable
+Shades, though some of them more, and some of them less Minute, some less,
+and some more Numerous; according to the Nature and Degree of the
+particular Colour we attribute to the Visible Object; as we see, that in
+the Moon we can with Excellent _Telescopes_ discern many Hills and Vallies,
+and as it were Pits and other Parts, whereof some are more, and some less
+Vividly illustrated, and others have a fainter, others a deeper Shade,
+though the naked Eye can discern no such matter in that Planet. And with an
+Excellent _Microscope_, where the _Naked_ Eye did see but a Green powder,
+the _Assisted_ Eye as we noted above, could discern particular Granules,
+some of them of a Blew, and some of them of a Yellow colour, which
+Corpuscles we had beforehand caus'd to be exquisitly mix'd to compound the
+Green.
+
+11. And, _Pyrophilus_, that you may not think me altogether extravagant in
+what I have said of the Possibility, (for I speak of no more) of discerning
+the differing forms of Asperity in the Surfaces of Bodies of several
+Colours, I'l here set down a Memorable particular that chanc'd to come to
+my Knowledge, since I writ a good part of this _Essay_; and it is this.
+Meeting casually the other Day with the deservedly Famous[4] Dr. _J.
+Finch_, Extraordinary _Anatomist_ to that Great Patron of the _Virtuosi_,
+the now Great Duke of _Toscany_, and enquiring of this Ingenious Person,
+what might be the chief Rarity he had seen in his late return out of
+_Italy_ into _England_, he told me, it was a Man at _Maestricht_ in the
+Low-Countrys, who at certain times can discern and _distinguish Colours by
+the Touch_ with his Fingers. You'l easily Conclude, that this is farr more
+strange, than what I propos'd but as _not Impossible_; since the Sense of
+the _Retina_ seeming to be much more Tender and quick than that of those
+Grosser Filaments, Nerves or Membranes of our Fingers, wherewith we use to
+handle Gross and Hard Bodies, it seems scarce credible, that any
+Accustomance, or Diet, or peculiarity of Constitution, should enable a Man
+to distinguish with such Gross and Unsuitable Organs, such Nice and Subtile
+Differences as those of the forms of Asperity, that belong to differing
+Colours, to receive whose Languid and Delicate Impressions by the
+Intervention of Light, Nature seems to have appointed and contexed into the
+_Retina_ the tender and delicate Pith of the Optick Nerve. Wherefore I
+confess, I propos'd divers Scruples, and particularly whether the Doctor
+had taken care to bind a Napkin or Hankerchief over his Eyes so carefully,
+as to be sure he could make no use of his Sight, though he had but
+Counterfeited the want of it, to which I added divers other Questions, to
+satisfie my Self, whether there were any Likelihood of Collusion or other
+Tricks. But I found that the Judicious Doctor having gone farr out of his
+way, purposely to satisfie Himself and his Learned Prince about this
+Wonder, had been very Watchfull and Circumspect to keep _Himself_ from
+being Impos'd upon. And that he might not through any mistake in point of
+Memory mis-inform _Me_, he did me the Favour at my Request, to look out the
+Notes he had Written for his Own and his Princes Information, the summ of
+which Memorials, as far as we shall mention them here, was this, That the
+Doctor having been inform'd at _Utrecht_, that there Lived one at some
+Miles distance from _Maestricht_, who could distinguish Colours by the
+Touch, when he came to the last nam'd Town, he sent a Messenger for him,
+and having Examin'd him, was told upon Enquiry these Particulars:
+
+  [4] Since for his eminent Qualities and Loyalty Grac'd, by his Majesty,
+  with the Honour of Knighthood.
+
+That the Man's name was _John Vermaasen_, at that time about 33 Years of
+Age; that when he was but two years Old, he had the Small Pox, which
+rendred him absolutely Blind: That at this present he is an _Organist_, and
+serves that Office in a publick Quire.
+
+That the Doctor discoursing with him over Night, the Blind man affirm'd,
+that he could distinguish Colours by the Touch, but that he could not do
+it, unless he were Fasting; Any quantity of Drink taking from him that
+Exquisitness of Touch, which is requisite to so Nice a Sensation.
+
+That hereupon the Doctor provided against the next Morning seven pieces of
+Ribbon, of these seven Colours, Black, White, Red, Blew, Green, Yellow, and
+Gray, but as for _mingled_ Colours, this _Vermaasen_ would not undertake to
+discern them, though if offer'd, he would tell that they were _Mix'd_.
+
+That to discern the Colour of the Ribbon, he places it betwixt the Thumb
+and the Fore-finger, but his most exquisite perception was in his Thumb,
+and much better in the right Thumb than in the left.
+
+That after the Blind man had four or five times told the Doctor the several
+Colours, (though Blinded with a Napkin for fear he might have some Sight)
+the Doctor found he was twice mistaken, for he call'd the White Black, and
+the Red Blew, but still, he, before his Errour, would lay them by in Pairs,
+saying, that though he could easily distinguish them from all others, yet
+those two Pairs were not easily distinguish'd amongst themselves, whereupon
+the Doctor desir'd to be told by him what kind of Discrimination he had of
+Colours by his Touch, to which he gave a reply, for whose sake chiefly I
+insert all this Narrative in this place, namely, That all the difference
+was more or less Asperity, for says he, (I give you the Doctor's own words)
+Black feels as if you were feeling Needles points, or some harsh Sand, and
+Red feels very Smooth.
+
+That the Doctor having desir'd him to tell in Order the difference of
+Colours to his Touch, he did as follows;
+
+Black and White are the most asperous or unequal of all Colours, and so
+like, that 'tis very hard to distinguish them, but Black is the most Rough
+of the two, Green is next in Asperity, Gray next to Green in Asperity,
+Yellow is the fifth in degree of Asperity, Red and Blew are so like, that
+they are as hard to distinguish as Black and White, but Red is somewhat
+more Asperous than Blew, so that Red has the sixth place, and Blew the
+seventh in Asperity.
+
+12. To these Informations the Obliging Doctor was pleas'd to add the
+welcome present of three of those very pieces of Ribbon, whose Colours in
+his presence the Blind man had distinguished, pronouncing the one Gray, the
+other Red, and the third Green, which I keep by me as Rarities, and the
+rather, because he fear'd the rest were miscarry'd.
+
+13. Before I saw the Notes that afforded me the precedent Narrative, I
+confess I suspected this man might have thus discriminated Colours, rather
+by the Smell than by the Touch; for some of the Ingredients imployed by
+Dyers to Colour things, have Sents, that are not so Languid, nor so near of
+Kin, but that I thought it not impossible that a very Critical Nose might
+distinguish them, and this I the rather suspected, because he requir'd,
+that the Ribbons, whose Colours he was to Name, should be offer'd him
+Fasting in the morning; for I have observ'd in Setting Doggs, that the
+feeding of them (especially with some sorts of Aliments) does very much
+impair the exquisite sent of their Noses. And though some of the foregoing
+particulars would have prevented that Conjecture, yet I confess to you
+(_Pyrophilus_) that I would gladly have had the Opportunity of Examining
+this Man my self, and of Questioning him about divers particulars which I
+do not find to have been yet thought upon. And though it be not incredible
+to me, that since the Liquors that Dyers imploy to tinge, are qualifi'd to
+do so by multitudes of little Corpuscles of the Pigment or Dying stuff,
+which are dissolved and extracted by the Liquor, and swim to and fro in it,
+those Corpuscles of Colour (as the _Atomists_ call them) insinuating
+themselves into, and filling all the Pores of the Body to be Dyed, may
+Asperate its Superficies more or less according to the Bigness and Texture
+of the Corpuscles of the Pigment; yet I can scarce believe, that our Blind
+man could distinguish all the Colours he did, meerly by the Ribbons having
+more or less of Asperity, so that I cannot but think, notwithstanding this
+History, that the Blind man distinguish'd Colours not only by the _Degrees_
+of Asperity in the Bodies offer'd to him, but by _Forms_ of it, though this
+(latter) would perhaps have been very difficult for him to make an
+Intelligible mention of, because those Minute disparities having not been
+taken notice of by men for want of touch as Exquisite as our Blind Mans,
+are things he could not have Intelligibly express'd, which will easily seem
+Probable, if you consider, that under the name of Sharp, and Sweet, and
+Sour, there are abundance of, as it were, immediate peculiar Relishes or
+Tasts in differing sorts of Wine, which though Critical and Experienc'd
+Palats can easily discern themselves cannot make them be understood by
+others, such Minute differences not having hitherto any Distinct names
+assign'd them. And it seems that there was somthing in the Forms of
+Asperity that was requisite to the Distinction of Colours, besides the
+Degree of it, since he found it so difficult to distingush Black and White
+from one another, though not from other Colours. For I might urge, that he
+seems not consonant to himself about the _Red_, which as you have seen in
+one place, he represents as somewhat more Asperous than the _Blew_; and in
+another, very Smooth: But because he speaks of this Smoothness in that
+place, where he mentions the Roughness of _Black_, we may favourably
+presume that he might mean but a _comparative Smoothness_; and therefore I
+shall not Insist on this, but rather Countenance my Conjecture by this,
+that he found it so Difficult, not only, to Discriminate Red and Blew,
+(though the first of our promiscuous Experiments will inform you, that the
+Red reflects by great Odds more Light than the other) but also to
+distinguish Black and White from one another, though not from other
+Colours. And indeed, though in the Ribbonds that were offer'd him, they
+might be almost equally Rough, yet in such slender Corpuscles as those of
+Colour, there may easily enough be Conceiv'd, not only a greater Closeness
+of Parts, or else Paucity of Protuberant Corpuscles, and the little extant
+Particles may be otherwise Figur'd, and Rang'd in the White than in the
+Black, but the Cavities may be much Deeper in the one than the other.
+
+14. And perhaps, (_Pyrophilus_) it may prove some _Illustration of what I
+mean_, and help you to conceive how _this may_ be, if I Represent, that
+where the Particles are so exceeding Slender, we may allow the Parts
+expos'd to the Sight and Touch to be a little Convex in comparison of the
+Erected Particle of Black Bodies, as if there were Wyres I know not how
+many times Slenderer than a Hair: whether you suppose them to be Figur'd
+like Needles, or Cylindrically, like the Hairs of a Brush, with
+Hemisphaerical (or at least Convex) Tops, they will be so very Slender, and
+consequently the Points both of the one sort and the other so very Sharp,
+that even an exquisite Touch will be able to distinguish no greater
+Difference between them, than that which our Blind man allow'd, when
+comparing Black and White Bodies, he said, that the latter was the less
+Rough of the two. Nor is every Kind of Roughness, though Sensible enough,
+Inconsistent with Whiteness, there being Cases, wherein the Physical
+Superficies of a Body is made by the same Operation both _Rough_ and
+_white_, as when the Level Surface of clear Water being by agitation
+Asperated with a multitude of Unequal Bubbles, do's thereby acquire a
+Whiteness; and as a Smooth piece of Glass, by being Scratch'd with a
+Diamond, do's in the Asperated part of its Surface disclose the same
+Colour. But more (perchance) of this elsewhere.
+
+15. And therefore, we shall here pass by the Question, whether any thing
+might be consider'd about the Opacity of the Corpuscles of Black Pigments,
+and the _Comparative_ Diaphaneity of those of many White Bodies, apply'd to
+our present Case; and proceed, to represent, That the newly mention'd
+Exiguity and Shape of the extant Particles being suppos'd, it will then be
+considerable what we lately but Hinted, (and therefore must now somewhat
+Explane) That the Depth of the little Cavities, intercepted between the
+extant Particles, without being so much greater in Black Bodies than in
+White ones, as to be perceptibly so to the Gross Organs of Touch, may be
+very much greater in reference to their Disposition of Reflecting the
+imaginary subtile Beams of Light. For in Black Bodies, those Little
+intercepted Cavities, and other Depressions, may be so Figur'd, so Narrow
+and so Deep, that the incident Beams of Light, which the more extant Parts
+of the Physical Superficies are dispos'd to Reflect inwards, may be
+Detain'd there, and prove unable to Emerge; whilst in a White Body, the
+Slender Particles may not only by their Figure be fitted to Reflect the
+Light copiously outwards, but the intercepted Cavities being not Deep, nor
+perhaps very Narrow, the Bottoms of them may be so Constituted, as to be
+fit to Reflect outwards much of the Light that falls even upon Them; as you
+may possibly better apprehend, when we shall come to treat of Whiteness and
+Blackness. In the mean time it may suffice, that you take Notice with me,
+that the Blind mans Relations import no necessity of Concluding, that,
+though, because, according to the Judgment of his Touch, Black was the
+Roughest, as it is the Darkest of Colours, therefore White, which
+(according to us) is the Lightest, should be also the Smoothest: since I
+observe, that he makes Yellow to be two Degrees more Asperous than Blew,
+and as much less Asperous than Green; whereas indeed, Yellow do's not only
+appear to the Eye a Lighter Colour than Blew, but (by our first Experiment
+hereafter to be mention'd) it will appear, that Yellow reflected much more
+Light than Blew, and manifestly more than Green, (which we need not much
+wonder at, since in this Colour and the two others (Blew and Yellow) 'tis
+not _only_ the _Reflected Light_ that is to be considered, since to produce
+both these, _Refraction_ seems to Intervene, which by its Varieties may
+much alter the Case:) which both seems to strengthen the Conjecture I was
+formerly proposing, that there was something else in the _Kinds_ of
+Asperity, as well as in the _Degrees_ of it, which enabled our Blind man to
+Discriminate Colours, and do's at least show, that we cannot in all Cases
+from the bare Difference in the Degrees of Asperity betwixt Colours, safely
+conclude, that the Rougher of any two always Reflects the least Light.
+
+16. But this notwithstanding, (_Pyrophilus_) and what ever Curiosity I may
+have had to move some Questions to our Sagacious Blind man, yet thus much I
+think you will admit us to have gain'd by his Testimony, that since many
+Colours may be felt with the Circumstances above related, the Surfaces of
+such Coloured Bodies must certainly have differing _Degrees_, and in all
+probability have differing _Forms_ or Kinds of Asperity belonging to them,
+which is all the Use that my present attempt obliges me to make of the
+History above deliver'd, that being sufficient to prove, _that_ Colour do's
+much depend upon the Disposition of the Superficial parts of Bodies, and to
+shew in general, _wherein_ 'tis probable that such a Disposition do's
+(principally at least) consist.
+
+17. But to return to what I was saying before I began to make mention of
+our Blind _Organist_, what we have deliver'd touching the causes of the
+several Forms or Asperity that may Diversifie the Surfaces of Colour'd
+Bodies, may perchance somewhat assist us to make some Conjectures in the
+general, at several of the ways whereby 'tis possible for the Experiments
+hereafter to be mention'd, to produce the suddain changes of Colours that
+are wont to be Consequent upon them; for most of these _Phaenomena_ being
+produc'd by the Intervention of Liquors, and these for the most part
+abounding with very Minute, Active, and Variously Figur'd Saline
+Corpuscles, Liquors so Qualify'd may well enough very Nimbly after the
+Texture of the Body they are imploy'd to Work upon, and so may change the
+form of Asperity, and thereby make them Remit to the Eye the Light that
+falls on them, after another manner than they did before, and by that means
+Vary the Colour, so farr forth as it depends upon the Texture or
+Disposition of the Seen Parts of the Object, which I say, _Pyrophilus_,
+that you may not think I would absolutely exclude all other ways of
+Modifying the Beams of Light between their Parting from the Lucid Body, and
+their Reception into the common Sensory.
+
+18. Now there seem to me divers ways, by which we may conceive that Liquors
+may Nimbly alter the Colour of one another, and of other Bodies, upon which
+they Act, but my present haste will allow me to mention but some of them,
+without Insisting so much as upon those I shall name.
+
+19. And first, the Minute Corpuscles that compose a Liquor may early
+insinuate themselves into those Pores of Bodies, whereto their Size and
+Figure makes them Congruous, and these Pores they may either exactly Fill,
+or but Inadequately, and in this latter Case they will for the most part
+alter the Number and Figure, and always the Bigness of the former Pores.
+And in what capacity soever these Corpuscles of a Liquor come to be Lodg'd
+or Harbour'd in the Pores that admit them, the Surface of the Body will for
+the most part have its Asperity alter'd, and the Incident Light that meets
+with a Grosser Liquor in the little Cavities that before contain'd nothing
+but Air, or some yet Subtiler Fluid, will have its Beams either Refracted,
+or Imbib'd, or else Reflected more or less Interruptedly, than they would
+be, if the Body had been Unmoistned, as we see, that even fair Water
+falling on white Paper, or Linnen, and divers other Bodies apt to soak it
+in, will for some such Reasons as those newly mention'd, immediately alter
+the Colour of them, and for the most part make it Sadder than that of the
+Unwetted Parts of the same Bodies. And so you may see, that when in the
+Summer the High-ways are Dry and Dusty, if there falls store of Rain, they
+will quickly appear of a much Darker Colour than they did before, and if a
+Drop of Oyl be let fall upon a Sheet of White Paper, that part of it, which
+by the Imbibition of the Liquor acquires a greater Continuity, and some
+Transparency, will appear much Darker than the rest, many of the Incident
+Beams of Light being now Transmitted, that otherwise would be Reflected
+towards the Beholders Eyes.
+
+20. Secondly, A Liquor may alter the Colour of a Body by freeing it from
+those things that hindred it from appearing in its Genuine Colour; and
+though this may be said to be rather a Restauration of a Body to its own
+Colour, or a Retection of its native Colour, than a Change, yet still there
+Intervenes in it a change of the Colour which the Body appear'd to be of
+before this Operation. And such a change a Liquor may work, either by
+Dissolving, or Corroding, or by some such way of carrying off that Matter,
+which either Veil'd or Disguis'd the Colour that afterwards appears. Thus
+we restore Old pieces of Dirty Gold to a clean and nitid Yellow, by putting
+them into the Fire, and into _Aqua-fortis_, which take off the adventitious
+Filth that made that pure Metall look of a Dirty Colour. And there is also
+an easie way to restore Silver Coyns to their due Lustre, by fetching off
+that which Discolour'd them. And I know a _Chymical_ Liquor, which I
+employ'd to restore pieces of Cloath spotted with Grease to their proper
+Colour, by Imbibing the Spotted part with this Liquor, which Incorporating
+with the Grease, and yet being of a very Volatile Nature, does easily carry
+it away with it Self. And I have sometimes try'd, that by Rubbing upon a
+good Touch-stone a certain _Metalline_ mixture so Compounded, that the
+Impression it left upon the Stone appear'd of a very differing Colour from
+that of Gold, yet a little of _Aqua-fortis_ would in a Trice make the
+Golden Colour disclose it self, by Dissolving the other _Metalline_
+Corpuscles that conceal'd those of the Gold, which you know that
+_Menstruum_ will leave Untouch'd.
+
+21. Thirdly, A Liquor may alter the Colour of a Body by making a
+Comminution of its Parts, and that principally two ways, the first by
+Disjoyning and Dissipating those Clusters of Particles, if I may so call
+them, which stuck more Loosely together, being fastned only by some more
+easily Dissoluble Ciment, which seems to be the Case of some of the
+following Experiments, where you'l find the Colour of many Corpuscles
+brought to cohere by having been Precipitated together, Destroy'd by the
+Affusion of very peircing and incisive Liquors. The other of the two ways I
+was speaking of, is, by Dividing the Grosser and more Solid Particles into
+Minute ones, which will be always Lesser, and for the most part otherwise
+Shap'd than the Entire Corpuscle so Divided, as it will happen in a piece
+of Wood reduc'd into Splinters or Chips, or as when a piece of Chrystal
+heated red Hot and quench'd in Cold water is crack'd into a multitude of
+little Fragments, which though they fall not asunder, alter the Disposition
+of the Body of the Chrystal, as to its manner of Reflecting the Light, as
+we shall have Occasion to shew hereafter.
+
+22. There is a fourth way contrary to the third, whereby a Liquor may
+change the Colour of another Body, especially of another Fluid, and that
+is, by procuring the Coalition of several Particles that before lay too
+Scatter'd and Dispers'd to exhibit the Colour that afterwards appears. Thus
+sometimes when I have had a Solution of Gold so Dilated, that I doubted
+whether the Liquor had really Imbib'd any true Gold or no, by pouring in a
+little _Mercury_, I have been quickly able to satisfie my Self, that the
+Liquor contain'd Gold, that Mettall after a little while Cloathing the
+Surface of the _Quick-silver_, with a Thin Film of its own Livery. And
+chiefly, though not only by this way of bringing the Minute parts of Bodies
+together in such Numbers as to make them become Notorious to the Eye, many
+of these Colours seem to be Generated which are produc'd by Precipitations,
+especially by such as are wont to be made with fair Water, as when Resinous
+Gumms dissolv'd in Spirit of Wine, are let fall again, if the Spirit be
+Copiously diluted with that weakning Liquor. And so out of the Rectify'd
+and Transparent Butter of _Antimony_, by the bare Mixture of fair Water,
+there will be plentifully Precipitated that Milk-white Substance, which by
+having its Looser Salts well wash'd off, is turn'd into that Medicine,
+which Vulgar _Chymists_ are pleas'd to call _Mercurius Vitae._
+
+23. A fifth way, by which a Liquor may change the Colour of a Body, is, by
+Dislocating the Parts, and putting them out of their former Order into
+another, and perhaps also altering the Posture of the single Corpuscles as
+well as their Order or Situation in respect of one another. What certain
+Kinds of Commotion or Dislocation of the Parts of a Body may do towards the
+Changing its Colour, is not only evident in the Mutations of Colour
+observable in _Quick-silver_, and some other Concretes long kept by
+_Chymists_ in a Convenient Heat, though in close Vessels, but in the
+Obvious Degenerations of Colour, which every Body may take notice of in
+Bruis'd Cherries, and other Fruit, by comparing after a while the Colour of
+the Injur'd with that of the Sound part of the same Fruit. And that also
+such Liquors, as we have been speaking of, may greatly Discompose the
+Textures of many Bodies, and thereby alter the Disposition of their
+Superficial parts, the great Commotion made in Metalls, and several other
+Bodies by _Aqua-fortis_, Oyl of _Vitriol_, and other Saline _Menstruums_,
+may easily perswade us, and what such Vary'd Situations of Parts may do
+towards the Diversifying of the manner of their Reflecting the Light, may
+be Guess'd in some Measure by the Beating of Transparent Glass into a White
+Powder, but farr better by the Experiments lately Pointed at, and hereafter
+Deliver'd, as the Producing and Destroying Colours by the means of subtil
+Saline Liquors, by whose Affusion the Parts of other Liquors are manifestly
+both Agitated, and likewise Dispos'd after another manner than they were
+before such Affusion. And in some _Chymical_ Oyls, as particularly that of
+Lemmon Pills, by barely Shaking the Glass, that holds it, into Bubbles,
+that Transposition of the Parts which is consequent to the Shaking, will
+shew you on the Surfaces of the Bubbles exceeding Orient and Lively
+Colours, which when the Bubbles relapse into the rest of the Oyl, do
+immediately Vanish.
+
+24. I know not, _Pyrophilus_, whether I should mention as a Distinct way,
+because it is of a somewhat more General Nature, that Power, whereby a
+Liquor may alter the Colour of another Body, by putting the Parts of it
+into Motion; For though possibly the Motion so produc'd, does, as such,
+seldome suddenly change the Colour of the Body whose Parts are Agitated,
+yet this seems to be one of the most General, however not Immediate causes
+of the Quick change of Colours in Bodies. For the Parts being put into
+Motion by the adventitious Liquor, divers of them that were before United,
+may become thereby Disjoyn'd, and when that Motion ceases or decays others
+of them may stick together, and that in a new Order, by which means the
+Motion may sometimes produce Permanent changes of Colours, as in the
+Experiment you will meet with hereafter, of presently turning a Snowy White
+Body into a Yellow, by the bare Affusion of fair Water, which probably so
+Dissolves the Saline Corpuscles that remain'd in the _Calx_, and sets them
+at Liberty to Act upon one another, and the Metall, far more Powerfully
+than the Water without the Assistance of such Saline Corpuscles could do.
+And though you rubb Blew _Vitriol_, how Venereal and Unsophisticated soever
+it be, upon the Whetted Blade of a Knife, it will not impart to the Iron
+its Latent Colour, but if you moisten the _Vitriol_ with your Spittle, or
+common Water, the Particles of the Liquor disjoyning those of the
+_Vitriol_, and thereby giving them the Various Agitation requisite to Fluid
+Bodies, the Metalline Corpuscles of the thus Dissolv'd _Vitriol_ will Lodge
+themselves in Throngs in the Small and Congruous Pores of the Iron they are
+Rubb'd on, and so give the Surface of it the Genuine Colour of the Copper.
+
+25. There remains yet a way, _Pyrophilus_ to be mention'd, by which a
+Liquor may alter the Colour of another Body, and this seems the most
+Important of all, because though it be nam'd but as One, yet it may indeed
+comprehend Many, and that is, by Associating the Saline Corpuscles, or any
+other Sort of the more Rigid ones of the Liquor, with the Particles of the
+Body that it is employ'd to Work upon. For these Adventitious Corpuscles
+Associating themselves with the Protuberant Particles of the Surface of a
+Colour'd Body, must necessarily alter their Bigness, and will most commonly
+alter their Shape. And how much the Colours of Bodies depend upon the Bulk
+and Figure of their Superficial Particles, you may Guess by this, that
+eminent antient _Philosophers_ and divers _Moderns_, have thought that all
+Colours might in a general way be made out by these two; whose being
+Diversify'd, will in our Case be attended with these two Circumstances, the
+One, that the Protuberant Particles being Increas'd in Bulk, they will
+oftentimes be Vary'd as to the Closness or Laxity of their Order, fewer of
+them being contain'd within the same Sensible (though Minute) space than
+before; or else by approaching to one another, they must Straighten the
+Pores, and it may be too, they will by their manner of Associating
+themselves with the Protuberant Particles, intercept new Pores. And this
+invites me to consider farther, that the Adventitious Corpuscles, I have
+been speaking of, may likewise produce a great Change as well in the Little
+Cavities or Pores as in the Protuberances of a Colour'd Body; for besides
+what we have just now taken notice of, they may by Lodging themselves in
+those little Cavities, fill them up, and it may well happen, that they may
+not only fill the Pores they Insinuate themselves into, but likewise have
+their Upper Parts extant above them; and partly by these new Protuberances,
+partly by Increasing the Bulk of the former, these Extraneous Corpuscles
+may much alter the Number and Bigness of the Surfaces Pores, changing the
+Old and Intercepting new ones. And then 'tis Odds, but the Order of the
+Little Extancies, and consequently that of the Little Depressions in point
+of Situation will be alter'd likewise: as if you dissolve _Quick-silver_ in
+some kind of _Aqua-fortis_, the Saline Particles of the _Menstruum_
+Associating themselves with the Mercurial Corpuscles, will make a Green
+Solution, which afterwards easily enough Degenerates. And Red Lead or
+_Minium_ being Dissolv'd in Spirit of Vinegar, yields not a Red, but a
+Clear Solution, the Redness of the Lead being by the Liquor Destroy'd. But
+a better Instance may be taken from Copper, for I have try'd, that if upon
+a Copper-plate you let some Drops of weak _Aqua-fortis_ rest for a while,
+the Corpuscles of the _Menstruum_, joyning with those of the Metall, will
+produce a very sensible Asperity upon the Surface of the Plate, and will
+Concoagulate that way into very minute Grains of a Pale Blew _Vitriol_;
+whereas if upon another part of the same Plate you suffer a little strong
+Spirit of Urine to rest a competent time, you shall find the Asperated
+Surface adorn'd with a Deeper and Richer Blew. And the same _Aqua-fortis_,
+that will quickly change the Redness of Red Lead into a Darker Colour,
+will, being put upon Crude Lead, produce a Whitish Substance, as with
+Copper it did a Blewish. And as with Iron it will produce a Reddish, and on
+White Quills a Yellowish, so much may the Coalition of the Parts of the
+same Liquor, with the differingly Figur'd Particles of Stable Bodies,
+divers ways Asperate the differingly Dispos'd Surfaces, and to Diversifie
+the Colour of those Bodies. And you'l easily believe, that in many changes
+of Colour, that happen upon the Dissolutions of Metalls, and Precipitations
+made with Oyl of _Tartar_, and the like Fix'd Salts, there may Intervene a
+Coalition of Saline Corpuscles with the Particles of the Body Dissolv'd or
+Precipitated, if you examine how much the _Vitriol_ of a Metall may be
+Heavier than the Metalline part of it alone, upon the Score of the Saline
+parts Concoagulated therewith, and, that in Several Precipitations the
+weight of the _Calx_ does for the same Reason much exceed that of the
+Metall, when it was first put in to be Dissolv'd.
+
+26. But, _Pyrophilus_, to consider these Matters more particularly would be
+to forget that I declar'd against Adventuring, at least for this time, at
+particular Theories of Colours, and that accordingly you may justly expect
+from me rather Experiments than Speculations, and therefore I shall Dismiss
+this Subject of the Forms of Superficial Asperity in Colour'd Bodies, as
+soon as I shall but have nam'd to you by way of Supplement to what we have
+hitherto Discours'd in this Section, a Couple of Particulars, (which you'l
+easily grant me) The one, That there are divers other ways for the speedy
+Production even of True and Permanent Colours in Bodies, besides those
+Practicable by the help of Liquors; for proof of which Advertisement,
+though several Examples might be alleged, yet I shall need but Re-mind you
+of what I mention'd to you above, touching the change of Colours suddenly
+made on Temper'd Steel, and on Lead, by the Operation of Heat, without the
+Intervention of a Liquor. But the other particular I am to observe to you
+is of more Importance to our present Subject and it is, That though Nature
+and Art may in some cases so change the Asperity of the Superficial parts
+of a Body, as to change its Colour by either of the ways I have propos'd
+Single or Unassisted, yet for the most part 'tis by two or three, or
+perhaps by more of the fore-mention'd ways Associated together, that the
+Effect is produc'd, and if you consider how Variously those several ways
+and some others Ally'd unto them, which I have left unmention'd, may be
+Compounded and Apply'd, you will not much wonder that such fruitfull,
+whether Principles (or Manners of Diversification) should be fitted to
+Change or Generate no small store of Differing Colours.
+
+27. Hitherto, _Pyrophilus_, we have in discoursing of the Asperity of
+Bodies consider'd the little Protuberances of other Superficial particles
+which make up that Roughness, as if we took it for granted, that they must
+be perfectly Opacous and Impenetrable by the Beams of Light, and so, must
+contribute to the Variety of Colours as they terminate more or less Light,
+and reflect it to the Eye mix'd with more or less of thus or thus mingl'd
+Shades. But to deal Ingenuously with you, _Pyrophilus_, before I proceed
+any further, I must not conceal from you, that I have often thought it
+worth a Serious Enquiry, whether or no Particles of Matter, each of them
+sing'y Insensible, and therefore small enough to be capable of being such
+Minute Particles as the _Atomists_ both of old and of late have (not
+absurdly) called _Corpuscula Coloris_, may not yet consist each of them of
+divers yet Minuter Particles, betwixt which we may conceive little
+Commissures where they Adhere to one another, and, however, may not be
+Porous enough to be, at least in some degree, Pervious to the unimaginably
+subtile Corpuscles that make up the Beams of Light, and consequently to be
+in such a degree Diaphanous. For, _Pyrophilus_, that the proposed Enquiry
+may be of moment to him that searches after the Nature of Colour, you'l
+easily grant, if you consider, that whereas Perfectly Opacous bodies can
+but reflect the incident Beams of Light, those that are Diaphanous are
+qualified to refract them too, and that Refraction has such a stroak in the
+Production of Colours, as you cannot but have taken notice of, and perhaps
+admir'd in the Colours generated by the Trajection of Light through Drops
+of Water that exhibit a Rain-bow, through Prismatical glasses, and through
+divers other Transparent bodies. But 'tis like, _Pyrophilus_, you'l more
+easily allow that about this matter 'tis rather Important to have a
+Certainty, than that 'tis Rational to entertain a Doubt; wherefore I must
+mention to you some of the Reasons that make me think it may need a further
+Enquiry, for I find that in a Darkned Room, where the Light is permitted to
+enter but at One hole, the little wandering Particles of Dust, that are
+commonly called Motes, and, unless in the Sunbeams, are not taken notice of
+by the unassisted Sight, I have, I say, often observ'd, that these roving
+Corpuscles being look'd on by an Eye plac'd on one side of the Beams that
+enter'd the Little hole, and by the Darkness having its Pupill much
+Enlarg'd, I could discern that these Motes as soon as they came within the
+compass of the Luminous, whether Cylinder or Inverted Cone, if I may so
+call it, that was made up by the Unclouded Beams of the Sun, did in certain
+positions appear adorn'd with very vivid Colours, like those of the
+Rain-bow, or rather like those of very Minute, but Sparkling fragments of
+Diamonds; and as soon as the Continuance of their Motion had brought them
+to an Inconvenient position in reference to the Light and the Eye, they
+were only visible without Darting any lively Colours as before, which seems
+to argue that these little Motes, or minute Fragments, of several sorts of
+bodies reputed Opacous, and only crumbled as to their Exteriour and Looser
+parts into Dust, did not barely Reflect the Beams that fell upon them, but
+remit them to the Eye Refracted too. We may also observe, that several
+Bodies, (as well some of a Vegetable, as others of an Animal nature) which
+are wont to pass for Opacous, appear in great part Transparent, when they
+are reduc'd into Thin parts, and held against a powerful Light. This I have
+not only taken notice of in pieces of Ivory reduc'd but into Thick leaves,
+as also in divers considerable Thick shells of Fishes, and in shaving of
+Wood, but I have also found that a piece of Deal, far thicker than one
+would easily imagine, being purposly interposed betwixt my Eye plac'd in a
+Room, and the clear Daylight, was not only somewhat Transparent, but
+(perhaps by reason of its Gummous nature) appear'd quite through of a
+lovely Red. And in the Darkned Room above mention'd, Bodies held against
+the hole at which the Light enter'd, appear'd far less Opacous then they
+would elsewhere have done, insomuch that I could easily and plainly see
+through the whole Thickness of my Hand, the Motions of a Body plac'd (at a
+very near distance indeed, but yet) beyond it. And even in Minerals, the
+Opacity is not always so great as many think, if the Body be made Thin, for
+White Marble though of a pretty Thickness, being within a Due distance
+plac'd betwixt the Eye and a Convenient Light, will Suffer the Motions of
+ones Finger to be well discern'd through it, and so will pieces, Thick
+enough, of many common Flints. But above all, that Instance is remarkable,
+that is afforded us by _Muscovie_ glass, (which some call _Selenites_,
+others _Lapis Specularis_) for though plates of this Mineral, though but of
+a moderate Thickness, do often appear Opacous, yet if one of these be
+Dextrously split into the thinnest Leaves 'tis made up of, it will yield
+such a number of them, as scarce any thing but Experience could have
+perswaded me, and these Leaves will afford the most Transparent sort of
+consistent Bodies, that, for ought I have observ'd, are yet known; and a
+single Leaf or Plate will be so far from being Opacous, that 'twill scarce
+be so much as Visible. And multitudes of Bodies there are, whose Fragments
+seem Opacous to the naked Eye, which yet, when I have included them in good
+_Microscopes_, appear'd Transparent; but, _Pyrophilus_, on the other side I
+am not yet sure that there are no Bodies, whose Minute Particles even in
+such a _Microscope_ as that of mine, which I was lately mentioning, will
+not appear Diaphanous. For having consider'd _Mercury_ Precipitated _per
+se_, the little Granules that made up the powder, look'd like little
+fragments of Coral beheld by the naked Eye at a Distance (for very Near at
+hand Coral will sometimes, especially if it be Good, shew some
+Transparency.) Filings likewise of Steel and Copper, though in an excellent
+_Microscope_, and a fair Day, they show'd like pretty Big Fragments of
+those Metalls, and had considerable Brightness on some of their Surfaces,
+yet I was not satisfi'd, that I perceiv'd any Reflection from the Inner
+parts of any of the Filings. Nay, having look'd in my best _Microscope_
+upon the Red _Calx_ of Lead, (commonly call'd _Minium_) neither I, nor any
+I shew'd it to, could discern it to be other than Opacous, though the Day
+were Clear, and the Object strongly Enlightned. And the deeply Red Colour
+of _Vitriol_ appear'd in the same _Microscope_ (notwithstanding the great
+Comminution effected by the Fire) but like Grossy beaten Brick. So that,
+_Pyrophilus_, I shall willingly resign you the care of making some further
+Enquiries into the Subject we have now been considering; for I confess, as
+I told you before, that I think that the Matter may need a further
+Scrutiny, nor would I be forward to Determine how far or in what cases the
+Transparency or Semi-diaphaniety of the Superficial Corpuscles of Bigger
+Bodies, may have an Interest in the Production of their Colours, especially
+because that even in divers White bodies, as Beaten Glass, Snow and Froth,
+where it seems manifest that the Superficial parts are singly Diaphanous,
+(being either Water, or Air, or Glass) we see not that such Variety of
+Colours are produc'd as usually are by the Refraction of Light, even in
+those Bodies, when by their Bigness, Shape, &c. they are conveniently
+qualify'd to exhibit such Various and Lively Colours as those of the
+Rain-bow, and of Prismatical Glasses.
+
+28. By what has been hitherto discours'd, _Pyrophilus_, we may be assisted
+to judge of that famous Controversie which was of Old disputed betwixt the
+_Epicureans_ and other _Atomists_ on the one side, and most other
+_Philosophers_ on the other side. The former Denying Bodies to be Colour'd
+in the Dark, and the Latter making Colour to be an Inherent quality, as
+well as Figure, Hardness; Weight, or the like. For though this Controversie
+be Reviv'd, and hotly Agitated among the _Moderns_, yet I doubt whether it
+be not in great part a Nominal dispute, and therefore let us, according to
+the Doctrine formerly deliver'd, Distinguish the Acceptions of the word
+Colour, and say, that if it be taken in the Stricter Sense, the
+_Epicureans_ seem to be in the Right, for if Colour be indeed, though not
+according to them, but Light Modify'd, how can we conceive that it can
+Subsist in the Dark, that is, where it must be suppos'd there is no Light;
+but on the other side, if Colour be consider'd as a certain Constant
+Disposition of the Superficial parts of the Object to Trouble the Light
+they Reflect after such and such a Determinate manner, this Constant, and,
+if I may so speak, Modifying disposition persevering in the Object, whether
+it be Shin'd upon or no, there seems no just reason to deny, but that in
+this Sense, Bodies retain their Colour as well in the Night as Day; or, to
+Speak a little otherwise, it may be said, that Bodies are Potentially
+Colour'd in the Dark, and Actually in the Light. But of this Matter
+discoursing more fully elsewhere, as 'tis a difficulty that concerns
+Qualities in general, I shall forbear to insist on it here.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHAP. IV
+
+1. Of greater Moment in the Investigation of the Nature of Colours is the
+Controversie, Whether those of the Rain-bow, and those that are often seen
+in Clouds, before the Rising, or after the Setting of the Sun; and in a
+word, Whether those other Colours, that are wont to be call'd Emphatical,
+ought or ought not to be accounted True Colours. I need not tell you that
+the Negative is the Common Opinion, especially in the Schools, as may
+appear by that Vulgar distinction of Colours, whereby these under
+Consideration are term'd Apparent, by way of Opposition to those that in
+the other Member of the Distinction are call'd True or Genuine. This
+question I say seems to me of Importance, upon this Account, that it being
+commonly Granted, (or however, easie enough to be Prov'd) that Emphatical
+Colours are Light it self Modify'd by Refractions chiefly, with a
+concurrence sometimes of Reflections, and perhaps some other Accidents
+depending on these two; if these Emphatical Colours be resolv'd to be
+Genuine, it will seem consequent, that Colours, or at least divers of them,
+are but Diversify'd Light, and not such Real and Inherent qualities as they
+are commonly thought to be.
+
+2. Now since we are wont to esteem the Echoes and other Sounds of Bodies,
+to be True Sounds, all their Odours to be True Odours, and (to be short)
+since we judge other Sensible Qualities to be True ones, because they are
+the proper Objects of some or other of our Senses, I see not why Emphatical
+Colours, being the proper and peculiar Objects of the Organ of Sight, and
+capable to Affect it as Truly and as Powerfully as other Colours, should be
+reputed but Imaginary ones.
+
+And if we have (which perchance you'l allow) formerly evinc'd Colour, (when
+the word is taken in its more Proper sense) to be but Modify'd Light, there
+will be small Reason to deny these to be true Colours, which more
+manifestly than others disclose themselves to be produc'd by
+Diversifications of the Light.
+
+3. There is indeed taken notice of a Difference betwixt these Apparent
+colours, and those that are wont to be esteem'd Genuine, as to the
+Duration, which has induc'd some Learned Men to call the former rather
+Evanid than Fantastical. But as the Ingenious _Gassendus_ does somewhere
+Judiciously observe, if this way of Arguing were Good, the Greeness of a
+Leaf ought to pass for Apparent, because, soon Fading into a Yellow, it
+Scarce lasts at all, in comparison of the Greeness of an Emerauld. I shall
+add, that if the Sun-beams be in a convenient manner trajected through a
+Glass-prism, and thrown upon some well-shaded Object within a Room, the
+Rain-bow thereby Painted on the Surface of the Body that Terminates the
+Beams, may oftentimes last longer than Some Colours I have produc'd in
+certain Bodies, which would justly, and without scruple be accounted
+Genuine Colours, and yet suddenly Degenerate, and lose their Nature.
+
+4. A greater Disparity betwixt Emphatical Colours, and others, may perhaps
+be taken from this, that Genuine Colours seem to be produc'd in Opacous
+Bodies by Reflection, but Apparent ones in Diaphanous Bodies, and
+principally by Refraction, I say Principally rather than Solely, because in
+some cases Reflection also may concurr, but still this seems not to
+conclude these Latter Colours not to be True ones. Nor must what has been
+newly said of the Differences of True and Apparent Colours, be interpreted
+in too Unlimited a Sense, and therefore it may perhaps somewhat Assist you,
+both to Reflect upon the two fore-going Objections, and to judge of some
+other Passages which you'l meet with in this Tract, if I take this Occasion
+to observe to you, that if Water be Agitated into Froth, it exhibits you
+know a White colour, which soon after it Loses upon the Resolution of the
+Bubbles into Air and Water, now in this case either the Whiteness of the
+Froth is a True Colour or not, if it be, then True Colours, supposing the
+Water pure and free from Mixtures of any thing Tenacious, may be as
+Short-liv'd as those of the Rain-bow; also the Matter, wherein the
+Whiteness did Reside, may in a few moments perfectly Lose all foot-steps or
+remains of it. And besides, even Diaphanous Bodies may be capable of
+exhibiting True Colours by Reflection, for that Whiteness is so produc'd,
+we shall anon make it probable. But if on the other side it be said, that
+the Whiteness of Froth is an Emphatical Colour, then it must no longer be
+said, that Fantastical Colours require a certain Position of the Luminary
+and the Eye, and must be Vary'd or Destroy'd by the Change thereof, since
+Froth appears White, whether the Sun be Rising or Setting, or in the
+Meridian, or any where between it and the Horizon, and from what
+(Neighbouring) place soever the Beholders Eye looks upon it. And since by
+making a Liquor Tenacious enough, yet without Destroying its Transparency,
+or Staining it with any Colour, you may give the Little Films, whereof the
+Bubbles consist, such a Texture, as may make the Froth last very many
+Hours, if not some Days, or even Weeks, it will render it somewhat Improper
+to assign Duration for the Distinguishing Character to Discriminate Genuine
+from Fantastical Colours. For such Froth may much outlast the Undoubtedly
+true Colours of some of Nature's Productions, as in that Gaudy Plant not
+undeservedly call'd the Mervail of _Peru_, the Flowers do often Fade, the
+same Day they are Blown; And I have often seen a _Virginian_ Flower, which
+usually Withers within the compass of a Day; and I am credibly Inform'd,
+that not far from hence a curious Herborist has a Plant, whose Flowers
+perish in about an Hour. But if the Whiteness of Water turn'd into Froth
+must therefore be reputed Emphatical, because it appears not that the
+Nature of the Body is Alter'd, but only that the Disposition of its Parts
+in reference to the Incident Light is Chang'd, why may not the Whiteness be
+accounted Emphatical too, which I shall shew anon to be Producible, barely
+by such another change in Black Horn? and yet this so easily acquir'd
+Whiteness seems to be as truly its Colour as the Blackness was before, and
+at least is more Permanent than the Greenness of Leaves, the Redness of
+Roses, and, in short, than the Genuine Colours of the most part of Nature's
+Productions. It may indeed be further Objected, that according as the Sun
+or other Luminous Body changes place, these Emphatical Colours alter or
+vanish. But not to repeat what I have just now said, I shall add, that if a
+piece of Cloath in a Drapers Shop (in such the Light being seldome Primary)
+be variously Folded, it will appear of differing Colours, as the Parts
+happen to be more Illuminated or more Shaded, and if you stretch it Flat,
+it will commonly exhibit some one Uniform Colour, and yet these are not
+wont to be reputed Emphatical, so that the Difference seems to be chiefly
+this, that in the Case of the Rain-bow, and the like, the Position of the
+Luminary Varies the Colour, and in the Cloath I have been mentioning, the
+Position of the Object does it. Nor am I forward to allow that in all Cases
+the Apparition of Emphatical Colours requires a Determinate position of the
+Eye, for if Men will have the Whiteness of Froth Emphatical, you know what
+we have already Inferr'd from thence. Besides, the Sun-beams trajected
+through a Triangular Glass, after the manner lately mention'd, will, upon
+the Body that Terminates them, Paint a Rain-bow, that may be seen whether
+the Eye be plac'd on the Right Hand of it or the Left, or Above or Beneath
+it, or Before or Behind it; and though there may appear some Little
+Variation in the Colours of the Rain-bow, beheld from Differing parts of
+the Room, yet such a Diversity may be also observ'd by an Attentive Eye in
+Real Colours, look'd upon under the like Circumstances, Nor will it follow,
+that because there remains no Footsteps of the Colour upon the Object, when
+the Prism is Remov'd, that therefore the Colour was not Real, since the
+Light was truly Modify'd by the Refraction and Reflection it Suffer'd in
+its Trajection through the Prism; and the Object in our case serv'd for a
+Specular Body, to Reflect that Colour to the Eye. And that you may not be
+Startled, _Pyrophilus_, that I should Venture to say, that a Rough and
+Coiour'd Object may serve for a _Speculum_ to Reflect the Artificial
+Rain-bow I have been mentioning, consider what usually happens in Darkned
+Rooms, where a Wall, or other Body conveniently Situated within, may so
+Reflect the Colours of Bodies, without the Room, that they may very clearly
+be Discern'd and Distinguish'd, and yet 'tis taken for granted, that the
+Colours seen in a Darkned Room, though they leave no Traces of themselves
+upon the Wall or Body that Receives them, are the True Colours of the
+External Objects, together with which the Colours of the Images are Mov'd
+or do Rest. And the Errour is not in the Eye, whose Office is only to
+perceive the Appearances of things, and which does Truly so, but in the
+Judging or Estimative faculty, which Mistakingly concludes that Colour to
+belong to the Wall, which does indeed belong to the Object, because the
+Wall is that from whence the Beams of Light that carry the Visible
+_Species_, do come in Straight Lines directly to the Eye, as for the same
+Reason we are wont at a certain Distance from Concave Sphaerical Glasses, to
+perswade our Selves that we see the Image come forth to Meet us, and Hang
+in the Air betwixt the Glass and Us, because the Reflected Beams that
+Compose the image cross in that place, where the Image seems to be, and
+thence, and not from the Glass, do in Direct Lines take their Course to the
+Eye, and upon the like Cause it is, that divers Deceptions in Sounds and
+other Sensible Objects do depend, as we elsewhere declare.
+
+5. I know not, whether I need add, that I have purposely Try'd, (as you'l
+find some Pages hence, and will perhaps think somewhat strange) that
+Colours that are call'd Emphatical, because not Inherent in, the Bodies in
+which they Appear, may be Compounded with one another, as those that are
+confessedly Genuine may. But when all this is said, _Pyrophilus_, I must
+Advertise you, that it is but Problematically Spoken, and that though I
+think the Opinion I have endeavour'd to fortifie Probable, yet a great part
+of our Discourse concerning Colours may be True, whether that Opinion be so
+or not.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHAP. V.
+
+1. There are you know, _Pyrophilus_, besides those Obsolete Opinions about
+Colours which have been long since Rejected, very Various Theories that
+have each of them, even at this day, Eminent Men for its Abetters; for the
+Peripatetick Schools, though they dispute amongst themselves divers
+particulars concerning Colours, yet in this they seem Unanimously enough to
+Agree, that Colours are Inherent and Real Qualities, which the Light doth
+but Disclose, and not concurr to Produce. Besides there are _Moderns_, who
+with a slight Variation adopt the Opinion of _Plato_, and as he would have
+Colour to be nothing but a Kind of Flame consisting of Minute Corpuscles as
+it were Darted by the Object against the Eye, to whose Pores their
+Littleness and Figure made them congruous, so these would have Colour to be
+an Internal Light of the more Lucid parts of the Object, Darkned and
+consequently Alter'd by the Various Mixtures of the less Luminous parts.
+There are also others, who in imitation of some of the Ancient _Atomists_,
+make Colour not to be Lucid steam, but yet a Corporeal _Effluvium_ issuing
+out of the Colour'd Body, but the Knowingst of these have of late Reform'd
+their Hypothesis, by acknowledging and adding that some External Light is
+necessary to Excite, and as _they_ speak, Sollicit these Corpuscles of
+Colour as _they_ call them, and Bring them to the Eye. Another and more
+principal Opinion of the _Modern_ Philosophers, to which this last nam'd
+may by a Favourable explication be reconcil'd, is that which derives
+Colours from the Mixture of Light and Darkness, or rather Light and
+Shadows. And as for the _Chymists_ 'tis known, that the generality of them
+ascribes the Origine of Colours to the Sulphureous Principle in Bodies,
+though I find, as I elsewhere largely shew, that some of the Chiefest of
+them derive Colours rather from Salt than Sulphur, and others, from the
+third Hypostatical Principle, _Mercury_. And as for the _Cartesians_ I need
+not tell you, that they, supposing the Sensation of Light to bee produc'd
+by the Impulse made upon the Organs of Sight, by certain extremely Minute
+and Solid Globules, to which the Pores of the Air and other Diaphanous
+bodies are pervious, endeavour to derive the Varieties of Colours from the
+Various Proportion of the Direct Progress or Motion of these Globules to
+their Circumvolution or Motion about their own Centre, by which Varying
+Proportion they are by this Hypothesis suppos'd qualify'd to strike the
+Optick Nerve after several Distinct manners, so to produce the perception
+of Differing Colours.
+
+2. Besides these six principal Hypotheses, _Pyrophilus_, there may be some
+others, which though Less known, may perhaps as well as thesc deserve to be
+taken into consideration by you; but that I should copiously debate any of
+them at present, I presume you will not expect, if you consider the Scope
+of these Papers, and the Brevity I have design'd in them, and therefore I
+shall at this time only take notice to you in the general of two or three
+things that do more peculiarly concern the Treatise you have now in your
+hands.
+
+3. And first, though the Embracers of the Several Hypotheses I have been
+naming to you, by undertaking each Sect of them to explicate Colours
+indefinitely, by the particular Hypotheses they maintain, seem to hold it
+forth as the only Needful Theory about that Subject, yet for my part I
+doubt whether any one of all these Hypotheses have a right to be admitted
+Exclusively to all others, for I think it Probable, that Whiteness and
+Blackness may be explicated by Reflection alone without Refraction, as
+you'l find endeavour'd in the Discourse you'l meet with e're long Of the
+Origine of Whiteness and Blackness, and on the other side, since I have not
+found that by any Mixture of White and True Black, (for there is a Blewish
+Black which many mistake for a Genuine) there can be a Blew, a Yellow, or a
+Red, to name no other Colours, produced, and since we do find that these
+Colours may be produc'd in the Glass-prism and other Transparent bodies, by
+the help of Refractions, it seems that Refraction is to be taken in into
+the Explication of some Colours, to whose Generation they seem to concurr,
+either by making a further or other Commixture of Shades with the Refracted
+Light, or by some other way not now to be discours'd. And as it seems not
+improbable, that in case the Pores of the Air, and other Diaphanous bodies
+be every where almost fill'd with such _Globuli_ as the _Cartesians_
+suppose, the Various kind of Motion of these _Globuli_, may in many cases
+have no small stroak in Varying our Perception of Colour, so without the
+Supposition of these _Globuli_, which 'tis not so easie to evince, I think
+we may probably enough conceive in general, that the Eye may be Variously
+affected, not only by the Entire Beams of Light that fall upon it as they
+are such, but by the Order, and by the Degree of Swiftness, and in a word
+by the Manner according to which the Particles that compose each Particular
+Beam arrive at the Sensory, so that whatever be the Figure of the Little
+Corpuscles, of which the Beams of Light consist, not only the Celerity or
+Slowness of their Revolution or Rotation in reference to their Progressive
+Motion, but their more Absolute Celerity, their Direct or Undulating
+Motion, and other Accidents, which may attend their Appulse to the Eye, may
+fit them to make Differing Impressions on it.
+
+4. Secondly, For these and the like Considerations, _Pyrophilus_, I must
+desire that you would look upon this little Treatise, not as a Discourse
+written Principally to maintain any of the fore-mention'd Theories,
+Exclusively to all others, or substitute a New one of my Own, but as the
+beginning of a History of Colours, upon which, when you and your Ingenious
+friends shall have Enrich'd it, a Solid Theory may be safely built. But yet
+because this History is not meant barely for a Register of the things
+recorded in it, but for an _Apparatus_ to a sound and comprehensitive
+Hypothesis, I thought fit, so to temper the whole Discourse, as to make it
+as conducible, as conveniently I can to that End, and therefore I have not
+scrupled to let you see that I was willing, as to save you the labour of
+Cultivating some Theories that I thought would never enable you to reach
+the Ends you aim at, so to contract your Enquiries into a Narrow compass,
+for both which purposes I thought it requisite to do these two things, the
+_One_, to set down some Experiments which by the help of the Reflections
+and Insinuations that attend them, may assist you to discover the
+Infirmness and Insufficiency both of the common Peripatetick Doctrine, and
+of the now more applauded Theory of the _Chymists_ about Colour, because
+those two Doctrines having Possess'd themselves, the one of the most part
+of the Schools, and the other of the Esteem of the Generality ef Physicians
+and other Learned Men, whose Professions and Ways of Study do not exact
+that they should Scrupulously examine the very First and Simplest
+Principles of Nature, I fear'd it would be to little purpose, without doing
+something to discover the Insufficiency of these Hypotheses, that I should,
+(which was the _Other_ thing I thought requisite for me to do) set down
+among my other Experiments those in the greatest Number, that may let you
+see, that, till I shall be Better Inform'd, I encline to take Colour to be
+a Modification of Light, and would invite you chiefly to Cultivate that
+Hypothesis, and Improve it to the making out of the Generation of
+Particular Colours, as I have Endeavour'd to apply it to the Explication of
+Whiteness and Blackness.
+
+5. Thirdly. But, _Pyrophilus_, though this be at present the Hypothesis I
+preferr, yet I propose it but in a General Sense, teaching only that the
+Beams of Light, Modify'd by the Bodies whence they are sent (Reflected or
+Refracted) to the Eye, produce there that Kind of Sensation, Men commonly
+call Colour; But whether I think this Modification of the Light to be
+perform'd by Mixing it with Shades, or by Varying the Proportion of the
+Progress and Rotation of the _Cartesian Globuli Caelestes_, or by some other
+way which I am not now to mention, I pretend not here to Declare. Much less
+do I pretend to Determine, or scarce so much as to Hope to know all that
+were requisite to be Known, to give You, or even my Self, a perfect account
+of the Theory of Vision and Colours, for in Order to such an undertaking I
+would first Know what Light is, and if it be a Body (as a Body or the
+Motion of a Body it seems to be) what Kind of Corpuscles for Size and Shape
+it consists of, with what Swiftness they move Forwards, and Whirl about
+their own Centres. Then I would Know the Nature of Refraction, which I take
+to be one of the Abstrusest things (not to explicate Plausibly, but to
+explicate Satisfactorily) that I have met with in Physicks; I would further
+Know what Kind and what Degree of Commixture of Darkness or Shades is made
+by Refractions or Reflections, or both, in the Superficial particles of
+those Bodies, that being Shin'd upon, constantly exhibit the one, for
+Instance, a Blew, the other a Yellow, the third a Red Colour; I would
+further Know why this Contemperation of Light and Shade, that is made, for
+Example, by the Skin of a Ripe Cherry, should exhibit a Red, and not a
+Green, and the Leaf of the same Tree should exhibit a Green rather than a
+Red; and indeed, Lastly, why since the Light that is Modify'd into these
+Colours consists but of Corpuscles moved against the _Retina_ or Pith of
+the Optick Nerve, it should there not barely give a Stroak, but produce a
+Colour, whereas a Needle wounding likewise the Eye, would not produce
+Colour but Pain. These, and perhaps other things I should think requisite
+to be Known, before I should judge my Self to have fully Comprehended the
+True and Whole Nature of Colours; and therefore, though by making the
+Experiments and Reflections deliver'd in this Paper, I have endeavour'd
+somewhat to Lessen my Ignorance in this Matter, and think it far more
+Desireable to discover a Little, than to discover Nothing, yet I pretend
+but to make it Probable by the Experiments I mention, that some Colours may
+be Plausibly enough Explicated in the General by the Doctrine here
+propos'd; For whensoever I would Descend to the Minute and Accurate
+Explication of Particulars, I find my Self very Sensible of the great
+Obscurity of things, without excepting those which we never see but when
+they are Enlightned, and confess with _Scaliger_[5], _Latet natura haec_,
+(says he, Speaking of that of Colour) _& sicut aliarum rerum species in
+profundissima caligine inscitiae humanae._
+
+  [5] Exercitat. 325 Parag. 4
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                      _THE_
+             _EXPERIMENTAL HISTORY_
+                  _OF COLOURS._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    PART. II.
+
+         _Of the Nature of Whiteness and_
+                   _Blackness._
+
+CHAP. I.
+
+1. Though after what I have acknowledged, _Pyrophilus_, of the Abstruse
+Nature of Colours in _particular_, you will easily believe, that I pretend
+not to give you a Satisfactory account of Whiteness and Blackness; Yet not
+wholly to frustrate your Expectation of my offering something by way of
+Specimen towards the Explication of some Colours in particular, I shall
+make choice of These as the most Simple Ones, (and by reason of their
+mutual Opposition the Least hardly explicable) about which to present you
+my Thoughts, upon condition you will take them at most to be my
+Conjectures, not my Opinions.
+
+2. When I apply'd my Self to consider, how the cause of Whiteness might be
+explan'd by Intelligible and Mechanical Principles, I remembred not to have
+met with any thing among the Antient _Corpuscularian_ Philosophers,
+touching the Quality we call Whiteness, save that _Democritus_ is by
+_Aristotle_ said to have ascrib'd the Whiteness of Bodies to their
+Smoothness, and on the contrary their Blackness to their Asperity.[6] But
+though about the Latter of those Qualities his Opinion be allowable, as we
+shall see anon, yet that he heeds a Favourable Interpretation in what is
+Deliver'd concerning the First, (at least if his Doctrine be not
+Mis-represented in this point, as it has been in many others) we shall
+quickly have Occasion to manifest. But amongst the _Moderns_, the most
+Learned _Gassendus_ in his Ingenious Epistle publish'd in the Year 1642.
+_De apparente Magnitudine solis humilis & sublimis_, reviving the
+_Atomical_ Philosophy, has, though but Incidentally, deliver'd something
+towards the Explication of Whiteness upon Mechanical Principles: And
+because no Man that I know of, has done so before him, I shall, to be sure
+to do him Right, give you his Sense in his own Words:[7] _Cogites velim_
+(says he) _lucem quidem in Diaphano nullius coloris videri, sed in Opaco
+tamen terminante Candicare, ac tanto magis, quanto densior seu collectior
+fuerit. Deinde aquam non esse quidem coloris ex se candidi & radium tamen
+ex ea reflexum versus oculum candicare. Rursus cum plana aquae Superficies
+non nisi ex una parte eam reflexionem faciat: si contigerit tamen illam in
+aliquot bullas intumescere, bullam unamquamque reflectionem facere, &
+candoris speciem creare certa Superficiei parte. Ad haec Spumam ex aqua pura
+non alia ratione videri candescere & albescerere quam quod sit congeries
+confertissima minutissimarum bullarum, quarum unaquaeque suum radium
+reflectit, unde continens candor alborve apparet. Denique Nivem nihil aliud
+videri quam speciem purissimae spumae ex bullulis quam minutissimis &
+confertissimis cohaerentis. Sed ridiculam me exhibeam, si tales meas nugas
+uberius proponem._
+
+  [6] _Album quippe & agrum, hoc quidem asperum esse dicit, hoc vero laeve.
+  de Sensu & Sensib. 3. 3._
+
+  [7] Epist. 2. pag. 45.
+
+3. But though in this passage, that very Ingenous Person has Anticipated
+part of what I should say; Yet I presume you will for all that expect, that
+I should give you a fuller Account of that Notion of Whiteness, which I
+have the least Exceptions to, and of the Particulars whence I deduce it,
+which to do, I must mention to you the following Experiments and
+Observations.
+
+Whiteness then consider'd as a Quality in the Object, seems chiefly to
+depend upon this, That the Superficies of the Body that is call'd White, is
+Asperated by almost innumerable Small Surfaces, which being of an almost
+Specular Nature, are also so Plac'd, that some Looking this way, and some
+that way, they yet Reflect the Rays of Light that fall on them, not towards
+one another, but outwards towards the Spectators Eye. In this Rude and
+General account of Whiteness, it seems that besides those Qualities, which
+are common to Bodies of other Colours, as for instance the Minuteness and
+Number of the Superficial parts, the two chief things attributed to Bodies
+as White are made to be, First, that its Little Protuberances and
+Superficial parts be of somewhat a Specular Nature, that they may as little
+Looking-glasses each of them Reflect the Beams it receives, (or the little
+Picture of the Sun made on it) without otherwise considerably Altering
+them; whereas in most other Colours, they are wont to be much Chang'd, by
+being also Refracted, or by being Return'd to the Eye, mixt with Shades or
+otherwise. And next, that its Superficial parts be so Situated, that they
+Retain not the Incident Rays of Light by Reflecting them Inwards, but Send
+them almost all Back, so that the Outermost Corpuscles of a White Body,
+having their Various Little Surfaces of a Specular Nature, a Man can from
+no place Behold the Body, but that there will be among those Innumerable
+_Superficieculae_, that Look some one way, and some another, enough of them
+Obverted to his Eye, to afford like a broken Looking-glass, a confused
+Idaea, or Representation of Light, and make such an Impression on the Organ,
+as that for which Men are wont to call a Body White. But this Notion will
+perhaps be best Explan'd by the same Experiments and Observations, on which
+it is Built, And therefore I shall now advance to _Them_.
+
+4. And in the first place I consider, that the Sun and other Powerfully
+Lucid Bodies, are not only wont to Offend, which we call to Dazle our Eyes,
+but that if any Colour be to be Ascrib'd to them as they are Lucid, it
+seems it should be Whiteness: For the Sun at Noon-day, and in Clear
+weather, and when his Face is less Troubled, and as it were Stained by the
+Steams of Sublunary Bodies, and when his Beams have much less of the
+Atmosphere to Traject in their Passage to our Eyes, appears of a Colour
+more approaching to White, than when nearer the Horizon, the Interposition
+of certain Sorts of Fumes and Vapours make him oftentimes appear either
+Red, or at least more Yellow. And when the Sun Shines upon that Natural
+Looking-glass, a Smooth water, that part of it, which appears to this or
+that particular Beholder, the most Shin'd on, does to his Eye seem far
+Whiter than the rest. And here I shall add, that I have sometimes had the
+Opportunity to observe a thing, that may make to my present purpose,
+namely, that when the Sun was Veil'd over as it were, with a Thin White
+Cloud, and yet was too Bright to be Look'd upon Directly without Dazling,
+by casting my Eyes upon a Smooth water, as we sometimes do to observe
+Eclipses without prejudice to our Eyes, the Sun then not far from the
+Meridian, appear'd to me not Red, but so White, that 'twas not without some
+Wonder, that I made the Observation. Besides, though we in _English_ are
+wont to say, a thing is Red hot, as an Expression of its being
+Superlatively _Ignitum_, (if I may so Speak for want of a proper _English_
+word) yet in the Forges of Smiths, and the Furnaces of other Artificers, by
+that which they call a White heat, they mean a further Degree of
+_Ignition_, than by that which both they and we call a Red heat.
+
+5. Secondly, I consider, that common Experience informs us, that as much
+Light Over-powers the Eye, so when the Ground is covered with Snow, (a Body
+extremely White) those that have Weak Eyes are wont to complain of too much
+Light: And even those that have not, are generally Sensible of an
+Extraordinary measure of Light in the Air; and if they are fain to Look
+very long upon the Snow, find their Sight Offended by it. On which occasion
+we may call to mind what _Xenophon_ relates, that his _Cyrus_ marching his
+Army for divers days through Mountains covered with Snow, the Dazling
+splendor of its Whiteness prejudic'd the Sight of very many of his
+Souldiers, and Blinded some of them; and other Stories of that Nature be
+met with in Writers of good Note. And the like has been affirm'd to me by
+credible Persons of my own Acquaintance, and especially by one who though
+Skill'd in Physick and not Ancient confess'd to me when I purposely ask'd
+him, that not only during his stay in _Muscovy_, he found his Eyes much
+Impair'd, by being reduc'd frequently to Travel in the Snow, but that the
+Weakness of his Eyes did not Leave him when he left that Country, but has
+follow'd him into these Parts, and yet continues to Trouble him. And to
+this doth agree what I as well as others have observ'd, namely, that when I
+Travell'd by Night, when the Ground was all cover'd with Snow, though the
+Night otherwise would not have been Lightsome, yet I could very well see to
+Choose my way. But much more Remarkable to my present purpose is that,
+which I have met with in _Olaus Magnus_,[8] concerning the way of
+Travelling in Winter in the _Northern_ Regions, where the Days of that
+Season are so very Short; for after other things not needfull to be here
+Transcribed: _Iter_, says he, _Diurnum duo scilicet montana milliaria (quae
+12 Italica sunt) consiciunt. Nocte vero sub splendissima luna, duplatum
+iter consumunt aut triplatum. Neque id incommode fit, cum nivium
+reverberatione lunaris splendoris sublimes & declives campos illustret, ac
+etiam montium praecipitia ac noxias feras a lorge prospiciant evitandas_.
+Which Testimony I the less Scruple to allege, because that it agrees very
+well with what has been Affirm'd to me by a Physician of _Mosco_, whom the
+Notion I have been Treating of concerning Whiteness invited me to ask
+whether he could not See much farther when he Travell'd by Night in
+_Russia_ than he could do in _England_, or elsewhere, when there was no
+Snow upon the Ground; For this Ingenious Person inform'd me, that he could
+See Things at a farr greater Distance, and with more Clearness, when he
+Travell'd by Night on the _Russian_ Snow, though without the Assistance of
+Moon-shine, than we in these Parts would easily be perswaded. Though it
+seems not unlikely to me, that the Intenseness of the Cold may contribute
+something to the considerableness of the Effect, by much Clearing the Air
+of Darkish Steams, which in these more Temperate Climates are wont to
+Thicken it in Snowy weather: For having purposely inquir'd of this Doctor,
+and consulted that Ingenious Navigator Captain _James_'s Voyage hereafter
+to be further mention'd, I find both their Relations agree in this, that in
+Dark Frosty Nights they could Discover more Stars, and See the rest Clearer
+than we in _England_ are wont to do.
+
+  [8] Gent. Septen. Histor. lib. 4 cap. 13.
+
+6. I know indeed that divers Learned Men think, that Snow so strongly
+Affects our Eye, not by a Borrow'd, but a Native Light; But I venture to
+give it as a Proof, that White Bodies reflect more Light than Others,
+because having once purposely plac'd a parcel of Snow in a Room carefully
+Darkned, that no Celestial Light might come to fall upon it; neither I, nor
+an ingenous Person, (Skill'd in Opticks) whom I desir'd for a Witness,
+could find, that it had any other Light than what it receiv'd. And however,
+'tis usual among those that Travel in Dark Nights, that the Guides wear
+something of White to be Discern'd by, there being scarce any Night so
+Dark, but that in the Free Air there remains some Light, though Broken and
+Debilitated perhaps by a thousand Reflections from the Opacous Corpuscles
+that Swim in the Air, and lend it to one another before it comes to arrive
+at the Eye.
+
+7. Thirdly, And the better to shew that White Bodies reflect store of
+Light, in comparson of those that are otherwise Colour'd, I did in the
+Darkn'd Room, formerly mention'd, hold not far from the Hole, at which the
+Light was admitted, a Sheet only of White Paper, from whence casting the
+Sun-beams upon a White Wall, whereunto it was Obverted, it manifestly
+appear'd both to Me, and to the Person I took for a Witness of the
+Experiment, that it Reflected a far greater Light, than any of the other
+Colours formerly mention'd, the Light so thrown upon one Wall notably
+Enlightning it, and by it a good part of the Room. And yet further to show
+you, that White Bodies Reflect the Beams From them, and not Towards
+themselves, Let me add, that Ordinary Burning-glasses, such as are wont to
+be employ'd to light Tobacco, will not in a great while Burn, or so much as
+Discolour a Sheet of White Paper. Insomuch that even when I was a Boy, and
+Lov'd to make Tryals with Burning-glasses, I could not but wonder at this
+Odd _Phaenomenon_, which set me very Early upon Guessing at the Nature of
+Whiteness, especially because I took notice, that the Image of the Sun upon
+a White Paper was not so well Defin'd (the Light seeming too Diffus'd) as
+upon Black, and because I try'd, that Blacking over the Paper with Ink, not
+only the Ink would be quickly Dry'd up, but the Paper that I could not Burn
+before, would be quickly set on Fire. I have also try'd, that by exposing
+my Hand with a Thin Black Glove over it to the Warm Sun, it was thereby
+very quickly and considerably more Heated, than if I took off the Glove,
+and held my Hand Naked, or put on it another Glove of Thin but White
+Leather. And having thus shewn you, _Pyrophilus_, that White Bodies reflect
+the most Light of any, let us now proceed, to consider what is further to
+be taken notice of in them, in order to our present Enquiry.
+
+8. And Fourthly, whereas among the Dispositions we attributed to White
+Bodies, we also intimated this, That such Bodies are apt, like _Speculums_,
+though but Imperfect ones, to Reflect the Light that falls on them
+Untroubled or Unstain'd, we shall besides other particulars to be met with
+in these Papers, offer you this in favour of the Conjecture; That in the
+Darkned Room several times mention'd in this Treatse, we try'd that the
+Sun-beams being cast from a Coloured Body upon a neighbouring White Wall,
+the Determinate Colour of the Body was from the Wall reflected to the Eye;
+whereas we could in divers cases manifestly Alter the Colour arriving at
+the Eye, by Substituting at a convenient Distance, a (conveniently)
+Colour'd (and Glossy) Body instead of the White Wall. As by throwing the
+Beams from a Yellow Body upon a Blew, there would be Exhibited a kind of
+Green, as in the Experiments about Colours is more fully Declar'd.
+
+9. I know not whether I should on this Occasion take notice, that when, as
+when looking upon the Calm and Smooth Surface of a River betwixt my Eye and
+the Sun, it appear'd to be a natural _Speculum_, wherein that Part which
+Reflected to my Eye the Entire and defin'd Image of the Sun, and the Beams
+less remote from those which exhibited That Image, appear'd indeed of a
+great and Whitish Brightness, but the rest Comparatively Dark enough: if
+afterwards the Superficies chanc'd to be a little, but not much troubled,
+by a gentle Breath of Wind, and thereby reduc'd into a Multitude of Small
+and Smooth _Speculums_, the Surface of the River would suitably to the
+Doctrine lately deliver'd, at a Distance appear very much of Kin to White,
+though it would lose that Brightness or Whiteness upon the Return of the
+Surface to Calmness and an Uniform Level. And I have sometimes for Tryals
+sake brought in by a Lenticular Glass, the Image of a River, Shin'd upon by
+the Sun, into an Upper Room Darkn'd, and Distant about a Quarter of a Mile
+from the River, by which means the Numerous Declining Surfaces of the Water
+appear'd so Contracted, that upon the Body that receiv'd the Images, the
+whole River appear'd a very White Object at two or three paces distance.
+But if we drew Near it, this Whiteness appear'd to proceed from an
+Innumerable company of Lucid Reflections, from the several Gently wav'd
+Superficies of the Water, which look'd Near at hand like a Multitude of
+very Little, but Shining Scales of Fish, of which many did every moment
+Disappear, and as many were by the Sun, Wind and River generated anew. But
+though this Observation seem'd Sufficiently to discover, how the Appearing
+Whiteness in that case was Produc'd, yet in some other cases Water may have
+the Same, though not so Vivid a Colour upon other Accounts; for oftentimes
+it happens that the Smooth Surface of the Water does appear Bright or
+Whitish, by reason of the Reflection not immediatly of the Images of the
+Sun, but of the Brightness of the Sky; and in such cases a Convenient Wind
+may where it passes along make the Surface look Black, by causing many such
+Furrows and Cavities, as may make the Inflected Superficies of the Water
+reflect the Brightness of the Sky rather Inward than Outward. And again if
+the Wind increase into a Storm, the Water may appear White, especially near
+the Shore and the Ship, namely because the Rude Agitation Breaks it into
+Fome or Froth. So much do Whiteness and Blackness depend upon the
+Disposition of the Superficial parts of a Body to Reflect the Beams of
+Light Inward or Outward. But that as White Bodies reflect the most Light of
+any, so there Superficial Particles are, in the Sense newly Deliver'd, of a
+Specular Nature, I shall now further endeavour to shew both by the making
+of Specular bodies White, and the making of a White body Specular.
+
+10. In the Fifth place then, I will inform You, that (not to repeat what
+_Gassendus_ observes concerning Water) I have for Curiosity sake Distill'd
+Quicksilver in a Cucurbit, fitted with a Capacious Glass-head, and observ'd
+that when the Operation was perform'd by the Degrees of Fire requisite for
+my purpose, there would stick to the Inside of the Alembick a multitude of
+Little round drops of _Mercury_. And as you know that _Mercury_ is a
+Specular Body, so each of these Little drops was a small round
+Looking-glass, and a Multitude of them lying Thick and Near one another,
+they did both in my Judgment, and that of those I Invited to see it, make
+the Glass they were fastened to, appear manifestly a White Body. And yet as
+I said, this Whiteness depended upon the Minuteness and Nearness of the
+Little Mercurial _Globuli_, the Convexity of whose Surfaces fitted them to
+represent in a Narrow compass a Multitude of Little Lucid Images to
+differingly situated Beholders. And here let me observe a thing that seems
+much to countenance the Notion I have been recommending: namely, that
+whereas divers parts of the Sky, and especially the Milky-way, do to the
+naked Eye appear White, (as the name it self imports) yet the Galaxie
+look'd upon through the Telescope, does not shew White, but appears to be
+made up of a Vast multitude of Little Starrs; so that a Multitude of Lucid
+Bodies, if they be so Small that they cannot Singly or apart be discern'd
+by the Eye, and if they be sufficiently Thick set by one another, may by
+their confus'd beams appear to the Eye One White Body. And why it is not
+possible, that the like may be done, when a Multitude of Bright and Little
+Corpuscles being crowded together, are made to send together Vivid beams to
+the Eye, though they Shine but as the Planets by a Borrow'd Light?
+
+
+11. But to return to our Experiments. We may take notice, That the White of
+an Egg, though in part Transparent, yet by its power of Reflecting some
+Incident Rays of Light, is in some measure a Natural _Speculum_, being long
+agitated with a Whisk or Spoon, loses its Transparency, and becomes very
+White, by being turn'd into Froth, that is into an Aggregate of Numerous
+small Bubbles, whose Convex Superficies fits them to Reflect the Light
+every way Outwards. And 'tis worth Noting, that when Water, for instance,
+is Agitated into Froth, if the Bubbles be Great and Few, the Whiteness will
+be but Faint, because the number of _Specula_ within a Narrow compass is
+but Small, and they are not Thick set enough to Reflect so Many Little
+Images or Beams of the Lucid Body, as are requisite to produce a Vigorous
+sensation of Whiteness: And partly least it should be said, that the
+Whiteness of such Globulous Particles proceeds from the Air Included in the
+Froth; (which to make good, it should be prov'd that the Air it self is
+White) and partly to illustrate the better the Notion we have propos'd of
+Whiteness, I shall add, that I purposely made this Experiment, I took a
+quantity Fair water, & put to it in a clear Glass phial, a convenient
+quantity of Oyl or Spirit of Turpentine, because that Liquor will not
+incorporate with Water, and yet is almost as Clear and Colourless as it;
+these being Gently Shaken together, the Agitation breaks the Oyl (which as
+I said, is Indispos'd to Mix like Wine or Milk _per minima_ with the Water)
+into a Multitude of Little Globes, which each of them Reflecting Outwards a
+Lucid Image, make the Imperfect Mixture of the two Liquors appear Whitish;
+but if by Vehemently Shaking the Glass for a competent time you make a
+further Comminution of the Oyl into far more Numerous and Smaller
+_Globuli_, and thereby confound it also better with the Water, the Mixture
+will appear of a Much greater Whiteness, and almost like Milk; whereas if
+the Glass be a while let alone, the Colour will by degrees Impair, as the
+Oyly globes grow Fewer and Bigger, and at length will quite Vanish, leaving
+both the Liquors Distinct and Diaphanous as before. And such a Tryal hath
+not ill succeeded, when insteed of the Colourless Oyl of Turpentine I took
+a Yellow Mixture made of a good Proportion of Crude Turpentine dissolv'd in
+that Liquor; and (if I mis-remember not) it also Succeeded better than one
+would expect, when I employ'd an Oyl brought by Filings of Copper infused
+in it, to a deep Green. And this (by the way) may be the Reason, why often
+times when the Oyls of some Spices and of Anniseeds &c. are Distilled in a
+Limbec with Water, the Water (as I have several times observ'd) comes over
+Whitish, and will perhaps continue so for a good while, because if the Fire
+be made too Strong, the subtile Chymical Oyl is thereby much Agitated and
+Broken, and Blended with the Water in such Numerous and Minute Globules, as
+cannot easily in a short time Emerge to the Top of the Water, and whilst
+they Remain in it, make it, for the Reason newly intimated, look Whitish;
+and perhaps upon the same Ground a cause may be rendred, why Hot water is
+observ'd to be usually more Opacous and Whitish, than the same Water Cold,
+the Agitation turning the more Spirituous or otherwise Conveniently
+Dispos'd Particles of the Water into Vapours, thereby Producing in the Body
+of the Liquor a Multitude of Small Bubbles, which interrupt the Free
+passage, that the Beams of Light would else have Every way, and from the
+Innermost parts of the Water Reflect many of them Outwards. These and the
+like Examples, _Pyrophilus_, have induc'd me to Suspect, that the
+Superficial Particles of White bodies, may for the Most part be as well
+Convex as Smooth; I content my self to say _Suspect_ and _for the most
+part_, because it seems not Easie to prove, that when Diaphanous bodies, as
+we shall see by and by, are reduc'd into White Powders, each Corpuscle must
+needs be of a Convex Superficies, since perhaps it may Suffice that
+Specular Surfaces look severally ways. For (as we have seen) when a
+Diaphanous Body comes to be reduc'd to very Minute parts, it thereby
+requires a Multitude of Little Surfaces within a Narrow compass. And though
+each of these should not be of a Figure Convenient to Reflect a Round Image
+of the Sun, yet even from such an Inconveniently Figur'd body, there may be
+Reflected some (either Streight or Crooked) Physical Line of Light, which
+Line I call Physical, because it has some Breadth in it, and in which Line
+in many cases some Refraction of the Light falling upon the Body it depends
+on, may contribute to the Brightness, as if a Slender Wire, or Solid
+Cylinder of Glass be expos'd to the Light, you shall see in some part of it
+a vivid Line of Light, and if we were able to draw out and lay together a
+Multitude of these Little Wires or Thrids of Glass, so Slender, that the
+Eye could not discern a Distance betwixt the Luminous Lines, there is
+little doubt (as far as I can guess by a Tryal purposely made with very
+Slender, but far less Slender Thrids of Glass, whose Aggregate was Look'd
+upon one way White) but the whole Physical Superficies compos'd of them,
+would to the Eye appear White, and if so, it will not be always necessary
+that the Figure of those Corpuscles, that make a Body appear White, should
+be _Globulous_. And as for Snow it self, though the Learned _Gassendus_ (as
+we have seen above) makes it to seem nothing else but a pure Frozen Froth,
+consisting of exceedingly Minute and Thickset Bubbles; yet I see no
+necessity of Admitting that, since not only by the Variously and Curiously
+Figur'd Snow, that I have divers times had the Opportunity with Pleasure to
+observe, but also by the Common Snow, it rather doth appear both to the
+Naked Eye, and in a _Microscope_, often, if not most commonly, to consist
+principally of Little Slender Icicles of several Shapes, which afford such
+Numerous Lines of Light, as we have been newly Speaking of.
+
+12. Sixthly, If you take a Diaphanous Body, as for instance a Piece of
+Glass, and reduce it to Powder, the same Body, which when it was Entire,
+freely Transmitted the Beams of Light, acquiring by Contusion a multitude
+of Minute Surfaces, each of which is as it were a Little, but Imperfect
+_Speculum_, is qualify'd to Reflect in a Confus'd manner, so many either
+Beams, or Little and Singly Unobservable Images of the Lucid Body, that
+from a Diaphanous it Degenerates into a White Body. And I remember, I have
+for Trials sake taken Lumps of Rock Crystal, and Heating them Red hot in a
+Crucible, I found according to my Expectation, that being Quench'd in Fair
+water, even those that remain'd in seemingly entire Lumps exchang'd their
+Translucency for Whiteness, the Ignition and Extinction having as it were
+Crack'd each Lump into a multitude of Minute Bodies, and thereby given it a
+great multitude of new Surfaces. And ev'n with Diaphanous Bodies, that are
+Colour'd, there may be this way a Greater Degree of Whiteness produced,
+than one would lightly think; as I remember, I have by Contusion obtain'd
+Whitish Powders of _Granates_, Glass of _Antimony_, and _Emeralds_ finely
+Beaten, and you may more easily make the Experiment, by taking Good
+Venereal _Vitriol_ of a Deep Blew, and comparing with some of the Entire
+Crystalls purposely reserv'd, some of the Subtile Powder of the same Salt,
+which will Comparatively exhibit a very considerable degree of Whitishness.
+
+13. Seventhly, And as by a Change of Position in the Parts, a Body that is
+not White, may be made White, so by a Slight change of the Texture of its
+Surface, a White Body may be Depriv'd of its Whiteness. For if, (as I have
+try'd in Gold-smiths Shops) you take a piece of Silver that has been
+freshly Boyl'd, as the Artificers call it, (which is done by, first
+Brushing, and then Decocting it with Salt and Tartar, and perhaps some
+other Ingredients) you shall find it to be of a Lovely White. But if you
+take a piece of Smooth Steel, and therewith Burnish a part of it, which may
+be presently done, you shall find that Part will Lose its Whiteness, and
+turn a _Speculum_, looking almost every where Dark, as other
+Looking-glasses do, which may not a little confirm our Doctrine. For by
+this we may guess, what it is chiefly that made the Body White before, by
+considering that all that was done to deprive it of that Whiteness, was
+only to Depress the Little Protuberances that were before on the Surface of
+the Silver into one Continu'd Superficies, and thereby effect this, that
+now the Image of the Lucid Body, and consequently a Kind of Whiteness shall
+appear to your Eye, but in some place of the greater Silver Looking-glass
+(whence the Beams reflected at an Angle Equal to that wherewith they fall
+on it, may reach your Eye) whilst the Asperity remain'd Undestroy'd, the
+Light falling on innumerable Little _Specula_ Obverted some one way, and
+some another, did from all Sensibly Distinguishable parts of the
+Superficies reflect confus'd Beams or Representations of Light to the
+Beholders Eye, from whence soever he chance to Look upon it. And among the
+Experiments annex'd to this Discourse, you will find One, wherein by the
+Change of Texture in Bodies, Whiteness is in a Trice both Generated and
+Destroy'd.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHAP. II.
+
+1. What we have Discours'd of Whiteness, may somewhat Assist us to form a
+Notion of Blackness, those two Qualities being Contrary enough to
+Illustrate each other. Yet among the Antient _Philosophers_ I find less
+Assistance to form a Notion of Blackness than of Whiteness, only
+_Democritus_ in the passage above Recited out of _Aristotle_ has given a
+General Hint of the Cause of this Colour, by referring the Blackness of
+Bodies to their Asperity. But this I call but a General Hint, because those
+Bodies that are Green, and Purple, and Blew, seem to be so as well as Black
+ones, upon the Account of their Superficial Asperity. But among the
+_Moderns_, the formerly mention'd _Gassendus_, perhaps invited by this Hint
+of _Democritus_, has Incidentally in another Epistle given us, though a
+very Short, yet a somewhat Clearer account of the Nature of Blackness in
+these words: _Existimare par est corpora suapte Natura nigra constare ex
+particulis, quarum Superficieculae scabrae sint, nec facile lucem extrorsum
+reflectant._ I wish this Ingenious Man had enlarg'd himself upon this
+Subject; For indeed it seems, that as that which makes a Body White, is
+chiefly such a Disposition of its Parts, that it Reflects (I mean without
+much Interruption) more of the Light that falls on it, than Bodies of any
+other Colour do, so that which makes a Body Black is principally a Peculiar
+kind of Texture, chiefly of its Superficial Particle, whereby it does as it
+were Dead the Light that falls on it, so that very little is Reflected
+Outwards to the Eye.
+
+2. And this Texture may be Explicated two, and perhaps more than two
+several ways, whereof the first is by Supposing in the Superficies of the
+Black Body a Particular kind of Asperity, whereby the Superficial Particles
+reflect but Few of the Incident Beams Outwards, and the rest Inwards
+towards the Body it self. As if for Instance, we should conceive the
+Surface of a Black Body to be Asperated by an almost Numberless throng of
+Little Cylinders, Pyramids, Cones, and other such Corpuscles, which by
+their being Thick Set and _Erected_, reflect the Beams of Light from one to
+another Inwards, and send them too and fro so often, that at length they
+are Lost before they can come to Rebound out again to the Eye. And this is
+the first of the two mention'd ways of Explicating Blackness. The other way
+is by Supposing the Texture of Black Bodies to be such, that either by
+their Yielding to the Beams of Light, or upon some other Account, they do
+as it were Dead the Beams of Light, and keep them from being Reflected in
+any Plenty, or with any Considerable Vigour of Motion, Outwards. According
+to this Notion it may be said, that the Corpuscles that make up the Beams
+of Light, whether they be Solary _Effluviums_, or Minute Particles of some
+AEtherial Substance, Thrusting on one another from the Lucid Body, do,
+falling on Black Bodies, meet with such a Texture, that such Bodies receive
+Into themselves, and Retain almost all the Motion communicated to them by
+the Corpuscles that make up the Beams of Light, and consequently Reflect
+but Few of them, or those but Languidly, towards the Eye, it happening here
+almost in like manner as to a ball, which thrown against a Stone or Floor,
+would Rebound a great way Upwards, but Rebounds very Little or not at all,
+when it is thrown against Water, or Mud, or a Loose Net, because the Parts
+yield, and receive into themselves the Motion, on whose Account the Ball
+should be Reflected Outwards. But this Last way of Explicating Blackness, I
+shall content my Self to have Propos'd, without either Adopting it, or
+absolutely Rejecting it. For the Hardness of Touchstones, Black Marble and
+other Bodies, that being Black are Solid, seem to make it somewhat
+Improbable, that such Bodies should be of so Yielding a Texture, unless we
+should say, that some Bodies may be more Dispos'd to Yield to the Impulses
+of the Corpuscles of Light by reason of a Peculiar Texture, than other
+Bodies, that in other Tryals appear to be Softer than they. But though the
+Former of these two Explications of Blackness be that, by which we shall
+Endeavour to give an Account of it, yet as we said, we shall not Absolutely
+Reject this Latter, partly because they both Agree in this, that Black
+Bodies Reflect but Little of the Light that falls on them, and partly
+because it is not Impossible, that in some Cases both the Disposition of
+the Superficial particles, as to Figure and Position, and the Yielding of
+the Body, or some of its Parts, may joyntly, though not in an Equal measure
+concurr to the rendring of a Body Black. The Considerations that induc'd me
+to propose this Notion of Blackness, as I Explan'd it, are principally
+these:
+
+3. First, That as I lately said, Whiteness and Blackness being generally
+reputed to be Contrary Qualities, Whiteness depending as I said upon the
+Disposition of the Parts of a Body to Reflect much Light, it seems likely,
+that Blackness may depend upon a Contrary Disposition of the Black Bodies
+Surface; But upon this I shall not Insist.
+
+4. Next then we see, that if a Body of One and the same Colour be plac'd,
+part in the Sun-beams, and part in the Shade, that part which is not Shin'd
+on will appear more of Kin to Blackness than the other, from which more
+Light Rebounds to the Eye; And Dark Colours seem the Blacker, the less
+Light they are Look'd upon in, and we think all Things Black in the Dark,
+when they send no Beams to make Impressions on our Organs of Sight, so that
+Shadows and Darkness are near of Kin, and Shaddow we know is but a
+Privation of Light; and accordingly Blackness seems to proceed from the
+Paucity of Beams Reflected from the Black Body to the Eye, I say the
+Paucity of Beams, because those Bodies that we call Black, as Marble, Jeat,
+&c. are Short of being perfectly so, else we should not See them at all.
+But though the Beams that fall on the Sides of those Erected Particles that
+we have been mentioning, do Few of them return Outwards, yet those that
+fall upon the Points of those Cylinders, Cones, or Pyramids, may thence
+Rebound to the Eye, though they make there but a Faint Impression, because
+they Arrive not there, but Mingl'd with a great Proportion of Little
+Shades. This may be Confirm'd by my having procur'd a Large piece of Black
+Marble well Polish'd, and brought to the Form of a Large Sphaerical and
+Concave _Speculum_; For on the Inside this Marble being well Polish'd, was
+a kind of Dark Looking-glass, wherein I could plainly see a Little Image of
+the Sun, when that Shin'd upon it. But this Image was very far from
+Offending and Dazling my Eyes, as it would have done from another
+_Speculum_; Nor, though the _Speculum_ were Large, could I in a Long time,
+or in a Hot Sun set a piece of Wood on Fire, though a far less _Speculum_
+of the same Form, and of a more Reflecting Matter, would have made it Flame
+in a Trice.
+
+5. And on this Occasion we may as well in Reference to something formerly
+deliver'd concerning Whiteness, as in Reference to what has been newly
+said, Subjoyn what we further observ'd touching the Differing Reflections
+of Light from White and Black Marble, namely, that having taking a pretty
+Large Mortar of White Marble, New and Polish'd in the Inside, and Expos'd
+it to the Sun, we found that it Reflected a great deal of Glaring Light,
+but so Dispers'd, that we could not make the Reflected Beams concurr in any
+such Conspicuous _Focus_, as that newly taken notice of in the Black
+Marble, though perhaps there may enough of them be made to meet near the
+Bottom, to make some Kind of _Focus_, especially since by holding in the
+Night-time a Candle at a convenient Distance, we were able to procure a
+Concourse of some, though not many of the Reflected Beams, at about two
+Inches distant from the Bottom of the Mortar: But we found the Heat even of
+the Sunbeams so Dispersedly Reflected to be very Languid, even in
+Comparison of the Black Marbles _Focus_. And the Little Picture of the Sun,
+that appear'd upon the White Marble as a _Speculum_, was but very Faint and
+exceeding ill Defin'd. Secondly, That taking two pieces of Plain and
+Polish'd Surfaces, and casting on them Successively the Beams of the Same
+Candle, In such manner, as that the Neighbouring Superficies being Shaded
+by an Opacous and Perforated Body, the Incident Beams were permitted to
+pass but through a Round Hole of about Half an Inch Diameter, the Circle of
+Light that appear'd on the White Marble was in Comparison very Bright, but
+very ill Defin'd; whereas that on the Black Marble was far less Luminous,
+but much more precisely Defin'd.
+
+6. Thirdly, When you Look upon a piece of Linnen that has Small Holes in
+it, those Holes appear very Black, and Men are often deceiv'd in taking
+Holes for Spots of Ink; And Painters to represent Holes, make use of Black,
+the Reason of which seems to be, that the Beams that fall on those Holes,
+fall into them So Deep, that none of them is Reflected back to the Eye. And
+in narrow Wells part of the Mouth seems Black, because the Incident Beams
+are Reflected Downwards from one side to another, till they can no more
+Rebound to the Eye.
+
+We may consider too, that if Differing parts of the same piece of Black
+Velvet be stroak'd Opposite ways, the piece of Velvet will appear of two
+Distinct kinds of Blackness, the one far Darker than the other, of which
+Disparity the Reason Seems to be, that in the Less obscure part of the
+Velvet, the Little Silken Piles whereof 'tis made up, being Inclin'd, there
+is a Greater part of each of them Obverted to the Eye, whereas in the other
+part the Piles of Silk being more Erected, there are far Fewer Beams
+Reflected Outwards from the Lateral parts of each Pile, So that most of
+those that Rebound to the Eye, come from the Tops of the Piles, which make
+but a small part of the whole Superficies, that may be cover'd by the piece
+of Velvet. Which Explication I propose, not that I think the Blackness of
+the Velvet proceeds from the Cause assign'd, since each Single Pile of Silk
+is Black by reason of its Texture, in what Position soever you Look upon
+it; But that the Greater Blackness of one of these Tuffts seems to proceed
+from the Greater Paucity of Beams Reflected from it, and that from the
+Fewness of those Parts of a Surface that Reflect Beams, and the Multitude
+of those Shaded Parts that Reflect none. And I remember, that I have
+oftentimes observ'd, that the Position of Particular Bodies far greater
+than Piles of Silk in reference to the Eye, may notwithstanding their
+having each of them a Colour of its own, make one part of their Aggregate
+appear far Darker than the other; For I have near Great Towns often taken
+notice, that a Cart-load of Carrots pack'd up, appear'd of a much Darker
+Colour when Look'd upon, where the Points of the Carrots were Obverted to
+the Eye, than where the Sides of them were so.
+
+7. Fourthly, In a Darkned Room, I purposely observ'd, that if the
+Sun-beams, which came in at the Hole were receiv'd upon White or any other
+Colour, and directed to a Convenient place of the Room, they would
+Manifestly, though not all Equally, Encrease the Light of that Part;
+whereas if we Substituted, either a piece of Black Cloth or Black Velvet,
+it would so Dead the Incident Beams, that the place (newly mention'd)
+whereto I Obverted the Black Body, would be Less Enlightned than it was
+before, when it received its Light but from the Weak and Oblique
+Reflections of the Floor and Walls of a pretty Large Room, through which
+the Beams that came in at the Hole were Confusedly and Brokenly Dispers'd.
+
+8. Fifthly, And to shew that the Beams that fall on Black Bodies, as they
+do not Rebound Outwards to the Eye, so they are Reflected towards the Body
+it self, as the Nature of those Erected Particles to which we have imputed
+Blackness, requires, we will add an Experiment that will also confirm our
+Doctrine touching Whiteness; Namely, that we took a Broad and Large Tile,
+and having Whitened over one half of the Superficies of it, and Black'd the
+other, we expos'd it to the Summer Sun; And having let it lye there a
+convenient time (for the Difference is more Apparent, if it have not lain
+there too long) we found, as we expected, that whilst the Whited part of
+the Tile remained Cool enough, the Black'd part of the same Tile was grown
+not only Sensible, but very Hot, (sometimes to a strong Degree.) And to
+satisfie some of our Friends the more, we have sometimes left upon the
+Surface of the Tile, besides the White and Black parts thereof, a part that
+Retain'd the native Red of the Tile it self, and Exposing them to the Sun,
+we observ'd this Last mention'd to have Contracted a Heat in comparison of
+the White, but a Heat Inferiour to that of the Black, of which the Reason
+seems to be, that the Superficial Particles of Black Bodies, being, as we
+said, more Erected, than those of White or Red ones, the Corpuscles of
+Light falling on their sides, being for the most part Reflected Inwards
+from one Particle to another, and thereby engag'd as it were and kept from
+Rebounding Upwards, they communicate their brisk Motion, wherewith they
+were impell'd against the Black Body, (upon whose account had they fallen
+upon a White Body, they would have been Reflected Outwards) to the Small
+parts of the Black Body, and thereby Produce in those Small parts such an
+Agitation, as (when we feel it) we are wont to call Heat. I have been
+lately inform'd, that an Observation near of Kin to Ours, has been made by
+some Learned Men in _France_ and _Italy_, by long Exposing to a very Hot
+Sun, two pieces of Marble, the one White, the other Black; But though the
+Observation be worthy of them, and may confirm the same Truth with Our
+Experiment, yet besides that our Tryal needs not the Summer, nor any Great
+Heat to succeed, It seems to have this Advantage above the other, that
+whereas Bodies more Solid, and of a Closer Texture, though they use to be
+more Slowly Heated, are wont to receive a Greater Degree of Heat from the
+Sun or Fire, than (_Caeteris paribus_) Bodies of a Slightest Texture; I have
+found by the Information of Stone-cutters, and by other ways of Enquiry,
+that Black Marble is much Solider and Harder than White, so that possibly
+the Difference betwixt the Degrees of Heat they receive from the Sunbeams
+will by many be ascrib'd to the Difference of their Texture, rather than to
+that of their Colour, though I think our Experiment will make it Probable
+enough that the greater part of that Difference may well be ascrib'd to
+that Disposition of Parts, which makes the one Reflect the Sunbeams Inward;
+and the other Outwards. And with this Doctrine accords very well, that
+Rooms hung with Black, are not only Darker than else they would be, but are
+wont to be Warmer too; Insomuch that I have known a great Lady, whose
+Constitution was somewhat Tender, complain that she was wont to catch Cold,
+when she went out into the Air, after having made any long Visits to
+Persons, whose Rooms were hung with Black. And this is not the only Lady I
+have heard complain of the Warmth of such Rooms, which though perhaps it
+may be partly imputed to the _Effluvia_ of those Materials wherewith the
+hangings were Dy'd, yet probably the Warmth of such Rooms depends chiefly
+upon the same Cause that the Darkness does; As (not to repeat what I
+formerly Noted touching my Gloves,) to satisfie some Curious Persons of
+that Sex, I have convinc'd them, by Tryall, that of two Pieces of Silken
+Stuff given me by themselves, and expos'd in their Presence, to the same
+Window, Shin'd on by that Sun, the White was _considerably_ Heated, when
+the Black was not so much as _Sensibly_ so.
+
+9. Sixthly, I remember, that Acquainting one Day a _Virtuoso_ of
+Unsuspected Credit, that had Visited Hot Countries, with part of what I
+have here Deliver'd concerning Blackness, he Related to me by way of
+Confirmation of it, a very notable Experiment, which he had both others
+make, and Made himself in a Warm Climate, namely, that having carefully
+Black'd over Eggs, and Expos'd them to the Hot Sun, they were thereby in no
+very Long time well Roasted, to which Effect I conceive the Heat of the
+Climate must have Concurr'd with the Disposition of the Black Surface to
+Reflect the Sunbeams Inward, for I remember, that having made that among
+other Tryals in _England_, though in Summer-time, the Eggs I Expos'd,
+acquir'd indeed a considerable Degree of Heat, but yet not so Intense a
+One, as prov'd Sufficient to Roast them.
+
+10. Seventhly, and Lastly, Our Conjectures at the Nature of Blackness may
+be somewhat Confirm'd by the (formerly mention'd) Observation of the Blind
+_Dutch-man_, that Discerns Colours with his Fingers; for he Says, that he
+Feels a greater Roughness upon the Surfaces of Black Bodies, than upon
+those of Red, or Yellow, or Green. And I remember, that the Diligent
+_Bartholinus_ says,[9] that a Blind Earl of _Mansfield_ could Distinguish
+White from Black only by the Touch, which would Sufficiently Argue a great
+Disparity in the Asperities, or other Superficial Textures of Bodies of
+those two Colours, if the Learn'd Relator had Affirm'd the Matter upon his
+own Knowledge.
+
+  [9] Hist. Anatom. Cent. 3. Hist. 44.
+
+II. These, _Pyrophilus_, are the chief things that Occurr to me at present,
+about the Nature of Whiteness and Blackness, which it they have Rendred it
+so much as Probable, that in _Most_; or at least _Many_ Cases, the Causes
+of these Qualities may be such as I have Adventur'd to Deliver, it is as
+much as I Pretend to; for till I have Opportunity to Examine the Matter by
+some further Tryals, I am not sure, but that in some White and Black
+Bodies, there may Concurr to the Colour some peculiar Texture or
+Disposition of the Body, whereby the Motion of the Small Corpuscles that
+make up the Incident Beams of Light, may be Differingly Modify'd, before
+they reach the Eye, especially in this, that White Bodies do not only
+Copiously Reflect those Incident Corpuscles Outwards, but Reflect them
+Briskly, and do not otherwise Alter them in the manner of their Motion. Nor
+shall I now stay to Enquire, whether some of those other ways, (as a
+Disposition to Alter the Velocity, the Rotation, or the Order and Manner of
+Appulse so the Eye of the Reflected Corpuscles that Compos'd the Incident
+Beams of Light) which we mention'd when we consider'd the Production of
+Colours in General, may not in some Cases be Applicable to those of White
+and Black Bodies: For I am yet so much a _Seeker_ in this Matter, and so
+little Wedded to the Opinions I have propos'd, that what I am to add shall
+be but the Beginning of a Collection of Experiments and Observation towards
+the History of Whiteness and Blackness, without at present interposing my
+Explications of them, that so, I may assist your Enquires without much
+Fore-stalling or Biassing your Judgment.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                   EXPERIMENT
+                       IN
+                    CONSORT,
+                    Touching
+              Whiteness & Blackness.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+EXPERIMENT I.
+
+Having promis'd in the 114, and 115. Pages of the foregoing Discourse of
+Whiteness and Blackness, to shew, that those two Colours may by a change of
+Texture in bodies, each of them apart Diaphanous and Colourless, be at
+pleasure and in a trice as well Generated as Destroy'd, We shall begin with
+Experiments that may acquit us of that promise.
+
+Take then what Quantity you please of Fair Water, and having Heated it, put
+into it as much good Common Sublimate, as it is able to Dissolve, and (to
+be sure of having it well glutted:) continue putting in the Sublimate, till
+some of it lye Untouch'd in the bottom of the Liquor, Filter this Solution
+through Cap-paper, to have it cleer and limpid, and into a spoonfull or two
+thereof, (put into a clean glass vessel,) shake about four or five drops
+(according as you took more or less of this Solution) of good limpid
+Spirits of Urine, and immediately the whole mixture will appear White like
+Milk, to which mixture if you presently add a convenient proportion of
+Rectifi'd _Aqua Fortis_ (for the number of drops is hard to determine,
+because of the Differing Strength of the liquor, but easily found by tryal)
+the Whiteness will presently disappear, and the whole mixture become
+Transparent, which you may, if you please, again reduce to a good degree of
+Whiteness (though inferiour to the first) onely by a more copious affusion
+of fresh Spirit of Urine. _N_. First, That it is not so necessary to employ
+either _Aqua Fortis_ or Spirit of Urine about this Experiment, but that we
+have made it with other liquors instead of these, of which perhaps more
+elsewhere. Secondly, That this Experiment, though not made with the same
+_Menstruums_, nor producing the same Colour is yet much of Kin to that
+other to be mentioned in this Tract among our other Experiments of Colours,
+about turning a Solution of Praecipitate into an Orange-colour, and the
+Chymical Reason being much alike in both, the annexing it to one of them
+may suffice FOR both.
+
+_EXPERIMENT II._
+
+Make a strong Infusion of broken Galls in Fair Water, and having Filtred it
+into a clean Vial, add more of the same liquor to it, till you have made it
+somewhat Transparent, and sufficiently diluted the Colour, for the credit
+of the Experiment, lest otherwise the Darkness of the liquor might make it
+be objected, that 'twas already almost Ink; Into this Infusion shake a
+convenient quantity of a Cleer, but very strong Solution of Vitriol, and
+you shall immediately see the mixture turn Black almost like Ink, and such
+a way of producing Blackness is vulgar enough; but if presently after you
+doe upon this mixture drop a small quantity of good oyl of Vitriol, and, by
+shaking the Vial disperse it nimbly through the two other liquors, you
+shall (if you perform your part well, and have employ'd oyl of Vitriol
+Cleer and Strong enough) see the Darkness of the liquor presently begin to
+be discuss'd, and grow pretty Cleer and Transparent, losing its Inky
+Blackness, which you may again restore to it by the affusion of a small
+quantity of a very strong Solution of Salt of Tartar. And though neither of
+these Atramentous liquors will seem other than very Pale Ink, if you write
+with a clean Pen dipt in them, yet that is common to them with some sorts
+of Ink that prove very good when Dry, as I have also found, that when I
+made these carefully, what I wrote with either of them, especially with the
+Former, would when throughly Dry grow Black enough not to appear bad Ink.
+This Experiment of taking away and restoring Blackness from and to the
+liquors, we have likewise tryed in Common Ink; but there it succeeds not so
+well, and but very slowly, by reason that the Gum wont to be employed in
+the making it, does by its Tenacity oppose the operations of the above
+mention'd Saline liquors. But to consider Gum no more, what some kind of
+Praecipitation may have to do in the producing and destroying of Inks
+without it, I have elsewhere given you some occasion and assistance to
+enquire; But I must not now stay to do so my self, only I shall take notice
+to you, that though it be taken for granted that bodies will not be
+Praecipitated by Alcalizat Salts, that have not first been dissolved in some
+Acid _Menstruums_, yet I have found upon tryals, which my conjectures lead
+me to make on purpose, That divers Vegetables _barely infus'd_, or, _but
+slightly decocted in common water_, would, upon the affusion of a Strong
+and Cleer _Lixivium_ of Potashes, and much more of some other Praecipitating
+liquors that I sometimes employ, afford good store of a Crudled matter,
+such as I have had in the Praecipitations of Vegetable substances, by the
+intervention of Acid things, and that this matter was easily separable from
+the rest of the liquor, being left behind by it in the Filtre; and in
+making the first Ink mention'd in this Experiment, I found that I could by
+Filtration separate pretty store of a very Black pulverable substance, that
+remain'd in the Filtre, and when the Ink was made Cleer again by the Oyl of
+Vitriol, the affusion of dissolv'd _Sal Tartari_ seem'd but to Praecipitate,
+and thereby to Unite and render Conspicuous the particles of the Black
+mixture that had before been dispers'd into very Minute and singly
+Invisible particles by the Incisive and resolving power of the highly
+Corrosive Oyl of Vitriol.
+
+And to manifest, _Pyrophilus_, that Galls are not so requisite as many
+suppose to the making Atramentous Liquors, we have sometimes made the
+following Experiment, We took dryed Rose leaves and Decocted them for a
+while in Fair Water, into two or three spoonfulls of this Decoction we
+shook a few drops of a strong and well filtrated Solution of Vitriol (which
+perhaps had it been Green would have done as well) and immediately the
+mixture did turn Black, and when into this mixture presently after it was
+made, we shook a just Proportion of _Aqua Fortis_, we turn'd it from a
+Black Ink to a deep Red one, which by the affusion of a little Spirit of
+Urine may be reduc'd immediately to an Opacous and Blackish Colour. And in
+regard, _Pyrophilus_, that in the former Experiments, both the Infusion of
+Galls, and the Decoction of Roses, and the Solution of Copperis employ'd
+about them, are endow'd each of them with its own Colour, there may be a
+more noble Experiment of the sudden production of Blackness made by the
+way mention'd in the Second Section of the Second Part of our Essays, for
+though upon the Confusion of the two Liquors there mention'd, there do
+immediately emerge a very Black mixture, yet both the Infusion of
+_Orpiment_ and the Solution of _Minium_ were before their being joyn'd
+together, Limpid and Colourless.
+
+_EXPERIMENT III._
+
+If pieces of White Harts-horn be with a competent degree of Fire distill'd
+in a Glass-retort, they will, after the avolation of the Flegm, Spirit,
+Volatile Salt, and the looser and lighter parts of the Oleagenous
+substance, remain behind of a Cole-black colour. And even Ivory it self
+being skilfully Burnt (how I am wont to do it, I have elsewhere set down)
+affords Painters one of the best and deepest Blacks they have, and yet in
+the Instance of distill'd Harts-horn, the operation being made in
+Glass-vessels carefully clos'd, it appears there is no Extraneous Black
+substance that Insinuates it self into White Harts-horn, and thereby makes
+it turn Black; but that the Whiteness is destroy'd, and the Blackness
+generated, only by a Change of Texture, made in the burnt Body, by the
+Recess of some parts and the Transposition of others. And though I remember
+not that in many Distillations of Harts-horn I ever sound the _Cap. Mort_.
+to pass from Black to a true Whiteness, whilst it continu'd in Clos'd
+vessels, yet having taken out the Cole-black fragments, and Calcin'd them
+in Open vessels, I could in few hours quite destroy that Blackness, &
+without sensibly changing their Bulk or Figure, reduce them to great
+Whiteness. So much do these two Colours depend upon the Disposition of the
+little parts, that the Bodies wherein they are to be met with do consist
+of. And we find, that if Whitewine Tartar, or even the white Crystalls of
+such Tartar be burnt without being truly Calcin'd, the _Cap. Mortuum_ (as
+the Chymists call the more Fixt part) will be Black. But if you further
+continue the Calcination till you have perfectly Incinerated the Tartar, &
+kept it long enough in a Strong fire, the remaining _Calx_ will be White.
+And so we see that not only other Vegetable substances, but even White
+woods, as the Hazel, will yield a Black Charcoal, and afterwards Whitish
+ashes; And so Animal substances naturally White, as Bones and Eggshels,
+will grow Black upon the being Burnt, and White again when they are
+perfectly Calcin'd.
+
+_EXPERIMENT IV._
+
+But yet I much Question whether that Rule delivered by divers, as well
+Philosophers as Chymists, _adusta nigra, sed perusta alba_, will hold as
+Universally as is presum'd, since I have several Examples to allege against
+it: For I have found that by burning Alablaster, so as both to make it
+appear to boyl almost like Milk, and to reduce it to a very fine Powder, it
+would not at all grow Black, but retain its Pure and Native Whiteness, and
+though by keeping it longer than is usual in the fire, I produced but a
+faint Yellow, even in that part of the Powder that lay nearest the top of
+the Crucible, yet having purposely enquired of an Experienced Stone-cutter,
+who is Curious enough in tryng Conclusions in his own Trade, he told me he
+had found that if Alabaster or Plaster of Paris be very long kept in a
+Strong fire, the whole heap of burnt Powder would exchange its Whiteness
+for a much deeper Colour than the Yellow I observ'd. Lead being Calcin'd
+with a Strong fire turns (after having purhaps run thorough divers other
+Colour) into _Minium_, whose Colour we know is a deep red; and if you urge
+this _Minium_, as I have purposely done with a Strong fire, you may much
+easier find a Glassie and Brittle Body darker than _Minium_, than any white
+_Calx_ or Glass. 'Tis known among Chymists, that the white _Calx_ of
+Antimony, by the further and more vehement operation of the fire, may be
+melted into Glass, which we have obtain'd of a Red Colour, which is far
+deeper than that of the _Calx_ of Burnt Antimony, and though common Glafs
+of Antimony being usually Adulterated with _Borax_, have its Colour thereby
+diluted, oftentimes to a very pale Yellow; yet not onely ours made more
+sincerily, was, as we said, of a Colour less remote from Black, than was
+the _Calx_; but we observ'd, that by Melting it once or twice more, and so
+exposing it to the further operation of the Fire, we had, as we expected,
+the Colour heightned. To which we shall add but this one Instance, (which
+is worth the taking notice of in Reference to Colours:) That, if you take
+Blew, but Unsophisticated, Vitriol, and burn it very slowly, and with a
+Gentle degree of Heat, you may observe, that when it has Burnt but a
+Little, and yet so far as that you may rub it to Powder betwixt your
+fingers, it will be of a White or Whitish Colour; But if you Prosecute the
+Calcination, this Body which by a light Adustion was made White, will pass
+through other Colours, as Gray, Yellowish, and Red; and if you further burn
+it with a Long and Vehement fire, by that time it comes to be _Perustum_,
+it will be of a dark purple, nearer to Black, not only than the first
+_Calx_, but than the Vitriol before it at all felt the fire. I might add
+that _Crocus_ _Martis_ (_per se_ as they call it) made by the Lasting
+violence of the Reverberated flames is not so near a Kin to White, as the
+Iron or Steel that afforded it was before its Calcinations; but that I
+suppose, these Instances may Suffice to satisfie you, that Minerals are to
+be excepted out of the forementioned Rule, which perhaps, though it seldome
+fail in substances belonging to the Vegetable or Animal Kingdome, may yet
+be Question'd even in some of these, if that be true, which the Judicious
+Traveller _Bellonius_ affirms, that Charcoales made out of the Wood of
+_Oxycaeder_ are White; And I could not find that though in Retorts Hartshorn
+and other White Bodies will be Denigrated by Heat, yet Camphire would not
+at all lose its Whiteness, though I have purposely kept it in such a heat,
+as made it melt and boyl.
+
+_EXPERIMENT V._
+
+And now I speak of Camphire, it puts me in mind of adding this Experiment,
+That, though as I said in Clos'd Glasses, I could not Denigrate it by Heat,
+but it would Sublime to the sides and top of the Glass, as it was before,
+yet not only it will, being set on fire in the Free Air, send forth a
+Copious smoak, but having purposely upon some of it that was Flaming, clapt
+a Large Glass, almost in the form of a Hive, (but more Slender only) with a
+Hole at the top, (which I caus'd to be made to trye Experiments of Fire and
+Flame in) it continued so long burning that it Lin'd all the Inside of the
+Glass with a Soot as Black as Ink, and so Copious, that the Closeness of
+the Vessel consider'd, almost all that part of the White Camphire that did
+take Fire, seem'd to have been chang'd into that deep Black Substance.
+
+_EXPERIMENT VI_
+
+And this also brings into my mind another Experiment that I made about the
+production of Blackness, whereof, for Reasons too long to be here deduced,
+I expected and found a good Success, an it was this: I took Rectifi'd Oyl
+of Vitriol (that I might have the Liquor Clean as well as Strong) and by
+degrees mixt with it a convenient proportion of the Essential Oyl, as
+Chymists call it, of Wormwood, drawn over with store of Water in a Limbec,
+and warily Distilling the mixture in a Retort, there remain'd a scarce
+credible quantity of dry Matter, Black as a Coal. And because the Oyl of
+Wormwood, though a Chymical Oyl drawn by a _Virtuoso_, seem'd to have
+somewhat in it of the Colour of the Plant, I Substituted in its Room, the
+Pure and Subtile Essential Oyl of Winter-Savory, and mixing little by
+little this Liquor, with (if I mis-remember not) an Equal weight of the
+formerly mention'd Rectifi'd Oyl of Vitriol, and Distilling them as before
+in a Retort, besides what there pass'd over into the Receiver, even these
+two clear Liquors left me a Considerable Proportion, (though not so great
+as the two former) of a Substance Black as Pitch, which I yet Keep by me
+as a Rarity.
+
+_EXPERIMENT VII._
+
+A way of Whiting Wax Cheaply and in Great Quantity may be a thing of good
+Oeconomical Use, and we have elsewhere set down the Practice of Trades-men
+that Blanch it; But here Treating of Whiteness only in Order to the
+Philosophy of Colours, I shall not Examine which of the Slow wayes may be
+best Employ'd, to free Wax from the Yellow Melleous parts, but shall rather
+set down a Quick way of making it White, though but in very Small
+Quantities. Take then a little Yellow Wax, scraped or thinly sliced, and
+putting it into a Bolts-head or some other Convenient Glass, pour to it a
+pretty deal of Spirit of Wine, and placing the Vessel in Warm Sand,
+Encrease the Heat by degrees, till the Spirit of Wine begin to Simper or to
+Boyl a little; and continuing that degree of Fire, if you have put Liquor
+enough, you will quickly have the Wax dissolv'd, then taking it off the
+fire, you may either suffer it to Cool as hastily as with Safety to the
+Glass you can, or Pour it whilst 'tis yet Hot into a Filtre of Paper, and
+either in the Glass where it Cools, or in the Filtre, you will soon find
+the Wax and _Menstruum_ together reduc'd into a White Substance, almost
+like Butter, which by letting the Spirit Exhale will shrink into a much
+Lesser Bulk, but still retaining its Whiteness. And that which is pretty in
+the working of this Magistery of Wax, is, that the Yellowness vanishes,
+neither appearing in the Spirit of Wine that passes Limpid through the
+Filtre, nor in the Butter of Wax, if I may so call it, that, as I said, is
+White.
+
+
+_EXPERIMENT VIII._
+
+There is an Experiment, _Pyrophilus_, which though I do not so exactly
+remember, and though it be somewhat Nice to make, yet I am willing to
+Acquaint You with, because the thing Produc'd, though it be but a
+Curiosity, is wont not a little to please the Beholders, and it is a way of
+turning by the help of a Dry Substance, an almost Golden-Colour'd Concrete,
+into a White one, the Several Tryals are not at present so fresh in my
+Memory to enable me to tell you Certainly, whether an Equal onely or a
+Double weight of Common Sublimate must be taken in reference to the
+Tinglass, but if I mistake not, there was in the Experiment that succeeded
+best, Two parts of the Former taken to One of the Latter. These Ingredients
+being finely Powdred and Exactly mix'd, we Sublim'd together by degrees of
+fire (the due Gradation of which is in this Experiment a thing of main
+Importance) there ascended a matter of a very peculiar Texture, for it was
+for the most part made up of very Thin, Smooth, Soft and Slippery Plates,
+almost like the finest sort of the Scales of Fishes, but of so Lovely a
+White Inclining to Pearl-Colour, and of so Curious and Shining a Gloss,
+that they appear'd in some respect little Inferiour to Orient Pearls, and
+in other Regards, they seem'd to Surpass them, and were Applauded for a
+sort of the Prettiest Trifles that we had ever prepar'd to Amuse the Eye. I
+will not undertake that though you'l hardly miss changing the Colour of
+your shining Tinglass, yet you will the first or perhaps the second time
+hit Right upon the way of making the Glistring Sublimate I have been
+mentioning.
+
+_EXPERIMENT IX._
+
+When we Dissolve in _Aqua Fortis_ a mixture of Gold and Silver melted into
+one Lump, it usually happens that the Powder of Gold that falls to the
+bottom, as not being Dissoluble by that _Menstruum_, will not have its own
+Yellow, but appear of a Black Colour, though neither the Gold, nor the
+Silver, nor the _Aqua Fortis_ did before manifest any Blackness. And divers
+Alchymists, when they make Solutions of Minerals they would Examine, are
+very Glad, if they see a Black Powder Praecipitated to the Bottom, taking it
+for a Hopefull Sign, that those Particles are of a Golden Nature, which
+appear in a Colour so ordinary to Gold parted from other Metalls by _Aqua
+Fortis_, that it is a trouble to the Refiner to Reduce the Praecipitated
+_Calx_ to its Native Colour. For though, (as we have try'd,) that may be
+Quickly enough done by Fire, which will make this Gold look very Gloriously
+(as indeed 'tis at least one of the Best wayes that is Practis'd for the
+Refining of Gold,) yet it requires both Watchfulness and Skill, to give it
+such a Degree of Fire as will serve to Restore it to its Lustre, without
+giving it such a One, as may bring it to Fusion, to which the Minuteness of
+the _Corpuseles_ it consists of makes the Powder very apt. And this brings
+into my Mind, that having taken a Flat and Bright piece of Gold, that was
+Refin'd by a Curious and Skilfull Person on purpose to Trye to what height
+of Purity Gold could be brought by Art, I found that this very piece, as
+Glorious as it look'd, being rubb'd a little upon a piece of fine clean
+Linnen, did sully it with a kind of Black; and the like I have observ'd in
+Refin'd Silver, which I therefore mention, because I formerly suspected
+that the Impurity of the Metall might have been the only Cause of what I
+have divers times obferv'd in wearing Silver-hilted Swords, Namely, that
+where they rubb'd upon my Clothes, if they were of a Light-Colour'd Cloath,
+the Affriction would quickly Black them; and Congruously hereunto I have
+found Pens Blackt almost all over, when I had a while carri'd them about me
+in a Silver Ink-case. To which I shall only add, that whereas in these
+several Instances of Denigration, the Metalls are worn off, or otherwise
+Reduc'd into very Minute Parts, that Circumstance may prove not Unworthy
+your Notice.
+
+_EXPERIMENT X._
+
+That a Solution of Silver does Dye Hair of a Black Colour, is a Known
+Experiment, which some persons more Curious than Dextrous, have so
+Unluckily made upon themselves as to make their Friends very Merry. And I
+remember that the other day, I made my self some Sport by an Improvement of
+this Observation, for having dissolv'd some Pure Silver in _Aqua Fortis_,
+and Evaporated the _Menstruum ad siccitatem_, as they speak, I caus'd a
+Quantity of fair Water to be pour'd upon the _Calx_ two or three several
+times, and to be at each Evaporated, till the _Calx_ was very Drye, and all
+the Greenish Blewness that is wont to appear in Common Crystals of Silver,
+was quite carry'd away. Then I made those I meant to Deceive, Moisten some
+part of their Skin with their own Spittle, and slightly Rub the moistned
+parts with a little of this Prepar'd Silver, Whereupon they Admir'd to see,
+that a Snow-white Body laid upon the White Skin should presently produce a
+deep Blackness, as if the stains had been made with Ink, especially
+considering that this Blackness could not, like that produc'd by ordinary
+Ink, be readily Wash'd off, but requir'd many Hours, and part of it some
+dayes to its Obliteration. And with the same White _Calx_ and a little Fair
+Water we likewise Stain'd the White Hafts of Knives, with a lasting Black
+in those parts where the _Calx_ was Plentifully enough laid on, for where
+it was laid on but very Thinly, the Stain was not quite of so Deep a
+Colour.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XI_
+
+The Cause of the Blackness of those many Nations, which by one common Name
+we are wont to call _Negroes_, has been long since Disputed of by Learned
+Men, who possibly had not done amiss, if they had also taken into
+Consideration, why some whole races of other Animals besides Men, as Foxes
+and Hares, are Distinguish'd by a Blackness not familiar to the Generality
+of Animals of the same Species; The General Opinion (to be mention'd a
+little lower) has been rejected even by some of the Antient Geographers,
+and among our Moderns _Ortelius_ and divers other Learned Men have
+Question'd it. But this is no place to mention what thoughts I have had to
+and fro about these Matters: Only as I shall freely Acknowledge, that to me
+the inquiry seems more Abstruse than it does to many others, and that
+because consulting with Authors, and with Books of Voyages, and with
+Travellers, to satisfie my self in matters of Fact, I have met with some
+things among them, which seem not to agree very well with the Notions of
+the most Classick Authors concerning these things; for it being my Present
+Work to deliver rather matters Historical than Theorys, I shall Annex Some
+few of my Collections, instead of a Solemn Disputation. It is commonly
+presum'd that the Heat of the Climate wherein they live, is the reason, why
+so many Inhabitants of the Scorching Regions of _Africa_ are Black; and
+there is this familiar Observation to Countenance this Conjecture, That we
+plainly see that Mowers, Reapers, and other Countrey-people, who spend the
+most part of the Hot Summer dayes expos'd to the Sun, have the skin of
+their Hands and Faces, which are the parts immediately Expos'd to the Sun
+and Air, made of a Darker Colour than before, and consequently tending to
+Blackness; And Contrarywise we observe that the _Danes_ and some other
+people that Inhabit Cold Climates, and even the _English_ who feel not so
+Rigorous a Cold, have usually Whiter faces than the _Spaniards_,
+_Portugalls_ and other European Inhabitants of Hotter Climates. But this
+Argument I take to be far more Specious than Convincing; for though the
+Heat of the Sun may Darken the Colour of the Skin, by that Operation, which
+we in _English_ call Sun-burning, yet Experience doth not Evince, that I
+remember, That that Heat alone can produce a Discolouring that shall amount
+to a true Blackness, like that of _Negroes_, and we shall see by and by
+that even the Children of some _Negroes_ not yet 10. dayes Old (perhaps not
+so much by three quarters of that time) will notwithstanding their Infancy
+be of the same Hue with their Parents. Besides, there is this strong
+Argument to be alleg'd against the Vulgar Opinion, that in divers places in
+_Asia_ under the same Parallel, or even of the same Degree of Latitude with
+the _African_ Regions Inhabited by Blacks, the People are at most but
+Tawny;[10] And in _Africa_ it self divers Nations in the Empire of
+_Ethiopia_ are not _Negroes_, though Situated in the Torrid Zone, and as
+neer the AEquinoctial, as other Nations that are so (as the Black
+Inhabitants of _Zeylan_ and _Malabar_ are not in our Globes plac'd so near
+the Line as _Amara_ the Famousest place in _Ethiopia_.) Moreover, (that
+which is of no small Moment in our present Disquisition) I find not by the
+best Navigators and Travellers to the _West-Indies_, whose Books or
+themselves I have consulted on this Subject, that excepting perhaps one
+place or two of small extent, there are any Blacks Originally Natives of
+any part of _America_ (for the Blacks now there have been by the
+_Europeans_ long Transplanted thither) though the New World contain in it
+so great a Variety of Climates, and particularly reach quite Cross the
+Torri'd Zone from one Tropick to another. And enough it be true that the
+_Danes_ be a Whiter People than the _Spaniards_, yet that may proceed
+rather from other causes (not here to be enquired into) than from the
+Coldness of the Climate, since not onely the _Swedes_ and other Inhabitants
+of those Cold Countreys, are not usually so White as the _Danes_, nor
+Whiter than other Nations in proportion to their Vicinity to the Pole. [And
+since the Writing of the former part of this Essay, having an opportunity
+on a Solemn occasion to take Notice of the Numerous Train of Some
+Extraordinary Embassadours sent from the _Russian_ Emperour to a great
+Monarch, observ'd, that (though it were then Winter) the Colour of their
+Hair and Skin was far less Whitish than the _Danes_ who Inhabit a milder
+Region is wont to be, but rather for the most part of a Darkish Brown; And
+the Physician to the Embassadour with whom those _Russes_ came, being ask'd
+by me whether in _Muscovy_ it self the Generality of the People were more
+inclin'd to have Dark-colour'd Hair than Flaxen, he answer'd Affirmatively;
+but seem'd to suspect that the True and Antient _Russians_, a Sept of whom
+he told me he had met with in one of the Provinces of that vast Empire,
+were rather White like the _Danes_, than any thing near so Brown as the
+present _Muscovites_ whom he guesses to be descended of the _Tartars_, and
+to have inherited their Colour from them.] But to Prosecute our former
+Discourse, I shall add for further Proof of the Conjecture I was
+countenancing that good Authors inform us that there are _Negroes_ in
+_Africa_ not far from the _Cape of good Hope_, and consequently beyond the
+Southern Tropick, and without the Torrid Zone, much about the same Northern
+Latitude (or very little more) wherein there are divers _American_ Nations
+that are not _Negroes_, and wherein the Inhabitants of _Candia_, some parts
+of _Sicily_, and even of _Spain_ are not so much as Tawny-Mores. But (which
+is a fresh and strong Argument against the common Opinion,) I find by our
+recent Relations of _Greenland_ (our Accounts whereof we owe to the
+Curiosity of that Royal _Virtuoso_ the present King of _Denmark_,) that the
+Inhabitants are Olive-colour'd, or rather of a Darker Hiew. But if the Case
+were the same with Men, and those other kinds of Animals I formerly nam'd,
+I should offer something as a considerable proof, That, Cold may do much
+towards the making Men White or Black, and however I shall let down the
+Observation as I have met with it, as worthy to come into the History of
+Whiteness and Blackness, and it is, that in some parts of _Russia_ and of
+_Livonia_ it is affirm'd by _Olaus Magnus_ and others, that Hares and Foxes
+(some add Partridges) which before were Black, or Red, or Gray, do in the
+depth of Winter become White by reason of the great Cold; (for that it
+should be, as some conceive, by Looking upon the Snow, seems improbable
+upon divers accounts) And I remember that having purposely enquir'd of a
+_Virtuoso_ who lately Travell'd through _Livonia_ to _Mosco_ concerning the
+Truth of this Tradition, he both told me, he believ'd it, and added, that
+he saw divers of those lately nam'd Animals either in _Russia_ or
+_Livonia_, (for I do not very well remember whether of the two) which,
+though White when he saw them in Winter, they assur'd him had been Black,
+or of other Colours before the Winter began, and would be so again when it
+was over. But for further satisfaction, I also consulted one that had for
+some years been an Eminent Physician in _Russia_, who though he rejected
+some other Traditions that are generally enough believ'd concerning that
+Countrey, told me nevertheless, that he saw no cause to doubt of this
+Tradition of _Olaus Magnus_ as to Foxes and Hares, not onely because 'tis
+the common and uncontroul'd Assertion of the Natives, but also because he
+himself in the Winter could never that he remember'd see Foxes and Hares of
+any other Colour than White; And I my self having seen a small White Fox
+brought out of _Russia_ into _England_ towards the latter end of Winter,
+foretold those that shew'd him me, that he would change Colour in Summer,
+and accordingly coming to look upon him again in _July_, I found that the
+Back and Sides, together with the upper part of the Head and Tayl were
+already grown of a Dark Colour, the lower part of the Head and Belly
+containing as yet a Whiteness. Let me add, that were it not for some
+scruple I have, I should think more than what _Olaus_ relates, confirm'd by
+the judicious _Olearius_, who was twice employ'd into those parts as a
+Publick Minister, who in his Account of _Moscovy_ has this Passage: _The
+Hares there are Gray; but in some Provinces they grow white in the Winter_.
+And within some few Lines after: _It is not very Difficult to find the
+Cause of this Change, which certainly proceeds only from the Outward Cold,
+since I know that even in Summer, Hares will change Colour, if they be kept
+a competent time in a Cellar_; I say, were it not for Some Scruple, because
+I take notice, that in the same Page the Author Affirms, that the like
+change of Colour that happens to Hares in some Provinces of _Muscovy_,
+happens to them also in _Livonia_, and yet immediately subjoyns, that in
+_Curland_ the Hares vary not their Colour in Winter, though these two last
+named Countries be contiguous, (that is) sever'd only by the River of
+_Dugna_; For it is scarce conceivable how Cold alone should have, in
+Countries so near, so strangely differing an operation, though no less
+strange a thing is confess'd by many, that ascribe the Complexion of
+_Negroes_ to the Heat of the Sun, when they would have the River of
+_Cenega_ so to bound the _Moors_, that though on the North-side they are
+but Tawny, on the other side they are Black.
+
+  [10] Olearius Voyage de Mosco. et de Perse _liv_. 3.
+
+There is another Opinion concerning the Complexion of _Negroes_, that is
+not only embrac'd by many of the more Vulgar Writers, but likewise by that
+ingenious Traveller Mr. _Sandys_, and by a late most learned Critick,
+besides other men of Note, and these would have the Blackness of _Negroes_
+an effect of _Noah's_ Curse ratify'd by God's, upon _Cham_; But though I
+think that even a Naturalist may without disparagement believe all the
+Miracles attested by the Holy Scriptures, yet in this case to flye to a
+Supernatural Cause, will, I fear, look like Shifting off the Difficulty,
+instead of Resolving it; for we enquire not the First and Universal, but
+the Proper, Immediate, and Physical Cause of the Jetty Colour of _Negroes_;
+And not only we do not find expressed in the Scripture, that the Curse
+meant by _Noah_ to _Cham_, was the Blackness of his Posterity, but we do
+find plainly enough there that the Curse was quite another thing, namely
+that he should be a Servant of Servants, that is by an Ebraism, a very
+Abject Servant to his Brethren, which accordingly did in part come to pass,
+when the _Israelites_ of the posterity of _Sem_, subdued the _Canaanites_,
+that descended from _Cham_, and kept them in great Subjection. Nor is it
+evident that Blackness is a Curse, for Navigators tell us of Black Nations,
+who think so much otherwise of their own condition, that they paint the
+Devil White. Nor is Blackness inconsistent with Beauty, which even to our
+European Eyes consists not so much in Colour, as an Advantageous Stature, a
+Comely Symmetry of the parts of the Body, and Good Features in the Face. So
+that I see not why Blackness should be thought such a Curse to the
+_Negroes_, unless perhaps it be, that being wont to go Naked in those Hot
+Climates, the Colour of their Skin does probably, according to the Doctrine
+above deliver'd, make the Sun-beams more Scorching to them, than they would
+prove to a people of a White Complexion.
+
+Greater probability there is, That the Principal Cause (for I would not
+exclude all concurrent ones) of the Blackness of _Negroes_ is some Peculiar
+and Seminal Impression, for not onely we see that _Blackmore_ boyes brought
+over into these Colder Climates lose not their Colour; But good Authors
+inform us, That the Off-spring of _Negroes_ Transplanted out of _Africa_,
+above a hundred years ago, retain still the Complexion of their
+Progenitors, though possibly in Tract of time it will decay; As on the
+other side, the White people removing into very Hot Climates, have their
+Skins by the Heat of the Sun scorch'd into Dark Colours; yet neither they,
+nor their Children have been observ'd, even in the Countreys of _Negroes_,
+to descend to a Colour amounting to that of the Natives; whereas I remember
+I have Read in _Pisos_[11] excellent account of _Brasile_, that betwixt the
+_Americans_ and _Negroes_ are generated a distinct sort of Men, which they
+call _Cabocles_, and betwixt _Portugalls_ and _AEthiopian_ women, He tells
+us, he has sometimes seen Twins, whereof one had a White skin, the other a
+Black; not to mention here some other instances, he gives, that the
+productions of the mixtures of differing people, that is (indeed,) the
+effects of Seminal Impressions which they consequently argue to have been
+their Causes; and we shall not much scruple at this, if we consider, that
+even Organical parts may receive great Differences from such peculiar
+Impressions, upon what account soever they came to be setled in the first
+Individual persons, from whom they are Propogated to Posterity, as we see
+in the Blobber-Lips and Flat-Noses of most Nations of _Negroes_. And if we
+may Credit what Learned men deliver concerning the Little Feet of the
+_Chinesses_, the _Macrocephali_ taken notice of by _Hippocrates_, will not
+be the only Instance we might apply to our present purpose. And on this
+occasion it will not perchance be Impertinent to add something of what I
+have observ'd in other Animals, as that there is a sort of Hens that want
+Rumps; And that (not to mention that in several places there is a sort of
+Crows or Daws that are not Cole-black as ours, but partly of a Whitish
+Colour) in spight of _Porphyries_ examples of Inseparable Accidents, I have
+seen a perfectly White Raven, as to Bill as well as Feathers, which I
+attentively considered, for fear of being impos'd upon. And this recalls
+into my Memory, what a very Ingenious Physician has divers times related to
+me of a young Lady, to whom being call'd, he found that though she much
+complain'd of want of Health, yet there appear'd so little cause either in
+her Body, or her Condition to Guess that She did any more than fancy her
+self Sick, that scrupling to give her Physick, he perswaded her Friends
+rather to divert her Mind by little Journeys of Pleasure, in one of which
+going to Visit St. _Winifrids_ Well, this Lady, who was a _Catholick_, and
+devout in her Religion, and a pretty while in the Water to perform some
+Devotions, and had occasion to fix her Eyes very attentively upon the Red
+pipple-stones, which in a scatter'd order made up a good part of those that
+appear'd through the water, and a while after growing Bigg, she was
+deliver'd of a Child, whose White Skin was Copiously speckl'd with spots of
+the Colour and Bignesss of those Stones, and though now this Child have
+already liv'd several years, yet she still retains them. I have but two
+things to add concerning the Blackness of _Negroes_, the one is, that the
+Seat of that Colour seems to be but the thin _Epidermes_, or outward Skin,
+for I knew a young _Negroe_, who having been lightly Sick of the Small Pox
+or Measles, (for it was doubted which of the two was his Disease) I found
+by enquiry of a person that was concern'd for him, that in those places
+where the little Tumors had broke their passage through the Skin, when they
+were gone, they left Within specks behind them; And the lately commended
+_Piso_ assures us, that having the opportunity in _Brasil_ to Dissect many
+_Negroes_, he cleerly found that their Blackness went no deeper than the
+very outward Skin, which _Cuticula_ or _Epidermis_ being remov'd, the
+undermost Skin or _Cutis_ appear'd just as White as that of _Europaean_
+Bodyes. And the like has been affirmed to me by a Physician of our own,
+whom, hearing he had Dissectcd a _Negroe_ here in _England_, I consulted
+about this particular. The other thing to be here taken notice of
+concerning _Negroes_ is, That having enquir'd of an Intelligent
+acquaintance of mine (who keeps in the _Indies_ about 300. of them as well
+Women as Men to work in his Plantations,) whether their Children come Black
+into the world; he answer'd, That they did not, but were brought forth of
+almost the like Reddish Colour with our _European_ Children; and having
+further enquir'd, how long it was before these Infants appear'd Black, be
+reply'd, that 'twas not wont to be many daies. And agreeable to this
+account I find that, given us in a freshly publish'd French Book written by
+a _Jesuit_, that had good opportunity of Knowing the Truth of what he
+Delivers, for being one of the Missionaries of his Order into the Southern
+_America_ upon the Laudable Design of Converting Infidels to Christianity,
+he Baptiz'd several Infants, which when newly Born, were much of the same
+Colour with _European_ Babes, but within about a Week began to appear of
+the Hue of their Parents. But more Pregnant is the Testimony of our
+Countrey-man _Andrew Battel_, who being sent Prisoner by the _Portugalls_
+to _Angola_, liv'd there, and in the adjoyning Regions, partly as a
+Prisoner, partly as a Pilot, and partly as a Souldier, near 18. years, and
+he mentioning the _African_ Kingdom of _Longo_, peopl'd with Blacks, has
+this passage:[12] _The Children in this Countrey are Born White, and change
+their Colour in two dayes to a Perfect Black_. As for Example, _The_
+Portugalls _which dwell in the Kingdome of_ Longo _have sometimes Children
+by the_ Negroe_-women, and many times the Fathers are deceived, thinking,
+when the Child is Born, that it is theirs, and within two dayes it proves
+the Son or Daughter of a_ Negroe,_ which the_ Portugalls _greatly grieve
+at_; And the same person has elsewhere a Relation, which, if he have made
+no use at all of the liberty of a Traveller, is very well worth our Notice,
+since this, together with that we have formerly mention'd of Seminal
+Impressions, shews a possibility, that a Race of _Negroes_ might be begun,
+though none of the Sons of _Adam_, for many Precedent Generations were of
+that Complexion. For I see not why it should not be at least as possible,
+that White Parents may sometimes have Black Children, as that _African
+Negroes_ should sometimes have lastingly White ones, especially since
+concurrent causes may easily more befriend the Productions of the Former
+kind, than under the scorching Heat of _Africa_ those of the Latter. And I
+remember on the occasion of what he delivers, that of the White Raven
+formerly mention'd, the Possessor affirm'd to me, that in the Nest out of
+which he was taken White, they found with him but one other Young one, and
+that he was of as Jetty a Black as any common Raven. But let us hear our
+Author himself[13]; _Here are_ (sayes he, speaking of the formerly
+mention'd Regions) _Born in this Countrey White Children, which is very
+rare among them, for their Parents are_ Negroes; _And when any of them are
+Born, they are presented to the King, and are call'd_ Dondos; _these are as
+White as any White Men. These are the Kings Witches, and are brought up in
+Witchcraft, and alwayes wait on the King: There is no man that dare meddle
+with these_ Dondos, _if they go to the Market they may take what they lift,
+for all Men stand in awe of them. The King of_ Longo _hath four of them_.
+And yet this Countrey in our Globes is plac'd almost in the midst of the
+Torrid Zone (four or five Degrees Southward of the Line.) And our Author
+elsewhere tells us of the Inhabitants, that they are so fond of their
+Blackness, that they will not suffer any that is not of that Colour (as the
+_Portugalls_ that come to Trade thither) to be so much as Buri'd in their
+Land, of which he annexes a particular example,[14] that may be seen in his
+Voyage preserv'd by our Industrious Countreyman Mr. _Purchas_. But it is
+high time for me to dismiss Observations, and go on with Experiments.
+
+  [11] _Piso_ Nat. & Med. Hist. _Brasil. lib_ 1. in fine.
+
+  [12] _Purchas_ Pilgrim. Second part, Seventh Book 3. Chap. Sect 5.
+
+  [13] _Purchas_. Ibid.
+
+  [14] _Purchas_ Ibid. in fin
+
+_EXPERIMENT XII._
+
+The way, _Pyrophilus,_ of producing Whiteness by Chymical Praecipitations is
+very well worth our observing, for thereby Bodyes of very Differing Colours
+as well as Natures, though dissolv'd in Several Liquors, are all brought
+into _Calces_ or Powders that are White. Thus we find that not only
+Crabs-eyes, that are of themselves White, and Pearls that are almost so,
+but _Coral_ and _Minium_ that are Red, being dissolv'd in Spirit of
+Vinegar, may be uniformly Praecipitated by Oyl of _Tartar_ into White
+Powders. Thus Silver and Tin separately dissolv'd in _Aqua Fortis_, will
+the one Praecipitate it self, and the other be Praecipitated by common
+Salt-water into a White _Calx_, and so will Crude Lead and Quicksilver
+first dissolv'd likewise in _Aqua Fortis_. The like _Calx_ will be afforded
+as I have try'd by a Solution of that shining Mineral Tinglass dissolv'd in
+_Aqua Fortis_, and Praecipitated out of it; and divers of these _Calces_ may
+be made at least as Fair and White, if not better Colour'd, if instead of
+Oyl of _Tartar_ they were Praecipitated with Oyl of _Vitriol_, or with
+another Liquor I could Name. Nay, that Black Mineral _Antimony_ it self,
+being reduc'd by and with the Salts that concurr to the Composition of
+common Sublimate, into that Cleer though Unctuous Liquor that Chymists
+commonly call Rectifi'd Butter of _Antimony_, will by the bare affusion of
+store of Fair Water be struck down into that Snow-white Powder, which when
+the adhering Saltness is well wash'd off, Chymists are pleas'd to call
+_Mercurius Vitae_, though the like Powder may be made of _Antimony_, without
+the addition of any _Mercury_ at all. And this Lactescence if I may so call
+it, does also commonly ensue when Spirit of Wine, being Impregnated with
+those parts of Gums or other Vegetable Concretions, that are suppos'd to
+abound with Sulphureous Corpuscles, fair Water is suddenly pour'd upon the
+Tincture or Solution. And I remember that very lately I did, for Tryal
+sake, on a Tincture of _Benjamin_ drawn with Spirit of Wine, and brought to
+be as Red as Blood, pour some fair Water, which presently mingling with the
+Liquor, immediately turn'd the whole Mixture White. But if such Seeming
+Milks be suffer'd to stand unstirr'd for a convenient while, they are wont
+to let fall to the bottome a Resinous Substance, which the Spirit of Wine
+Diluted and Weakned by the Water pour'd into it was unable to support any
+longer. And something of Kin to this change of Colour in Vegetables is
+that, which Chymists are wont to observe upon the pouring of Acid Spirits
+upon the Red Solution of _Sulphur_, dissolv'd in an Infusion of Pot-ashes,
+or in some other sharp _Lixivium_, the Praecipitated _Sulphur_ before it
+subsides, immediately turning the Red Liquor into a White one. And other
+Examples might be added of this way of producing Whiteness in Bodyes by
+Praecipitating them out of the Liquors wherein they have been Dissolv'd; but
+I think it may be more usefull to admonish you, _Pyrophilus_, that this
+observation admits of Restrictions, and is not so Universal, as by this
+time perhaps you have begun to think it; For though most Praecipitated
+Bodyes are White, yet I know some that are not; For Gold Dissolv'd in _Aqua
+Regis_, whether you Praecipitate it with Oyl of _Tartar_, or with Spirit of
+_Sal Armoniack_, will not afford a White but a Yellow _Calx_. _Mercury_
+also though reduc'd into Sublimate, and Praecipitated with Liquors abounding
+with Volatile Salts, as the Spirits drawn from Urine, Harts-horn, and other
+Animal substances, yet will afford, as we Noted in our first Experiment
+about Whiteness and Blackness, a White Praecipitate, yet with some Solutions
+hereafter to be mentioned, it will let fall an Orange-Tawny Powder. And so
+will Crude _Antimony_, if, being dissolv'd in a strong Lye, you pour (as
+farr as I remember) any Acid Liquor upon the Solution newly Filtrated,
+whilst it is yet Warm. And if upon the Filtrated Solution of _Vitriol_, you
+pour a Solution of one of these fix'd Salts, there will subside a Copious
+substance, very farr from having any Whiteness, which the Chymists are
+pleas'd to call, how properly I have elsewhere examin'd, the _Sulphur of
+Vitriol_. So that most part of Dissolv'd Bodyes being by Praecipitation
+brought to White Powders, and yet some affording Praecipitates of other
+Colours, the reason of both the Phaenomena may deserve to be enquir'd into.
+
+
+_EXPERIMENT XIII._
+
+Some Learned Modern Writers[15] are of Opinion, that the Account upon which
+Whiteness and Blackness ought to be call'd, as they commonly are, the two
+Extreme Colours, is, That Blackness (by which I presume is meant the Bodyes
+endow'd with it) receives no other Colours; but Whiteness very easily
+receives them all; whence some of them compare Whiteness to the
+_Aristotelian Materia prima_, that being capable of any sort of Forms, as
+they suppose White Bodyes to be of every kind of Colour. But not to Dispute
+about Names or Expressions, the thing it self that is affirm'd as Matter of
+Fact, seems to be True enough in most Cases, not in all, or so, as to hold
+Universally. For though it be a common observation among Dyers, That
+Clothes, which have once been throughly imbu'd with Black, cannot so well
+afterwards be Dy'd into Lighter Colours, the praeexistent Dark Colour
+infecting the Ingredients, that carry the Lighter Colour to be introduc'd,
+and making it degenerate into Some more Sad one; Yet the Experiments lately
+mention'd may shew us, that where the change of Colour in Black Bodies is
+attempted, not by mingling Bodyes of Lighter Colours with them, but by
+Addition of such things as are proper to alter the Texture of those
+Corpuscles that contain the Black Colour, 'tis no such difficult matter, as
+the lately mention'd Learned Men imagine, to alter the Colour of Black
+Bodyes. For we saw that Inks of several Kinds might in a trice be depriv'd
+of all their Blackness; and those made with Logwood and Red-Roses might
+also be chang'd, the one into a Red, the other into a Reddish Liquor; and
+with Oyl of _Vitriol_ I have sometimes turn'd Black pieces of Silk into a
+kind of Yellow, and though the Taffaty were thereby made Rotten, yet the
+spoyling of that does no way prejudice the Experiment, the change of Black
+Silk into Yellow, being never the less True, because the Yellow Silk is the
+less good. And as for Whiteness, I think the general affirmation of its
+being so easily Destroy'd or Transmuted by any other Colour, ought not to
+be receiv'd without some Cautions and Restrictions. For whereas, according
+to what I formerly Noted, Lead is by Calcination turned into that Red
+Powder we call _Minium_; And Tin by Calcination reduc'd to a White _Calx_,
+the common Putty that is sold and us'd so much in Shops, instead of being,
+as it is pretended and ought to be, only the _Calx_ of Tin, is, by the
+Artificers that make it, to save the charge of Tin, made, (as some, of
+themselves have confess'd, and as I long suspected by the Cheap rate it may
+be bought for) but of half Tin and half Lead, if not far more Lead than
+Tin, and yet the Putty in spight of so much Lead is a very White Powder,
+without disclosing any mixture of _Minium_. And so if you take two parts of
+Copper, which is a High-colour'd Metall, to but one of Tin, you may by
+Fusion bring them into one Mass, wherein the Whiteness of the Tin is much
+more Conspicuous and Predominant than the Reddishness of the Copper. And on
+this occasion it may not be Impertinent to mention an Experiment, which I
+relate upon the Credit of a very Honest man, whom I purposely enquir'd of
+about it, being my self not very fond of making Tryals with _Arsenick_, the
+Experiment is this, That if you Colliquate _Arsenick_ and Copper in a due
+proportion, the _Arsenick_ will Blanch the Copper both within and without,
+which is an Experiment well enough Known; but when I enquir'd, whether or
+no this White mixture being skilfully kept a while upon the Cupel would not
+let go its _Arsenick_, which made Whiteness its praedominant Colour, and
+return to the Reddishness of Copper, I was assur'd of the Affirmative; so
+that among Mineral Bodyes, some of those that are White, may be far more
+capable, than those I am reasoning with seem to have known, of Eclipsing
+others, and of making their Colour Praedominant in Mixtures. In further
+Confirmation of which may be added, that I remember that I also took a lump
+of Silver and Gold melted together, wherein by the AEstimate of a very
+Experienced Refiner, there might be about a fourth or third part of Gold,
+and yet the Yellow Colour of the Gold was so hid by the White of the
+Silver, that the whole Mass appear'd to be but Silver, and when it was
+rubb'd upon the Touchstone, an ordinary beholder could scarce have
+distinguish'd it from the Touch of common Silver; though if I put a little
+_Aqua Fortis_ upon any part of the White Surface it had given the
+Touchstone, the Silver in the moistned part being immediately taken up and
+conceal'd by the Liquor, the Golden Particles would presently disclose that
+native Yellow, and look rather as if Gold, than if the above mention'd
+mixture, had been rubb'd upon the Stone.
+
+  [15] See _Scaliger_ Exercit. 325. Sect. 9.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XIV._
+
+I took a piece of Black-horn, (polish'd as being part of a Comb) this with
+a piece of broken glass I scrap'd into many thin and curdled flakes, some
+shorter and some longer, and having laid a pretty Quantity of these
+scrapings together, I found, as I look'd for, that the heap they compos'd
+was White, and though, if I laid it upon a clean piece of White Paper, its
+Colour seem'd somewhat Eclips'd by the greater Whiteness of the Body it was
+compar'd with, looking somewhat like Linnen that had been sulli'd by a
+little wearing, yet if I laid it upon a very Black Body, as upon a Beaver
+Hatt, it then appear'd to be of a good White, which Experiment, that you
+may in a trice make when you please, seems very much to Disfavour both
+their Doctrine that would have Colours to flow from the Substantial Forms
+of Bodyes, and that of the Chymists also, who ascribe them to one or other
+of their three Hypostatical Principles; for though in our Case there was so
+great a Change made, that the same Body without being substantially either
+Increas'd or Lessened, passes immediately from one extreme Colour to
+another (and that too from Black to White) yet this so great and sudden
+change is effected by a slight Mechanical Transposition of parts, there
+being no Salt or _Sulphur_ or _Mercury_ that can be pretended to be Added
+or Taken away, nor yet any substantial Form that can reasonably be suppos'd
+to be Generated and Destroy'd, the Effect proceeding only from a Local
+Motion of the parts which so vary'd their Position as to multiply their
+distinct Surfaces, and to Qualifie them to Reflect far more Light to the
+Eye, than they could before they were scrap'd off from the entire piece of
+Black horn.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XV._
+
+And now, _Pyrophilus_, it will not be improper for us to take some notice
+of an Opinion touching the cause of Blackness, which I judged it not so
+seasonable to Question, till I I had set down some of the Experiments, that
+might justifie my dissent from it. You know that of late divers Learned
+Men, having adopted the three Hypostatical Principles, besides other
+Notions of the Chymists, are very inclinable to reduce all Qualities of
+Bodies to one or other of those three Principles, and Particularly assign
+for the cause of Blackness the Sootie steam of _adust_ or _torrifi'd
+Sulphur_. But I hope that what we have deliver'd above to countenance the
+Opinion we have propos'd about the Cause of Blackness, will so easily
+supply you with several Particulars that may be made use of against this
+Opinion, that I shall now represent to You but two things concerning it.
+
+
+And First it seems that the favourers of the Chymicall Theories might have
+pitcht upon some more proper term, to express the Efficient of Blackness
+than _Sulphur adust_; for we know that _common Sulphur_, not only when
+Melted, but even when Sublim'd, does not grow Black by suffering the Action
+of the fire, but continues and ascends Yellow, and rather more than less
+White, than it was before its being expos'd to the fire. And if it be set
+on fire, as when we make that acid Liquor, that Chymists call _Oleum
+Sulphuris per campanam_, it affords very little Soot, and indeed the flame
+yeelds so little, that it will scarce in any degree Black a sheet of White
+Paper, held a pretty while over the flame and smoak of it, which is
+observed rather to Whiten than Infect linnen, and which does plainly make
+Red Roses grow very Pale, but not at all Black, as far as the Smoak is
+permitted to reach the leaves. And I can shew you of a sort of fixt Sulphur
+made by an Industrious Laborant of your acquaintance, who assur'd me that
+he was wont to keep it for divers weeks together night and day in a naked
+and Violent fire, almost like that of the Glass-house, and when, to
+satisfie my Curiosity, I made him take out a lump of it, though it were
+glowing hot (and yet not melted,) it did not, when I had suffered it to
+cool, appear Black, the true Colour of it being a true Red. I know it may
+be said, that _Chymists_ in the Opinion above recited mean the _Principle
+of Sulphur_, and not _common Sulphur_ which receives its name, not from its
+being _all_ perfectly of a Sulphureous Nature, but for that _plenty_ and
+_Predominancy_ of the Sulphureous Principle in it. But allowing this, 'tis
+easie to reply, that still according to this very Reason, torrifi'd Sulphur
+should afford more Blackness, than most other concretes, wherein that
+Principle is confess'd to be far less copious. Also when I have expos'd
+Camphire to the fire in Close Vessels, as Inflamable, and consequenly
+(according to the Chymists) as Sulphureous a Body as it is, I could not by
+such a degree of Heat, as brought it to Fusion, and made it Boyl in the
+glass, impress any thing of Blackness, or of any other Colour, than its own
+pure White, upon this Vegetable concrete. But what shall we say to Spirit
+of Wine, which being made by a Chymical Analysis of the Liquor that affords
+it, and being totally Inflamable, seems to have a full right to the title
+they give it of _Sulphur Vegetabile_, & yet this fluid Sulphur not only
+contracts not any degree of Blackness by being often so heated, as to be
+made to Boyl, but when it burns away with an Actual flame, I have not found
+that it would discolour a piece of White Paper held over it, with any
+discernable soot. Tin also, that wants not, according to the Chymists, a
+_Sulphur Joviale_, when throughly burned by the fire into a _Calx_, is not
+Black, but eminently White. And I lately noted to you out of _Bellonius_,
+that the Charcoals of Oxy-cedar are not of the former of these two Colours,
+but of the latter. And the Smoak of our Tinby coals here in _England_, has
+been usually observ'd, rather to Blanch linnen then to Black it. To all
+which, other Particulars of the like nature might be added, but I rather
+choose to put you in mind of the third Experiment, about making Black
+Liquors, or Inks, of Bodies that were non of them Black before. For how can
+it be said, that when those Liquors are put together actually Cold, and
+continue so after their mixture, there intervenes any new _Adustion of
+Sulphur_ to produce the emergent Blackness? (and the same question will be
+appliable to the Blackness produc'd upon the blade of a Knife, that has cut
+Lemmons and some kind of Sowr apples, if the juyce (though both Actually
+and Potentially Cold) be not quickly wip'd of) And when by the instilling
+either of a few drops of Oyl of Vitriol as in the second Experiment, or of
+a little of the Liquor mention'd in the Passage pointed at in the fourth
+Experiment, (where I teach at once to Destroy one black Ink, and make
+another) the Blackness produc'd by those Experiments is presently
+destroy'd; if the Colour proceeded only from the Plenty of Sulphurous
+parts, torrify'd in the Black Bodies, I demand, what becomes of them, when
+the Colour so suddenly dissappears? For it cannot Reasonably be said, that
+all those that suffic'd to make so great a quantity of Black Matter, should
+resort to so very small a proportion of the Clarifying Liquor, (if I may so
+call it) as to be deluted by it, with out at all Denigrating it. And if it
+be said that the Instill'd Liquor dispers'd those Black Corpuscles, I
+demand, how that Dispersion comes to destroy their Blackness, but by making
+such a Local Motion of their parts, as destroys their former Texture? which
+may be a Matter of such moment in cases like ours, that I remember that I
+have in few houres, without addition, from Soot it self, attain'd pretty
+store of Crystalline Salt, and good store of Transparent Liquor, and (which
+I have on another occasion noted as remarkable) this so Black Substance had
+its Colour so alter'd, by the change of Texture it receiv'd from the fire,
+wherewith it was distill'd, that it did for a great while afford such
+plenty of very white Exhalations, that the Receiver, though large, seem'd
+to be almost fill'd with Milk.
+
+Secondly, But were it granted, as it is in some cases not Improbable, that
+divers Bodies may receive a Blackness from a Sootie Exhalation, occasion'd
+by the Adustion of their Sulphur, which (for the Reasons lately mention'd I
+should rather call their Oyly parts;) yet still this account is applicable
+but to some Particular Bodies, and will afford us no General Theory of
+Blackness. For if, for example, White Harts-horn, being, in Vessels well
+luted to each other, expos'd to the fire, be said to turn Black by the
+Infection of its own Smoak, I think I may justly demand, what it is that
+makes the Smoak or Soot it self Black, since no Such Colour, but its
+contrary, appear'd before in the Harts-horn? And with the same Reason, when
+we are told, that torrify'd Sulphur makes bodies Black, I desire to be told
+also, why Torrefaction makes Sulphur it self Black? nor will there be any
+Satisfactory Reason assign'd of these Quaeries, without taking in those
+Fertile as well as intelligible Mechanical Principles of the Position and
+Texture of the Minute parts of the body in reference to the Light and the
+Eye; and these applicable Principles may Serve the turn in many cases,
+where the Adustion of Sulphur cannot be pretended; as in the appearing
+Blackness of an Open window, lookt upon at a somewhat remote distance from
+the house, as also in the Blackness Men think they see in the Holes that
+happen to be in White linnen, or Paper of the like Colour; and in the
+Increasing Blackness immediatly Produc'd barely by so rubbing Velvet, whose
+Piles were Inclin'd before, as to reduce them to a more Erected posture, in
+which and in many other cases formerly alleg'd, there appears nothing
+requisite to the Production of _the_ Blackness, but the hindering of the
+incident Beams of Light from rebounding plentifully enough to the Eye. To
+be short, those I reason with, do concerning Blackness, what the Chymists
+are wont also to do concerning other Qualities, namely to content
+themselves to tell us, in what Ingredient of a Mixt Body, the Quality
+enquir'd after, does reside, instead of explicating the Nature of it, which
+(to borrow a comparison from their own Laboratories) is much as if in an
+enquiry after the cause of Salivation, they should think it enough to tell
+us, that the several Kinds of Praecipitates of Gold and _Mercury_) as
+likewise of Quick-silver and Silver (for I know that make and use of such
+Precipitates also) do Salivate upon the account of the _Mercury_, which
+though Disguis'd abounds in them, whereas the Difficulty is as much to know
+upon what account _Mercury_ it self, rather than other Bodies, has that
+power of working by Salivation. Which I say not, as though it were not
+_something_ (and too often the most we can arrive at) to discover in which
+of the Ingredients of a Compounded Body, the Quality, whose Nature is
+sought, resides, but because, though this Discovery it self may pass for
+_something_, and is oftentimes more than what is taught us about the same
+subjects in the Schools, yet we ought not to think it _enough_, when more
+Clear and Particular accounts are to be had.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       THE
+               Experimental History
+                       OF
+                     COLOURS
+                      Begun.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 The Third PART.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                   Containing
+              Promiscuous Experiments
+                      About
+                     COLOURS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+EXPERIMENT I.
+
+Because that, according to the Conjectures I have above propos'd, one of
+the most General Causes of the Diversity of Colours in Opacous Bodyes, is,
+that some reflect the Light mingl'd with more, others with less of Shade
+(either as to Quantity, or as to Interruption) I hold it not unfit to
+mention in the first place, the Experiments that I thought upon to examine
+this Conjecture. And though coming to transcribe them out of some
+Physiological _Adversaria_ I had written in loose Papers, I cannot find one
+of the chief Records I had of my Tryals of this Nature, yet the Papers that
+scap'd miscarrying, will, I presume, suffice to manifest the main thing for
+which I now allege them; I find then Among my _Adversaria_, the following
+Narrative.
+
+_October_ the 11. About ten in the Morning in Sun-shiny Weather, (but not
+without fleeting Clouds) we took several sorts of Paper Stain'd, some of
+one Colour, and some of another; and in a Darken'd Room whose Window look'd
+Southward, we cast the Beams that came in at a hole about three Inches and
+a half in Diameter, upon a White wall that was plac'd on one side, about
+five foot distance from them.
+
+The White gave much the Brightest Reflection.
+
+The Green, Red, and Blew being Compar'd together, the Red gave much the
+strongest Reflection, and manifestly enough also threw its _Colour_ upon
+the Wall; The Green and Blew were scarce Discernable by their Colours, and
+seem'd to reflect an almost Equal Light.
+
+The Yellow Compar'd with the two last nam'd, Reflected somewhat more Light.
+
+The Red and Purple being Compar'd together, the former manifestly Reflected
+a good deal more Light.
+
+The Blew and Purple Compar'd together, the former seem'd to Reflect a
+little more Light, though the Purple Colour were more manifestly seen.
+
+A Sheet of very well fleck'd Marbl'd Paper being Apply'd as the others, did
+not cast any or its Distinct Colours upon the Wall; nor throw its Light
+upon it with an Equal Diffusion, but threw the Beams Unstain'd and Bright
+to this and that part of the Wall, as if it's Polish had given it the
+Nature of a specular Body. But comparing it with a sheet of White Paper, we
+found the Reflection of the latter to be much Stronger, it diffusing almost
+as much Light to a _good Extent_ as the Marble Paper did to _one part_ of
+the Wall.
+
+The Green and Purple left us somewhat in suspence which Reflected the most
+Light; only the Purple seem'd to have some little Advantage over the Green,
+which was Dark in its kind.
+
+Thus much I find in our above mention'd _Collections_, among which there
+are also some Notes concerning the Production of _Compounded Colours_, _by
+Reflection_ from Bodyes differingly Colour'd. And these Notes we intended
+should supply us with what we should mention as our second Experiment: but
+having lost the Paper that contain'd the Particulars, and remembring onely
+in General, that if the Objects which Reflected the Light were not Strongly
+Colour'd and somewhat Glossy, the Reflected Beams would not manifestly make
+a Compounded Colour upon the Wall, and even then but very Faintly, we shall
+now say no more of that Matter, only reserving our selves to mention
+hereafter the Composition of a Green, which we still retain in Memory.
+
+_EXPERIMENT II._
+
+We may add, _Pyrophilus_, on this Occasion, that though a Darken'd Room be
+Generally thought requisite to make the Colour of a Body appear by
+Reflection from another Body, that is not one of those that are commonly
+agreed upon to be Specular (as Polish'd Metall, Quick silver, Glass, Water,
+&c.) Yet I have often observ'd that when I wore Doublets Lin'd with some
+silken Stuff that was very Glossy and Vividly Colour'd, especially Red, I
+could in an Inlightned Room plainly enough Discern the Colour, upon the
+Pure White Linnen that came out at my Sleeve and reach'd to my Cufs; as if
+that Fine White Body were more Specular, than Colour'd and Unpolish'd
+Bodyes are thought Capable of being.
+
+_EXPERIMENT III._
+
+Whilst we were making the newly mention'd Experiments, we thought fit to
+try also what Composition of Colours might be made by Altering the Light in
+its Passage to the Eye by the Interposition not of Perfectly Diaphanous
+Bodies, (that having been already try'd by others as well as by us (as we
+shall soon have occasion to take notice) but of Semi-opacous Bodyes, and
+those such as look'd upon in an ordinary Light, and not held betwixt it and
+the Eye, are not wont to be Discriminated from the rest of Opacous Bodyes;
+of this Tryal, our mention'd _Adversaria_ present us the following Account.
+
+Holding these Sheets, sometimes one sometimes the other of them, before the
+Hole betwixt the Sun and the Eye, with the Colour'd sides obverted to the
+Sun; we found them _single_ to be somewhat Transparent, and appear of the
+same Colour as before, onely a little alter'd by the great Light they were
+plac'd in; but laying _two_ of them one over another and applying them so
+to the Hole, the Colours were compounded as follows.
+
+The Blew and Yellow scarce exhibited any thing but a Darker Yellow, which
+we ascrib'd to the Coarseness of the Blew Papers, and its Darkness in its
+Kind. For applying the Blew parts of the Marbl'd Paper with the Yellow
+Paper after the same manner, they exhibited a good Green.
+
+The Yellow and Red look'd upon together gave us but a Dark Red, somewhat
+(and but a little,) inclining to an Orange Colour.
+
+The Purple and Red look'd on together appear'd more Scarlet.
+
+The Purple and Yellow made an Orange.
+
+The Green and Red made a Dark Orange Tawny.
+
+The Green and Purple made the Purple appear more Dirty.
+
+The Blew and Purple made the Purple more Lovely, and far more Deep.
+
+The Red parts of the Marbl'd Paper look'd upon with the Yellow appear'd of
+a Red far more like Scarlet than without it.
+
+                                                                [Page 191]
+But the Fineness or Coarseness of the Papers, their being carefully or
+slightly Colour'd, and divers other Circumstances, may so vary the Events
+of such Experiments as these, that if, _Pyrophilus_, you would Build much
+on them, you must carefully Repeat them.
+
+_EXPERIMENT IV._
+
+The Triangular Prismatical Glass being the Instrument upon whose Effects we
+may the most Commodiously speculate the Nature of Emphatical Colours, (and
+perhaps that of Others too;) we thought it might be usefull to observe the
+several Reflections and Refractions which the Incident Beams of Light
+suffer in Rebounding from it, and Passing through it. And this we thought
+might be Best done, not (as is usual,) in an ordinary Inlightn'd Room,
+where (by reason of the Difficulty of doing otherwise) ev'n the Curious
+have left Particulars Unheeded, which may in a convenient place be easily
+taken notice of; but in a Darken'd Room, where by placing the Glass in a
+convenient Posture, the Various Reflections and Refractions may be
+Distinctly observ'd; and where it may appear _what_ Beams are Unting'd; and
+_which_ they are, that upon the Bodyes that terminate them, do Paint either
+the Primary or Secondary Iris. In pursuance of this we did in the above
+mention'd Darken'd Room, make observation of no less than four Reflections,
+and three Refractions that were afforded us by the same Prism, and thought
+that notwithstanding what was taught us by the Rules of Catoptricks and
+Dioptricks, it would not be amiss to find also, by hiding sometimes one
+part of the Prism, and sometimes another, and observing where the Light or
+Colour Vanish'd thereupon, by which Reflection and by which Refraction each
+of the several places whereon the Light rebounding from, or passing
+through, the Prism appear'd either Sincere or Tincted, was produc'd. But
+because it would be Tedious and not so Intelligible to deliver this in
+Words, I have thought fit to Referr You to the Annexed Scheme where the
+Newly mention'd particulars may be at one View taken Notice of.
+
+_EXPERIMENT V._
+
+[Illustration: _The Explication of the Scheme._]
+
+_PPP_. An Aequilaterotriangular Crystalline Prism, one of whose edges _P_.
+is placed directly towards the Sun.
+
+_A B_ & [alpha] [beta] Two rays from the Sun falling on the Prism at _B_
+[beta]. and thence partly reflected towards _C_ & [gamma]. and partly
+refracted towards _D_ & [delta].
+
+_B C_ & [beta] [gamma]. Those reflected Rays.
+
+_B D_ & [beta] [delta]. Those refracted Rays which are partly refracted
+towards _E_ & [epsilon]. and there paint an Iris 1 2 3 4 5. denoting the
+five consecutions of colours Red, Yellow, Green, Blew, and Purple; and are
+partly reflected towards _F_ & [zeta].
+
+_D F_ & [delta] [zeta]. Those Reflected Rays which are partly refracted
+towards _G_ & [eta]. colourless, and partly reflected, towards _H_ &
+[theta].
+
+_F H_ & [zeta] [theta]. Those reflected Rays which are refracted towards
+_I_ & [iota]. and there paint an other fainter Iris, the colours of which
+are contrary to the former 5 4 3 2 1. signifying Purple, Blew, Green,
+Yellow, Red, so that the Prism in this posture exhibits four Rainbows.
+
+I know not whether you will think it Inconsiderable to annex to this
+Experiment, That we observ'd in a Room not Darken'd, that the Prismatical
+Iris (if I may so call it) might be Reflected without losing any of its
+several _Colours_ (for we now consider not their _Order_) not onely from a
+plain Looking-glass and from the calm Surface of Fair Water, but also from
+a Concave Looking-glass; and that Refraction did as little Destroy those
+Colours as Reflection. For by the help of a large (double Convex)
+Burning-glass through which we Refracted the Suns Beams, we found that one
+part of the Iris might be made to appear either beyond, or on this side of
+the other Parts of the same Iris; but yet the same Vivid Colours would
+appear in the Displac'd part (if I may so term it) as in the other. To
+which I shall add, that having, by hiding the side of the Prism, obverted
+to the Sun with an Opacous Body, wherein only one small hole was left for
+the Light to pass through, reduc'd the Prismatical Iris (cast upon White
+Paper) into a very narrow compass, and look'd upon it througn a Microscope;
+the Colours appear'd the same as to kind that they did to the naked Eye.
+
+_EXPERIMENT VI._
+
+It may afford matter of Speculation to the Inquisitive, such as you,
+_Prophilus_, that as the Colours of outward Objects brought into a Darken'd
+Room, do so much depend for their Visibility upon the Dimness of the Light
+they are there beheld by; that the ordinary Light of the day being freely
+let in upon them, they immediately disappear: so our Tryals have inform'd
+us, that as to the Prismatical Iris painted on the Floor by the beams of
+the Sun Trajected through a Triangular-glass; though the Colours of it
+appear very Vivid ev'n at Noon-day, and in Sun shiny Weather, yet by a more
+Powerfull Light they may be made to disappear. For having sometimes, (in
+prosecution of some Conjectures of mine not now to be Insisted on,) taken a
+large Metalline Concave _Speculum_, and with it cast the converging Beams
+of the Sun upon a Prismatical Iris which I had caus'd to be projected upon
+the Floor, I found that the over-powerfull Light made the Colours of the
+Iris disappear. And if I so Reflected the Light as that it cross'd but the
+middle of the Iris, in that part only the Colours vanish'd or were made
+Invisible; those parts of the Iris that were on the right and left hand of
+the Reflected Light (which seem'd to divide them, and cut the Iris asunder)
+continuing to exhibit the same Colours as before. But upon this we must not
+now stay to Speculate.
+
+_EXPERIMENT VII._
+
+I have sometimes thought it worth while to take notice, whether or no the
+Colours of Opacous Bodies might not appear to the Eye somewhat Diversify'd,
+not only by the Disposition of the Superficial parts of the Bodyes
+themselves and by the Position of the Eye in Reference to the Object and
+the Light, (for these things are Notorious enough;) but according also to
+the Nature of the Lucid Body that shines upon them. And I remember that in
+Prosecution of this Curiosity, I observ'd a manifest Difference in some
+Kinds of Colour'd Bodyes look'd on by Day-light, and afterwards by the
+light of the Moon; either directly falling on them or Reflected upon them
+from a Concave Looking-glass. But not finding at present in my Collections
+about Colours any thing set down of this Kind, I shall, till I have
+opportunity to repeat them, content my self to add what I find Register'd
+concerning Colours look'd on by Candle-light, in regard that not only the
+Experiment is more easie to be repeated, but the Objects being the Same
+Sorts of Colour'd Paper lastly mention'd, the Collation of the two
+Experiments may help to make the Conjectures they will suggest somewhat the
+less uncertain.
+
+Within a few dayes of the time above mention'd, divers Sheets of Colour'd
+Paper that had been look'd upon before in the Sunshine were look'd upon at
+night by the light of a pretty big Candle, (snuff'd) and the Changes that
+were observ'd were these.
+
+The Yellow seem'd much fainter than in the Day, and inclinable to a pale
+Straw Colour.
+
+The Red seem'd little Chang'd; but seem'd to Reflect Light more strongly
+than any other Colour (for White was none of them.)
+
+A fair Deep Green look'd upon by it self seem'd to be a Dark Blew: But
+being look'd upon together with a Dark Blew, appear'd Greenish; and beheld
+together with a Yellow appear'd more Blew than at first.
+
+The Blew look'd more like a Deep Purple or Murray than it had done in the
+Daylight.
+
+The Purple seem'd very little alter'd.
+
+The Red look'd upon with the Yellow made the Yellow look almost like Brown
+Cap-paper.
+
+_N_. The Caution Subjoyned to the third Experiments is also Applicable to
+this.
+
+_EXPERIMENT VIII._
+
+But here I must not omit to subjoyn, that to satisfie our Selves, whether
+or no the Light of a Candle were not made unsincere, and as it were Ting'd
+with a Yellow Colour by the Admixtion of the Corpuscles it assumes from its
+Fuel; we did not content our selves with what appears to the Naked Eye, but
+taking a pretty thick Rod or Cylinder (for thin Peeces would not serve the
+turn) of deep Blew Glass, and looking upon the Candles flame at a
+Convenient distance througn it, we perceiv'd as we expected, the Flame to
+look Green; which as we often note, is the Colour wont to emerge from the
+Composition of Opacous Bodies, which were apart one of them Blew, and the
+other Yellow. And this perchance may be the main Reason of that which some
+observe, that a sheet of very White Paper being look'd upon by Candle
+light, 'tis not easie at first to discern it from a light Yellow or Lemon
+Colour; White Bodyes (as we have elsewhere observ'd) having more than those
+that are otherwise Colour'd, of a Specular Nature; in regard that though
+they exhibit not, (unless they be Polish'd,) the shape of the Luminary that
+shines on them, yet they Reflect its Light more Sincere and Untroubl'd, by
+either Shades or Refractions, than Bodyes of other Colours (as Blew, or
+Green, or Yellow or the like.)
+
+_EXPERIMENT IX._
+
+We took a Leaf of Such Foliated Gold as Apothecaries are wont to Gild their
+Pills with; and with the Edge of a Knife, (lightly moysten'd by drawing it
+over the Surface of the Tongue, and afterwards) laid upon the edge of the
+Gold Leaf; we so fasten'd it to the Knife, that being held against the
+light, it conctinu'd extended like a little Flagg. This Leaf being held
+very near the Eye, and obverted to the Light, appear'd so full of Pores,
+that it seem'd to have such a kind of Transparency as that of a Sive, or a
+piece of Cyprus, or a Love-Hood; but the Light that pass'd by these Pores
+was in its Passages So Temper'd with Shadow, and Modify'd, that the Eye
+discern'd no more a Golden Colour, but a Greenish Blew. And for other's
+satisfaction, we did in the Night look upon a Candle through such a Leaf of
+Gold; and by trying the Effect of Several Proportions of Distance betwixt
+the Leaf, the Eye and the Light, we quickly hit upon such a Position for
+the Leaf of Gold, as that the flame, look'd on through it, appear'd of a
+Greenish Blew, as we have seen in the Day time. The like Experiment try'd
+with a Leaf of Silver succeeded not well.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_EXPERIMENT X._
+
+We have sometimes found in the Shops of our Druggists, a certain Wood,
+which is there called _Lignum Nephriticum_, because the Inhabitants of the
+Country where it grows, are wont to use the Infusion of it made in fair
+Water against the Stone of the Kidneys, and indeed an Eminent Physician of
+our Acquaintance, who has very Particularly enquir'd into that Disease,
+assures me, that he has found such an Infusion one of the most effectual
+Remedyes, which he has ever tried against that formidable Disease. The
+ancientest Account I have met with of this Simple, is given us by the
+Experienc'd _Monardes_ in these Words. _Nobis,_ says he,[16] _Nova Hispania
+mittit quoddam ligni genus crassum & enode, cujus usus jam diu receptus
+fuit in his Regionibus ad Renum vitia & urinae difficultates ac arenulas
+pellendas. Fit autem hac ratione, Lignum assulatim & minutim concisum in
+limpidissima aqua fontana maceratur, inque ea relinquitur, donec aqua a
+bibentibus absumpta sit, dimidia hora post injectum lignum aqua caeruleum
+colorem contrabit, qui sensim intenditur pro temporis diuturnitate, tametsi
+lignum candidum fit_. This Wood, _Pyrophilus_, may afford us an Experiment,
+which besides the singularity of it, may give no small assistance to an
+attentive Considerer towards the detection of the Nature of Colours. The
+Experiment as we made it is this. Take _Lignum Nephriticum_, and with a
+Knife cut it into thin Slices, put about a handfull of these Slices into
+two three or four pound of the purest Spring-water, let them infuse there a
+night, but if you be in hast, a much shorter time may suffice; _decant_
+this Impregnated Water into a clear Glass Vial, and if you hold it directly
+between the Light and your Eye, you shall see it wholly Tincted (excepting
+the very top of the Liquor, wherein you will some times discern a
+Sky-colour'd Circle) with an almost Golden Colour, unless your Infusion
+have been made too Strong of the Wood, for in that case it will against the
+Light appear somewhat Dark and Reddish, and requires to be diluted by the
+addition of a convenient quantity of fair Water. But if you hold this Vial
+from the Light, so that your Eye be plac'd betwixt the Window and the Vial,
+the Liquor will appear of a deep and lovely Caeruleous Colour, of which
+also the drops, if any be lying on the outside of the Glass, will seem to
+be very perfectly; And thus far we have try'd the Experiment, and found it
+to Succeed even by the Light of Candles of the larger size. If you so hold
+the Vial over against your Eyes, that it may have a Window on one side of
+it, and a Dark part of the Room both before it and on the other side, you
+shall see the Liquor partly of a Blewish and partly of a Golden Colour. If
+turning your back to the Window, you powr out some of the Liquor towards
+the Light and towards your Eyes, it will seem at the comming out of the
+Glass to be perfectly Caeruleous, but when it is fallen down a little way,
+the drops may seem Particolour'd, according as the Beams of Light do more
+or less fully Penetrate and Illustrate them. If you take a Bason about half
+full of Water, and having plac'd it so in the Sun-beams Shining into a
+Room, that one part of the Water may be freely illustrated by the Beams of
+Light, and the other part of it Darkned by the shadow of the Brim of the
+Bason, if then I say you drop of our Tincture, made somewhat strong, both
+into the Shaded and Illuminated parts of the Water, you may by looking upon
+it from several places, and by a little Agitation of the water, observe
+divers pleasing Phaenomena which were tedious to particularize. If you powr
+a little of this Tincture upon a sheet of White Paper, so as the Liquor may
+remain of some depth upon it, you may perceive the Neighbouring drops to be
+partly of one Colour, and partly of the other, according to the position of
+your Eye in reference to the Light when it looks upon them, but if you powr
+off all the Liquor, the Paper will seem Dy'd of an almost Yellow Colour.
+And if a sheet of Paper with some of this Liquor in it be plac'd in a
+window where the Sunbeams may shine freely on it, then if you turn your
+back to the Sun and take a Pen or some such slender Body, and hold it
+over-thwart betwixt the Sun and the Liquor, you may perceive that the
+Shadow projected by the Pen upon the Liquor, will not all of it be a vulgar
+and Dark, but in part a curiously Colour'd shadow, that edge of it, which
+is next the Body that makes it, being almost of a lively Golden Colour, and
+the remoter verge of a Caeruleous one.
+
+  [16] _Nicolaus Monardes_ lib _simplic. ex India allatis_, cap. 27.
+
+These and other Phaenomena, which I have observ'd in this delightfull
+Experiment, divers of my friends have look'd upon not without some wonder,
+and I remember an excellent Oculist finding by accident in a friends
+Chamber a fine Vial full of this Liquor, which I had given that friend, and
+having never heard any thing of the Experiment, nor having any Body near
+him that could tell him what this strange Liquor might be, was a great
+while apprehensive, as he presently after told me, that some strange new
+distemper was invading his Eyes. And I confess that the unusualness of the
+Phaenomena made me very sollicitous to find out the Cause of this
+Experiment, and though I am far from pretending to have found it, yet my
+enquiries have, I suppose, enabled me to give such hints, as may lead your
+greater sagacity to the discovery of the Cause of this wonder. And first
+finding that this Tincture, if it were too copious in the water, Kept the
+Colours from being so lively, and their Change from being so discernable,
+and finding also that the Impregnating Virtue of this Wood did by its being
+frequently Infus'd in New Water by degrees Decay, I Conjectur'd that the
+Tincture afforded by the Wood must proceed from some Subtiler parts of it
+drawn forth by the Water, which swimming too and fro in it did so Modifie
+the Light, as to exhibit such and such Colours; and because these Subtile
+parts were so easily Soluble even in Cold water, I concluded that they must
+abound with Salts, and perhaps contain much of the Essential Salt, as the
+_Chymists_ call it, of the Wood. And to try whether these Subtile parts
+were Volatile enough to be Distill'd, without the Dissolution of their
+Texture, I carefully Distill'd some of the Tincted Liquor in very low
+Vessels, and the gentle heat of a Lamp Furnace; but found all that came
+over to be as Limpid and Colourless as Rock-water, and the Liquor remaining
+in the Vessel to be so deeply Caeruleous, that it requir'd to be oppos'd to
+a very strong Light to appear of any other Colour. I took likewise a Vial
+with Spirit of Wine, and a little Salt of Harts-horn, and found that there
+was a certain proportion to be met with betwixt the Liquor and the Salt,
+which made the Mixture fit to exhibit some little Variety of Colours not
+Observable in ordinary Liquors, as it was variously directed in reference
+to the Light and the Eye, but this Change of Colour was very far short from
+that which we had admir'd in our Tincture. But however, I suspected that
+the Tinging Particles did abound with such Salts, whose Texture, and the
+Colour springing from it, would probably be alter'd by peircing Acid Salts,
+which would in likelihood either make some Dissipation of their Parts, or
+Associate themselves to the like Bodies, and either way alter the Colour
+exhibited by them; whereupon Pouring into a small Vial full of Impregnated
+Water, a very little Spirit of Vinegar, I found that according to my
+Expectation, the Caeruleous Colour immediately vanish'd, but was deceiv'd
+in the Expectation I had, that the Golden Colour would do so too; for,
+which way soever I turned the Vial, either to or from the Light, I found
+the Liquor to appear always of a Yellowish Colour and no other: Upon this I
+imagin'd that the Acid Salts of the Vinegar having been able to deprive the
+Liquor of its Caeruleous Colour, a Sulphureous Salt being of a contrary
+Nature, would be able to Mortifie the Saline Particles of Vinegar, and
+Destroy their Effects; And accordingly having plac'd my Self betwixt the
+Window, and the Vial, and into the Same Liquor dropt a few drops of Oyl of
+Tartar _per Deliquium_, (as _Chymists_ call it) I observ'd with pleasure,
+that immediately upon the Diffusion of this Liquor, the Impregnated Water
+was restor'd to its former Caeruleous Colour; And this Liquor of _Tartar_
+being very Ponderous, and falling at first to the Bottom of the Vial, it
+was easie to observe that for a little while the Lower part of the Liquor
+appear'd deeply Caeruleous; whilst all the Upper part retain'd its former
+Yellowness, which it immediately lost as soon as either Agitation or Time
+had made a competent Diffusion of the Liquor of _Tartar_ through the Body
+of the former Tincture; and this restored Liquor did, as it was Look'd upon
+against or from the Light, exhibit the Same _Phaenomena_ as the Tincted
+Water did, before either of the Adventitious Liquors was pour'd into it.
+
+Having made, _Pyrophilus_, divers Tryals upon this Nephritick Wood, we
+found mention made of it by the Industrious Jesuit _Kircherus_, who having
+received a Cup Turned of it from the _Mexican_ Procurator of his Society,
+has probably receiv'd also from him the Information he gives us concerning
+that _Exotick_ Plant, and therefore partly for that Reason, and partly
+because what he Writes concerning it, does not perfectly agree with what we
+have deliver'd, we shall not Scruple to acquaint you in his own Words, with
+as much of what he writes concerning our Wood, as is requisite to our
+present purpose. _Hoc loco_ (says he)[17] _neutiquam omittendum duximus
+quoddam ligni candidi Mexicani genus, quod Indigenae Coalle & Tlapazatli
+vocant, quod etsi experientia hucusque non nisi Caeruleo aquam colore
+tingere docuerit, nos tamen continua experientia invenimus id aquam in omne
+Colorum genus transformare, quod merito cuipiam Paradoxum videri posset;
+Ligni frutex grandis, ut aiunt, non raro in molem arboris excrescit,
+truncus illius eft crassus, enodis, instar piri arboris, folia ciceris
+foliis, aut rutae haud absimilia, flores exigui, oblongi, lutei & spicatim
+digesti; est frigida & humida planta, licet parum recedat a medio
+temperamento. Hujus itaque descriptae arboris lignum in poculum efformatum,
+aquam eidem infusam primo in aquam intense Caeruleam, colore floris
+Buglossae; tingit, & quo diutius in eo steterit, tanto intensiorem colorem
+acquirit. Hanc igitur aquam si Vitreae Sphaerae infuderis, lucique exposueris,
+ne ullum quidem Caerulei coloris vestigium apparebit, sed instar aquae purae
+putae fontanae limpidam claramque aspicientibus se praebebit. Porro si hanc
+phialam vitream versus locum magis umbrosum direxeris, totus humor
+gratissimum virorem referet; si adhuc umbrosioribus locis, subrubrum, & sic
+pro rerum objectarum conditione, mirum dictu, colorem mutabit; in tenebris
+vero vel in vase opaco posita, Caeruleum colorem suum resumet._
+
+  [17] Kircher. Art. Mag. lucis & umbrae, _lib. 1. part. 3._
+
+In this passage we may take notice of the following Particulars. And first,
+he calls it a White _Mexican_ Wood, whereas (not to mention that
+_Mornardes_ informs us that it is brought out of _Nova Hispania_) the Wood
+that we have met with in several places, and employ'd as _Lignum
+Nephriticum_, was not White, but for the most part of a much Darker Colour,
+not unlike that of the Sadder Colour'd Wood of Juniper. 'Tis true, that
+_Monardes_ himself also says, that the Wood is White; and it is affirm'd,
+that the Wood which is of a Sadder Colour is Adulterated by being Imbu'd
+with the Tincture of a Vegetable, in whose Decoction it is steep'd. But
+having purposely enquir'd of the Eminentest of our _English_ Druggists, he
+peremptorily deny'd it. And indeed, having consider'd some of the fairest
+Round pieces of this Wood that I could meet with in these Parts, I had
+Opportunity to take notice that in one or two of them it was the External
+part of the Wood that was White, and the more Inward part that was of the
+other Colour, the contrary of which would probably have appear'd, if the
+Wood had been Adulterated after the afore-mention'd manner. And I have at
+present by me a piece of such Wood, which for about an Inch next the Bark
+is White, and then as it were abruptly passes to the above-mention'd
+Colour, and yet this Wood by the Tincture, it afforded us in Water, appears
+to have its Colour'd part Genuine enough; for as for the White part, it
+appears upon tryal of both at once, much less enrich'd with the tingent
+Property.
+
+Next, whereas our Author tells us, that the Infusion of this Wood expos'd
+in a Vial to the Light, looks like Spring-water, in which he afterwards
+adds, that there is no Tincture to be seen in it, our Observation and his
+agree not, for the Liquor, which opposed to the Darker part of a Room
+exhibits a Sky-colour, did constantly, when held against the Light, appear
+Yellowish or Reddish, according as its Tincture was more Dilute or Deep;
+and then, whereas it has been already said, that the Caeruleous Colour was
+by Acid Salts abolished, this Yellowish one surviv'd without any
+considerable Alteration, so that unless our Author's Words be taken in a
+very Limited Sense, we must conclude, that either his Memory mis-inform'd
+him, or that his White _Nephritick_ Wood, and the Sadder Colour'd one which
+we employ'd, were not altogether of the same Nature: What he mentions of
+the Cup made of _Lignum Nephriticum_, we have not had Opportunity to try,
+not having been able to procure pieces of that Wood great enough, and
+otherwise fit to be turned into Cups; but as for what he says in the Title
+of his Experiment, that this Wood tinges the Water with all Sorts of
+Colours, that is much more than any of those pieces of Nephritick Wood that
+we have hitherto employ'd, was able to make good; The change of Colours
+discernable in a Vial full of Water, Impregnated by any of them, as it is
+directed towards a place more Lightsome or Obscure, being far from
+affording a Variety answerable to so promising a Title. And as for what he
+tells us, that in the Dark the Infusion of our Wood will resume a
+Caeruleous Colour, I wish he had Inform'd us how he Try'd it.
+
+But this brings into my mind, that having sometimes for Curiosity sake,
+brought a round Vial with a long Neck fill'd with the Tincture of _Lignum
+Nephriticum_ into the Darken'd Room already often mention'd, and holding it
+sometimes in, sometimes near the Sun-beams that enter'd at the hole, and
+sometimes partly in them, and partly out of them, the Glass being held in
+several postures, and look'd upon from several Neighbouring parts of the
+Room, disclos'd a much greater Variety of Colours than in ordinary
+inlightn'd Rooms it is wont to do; exhibiting, besides the usual Colours, a
+Red in some parts, and a Green in others, besides Intermediate Colours
+produc'd by the differing Degrees, and odd mixtures of Light and Shade.
+
+By all this You may see, _Pyrophilus_, the reasonableness of what we
+elsewhere had occasion to mention, when we have divers times told you, that
+it is usefull to have New Experiments try'd over again, though they were,
+at first, made by Knowing and Candid Men, such Reiterations of Experiments
+commonly exhibiting some New Phaenomena, detecting some Mistake or hinting
+some Truth, in reference to them, that was not formerly taken notice of.
+And some of our friends have been pleas'd to think, that we have made no
+unusefull addition to this Experiment, by shewing a way, how in a moment
+our Liquor may be depriv'd of its Blewness, and restor'd to it again by the
+affusion of a very few drops of Liquors, which have neither of them any
+Colour at all of their own. And that which deserves some particular wonder,
+is, that the Caeruleous Tincture of our Wood is subject by the former
+Method to be Destroy'd or Restor'd, the Yellowish or Reddish Tincture
+continuing what it was. And that you may see, that Salts are of a
+considerable use in the striking of Colours, let me add to the many
+Experiments which may be afforded us to this purpose by the Dyers Trade,
+this Observation; That as far as we have hitherto try'd, those Liquors in
+general that are strong of Acid Salts have the Power of Destroying the
+Blewness of the Infusion of our Wood, and those Liquors indiscriminatly
+that abound with Sulphureous Salts, (under which I comprehend the Urinous
+and Volatile Salts of Animal Substances, and the Alcalisate or fixed Salts
+that are made by Incineration) have the vertue of Restoring it.
+
+_A Corollary of the Tenth Experiment._
+
+That this Experiment, _Pyrophilus_, may be as well Usefull as Delightfull
+to You, I must mind You, _Pyrophilus_, that in the newly mention'd
+Observation, I have hinted to You a New and Easie way of Discovering in
+many Liquors (for I dare not say in all) whether it be an Acid or
+Sulphureous Salt, that is Predominant; and that such a Discovery is
+oftentimes of great Difficulty, and may frequently be of great Use, he that
+is not a Stranger to the various Properties and Effects of Salts, and of
+how great moment it is to be able to distinguish their Tribes, may readily
+conceive. But to proceed to the way of trying other Liquors by an Infusion
+of our Wood, take it briefly thus. Suppose I have a mind to try whether I
+conjecture aright, when I imagine that Allom, though it be plainly a Mixt
+Body, does abound rather with Acid than Sulphureous Salt. To satisfie my
+self herein, I turn my back to the Light, and holding a small Vial full of
+the Tincture of _Lignum Nephriticum_, which look'd upon in that Position,
+appears Caeruleous, I drop into it a little of a strong Solution of Allom
+made in Fair Water, and finding upon the Affusion and shaking of this New
+liquor, that the Blewness formerly conspicuous in our Tincture does
+presently vanish, I am thereby incited to suppose, that the Salt
+Praedominant in Allom belongs to the Family of Sour Salts; but if on the
+other side I have a mind to examine whether or no I rightly conceive that
+Salt of Urine, or of Harts-horn is rather of a Saline Sulphureous (if I may
+so speak) than of an Acid Nature, I drop a little of the Saline Spirit of
+either into the Nephritick Tincture, and finding that the Caeruleous Colour
+is rather thereby Deepned than Destroy'd, I collect that the Salts, which
+constitute these Spirits, are rather Sulphureous than Acid. And to satisfie
+my self yet farther in this particular, I take a small Vial of fresh
+Tincture, and placing both it and my self in reference to the Light as
+formerly, I drop into the Infusion just as much Distill'd Vinegar, or other
+Acid liquor as will serve to Deprive it of its Blewness (which a few drops,
+if the Sour Liquor be strong, and the Vial small will suffice to do) then
+without changing my Posture, I drop and shake into the same Vial a small
+proportion of Spirit of Hartshorn or Urine, and finding that upon this
+affusion, the Tincture immediately recovers its Caeruleous Colour, I am
+thereby confirm'd firm'd in my former Opinion, of the Sulphureous Nature of
+these Salts. And so, whereas it is much doubted by Some Modern Chymists to
+what sort of Salt, that which is Praedominant in Quick-lime belongs, we have
+been perswaded to referr it rather to Lixiviate than Acid Salts, by having
+observ'd, that though an Evaporated Infusion of it will scarce yield such a
+Salt, as Ashes and other Alcalizate Bodyes are wont to do, yet if we
+deprive our Nephritick Tincture of its Blewness by just so much Distill'd
+Vinegar as is requisite to make that Colour Vanish, the _Lixivium_ of
+Quick-lime will immediately upon its Affusion recall the Banished Colour;
+but not so Powerfully as either of the Sulphureous Liquors formerly
+mention'd. And therefore I allow my self to guess at the _Strength_ of the
+Liquors examin'd by this Experiment, by the _Quantity_ of them which is
+sufficient to Destroy or Restore the Caeruleous Colour of our Tincture. But
+whether concerning Liquors, wherein neither Acid nor Alcalisate Salts are
+Eminently Praedominant, our Tincture will enable us to conjecture any thing
+more than that such Salts are not Praedominant in them, I take not upon me
+to determine here, but leave to further Tryal; For I find not that Spirit
+of Wine, Spirit of Tartar freed from Acidity, or Chymical Oyl of
+Turpentine, (although Liquors which must be conceiv'd very Saline, if
+Chymists have, which is here no place to Dispute, rightly ascrib'd tasts to
+the Saline Principle of Bodyes,) have any Remarkable Power either to
+deprive our Tincture of its Caeruleous Colour, or restore it, when upon the
+Affusion of Spirit of Vinegar it has disappear'd.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XI._
+
+And here I must not omit, _Pyrophilus_, to inform You, that we can shew You
+even in a Mineral Body something that may seem very near of Kin to the
+Changeable Quality of the Tincture of _Lignum Nephriticum_, for we have
+several flat pieces of Glass, of the thickness of ordinary Panes for
+Windows one of which being interposed betwixt the Eye and a clear Light,
+appears of a Golden Colour, not much unlike that of the moderate Tincture
+of our Wood, but being so look'd upon as that the Beams of light are not so
+much Trajected thorough it as Reflected from it to the Eye, that Yellow
+seems to degenerate into a pale Blew, somewhat like that of a Turquoise.
+And what which may also appear strange, is this, that if in a certain
+posture you hold one of these Plates Perpendicular to the Horizon, so that
+the Sun-beams shine upon half of it, the other half being Shaded, You may
+see that the part Shin'd upon will be of a much Diluter Yellow than the
+Shaded part which will appear much more Richly Colour'd; and if You alter
+the Posture of the Glass, so that it be not held Perpendicular, but
+Parallel in reference to the Horizon, You may see, (which perhaps you will
+admire) the Shaded part look of a Golden Colour, but the other that the Sun
+shines freely on, will appear considerably Blew, and as you remove any part
+of the Glass thus held Horizontally into the Sun-beams or Shade, it will in
+the twinkling of an Eye seem to pass from one of the above mention'd
+Colours to the other, the Sun-beams Trajected through it upon a sheet of
+White Paper held near it, do colour it with a Yellow, somewhat bordering
+upon a Red, but yet the Glass may be so oppos'd to the Sun, that it may
+upon Paper project a mix'd Colour here and there more inclin'd to Yellow,
+and here and there more to Blew. The other Phaenomena of this odd Glass, I
+fear it would be scarce worth while to Record, and therefore I shall rather
+advertise You, _First_ that in the trying of these Experiments with it, you
+must take notice that one of the sides has either alone, or at least
+principally its Superficial parts dispos'd to the Reflection of the Blew
+Colour above nam'd, and that therefore you must have a care to keep that
+side nearest to the Eye. And next, that we have our selves made Glasses not
+unfit to exhibit an Experiment not unlike that I have been speaking of, by
+laying upon pieces of Glass some very finely foliated Silver, and giving it
+by degrees a much stronger Fire than is requisite or usual for the Tinging
+of Glasses of other Colours. And this Experiment, not to mention that it
+was made without a Furnace in which Artificers that Paint Glass are wont to
+be very Curious, is the more considerable, because, that though a Skilfull
+Painter could not deny to me that 'twas with Silver he Colour'd his Glasses
+Yellow; yet he told me, that when to Burn them (as they speak) he layes on
+the plates of Glass nothing but a _Calx_ of Silver Calcin'd without
+Corrosive Liquors, and Temper'd with Fair Water, the Plates are Ting'd of a
+fine Yellow that looks of a Golden Colour, which part soever of it you turn
+to or from the Light; whereas (whether it be what an Artificer would call
+Over-doing, or Burning, or else the imploying the Silver Crude that makes
+the Difference,) we have found more than once, that some Pieces of Glass
+prepar'd as we have related, though held against the Light they appear'd of
+a Transparent Yellow, yet look'd on with ones back turn'd to the Light they
+exhibited an Untransparent Blew.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XII._
+
+If you will allow me, _Pyrophilus_, for the avoiding of Ambiguity, to
+imploy the Word Pigments, to signifie such prepared materials (as
+Cochinele, Vermilion, Orpiment,) as Painters, Dyers and other Artificers
+make use of to impart or imitate particular Colours, I shall be the better
+understood in divers passages of the following papers, and particularly
+when I tell you, That the mixing of Pigments being no inconsiderable part
+of the Painters Art, it may seem an Incroachment in me to meddle with it.
+But I think I may easily be excus'd (though I do not altogether pass it by)
+if I restrain my self to the making of a Transient mention of some few of
+their Practices about this matter; and that only so far forth, as may
+warrant me to observe to you, that there are but few Simple and Primary
+Colours (if I may so call them) from whose Various Compositions all the
+rest do as it were Result. For though Painters can imitate the Hues (though
+not always the Splendor) of those almost Numberless differing Colours that
+are to be met with in the Works of Nature, and of Art, I have not yet
+found, that to exhibit this strange Variety they need imploy any more than
+_White_, and _Black_, and _Red_, and _Blew_, and _Yellow_; these _five_,
+Variously _Compounded_, and (if I may so speak) _Decompounded_, being
+sufficient to exhibit a Variety and Number of Colours, such, as those that
+are altogether Strangers to the Painters Pallets, can hardly imagine.
+
+Thus (for Instance) Black and White differingly mix'd, make a Vast company
+of Lighter and Darker Grays.
+
+Blew and Yellow make a huge Variety of Greens.
+
+Red and Yellow make Orange Tawny.
+
+Red with a little White makes a Carnation.
+
+Red with an Eye of Blew, makes a Purple; and by these simple Compositions
+again Compounded among themselves, the Skilfull Painter can produce what
+kind of Colour he pleases, and a great many more than we have yet Names
+for. But, as I intimated above, 'tis not my Design to prosecute this
+Subject, though I thought it not unfit to take some Notice of it, because
+we may hereafter have occasion to make use of what has been now deliver'd,
+to illustrate the Generation of Intermediate Colours; concerning which we
+must yet subjoyn this Caution, that to make the Rules about the Emergency
+of Colours, fit to be Relied upon, the Corpuscles whereof the Pigments
+consist must be such as do not Destroy one anothers Texture, for in case
+they do, the produced Colour may be very Different from that which would
+Result from the Mixture of other harmless Pigments of the same Colours, as
+I shall have Occasion to shew ere long.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XIII._
+
+It may also give much light to an Enquirer into the Nature of Colours, to
+know that not only in Green, but in many (if not all) other Colours, the
+Light of the Sun passing through Diaphanous Bodies of differing Hues may be
+tinged of the same Compound Colour, as if it came from some Painters
+Colours of the same Denomination, though this later be exhibited by
+Reflection, and be (as the former Experiment declares) manifestly
+Compounded of material Pigments. Wherefore to try the Composition of
+Colours by Trajection, we provided several Plates of Tinged Glass, which
+being laid two at a time one on the top of another, the Object look'd upon
+through them both, appear'd of a Compounded Colour, which agrees well with
+what we have observ'd in the second Experiment, of Looking against the
+Light through differingly Colour'd Papers. But we thought the Experiment
+would be more Satisfactory, if we procur'd the Sun-beams to be so Ting'd in
+their passage through Plates of Glass, as to exhibit the Compounded Colour
+upon a Sheet of White Paper. And though by reason of the Thickness of the
+Glasses, the Effect was but Faint, even when the Sun was High and Shin'd
+forth clear, yet, we easily remedied that by Contracting the Beams we cast
+on them by means of a Convex Burning-glass, which where it made the Beams
+much converge Increas'd the Light enough to make the Compounded Colour very
+manifest upon the Paper. By this means we observ'd, that the Beams
+trajected through Blew and Yellow compos'd a Green, that an intense and
+moderate Red did with Yellow make differing degrees of Saffron, and Orange
+Tawny Colours, that Green and Blew made a Colour partaking of both, such as
+that which some Latin Writers call _Pavonaceus_, that Red and Blew made a
+Purple, to which we might add other Colours, that we produc'd by the
+Combinations of Glasses differingly Ting'd, but that I want proper Words to
+express them in our Language, and had not when we made the Tryals, the
+Opportunity of consulting with a Painter, who perchance might have Suppli'd
+me with some of the terms I wanted.
+
+I know not whether it will be requisite to subjoyn on this Occasion, what I
+tried concerning Reflections from Colour'd Glasses, and other Transparent
+Bodies, namely, that having expos'd four or five sorts of them to the Sun,
+and cast the Reflected Beams upon White Paper held near at hand, the Light
+appear'd not manifestly Ting'd, but as if it had been Reflected from the
+Impervious parts of a Colourless Glass, only that Reflected from the Yellow
+was here and there stain'd with the same Colour, as if those Beams were not
+all Reflected from the Superficial, but some from the Internal parts of the
+Glass; upon which Occasion you may take notice, that a Skilfull Tradesman,
+who makes such Colour'd Glass told me, that where as the Red Pigment was
+but Superficial, the Yellow penetrated to the very midst of the Plate. But
+for further Satisfaction, not having the Opportunity to Foliate those
+Plates, and so turn them into Looking-glasses, we Foliated a Plate of
+_Muscovy_ Glass, and then laying on it a little Transparent Varnish of a
+Gold Colour, we expos'd it to the Sun-beams, so as to cast them upon a Body
+fit to receive them, on which the Reflected Light, appearing, as we
+expected, Yellow, manifested that Rebounding from the Specular part of the
+_Selenitis_, it was Ting'd in its return with the Colour of the Transparent
+Varnish through which it pass'd.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XIV._
+
+After what we have said of the Composition of Colours, it will now be
+seasonable to annex some Experiments that we made in favour of those
+Colours, that are taught in the Schools not to be Real, but only Apparent
+and Phantastical; For we found by Tryals, that these Colours might be
+Compounded, both with True and Stable Colours, and with one another, as
+well as unquestionably Genuine and Lasting Colours, and that the Colours
+resulting from such Compositions, would respectively deserve the same
+Denominations.
+
+For first, having by the Trajection of the Sun-beams through a Glass-prism
+thrown an Iris on the Floor, I found that by placing a Blew Glass at a
+convenient distance betwixt the Prism and the Iris, that part of the Iris
+that was before Yellow, might be made to appear Green, though not of a
+Grass Green, but of one more Dilute and Yellowish. And it seems not
+improbable, that the narrow Greenish List (if I may so call it) that is
+wont to be seen between the Yellow and Blew parts of the Iris, is made by
+the Confusion of those two Bordering Colours.
+
+Next, I found, that though the want of a sufficient Liveliness in either of
+the Compounding Colours, or a light Error in the manner of making the
+following Tryals, was enough to render some of them Unsuccessfull, yet when
+all necessary Circumstances were duely observ'd, the Event was answerable
+to our Expectation and Desire.
+
+And (as I formerly Noted) that Red and Blew compound a Purple, so I could
+produce this last nam'd Colour, by casting at some Distance from the Glass
+the Blew part of the Prismatical Iris (as I think it may be call'd for
+Distinction sake) upon a Lively Red, (for else the Experiment succeeds not
+so well.) And I remember, that sometimes when I try'd this upon a piece of
+Red Cloath, _that_ part of the Iris which would have been Blew, (as I try'd
+by covering that part of the Cloath with a piece of White Paper) and
+Compounded with the Red, wherewith the Cloath was Imbued before, appear'd
+of a fair Purple, did, when I came to View it near at hand, look very Odly,
+as if there were some strange Reflection or Refraction or both made in the
+Hairs of which that Cloath was composed.
+
+Calling likewise the Prismatical Iris upon a very Vivid Blew, I found that
+part of it, which would else have been the Yellow, appear Green. (Another
+somewhat differing Tryal, and yet fit to confirm this, you will find in the
+fifteenth Experiment.)
+
+But it may seem somewhat more strange, that though the Prismatical Iris
+being made by the Refraction of Light through a Body that has no Colour at
+all, must according to the Doctrine of the Schools consist of as purely
+Emphatical Colours, as may be, yet even these may be Compounded with one
+another, as well as Real Colours in the Grossest Pigments. For I took at
+once two Triangular Glasses, and one of them being kept fixt in the same
+Posture, that the Iris it projected on the Floor might not Waver, I cast on
+the same Floor another Iris with the other Prism, and Moving it too and fro
+to bring what part of the second Iris I pleas'd, to fall upon what part of
+the first I thought fit, we did sometimes (for a small Errour suffices to
+hinder the Success) obtain by this means a Green Colour in that part of the
+more Stable Iris, that before was Yellow, or Blew, and frequently by
+casting those Beams that in one of the Iris's made the Blew upon the Red
+parts of the other Iris, we were able to produce a lovely Purple, which we
+can Destroy or Recompose at pleasure, by Severing and Reapproaching the
+Edges of the two Iris's.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XV._
+
+On this occasion, _Pyrophilus_, I shall add, that finding the Glass-prism
+to be the usefullest Instrument Men have yet imploy'd about the
+Contemplation of Colours, and considering that Prisms hitherto in use are
+made of Glass, Transparent and Colourless, I thought it would not be amiss
+to try, what change the Superinduction of a Colour, without the Destruction
+of the Diaphaneity, would produce in the Colours exhibited by the Prism.
+But being unable to procure one to be made of Colour'd Glass, and fearing
+also that if it were not carefully made, the Thickness of it would render
+it too Opacous, I endeavoured to substitute one made of Clarify'd Rosin, or
+of Turpentine brought (as I elsewhere teach) to the consistence of a
+Transparent Gum. But though these Endeavours were not wholly lost, yet we
+found it so difficult to give these Materials their true Shape, that we
+chose rather to Varnish over an ordinary Prism with some of these few
+Pigments that are to be had Transparent; as accordingly we did first with
+Yellow, and then with Red, or rather Crimson, made with Lake temper'd with
+a convenient Oyl, and the Event was, That for want of good Transparent
+Colours, (of which you know there are but very few) both the Yellow and the
+Red made the Glass so Opacous, (though the Pigment were laid on but upon
+two Sides of the Glass, no more being absolutely necessary) that unless I
+look'd upon an Inlightned Window, or the Flame of a Candle, or some other
+Luminous or very Vivid object, I could scarce discern any Colours at all,
+especially when the Glass was cover'd with Red. But when I did look on such
+Objects, it appear'd (as I expected) that the Colour of the Pigment had
+Vitiated or Drown'd some of those which the Prism would according to its
+wont have exhibited, and mingling with others, Alter'd them: as I remember,
+that both to my Eyes, and others to whom I show'd it, when the Prism was
+cover'd with Yellow, it made those Parts of bright Objects, where the Blew
+would else have been Conspicuous, appear of a light Green. But,
+_Pyrophilus_, both the Nature of the Colours, and the Degree of
+Transparency, or of Darkness in the Pigment, besides divers other
+Circumstances, did so vary the _Phaenomena_ of these Tryals, that till I can
+procure small Colour'd Prisms, or Hollow ones that may be filled with
+Tincted Liquor, or obtain Some better Pigments than those I was reduc'd to
+imploy, I shall forbear to Build any thing upon what has been delivered,
+and shall make no other use of it, than to invite you to prosecute the
+Inquiry further.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XVI._
+
+And here, _Pyrophilus_, since we are treating of Emphatical Colours, we
+shall add what we think not unworthy your Observation, and not unfit to
+afford some Exercise to the Speculative. For there are some Liquors, which
+though Colourless themselves, when they come to be Elevated, and Dispers'd
+into Exhalations, exhibit a conspicuous Colour, which they lose again, when
+they come to be Reconjoyn'd into a Liquor, as good Spirit of _Nitre_; or
+upon its account strong _Aqua-fortis_, though devoid of all appearance of
+Redness whilst they continue in the form of a Liquor, if a little Heat
+chance to turn the Minute parts of them into Vapour, the Steam will appear
+of a Reddish or deep Yellow Colour, which will Vanish when those
+Exhalations come to resume the form of Liquor.
+
+And not only if you look upon a Glass half full of _Aqua-fortis_, or Spirit
+of _Nitre_, and half full of _Nitrous_ steams proceeding from it, you will
+see the Upper part of the Glass of the Colour freshly mention'd, if through
+it you look upon the Light. But which is much more considerable, I have
+tried, that putting _Aqua-fortis_ in a long clear Glass, and adding a
+little Copper or some such open Metall to it, to excite Heat and Fumes, the
+Light trajected through those Fumes, and cast upon a sheet of White Paper,
+did upon that appear of the Colour that the Fumes did, when directly Look'd
+upon, as if the Light were as well Ting'd in its passage through these
+Fumes, as it would have been by passing through some Glass or Liquor in
+which the same Colour was Inherent.
+
+To which I shall further add, that having sometimes had the Curiosity to
+observe whether the Beams of the Sun near the Horizon trajected through a
+very Red Sky, would not (though such rednesses are taken to be but
+Emphatical Colours) exhibit the like Colour, I found that the Beams falling
+within a Room upon a very White Object, plac'd directly opposite to the
+Sun, disclos'd a manifest Redness, as if they had pass'd through a Colour'd
+_Medium_.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XVII._
+
+The emergency, _Pyrophilus_, of Colours upon the Coalition of the Particles
+of such Bodies as were neither of them of the Colour of that Mixture
+whereof they are the Ingredients, is very well worth our attentive
+Observation, as being of good use both Speculative and Practical; For much
+of the Mechanical use of Colours among Painters and Dyers, doth depend upon
+the Knowledge of what Colours may be produc'd by the Mixtures of Pigments
+so and so Colour'd. And (as we lately intimated) 'tis of advantage to the
+contemplative Naturalist, to know how many and which Colours are Primitive
+(if I may so call them) and Simple, because it both eases his Labour by
+confining his most sollicitous Enquiry to a small Number of Colours upon
+which the rest depend, and assists him to judge of the nature of particular
+compounded Colours, by shewing him from the Mixture of what more Simple
+ones, and of what Proportions of them to one another, the particular Colour
+to be consider'd does result. But because to insist on the Proportions, the
+Manner and the Effects of such Mixtures would oblige me to consider a
+greater part of the Painters Art and Dyers Trade, than I am well acquainted
+with, I confin'd my self to make Trial of _several ways to produce Green_,
+by the composition of Blew and Yellow. And shall in this place both
+Recapitulate most of the things I have Dispersedly deliver'd already
+concerning that Subject, and Recruit them.
+
+And first, whereas Painters (as I noted above) are wont to make Green by
+tempering Blew and Yellow, both of them made into a soft Consistence, with
+either Water or Oyl, or some Liquor of Kin to one of those two, according
+as the Picture is to be Drawn with those they call _water Colours_, or
+those they term _Oyl Colours_, I found that by choosing fit Ingredients,
+and mixing them in the form of Dry Powders, I could do, what I could not if
+the Ingredients were temper'd up with a Liquor; But the Blew and Yellow
+Powders must not only be finely Ground, but such as that the Corpuscles of
+the one may not be too unequal to those of the other, lest by their
+Disproportionate Minuteness the Smaller cover and hide the Greater. We us'd
+with good success a slight Mixture of the fine Powder of Bise, with that of
+Orpiment, or that of good Yellow Oker, I say a _slight_ Mixture, because we
+found that an _exquisite_ Mixture did not do so well, but by lightly
+mingling the two Pigments in several little Parcels, those of them in which
+the Proportion and Manner of Mixture was more Lucky, afforded us a good
+Green.
+
+2. We also learn'd in the Dye-houses, that Cloth being Dy'd Blew with Woad,
+is afterwards by the Yellow Decoction of _Luteola_ or Woud-wax or Wood-wax
+Dy'd into a Green Colour.
+
+3. You may also remember what we above Related, where we intimated, that
+having in a Darkn'd Room taken two Bodies, a Blew and a Yellow, and cast
+the Light Reflected from the one upon the other, we likewise obtain'd a
+Green.
+
+4. And you may remember, that we observ'd a Green to be produc'd, when in
+the same Darkn'd Room we look'd at the Hole at which alone the Light
+enter'd, through the Green and Yellow parts of a sheet of Marbl'd Paper
+laid over one another.
+
+5. We found too, that the Beams of the Sun being trajected through two
+pieces of Glass, the one Blew and the other Yellow, laid over one another,
+did upon a sheet of White paper on which they were made to fall, exhibit a
+lovely Green.
+
+6. I hope also, that you have not already forgot, what was so lately
+deliver'd, concerning the composition of a Green, with a Blew and Yellow;
+of which most Authors would call the one a _Real_, and the other an
+_Emphatical_.
+
+7. And I presume, you may have yet fresh in your memory, what the
+fourteenth Experiment informs you, concerning the exhibiting of a Green, by
+the help of a Blew and Yellow, that were both of them Emphatical.
+
+8. Wherefore we will proceed to take notice, that we also devis'd a way of
+trying whether or no Metalline Solutions though one of them at least had
+its Colour Adventitious, by the mixture of the _Menstruum_ employ'd to
+dissolve it, might not be made to compound a Green after the manner of
+other Bodies. And though this seem'd not easie to be perform'd by reason of
+the Difficulty of finding Metalline Solutions of the Colour requisite, that
+would mix without Praecipitating each other; yet after a while having
+consider'd the matter, the first Tryal afforded me the following
+Experiment. I took a High Yellow Solution of good Gold in _Aqua-Regis_,
+(made of _Aqua-fortis_, and as I remember half its weight of Spirit of
+Salt) To this I put a due Proportion of a deep and lovely Blew Solution of
+Crude Copper, (which I have elsewhere taught to be readily Dissoluble in
+strong Spirit of Urine) and these two Liquors though at first they seem'd a
+little to Curdle one another, yet being throughly mingl'd by Shaking, they
+presently, as had been Conjectur'd, united into a Transparent Green Liquor,
+which continu'd so for divers days that I kept it in a small Glass wherein
+'twas made, only letting fall a little Blackish Powder to the Bottom. The
+other _Phaenomena_ of this Experiment belong not to this place, where it may
+suffice to take notice of the Production of a Green, and that the
+Experiment was more than once repeated with Success.
+
+9. And lastly, to try whether this way of compounding Colours would hold
+ev'n in Ingredients actually melted by the Violence of the Fire, provided
+their Texture were capable of safely induring Fusion, we caus'd some Blew
+and Yellow Ammel to be long and well wrought together in the Flame of a
+Lamp, which being Strongly and Incessantly blown on them kept them in some
+degree of Fusion, and at length (for the Experiment requires some Patience
+as well as Skil) we obtain'd the expected Ammel of a Green Colour.
+
+I know not, _Pyrophilus_, whether it be worth while to acquaint you with
+the ways that came into my Thoughts, whereby in some measure to explicate
+the first of the mention'd ways of making a Green; for I have sometimes
+Conjectur'd, that the mixture of the Bise and the Orpiment produc'd a Green
+by so altering the Superficial Asperity, which each of those Ingredients
+had apart, that the Light Incident on the mixture was Reflected with
+differing Shades, as to Quantity, or Order, or both, from those of either
+of the Ingredients, and such as the Light is wont to be Modify'd with, when
+it Reflects from Grass, or Leaves, or some of those other Bodies that we
+are wont to call Green. And sometimes too I have doubted, whether the
+produced Green might not be partly at least deriv'd from this, That the
+Beams that Rebound from the Corpuscles of the Orpiment, giving one kind of
+stroak upon the _Retina_, whose Perception we call Yellow, and the Beams
+Reflected from the Corpuscles of the Bise, giving another stroak upon the
+same _Retina_, like to Objects that are Blew, the Contiguity and Minuteness
+of these Corpuscles may make the Appulse of the Reflected Light fall upon
+the _Retina_ within so narrow a Compass, that the part they Beat upon being
+but as it were a Physical point, they may give a Compounded stroak, which
+may consequently exhibit a Compounded and new Kind of Sensation, as we see
+that two Strings of a Musical Instrument being struck together, making two
+Noises that arrive at the Ear at the same time as to Sense, yield a Sound
+differing from either of them, and as it were Compounded of both; Insomuch
+that if they be Discordantly ton'd, though each of them struck apart would
+yield a Pleasing Sound, yet being struck together they make but a Harsh and
+troublesome Noise. But this not being so fit a place to prosecute
+Speculations, I shall not insist, neither upon these Conjectures nor any
+others, which the Experiment we have been mentioning may have suggested to
+me. And I shall leave it to you, _Pyrophilus_, to derive what Instruction
+you can from comparing together the Various ways whereby a Yellow and a
+Blew can be made to Compound a Green. That which I now pretend to, being
+only to shew that the first of those mention'd ways, (not to take at
+present notice of the rest) does far better agree with our Conjectures
+about Colours, than either with the Doctrine of the Schools, or with that
+of the _Chymists_, both which seem to be very much Disfavour'd by it.
+
+For first, since in the Mixture of the two mention'd Powders I could by the
+help of a very excellent _Microscope_ (for ordinary ones will scarce serve
+the turn) discover that which seem'd to the naked Eye a Green Body, to be
+but a heap of Distinct, though very small Grains of Yellow Orpiment and
+Blew Bise confusedly enough Blended together, it appears that the Colour'd
+Corpuscles of either kind did each retain its own Nature and Colour; By
+which it may be guess'd, what meer Transposition and Juxtaposition of
+Minute and Singly unchang'd Particles of Matter can do to produce a new
+Colour; For that this Local Motion and new Disposition of the small parts
+of the Orpiment did Intervene is much more manifest than it is easie to
+Explicate how they should produce this new Green otherwise than by the new
+Manner of their being put together, and consequently by their new
+Disposition to Modifie the Incident Light by Reflecting it otherwise than
+they did before they were Mingl'd together.
+
+Secondly, The Green thus made being (if I may so speak) Mechanically
+produc'd, there is no pretence to derive it from I know not what
+incomprehensible Substantial Form, from which yet many would have us
+believe that Colours must flow; Nor does this Green, though a Real and
+Permanent, not a Phantastical and Vanid Colour, seem to be such an Inherent
+Quality as they would have it, since not only each part of the Mixture
+remains unalter'd in Colour, and consequently of a differing Colour from
+the Heap they Compose, but if the Eye be assisted by a _Microscope_ to
+discern things better and more distinctly than before it could, it sees not
+a Green Body, but a Heap of Blew and Yellow Corpuscles.
+
+And in the third place, I demand what either Sulphur, or Salt, or Mercury
+has to do in the Production of this Green; For neither the Bise nor the
+Orpiment were indu'd with that Colour before, and the bare Juxtaposition of
+the Corpuscles of the two Powders that work not upon each other, but might
+if we had convenient Instruments be separated, unalter'd, cannot with any
+probability be imagin'd either to Increase or Diminish any of the three
+Hypostatical Principles, (to which of them soever the _Chymists_ are
+pleas'd to ascribe Colours) nor does there here Intervene so much as Heat
+to afford them any colour to pretend, that at least there is made an
+Extraversion (as the _Helmontians_ speak) of the Sulphur or of any of the
+two other supposed Principles; But upon this Experiment we have already
+Reflected enough, if not more than enough for once.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XVIII._
+
+But here, _Pyrophilus_, I must advertise you, that 'tis not every Yellow
+and every Blew that being mingl'd will afford a Green; For in case one of
+the Ingredients do not Act only as endow'd with such a Colour, but as
+having a power to alter the Texture of the Corpuscles of the other, so as
+to Indispose them to Reflect the Light, as Corpuscles that exhibit a Blew
+or a Yellow are wont to Reflect it, the emergent Colour may be not Green,
+but such as the change of Texture in the Corpuscles of one or both of the
+Ingredients qualifies them to shew forth; as for instance, if you let fall
+a few Drops of Syrrup of Violets upon a piece of White Paper, though the
+Syrrup being spread will appear Blew, yet mingling with it two or three
+Drops of the lately mention'd Solution of Gold, I obtain'd not a Green but
+a Reddish mixture, which I expected from the remaining Power of the Acid
+Salts abounding in the Solution, such Salts or Saline Spirits being wont,
+as we shall see anon, though weakn'd, so to work upon that Syrrup as to
+change it into a Red or Reddish Colour. And to confirm that for which I
+allege the former Experiment, I shall add this other, that having made a
+very strong and high-colour'd Solution of Filings of Copper with Spirit of
+Urine, though the _Menstruum_ seem'd Glutted with the Metall, because I put
+in so much Filings that many of them remain'd for divers days Undissolv'd
+at the Bottom, yet having put three or four Drops of Syrrup of Violets upon
+White Paper, I found that the deep Blew Solution proportionably mingl'd
+with this other Blew Liquor did not make a Blew mixture, but, as I
+expected, a fair Green, upon the account of the Urinous Salt that was in
+the _Menstruum_.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XIX._
+
+To shew the _Chymists_, that Colours may be made to Appear or Vanish, where
+there intervenes no Accession or Change either of the Sulphureous, or the
+Saline, or the Mercurial principle (as they speak) of Bodies: I shall not
+make use of the Iris afforded by the Glass-prism, nor of the Colours to be
+seen in a fair Morning in those drops of Dew that do in a convenient manner
+Reflect and Refract the Beams of Light to the Eye; But I will rather mind
+them of what they may observe in their own Laboratories, namely, that
+divers, if not all, Chymical Essential Oyls, as also good Spirit of Wine,
+being shaken till they have good store of Bubbles, those Bubbles will (if
+attentively consider'd) appear adorn'd with various and lovely Colours,
+which all immediately Vanish, upon the relapsing of the Liquor that affords
+those Bubbles their Skins, into the rest of the Oyl, or Spirit of Wine, so
+that a Colourless Liquor may be made in a trice to exhibit variety of
+Colours, and may lose them in a moment without the Accession or Diminution
+of any of its Hypostatical Principles. And, by the way, 'tis not unworthy
+our notice, that some Bodies, as well Colourless, as Colour'd, by being
+brought to a great Thinness of parts, acquire Colours though they had none
+before, or Colours differing from them they were before endued with: For,
+not to insist on the Variety of Colours, that Water, made somewhat
+Glutinous by Sope, acquires, when 'tis blown into such Sphaerical Bubbles as
+Boys are wont to make and play with; Turpentine (though it have a Colour
+deep enough of its own) may (by being blown into after a certain manner) be
+brought to afford Bubbles adorn'd with variety of Orient Colours, which
+though they Vanish after some while upon the breaking of the Bubbles, yet
+they would in likelihood always exhibit Colours upon their _Superfices_,
+(though not always the same in the same Parts of them, but Vary'd according
+to the Incidence of the Sight, and the Position of the Eye) if their
+Texture were durable enough: For I have seen one that was Skill'd at
+fashioning Glasses by the help of a Lamp, blowing some of them so strongly
+as to burst them, whereupon it was found, that the Tenacity of the Metall
+was such, that before it broke it suffer'd it self to be reduc'd into Films
+so extremely thin, that being kept clean they constantly shew'd on their
+Surfaces (but after the manner newly mention'd) the varying Colours of the
+Rain-bow, which were exceedingly Vivid, as I had often opportunity to
+observe in some, that I caus'd purposely to be made, to keep by me.
+
+But lest it should be objected, that the above mentioned Instances are
+drawn from Transparent Liquors, it may possibly appear, not impertinent to
+add, what I have sometimes thought upon, and several times tried, when I
+was considering the Opinions of the _Chymists_ about Colours, I took then a
+Feather of a convenient Bigness and Shape, and holding it at a fit distance
+betwixt my Eye and the Sun when he was near the Horizon, me thought there
+appear'd to me a Variety of little Rain-bows, with differing and very vivid
+Colours, of which none was constantly to be seen in the Feather; the like
+_Phaenomenon_ I have at other times (though not with altogether so good
+success) produc'd, by interposing at a due distance a piece of Black
+Ribband betwixt the almost setting Sun and my Eye, not to mention the
+Trials I have made to the same purpose, with other Bodies.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XX._
+
+Take good Syrrup of Violets, Impraegnated with the Tincture of the flowers,
+drop a little of it upon a White Paper (for by that means the Change of
+Colour will be more conspicuous, and the Experiment may be practis'd in
+smaller Quantities) and on this Liquor let fall two or three drops of
+Spirit either of Salt or Vinegar, or almost any other eminently Acid
+Liquor, and upon the Mixture of these you shall find the Syrrup immediatly
+turn'd Red, and the way of Effecting such a Change has not been unknown to
+divers Persons who have produc'd the like, by Spirit of Vitriol, or juice
+of Limmons, but have Groundlessly ascrib'd the Effect to some Peculiar
+Quality of those two Liquors, whereas, (as we have already intimated)
+almost any Acid Salt will turn Syrrup of Violets Red. But to improve the
+Experiment, let me add what has not (that I know of) been hitherto
+observ'd, and has, when we first shew'd it them, appear'd something
+strange, even to those that have been inquisitive into the Nature of
+Colours; namely, that if instead of Spirit of Salt, or that of Vinegar, you
+drop upon the Syrrup of Violets a little Oyl of Tartar _per Deliquium_, or
+the like quantity of Solution of Potashes, and rubb them together with your
+finger, you shall find the Blew Colour of the Syrrup turn'd in a moment
+into a perfect Green, and the like may be perform'd by divers other
+Liquors, as we may have occasion elsewhere to Inform you.
+
+_Annotation upon the twentieth Experiment_.
+
+The use of what we lately deliver'd concerning the way of turning Syrrup of
+Violets, Red or Green, may be this; That, though it be a far more common
+and procurable Liquor than the Infusion of _Lignum Nephriticum_, it may yet
+be easily substituted in its Room, when we have a mind to examine, whether
+or no the Salt predominant in a Liquor or other Body, wherein 'tis Loose
+and Abundant, belong to the Tribe of _Acid_ Salts or not. For if such a
+Body turn the Syrrup of a Red or Reddish Purple Colour, it does for the
+most part argue the Body (especially if it be a distill'd Liquor) to abound
+with Acid Salt. But if the Syrrup be made Green, that argues the
+Predominant Salt to be of a Nature repugnant to that of the Tribe of Acids.
+For, as I find that either Spirit of Salt, or Oyl of Vitriol, or
+_Aqua-fortis_, or Spirit of Vinegar, or Juice of Lemmons, or any of the
+Acid Liquors I have yet had occasion to try, will turn Syrrup of Violets,
+of a _Red_, (or at least, of a _Reddish_ Colour, so I have found, that not
+only the Volatile Salts of all Animal Substances I have us'd, as Spirit of
+Harts-horn, of Urine, of Sal-Armoniack, of Blood, &c. but also all the
+Alcalizate Salts I have imploy'd, as the Solution of Salt of Tartar, of
+Pot-ashes, of common Wood-ashes, Lime-water, &c. will immediately change
+the Blew Syrrup, into a perfect Green. And by the same way (to hint that
+upon the by) I elsewhere show you, both the changes that Nature and Time
+produce, in the more Saline parts of some Bodies, may be discover'd, and
+also how ev'n such Chymically prepar'd Bodies, as belong not either to the
+Animal Kingdome, or to the Tribe of _Alcali's_, may have their new and
+superinduc'd Nature successfully Examin'd. In this place I shall only add,
+that not alone the Changing the Colour of the Syrrup, requires, that the
+Changing Body be more strong, of the Acid, or other sort of Salt that is
+Predominant in it, than is requisite for the working upon the Tincture of
+_Lignum Nephriticum_; but that in this is also, the Operation of the
+formerly mention'd Salts upon our Syrrup, differs from their Operation upon
+our Tinctures, that in this Liquor, if the Caeruleous Colour be _Destroy'd_
+by an Acid Salt, it may be _Restor'd_ by one that is either Volatile, or
+Lixiviate; whereas in Syrrup of Violets, though one of these contrary Salts
+will _destroy_ the Action of the other, yet neither of them will _restore_
+the Syrrup to its native Blew; but each of them will Change it into the
+Colour which it self doth (if I may so speak) affect, as we shall have
+Occasion to show in the Notes on the twenty fifth Experiment.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXI._
+
+There is a Weed, more known to Plowmen than belov'd by them, whose Flowers
+from their Colour are commonly call'd _Blew-bottles_, and _Corn-weed_ from
+their Growing among Corn[18]. These Flowers some Ladies do, upon the
+account of their Lovely Colour, think worth the being Candied, which when
+they are, they will long retain so fair a Colour, as makes them a very fine
+Sallad in the Winter. But I have try'd, that when they are freshly
+gather'd, they will afford a Juice, which when newly express'd, (for in
+some cases 'twill soon enough degenerate) affords a very deep and pleasant
+Blew. Now, (to draw this to our present Scope) by dropping on this fresh
+Juice, a little Spirit of Salt, (that being the Acid Spirit I had then at
+hand) it immediately turn'd (as I predicted) into a Red. And if instead of
+the Sowr Spirit I mingled with it a little strong Solution of an Alcalizate
+Salt, it did presently disclose a lovely Green; the same Changes being by
+those differing sorts of Saline Liquors, producible in this _Natural
+juice_, that we lately mention'd to have happen'd to that _factitious
+Mixture_, the Syrrup of Violets. And I remember, that finding this Blew
+Liquor, when freshly made, to be capable of serving in a Pen for an Ink of
+that Colour, I attempted by moistning one part of a piece of White Paper
+with the Spirit of Salt I have been mentioning, and another with some
+Alcalizate or Volatile Liquor, to draw a Line on the leisurely dry'd Paper,
+that should, e'vn before the Ink was dry, appear partly Blew, partly Red,
+and partly Green: But though the latter part of the Experiment succeeded
+not well, (whether because Volatile Salts are too Fugitive to be retain'd
+in the Paper, and Alcalizate ones are too Unctuous, or so apt to draw
+Moisture from the Air, that they keep the Paper from drying well) yet the
+former Part succeeded well enough; the Blew and Red being Conspicuous
+enough to afford a surprizing Spectacle to those, I acquaint not with (what
+I willingly allow you to call) the _Trick_.
+
+  [18] _Herbarists_ are wont to call this Plant _Cyanus vulgaris minor_.
+
+_Annotation upon the one and twentieth Experiment._
+
+But lest you should be tempted to think (_Pyrophilus_) that Volatile or
+Alcalizate Salts change Blews into Green, rather upon the score of the
+easie Transition of the former Colour into the latter, than upon the
+account of the Texture, wherein most Vegetables, that afford a Blew, seem,
+though otherwise differing, to be Allied, I will add, that when I purposely
+dissolv'd Blew Vitriol in fair Water, and thereby imbu'd sufficiently that
+Liquor with that Colour, a Lixiviate Liquor, and a Urinous Salt being
+Copiously pour'd upon distinct Parcels of it, did each of them, though
+perhaps with some Difference, turn the Liquor not Green, but of a deep
+Yellowish Colour, almost like that of Yellow Oker, which Colour the
+Precipitated Corpuscles retain'd, when they had Leisurely subsided to the
+Bottom. What this Precipitated Substance is, it is not needfull now to
+Enquire in this place, and in another, I have shown you, that
+notwithstanding its Colour, and its being Obtainable from an Acid
+_Menstruum_ by the help of Salt of Tartar, it is yet far enough from being
+the true Sulphur of Vitriol.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXII._
+
+Our next Experiment (_Pyrophilus_) will perhaps seem to be of a contrary
+Nature to the two former, made upon Syrrup of Violets, and Juice of
+Blew-bottles. For as in them by the Affusion of Oyl of Tartar, a Blewish
+Liquor is made Green, so in this, by the sole Mixture of the same Oyl, a
+Greenish Liquor becomes Blew. The hint of this Experiment was given us by
+the practice of some _Italian_ Painters, who being wont to Counterfeit
+_Ultra-marine Azure_ (as they call it) by Grinding Verdigrease with
+Sal-Armoniack, and some other Saline Ingredients, and letting them Rot (as
+they imagine) for a good while together in a Dunghill, we suppos'd, that
+the change of Colour wrought in the Verdigrease by this way of Preparation,
+must proceed from the Action of certain Volatile and Alcalizate Salts,
+abounding in some of the mingled Concretes, and brought to make a further
+Dissolution of the Copper abounding in the Verdigrease, and therefore we
+Conjectur'd, that if both the Verdigrease, and such Salts were dissolv'd in
+fair Water, the small Parts of both being therein more subdivided, and set
+at liberty, would have better access to each other, and thereby Incorporate
+much the more suddenly; And accordingly we found, that if upon a strong
+Solution of good French Verdigrease (for 'tis that we are wont to imploy,
+as the best) you pour a just quantity of Oyl of Tartar, and shake them well
+together, you shall immediately see a notable Change of Colour, and the
+Mixture will grow thick, and not transparent, but if you stay a while, till
+the Grosser part be Precipitated to, and setled in the Bottom, you may
+obtain a clear Liquor of a very lovely Colour, and exceeding delightfull to
+the Eye. But, you must have a care to drop in a competent Quantity of Oyl
+of Tartar, for else the Colour will not be so Deep, and Rich; and if
+instead of this Oyl you imploy a clear _Lixivium_ of Pot-ashes, you may
+have an Azure somewhat Lighter or Paler than, and therefore differing from,
+the former. And if instead of either of these Liquors, you make use of
+Spirit of Urine, or of Harts-horn, you may according to the Quantity and
+Quality of the Spirit you pour in, obtain some further Variety (though
+scarce considerable) of Caeruleous Liquors. And yet lately by the help of
+this Urinous Spirit we made a Blew Liquor, which not a few Ingenious
+Persons, and among them, some, whose Profession makes them very Conversant
+with Colours, have looked upon with some wonder. But these Azure Colour'd
+Liquors should be freed from the Subsiding matter, which the Salts of
+Tartar or Urine precipitate out of them, rather by being Decanted, than by
+Filtration. For by the latter of these ways we have sometimes found, the
+Colour of them very much Impair'd, and little Superiour to that of the
+grosser Substance, that it left in the Filtre.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXIII._
+
+That Roses held over the Fume of Sulphur, may quickly by it be depriv'd of
+their Colour, and have as much of their Leaves, as the Fume works upon,
+burn'd pale, is an Experiment, that divers others have tried, as well as I.
+But (_Pyrophilus_) it may seem somewhat strange to one that has never
+consider'd the Compounded nature of Brimstone, That, whereas the Fume of
+Sulphur will, as we have said, Whiten the Leaves of Roses; That Liquor,
+which is commonly call'd Oyl of Sulphur _per Campanam_, because it is
+suppos'd to be made by the Condensation of these Fumes in Glasses shap't
+like Bells, into a Liquor, does powerfully heighten the Tincture of Red
+Roses, and make it more Red and Vivid, as we have easily tried by putting
+some Red-Rose Leaves, that had been long dried, (and so had lost much of
+their Colour) into a Vial of fair Water. For a while after the Affusion of
+a convenient Quantity of the Liquor we are speaking of, both the Leaves
+themselves, and the Water they were Steep'd in, discover'd a very fresh and
+lovely Colour.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXIV._
+
+It may (_Pyrophilus_) somewhat serve to Illustrate, not only the Doctrine
+of _Pigments_, and of _Colours_, but divers other Parts of the _Corpuscular
+Philosophy_; as that explicates Odours, and many other things, not as the
+Schools by Aery Qualities, but by Real, though extremely Minute Bodies; to
+examine, how much of a Colourless Liquor, a very small Parcel of a Pigment
+may Imbue with a _discernable_ Colour. And though there be scarce any thing
+of Preciseness to be expected from such Trials, yet I presum'd, that (at
+least) I should be able to show a much further Subdivision of the Parts of
+Matter into _Visible_ Particles, than I have hitherto found taken notice
+of, and than most men would imagine; no Body, that I know of, having yet
+attempted to reduce this Matter to any Measure.
+
+The Bodies, the most promising for such a purpose, might seem to be the
+Metalls, especially Gold, because of the Multitude, and Minuteness of its
+Parts, which might be argu'd from the incomparable Closeness of its
+Texture: But though we tried a Solution of Gold made in _Aqua Regia_ first,
+and then in fair Water; yet in regard we were to determine the Pigment we
+imploy'd, not by _Bulk_ but _Weight_, and because also, that the Yellow
+Colour of Gold is but a faint one in Comparison of the deep Colour of
+_Cochineel_, we rather chose this to make our Trials with. But among divers
+of these it will suffice to set down one, which was carefully made in
+Vessels conveniently Shap'd; (and that in the presence of a Witness, and an
+Assistant) the Sum whereof I find among my _Adversaria_, Registred in the
+following Words. To which I shall only premise, (to lessen the wonder of so
+strange a diffusion of the Pigment) That _Cochineel_ will be better
+Dissolv'd, and have its Colour far more heightn'd by Spirit of Urine, than
+(I say not by common Water, but) by Rectify'd Spirit of Wine it self.
+
+The Note I spoke off is this. [One Grain of _Cochineel_ dissolv'd in a
+pretty Quantity of Spirit of Urine, and then dissolv'd further by degrees
+in fair Water, imparted a discernable, though but a very faint Colour, to
+about six Glass-fulls of Water, each of them containing about forty three
+Ounces and an half, which amounts to above a hundred twenty five thousand
+times its own Weight.]
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXV._
+
+It may afford a considerable Hint (_Pyrophilus_) to him, that would improve
+the Art of Dying, to know what change of Colours may be produc'd by the
+three several sorts of Salts already often mention'd, (some or other of
+which may be procur'd in Quantity at reasonable Rates) in the Juices,
+Decoctions, Infusions, and (in a word) the more soluble parts of
+Vegetables. And, though the design of this Discourse be the Improvement of
+Knowledge, not of Trades: yet thus much I shall not scruple to intimate
+here, That the Blew Liquors, mention'd in the twentieth and one and
+twentieth Experiments, are far from being the only Vegetable Substances,
+upon which Acid, Urinous, and Alcalizate Salts have the like Operations to
+those recited in those two Experiments. For Ripe _Privet Berries_ (for
+instance) being crush'd upon White Paper, though they stain it with a
+Purplish Colour, yet if we let fall on some part of it two or three drops
+of Spirit of Salt, and on the other part a little more of the Strong
+Solution of Pot-ashes, the former Liquor immediately turn'd that part of
+the Thick juice or Pulp, on which it fell, into a lovely Red, and the
+latter turn'd the other part of it into a delightfull Green. Though I will
+not undertake, that those Colours in that Substance shall not be much more
+Orient, than Lasting; and though (_Pyrophilus_) this Experiment may seem to
+be almost the same with those already deliver'd concerning Syrrup of
+Violets, and the Juice of Blew-bottles, yet I think it not amiss to take
+this Occasion to inform you, that this Experiment reaches much farther,
+than perhaps you yet imagine, and may be of good Use to those, whom it
+concerns to know, how Dying Stuffs may be wrought upon by Saline Liquors.
+For, I have found this Experiment to succeed in so many Various Berries,
+Flowers, Blossoms, and other finer Parts of Vegetables, that neither my
+Memory, nor my Leisure serves me to enumerate them. And it is somewhat
+surprizing to see, by how Differingly-colour'd Flowers, or Blossoms, (for
+example) the Paper being stain'd, will by an Acid Spirit be immediately
+turn'd Red, and by any _Alcaly_ or any Urinous Spirit turn'd Green;
+insomuch that ev'n the crush'd Blossoms of _Meserion_, (which I gather'd in
+Winter and frosty Weather) and those of Pease, crush'd upon White Paper,
+how remote soever their Colours be from Green, would in a moment pass into
+a deep Degree of that Colour, upon the Touch of an Alcalizate Liquor. To
+which let us add, That either of those new Pigments (if I may so call them)
+may by the Affusion of enough of a contrary Liquor, be presently chang'd
+from Red into Green, and from Green into Red, which Observation will hold
+also in Syrrup of Violets, Juices of Blew-bottles, &c.
+
+_Annotation._
+
+After what I have formerly deliver'd to evince, That there are many
+Instances, wherein new Colours are produc'd or acquir'd by Bodies, which
+_Chymists_ are wont to think destitute of Salt, or to whose change of
+Colours no new Accession of Saline Particles does appear to contribute, I
+think we may safely enough acknowledge, that we have taken notice of so
+many Changes made by the Intervention of Salts in the Colours of Mix'd
+Bodies, that it has lessen'd our Wonder, That though _many Chymists_ are
+wont to ascribe the Colours of Such Bodies to their Sulphureous, and _the
+rest_ to their Mercurial Principle; yet _Paracelsus_ himself directs us in
+the Indagation of Colours, to have an Eye principally upon Salts, as we
+find in that passage of his, wherein he takes upon him to Oblige his
+Readers much by Instructing them, of what things they are to expect the
+Knowledge from each of the three distinct Principles of Bodies. _Alias_
+(says he) _Colorum similis ratio est: De quibus brevem institutionem hanc
+attendite, quod scilicet colores omnes ex Sale prodeant. Sal enim dat
+colorem, dat Balsamum._[19] And a little beneath. _Iam natura Ipsa colores
+protrathit ex sale, cuique speciei dans illum, qui ipsi competit_, &c.
+After which he concludes; _Itaque qui rerum omnium corpora cognoscere vult,
+huic opus est, ut ante omnia cognoscat Sulphur, Ab hoc, qui desiderat
+novisse Colores is scientiam istorum petat a Sale, Qui scire vult Virtutes,
+is scrutetur arcana Mercurii. Sic nimirum fundamentum hauserit Mysteriorum,
+in quolibet crescenti indagandorum, prout natura cuilibet speciei ea
+ingessit_. But though _Paracelsus_ ascribes to each of his belov'd
+Hypostatical Principles, much more than I fear will be found to belong to
+it; yet if we please to consider Colours, not as _Philosophers_, but as
+_Dyers_, the concurrence of Salts to the striking and change of Colours,
+and their Efficacy, will, I suppose, appear so considerable, that we shall
+not need to quarrel much with _Paracelsus_, for ascribing in this place
+(for I dare not affirm that he uses to be still of one Mind) the Colours of
+Bodies to their Salts, if by Salts he here understood, not only Elementary
+Salts, but such also as are commonly taken for Salts, as Allom, Crystals of
+Tartar, Vitriol, &c. because the Saline principle does chiefly abound in
+them, though indeed they be, as we elsewhere declare, mix'd Bodies, and
+have most of them, besides what is Saline, both Sulphureous, Aqueous, and
+Gross or Earthy parts.
+
+  [19] Paracelsus de Mineral. tract. 1. pag. m. 243
+
+But though (_Pyrophilus_) I have observ'd a Red and Green to be produc'd,
+the former, by Acid Salts, the later by Salts not Acid, in the express
+Juices of so many differing Vegetable Substances, that the Observation, if
+persued, may prove (as I said) of good Use: yet to show you how much e'vn
+these Effects depend upon the particular Texture of Bodies, I must subjoyn
+some cases wherein I (who am somewhat backwards to admit Observations for
+Universal) had the Curiosity to discover, that the Experiments would not
+Uniformly succeed, and of these Exceptions, the chief that I now remember,
+are reducible to the following three.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXVI._
+
+And, (first) I thought fit to try the Operation of Acid Salts upon
+Vegetable Substances, that are already and by their own Nature Red. And
+accordingly I made Trial upon Syrrup of Clove-july-flowers, the clear
+express'd Juice of the succulent Berries of _Spina Cervina_, or Buckthorn
+(which I had long kept by me for the sake of its deep Colour) upon Red
+Roses, Infusion of Brazil, and divers other Vegetable Substances, on some
+of which crush'd (as is often mention'd) upon White Paper, (which is also
+to be understood in most of these Experiments, if no Circumstance of them
+argue otherwise) Spirit of Salt either made no considerable Change, or
+alter'd the Colour but from a Darker to a Lighter Red. How it will succeed
+in many other Vegetable Juices, and Infusions of the same Colour, I have at
+present so few at hand, that I must leave you to find it out your self. But
+as for the Operation of the other sorts of Salts upon these Red Substances,
+I found it not very Uniform, some Red, or Reddish Infusions, as of Roses,
+being turn'd thereby into a dirty Colour, but yet inclining to Green. Nor
+was the Syrrup of Clove-july-flowers turn'd by the solution of Pot-ashes to
+a much better, though somewhat a Greener, Colour. Another sort of Red
+Infusions was by an _Alcaly_ not turn'd into a Green, but advanc'd into a
+Crimson, as I shall have occasion to note ere long. But there were other
+sorts, as particularly the lovely Colour'd juice of Buckthorn Berries, that
+readily pass'd into a lovely Green.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXVII._
+
+Among other Vegetables, which we thought likely to afford Exceptions to the
+General Observation about the differing Changes of Colours produc'd by Acid
+and Sulphureous Salts, we thought fit to make Trial upon the Flowers of
+_Jasmin_, they being both White as to Colour, and esteem'd to be of a more
+Oyly nature than other Flowers. Whereupon having taken the White parts only
+of the Flowers, and rubb'd them somewhat hard with my Finger upon a piece
+of clean Paper, it appear'd very little Discolour'd. Nor had Spirit of
+Salt, wherewith I moisten'd one part of it, any considerable Operation upon
+it. But Spirit of Urine, and somewhat more effectually a strong Alcalizate
+Solution, did immediately turn the almost Colourless Paper moisten'd by the
+Juice of the _Jasmin_, not as those Liquors are wont to do, when put upon
+the Juices of other Flowers, of a good Green, but of a Deep, though
+somewhat Greenish Yellow, which Experiment I did afterwards at several
+times repeat with the like success. But it seems not that a great degree of
+Unctuousness is necessary to the Production of the like Effects, for when
+we try'd the Experiment with the Leaves of those purely White Flowers that
+appear about the end of Winter, and are commonly call'd _Snow drops_, the
+event, was not much unlike that, which, we have been newly mentioning.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXVIII._
+
+Another sort of Instances to show, how much changes of Colour effected by
+Salts, depend upon the particular Texture of the Colour'd Bodies, has been
+afforded me by several _Yellow_ Flowers, and other Vegetables, as Mary-gold
+Leaves, early Prim-roses, fresh Madder, &c. For being rubb'd upon White
+Paper, till they imbued it with their Colour, I found not, that by the
+addition of Alcalizate Liquors, nor yet by that of an Urinous Spirit, they
+would be turn'd either Green or Red: nor did so Acid a Spirit, as that of
+Salt, considerably alter their Colour, save that it seem'd a little to
+Dilute it. Only in some early Prim-roses it destroy'd the greatest part of
+the Colour, and made the Paper almost White agen. And Madder also afforded
+some thing peculiar, and very differing from what we have newly mention'd:
+For having gather'd Some Roots of it, and, (whilst they were recent)
+express'd upon White Paper the Yellow Juice, an Alcalizate Solution drop'd
+upon it did not turn it either Green or White, but Red. And the bruis'd
+Madder it self being drench'd with the like Alcalizate Solution, exchang'd
+also its Yellowishness for a Redness.
+
+_An admonition touching the four preceding Experiments._
+
+Having thus (_Pyrophilus_) given you divers Instances, to countenance the
+General observation deliver'd in the twenty fifth Experiment, and divers
+Exceptions whereby it ought to be Limited; I must leave the further Inquiry
+into these Matters to your own Industry. For not remembring at present many
+of those other Trials, long since made to satisfie my self about
+Particulars, and not having now the Opportunity to repeat them, I must
+content my Self to have given you the Hint, and the ways of prosecuting the
+search your Self; and only declare to you in general, that, As I have made
+many Trials, unmention'd in this Treatise, whose Events were agreeable to
+those mention'd in the twenty fifth Experiment, so (to name now no other
+Instances) what I have try'd with Acid and Sulphureous Salts upon the Pulp
+of Juniper Berries, rubb'd upon White Paper, inclines me to think, That
+among that vast Multitude, and strange Variety of Plants that adorn the
+face of the Earth, perhaps many other Vegetables may be found, on which
+such _Menstruums_ may not have such Operations, as upon the Juice of
+Violets, Pease-blossoms, &c. no nor upon any of those three other sorts of
+Vegetables, that I have taken notice of in the three fore-going
+Experiments. It sufficiently appearing ev'n by these, that the effects of a
+Salt upon the Juices of particular Vegetables do very much depend upon
+their particular Textures.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXIX._
+
+It may be of some Use towards the discovery of the nature of these Changes,
+which the Alimental Juice receives in some Vegetables, according to the
+differing degrees of their Maturity, and according to the differing kinds
+of Plants of the same Denomination, to observe what Operation Acid,
+Urinous, and Alcalizate Salts will have upon the Juices of the several
+sorts of the Vegetable substances I have been mentioning.
+
+To declare my meaning by an Example, I took from the same Cluster, one
+Blackberry full Ripe, and another that had not yet gone beyond a Redness,
+and rubbing apiece of white Paper, with the former, I observ'd, that the
+Juice adhering to it was of adark Reddish Colour, full of little Black
+Specks; and that this Juice by a drop of a strong _Lixivium_, was
+immediately turn'd into a Greenish Colour deep enough, by as much Urinous
+Spirit into a Colour much of Kin to the former, though somewhat differing,
+and fainter; and by a drop of Spirit of Salt into a fine and lightsome Red:
+where as the Red Berry being in like manner rubb'd upon Paper, left on it a
+Red Colour, which was very little alter'd by the Acid Spirit newly nam'd,
+and by the Urinous and Lixiviate Salts receiv'd changes of Colour differing
+from those that had been just before produc'd in the dark Juice of the Ripe
+Blackberry.
+
+I remember also, that though the Infusion of Damask-Roses would as well,
+though not so much, as that of Red, be heightned by Acid Spirits to an
+intense degree of Redness, and by Lixiviate Salts be brought to a Darkish
+Green; yet having for Trials sake taken a Rose, whose Leaves, which were
+large and numerous, like those of a Province Rose, were perfectly Yellow,
+though in a Solution of Salt of Tartar, they afforded a Green Blewish
+Tincture, yet I did not by an Acid Liquor obtain a Red one; all that the
+Saline Spirit I imploy'd, perform'd, being (if I much misremember not) to
+Dilute Somewhat the Yellowness of the Leaves. I would also have tried the
+Tincture of Yellow Violets, but could procure none. And if I were in those
+Islands of _Banda_, which are made Famous as well as Rich, by being the
+almost only places, where Cloves will prosper, I should think it worth my
+Curiosity to try, what Operation the three differing Kinds of Salts, I have
+so often mention'd, would have upon the Juice of this Spice, (express'd at
+the several Seasons of it) as it grows upon the Tree. Since good Authors
+inform us, (of what is remarkable) that these whether Fruits, or Rudiments
+of Fruits, are at first _White_, afterward _Green_, and then _Reddish_,
+before they be beaten off the Tree, after which being Dry'd before they are
+put up, they grow _Blackish_ as we see them. And one of the recentest
+_Herbarists_ informs us, that the Flower grows upon the top of the Clove it
+self, consisting of four small Leaves, like a Cherry Blossom, but of an
+excellent _Blew_. But (_Pyrophilus_) to return to our own Observations, I
+shall add, that I the rather choose, to mention to you an Example drawn
+from Roses, because that though I am apt to think, as I elsewhere
+advertise, that something may be guess'd at about some of the Qualities of
+the Juices of Vegetables, by the Resemblance or Disparity that we meet with
+in the Changes made of their Colours, by the Operation of the same kinds of
+Salts; yet that those Conjectures should be very warily made, may appear
+among other things, by the Instance I have chosen to give in Roses. For
+though, (as I formerly told you) the Dry'd Leaves, both of the Damask, and
+of Red ones, give a Red Tincture to Water sharpen'd with Acid Salts, yet
+the one sort of Leaves is known to have a Purgative faculty,[20] and the
+other are often, and divers ways, imploy'd for Binding.
+
+  [20] See _Parkinson_ Th. Boran. Trib. 9. cap. 26.
+
+And I also choose (_Pyrophilus_) to subjoyn this twenty ninth Experiment to
+those that precede it, about the change of the Colours of Vegetables by
+Salts, for these two reasons: The first, that you may not easily entertain
+Suspitions, if in the Trials of an Experiment of some of the Kinds formerly
+mention'd, you should meet with an Event somewhat differing from what my
+Relations may have made you expect. And the second, That you may hereby be
+invited to discern, that it may not be amiss to take notice of the
+particular Seasons wherein you gather the Vegetables which in Nicer
+Experiments you make use of. For, it I were not hindred both by haste and
+some justifiable Considerations, I could perhaps add considerable
+Instances, to those lately deliver'd, for the making out of this
+Observation; but for certain reasons I shall at present substitute a
+remarkable passage to be met with in that Laborious Herbarist Mr.
+_Parkinson_, where treating of the Virtues of the (already divers times
+mention'd) Buckthorn Berries, he subjoyns the following account of several
+Pigments that are made of them, not only according to the several ways of
+Handling them, but according to the differing Seasons of Maturity, at which
+they are Gather'd; _Of these Berries_, (says he) _are made three several
+sorts of Colours as they shall be gather'd, that is, being gather'd while
+they are Green, and kept Dry, are call'd Sapberries, which being steep'd
+into some Allom-water, or fresh bruis'd into Allom-water, they give a
+reasonable fair Yellow Colour which Painters use for their Work, and
+Book-binders to Colour the edges of Books, and Leather-dressers to Colour
+Leather, as they use also to make a Green Colour, call'd Sap-green, taken
+from the Berries when they are Black, being bruis'd and put into a Brass or
+Copper Kettle or Pan, and there suffer'd to abide three or four_ _Days, or
+a little heated upon the Fire, and some beaten Allom put unto them, and
+afterwards press'd forth, the Juice or Liquor is usually put in great
+Bladders tied with strong thred at the Head and hung up untill it be Dry,
+which is dissolv'd in Water or Wine, but Sack_ (he affirms) _is the best to
+preserve the Colour from Starving, (as they call it) that is, from
+Decaying, and make it hold fresh the longer. The third Colour (where of
+none_ (says he) _that I can find have made mention but only_ Tragus_) is a
+Purplish Colour, which is made of the Berries suffer'd to grow upon the
+Bushes untill the middle or end of_ November, _that they are ready to drop
+from the Trees._
+
+And, I remember (_Pyrophilus_) that I try'd, with a success that pleas'd me
+well enough, to make such a kind of Pigment, as Painters call Sap-green, by
+a way not unlike that, deliver'd here by our Author, but I cannot now find
+any thing relating to that matter among my loose Papers. And my Trials were
+made so many years ago, that I dare not trust my Memory for Circumstances,
+but will rather tell you, that in a noted Colour-shop, I brought them by
+Questions to confess to me, that they made their Sap-green much after the
+ways by our _Botanist_ here mention'd. And on this occasion I shall add an
+Observation, which though it does not strictly belong to this place, may
+well enough be mention'd here, namely, that I find by an account given us
+by the Learned _Clusius_, of _Alaternus_, that ev'n the Grosser Parts of
+the same Plant, are some of them one Colour, and some another; For speaking
+of that Plant, he tells us, that the _Portugalls_ use the Bark to Dye their
+Nets into a Red Colour, and with the Chips of the Wood, which are Whitish,
+they Dye a Blackish Blew.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXX._
+
+Among the Experiments that tend to shew that the change of Colours in
+Bodies may proceed from the Vary'd Texture of their Parts, and the
+consequent change of their Disposition to Reflect or Refract the Light,
+that sort of Experiments must not be left unmention'd, which is afforded us
+by Chymical Digestions. For, if _Chymists_ will believe several famous
+Writers about what they call the Philosophers Stone, they must acknowledge
+that the same Matter, seald up Hermetically in a Philosophical Egg, will by
+the continuance of Digestion, or if they will have it so (for it is not
+Material in our case which of the two it be) of Decoction, run through a
+great Variety of differing Colours, before it come to that of the Noblest
+_Elixir_; whether that be Scarlet, or Purple, or what ever other Kind of
+Red. But without building any thing on so Obtruse and Questionable an
+Operation, (which yet may be pertinently represented to those that believe
+the thing) we may observe, that divers Bodies digested in carefully-clos'd
+Vessels, will in tract of time, change their Colour: As I have elsewhere
+mention'd my having observ'd ev'n in Rectify'd Spirit of Harts-horn, and as
+is evident in the Precipitations of Amalgams of Gold, and Mercury, without
+Addition, where by the continuance of a due Heat the Silver-Colour'd
+Amalgam is reduc'd into a shining Red Powder. Further Instances of this
+Kind you may find here and there in divers places of my other Essays. And
+indeed it has been a thing, that has much contributed to deceive many
+_Chymists_, that there are more Bodies than one, which by Digestion will be
+brought to exhibit that Variety and Succession of Colours, which they
+imagine to be Peculiar to what they call the _True matter of the
+Philosophers_. But concerning this, I shall referr you to what you may
+elsewhere find in the Discourse written touching the passive Deceptions of
+_Chymists_, and more about the Production of Colours by Digestion you will
+meet with presently. Wherefore I shall now make only this Observation from
+what has been deliver'd, That in these Operations there appears not any
+cause to attribute the new Colours emergent to the Action of a new
+Substantial form, nor to any Increase or Decrement of either the Salt,
+Sulphur, or Mercury of the Matter that acquires new Colours: For the
+Vessels are clos'd, and these Principles according to the _Chymists_ are
+Ingenerable and Incorruptible; so that the Effect seems to proceed from
+hence, that the Heat agitating and shuffling the Corpuscles of the Body
+expos'd to it, does in process of time so change its Texture, as that the
+Transposed parts do Modifie the incident Light otherwise, than they did
+when the Matter appear'd of another Colour.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXXI._
+
+Among the several changes of Colour, which Bodies acquire or disclose by
+Digestion, it it very remarkable, that _Chymists_ find a Redness rather
+than any other Colour in most of the Tinctures they Draw, and ev'n in the
+more Gross Solutions they make of almost all Concretes, that abound either
+with Mineral or Vegetable Sulphur, though the _Menstruum_ imploy'd about
+these Solutions or Tinctures be never so Limpid or Colourless.
+
+This we have observ'd in I know not how many Tinctures drawn with Spirit of
+Wine from _Jalap_, _Guaicum_, and several other Vegetables; and not only in
+the Solutions of _Amber_, _Benzoin_, and divers other Concretes made with
+the same _Menstruum_, but also in divers Mineral Tinctures. And, not to
+urge that familiar Instance of the Ruby of Sulphur, as _Chymists_ upon the
+score of its Colour, call the Solution of Flowers of Brimstone, made with
+the Spirit of Turpentine, nor to take notice of other more known Examples
+of the aptness of Chymical Oyls, to produce a Red Colour with the Sulphur
+they extract, or dissolve; not to insist (I say) upon Instances of this
+nature, I shall further represent to you, as a thing remarkable, that, both
+Acid and Alcalizate Salts, though in most other cases of such contrary
+Operations, in reference to Colours, will with many Bodies that abound with
+Sulphureous, or with Oyly parts, produce a Red; as is manifest partly in
+the more Vulgar Instances of the Tinctures, or Solutions of Sulphur made
+with _Lixiviums_, either of Calcin'd Tartar or Pot-ashes, and other Obvious
+examples, partly by this, that the true Glass of Antimony extracted with
+some Acid Spirits, with or without Wine, will yield a Red Tincture, and
+that I know an Acid Liquor, which in a moment will turn Oyl of Turpentine
+into a deep Red. But among the many Instances I could give you of the easie
+Production of Redness by the Operation of Saline Spirit, as well as of
+Spirit of Wine; I remember two or three of those I have tried, which seem
+remarkable enough to deserve to be mention'd to you apart.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXXII._
+
+But before we set them down, it will not perhaps appear impertinent to
+premise;
+
+That there seems to be a manifest Disparity betwixt Red Liquors, so that
+some of them may be said to have a Genuine Redness in comparison of others,
+that have a Yellowish Redness: For if you take (for example) a good
+Tincture of _Chochineel_, dilute it never so much with fair Water, you will
+not (as far as I can judge by what I have tried) be able to make it a
+Yellow Liquor. Insomuch that a Single drop of a rich Solution of
+_Cochineel_ in Spirit of Urine, being Diluted with above an Ounce of fair
+Water, exhibited no Yellowishness at all, but a fair (though somewhat
+faint) Pinck or Carnation; and even when _Cochineel_ was by degrees Diluted
+much beyond the newly mention'd Colour, by the way formerly related to you
+in the twenty fourth Experiment, I remember not, that there appear'd in the
+whole Trial any Yellow. But if you take Balsom of Sulphur (for Instance)
+though it may appear in a Glass, where it has a good Thickness, to be of a
+deep Red, yet if you shake the Glass, or pour a few drops on a sheet of
+White Paper, spreading them on it with your Finger, the Balsom that falls
+back along the sides of the Glass, and that which stains the Paper, will
+appear Yellow, not Red. And there are divers Tinctures, such as that of
+Amber made with Spirit of Wine, (to name now no more) that will appear
+either Yellow or Red, according as the Vessels that they fill, are Slender
+or Broad.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXXIII._
+
+But to proceed to the Experiments I was about to deliver; _First_; Oyl or
+Spirit of Turpentine, though clear as fair Water, being Digested upon the
+purely White Sugar of Lead, has, in a short time, afforded us a high Red
+Tincture, that some Artists are pleas'd to call the Balsom of _Saturn_,
+which they very much (and probably not altogether without cause) extoll as
+an excellent Medicine in divers Outward affections.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXXIV._
+
+_Next_, take of common Brimstone finely powdred five Ounces, of
+Sal-Armoniack likewise pulveriz'd an equal weight, of beaten Quick-lime six
+Ounces, mix these Powders exquisitely, and Distill them through a Retort
+plac'd in Sand by degrees of Fire, giving at length as intense a Heat as
+you well can in Sand, there will come over (if you have wrought well) a
+Volatile Tincture of Sulphur, which may probably prove an excellent
+Medicine, and should have been mention'd among the other Preparations of
+Sulphur, which we have elsewhere imparted to you, but that it is very
+pertinent to our present Subject, The change of Colours. For though none of
+the Ingredients be Red, the Distill'd Liquor will be so: and this Liquor if
+it be well Drawn, will upon a little Agitation of the Vial first unstop'd
+(especially if it be held in a Warmer hand) lend forth a copious Fume, not
+Red, like that of Nitre, but White; And sometimes this Liquor may be so
+Drawn, that I remember, not long since, I took pleasure to observe in a
+parcel of it, that Ingredients not Red, did not only yield by Distillation
+a Volatile Spirit that was Red, but though that Liquor did upon the bare
+opening of the Bottle it was kept in, drive us away with the plenty and
+sulphureous sent of a White steam which it sent forth, yet the Liquor it
+self being touch'd by our Fingers, did immediately Dye them Black.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXXV._
+
+The third and _last_ Experiment I shall now mention to shew, how prone
+Bodies abounding in Sulphureous parts are to afford a Red Colour, is one,
+wherein by the Operation of a Saline Spirit upon a White or Whitish Body,
+which according to the _Chymists_ should be altogether Sulphureous, a
+Redness may be produc'd, not (as in the former Experiments) slowly, but in
+the twinkling of an Eye. We took then of the Essential Oyl of Anniseeds,
+which has this Peculiarity, that in Cold weather it loses its Fluidity and
+the greatest part of its Transparency, and looks like a White or Whitish
+Oyntment, and near at hand seems to consist of a Multitude of little soft
+Scales: Of this Coagulated Stuff we spread a little with a Knife upon a
+piece of White Paper, and letting fall on it, and mixing with it a drop or
+two of Oyl of Vitriol, immediately (as we fore-saw) there emerg'd together
+with some Heat and Smoak, a Blood-Red Colour, which therefore was in a
+trice produc'd by two Bodies, whereof the one had but a Whitish Colour, and
+the other (if carefully rectify'd) had no Colour at all.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXXVI._
+
+But on this Occasion (_Pyrophilus_) we must add once for all, that in many
+of the above-recited Experiments, though the changes of Colour happen'd as
+we have mention'd them: yet the emergent or produc'd Colour is oft times
+very subject to Degenerate, both quickly and much. Notwithstanding which,
+since the Changes, we have set down, do happen presently upon the Operation
+of the Bodies upon each other, or at the times by us specify'd; _that_ is
+sufficient both to justifie our Veracity, and to shew what we Intend; it
+not being Essential to the Genuineness of a Colour to be Durable. For a
+fading Leaf, that is ready to Rot, and moulder into Dust, may have as true
+a Yellow, as a Wedge of Gold, which so obstinately resists both Time and
+Fire. And the reason, why I take occasion from the former Experiment to
+subjoyn this general Advertisement, is, that I have several times observ'd,
+that the Mixture resulting from the Oyls of Vitriol, and of Anniseeds,
+though it acquire a thicker consistence than either of the Ingredients had,
+has quickly lost its Colour, turning in a very short time into a dirty
+Gray, at least in the Superficial parts, where 'tis expos'd to the Air;
+which last Circumstance I therefore mention, because that, though it seem
+probable, that this Degeneration of Colours may oft times and in divers
+cases proceed from the further Action of the Saline Corpuscles, and the
+other Ingredients upon one another, yet in many cases much of the Quick
+change of Colours seems ascribeable to the Air, as may be made probable by
+several reasons: The first whereof may be fetcht from the newly recited
+Example of the two Oyls; The next may be, that we have sometimes observ'd
+long Window-Curtains of light Colours, to have that part of them, which was
+expos'd to the Air, when the Window was open, of one Colour, and the lower
+part, that was sheltred from the Air by the Wall, of another Colour: And
+the third Argument may be fetch'd from divers Observations, both of others,
+and our own; For of that Pigment so well known in Painters Shops, by the
+name of _Turnsol_, our Industrious _Parkinson_, in the particular account
+he gives of the Plant that bears it, tells us also, That _the Berries when
+they are at their full Maturity, have within them between the outer Skin
+and the inward Kirnel or Seed, a certain Juice or Moisture, which being
+rubb'd upon Paper or Cloath, at the first appears of a fresh and lovely
+Green Colour, but presently changeth into a kind of Blewish Purple, upon
+the Cloath or Paper, and the same Cloath afterwards wet in Water, and wrung
+forth, will Colour the Water into a Claret Wine Colour, and these_
+(concludes he) _are those Raggs of Cloath, which are usually call'd_
+Turnsol _in the Druggists or Grocers Shops_[21]. And to this Observation of
+our _Botanist_ we will add an Experiment of our own, (made before we met
+with That) which, though in many Circumstances, very differing, serves to
+prove the same thing; for having taken of the deeply Red Juice of
+_Buckthorn_ Berries, which I bought of the Man that uses to sell it to the
+Apothecaries, to make their Syrrup _de Spina Cervina_, I let some of it
+drop upon a piece of White Paper, and having left it there for many hours,
+till the Paper was grown dry again, I found what I was inclin'd to suspect,
+namely, That this Juice was degenerated from a deep Red to a dirty kind of
+Greyish Colour, which, in a great part of the stain'd Paper seem'd not to
+have so much as an Eye of Red: Though a little Spirit of Salt or dissolv'd
+_Alcaly_ would turn this unpleasant Colour (as formerly I told you it would
+change the not yet alter'd Juice) into a Red or Green. And to satisfie my
+self, that this Degeneration of Colour did not proceed from the Paper, I
+drop'd some of the deep Red or Crimson Juice upon a White glaz'd Tile, and
+suffering it to dry on there, I found that ev'n in that Body, on which it
+could not Soak, and by which it could not be Wrought, it nevertheless lost
+its Colour. And these Instances (_Pyrophilus_) I am the more carefull to
+mention to you, that you may not be much Surpris'd or Discourag'd, if you
+should sometimes miss of performing punctually what I affirm my self to
+have done in point of changing Colours; since in these Experiments the
+over-sight or neglect of such little Circumstances, as in many others would
+not be perhaps considerable, may occasion the mis-carrying of a Trial. And
+I was willing also to take this occasion of Advertising you in the
+repeating of the Experiments mention'd in this Treatise, to make use of the
+Juices of Vegetables, and other things prepar'd for your Trials, as soon as
+ever they are ready, lest one or other of them grow less fit, if not quite
+unfit by delay; and to estimate the Event of the Trials by the Change, that
+is produc'd presently upon the due and sufficient Application of Actives to
+Passives, (as they speak) because in many cases the effects of such
+Mixtures may not be lasting, and the newly produc'd Colour may in a little
+time degenerate. But, (_Pyrophilus_) I forgot to add to the two former
+Observations lately made about Vegetables, a third of the same Import, made
+in Mineral substances, by telling you, That the better to satisfie a Friend
+or two in this particular, I sometimes made, according to some Conjectures
+of mine, this Experiment; That having dissolv'd good Silver in
+_Aqua-fortis_, and Precipitated it with Spirit of Salt, upon the first
+Decanting of the Liquor, the remaining Matter would be purely White; but
+after it had lain a while uncover'd, that part of it, that was Contiguous
+to the Air, would not only lose its Whiteness, but appear of a very Dark
+and almost Blackish Colour, I say that part that was Contiguous to the Air,
+because if that were gently taken off, the Subjacent part of the same Mass
+would appear very White, till that also, having continu'd a while expos'd
+to the Air, would likewise Degenerate. Now whether the Air perform these
+things by the means of a Subtile Salt, which we elsewhere show it not to be
+destitute of, or by a peircing Moisture, that is apt easily to insinuate it
+self into the Pores of some Bodies, and thereby change their Texture, and
+so their Colour; Or by solliciting the Avolation of certain parts of the
+Bodies, to which 'tis Contiguous; or by some other way, (which possibly I
+may elsewhere propose and consider) I have not now the leisure to
+discourse. And for the same reason, though I could add many other
+Instances, of what I formerly noted touching the emergency of Redness upon
+the Digestion of many Bodies, insomuch that I have often seen upon the
+Borders of _France_ (and probably we may have the like in _England_) a sort
+of Pears, which digested for some time with a little Wine, in a Vessel
+exactly clos'd, will in not many hours appear throughout of a deep Red
+Colour, (as also that of the Juice, wherein they are Stew'd, becomes) but
+ev'n on pure and white Salt of Tartar, pure Spirit of Wine, as clear as
+Rock-water, will (as we elsewhere declare) by long Digestion acquire a
+Redness; Though I say such Instances might be Multiply'd, and though there
+be some other Obvious changes of Colours, which happen so frequently, that
+they cannot but be as well Considerable as Notorious; such as is the
+Blackness of almost all Bodies burn'd in the open Air: yet our haste
+invites us to resign you the Exercise of enquiring into the Causes of these
+Changes. And certainly, the reason both _why_ the Soots of such differing
+Bodies are almost all of them all Black, _why_ so much the greater part of
+Vegetables should be rather Green than of any other Colour, and
+particularly (which more directly concerns this place) _why_ gentle Heats
+do so frequently in Chymical Operations produce rather a Redness than
+another Colour in digested _Menstruums_, not only Sulphureous, as Spirit of
+Wine, but Saline, as Spirit of Vinegar, may be very well worth a serious
+Inquiry; which I shall therefore recommend to _Pyrophilus_ and his
+Ingenious Friends.
+
+  [21] _Parkinson_, Thea. Bot. Trib. 4 cap. 12.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXXVII._
+
+It may seem somewhat strange, that if you take the Crimson Solution of
+_Cochineel_, or the Juice of Black Cherries, and of some other Vegetables
+that afford the like Colour, (which because many take but for a deep Red,
+we do with them sometimes call it so) and let some of it fall upon a piece
+of Paper, a drop or two of an Acid Spirit, such as Spirit of Salt, or
+_Aqua-fortis_, will immediately turn it into a fair Red. Whereas if you
+make an Infusion of Brazil in fair Water, and drop a little Spirit of Salt
+or _Aqua-fortis_ into it, that will destroy its Redness, and leave the
+Liquor of a Yellow, (sometimes Pale) I might perhaps plausibly enough say
+on this occasion, that if we consider the case a little more attentively,
+we may take notice, that the action of the Acid Spirit seems in both cases,
+but to weaken the Colour of the Liquor on which it falls. And so though it
+destroy Redness in the Tincture of Brazil, as well as produce Red in the
+Tincture of _Chochineel_, its Operations may be Uniform enough, since as
+Crimson seems to be little else than a very deep Red, with (perhaps) an Eye
+of Blew, so some kinds of Red seem (as I have lately noted) to be little
+else than heightned Yellow. And consequently in such Bodies, the Yellow
+seems to be but a diluted Red. And accordingly Alcalizate Solutions and
+Urinous Spirits, which seem dispos'd to Deepen the Colours of the Juices
+and Liquors of most Vegetables, will not only restore the Solution of
+_Cochineel_ and the Infusion of Brazil to the Crimson, whence the Spirit of
+Salt had chang'd them into a truer Red; but will also (as I lately told
+you) not only heighthen the Yellow Juice of Madder into Red, but advance
+the Red Infusion of Brazil to a Crimson. But I know not whether it will not
+be much safer to derive these Changes from vary'd Textures, than certain
+kinds of Bodies; and you will perhaps think it worth while, that I should
+add on this occasion, That it may deserve some Speculation, why,
+notwithstanding what we have been observing, though Blew and Purple seem to
+be deeper Colours than Red, and therefore the Juices of Plants of either of
+the two former Colours may (congruously enough to what has been just now
+noted) be turn'd Red by Spirit of Salt or _Aqua-fortis_, yet Blew Syrrup of
+Violets and some Purples should both by Oyl of Tartar and Spirit of Urine
+be chang'd into Green, which seems to be not a deeper but a more diluted
+Colour than Blew, if not also than Purple.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXXVIII._
+
+It would much contribute to the History of Colours, if _Chymists_ would in
+their Laboratories take a heedfull notice, and give us a faithfull account
+of the Colours observ'd in the Steams of Bodies either Sublim'd or
+Distill'd, and of the Colours of those Productions of the Fire, that are
+made up by the Coalition of those Steams. As (for Instance) we observe in
+the Distilling of pure Salt peter, that at a certain season of the
+Operation, the Body, though it seem either Crystalline, or White, affords
+very Red Fumes: whereas though Vitriol be Green or Blew, the Spirit of it
+is observ'd to come over in Whitish Fumes. The like Colour I have taken
+notice of in the Fumes of several other Concretes of differing Colours, and
+Natures, especially when Distill'd with strong Fires. And we elsewhere
+note, that ev'n Soot, as Black as it is, has fill'd our Receivers with such
+copious White Fumes, that they seem'd to have had their In-sides wash'd
+with Milk. And no less observable may be, the Distill'd Liqours, into which
+such Fumes convene, (for though we will not deny, that by skill and care a
+Reddish Liqour may be obtain'd from Nitre) yet the common Spirit of it, in
+the making ev'n of which store of these Red Fumes are wont to pass over
+into the Receiver, appears not to be at all Red. And besides, that neither
+the Spirit of Vitriol, nor that of Soot is any thing White; And, besides
+also, that as far as I have observ'd, most (for I say not all) of the
+Empyreumatical Oyls of Woods, and other Concretes, are either of a deep
+Red, or of a Colour between Red and Black; besides this, I say, 'tis very
+remarkable that notwithstanding that great Variety of Colours to be met
+with in the Herbs, Flowers, and other Bodies wont to be Distill'd in
+_Balneo_: yet (as far at least as our common Distillers Experience
+reacheth) all the Waters and Spirits that first come over by that way of
+Distillation, leave the Colours of their Concretes behind them, though
+indeed there be one or two Vegetables not commonly taken notice of, whose
+Distill'd Liqours I elsewhere observe to carry over the Tincture of the
+Concrete with them. And as in Distillations, so in Sublimations, it were
+worth while to take notice of what comes up, in reference to our present
+scope, by purposely performing them (as I have in some cafes done) in
+conveniently shap'd Glasses, that the Colour of the ascending Fumes may be
+discern'd; For it may afford a Naturalist good Information to observe the
+Congruities or the Differences betwixt the Colours of the ascending Fumes,
+and those of the _Flowers_, they compose by their Convention. For it is
+evident, that these _Flowers_, do many of them in point of Colour, much
+differ, not only from one another, but oft times from the Concretes that
+afforded them. Thus, (not here to repeat what I formerly noted of the Black
+Soots of very differingly Colour'd Bodies) though Camphire and Brimstone
+afford _Flowers_ much of their own Colour, save that those of Brimstone are
+wont to be a little Paler, than the Lumps that yielded them; yet ev'n of
+Red _Benzoin_, that sublim'd Substance, which _Chymists_ call its
+_Flowers_, is wont to be White or Whitish. And to omit other Instances,
+ev'n one and the same Black Mineral, Antimony, may be made to afford
+_Flowers_, some of them Red, and some Grey, and, which is more strange,
+some of them purely White. And 'tis the Prescription of some Glass-men by
+exquisitely mingling a convenient proportion of Brimstone, Sal-Armoniack,
+and Quicksilver, and Subliming them, together, to make a Sublimate of an
+excellent Blew; and though having caus'd the Experiment to be made, we
+found the produc'd Sublimate to be far from being of a lovely Colour, (as
+was promis'd) that there and there, it seem'd Blewish, and at least was of
+a Colour differing enough from either of the Ingredients, which is
+sufficient for our present purpose. But a much finer Colour is promis'd by
+some of the Empiricks, that pretend to Secrets, who tell us, that Orpiment,
+being Sublim'd, will afford among the Parts of it that fly Upward, some
+little Masses, which, though the Mineral it self be of a good Yellow, will
+be Red enough to emulate Rubies, both in Colour and Translucency. And this
+Experiment may, for ought I know, sometimes succeed; for I remember, that
+having in a small Bolt-head purposely sublim'd some powder'd Orpiment, we
+could in the Lower part of the Sublimate discern here and there some
+Reddish Lines, though much of the Upper part of the Sublimate consisted of
+a matter, which was not alone purely Yellow, but transparent almost like a
+Powder. And we have also this way obtain'd a Sublimate, the Lower part
+whereof though it consisted not of Rubies, yet the small pieces of it,
+which were Numerous enough, were of a pleasant Reddish Colour, and
+Glitter'd very prettily. But to insist on such kind of Trials and
+Observations (where the ascending Fumes of Bodies differ in Colour from the
+Bodies themselves) though it might indeed Inrich the History of Colours,
+would Robb me of too much of the little time I have to dispatch what I have
+further to tell you concerning them.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XXXIX_
+
+Take the dry'd Buds (or Blossoms) of the Pomegranate Tree, (which are
+commonly call'd in the Shops _Balaustiums_) pull off the Reddish Leaves,
+and by a gentle Ebullition of them in fair Water, or by a competent
+Infusion of them in like Water well heated, extract a faint Reddish
+Tincture, which if the Liquor be turbid, you may Clarifie it by Filtrating
+it Into this, if you pour a little good Spirit of Urine, or some other
+Spirit abounding in the like sort of Volatile Salts, the Mixture will
+presently turn of a dark Greenish Colour, but if instead of the
+fore-mention'd Liquor, you drop into the simple Infusion a little rectify'd
+Spirit of Sea-Salt, the Pale and almost Colourless Liquor will immediately
+not only grow more Transparent, but acquire a high Redness, like that of
+Rich Claret Wine, which so suddenly acquir'd Colour, may as quickly be
+Destroy'd and turn'd into a dirty Blewish Green, by the affusion of a
+competent quantity of the above-mention'd Spirit of Urine.
+
+_Annotation._
+
+This Experiment may bring some Light to, and receive some from a couple of
+other Experiments, that I remember I have met with in the ingenious
+_Gassendus_'s Animadversions upon _Epicurus_'s Philosophy, whilst I was
+turning over the Leaves of those Learned Commentaries; (my Eyes being too
+weak to let me read such Voluminous Books quite thorough) And I the less
+scruple (notwithstanding my contrary Custom in this Treatise) to set down
+these Experiments of another, because I shall a little improve the latter
+of them, and because by comparing there with that which I have last
+recited, we may be assisted to Conjecture upon what account it is, that Oyl
+of Vitriol heightens the Tincture of Red-rose Leaves, since Spirit of Salt,
+which is a highly Acid _Menstruum_, but otherwise differing enough from Oyl
+of Vitriol, does the same thing. Our Authors Experiments then, as we made
+them, are these; We took about a Glass-full of luke-warm Water, and in it
+immerg'd a quantity of the Leaves of _Senna_, and presently upon the
+Immersion there did not appear any Redness in the Water, but dropping into
+it a little Oyl of Tartar, the Liquor soon discover'd a Redness to the
+watchfull Eye, whereas by a little of that Acid Liquor of Vitriol, which is
+like the former, undeservedly called Oyl, such a Colour would not be
+extracted from the infused _Senna_. On the other side we took some Red-rose
+Leaves dry'd, and having shaken them into a Glass of fair Water, they
+imparted to it no Redness, but upon the affusion of a little Oyl of Vitriol
+the Water was immediately turn'd Red, which it would not have been, if
+instead of Oyl of Vitriol, we had imployed Oyl of Tartar to produce that
+Colour: That these were _Gassendus_ his Experiments, I partly remember, and
+was assur'd by a Friend, who lately Transcribed them out of _Gassendus_ his
+Book, which I therefore add, because I have not now that Book at hand. And
+the design of _Gassendus_ in these Experiments our Friend affirms to be, to
+prove, that of things not Red a Redness may be made only by Mixture, and
+the Varied position of parts, wherein the Doctrine of that Subtil
+Philosopher doth not a little Authorize, what we have formerly delivered
+concerning the Emergency and Change of Colours. But the instances, that we
+have out of him set down, seem not to be the most Eminent, that may be
+produced of this truth: For our next Experiment will shew the production of
+several Colours out of Liquors, which have not any of them any such Colour,
+nor indeed any discernable one at all; and whereas though our Author tells
+us, that there was no Redness either in the Water, or the Leaves of
+_Senna_, or the Oyl of Tartar; And though it be true, that the Predominant
+Colour of the Leaves of _Senna_ be another than Red, yet we have try'd,
+that by steeping that Plant a Night even in Cold water, it would afford a
+very deep Yellow or Reddish Tincture without the help of the Oyl of Tartar,
+which seems to do little more than assist the Water to extract more nimbly
+a plenty of that Red Tincture, wherewith the Leaves of _Senna_ do of
+themselves abound, and having taken off the Tincture of _Senna_, made only
+with fair Water, before it grew to be Reddish, and Decanted it from the
+Leaves, we could not perceive, that by dropping some Oyl of Tartar into it,
+that Colour was considerable, though it were a little heightned into a
+Redness; which might have been expected, if the particles of the Oyl did
+eminently Co-operate, otherwise than we have expressed, to the production
+of this Redness.
+
+And as for the Experiment with Red-rose Leaves, the same thing may be
+alleged, for we found that such Leaves by bare Infusion for a Night and Day
+in fair Water, did afford us a Tincture bordering at least upon Redness,
+and that Colour being conspicuous in the Leaves themselves, would not by
+some seem so much to be produc'd as to be extracted by the affusion of Oyl
+of Vitriol. And the Experiment try'd with the dry'd Leaves of Damask-roses
+succeeded but imperfectly, but that is indeed observable to our Authors
+purpose, that Oyl of Tartar will not perform in this Experiment what Oyl of
+Vitriol doth; but because this last named Liquor is not so easily to be
+had, give me leave to Advertise you, that the Experiment will succeed, if
+instead of it you imploy _Aqua-fortis_. And though some Trials of our own
+formerly made, and others easily deducible from what we have already
+deliver'd, about the different Families and Operations of Salt, might
+enable us to present you an Experiment upon Red-rose Leaves, more
+accommodated to our Authors purpose, than that which he hath given us; yet
+our Reverence to so Candid a Philosopher, invites us rather to improve his
+Experiment, than substitute another in its place. Take therefore of the
+Tincture of Red-rose Leaves, (for with Damask-rose Leaves the Experiment
+succeedeth not well) made as before hath been taught with a little Oyl of
+Vitriol, and a good quantity of fair Water, pour off this Liquor into a
+clear Vial, half fill'd with Limpid water; till the Water held against the
+Light have acquir'd a competent Redness, without losing its Transparency,
+into this Tincture drop leisurely a little good Spirit of Urine, and
+shaking the Vial, which you must still hold against the Light, you shall
+see the Red Liquor immediately turn'd into a fine Greenish Blew, which
+Colour was not to be found in any of the Bodies, upon whose Mixture it
+emerg'd, and this Change is the more observable, because in many Bodies the
+Degenerating of Blew into Red is usual enough, but the turning of Red into
+Blew is very unfrequent. If at every drop of Spirit of Urine you shake the
+Vial containing the Red Tincture, you may delightfully observe a pretty
+variety of Colours in the passage of that Tincture from a Red to a Blew,
+and sometimes we have this way hit upon such a Liquor, as being look't upon
+against and from the Light, did seem faintly to emulate the above-mention'd
+Tincture of _Lignum Nephriticum_. And if you make the Tincture of Red-roses
+very high, and without Diluting it with fair Water, pour on the Spirit of
+Urine, you may have a Blew so deep, as to make the Liquor Opacous, but
+being dropt upon White Paper the Colour will soon disclose it self. Also
+having made the Red, and consequently the Blew Tincture very Transparent,
+and suffer'd it to rest in a small open Vial for a Day or two, we found
+according to our Conjecture, that not only the Blew but the Red Colour also
+was Vanish'd; the clear Liquor being of a bright Amber Colour, at the
+bottom of which subsided a Light, but Copious feculency of almost the same
+Colour, which seems to be nothing but the Tincted parts of the Rose Leaves
+drawn out by the Acid Spirits of the Oyl of Vitriol, and Precipitated by
+the Volatile Salt of the Spirit of Urine, which makes it the more probable,
+that the Redness drawn by the Oyl of Vitriol, was at least as well an
+extraction of the Tinging parts of the Roses, as a production of Redness;
+and lastly, if you be destitute of Spirit of Urine, you may change the
+Colour of the Tincture of Roses with many other Sulphureous Salts, as a
+strong Solution of Pot-ashes, Oyl of Tartar, &c. which yet are seldome so
+free from Feculency, as the Spirituous parts of Urine becomes by repeated
+Distillation.
+
+_Annotation_.
+
+On this, occasion, I call to mind, that I found, a way of producing, though
+not the same kind of Blew, as I have been mentioning, yet a Colour near of
+Kin to it, namely, a fair Purple, by imploying a Liquor not made Red by
+Art, instead of the Tincture of Red-roses, made with an Acid Spirit; And my
+way was only to take Log-wood, (a Wood very well known to Dyers) having by
+Infusion the Powder of it a while in fair Water made that Liquor Red, I
+dropt into it a _Tantillum_ of an Urinous Spirit, as that of Sal-Armoniack,
+(and I have done the same thing with an _Alcali_) by which the Colour was
+in a moment turn'd into a Rich, and lovely Purple. But care must be had,
+that you let not fall into a Spoonfull above two or three Drops, lest the
+Colour become so deep, as to make the Liquor too Opacous. And (to answer
+the other part of _Gassendus_ his Experiment) if instead of fair Water, I
+infus'd the Log-wood in Water made somewhat sowr by the Acid Spirit of
+Salt, I should obtain neither a Purple Liquor, nor a Red, but only a Yellow
+one.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XL._
+
+The Experiment I am now to mention to you, _Pyrophilus_, is that which both
+you, and all the other _Virtuosi_ that have seen it, have been pleas'd to
+think very strange; and indeed of all the Experiments of Colours, I have
+yet met with, it seems to be the fittest to recommend the Doctrine propos'd
+in this Treatise, and to shew that we need not suppose, that all Colours
+must necessarily be Inherent Qualities, flowing from the Substantial Forms
+of the Bodies they are said to belong to, since by a bare Mechanical change
+of Texture in the Minute parts of Bodies; two Colours may in a moment be
+Generated quite _De novo,_ and utterly Destroy'd. For there is this
+difference betwixt the following Experiment, and most of the others
+deliver'd in these Papers, that in this, the Colour that a Body already
+had, is not chang'd into another, but betwixt two Bodies, each of them
+apart devoid of Colour, there is in a moment generated a very deep Colour,
+and which if it were let alone, would be permanent; and yet by a very small
+Parcel of a third Body, that has no Colour of its own, (lest some may
+pretend I know not what Antipathy betwixt Colours) this otherwise permanent
+Colour will be in another trice so quite Destroy'd, that there will remain
+no foot-stepts either of it or of any other Colour in the whole Mixture.
+
+The Experiment is very easie, and it is thus perform'd: Take good common
+Sublimate, and fully satiate with it what quantity of Water you please,
+Filtre the Solution carefully through clean and close Paper, that it may
+drop down as Clear and Colourless as Fountain water. Then when you'l shew
+the Experiment, put of it about a Spoonfull into a small Wine-glass, or any
+other convenient Vessel made of clear Glass, and droping in three or four
+drops of good Oyl of Tartar, _per Deliquium_; well Filtred that it may
+likewise be without Colour, these two Limpid Liquors will in the twinkling
+of an Eye turn into an Opacous mixture of a deep Orange Colour, which by
+keeping the Glass continually shaking in your hand, you must preserve from
+setling too soon to the Bottom; And when the Spectators have a little
+beheld this first Change, then you must presently drop in about four or
+five drops of Oyl of Vitriol, and continuing to shake the Glass pretty
+strongly, that it may the Nimbler diffuse it self, the whole Colour, if you
+have gone Skilfully to work, will immediately disappear, and all the Liquor
+in the Glass will be Clear and Colourless as before, without so much as a
+Sediment at the Bottom. But for the more gracefull Trial of this
+Experiment, 'twill not be amiss to observe, First, That there should not be
+taken too much of the Solution of Sublimate, nor too much of the Oyl of
+Tartar drop'd in, to avoid the necessity of putting in so much Oyl of
+Vitriol as may make an Ebullition, and perhaps run over the Glass.
+Secondly, That 'tis convenient to keep the Glass always a little shaking,
+both for the better mixing of the Liquors, and to keep the Yellow Substance
+from Subsiding, which else it would in a short time do, though when 'tis
+subsided it will retain its Colour, and also be capable of being depriv'd
+of it by the Oyl newly mention'd. Thirdly, That if any Yellow matter stick
+at the sides of the Glass, 'tis but inclining the Glass, till the clarify'd
+Liquor can wash alongst it, and the Liquor will presently imbibe it, and
+deprive it of its Colour.
+
+Many have somewhat wondred, how I came to light upon this Experiment, but
+the Notions or Conjectures I have about the differing Natures of the
+Several Tribes of Salts, having led me to devise the Experiment, it will
+not be difficult for me to give you the Chymical Reason, if I may so speak,
+of the _Phaenomenon_. Having then observ'd, that _Mercury_ being dissolv'd
+in Some _Menstruums_, would yield a dark Yellow Precipitate, and supposing
+that, as to this, common Water, and the Salts that stick to the _Mercury_
+would be equivalent to those Acid _Menstruums_, which work upon the
+_Quick-silver_, upon the account of their Saline particles, I substituted a
+Solution of Sublimate in fair Water, instead of a Solution of _Mercury_ in
+_Aqua-fortis_, or Spirit of _Nitre_, that simple Solution being both
+clearer and free from that very offensive Smell, which accompanies the
+Solutions of _Mercury_ made with those other corrosive Liquors; then I
+consider'd, that That, which makes the Yellow Colour, is indeed but a
+Precipitate made by the means of the Oyl of Tartar, which we drop in, and
+which, as _Chymists_ know, does generally precipitate Metalline Bodies
+corroded by Acid Salts; so that the Colour in our case results from the
+Coalition of the Mercurial particles with the Saline ones, wherewith they
+were formerly associated, and with the Alcalizate particles of the Salt of
+Tartar that swim up and down in the Oyl. Wherefore considering also, that
+very many of the effects of Lixiviate Liquors, upon the Solutions of other
+Bodies, may be destroy'd by Acid _Menstruums_, as I elsewhere more
+particularly declare, I concluded, that if I chose a very potently Acid
+Liquor, which by its Incisive power might undo the work of the Oyl of
+Tartar, and disperse again those Particles, which the other had by
+Precipitation associated, into such minute Corpuscles as were before singly
+Inconspicuous, they would become Inconspicuous again, and consequently
+leave the Liquor as Colourless as before the Precipitation was made.
+
+This, as I said, _Pyrophilus_, seems to be the Chymical reason of this
+Experiment, that is such a reason, as, supposing the truth of those
+Chymical Notions I have elsewhere I hope evinc'd, may give such an account
+of the _Phaenomena_ as Chymical Notions can supply us with; but I both here
+and elsewhere make use of this way of speaking, to intimate that I am
+sufficiently aware of the difference betwixt a Chymical Explication of a
+_Phaenomenon_, and one that is truly Philosophical or Mechanical; as in our
+present case, I tell you something, when I tell you that the Yellowness of
+the Mercurial Solution and the Oyl of Tartar is produc'd by the
+Precipitation occasion'd by the affusion of the latter of those Liquors,
+and that the destruction of the Colour proceeds from the Dissipation of
+that Curdl'd matter, whose Texture is destroy'd, and which is dissolv'd
+into Minute and Invisible particles by the potently Acid _Menstruum_, which
+is the reason, why there remains no Sediment in the Bottom, because the
+infused Oyl takes it up, and resolves it into hidden or invisible Parts, as
+Water does Salt or Sugar. But when I have told you all this, I am far from
+thinking I have told all that such an Inquisitive Person as your self would
+know, for I presume you would desire as well as I to learn (at least) why
+the Particles of the _Mercury_, of the Tartar, and of the Acid Salts
+convening together, should make rather an Orange Colour than a Red, or a
+Blew, or a Green, for 'tis not enough to say what I related a little
+before, that divers Mercurial Solutions, though otherwise made, would yield
+a Yellow precipitate, because the Question will recurr concerning them; and
+to give it a satisfactory answer, is, I freely acknowledge, more than I
+dare as yet pretend to.
+
+But to confirm my conjecture about the Chymical reason of our Experiment, I
+may add, that as I have (_viz._ pag. 34th. of this Treatise) elsewhere (on
+another occasion) told you, with Saline Liquors of another kind and nature
+than Salt of Tartar, (namely, with Spirit of Urine, and Liquors of kin to
+that) I can make the _Mercury_ precipitate out of the first simple Solution
+quite of another Colour than that hitherto mention'd; Nay, if instead of
+altering the Precipitating liquor, I alter'd the Texture of the Sublimate
+in such a way as my Notions about Salt requir'd, I could produce the same
+_Phaenomenon_. For having purposely Sublim'd together Equal parts (or
+thereabout) of Sal-Armoniack and Sublimate, first diligently Mix'd, the
+ascending Flowers being diffolv'd in fair Water, and Filtred, gave a
+Solution Limpid and Colourless, like that of the other Sublimates, and yet
+an _Akaly_ drop'd into this Liquor did not turn it Yellow but White. And
+upon the same Grounds we may with _Quick-silver_, without the help of
+common Sublimate, prepare another sort of Flowers dissoluble in Water
+without Discolouring it, with which I could likewise do what I newly
+mention'd; to which I shall add, (what possibly you'l somewhat wonder at)
+That so much does the Colour depend upon the Texture resulting from the
+Convention of the several sorts of Corpuscles, that though in out
+Experiment, Oyl of Vitriol destroys the Yellow Colour, yet with
+_Quick-silver_ and fair Water, by the help of Oyl of Vitriol alone, we may
+easily make a kind of Precipitate of a fair and permanent Yellow, as you
+will e're long (in the forty second Expement of this third Part) be taught.
+And I may further add, that I chose Oyl of Vitriol, not so much for any
+other or peculiar Quality, as for its being, when 'tis well rectify'd,
+(which 'tis somewhat hazardous to bring it to be) not only devoid of Colour
+and in Smells, but extremely Strong and Incisive; For though common and
+undephlegmated _Aqua-fortis_ will not perform the same thing well, yet that
+which is made exceeding Strong by being carefully Dephlegm'd, will do it
+pretty well, though not so well as Oyl of Vitriol which is so Strong, that
+even without Rectification it may for a need be made use of. I will not
+here tell you what I have try'd, that I may be able to deprive at pleasure
+the Precipitate that one of the Sulphureous Liquors had made, by the
+copious Affusion of the other: Because I found, though this Experiment is
+too ticklish to let me give a full account of it in few words, I shall
+therefore tell you, that it is not only for once, that the other
+above-mention'd Experiment may be made, the same Numerical parcels of
+Liquor being still imploy'd in it; for after I have Clarify'd the Orange
+Colour'd Liquor, by the addition of as little of the Oyl of Viriol as will
+suffice to perform the effect, I can again at pleasure re-produce the
+Opacous Colour, by the dropping in of fresh Oyl of Tartar, and destroy it
+again by the Re-affusion of more of the Acid _Menstruum_; and yet oftner if
+I please, can I with these two contrariant Liquors recall and disperse the
+Colour, though by reason of the addition of so much new Liquor, in
+reference to the Mercurial particles, the Colour will at length appear more
+dilute and faint.
+
+_An improvement of the fortieth Experiment_.
+
+And, _Pyrophilus_, to confirm yet further the Notions that led me to think
+on the propos'd Experiment, I shall acquaint you with another, which when I
+had conveniency I have sometimes added to it, and which has to the
+Spectators appear'd little less Odd than the first; And though because the
+Liquor, requisite to make the Trial succeed well, must be on purpose
+prepar'd anew a while before, because it will not long retain its fitness
+for this work, I do but seldome annex this Experiment to the other, yet I
+shall tell you how I devis'd it, and how I make it. If you boyl Crude
+Antimony in a strong and clear _Lixivium_, you shall separate a Substance
+from it, which some Modern _Chymists_ are pleas'd to call its Sulphur, but
+how deservedly I shall not here examine, having elsewhere done it in an
+Opportune place; wherefore I shall now but need to take notice, that when
+this suppos'd Sulphur (not now to call it rather a kind of _Crocus_) is let
+fall by the Liquor upon its Refrigeration, it often settles in Flakes, or
+such like parcels of a Yellow Substance, (which being by the precedent
+dissolution reduc'd into Minute parts, may peradventure be made to take
+Fire much more easily than the Grosser Powder of unprepar'd Antimony would
+have done.) Considering therefore, that common Sulphur boyl'd in a
+_Lixivium_ may be Precipitated out of it by Rhenish-wine or White-wine,
+which are Sowrish Liquors, and have in them, as I elsewhere shew, an Acid
+Salt; and having found also by Trial, that with other Acid Liquors I could
+Precipitate out of Lixiviate Solvents some other Mineral concretions
+abounding with Sulphureous parts, of which sort is crude Antimony, I
+concluded it to be easie to Precipitate the Antimony dissolv'd, as was
+lately mention'd, with the Acid Oyl of Vitriol; and though common Sulphur
+yields a White Precipitate, which the _Chymists_ call _Lac Sulphuris_, yet
+I suppos'd the Precipitated Antimony would be of a deep Yellow Colour, as
+well, if made with Oyl of Vitriol, as if made only by Refrigeration and
+length of Time. From this 'twas easie to deduce this Experiment, that if
+you put into one Glass some of the freshly Impregnated and Filtrated
+Solution of Antimony, and into another some of the Orange-Colour'd Mixture,
+(which I formerly shew'd you how to make with a Mercurial Solution and Oyl
+of Tartar) a few drops of Oyl of Vitriol dropp'd into the last mention'd
+Glass, would, as I told you before, turn the Deep Yellow mixture into a
+Cleer Liquor; whereas a little of the same Oyl dropp'd out of the same Viol
+into the other Glass would presently (but not without some ill sent) turn
+the moderately cleer Solution into a Deep Yellow Substance, But this, as I
+Said, succeeds not well, unless you employ a _Lixivium_ that has but newly
+dissolv'd Antimony, and has not yet let it fall. But yet in Summer time, if
+your _Lixivium_ have been duly Impregnated and well Filtred after it is
+quite cold, it will for some dayes (perhaps much longer than I had occasion
+to try) retain Antimony enough to exhibit, upon the Affusion of the
+Corrosive Oyl, as much of a good Yellow Substance as is necessary to
+satisfie the Beholders of the Possibility of the Experiment.
+
+_Reflections upon the XL. Experiment Compared with the X. and XX._
+
+The Knowledge of the Distinction of Salts which we have propos'd, whereby
+they are discriminated into _Acid, Volatile,_ or _Salfuginous_ (if I may
+for Distinction sake so call the Fugitive Salts of Animal Substances) and
+_fix'd_ or _Alcalizate_, may possibly (by that little part which we have
+already deliver'd, of what we could say of its Applicableness) appear of so
+much Use in Natural Philosophy (especially in the Practick part of it) that
+I doubt not but it will be no Unwelcome Corollary of the Preceding
+Experiment, if by the help of it I teach you to distinguish, which of those
+Salts is Predominant in Chymical Liquors, as well as whether any of them be
+so or not. For though in our Notes upon the X. and XX. Experiments I have
+shown you a way by means of the Tincture of _Lignum Nephriticum_, or of
+Syrrup of Violets, to discover whether a propounded Salt be Acid or not,
+yet you can thereby only find in general that such and such Salts belong
+not to the Tribe of Acids, but cannot determine whether they belong to the
+Tribe of Urinous Salts (under which for distinction sake I comprehend all
+those Volatile Salts of Animal or other Substances that are contrary to
+Acids) or to that of Alcalies. For as well the one as the other of these
+Salino-Sulphurous Salts will restore the Caeruleous Colour to the Tincture
+of _Lignum Nephriticum_, and turn that of Syrrup of Violets into Green.
+Wherefore this XL. Experiment does opportunely supply the deficiency of
+those. For being sollicitous to find out some ready wayes of discriminating
+the Tribes of Chymical Salts, I found that all those I thought fit to make
+Tryal of, would, if they were of a Lixiviate Nature, make with Sublimate
+dissolv'd in Fair Water an _Orange Tawny_ Precipitate; whereas if they were
+of an Urinous Nature the Precipitate would be _White_ and Milky. So that
+having alwayes by me some Syrrup of Violets and some Solution of Sublimate,
+I can by the help of the first of those Liquors discover in a trice,
+whether the propounded Salt or Saline Body be of an Acid Nature or no, if
+it be I need (you know) inquire no further; but if it be not, I can very
+easily, and as readily distinguish between the other two kinds of Salts, by
+the White or Orange-Colour that is immediately produc'd, by letting fall a
+few Drops or Grains of the Salt to be examin'd, into a spoonfull of the
+cleer Solution of Sublimate. For Example, it has been suppos'd by some
+eminently Learned, That when Sal Armoniack being mingled with an Alcaly is
+forc'd from it by the Fire in close Vessels, the Volatile Salt that will
+thereby be obtain'd (if the Operation be skilfully perform'd,) is but a
+more fine and subtile sort of Sal Armoniack, which, 'tis presum'd, this
+Operation do's but more exquisitely purifie, than common Solutions,
+Filtrations, and Coagulations. But this Opinion may be easily shown to be
+Erroneous, as by other Arguments, so particularly by the lately deliver'd
+Method of distinguishing the Tribes of Salts. For the Saline Spirit of Sal
+Armoniack, as it is in many other manifest Qualities very like the Spirit
+of Urine, so like, that it will in a trice make Syrrup of Violets of a
+Lovely Green, turn a Solution of good Verdigrease into an Excellent Azure,
+and make the Solution of a Sublimate yield a White Precipitate, insomuch
+that in most (for I say not all of the Experiments) where I Aim onely at
+producing a sudden change of Colour, I scruple not to use Spirit of Sal
+Armoniack when it is at hand, instead of Spirit of Urine, as indeed it
+seems chiefly to consist (besides the flegm that helps to make it fluid) of
+the Volatile Urinous Salt (yet not excluding that of Soot) that abounds in
+the Sal Armoniack and is set at liberty from the Sea Salt wherewith it was
+formerly associated, and clogg'd, by the Operation of the Alcaly, that
+divides the Ingredients of Sal Armoniack, and retains that Sea Salt with it
+self. What use may be made of the like way of exploration in that inquiry
+which puzzles so many Modern Naturalists, whether the Rich Pigment (which
+we have often had occasion to mention) belongs to the Vegetable or Animal
+Kingdome, you may find in another place where I give you some account of
+what I try'd about Cocheneel. But I think it needless to exemplifie here
+our Method by any other Instances, many such being to be met with in divers
+parts of this Treatise; but I will rather advertise you, that, by this way
+of examining Chymical Liquors, you may not onely in most Cases conclude
+_Affirmatively_, but in some Cases _Negatively_. As since Spirit of Wine,
+and as far as I have try'd, those Chymical Oyles which Artists call
+Essential, did not (when I us'd them as I had us'd the several Families of
+Salts upon that Syrrup) turn Syrrup of Violets Red or Green, nor the
+Solution of Sublimate White or Yellow, I inferr'd it may thence be probably
+argued, that either they are destitute of Salt, or have such as belongs not
+to either of the three Grand families already often mention'd. When I went
+to examine the Spirit of Oak or of such like Concretes forced over through
+a Retort, I found by this means amongst others, that (as I elsewhere show)
+these Chymists are much mistaken in it, that account it a simple Liquor,
+and one of their Hypostatical Principles: for not to mention what flegm it
+may have, I found that with a few drops of one of this sort of Spirits
+mix'd with a good proportion of Syrrup of Violets, I could change the
+Colour and make it Purplish, by the affinity of which Colour to Redness, I
+conjectur'd that this Spirit had some Acid Corpuscles in it, and
+accordingly I found that as it would destroy the Blewness of a Tincture of
+_Lignum Nephriticum_, so being put upon Corals it would Corrode them, as
+common Spirit of Vinegar, and other Acid Liquors are wont to do. And
+farther to examine whether there were not a great part of the Liquor that
+was not of an Acid nature, having separated the Sour or Vinegar-like part
+from the rest, which (if I mistake not) is far the more Copious, we
+concluded as we had conjectured, the other or remaining part, though it had
+a strong taste as well as smell, to be of a nature differing from that of
+either of the three sorts of Salts above mention'd, since it did as little
+as Spirit of Wine, and Chymical Oyls, alter the Colour either of Syrrup of
+Violets or Solution of Sublimate, whence we also inferr'd that the change
+that had been made of that Syrrup into a Purple Colour, was effected by the
+Vinegar, that was one of the two Ingredients of the Liquor, which was wont
+to pass for a Simple or Uncompounded Spirit. And, upon this account, 'twas
+of the Spirit of Oak (and the like Concretes) freed from it's Vinegar that
+I elsewhere told you, that I had not then observ'd it, (and I have repeated
+the Tryal but very lately) to destroy the Caeruleous Tincture of _Lignum
+Nephriticum_. But this onely, _en passant_; for the Chief thing I had to
+add was this, That by the same way may be examin'd and discover'd, divers
+changes that are produc'd in Bodies either by Nature only, or by Art;
+either of them being able by changing the Texture of some Concretes I could
+name, to qualifie them to Operate after a New manner upon the above
+mention'd Syrrup, or Solution, or both. And by this means, to tell you that
+upon the by, I have been able to discover, that there may be made Bodies,
+which though they run _per Deliquium_, as readily as Salt of Tartar, belong
+in other respects, not to the family of Alcaliz, much less to that of
+Salfuginous, or that of Acid Salts. Perhaps too, I may know a way of making
+a highly operative Saline Body that shall neither change the Colour of
+Syrrup of Violets, nor Precipitate the Solution of Sublimate; And, I can
+likewise if I please conceal by what Liquors I perform such changes of
+Colour, as I have been mentioning to you, by quite altering the Texture of
+some ordinary Chymical productions, the Exploration of which is the main
+use of the fortieth Experiment, which I think teaches not a little, if it
+teach us to discover the nature of those things (in reference to Salt) that
+are obtain'd by the ordinary Chymical Analysis of mix'd Bodyes, though
+perhaps there may be other Bodyes prepar'd by Chymistry which may have the
+same Effects in the change of Colours; and yet be produc'd not from what
+Chymists call the Resolution of Bodies, but from their Composition. But the
+discoursing of things of this nature is more proper for another place. I
+shall now onely add, what might perhaps have been more seasonably told you
+before; That the Reason why the way of Exploration of Salts hitherto
+deliver'd, succeeds in the Solution of Sublimate, depends upon the
+particular Texture of that Solution, as well as upon the differing Natures
+of the Saline Liquors imploy'd to Precipitate it. For Gold dissolv'd in
+_Aqua Regia_, whether you Precipitate it with Oyl of Tartar which is an
+Alcaly, or with Spirit of Urine, or Sal Armoniack which belongs to the
+family of Volatile Salts, will either way afford a Yellow substance: though
+with such an Acid Liquor, as, I say not Spirit of Salt, the Body that
+yields it, being upon the matter an Ingredient of _Aqua Regis_, but Oyl of
+Vitriol it self, I did not find that I could Precipitate the Metall out of
+the Solution, or destroy the Colour of it, though the same Oyl of Vitriol
+would readily Precipitate Silver dissolv'd in _Aqua-fortis_. And if you
+dissolve pure Silver in _Aqua-fortis_, and suffer it to shoot into
+Crystals, the cleer Solution of these made in fair Water, will afford a
+very White Precipitate, whether it be made with an Alcaly, or an Acid
+Spirit, as that of Salt, whereas, which may seem somewhat strange, with
+Spirit of Sal Armoniack (that I us'd was made of Quicklime) I could obtain
+no such White Precipitate; that Volatile Spirit, nor (as I remember) that
+of Urine, scarce doing any more than striking down a very small quantity of
+Matter, which was neither White nor Whitish, so that the remaining Liquor
+being suffer'd to evaporate till the superfluous Moisture was gone, the
+greatest part of the Metalline Corpuscles with the Saline ones that had
+imbib'd them, concoagulated into Salt, as is usual in such Solutions,
+wherein the Metall has not been Precipitated.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XLI._
+
+Of Kin to the last or fortieth Experiment is another which I remember I
+have sometimes shewn to _Virtuosi_ that were pleas'd not to dislike it. I
+took Spirit of Urine made by Fermentation, and with a due proportion of
+Copper brought into small parts, I obtain'd a very lovely Azure Solution,
+and when I saw the Colour was such as was requisite, pouring into a clean
+Glass, about a spoonfull of this tincted Liquor, (of which I us'd to keep a
+Quantity by me,) I could by shaking into it some drops of Strong Oyl of
+Vitriol, deprive it in a trice of its Deep Colour, and make it look like
+Common-water.
+
+_Annotation_.
+
+This Experiment brings into my mind this other, which oftentimes succceds
+well enough, though not quite so well as the former; Namely, that if into
+about a small spoonfull of a Solution of good French Verdigrease made in
+fair Water, I drop't and shak'd some strong Spirit of Salt, or rather
+deflegm'd _Aqua Fortis_, the Greenness of the Solution would be made in a
+trice almost totally to disappear, & the Liquor held against the Light
+would scarce seeme other than Cleer or Limpid, to any but an Attentive Eye,
+which is therefore remarkable; because we know that _Aqua-fortis_ corroding
+Copper, which is it that gives the Colour to Verdigrease, is wont to reduce
+it to a Green Blew Solution. But if into the other altogether or almost
+Colourless Liquor I was speaking of, you drop a just quantity either of Oyl
+of Tartar or Spirit of Urine, you shall find that after the Ebullition is
+ceas'd, the mixture will disclose a lively Colour, though somewhat
+differing from that which the Solution of Verdigrease had at first.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XLII._
+
+That the Colour (_Pyrophilus_) of a Body may be chang'd by a Liquor which
+of it self is of no Colour, provided it be Saline, we have already
+manifested by a multitude of instances. Nor doth it seem so strange,
+because Saline Particles swimming up and down in Liquors, have been by many
+observ'd to be very operative in the Production and change of Colours. But
+divers of our Friends that are not acquainted with Chymical Operations have
+thought it very strange that a White Body, and a Dry one too, should
+immediately acquire a rich new Colour upon the bare affusion of
+Spring-Water destitute as well of adventitious Salt as of Tincture. And yet
+(_Pyrophilus_) the way of producing such a change of Colours may be easily
+enough lighted on by those that are conversant in the Solutions of Mercury.
+For we have try'd, that though by Evaporating a Solution of Quick-Silver in
+_Aqua-fortis_, and abstracting the Liquor till the remaining matter began
+to be well, but not too strongly dryed, fair Water pour'd on the remaining
+_Calx_ made it but somewhat Yellowish; yet when we took good Quick-Silver,
+and three or four times its weight of Oyl of Vitriol, in case we in a Glass
+Retort plac'd in Sand drew off the Saline _Menstruum_ from the Metalline
+Liquor, till there remain'd a dry _Calx_ at the bottome, though this
+Precipitate were a Snow White Body, yet upon pouring on it a large quantity
+of fair Water, we did almost in a moment perceive it to pass from a Milky
+Colour to one of the loveliest Light Yellows that ever we had beheld. Nor
+is the Turbith Mineral, that Chymists extol for its power to Salivate, and
+for other vertues, of a Colour much inferiour to this, though it be often
+made with a differing proportion of the Ingredients, a more troublesome
+way. For _Beguinus_,[22] who calls it _Mercurius praecipitatus optimus_,
+takes to one part of Quick-Silver, but two of Liquor, and that is Rectifi'd
+Oyl of Sulphur, which is (in _England_ at least) far more scarce and dear
+than Oyl of Vitriol; he also requires a previous Digestion, two or three
+Cohobations, and frequent Ablutions with hot Distill'd Water, with other
+prescriptions, which though they may conduce to the Goodness of the
+Medicine, which is that he aims at, are troublesome, and, our Tryals have
+inform'd you unneccessary to the _obtaining the Lemmon Colour_ which he
+regards not. But though we have very rarely seen either in Painters Shops,
+or elsewhere a finer Yellow than that which we have divers times this way
+produc'd (which is the more considerable, because durable and pleasant
+Yellows are very hard to be met with, as may appear by the great use which
+Painters are for its Colours sake fain to make of that pernicious and heavy
+Mineral, Orpiment) yet I fear our Yellow is too costly, to be like to be
+imploy'd by Painters, unless about Choice pieces of Work, nor do I know how
+well it will agree with every Pigment, especially, wich Oyl'd Colours. And
+whether this Experiment, though it have seem'd somewhat strange to most we
+have shown it to, be really of another Nature than those wherein Saline
+Liquors are imploy'd, may, as we formerly also hinted, be so plausibly
+doubted, that whether the Water pour'd on the _Calx_, do barely by imbibing
+some of its Saline parts alter its Colour by altering its Texture, or
+whether by dissolving the Concoagulated Salts, it does become a Saline
+_Menstruum_, and, as such, work upon the Mercury, I freely leave to you
+(_Pyrophilus_) to consider. And that I may give you some Assistance in your
+Enquiry, I will not only tell you, that I have several times with fair
+Water wash'd from this _Calx_, good store of strongly tasted Corpuscles,
+which by the abstraction of the _Menstruum_, I could reduce into Salt; but
+I will also subjoyn an Experiment, which I devis'd, to shew among other
+things, how much a real and permanent Colour may be as it were drawn forth
+by a Liquor that has neither Colour, nor so much as Saline or other Active
+parts, provided it can but bring the parts of the Body it imbibes to
+convene into clusters dispos'd after the manner requisite to the exhibiting
+of the emergent Colour. The Experiment was this.
+
+  [22] _Beguinus_, Tyr. Chy. Lib. 2º. Cap. 13º.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XLIII._
+
+We took good common Vitriol, and having beaten it to Powder, and put it
+into a Crucible, we kept it melted in a gentle heat, till by the
+Evaporation of some parts, and the shuffling of the rest, it had quite lost
+its former Colour, what remain'd we took out, and found it to be a friable
+_Calx_, of a dirty Gray. On this we pour'd fair Water, which it did not
+Colour Green or Blew, but only seem'd to make a muddy mixture with it, then
+stopping the Vial wherein the Ingredients were put, we let it stand in a
+quiet place for some dayes, and after many hours the water having dissolv'd
+a good part of the imperfectly calcin'd Body, the Vitriolate Corpuscles
+swiming to and fro in the Liquor, had time by their opportune Occursions to
+constitute many little Masses of Vitriol, which gave the water they
+impregnated a fair Vitriolate Colour; and this Liquor being pour'd off, the
+remaining dirty Powder did in process of time communicate the like Colour,
+but not so deep, to a second parcel of cleer Water that we pour'd on it.
+But this Experiment _Pyrophilus_ is, (to give you that hint by the way) of
+too Luciferous a Nature to be fit to be fully prosecuted, now that I am in
+haste, and willing to dispatch what remains. And we have already said of
+it, as much as is requisite to our present purpose.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XLIV._
+
+It may (_Pyrophilus_) somewhat contribute towards the shewing how much some
+Colours depend upon the less or greater mixture, and (as it were,)
+Contemperation of the Light with shades, to observe, how that sometimes the
+number of Particles, of the same Colour, receiv'd into the Pores of a
+Liquor, or swiming up and down in it, do seem much to vary the Colour of
+it. I could here present you with particular instances to show, how in many
+(if not most) consistent Bodyes, if the Colour be not a Light one, as
+White, Yellow, or the like, the closeness of parts in the Pigments makes it
+look Blackish, though when it is display'd and laid on thinly, it will
+perhaps appear to be either Blew, or Green, or Red. But the Colours of
+consistent Pigments, not being those which the Preamble of this Experiment
+has lead you to expect Examples in, I shall take the instances I am now to
+give you, rather from Liquors than Dry Bodyes. If then you put a little
+fair Water into a cleer and slender Vial, (or rather into one of those
+pipes of Glass, which we shall by and by mention;) and let fall into it a
+few drops of a strong Decoction or Infusion of _Cochineel_, or (for want of
+that) of _Brazil_; you may see the tincted drops descend like little Clouds
+into the Liquor; through which, if, by shaking the Vial, you diffuse them,
+they will turn the water either of a Pinck Colour, or like that which is
+wont to be made by the washing of raw flesh in fair Water; by dropping a
+little more of the Decoction, you may heighten the Colour into a fine Red,
+almost like that which ennobles Rubies; by continuing the affusion, you may
+bring the Liquor to a kind of a Crimson, and afterwards to a Dark and
+Opacous Redness, somewhat like that of Clotted Blood. And in the passage of
+the Liquor from one of these Colours to the other, you may observe, if you
+consider it attentively, divers other less noted Colours belonging to Red,
+to which it is not easie to give Names; especially considering how much the
+proportion of the Decoction to the fair Water, and the strength of that
+Decoction, together with that of the trajected Light and other
+Circumstances, may vary the Phaenomena of this Experiment. For the
+convenienter making whereof, we use instead of a Vial, any slender Pipe of
+Glass of about a foot or more in length, and about the thickness of a mans
+little finger; For, if leaving one end of this Pipe open, you Seal up the
+other Hermetically, (or at least stop it exquisitely with a Cork well
+fitted to it, and over-laid with hard Sealing Wax melted, and rubb'd upon
+it;) you shall have a Glass, wherein may be observ'd the Variations of the
+Colours of Liquors much better than in large Vials, and wherein Experiments
+of this Nature may be well made with very small quantities of Liquor. And
+if you please, you may in this Pipe produce variety of Colours in the
+various parts of the Liquor, and keep them swimming upon one another
+unmix'd for a good while. And some have marveil'd to see, what variety of
+Colours we have sometimes (but I confess rather by chance than skill)
+produc'd in those Glasses, by the bare infusion of Brazil, variously
+diluted with fair Water, and alter'd by the Infusion of several Chymical
+Spirits and other Saline Liquors devoid themselves of Colour, and when the
+whole Liquor is reduc'd to an Uniform degree of Colour, I have taken
+pleasure to make that very Liquor seem to be of Colours gradually
+differing, by filling with it Glasses of a Conical figure, (whether the
+Glass have its basis in the ordinary position, or turn'd upwards.) And yet
+you need not Glasses of an extraordinary shape to see an instance of what
+the vari'd mixture of Light and Shadow can do in the diversifying of the
+Colour. For if you take but a large round Vial, with a somewhat long and
+slender Neck, and filling it with our Red Infusion of Brazil, hold it
+against the Light, you will discern a notable Disparity betwixt the Colour
+of that part of the Liquor which is in the Body of the Vial, and that which
+is more pervious to the Light in the Neck. Nay, I remember, that I once had
+a Glass and a Blew Liquor (consisting chiefly (or only, if my memory
+deceive me not,) of a certain Solution of Verdigrease) so fitted for my
+purpose, that though in other Glasses the Experiment would not succeed, yet
+when that particular Glass was fill'd with that Solution, in the Body of
+the Vial it appear'd of a Lovely Blew, and in the neck, (where the Light
+did more dilute the Colour,) of a manifest Green; and though I suspected
+there might be some latent Yellowness in the substance of the neck of the
+Glass, which might with the Blew compose that Green, yet was I not
+satisfi'd my self with my Conjecture, but the thing seem'd odd to me, as
+well as to divers curious persons to whom it was shown. And I lately had a
+Broad piece of Glass, which being look'd on against the Light seem'd clear
+enough, and held from the Light appear'd very lightly discolour'd, and yet
+it was a piece knock'd off from a great lump of Glass, to which if we
+rejoyn'd it, where it had been broken off, the whole Mass was as green as
+Grass. And I have several times us'd Bottles and stopples that were both
+made (as those, I had them from assur'd me) of the very same Metall, and
+yet whilst the bottle appear'd but inclining towards a Green, the Stopple
+(by reason of its great thickness) was of so deep a Colour that you would
+hardly believe they could possibly be made of the same materials. But to
+satisfie some Ingenious Men, on another occasion, I provided my self of a
+flat Glass (which I yet have by me,) with which if I look against the Light
+with the Broad side obverted to the Eye, it appeares like a good ordinary
+window Glass; but if I turn the Edge of it to my Eye, and place my Eye in a
+convenient posture in reference to the Light, it may contend for deepness
+of Colour with an Emerald. And this Greeness puts me in mind of a certain
+thickish, but not consistent Pigment I have sometimes made, and can show
+you when you please, which being dropp'd on a piece of White Paper appears,
+where any quantity of it is fallen, of a somewhat Crimson Colour, but being
+with ones finger spread thinly on the Paper does presently exhibit a fair
+Green, which seems to proceed only from its disclosing its Colour upon the
+Extenuation of its Depth into Superficies, if the change be not somewhat
+help'd by the Colours degenerating upon one or other of the Accounts
+formerly mention'd. Let me add, that having made divers Tryals with that
+Blew substance, which in Painters shops is call'd _Litmase_, we have
+sometimes taken Pleasure to observe, that being dissolv'd in a due
+proportion of fair Water, the Solution either oppos'd to the Light, or
+dropp'd upon White paper, did appear of a deep Colour betwixt Crimson and
+Purple; and yet that being spread very thin on the Paper and suffer'd to
+dry on there, the Paper was wont to appear Stain'd of a Fine Blew. And to
+satisfie my selfe, that the diversity came not from the Paper, which one
+might suspect capable of inbibing the Liquor, and altering the Colour, I
+made the Tryal upon a flat piece of purely White Glass'd Earth, (which I
+sometimes make use of about Experiments of Colours) with an Event not
+unlike the former.
+
+And now I speak of _Litmass_, I will add, that having this very day taken a
+piece of it, that I had kept by me these several years, to make Tryals
+about Colours, and having let fall a few drops of the strong Infusion of it
+in fair water, into a fine Crystal Glass, shap'd like an inverted Cone, and
+almost full of fair Water, I had now (as formerly) the pleasure to see, and
+to show others, how these few tincted drops variously dispersing themselves
+through the Limpid Water, exhibited divers Colours, or varieties of Purple
+and Crimson. And when the Corpuscles of the Pigment seem'd to have equally
+diffus'd themselves through the whole Liquor, I then by putting two or
+three drops of Spirit of Salt, first made an odd change in the Colour of
+the Liquor, as well as a visible commotion among its small parts, and in a
+short time chang'd it wholly into a very Glorious Yellow, like that of a
+Topaz. After which if I let fall a few drops of the strong and heavy
+Solution of Pot-ashes, whose weight would quickly carry it to the sharp
+bottome of the Glass, there would soon appear four very pleasant and
+distinct Colours; Namely, a Bright, but Dilute Colour at the picked bottome
+of the Glass; a Purple, a little higher; a deep and glorious Crimson,
+(which Crimson seem'd to terminate the operation of the Salt upward) in the
+confines betwixt the Purple and the Yellow; and an Excellent Yellow, the
+same that before enobled the whole Liquor, reaching from thence to the top
+of the Glass. And if I pleas'd to pour very gently a little Spirit of Sal
+Armoniack, upon the upper part of this Yellow, there would also be a Purple
+or a Crimson, or both, generated there, so that the unalter'd part of the
+Yellow Liquor appear'd intercepted betwixt the two Neighbouring Colours.
+
+My scope in this 3d. Experiment (_Pyrophilus_) is manifold, as first to
+invite you to be wary in judging of the Colour of Liquors in such Glasses
+as are therein recommended to you, and consequently as much, if not more,
+when you imploy other Glasses. Secondly, That you may not think it strange,
+that I often content my self to rub upon a piece of White paper, the Juice
+of Bodies I would examine, since not onely I could not easily procure a
+sufficient Quantity of the juices of divers of them; but in several Cases
+the Tryals of the quantities of such Juices in Glasses would make us more
+lyable to mistakes, than the way that in those cases I have made use of.
+Thirdly, I hope you will by these and divers other particulars deliver'd in
+this Treatise, be easily induc'd to think that I may have set down many
+Phaenomena very faithfully, and just as they appear'd to me, and yet by
+reason of some unheeded circumstance in the conditions of the matter, and
+in the degree of Light, or the manner of trying the Experiment, you may
+find some things to vary from the Relations I make of them. Lastly, I
+design'd to give you an opportunity to free your self from the amazement
+which possesses most Men, at the Tricks of those Mountebancks that are
+commonly call'd Water-drinkers. For though not only the vulgar, but ev'n
+many persons that are far above that Rank, have so much admir'd to see, a
+man after having drunk a great deal of fair water, to spurt it out again in
+the form of Claret Wine, Sack, and Milk, that they have suspected the
+intervening of Magick, or some forbidden means to effect what they
+conceived above the power of Art; yet having once by chance had occasion to
+oblige a Wanderer that made profession of that and other Jugling Tricks, I
+was easily confirm'd by his Ingenious confession to me, That this so much
+Admir'd Art, indeed consisted rather in a few Tricks, than in any great
+Skill, in altering the Nature and Colours of things. And I am easy to be
+perswaded; that there may be a great deal of Truth in a little Pamphlet
+Printed divers years ago in English, wherein the Author undertakes to
+discover, and that (if I mistake not) by the confession of some of the
+Complices themselves, That a famous Water-drinker then much Admir'd in
+_England_, perform'd his pretended Transmutations of Liquors by the help of
+two or three inconsiderable preparations and mixtures of not unobvious
+Liquors, and chiefly of an Infusion of Brazil variously diluted and made
+Pale or Yellowish, (and otherwise alter'd) with Vinegar, the rest of their
+work being perform'd by the shape of the Glasses, by Craft and Legerdemane.
+And for my part, that which I marvel at in this business, is, the Drinkers
+being able to take down so much Water, and spout it out with that violence;
+though Custome and a Vomit seasonably taken before hand, may in some of
+them much facilitate the work. But as for the changes made in the Liquors,
+they were but few and slight in comparison of those, that the being
+conversant in Chymical Experiments, and dextrous in applying them to the
+Transmuting of Colours, may easily enough enable a man to make, as ev'n
+what has been newly deliver'd in this, and the foregoing Experiment;
+especially if we add to it the things contained in the XX, the XXXIX and
+the XL. Experiments, may perhaps have already perswaded You.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XLV._
+
+You may I presume (_Pyrophilus_) have taken notice, that in this whole
+Treatise, I purposely decline (as far as I well can) the mentioning of
+Elaborate Chymical Experiments, for fear of frighting you by their
+tediousness and difficulty; but yet in confirmation of what I have been
+newly telling you about the possibility of Varying the Colours of Liquors,
+better than the Water-drinkers are wont to do, I shall add, that _Helmont_
+used to make a preparation of Steel, which a very Ingenious Chymist, his
+Sons Friend, whom you know, sometimes employes for a succedaneum to the
+Spaw-waters, by Diluting this _Essentia Martis Liquida_ (as he calls it)
+with a due proportion of Water. Now that for which I mention to you this
+preparation, (which as he communicated to me, I know he will not refuse to
+_Pyrophilus_) is this, that though the Liquor (as I can shew you when you
+please) be almost of the Colour of a German (not an Oriental) Amethyst, and
+consequently remote enough from Green, yet a very few drops being let fall
+into a Large proportion of good Rhenish, or (in want of that) White Wine
+(which yet do's not quite so well) immediately turn'd the Liquor into a
+lovely Green, as I have not without delight shown several curious Persons.
+By which _Phaenomenon_ you may learn, among other things, how requisite it
+is in Experiments about the changes of Colours heedfully to mind the
+Circumstances of them; for Water will not, as I have purposely try'd,
+concurr to the production of any such Green, nor did it give that Colour to
+moderate Spirit of Wine, wherein I purposely dissolv'd it, and Wine it self
+is a Liquor that few would suspect of being able to work suddenly any such
+change in a Metalline preparation of this Nature; and to satisfie my self
+that this new Colour proceeds rather from the peculiar Texture of the Wine,
+than from any greater Acidity, that Rhenish or White-wine (for that may not
+absurdly be suspected) has in comparison of Water; I purposely sharpen'd
+the Solution of this Essence in fair Water, with a good quantity of Spirit
+of Salt, notwithstanding which, the mixture acquir'd no Greenness. And to
+vary the Experiment a little, I try'd, that if into a Glass of Rhenish Wine
+made Green by this Essence, I dropp'd an Alcalizate Solution, or Urinous
+Spirit, the Wine would presently grow Turbid, and of an odd Dirty Colour;
+But if instead of dissolving the Essence in Wine, I dissolv'd it in fair
+Water sharpen'd perhaps with a little Spirit of Salt, then either the
+Urinous Spirit of Sal Armoniack, or the solution of the fix'd Salt of
+Pot-ashes would immediately turn it of a Yellowish Colour, the fix'd or
+Urinous Salt Precipitating the Vitriolate substance contain'd in the
+Essence. But here I must not forget to take notice of a circumstance that
+deserves to be compar'd with some part of the foregoing Experiment, for
+whereas our Essence imparts a Greenness to Wine, but not to Water, the
+Industrious _Olaus Wormius_[23] in his late _Musaeum_ tells us of a rare
+kind of Turn-Sole which he calls _Bezetta Rubra_ given him by an Apothecary
+that knew not how it was made, whose lovely Redness would be easily
+communicated to Water, if it were immers'd in it; but scarce to Wine, and
+not at all to Spirit of Wine, in which last circumstance it agrees with
+what I lately told you of our Essence, notwithstanding their disagreement
+in other particulars.
+
+  [23] Libr. 2do Cap. 34.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XLVI._
+
+We have often taken notice, as of a remarkable thing, that Metalls as they
+appear to the Eye, before they come to be farther alter'd by other Bodyes,
+do exhibit Colours very different from those which the Fire and the
+_Menstruum_, either apart, or both together, do produce in them; especially
+considering that these Metalline Bodyes are after all these disguises
+reducible not only to their former Metalline Consistence and other more
+radical properties, but to their Colour too, as if Nature had given divers
+Metalls to each of them a double Colour, an _External_, and an _Internal_;
+But though upon a more attentive Consideration of this difference of
+Colours, it seem'd probable to me, that divers (for I say not all) of those
+Colours which we have just now call'd _Internal_, are rather produc'd by
+the Coalition of Metalline Particles with those of the Salts, or other
+Bodyes employ'd to work on them, than by the bare alteration of the parts
+of the Metalls themselves: and though therefore we may call the obvious
+Colours, Natural or Common, & the others Adventitious, yet because such
+changes of Colours, from whatsoever cause they be resolv'd to proceed may
+be properly enough taken in to illustrate our present Subject, we shall not
+scruple to take notice of some of them, especially because there are among
+them such as are produc'd without the intervention of Saline _Menstruums_.
+Of the Adventitious Colours of Metalline Bodies the Chief sorts seem to be
+these three. The first, such Colours as are produc'd without other
+Additaments by the Action of the fire upon Metalls. The next such as emerge
+from the Coalition of Metalline Particles with those of some _Menstruum_
+imploy'd to Corrode a Metall or Precipitate it; And the last, The Colours
+afforded by Metalline Bodyes either Colliquated with, or otherwise
+Penetrating into, other Bodies, especially fusible ones. But these
+(_Pyrophilus,_) are only as I told you, the _Chief_ sorts of the
+adventitious Colours of Metalls, for there may others belong to them, of
+which I shall hereafter have occasion to take notice of some, and of which
+also there possibly may be others that I never took notice of.
+
+And to begin with the first sort of Colours, 'tis well enough known to
+Chymists, that Tin being Calcin'd by fire alone is wont to afford a White
+_Calx_, and Lead Calcin'd by fire alone affords that most Common Red-Powder
+we call _Minium:_ Copper also Calcin'd _per se_, by a long or violent fire,
+is wont to yield (as far as I have had occasion to take notice of it) a
+very Dark or Blackish Powder; That Iron likewise may by the Action of
+Reverberated flames be turn'd into a Colour almost like that of Saffron,
+may be easily deduc'd from the Preparation of that Powder, which by reason
+of its Colour and of the Metall 'tis made of is by Chymists call'd, _Crocus
+Martis per se_. And that _Mercury_ made by the stress of Fire, may be
+turn'd into a Red Powder, which Chymists call Precipitate _per se_, I
+elsewhere more particularly declare.
+
+_Annotation I._
+
+It is not unworthy the Admonishing you, (_Pyrophilus_,) and it agrees very
+well with our Conjectures about the dependence of the change of a Body's
+Colour upon that of its Texture, that the same Metall may by the successive
+operation of the fire receive divers Adventitious Colours, as is evident in
+Lead, which before it come to so deep a Colour as that of _Minium_, may
+pass through divers others.
+
+_Annotation II_.
+
+Not only the _Calces_, but the Glasses of Metalls, Vitrify'd _per se_, may
+be of Colours differing from the Natural or Obvious Colour of the Metall;
+as I have observ'd in the Glass of Lead, made by long exposing Crude Lead
+to a violent fire, and what I have observ'd about the Glass or Slagg of
+Copper, (of which I can show you some of an odd kind of Texture,) may be
+elsewhere more conveniently related. I have likewise seen a piece of very
+Dark Glass, which an Ingenious Artificer that show'd it me profess'd
+himself to have made of Silver alone by an extreme _Violence_ (which seems
+to be no more than is needfull) of the fire.
+
+_Annotation III_.
+
+Minerals also by the Action of the Fire may be brought to afford Colours
+very differing from their own, as I not long since noted to you about the
+variously Colour'd Flowers of Antimony, to which we may add the Whitish
+Grey-Colour of its _Calx_, and the Yellow or Reddish Colour of the Glass,
+where into that _Calx_ may be flux'd.
+
+And I remember, that I elsewhere told you, that Vitriol Calcin'd with a
+very gentle heat, and afterwards with higher and higher degrees of it, may
+be made to pass through several Colours before it descends to a Dark
+Purplish Colour, whereto a strong fire is wont at length to reduce it. But
+to insist on the Colours produc'd by the Operation of fire upon several
+Minerals would take up farr more time than I have now to spare.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XLVII._
+
+The Adventitious Colours produc'd upon Metalls, or rather with them, by
+Saline Liquors, are many of them so well known to Chymists, that I would
+not here mention them, but that besides a not un-needed Testimony, I can
+add something of my own, to what I shall repeat about them, and divers
+Experiments which are familiar to Chymists, are as yet unknown to the
+greatest part of Ingenious Men.
+
+That Gold dissolv'd in _Aqua Regia_ ennobles the _Menstruum_ with its own
+Colour, is a thing that you cannot (_Pyrophilus_,) but have often seen. The
+Solutions of Mercury in _Aqua-fortis_ are not generally taken notice of, to
+give any notable Tincture to the _Menstruum_; but sometimes when the Liquor
+first falls upon the Quick Silver, I have observ'd a very remarkable,
+though not durable, Greenness, or Blewness to be produc'd, which is a
+_Phaenomenon_ not unfit for you to consider, though I have not now the
+leisure to discourse upon it. Tin Corroded by _Aqua-fortis_ till the
+_Menstruum_ will work no farther on it, becomes exceeding White, but as we
+elsewhere note, does very easily of it self acquire the consistence, not of
+a Metalline _Calx_, but of a Coagulated matter, which we have observ'd with
+pleasure to look so like, either to curdled Milk, or curdled Whites of
+Eggs, that a person unacquainted with such Solutions may easily be mistaken
+in it. But when I purposely prepar'd a _Menstruum_ that would dissolve it
+as _Aqua-fortis_ dissolves Silver, and not barely Corrode it, and quickly
+let it fall again, I remember not that I took notice of any particular
+Colour in the Solution, as if the more Whitish Metalls did not much Tinge
+their _Menstruums_, though the conspicuously Colour'd Metalls as Gold, and
+Copper, do. For Lead dissolv'd in Spirit of Vinegar or _Aqua-fortis_ gives
+a Solution cleer enough, and if the _Menstruum_ be abstracted appears
+either Diaphanous or White. Of the Colour of Iron we have elsewhere said
+something: And 'tis worth noting, that though if that Metall be dissolv'd
+in oyl of Vitriol diluted with water, it affords a Salt or Magistery so
+like in colour, as well as some other Qualities, to other green Vitriol,
+that Chymists do not improperly call it _Vitriolum Martis_; yet I have
+purposely try'd, that, by changing the _Menstruum_, and pouring upon the
+filings of Steel, instead of oyl of Vitriol, _Aqua Fortis_, (whereof as I
+remember, I us'd 4 parts to one of the Metall) I obtain'd not a Green, but
+a Saffron Colour Solution; or rather a thick Liquor of a deep but yellowish
+Red. Common Silver, such as is to be met with in Coines, being dissolv'd in
+_Aqua fortis_, yields a Solution tincted like that of Copper, which is not
+to be wondred at, because in the coining of Silver, they are wont (as we
+elsewhere particularly inform you) to give it an Allay of Copper, and that
+which is sold in shops for refined silver, is not (so far as we have tryed)
+so perfectly free from that ignobler Metall, but that a Solution of It in
+_Aqua fortis_, will give a Venereal Tincture to the _Menstruum_. But we
+could not observe upon the solution of some Silver, which was perfectly
+refin'd, (such as some that we have, from which 8 or 10 times its weight of
+Lead has been blown off) that the _Menstruum_ though held against the Light
+in a Crystal Vial did manifestly disclose any Tincture, only it seem'd
+sometimes not to be quite destitute of a little, but very faint
+Blewishness.
+
+But here I must take notice, that of all the Metalls, there is not any
+which doth so easily and constantly disclose its unobvious colour as Copper
+doth. For not only in acid _Menstruums_ as _Aqua Fortis_ and Spirit of
+Vinegar, it gives a Blewish green solution, but if it be almost any way
+corroded, it _appears of one of those_ two colours, as may be observ'd in
+Verdigreese made several wayes, in that odd preparation of _Venus_, which
+we elsewhere teach you to make with Sublimate, and in the common Vitriols
+of _Venus_ deliver'd by Chymists; and so constant is the disposition of
+Copper, notwithstanding the disguise Artists put upon it, to disclose the
+colour we have been mentioning, that we have by forcing it up with _Sal
+Armoniack_ obtain'd a Sublimate of a Blewish Colour. Nay a famous Spagyrist
+affirms, that the very Mercury of it is green, but till he teach us an
+intelligible way of making such a Mercury, we must content ourselves to
+inform you, that we have had a Cupreous Body, that was Praecipitated out of
+a distill'd Liquor, that seem'd to be the the Sulphur of _Venus_, and
+seem'd even when flaming, of a Greenish Colour. And indeed Copper is a
+Metall so easily wrought upon by Liquors of several kinds, that I should
+tell you, I know not any Mineral, that will concurr to the production of
+such a variety of Colours as Copper dissol'd in several _Menstruums_, as
+Spirit of Vinegar, _Aqua fortis_, _Aqua Regis_, Spirit of Nitre, of Urine,
+of Soot, Oyls of several kinds, and I know not how many other Liquors, if
+the variety of somewhat differing colours (that Copper will be made to
+assume, as it is wrought upon by several Liquors) were not comprehended
+within the Limits of Greenish Blew, or Blewish Green.
+
+And yet I must advertise you (_Pyrophilus_) that being desirous to try if I
+could not make with crude Copper a Green Solution without the Blewishness
+that is wont to accompany its Vulgar Solutions, I bethought my self of
+using two _Menstruums_, which I had not known imploy'd to work on this
+Metall, and which I had certain Reasons to make Tryal of, as I successfully
+did. The one of these Liquors (if I much misremember not) was Spirit of
+Sugar distill'd in a Retort, which must be warily done, (if you will avoid
+breaking your glasses) and the other, Oyl or Spirit of Turpentine, which
+affords a fine Green Solution that is useful to me on several occasions.
+And yet to shew that the adventitious colour may result, as well from the
+true and permanent Copper it self, as the Salts wherewith 'tis corroded, I
+shall add, that if you take a piece of good _Dantzick_ Copperis, or any
+other Vitriol wherein _Venus_ is praedominant, and having moistened it in
+your Mouth, or with fair water, rubb it upon a whetted knife, or any other
+bright piece of Steel or Iron, it will (as we have formerly told you)
+present'y stain the Steel with a Reddish colour, like that of Copper, the
+reason of which, we must not now stay to inquire.
+
+_Annotation I._
+
+I presume you may have taken notice (_Pyrophilus_) that I have borrowed
+some of the Instances mention'd in this 47th Experiment, from the
+Laboratories of Chymists, and because in some (though very few) other
+passages of this Essay, I have likewise made use of Experiments mention'd
+also by some Spagyrical Writers, I think it not amiss to represent to you
+on this Occasion once for all, some things besides those which I intimated
+in the praeamble of this present Experiment; For besides, that 'tis very
+allowable for a Writer to repeat an Experiment which he invented not, in
+case he improve it; And besides that many Experiments familiar to Chymists
+are unknown to the generality of Learned Men, who either never read
+Chymical processes, or never understood their meaning, or never durst
+believe them; besides these things, I say, I shall represent, That, as to
+the few Experiments I have borrowed from the Chymists, if they be very
+Vulgar, 'twould perhaps be difficult to ascribe each of them its own
+Author, and 'tis more than the generality of Chymists themselves can do:
+and if they be not of very known and familiar practise among them, unless
+the Authors wherein I found them had given me cause to believe, themselves
+had try'd them, I know not why I might not set them down, as a part of the
+_Phaenomena_ of Colours which I present you; Many things unanimously enough
+deliver'd as matters of fact by (I know not how many Chymical Writers)
+being not to be rely'd on, upon the single Authority of such Authors: For
+Instance, as some Spagyrists deliver (perhaps amongst several deceitful
+processes) that _Saccarum Saturni_ with Spirit of Turpentine will afford a
+Balsom, so _Beguinus_ and many more tell us, that the same Concrete
+(_Saccarum Saturni_) will yield an incomparably fragrant Spirit, and a
+pretty Quantity of two several Oyles, and yet since many have complain'd,
+as well as I have done, that they could find no such odoriferous, but
+rather an ill-sented Liquor, and scarce any oyl in their Distillation of
+that sweet Vitriol, a wary person would as little build any thing on what
+they say of the former Experiment, as upon what they averr of the later,
+and therefore I scrupled not to mention this Red Balsom of which I have not
+seen any, (but what I made) among my other experiments about redness.
+
+_Annot. II._
+
+We have sometimes had the Curiosity to try what Colours Minerals, as
+Tinglass, Antimony, Spelter, &c. would yield in several _Menstruums_, nor
+have we forborn to try the Colours of stones, of which that famous one,
+(which _Helmont_ calls _Paracelsus's Ludus_) though it be digg'd out of the
+Earth and seem a true stone, has afforded in _Menstruums_ capable to
+dissolve so solid a stone, sometimes a Yellowish, sometimes a Red solution
+of both which I can show you. But though I have from Minerals obtain'd with
+several _Menstruums_ very differing Colours, and some such as perhaps you
+would be surpriz'd to see drawn from such Bodies: yet I must now pass by
+the particulars, being desirous to put an End to this Treatise, before I
+put an end to your Patience and my own.
+
+_Annotation III._
+
+And yet before I pass to the next Experiment, I must put you in mind, that
+the Colours of Metals may in many cases be further alter'd by imploying,
+either praecipitating Salts, or other convenient Substances to act upon
+their Solutions. Of this you may remember, that I have given you several
+Instances already, to which may be added such as these, That if Quicksilver
+be dissolv'd in _Aqua fortis_, and Praecipitated out of the Solution, either
+with water impregnated with Sea salt, or with the spirit of that Concrete,
+it falls to the Bottom in the form of a white powder, whereas if it be
+Praecipitated with an Alcaly, it will afford a Yellowish or tawny powder,
+and if there be no Praecipitation made, and the _Menstruum_ be drawn off
+with a convenient fire, the corroded Mercury will remain in the bottom, in
+the form of a substance that may be made to appear of differing Colours by
+differing degrees of Heat; As I remember that lately having purposely
+abstracted _Aqua fortis_ from some Quicksilver that we had dissolv'd in it,
+so that there remain'd a white _Calx_, exposing that to several degrees of
+Fire, and afterwards to a naked one, we obtain'd some new Colours, and at
+length the greatest part of the _Calx_ lying at the Bottome of the Vial,
+and being brought partly to a Deep Yellow, and partly to a Red Colour, the
+rest appear'd elevated to the upper part and neck of the Vial, some in the
+form of a Reddish, and some of an Ash-Colour Sublimate. But of the
+differing Colours which by differing wayes and working of Quick Silver with
+Fire, and Saline Bodies, may be produc'd in Precipitates, I may elsewhere
+have occasion to take further notice. I also told you not long since, that
+if you corrode Quick-silver with Oyl of Vitriol instead of _Aqua-fortis_,
+and abstract the _Menstruum_, there will remain a White _Calx_ which by the
+Affusion of Fair Water presently turns into a Lemmon Colour. And ev'n the
+_Succedaneum_ to a _Menstruum_ may sometimes serve the turn to change the
+Colours of a Metal. The lovely Red which Painters call Vermillion, is made
+of Mercury, which is of the Colour of Silver, and of Brimstone which is of
+Kin to that of Gold, Sublim'd up together in a certain proportion, as is
+vulgarly known to Spagyrists.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XLVIII._
+
+The third chief sort of the Adventitious Colours of Metals, is, that which
+is produc'd by associating them (especially when Calcin'd) with other
+fusible Bodies, and Principally Venice, and other fine Glass devoid of
+Colour.
+
+I have formerly given you an Example, whereby it may appear, that a Metal
+may impart to Glass a Colour much differing from its own, when I told you,
+how with Silver, I had given Glass a lovely Golden Colour. And I shall now
+add, that I have Learn'd from one of the Chief Artificers that sells
+Painted Glass, that those of his Trade Colour it Yellow with a preparation
+of the _Calx_ of Silver. Though having lately had occasion among other
+Tryals to mingle a few grains of Shell-silver (such as is imploy'd with the
+Pensil and Pen) with a convenient proportion of powder'd Crystal Glass,
+having kept them two or three hours in fusion, I was surpriz'd to find the
+Colliquated Mass to appear upon breaking the Crucible of a lovely Saphirine
+Blew, which made me suspect my Servant might have brought me a wrong
+Crucible, but he constantly affirm'd it to be the same wherein the Silver
+was put, and considerable Circumstances countenanc'd his Assertion, so that
+till I have opportunity to make farther Tryal, I cannot but suspect, either
+that Silver which is not (which is not very probable) brought to a perfect
+Fusion and Colliquation with Glass, may impart to it other Colours than
+when Neal'd upon it, or else (which is less unlikely) that though Silver
+Beaters usually chuse the finest Coyn they can get, as that which is most
+extensive under the Hammer, yet the Silver-leaves of which this Shel-silver
+was made, might retain so much Copper as to enable it to give the
+predominant tincture to the Glass.
+
+For, I must proceed to tell you (_Pyrophilus_) as another instance of the
+Adventitious Colours of Metals, that which is something strange, Namely,
+That though Copper Calcin'd _per se_ affords but a Dark and basely Colour'd
+_Calx_, yet the Glassmen do with it, as themselves inform me, Tinge their
+Glass green. And I remember, that when once we took some crude Copper, and
+by frequent Ignition quenching it in Water had reduc'd it to a Dark and
+Ill-colour'd Powder, and afterward kept it in Fusion in about a 100. times
+its weight of fine Glass, we had, though not a Green, yet a Blew colour'd
+Mass, which would perhaps have been Green, if we had hit right upon the
+Proportion of the Materials, and the Degree of Fire, and the Time wherein
+it ought to be kept in Fusion, so plentifully does that Metal abound in a
+Venerial Tincture, as Artists call it, and in so many wayes does it
+disclose that Richness. But though Copper do as we have said give somewhat
+near the like Colour to Glass, which it does to _Aqua-fortis_, yet it seems
+worth inquiry, whether those new Colours which Mineral Bodies disclose in
+melted Glass, proceed from the Coalition of the Corpuscles of the Mineral
+with the Particles of the Glass as such, or from the Action (excited or
+actuated by fire) of the Alcalizate Salt (which is a main Ingredient of
+Glass,) upon the Mineral Body, or from the concurrence of both these
+Causes, or else from any other. But to return to that which we were saying,
+we may observe that _Putty_ made by calcining together a proportion of Tin
+and Lead, as it is it self a White _Calx_, so does it turn the _Pitta di
+Crystallo_ (as the Glassmen call the matter of the Purer sort of Glass,
+wherewith it is Colliquated into a White Mass, which if it be opacous
+enough is employ'd, as we elsewhere declare, for White Amel. But of the
+Colours which the other Metals may be made to produce in Colourless Glass,
+and other Vitrifiable Bodies, that have native Colours of their own, I must
+leave you to inform your self upon Tryal, or at least must forbear to do it
+till another time, considering how many Annotations are to follow, upon
+what has in this and the two former Experiments been said already.
+
+_Annotation I._
+
+When the Materials of Glass being melted with Calcin'd Tin, have compos'd a
+Mass Undiaphanous and White, this White Amel is as it were the Basis of all
+those fine Concretes that Goldsmiths and several Artificers imploy in the
+curious Art of Enamelling. For this White and Fusible substance will
+receive into it self, without spoyling them, the Colours of divers other
+Mineral substances, which like it will indure the fire.
+
+_Annotation II._
+
+So that as by the present (XLVIII.) Experiment it appears, that divers
+Minerals will impart to fusible Masses, Colours differing from their own;
+so by the making and compounding of Amels, it may appear, that divers
+Bodies will both retain their Colour in the fire, and impart the _same_ to
+some others wherewith they were vitrifi'd, and in such Tryals as that
+mention'd in the 17. Experiment, where I told you, that ev'n in Amels a
+Blew and Yellow will compound a Green. 'Tis pretty to behold, not only that
+some Colours are of so fix'd a Nature, as to be capable of mixture without
+receiving any detriment by the fire, that do's so easily destroy or spoyl
+those of other Bodies; but Mineral Pigments may be mingled by fire little
+less regularly and successfully, than in ordinary Dyeing Fatts, the vulgar
+Colours are wont to be mingled by the help of Water.
+
+_Annotation III._
+
+'Tis not only Metalline, but other Mineral Bodies, that may be imploy'd, to
+give Tinctures unto Glass (and 'tis worth noting how small a quantity of
+some Mineral substances, will Tinge a Comparatively vast proportion of
+Glass, and we have sometimes attempted to Colour Glass, ev'n with Pretious
+Stones, and had cause to think the Experiment not cast away. And 'tis known
+by them that have look'd into the Art of Glass, that the Artificers use to
+tinge their Glass Blew, with that Dark Mineral _Zaffora_, (some of my
+Tryals on which I elsewhere acquaint you) which some would have to be a
+Mineral Earth, others a Stone, and others neither the one, nor the other,
+but which is confessedly of a Dark, but not a Blew Colour, though it be not
+agreed of what particular Colour it is. 'Tis likewise though a familiar yet
+a remarkable practise among those that Deal in the making of Glass, to
+imploy (as some of themselves have inform'd me) what they call Manganess,
+and some Authors call _Magnesia_ (of which I make particular mention in
+another Treatise) to exhibit in Glass not only other Colours than its own,
+(which is so like in Darkness or blackishness to the Load stone, that 'tis
+given by Mineralists, for one of the Reasons of its Latine Name) but
+Colours differing from one another. For though they use it, (which is
+somewhat strange) to Clarifye their Glass, and free it from that Blewish
+Greenish Colour, which else it would too often be subject to, yet they also
+imploy it in certain proportions, to tinge their Glass both with a Red
+colour, and with a Purplish or Murry, and putting in a greater Quantity,
+they also make with it that deep obscure Glass which is wont to pass for
+Black, which agrees very well with, and may serve to confirm what we noted
+near the beginning of the 44th Experiment, of the seeming Blackness of
+those Bodies that are overcharg'd with the Corpuscles of such Colours, as
+Red, or Blew, or Green, &c. And as by several Metals and other Minerals we
+can give various Colours to Glass, so on the other side, by the differing
+Colours that Mineral Oars, or other Mineral Powders being melted with Glass
+disclose in it, a good Conjecture may be oftentimes made of the Metall or
+known Mineral, that the Oar propos'd, either holds, or is most of kin to.
+And this easie way of examining Oars, may be in some cases of good use, and
+is not ill deliver'd by _Glauber_, to whom I shall at present refer you,
+for a more particular account of it: unless your Curiosity command also
+what I have observ'd about these matters; only I must here advertise you,
+that great circumspection is requisite to keep this way from proving
+fallacious, upon the account of the variations of Colour that may be
+produc'd by the differing proportions that may be us'd betwixt the Oar and
+the Glass, by the Richness or Poorness of the Oar it self, by the Degree of
+Fire, and (especially) by the Length of Time, during which the matter is
+kept in fusion; as you will easily gather from what you will quickly meet
+with in the following Annotation upon this present 48th Experiment.
+
+_Annotation IV._
+
+There is another way and differing enough from those already mention'd, by
+which Metalls may be brought to exhibit adventitious Colours: For by This,
+the Metall do's not so much impart a Colour to another Body, as receive a
+Colour from it, or rather both Bodies do by the new Texture resulting from
+their mistion produce a new Colour. I will not insist to this purpose upon
+the Examples afforded us by yellow Orpiment, and common Sea Salt, from
+which, sublim'd together, Chymists unanimously affirm their White or
+Crystalline Arsenick to be made: But 'tis not unworthy our noting, That
+though Yellow Orpiment be acknowledg'd to be the Copiousest by far of the
+two Ingredients of Arsenick, yet this last nam'd Body being duely added to
+the highest Colour'd Metall Copper, when 'tis in fusion, gives it a
+whiteness both within and without. Thus _Lapis Calaminaris_ changes and
+improves the Colour of Copper by turning it into Brass. And I have
+sometimes by the help of Zinck duely mix'd after a certain manner, given
+Copper one of the Richest Golden Colours that ever I have seen the Best
+true Gold Ennobled with. But pray have a care that such Hints fall not into
+any hands that may mis-imploy them.
+
+_Annotation V._
+
+Upon the Knowledge of the differing wayes of making Minerals and Metalls
+produce their adventitious Colours in Bodies capable of Vitrification,
+depends the pretty Art of making what Chymists by a Barbarous Word are
+pleas'd to call _Amanses_, that is counterfeit, or factitious Gemms, as
+Emeralds, Rubies, Saphires, Topazes, and the like. For in the making of
+these, though pure Sand or Calcin'd Crystal give the Body, yet 'tis for the
+most part some Metalline or Mineral _Calx_, mingled in a small proportion
+that gives the Colour. But though I have many years since taken delight, to
+divert my self with this pleasing Art, and have seen very pretty
+Productions of it, yet besides that I fear I have now forgot most of the
+little Skill I had in it, this is no place to entertain you with what would
+rather take up an intire Discourse, than be comprehended in an Annotation;
+wherefore the few things which I shall here take notice of to you, are only
+what belong to the present Argument, Namely,
+
+First, That I have often observ'd that Calcin'd Lead Colliquated with fine
+White Sand or Crystal, reduc'd by ignitions and subsequent extinctions in
+Water to a subtile Powder, will of it self be brought by a due Decoction to
+give a cleer Mass Colour'd like a _German_ Amethyst. For though this glass
+of Lead, is look'd upon by them that know no better way of making
+_Amanses_, as the grand Work of them all, yet which is an inconvenience
+that much blemishes this way, the Calcin'd Lead it self does not only
+afford matter to the _Amanses_, but has also as well as other Metals a
+Colour of its own, which as I was saying, I have often found to be like
+that of _German_ (as many call them) not Eastern Amethysts.
+
+Secondly, That nevertheless this Colour may be easily over-powr'd by those
+of divers other Mineral Pigments (if I may so call them) so that with a
+glass of Lead, you may Emulate (for Instance) the fresh and lovely
+Greenness of an Emerald, though in divers cases the Colour which the Lead
+it self upon Vitrification tends to, may vitiate that of the Pigment, which
+you would introduce into the Mass.
+
+Thirdly, That so much ev'n these Colours depend upon Texture, that in the
+Glass of Lead it self made of about three parts of _Lytharge_ or _Minium_
+Colliquated with one of very finely Powder'd Crystal or Sand, we have taken
+pleasure to make the mixture pass through differing Colours, as we kept it
+more or less in the Fusion. For it was not usually till after a pretty long
+Decoction that the Mass attain'd to the Amethystin Colour.
+
+Fourthly and lastly, That the degrees of Coction and other Circumstances
+may so vary the Colour produc'd in the same mass, that in a Crucible that
+was not great I have had fragments of the same Mass, in some of which
+perhaps not so big as a Hazel-Nut, you may discern four distinct Colours.
+
+_Annotation VI._
+
+You may remember (_Pyrophilus_) that when I mention'd the three sorts of
+adventitious Colours of Metals, I mention'd them but as the chief, not the
+only. For there may be other wayes, which though they do not in so strict a
+sense belong to the adventitious Colours of Metals, may not inconveniently
+be reduc'd to them. And of these I shall name now a couple, without denying
+that there may be more.
+
+The first may be drawn from the practise of those that Dye Scarlet. For the
+famousest Master in that Art, either in _England_ or _Holland_, has
+confess'd to me, that neither others, nor he can strike that lovely Colour
+which is now wont to be call'd the _Bow-Dye_, without their Materials be
+Boyl'd in Vessels, either made of, or lin'd with a particular Metall. But
+of what I have known attempted in this kind, I must not as yet for fear of
+prejudicing or displeasing others give you any particular Account.[24]
+
+The other way (_Pyrophilus_) of making Metals afford unobvious Colours, is
+by imbuing divers Bodies with Solutions of them made in their proper
+_Menstruum's_, As (for Instance) though Copper plentifully dissolv'd in
+_Aqua fortis_, will imbue several Bodies with the Colour of the Solution;
+Yet Some other Metalls will not (as I elsewhere tell you) and have often
+try'd. Gold dissolv'd in _Aqua Regia_, will, (which is not commonly known)
+Dye the Nails and Skin, and Hafts of Knives, and other things made of
+Ivory, not with a Golden, but a Purple Colour, which though it manifest it
+self but slowly, is very durable, and scarce ever to be wash'd out. And if
+I misremember not, I have already told you in this Treatise, that the purer
+Crystals of fine Silver made with _Aqua fortis_, though they appear White,
+will presently Dye the Skin and Nails, with a Black, or at least a very
+Dark Colour, which Water will not wash off, as it will ordinary Ink from
+the same parts. And divers other Bodies may the Same way be Dy'd, some of a
+Black, and others of a Blackish Colour.
+
+  [24] See the latter end of the fiftieth Experiment.
+
+And as Metalline, so likewise Mineral Solutions may produce Colours
+differing enough from those of the Liquors themselves. I shall not fetch an
+Example of this, from what we daily see happen in the powdring of Beef,
+which by the Brine imploy'd about it (especially if the flesh be over
+salted) do's oftentimes appear at our Tables of a Green, and sometimes of a
+Reddish Colour, (deep enough) nor shall I insist on the practise of some
+that deal in Salt Petre, who, (as I suspected, and as themselves
+acknowledg'd to me) do, with the mixture of a certain proportion of that;
+and common Salt, give a fine Redness, not only to Neats Tongues, but which
+is more pretty as well as difficult, to such flesh, as would otherwise be
+purely White; These Examples, I say, I shall decline insisting on, as
+chusing rather to tell you, that I have several times try'd, that a
+Solution of the Sulphur of Vitriol, or ev'n of common Sulphur, though the
+Liquor appear'd clear enough, would immediately tinge a piece of new Coin,
+or other clean Silver, sometimes with a Golden, sometimes with a deeper,
+and more Reddish colour, according to the strength of the Solution, and the
+quantity of it, that chanc'd to adhere to the Metall; which may take off
+your wonder that the water of the hot Spring at _Bath_, abounding with
+dissolv'd Substances of a very Sulphureous Nature, should for a while, as
+it were gild, the new or clean pieces of Silver coyn, that are for a due
+time immers'd in it. And to these may be added those formerly mention'd
+Examples of the adventitious Colours of Mineral Bodies; which brings into
+my mind, that, ev'n Vegetable Liquors, whether by degeneration, or by
+altering the Texture of the Body that imbibes them, may stain other Bodies
+with Colours differing enough, from their own, of which very good
+Herbarists have afforded us a notable Example, by affirming that the Juice
+of _Alcanna_ being green (in which state I could never here procure it)
+do's yet Dye the Skin and Nails of a Lasting Red. But I see this Treatise
+is like to prove too bulky without the addition of further Instances of
+this Nature.
+
+_EXPERIMENT XLIX._
+
+Meeting the other day, _Pyrophilus_, in an _Italian_ book, that treats of
+other matters, with a way of preparing what the Author calls a _Lacca_ of
+Vegetables, by which the _Italians_ mean a kind of Extract fit for
+Painting, like that rich _Lacca_ in English commonly call'd _Lake_, which
+is imploy'd by Painters as a glorious Red. And finding the Experiment not
+to be inconsiderable, and very defectively set down, it will not be amiss
+to acquaint you with what some Tryals have inform'd us, in reference to
+this Experiment, which both by our Italian Author, and by divers of his
+Countrymen, is look'd upon as no trifling Secret.
+
+Take then the root call'd in Latin _Curcuma_, and in English Turmerick,
+(which I made use of, because it was then at hand, and is among Vegetables
+fit for that purpose one of the most easiest to be had) and when it is
+beaten, put what Quantity of it you please into fair Water, adding to every
+pound of Water about a spoonfull or better of as strong a _Lixivium_ or
+Solution of Potashes as you can well make, clarifying it by Filtration
+before you put it to the Decocting water. Let these things boyl, or rather
+simper over a soft Fire in a clean glaz'd Earthen Vessel, till you find by
+the Immersion of a sheet of White Paper (or by some other way of Tryal)
+that the Liquor is sufficiently impregnated with the Golden Tincture of the
+Turmerick, then take the Decoction off the Fire, and Filter or Strain it
+that it may be clean, and leisurely dropping into it a strong Solution of
+Roch Allum, you shall find the Decoction as it were curdl'd, and the
+tincted part of it either to emerge, to subside, or to swim up and down,
+like little Yellow flakes; and if you pour this mixture into a Tunnel lin'd
+with Cap Paper, the Liquor that Filtred formerly so Yellow, will now pass
+clean thorow the Filtre, leaving its tincted, and as it were curdled parts
+in the Filtre, upon which fair Water must be so often pour'd, till you have
+Dulcifi'd the matter therein contain'd, the sign of which Dulcification is
+(you know) when the Water that has pass'd through it, comes from it as
+tasteless as it was pour'd on it. And if without Filtration you would
+gather together the flakes of this Vegetable Lake, you must pour a great
+Quantity of fair Water upon the Decoction after the affusion of the
+Alluminous Solution, and you shall find the Liquor to grow clearer, and the
+Lake to settle together at the bottom, or emerge to the top of the Water,
+though sometimes having not pour'd out a sufficient Quantity of fair Water,
+we have observ'd the Lake partly to subside, and partly to emerge, leaving
+all the middle of the Liquor clear. But to make this Lake fit for use, it
+must by repeated affusions of fresh Water, be Dulcifi'd from the adhering
+Salts, as well as that separated by Filtration, and be spread and suffer'd
+to dry leisurely upon pieces of Cloth, with Brown Paper, or Chalk, or
+Bricks under them to imbibe the Moisture[25].
+
+                                                                [Page 372]
+_Annotation I._
+
+Whereas it is presum'd that the Magistery of Vegetables obtain'd this way
+consists but of the more Soluble and Coloured parts of the Plants that
+afford it, I must take the liberty to Question the supposition. And for my
+so doing, I shall give you this account.
+
+According to the Notions (such as they were) that I had concerning Salts;
+Allom, though to sense a Homogeneous Body, ought not to be reckon'd among
+true Salts, but to be it self look'd upon as a kind of Magistery, in regard
+that as Native Vitriol (for such I have had) contains both a Saline
+substance and a Metall, whether Copper, or Iron, corroded by it, and
+associated with it; so Allom which may be of so near a kin to Vitriol, that
+in some places of _England_ (as we are assur'd by good Authority the same
+stone will sometimes afford both) seems manifestly to contain a peculiar
+kind of Acid Spirit, generated in the Bowels of the Earth, and some kind of
+stony matter dissolv'd by it. And though in making our ordinary Allom, the
+Workmen use the Ashes of a Sea Weed (vulgarly call'd Kelp) and Urine: yet
+those that should know, inform us, that, here in _England_, there is
+besides the factitious Allom, Allom made by Nature Without the help of
+those Additaments. Now (_Pyrophilus_) when I consider'd this composition of
+Allom, and that Alcalizate Salts are wont to Praecipitate what acid Salts
+have dissolv'd, I could not but be prone to suspect that the Curdled
+Matter, which is call'd the Magistery of Vegetables, may have in it no
+inconsiderable proportion of a stony substance Praecipitated out of the
+Allom by the _Lixivium_, wherein the Vegetable had been decocted, and to
+shew you, that there is no necessity, that all the curdl'd substance must
+belong to the Vegetable, I shall add, that I took a strong Solution of
+Allom, and having Filtred it, by pouring in a convenient Quantity of a
+strong Solution of Potashes, I presently, as I expected, turn'd the mixture
+into a kind of white Curds, which being put to Filtre, the Paper retain'd a
+stony _Calx_, copious enough, very White, and which seem'd to be of a
+Mineral Nature, both by some other signes, and this, that little Bits of it
+being put upon a live Coal, which was Gently Blown whilst they were on it,
+they did neither melt nor fly away, and you may keep a Quantity of this
+White substance for a good while, (nay for ought I can guess for a very
+long one) in a red hot Crucible without losing or spoiling it; nor did hot
+Water wherein I purposely kept another parcel of such _Calx_, seem to do
+any more than wash away the looser adhering Salts from the stony substance,
+which therefore seem'd unlikely to be separable by ablutions (though
+reiterated) from the Praecipitated parts of the Vegetable, whose Lake is
+intended. And to shew you, that there is likewise in Allom a Body, with
+which the fix'd Salt of the Alcalizate Solution will concoagulate into a
+Saline Substance differing from either of them, I shall add, that I have
+taken pleasure to recover out of the slowly exhal'd Liquor, that pass'd
+through the filtre, and left the foremention'd _Calx_ behind, a Body that
+at least seem'd a Salt very pretty to look on, as being very White, and
+consisting of an innumerable company of exceeding slender, and shining
+Particles, which would in part easily melt at the flame of a Candle, and in
+part flye away with some little noise. But of this substance, and its odd
+Qualities more perhaps elsewhere; for now I shall only take notice to you,
+that I have likewise with Urinous Salts, such as the Spirit of Sal
+Armoniack, as well as with the Spirit of Urine it self, Nay, (if I much
+mistake not) ev'n with Stale Urine undistil'd, easily Precipitated such a
+White _Calx_ as I was formerly speaking of, out of a Limpid Solution of
+Allom, so that there is need of Circumspection in judging of the Natures of
+Liquors by Precipitations wherein Allom intervenes, else we may sometimes
+mistakingly imagine that to be Precipitated out of a Liquor by Allom, which
+is rather Precipitated out of Allom by the Liquor: And this puts me in mind
+to tell you, that 'tis not unpleasant to behold how quickly the Solution of
+Allom (or injected lumps of Allom) do's occasion the severing of the
+colour'd parts of the Decoction from the Liquor that seem'd to have so
+perfectly imbib'd them.
+
+  [25] _The Curious Reader that desires further Information concerning
+  Lakes, may Resort to the 7th Book of_ Neri's _Art of Glass, Englished (6
+  or 7 years since the Writing of this 49th Experiment) and Illustrated
+  with Learned Observations, by the Inquisitive and experienc'd Dr._
+  Charles Merret.
+
+_Annot. II._
+
+The above mention'd way of making Lakes we have tryed not only with
+Turmerick, but also with Madder, which yielded us a Red Lake; and with Rue,
+which afforded us an extract, of (almost if not altogether) the same Colour
+with that of the leaves.
+
+But in regard that 'tis Principally the Alcalizate Salt of the Pot-ashes,
+which enables the water to Extract so powerfully the Tincture of the
+Decocted Vegetables, I fear that our Author may be mistaken by supposing
+that the Decoction will alwayes be of the very same Colour with the
+Vegetable it is made off. For Lixiviate Salts, to which Pot-ashes eminently
+belong, though by peircing and opening the Bodies of Vegetables, they
+prepare and dispose them to part readily with their Tincture, yet some
+Tinctures they do not only draw out, but likewise alter them, as may be
+easily made appear by many of the Experiments already set down in this
+Treatise, and though Allom being of an Acid Nature, its Solutions may in
+some Cases destroy the Adventitious Colours produc'd by the Alcaly, and
+restore the former: yet besides that Allom is not, as I have lately shown,
+a meer Acid Salt, but a mixt Body, and besides, that its operations are
+languid in comparison of the activity of Salts freed by Distillation, or by
+Incineration and Dissolution, from the most of their Earthy parts, we have
+seen already Examples, that in divers Cases an Acid Salt will not restore a
+Vegetable substance to the Colour of which an Alcalizate one had depriv'd
+it, but makes it assume a third very differing from both, as we formerly
+told you, that if Syrrup of Violets were by an Alcaly turn'd Green, (which
+Colour, as I have try'd, may be the same way produc'd in the Violet-leaves
+themselves without any Relation to a Syrrup) an Acid Salt would not make it
+Blew again, but Red. And though I have by this way of making Lakes, made
+Magisteries (for such they seem to be) of Brazil, and as I remember of
+Cochinele it self, and of other things, Red, Yellow or Green which Lakes
+were enobled with a Rich Colour, and others had no bad one; yet in some the
+colour of the Lake seem'd rather inferiour than otherwise to that of the
+Plant, and in others it seem'd both very differing, and much worse; but
+Writing this in a time and place where I cannot provide my self of Flowres
+and other Vegetables to prosecute such Tryals in a competent variety of
+Subjects, I am content not to be positive in delivering a judgment of this
+way of Lakes, till Experience, or You, _Pyrophilus_, shall have afforded me
+a fuller and more particular Information.
+
+_Annotation III._
+
+And on this occasion (_Pyrophilus_) I must here (having forgot to do it
+sooner) advertise you once for all, that having written several of the
+foregoing Experiments, not only in haste but at seasons of the year, and in
+places wherein I could not furnish my self with such Instruments, and such
+a variety of Materials, as the design of giving you an Introduction into
+the History of Colours requir'd, it can scarce be otherwise but that divers
+of the Experiments, that I have set down, may afford you some matter of new
+Tryals, if you think fit to supply the deficiencies of some of them
+(especially the freshly mention'd about Lakes, and those that concern
+Emphatical Colours) which deficiencies for want of being befriended with
+accommodations I could better discern than avoid.
+
+_Annotation IV._
+
+The use of Allom is very great as well as familiar in the Dyers Trade, and
+I have not been ill pleas'd with the use I have been able to make of it in
+preparing other pigments than those they imploy with Vegetable Juices. But
+the Lucriferous practises of Dyers and other Tradesmen, I do, for Reasons
+that you may know when you please, purposely forbear in this Essay, though
+not strictly from pointing at, yet from making it a part of my present work
+explicitly and circumstantially to deliver, especially since I now find
+(though late and not without some Blushes at my prolixity) that what I
+intended but for a short Essay, is already swell'd into almost a Volume.
+
+_EXPERIMENT L._
+
+Yet here, _Pyrophilus_, I must take leave to insert an Experiment, though
+perhaps you'l think its coming in here an Intrusion, For I confess its more
+proper place would have been among those Experiments, that were brought as
+proofs and applications of our Notions concerning the differences of Salts;
+but not having remembred to insert it in its fittest place, I had rather
+take notice of it in this, than leave it quite unmention'd: partly because
+it doth somewhat differ from the rest of our Experiments about Colours, in
+the way whereby 'tis made; and partly because the grounds upon which I
+devis'd it, may hint to you somewhat of the Method I use in Designing and
+Varying Experiments about Colours, and upon this account I shall inform
+you, not only What I did, but Why I did it.
+
+I consider'd then that the work of the former Experiments was either to
+change the Colour of a Body into another, or quite to destroy it, without
+giving it a successor, but I had a mind to give you also a way, whereby to
+turn a Body endued with one Colour into two Bodies, of Colours, as well as
+consistencies, very distinct from each other, and that by the help of a
+Body that had it self no Colour at all. In order to this, I remembred, that
+finding the Acidity of Spirit of Vinegar to be wholly destroy'd by its
+working upon _Minium_ (or calcin'd Lead) whereby the Saline particles of
+the _Menstruum_ have their Taste and Nature quite alter'd, I had, among
+other Conjectures I had built upon that change, rightly concluded, that the
+Solution of Lead in Spirit of Vinegar would alter the Colour of the Juices
+and Infusions of Several Plants, much after the like manner that I had
+found Oyl of Tartar to do; and accordingly I was quickly satisfied upon
+Tryal, that the Infusion of Rose-leaves would by a small quantity of this
+Solution well mingl'd with it, be immediately turn'd into a somewhat sad
+Green.
+
+And further, I had often found, that Oyl of Vitriol, though a potently Acid
+_Menstruum_, will yet Praecipitate many Bodies, both Mineral and others,
+dissolv'd not onely in _Aqua fortis_ (as some Chymists have observ'd) but
+particularly in Spirit of Vinegar, and I have further found, that the
+_Calces_ or Powders Praecipitated by this Liquor were usually fair and
+White.
+
+Laying these things together, 'twas not difficult to conclude, that if upon
+a good Tincture of Red Rose-leaves made with fair Water, I dropp'd a pretty
+quantity of a strong and sweet Solution of _Minium_, the Liquor would be
+turn'd into the like muddy Green Substance, as I have formerly intimated to
+You, that Oyl of Tartar would reduce it to, and that if then I added a
+convenient quantity of good Oyl of Vitriol, this last nam'd Liquor would
+have two distinct operations upon the Mixture, the one, that it would
+Praecipitate that resolv'd Lead in the form of a White Powder; the other,
+that it would Clarifie the muddy Mixture, and both restore, and exceedingly
+heighten the Redness of the Infusion of Roses, which was the most copious
+Ingredient of the Green composition, and accordingly trying the Experiment
+in a Wine glass sharp at the bottom (like an inverted Cone) that the
+subsiding Powder might seem to take up the more room, and be the more
+conspicuous, I found that when I had shaken the Green Mixture, that the
+colour'd Liquor might be the more equally dispersed, a few drops of the
+rectifi'd Oyl of Vitriol did presently turn the opacous Liquor into one
+that was cleer and Red, almost like a Rubie, and threw down good store of a
+Powder, which when 'twas settl'd, would have appear'd very White, if some
+interspers'd Particles of the red Liquor had not a little Allay'd the
+Purity, though not blemish'd the Beauty of the Colour. And to shew you,
+_Pyrophilus_, that these Effects do not flow from the Oyl of Vitriol, as it
+is such, but as it is a strongly Acid _Menstruum_, that has the property
+both to Praecipitate Lead, as well as some other Concretes out of Spirit of
+Vinegar, and to heighten the Colour of Red Rose-leaves, I add, that I have
+done the same thing, though perhaps not quite so well with Spirit of Salt,
+and that I could not do it with _Aqua-fortis_, because though that potent
+_Menstruum_ does as well as the others heighthen the Redness of Roses, yet
+it would not like them Precipitate Lead out of Spirit of Vinegar, but would
+rather have dissolv'd it, if it had not found it dissolv'd already.
+
+And as by this way we have produc'd a Red Liquor, and a White Precipitate
+out of a Dirty Green magistery of Rose-leaves, so by the same Method, you
+may produce a fair Yellow, and sometimes a Red Liquor, and the like
+Precipitate, out of an Infusion of a curious Purple Colour. For you may
+call to mind, that in the Annotation upon the 39th. Experiment I intimated
+to you, that I had with a few drops of an Alcaly turn'd the Infusion of
+Logg-wood into a lovely Purple. Now if instead of this Alcaly I substituted
+a very Strong and well Filtrated Solution of _Minium_, made with Spirit of
+Vinegar, and put about half as much of this Liquor as there was of the
+Infusion of Logg-wood, (that the mixture might afford a pretty deal of
+Precipitate,) the affusion of a convenient proportion of Spirit of Salt,
+would (if the Liquors were well and nimbly stirr'd together) presently
+strike down a Precipitate like that formerly mention'd, and turn the Liquor
+that swam above it, for the most part into a lovely Yellow.
+
+But for the advancing of this Experiment a little further, I consider'd,
+that in case I first turn'd a spoonfull of the infusion of Logg-wood
+Purple, by a convenient proportion of the Solution of _Minium_, the
+Affusion of Spirit of Sal Armnoniack, would Precipitate the Corpuscles of
+Lead conceal'd in the Solution of _Minium_, and yet not destroy the Purple
+colour of the Liquor; whereupon I thus proceeded; I took about a spoonfull
+of the _fresh_ Tincture of Logg-wood, (for I found that if it were _stale_
+the Experiment would not alwayes succeed,) and having put to it a
+convenient proportion of the Solution of _Minium_ to turn it into a deep
+and almost opacous Purple, I then drop'd in as much Spirit of Sal
+Armoniack, as I guess'd would Precipitate about half or more (but not all)
+of the Lead, and immediately stirring the mixture well together, I mingled
+the Precipitated parts with the others, so that they fell to the bottom,
+partly in the form of a Powder, and partly in the form of a Curdled
+Substance, that (by reason of the Predominancy of the Ting'd Corpuscles
+over the White) retain'd as well as the Supernatant Liquor; a Blewish
+Purple colour sufficiently Deep, and then instantly (but yet Warily,)
+pouring on a pretty Quantity of Spirit of Salt, the matter first
+Precipitated, was, by the above specified figure of the bottome of the
+Glass preserv'd from being reach'd by the Spirituous Salt; which hastily
+Precipitated upon it a new Bed (if I may so call it) of White Powder, being
+the remaining Corpuscles of the Lead, that the Urinous Spirit had not
+struck down: So that there appear'd in the Glass three distinct and very
+differingly colour'd Substances; a Purple or Violet-colour'd Precipitate at
+the bottom, a White and Carnation (sometimes a Variously colour'd)
+Precipitate over That, and at the Top of all a Transparent Liquor of a
+lovely Yellow, or Red.
+
+Thus you see, _Pyrophilus_, that though to some I may have seem'd to have
+lighted on this (50th.) Experiment by chance, and though others may
+imagine, that to have excogitated it, must have proceeded from some
+extraordinary insight into the nature of Colours, yet indeed, the devising
+of it need not be look'd upon as any great matter, especially to one that
+is a little vers'd in the notions, I have in these, and other Papers hinted
+concerning the differences of Salts. And perhaps I might add upon more than
+conjecture, that these very notions and some particulars scatteringly
+deliver'd in this Treatise, being skilfully put together, may suggest
+divers matters (at least,) about Colours, that will not be altogether
+Despicable. But those hinted, _Pyrophilus_, I must now leave such as You to
+prosecute, having already spent farr more time than I intended to allow my
+self in acquainting You with particular Experiments and Observations
+concerning the changes of Colour, to which I might have added many more,
+but that I hope I may have presented You with a competent number to make
+out in some measure what I have at the beginning of this Essay either
+propos'd as my Design in this Tract, or deliver'd as my Conjectures
+concerning these matters. And it not being my present Designe, as I have
+more than once Declar'd, to deliver any Positive Hypothesis or solemn
+Theory of Colours, but only to furnish You with some Experiments towards
+the framing of such a Theory; I shall add nothing to what I have said
+already, but a request that you would not be forward to think I have been
+mistaken in any thing I have deliver'd as matter of Fact concerning the
+changes of Colours, in case you should not every time you trye it, find it
+exactly to succeed. For besides the Contingencies to which we have
+elsewhere shewn some other Experiments to be obnoxious, the omission or
+variation of a seemingly unconsiderable circumstance, may hinder the
+success of an Experiment, wherein no other fault has been committed. Of
+which truth I shall only give you that single and almost obvious, but yet
+illustrious instance of the Art of Dying Scarlets, for though you should
+see every Ingredient that is us'd about it, though I should particularly
+inform You of the weight of each, and though you should be present at the
+kindling of the fire, and at the increasing and remitting of it, when ever
+the degree of Heat is to be alter'd, and though (in a word) you should see
+every thing done so particularly that you would scarce harbour the least
+doubt of your comprehending the whole Art: Yet if I should not disclose to
+You, that the Vessels, that immediately contain the Tinging Ingredients,
+are to be made of or to be lin'd with Tin, You would never be able by all
+that I could tell you else (at-least, if the Famousest and Candidest
+Artificers do not strangely delude themselves) to bring your Tincture of
+Chochinele to Dye a perfect Scarlet. So much depends upon the very Vessel,
+wherein the Tinging matters are boyl'd, and so great an Influence may an
+unheeded Circumstance have on the Success of Experiments concerning
+Colours.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    _FINIS._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                      A SHORT
+                      ACCOUNT
+                      OF SOME
+                    OBSERVATIONS
+                Made by Mr. _BOYLE_
+
+   About a _Diamond_ that _Shines_ in the Dark.
+
+      First enclosed in a Letter written to
+                      a Friend,
+
+And now together with it annexed to the Foregoing
+         Treatise, upon the score of the
+                   Affinity Betwixt
+                _Light_ and _Colours_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                     _LONDON,_
+
+      Printed for _Henry Herringman_. 1664
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                     A COPY
+                     OF THE
+                     LETTER
+
+ That Mr. _Boyle_ wrote to Sir _Robert Morray_,
+   to accompany the _Observations_ touching
+             the _Shining Diamond_.
+
+_SIR,_
+
+Though Sir _Robert Morray_ and Monsieur _Zulichem_ be Persons that have
+deserv'd so well of the Commonwealth of Learning, that I should think my
+self unworthy to be look'd upon as a Member of it, if I declin'd to Obey
+them, or to Serve them; yet I should not without Reluctancy send you the
+Notes, you desire for him, if I did not hope that you will transmit
+together with them, some Account why they are not less unworthy of his
+perusal; which, that you may do; I must inform you, how the writing of them
+was Occasion'd, which in short was thus. As I was just going out of Town,
+hearing that an Ingenious Gentleman of my Acquaintance, lately return'd
+from _Italy_, had a Diamond, that being rubb'd, would shine in the Dark,
+and that he was not far off, I snatch'd time from my Occasions to make him
+a Visit, but finding him ready to go abroad, and having in vain try'd to
+make the Stone yield any Light in the Day time, I borrow'd it of him for
+that Night, upon condition to restore it him within a Day or two at
+furthest, at _Gresham_ College, where we appointed to attend the meeting of
+the Society, that was then to be at that place. And hereupon I hasted that
+Evening out of Town, and finding after Supper that the Stone which in the
+Day time would afford no discernable Light, was really Conspicuous in the
+Dark, I was so taken with the Novelty, and so desirous to make some use of
+an opportunity that was like to last so little a while, that though at that
+time I had no body to assist me but a Foot-Boy, yet sitting up late, I made
+a shift that Night to try a pretty number of such of the things that then
+came into my thoughts, as were not in that place and time unpracticable.
+And the next Day being otherwise imploy'd, I was fain to make use of a
+drowsie part of the Night to set down hastily in Writing what I had
+observ'd, and without having the time in the Morning, to stay the
+transcribing of it, I order'd the Observations to be brought after me to
+_Gresham_ College, where you may remember, that they were together with the
+Stone it self shown to the Royal Society, by which they had the good
+Fortune not to be dislik'd, though several things were through hast
+omitted, some of which you will find in the Margin of the inclosed Paper.
+The substance of this short Narrative I hope you will let Monsieur
+_Zulichem_ know, that he may be kept from expecting any thing of finish'd
+in the Observations, and be dispos'd to excuse the want of it. But such as
+they are, I hope they will prove (without a Clinch) Luciferous Experiments,
+by setting the Speculations of the Curious on work, in a diligent Inquiry
+after the Nature of Light, towards the discovery of which, perhaps they
+have not yet met with so considerable an Experiment, since here we see
+Light produc'd in a dead and opacous Body, and that not as in rotten Wood,
+or in Fishes, or as in the _Bolonian_ Stone, by a Natural Corruption, or by
+a Violent Destruction of the Texture of the Body, but by so slight a
+Mechanical operation upon its Texture, as we seem to know what it is, and
+as is immediately perform'd, and that several wayes without at all
+prejudicing the Body, or making any sensible alterations in its Manifest
+Qualities. And I am the more willing to expose my hasty Tryals to Monsieur
+_Zulichem_, and to You, because, he being upon the Consideration of
+Dioptricks, so odd a _Phaenomenon_ relateing to the Subject, as probably he
+treats of, Light will, I hope, excite a person to consider it, that is wont
+to consider things he treats of very well. And for you Sir, I hope you will
+both recrute and perfect the Observations you receive, For you know that I
+cannot add to them, having a good while since restor'd to Mr. _Clayton_ the
+Stone, which though it be now in the hands of a Prince that so highly
+deserves, by understanding them, the greatest Curiosities; yet he
+vouchsafes you that access to him as keeps me from doubting, you may easily
+obtain leave to make further Tryals with it, of such a Monarch as ours,
+that is not more inquisitive himself, than a favourer of them that are so.
+I doubt not but these Notes will put you in mind of the Motion you made to
+the Society, to impose upon me the Task of bringing in, what I had on other
+occasions observ'd concerning shining Bodies. But though I deny not, that I
+sometimes made observations about the _Bolonian_ Stone, and try'd some
+Experiments about some other shining Bodies; Yet the same Reasons that
+reduc'd me then to be unwilling to receive ev'n their commands, must now be
+my Apology for not answering your Expectations, Namely the abstruse nature
+of Light, and my being already over-burden'd, and but too much kept
+imploy'd by the Urgency of the Press, as well as by more concerning and
+distracting Occasions. But yet I will tell you some part of what I have met
+with in reference to the Stone, of which I send you an account. Because I
+find on the one side, that a great many think it no Rarity upon a mistaken
+perswasion, that not only there are store of Carbuncles, of which this is
+one; but that all Diamonds and other Glistering Jewels shine in the Dark.
+Whereas on the other side there are very Learn'd Men, who (plausibly
+enough) deny that there are any Carbuncles or shining Stones at all.
+
+And certainly, those Judicious men have much more to say for themselves,
+than the others commonly Plead, and therefore did deservedly look upon Mr.
+_Clayton_'s Diamond as a great Rarity. For not only _Boetius de Boot_, who
+is judg'd the best Author on this Subject, ascribes no such Virtue to
+Diamonds, but begins what he delivers of Carbuncles, with this passage.[26]
+_Magna fama est Carbunculi. Is vulgo putatur in tenebris Carbonis instar
+lucere; fortassis quia Pyropus seu Anthrax appellatus a veteribus fuit.
+Verum hactenus nemo nunquam vere asserere ausus fuit, se gemmam noctu
+lucentem vidisse. Garcias ab Horto proregis Indiae Medicus, refert se
+allocutum fuisse, qui se vidisse affirmarent. Sed iis fidem non habuit._
+And a later Author, the Diligent and Judicious _Johannes de Laet_ in his
+Chapter of Carbuncles and of Rubies, has this passage. _Quia autem
+Carbunculi, Pyropi & Anthraces a veteribus nominantur, vulgo creditum fuit,
+Carbonis instar in tenebris lucere, quod tamen nulla gemma hastenus
+deprehensum, licet a quibusdam temere jactetur._ And the recentest Writer I
+have met with on this Subject, _Olaus Wormius_, in his Account of his well
+furnish'd _Musaeum_, do's, where he treats of Rubies, concurr with the
+former Writers by these Words.[27] _Sunt qui Rubinum veterum Carbunculum
+esse existimant, sed deest una illa nota, quod in tenebris instar Anthracis
+non luceat: Ast talem Carbunculum in rerum natura non inveniri major pars
+Authoram existimant. Licet unum aut alterum in India apud Magnates quosdam
+reperiri scribant, cum tamen ex aliorum relatione id habeant saltem, sed
+ipsi non viderint._ In confirmation of which I shall only add, that hearing
+of a Rubie, so very Vivid, that the Jewellers themselves have several times
+begg'd leave of the fair Lady to whom it belong'd, that they might try
+their choicest Rubies by comparing them with That, I had the Opportunity by
+the Favour of this Lady and her Husband, (both which I have the Honour to
+be acquainted with) to make a Trial of this famous Rubie in the Night, and
+in a Room well Darkn'd, but not only could not discern any thing of Light,
+by looking on the Stone before any thing had been done to it, but could not
+by all my Rubbing bring it to afford the least Glimmering of Light.
+
+  [26] Boetius de Boot. Gem. & Lapid. Histor. Lib. 3. Cap. 8.
+
+  [27] Musaei Wormiani. Cap. 17.
+
+But, Sir, though I be very backward to admit strange things for truths, yet
+I am not very forward to reject them as impossibilities, and therefore I
+would not discourage any from making further Inquiry, whether or no there
+be Really in _Rerum natura_, any such thing as a true Carbuncle or Stone
+that without Rubbing will shine in the Dark. For if such a thing can be
+found, it may afford no small Assistance to the Curious in the
+Investigation of Light, besides the Nobleness and Rarity of the thing it
+selfe. And though _Vartomannus_ was not an Eye witness of what he relates,
+that the King of _Pegu_, one of the Chief Kings of the _East-Indies_, had a
+true Carbuncle of that Bigness and Splendour, that it shin'd very
+Gloriously in the Dark, and though _Garcias ab Horto_, the _Indian_
+Vice-Roys Physician, speaks of another Carbuncle, only upon the Report of
+one, that he Discours'd with, who affirmed himself to have seen it; yet as
+we are not sure that these Men that gave themselves out to be Eye-witnesses
+speak true, yet they may have done so for ought we know to the contrary.
+And I could present you with a much considerabler Testimony to the same
+purpose, if I had the permission of a Person concern'd, without whose leave
+I must not do it. I might tell you that _Marcus Paulus Venetus_[28] (whose
+suppos'd Fables, divers of our later Travellours and Navigatours have since
+found to be truths) speaking of the King of _Zeilan_ that then was, tells
+us, that he was said to have the best Rubie in the World, a Palm long and
+as big as a mans Arm, without spot, shining like a Fire, and he subjoyns,
+that the Great _Cham_, under whom _Paulus_ was a considerable Officer, sent
+and offer'd the value of a City for it; But the King answer'd, he would not
+give it for the treasure of the World, nor part with it, having been his
+Ancestours. And I could add, that in the Relation made by two _Russian_
+Cossacks of their Journey into _Catay_[29], written to their Emperour, they
+mention'd their having been told by the people of those parts, that their
+King had a Stone, which Lights as the Sun both Day and Night, call'd in
+their Language _Sarra_, which those Cossacks interpret a Ruby. But these
+Relations are too uncertain for me to build any thing upon, and therefore I
+shall proceed to tell you, that there came hither about two years since out
+of _America_, the Governour of one of the Principal Colonies there, an
+Ancient _Virtuoso_, and one that has the Honour to be a member of the Royal
+Society; this Gentleman finding some of the chief Affairs of his Country
+committed to another and me, made me divers Visits, and in one of them when
+I enquir'd what Rare Stones they had in those parts of the _Indies_ he
+belong'd to, he told me, that the _Indians_ had a Tradition that in a
+certain hardly accessible Hill, a pretty way up in the Country, there was a
+Stone which in the Night time shin'd very vividly, and to a great distance,
+and he assur'd me, that though he thought it not fit to venture himself so
+far among those Savages, yet he purposely sent thither a bold _Englishman_,
+with some Natives to be his guides, and that this Messenger brought him
+back word, that at a distance from the Hillock he had plainly perceiv'd
+such a shining Substance as the _Indians_ Tradition mention'd, and being
+stimulated by Curiosity, had slighted those Superstitious Fears of the
+Inhabitants, and with much ado by reason of the Difficulty of the way, had
+made a shift to clamber up to that part of the Hill, where, by a very
+heedful Observation, he suppos'd himself to have seen the Light: but
+whether 'twere that he had mistaken the place, or for some other Reason, he
+could not find it there, though when he was return'd to his former Station,
+he did agen see the Light shining in the same place where it shone before.
+A further Account of this Light I expect from the Gentleman that gave me
+this, who lately sent me the news of his being landed in that Country. And
+though I reserve to my self a full Liberty of Believing no more than I see
+cause; yet I do the less scruple to relate this, because a good part of it
+agrees well enough with another Story that I shall in the next place have
+occasion to subjoyn, in order whereunto I shall tell you, that though the
+Learned Authors I formerly mention'd, tell us, that no Writer has affirm'd
+his having himself seen a real Carbuncle, yet, considering the Light of Mr.
+_Claytons_ Diamond, it recall'd into my mind, that some years before, when
+I was Inquisitive about Stones, I had met with an old _Italian_ Book highly
+extoll'd to me by very competent Judges, and that though the Book were very
+scarce, I had purchas'd it at a dear Rate, for the sake of a few
+considerable passages I met with in it, and particularly one, which being
+very remarkable in it self, and pertinent to our present Argument, I shall
+put it for you, though not word for word, which I fear I have forgot to do,
+yet as to the Sense, into _English_.
+
+  [28] _Purchas_'s Pilgrim. lib. 1. cap. 4. pag. 104.
+
+  [29] In the year 1619.
+
+_Having promis'd_ (Says our Author)[30] _to say something of that most
+precious sort of Jewels,_ Carbuncles, _because they are very rarely to be
+met with, we shall briefly deliver what we know of them. In_ Clement _the
+seventh's time, I happen'd to see one of_ _them at a certain_ Ragusian
+_Merchants, nam'd_ Beigoio di Bona, _This was a Carbuncle white, of that
+kind of whiteness which we said was to be found in those Rubies of which we
+made mention a little above,_ (where he had said that those Rubies had a
+kind of Livid Whiteness or Paleness like that of a Calcidonian) _but it had
+in it a Lustre so pleasing and so marveilous, that it shin'd in the Dark,
+but not as much as colour'd Carbuncles, though it be true, that in an
+exceeding Dark place I saw it shine in the manner of fire almost gone out.
+But as for colour'd Carbuncles, it has not been my Fortune to have seen
+any, wherefore I will onely set down what I Learn'd about them Discoursing
+in my Youth with a_ Roman _Gentleman of antient Experience in matters of
+Jewels, who told me, That one_ Jacopo Cola _being by Night in a Vineyard of
+his, and espying something in the midst of it, that shin'd like a little_
+glowing Coal, at the foot of a Vine, went near towards the place where he
+thought himself to have seen that fire, but not finding it, he said, that
+being return'd to the same place, whence he had first descry'd it, and
+perceiving there the same splendor as before, he mark'd it so heedfully,
+that he came at length to it, where he took up a very little Stone, which
+he carry'd away with Transports and Joy. And the next day carrying it about
+to show it divers of his Friends, whilst he was relating after what manner
+he found it, there casually interven'd a _Venetian_ Embassadour,
+exceedingly expert in Jewels, who presently knowing it to be a Carbuncle,
+did craftily before he and the said _Jacopo_ parted (so that there was no
+Body present that understood the Worth of so Precious a Gemm) purchase it
+for the Value of 10. Crowns, and the next day left _Rome_ to shun the being
+necessitated to restore it, and (as he affirm'd) it was known within some
+while after that the said _Venetian_ Gentleman did in _Constantinople_ sell
+that Carbuncle to the then Grand Seignior, newly come to the Empire, for a
+hundred thousand Crowns. _And this is what I can say_ concerning
+_Carbuncles_, and this is not a little at least as to the first part of
+this account, where our _Cellini_ affirms himself to have seen a Real
+Carbuncle with his own Eyes, especially since this Author appears wary in
+what he delivers, and is inclin'd rather to lessen, than increase the
+wonder of it. And his Testimony is the more considerable, because though he
+were born a Subject neither to the Pope nor the then King of _France_ (that
+Royal _Virtuoso_ _Francis_ the first) yet both the one and the other of
+those Princes imploy'd him much about making of their Noblest Jewels. What
+is now reported concerning a Shining Substance to be seen in one of the
+Islands about _Scotland_, were very improper for me to mention to Sr.
+_Robert Morray_, to whom the first Information was Originally brought, and
+from whom I expect a farther (for I scarce dare expect a convincing)
+account of it. But I must not omit that some _Virtuoso_ questioning me the
+other day at _White-Hall_ about Mr. _Claytons_ Diamond, and meeting amongst
+them an Ingenious _Dutch_ Gentleman, whose Father was long Embassador for
+the Netherlands in _England_, I Learn'd of him, that, he is acquainted with
+a person, whose Name he told (but I do not well remember it) who was
+Admiral of the _Dutch_ in the _East-Indies_, and who assur'd this Gentleman
+_Monsieur Boreel_, that at his return from thence he brought back with him
+into _Holland_ a Stone, which though it look'd but like a Pale Dull
+Diamond, such as he saw Mr. _Claytons_ to be, yet was it a Real Carbuncle,
+and did without rubbing shine so much, that when the Admiral had occasion
+to open a Chest which he kept under Deck in a Dark place, where 'twas
+forbidden to bring Candles for fear of Mischances, as soon as he open'd the
+Trunck, the Stone would by its Native Light, shine so as to Illustrate a
+great part of it, and this Gentleman having very civilly and readily
+granted me the request I made him, to Write to the Admiral, who is yet
+alive in _Holland_, (and probably may still have the Jewel by him,) for a
+particular account of this Stone, I hope ere long to receive it, which will
+be the more welcome to me, not onely because so unlikely a thing needs a
+cleer evidence, but because I have had some suspition of that (supposing
+the truth of the thing) what may be a shining Stone in a very hot Countrey
+as the _East-Indies_, may perhaps cease to be so (at least in certain
+seasons,) in one as cold as _Holland_. For I observ'd in the Diamond I send
+you an account of, that not onely rubbing but a very moderate degree of
+warmth, though excited by other wayes, would make it shine a little. And
+'tis not impossible that there may be Stones as much more susceptible than
+that, of the Alterations requisite to make a Diamond shine, as that
+appeares to be more susceptible of them, than ordinary Diamonds. And I
+confess to you, that this is not the only odd suspition (for they are not
+so much as conjectures) that what I try'd upon this Diamond suggested to
+me. For not here to entertain you with the changes I think may be effected
+ev'n in harder sorts of Stones, by wayes not vulgar, nor very promising,
+because I may elsewhere have occasion to speak of them, and this Letter is
+but too Prolix already, that which I shall now acknowledge to you is, That
+I began to doubt whether there may not in some Cases be some Truth in what
+is said of the right Turquois, that it often changes Colour as the wearer
+is Sick or Well, and manifestly loses its splendor at his Death. For when I
+found that ev'n the warmth of an Affriction that lasted not above a quarter
+of a minute, Nay, that of my Body, (whose Constitution you know is none of
+the hottest) would make a manifest change in the solidest of Stones a
+Diamond, it seem'd not impossible, that certain warm and Saline steams
+issuing from the Body of a living man, may by their plenty or paucity, or
+by their peculiar Nature, or by the total absence of them, diversifie the
+Colour, and the splendor of so soft a Stone as the Turquois. And though I
+admir'd to see, that I know not how many Men otherwise Learn'd, should
+confidently ascribe to Jewels such Virtues as seem no way competible to
+Inanimate Agents, if to any Corporeal ones at all, yet as to what is
+affirm'd concerning the Turquois's changing Colour, I know not well how to
+reject the Affirmation of so Learned (and which in this case is much more
+considerable) so Judicious a Lapidary as _Boetius de Boot_[31], who upon
+his own particular and repeated Experience delivers so memorable a
+Narrative of the Turquois's changing Colour, that I cannot but think it
+worth your Perusal, especially since a much later and very Experienc'd
+Author, _Olaus Wormius_,[32] where he treats of that Stone, Confirms it
+with this Testimony. _Imprimis memorandum exemplum quod Anshelmus Boetius
+de seipso refert, tam mutati Coloris, quam a casu preservationis. Cui &
+ipse haud dissimile adferre possum, nisi ex Anshelmo petitum quis putaret._
+I remember that I saw two or three years since a _Turcois_ (worn in a Ring)
+wherein there were some small spots, which the _Virtuoso_ whose it was
+asur'd me he had observ'd to grow sometimes greater sometimes less, and to
+be sometimes in one part of the Stone, sometimes in another. And I having
+encourag'd to make Pictures from time to time of the Stone, and of the
+Situation of the cloudy parts, thatso their Motion may be more
+indisputable, and better observ'd, he came to me about the midle of this
+very week, and assur'd me that he had, as I wish'd, made from time to time
+Schemes or Pictures of the differing parts of the Stone, whereby the
+several Removes and motions of the above mentioned Clouds are very
+manifest, though the cause seem'd to him very occult: these Pictures he has
+promis'd to show me, and is very ready to put the Stone it self into my
+hands. But the ring having been the other day casually broken upon his
+finger, unless it can be taken out, and set again without any considerable
+heat, he is loath to have it medled with, for fear its peculiarity should
+be thereby destroy'd. And possibly his apprehension would have been
+strengthen'd, if I had had opportunity to tell him what is related by the
+Learned _Wormius_[33] of an acquaintance of his, that had a _Nephritick_
+stone, of whose eminent Virtues he had often Experience ev'n in himself,
+and for that cause wore it still about his Wrist; and yet going upon a time
+into a Bath of fair Water only, wherein certain Herbs had been boyl'd, the
+Stone by being wetted with this decoction, was depriv'd of all his Virtue,
+whence _Wormius_ takes Occasion to advertise the sick, to lay by such
+stones whensoever they make use of a Bath. And we might expect to find
+_Turcos_ likewise, easily to be wrought upon in point of Colour, if that
+were true, which the curious _Antonio Neri_, in his ingenious _Arte
+Vetraria_[34] teaches of it, namely, That _Turcois's discolour'd_ and grown
+white, will regain and acquire an excellent Colour, if you but keep them
+two or three days at most cover'd with Oyl of sweet Almonds kept in a
+temperate heat by warm ashes, I say if it were true, because I doubt
+whether it be so, and have not as yet had opportunity to satisfie my self
+by Tryals, because I find by the confession of the most Skilfull Persons
+among whom I have laid out for _Turcoises_, that the true ones are great
+rarities, though others be not at all so. And therefore I shall now only
+mind you of one thing that you know as well as I, namely, that the rare
+Stone which is called _Oculus Mundi_, if it be good in its Kind, will have
+so great a change made in its Texture by being barely left a while in the
+Languidest of Liquors, common Waters, that from Opacous it will become
+Transparent, and acquire a Lustre of which it will again be depriv'd,
+without using any other Art or Violence, by leaving it a while in the Air.
+And before experience had satisfy'd us of the truth of this, it seem'd as
+unlikely that common Water or Air, should work such great changes in that
+Gemm, as it now seems that the Effluviums of a human Body should effect
+lesser changes in a _Turcois_, especially if more susceptible of them, than
+other Stones of the same kind. But both my Watch and my Eyes tell me that
+'tis now high time to think of going to sleep, matters of this Nature, will
+be better, as well as more easily, clear'd by Conference, than Writing. And
+therefore since I think you know me too well to make it needfull for me to
+disclame Credulity, notwithstanding my having entertain'd you with all
+these Extravagancies; for you know well, how wide a difference I am wont to
+put betwixt things that barely _may be_, and things that _are_, and between
+those Relations that are but not unworthy to be inquir'd into, and those
+that are not worthy to be actually believ'd; without making Apologies for
+my Ravings, I shall readily comply with the drowsiness that calls upon me
+to release You, and the rather, because Monsieur _Zulichem_ being concern'd
+in your desire to know the few things I have observed about the shining
+Stone. To entertain those with Suspicions that are accustomed not to
+acquiesce but in Demonstrations, were a thing that cannot be look'd upon as
+other than very improper by,
+
+SIR,
+
+_Your most Affectionate_
+
+and
+
+_most Faithfull Servant,_
+
+RO. BOYLE.
+
+  [30] Benvonuto Cellini _nell Arte del_ Gioiellare, _Lib._ 1. _pag._ 10.
+
+  [31] The Narrative in the Authors own words, is this. _Ego_ (sayes he)
+  _sancte affirmare possum me unam aureo Annulo inclusam perpetuo gestare,
+  cujus facultatem (si gemmae est) nunquam satis admirari potui. Gestaverat
+  enim ante Triginta annos Hispanus quidam non procula puternis aedibus
+  habitans. Is cum vita functus esset, & ipsius suspellex (ut moris apud
+  nos est) venum exposita esset, inter caetera etiam Turcois exponebatur.
+  Verum nemo (licet complures eo concurrissent, ut eam propter Coloris
+  Elegantiam, quam vivo Domino habuerat emerent) sibi emptam voluit,
+  pristinum enim nitorem & Colorem prorsus amiserat, ut potius Malachites,
+  quam Turcois videretur. Aderat tum temporis gemmae habendae desiderio etiam
+  parens & frater meus, qui antea saepius gratiam & elegantiam ipsius
+  viderant, mirabundi eam nunc tam esse deformem, Emit eam nihilominus
+  pater, satisque vili pretio, qua omnibus contemptui erat, ac presentes
+  non eam esse quam Hispanus gestarat, arbitrarentur. Domum reversus Pater,
+  qui tam turpem Gemmam gestare sibi indecorum putabat, eam mihi dono dat,
+  inquiens; Quandoquidem, fili mi, vulgi fama est, Turcoidem, ut facultates
+  suas exercere possit, dono dari debere tibi eam devoveo, ego acceptam
+  Gemmam sculptori trado, at gentilitia mea insignia illi, quamadmodum
+  fieri solet, in Jaspide Chalcedono, aliisque Ignobilioribus Gemmis,
+  insculperat. Turpe enim existimabam, hujusmodi Gemma ornatus gratia, dum
+  gratiam nullam haberet, uti. Paret Sculptor redditque Gemmam, quam gesto
+  pro annulo Signatorio. Vix per mensem gestaram, redit illi pristinus
+  color, sed non ita nitens propter Sculpturam, ac inaequalem superficiem.
+  Miramur omnes gemmam, atque id praecipue quod color indies pulchrior
+  fieret. Id quia observabam, nunquam fere eam a manu deposui, ita ut nunc
+  adhuc candem gestem._
+
+  [32] _Olaus Wormius, in Musae. 18º pag. 186._
+
+  [33] _Musae. Worm._ pag. 99.
+
+  [34] Arte Vetraria, lib. 7 cap. 102.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                  OBSERVATIONS
+
+              Made this 27th.[35]
+           of _October_ 1663. about
+                 Mr. _Clayton's_
+                  Diamond.[36]
+
+Being look'd on in the Day time, though in a Bed, whose Curtains were
+carefully drawn, I could not discern it to Shine at all, though well
+Rubb'd, but about a little after Sun-set, whilst the Twilight yet lasted,
+Nay, this Morning[37] a pretty while after Sun-rising, (but before I had
+been abroad in the more freely inlightned Air of the Chamber) I could upon
+a light Affriction easily perceive the Stone to Shine.
+
+  [35] These were brought in and Read before the Royal Society, (the Day
+  following) _Oct._ 28. 1663.
+
+  [36] _The Stone it self being to be shown to the Royal Society, when the
+  Observations were deliver'd, I was willing (being in haste) to omit the
+  Description of it, which is in short, That it was a Flat or Table
+  Diamond, of about a third part of an Inch in length, and somewhat less in
+  breadth, that it was a Dull Stone, and of a very bad Water, having in the
+  Day time very little of the Vividness of ev'n ordinary Diamonds, and
+  being Blemished with a whitish Cloud about the middle of it, which
+  covered near a third part of the Stone._
+
+  [37] _Hast made me forget to take notice that I went abroad the same
+  Morning, the Sun shining forth clear enough, to look upon the Diamond
+  though a_ Microscope, _that I might try whether by that Magnifying Glass
+  any thing of peculiar could be discern'd in the Texture of the Stone, and
+  especially of the whitish Cloud that possest a good part of it. But for
+  all my attention I could not discover any peculiarity worth mentioning._
+
+Secondly, The Candles being removed, I could not in a Dark place discern
+the Stone to have any Light, when I looked on it, without having Rubb'd or
+otherwise prepar'd it.
+
+Thirdly, By two white Pibbles though hard Rubb'd one against another, nor
+by the long and vehement Affriction of Rock Crystal against a piece of Red
+cloath, nor yet by Rubbing two Diamonds set in Ring, as I had Rubb'd this
+Stone, I could produce any sensible degree of Light.
+
+Fourthly, I found this Diamond hard enough, not only to enable me to write
+readily with it upon Glass, but to Grave on Rock Crystal it self.
+
+Fifthly, I found this to have like other Diamonds, an Electrical
+faculty.[38]
+
+  [38] V. _For it drew light Bodies like Amber, Jet, and other Concretes
+  that are noted to do so; But its attractive power seem'd inferiour to
+  theirs._
+
+Sixthly, Being rubb'd upon my Cloaths, as is usual for the exciting of
+Amber, Wax, and other Electrical Bodies, it did in the Dark manifestly
+shine like Rotten Wood, or the Scales of Whitings, or other putrified Fish.
+
+Seventhly, But this Conspicuousness was Fainter than that of the Scales,
+and Slabber (if I may so call it) of Whitings, and much Fainter than the
+Light of a Glow-worm, by which I have been sometimes able to Read a short
+Word, whereas after an ordinary Affriction of this Diamond I was not able
+to discern distinctly by the Light of it any of the nearest Bodies: And
+this Glimmering also did very manifestly and considerably Decay presently
+upon the ceasing of the Affriction, though the Stone continued Visible some
+while after.
+
+Eighthly, But if it were Rubb'd upon a convenient Body for a pretty while,
+and Briskly enough, I found the Light would be for some moments much more
+considerable, almost like the Light of a Glow-worm, insomuch after I ceased
+Rubbing, I could with the Chaf'd stone exhibit a little Luminous Circle,
+like that, but not so bright as that which Children make by moving a stick
+Fir'd at the end, and in this case it would continue Visible about seven or
+eight times as long as I had been in Rubbing it.
+
+Ninthly, I found that holding it a while near[39] the Flame of a Candle,
+(from which yet I was carefull to avert my Eyes) and being immediately
+remov'd into the Dark, it disclosed some faint Glimmering, but inferiour to
+that, it was wont to acquire by Rubbing. And afterward holding it near a
+Fire that had but little Flame, I found the Stone to be rather less than
+more excited, than it had been by the Candle.
+
+  [39] IX. _We durst not hold it in the Flame of a Candle, no more than put
+  it into a naked Fire; For fear too Violent a Heat (which has been
+  observ'd to spoil many other precious Stones) should vitiate and impair a
+  Jewel, that was but borrow'd, and was suppos'd to be the only one of its
+  Kind._
+
+Tenthly, I likewise indeavour'd to make it Shine, by holding it a pretty
+while in a very Dark place, over a thick piece of Iron, that was well
+Heated, but not to that Degree as to be Visibly so. And though at length I
+found, that by this way also, the Stone acquired some Glimmering, yet it
+was less than by either of the other ways above mention'd.
+
+Eleventhly, I also brought it to some kind of Glimmering Light, by taking
+it into Bed with me, and holding it a good while upon a warm part of my
+Naked Body.
+
+Twelfthly, To satisfie my self, whether the Motion introduc'd into the
+Stone did generate the Light upon the account of its producing Heat there,
+I held it near the Flame of a Candle, till it was qualify'd to shine pretty
+well in the Dark, and then immediately I apply'd a slender Hair to try
+whether it would attract it, but found not that it did so; though if it
+were made to shine by Rubbing, it was as I formerly noted Electrical. And
+for further Confirmation, though I once purposedly kept it so near the hot
+Iron I just now mention'd, as to make it sensibly Warm, yet it shin'd more
+Dimly than it had done by Affriction or the Flame of a Candle, though by
+both those ways it had not acquir'd any warmth that was sensible.
+
+Thirteenthly, Having purposely rubb'd it upon several Bodies differing as
+to Colour, and as to Texture, there seem'd to be some little Disparity in
+the excitation (if I may so call it) of Light. Upon White and Red Cloths it
+seem'd to succeed best, especially in comparison of Black ones.
+
+Fourteenthly, But to try what it would do rubb'd upon Bodies more hard, and
+less apt to yield Heat upon a light Affriction, than Cloath, I first rubb'd
+it upon a white wooden Box, by which it was excited, and afterwards upon a
+piece of purely Glazed Earth, which seem'd during the Attrition to make it
+Shine better than any of the other Bodies had done, without excepting the
+White ones, which I add, lest the Effect should be wholly ascrib'd to the
+disposition White Bodies are wont to have to Reflect much Light.
+
+Fifteenthly, Having well excited the Stone, I nimbly plung'd it under
+Water[40], that I had provided for that purpose, and perceiv'd it to Shine
+whilst it was beneath the Surface of that Liquor, and this I did divers
+times. But when I indeavour'd to produce a Light by rubbing it upon the
+lately mentioned Cover of the Box, the Stone and it being both held beneath
+the Surface of the Water, I did not well satisfie my self in the Event of
+the Trial; But this I found, if I took the Stone out, and Rubb'd it upon a
+piece of Cloath, it would not as else it was wont to do, presently acquire
+a Luminousness, but needed to be rubb'd manifestly much longer before the
+desired Effect was found.
+
+  [40] XV. _We likewise Plung'd it as soon as we had excited it, under
+  Liquors of several sorts, as Spirit of Wine, Oyl both Chymical and
+  express'd, an Acid Spirit, and as I remember an Alcalizate Solution, and
+  found not any of those various Liquors to destroy its Shining property._
+
+Sixteenthly, I also try'd several times, that by covering it with my warm
+Spittle (having no warm Water at hand) it did not lose his Light.[41]
+
+  [41] XVI. _Having found by this Observation, that a warm Liquor would not
+  extinguish Light in the Diamond, I thought fit to try, whether by reason
+  of its warmth it would not excite it, and divers times I found, that if
+  it were kept therein, till the Water had leisure to communicate some of
+  its Heat to it, it would often shine as soon as it was taken out, and
+  probably we should have seen it Shine more, whilst it was in the Water,
+  if some degree of Opacity which heated Water is wont to acquire, upon the
+  score of the Numerous little Bubbles generated in it, had not kept us
+  from discerning the Lustre of the Stone._
+
+Seventeenthly, Finding that by Rubbing the Stone with the Flat side
+downwards, I did by reason of the Opacity of the Ring; and the sudden Decay
+of Light upon the ceasing of the Attrition, probably lose the sight of the
+Stones greatest Vividness; and supposing that the Commotion made in one
+part of the stone will be easily propagated all over, I sometimes held the
+piece of Cloath upon which I rubb'd it, so, that one side of the Stone was
+exposed to my Eye, whilst I was rubbing the other, whereby it appear'd more
+Vivid than formerly, and to make Luminous Tracts by its Motions too and
+fro. And sometimes holding the Stone upwards, I rubb'd its Broad side with
+a fine smooth piece of Transparent Horn, by which means the Light through
+that Diaphanous Substance, did whilst I was actually rubbing the Stone,
+appear so Brisk that sometimes and in some places it seem'd to have little
+Sparks of fire.
+
+Eighteenthly, I took also a piece of flat Blew Glass, and having rubb'd the
+Diamond well upon a Cloath, and nimbly clapt the Glass upon it, to try
+whether in case the Light could peirce it, it would by appearing Green, or
+of some other Colour than Blew, assist me to guess whether it self were
+sincere or no. But finding the Glass impervious to so faint a Light, I then
+thought it fit to try whether that hard Bodies would not by Attrition
+increase the Diamonds Light so as to become penetrable thereby, and
+accordingly when I rubb'd the Glass briskly upon the Stone, I found the
+Light to be Conspicuous enough, and somewhat Dy'd in its passage, but found
+it not easie to give a Name to the Colour it exhibited.
+
+Lastly, To comply with the Suspition I had upon the whole Matter, that the
+chief manifest Change wrought in the Stone, was by Compression of its
+parts, rather than Incalescence, I took a piece of white Tile well Glaz'd,
+and if I press'd the Stone hard against it, it seem'd though I did not rub
+it to and fro, to shine at the Sides: And however it did both very
+manifestly and vigorously Shine, if whilst I so press'd it, I mov'd it any
+way upon the Surface of the Tile, though I did not make it draw a Line of
+above a quarter of an Inch long, or thereabouts. And though I made it not
+move to and fro, but only from one end of the short Line to the other,
+without any return or Lateral motion. Nay, after it had been often rubb'd,
+and suffer'd to lose its Light again, not only it seem'd more easie to be
+excited than at the beginning of the Night; but if I did press hard upon it
+with my Finger, at the very instant that I drew it briskly off, it would
+disclose a very Vivid but exceeding short Liv'd Splendour, not to call it a
+little Coruscation.[42] So that a _Cartesian_ would scarce scruple to think
+he had found in this Stone no slight Confirmation of his Ingenious Masters
+_Hypothesis_, touching the Generation of Light in Sublunary Bodies, not
+sensibly Hot.
+
+  [42] _I after bethought my self of imploying a way, which produc'd the
+  desir'd Effect both sooner and better. For holding betwixt my Fingers a
+  Steel Bodkin, near the Lower part of it, I press'd the point hard against
+  the Surface of the Diamond, and much more if I struck the point against
+  it, the Coruscation would be extremely suddain, and very Vivid, though
+  very Vanishing too, and this way which commonly much surpris'd and
+  pleas'd the Spectators, seem'd far more proper than the other, to show
+  that pressure alone, if forcible enough, though it were so suddain, and
+  short, that it could not well be suppos'd to give the Stone any thing
+  near a sensible degree of Warmth, as may be suspected of Rubbing, yet
+  'tis sufficient to generate a very Vivid Light._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A Postscript.
+
+Annexed some Hours after the Observations were Written.
+
+_So many particulars taken notice of in one Night, may make this Stone
+appear a kind of Prodigie, and the rather, because having try'd as I
+formerly noted, not only a fine Artificial Crystal, and some also that is
+Natural, but a Ruby and two Diamonds, I did not find that any of these
+disclos'd the like Glimmering of Light;[43] yet after all, perceiving by
+the Hardness, and the Testimony of a Skilfull Goldsmith, that this was
+rather a Natural than Artificial Stone; for fear lest there might be some
+difference in the way of Setting, or in the shape of the Diamonds I made
+use of, neither of which was like this, a flat Table-stone, I thought fit
+to make a farther Trial of my own Diamonds, by such a brisk and assiduous
+Affriction as might make amends for the Disadvantages above-mention'd, in
+case they were the cause of the unsuccessfulness of the former Attempts:
+And accordingly I found, that by this way I could easily bring a Diamond I
+wore on my Finger to disclose a Light, that was sensible enough, and
+continued so though I cover'd it with Spittle, and us'd some other trials
+about it. And this will much lessen the wonder of all the formerly
+mention'd Observations, by shewing that the properties that are so strange
+are not peculiar to one Diamond, but may be found in others also, and
+perhaps in divers other hard and_ Diaphanous _Stones. Yet I hope that what
+this Discovery takes away from the Wonder of these Observations, it will
+add to the Instructiveness of them, by affording pregnants Hints, towards
+the Investigation of the Nature of Light._
+
+  [43] We afterwards, try'd precious Stones, as Diamonds, Rubies, Saphires,
+  and Emeralls, &c. but found not any of them to Shine except some
+  Diamonds, and of these we were not upon so little practice, able to
+  fore-tell before hand, which would be brought to Shine, and which would
+  not; For several very good Diamonds, either would not Shine at all, or
+  much less than others that were farr inferiour to them. And yet those
+  Ingenious Men are mistaken, that think a Diamond must be foul and cloudy,
+  as Mr. _Claytons_ was, to be fit for Shining; for as we could bring some
+  such to afford a Glimmering Light, so with some clear and excellent
+  Diamonds, we could do the like. But none of those many that we try'd of
+  all Kinds, were equal to the Diamond on which the Observations were made,
+  not only considering the degree of Light it afforded, but the easiness
+  wherewith it was excited, and the Comparatively great duration of its
+  Shining.
+
+FINIS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's notes.
+
+The Errata of the printed book have all been corrected.
+They were as follows:
+
+Pag. 142. l. 20. These words, And to manifest, with the rest of what is by
+a mistake further printed in this fourth Experiment, belongeth, and is to
+be referred to the end of the second Eperiment, p.137. pag. 145. l. 1. leg.
+matter. 146. l. 4. leg. Bolts-head. pag 161. in the marginal note l. 2.
+dele de ib. l. 3. lege lib 1. p 163. l. ult. insert where between the words
+places and the. p. 164 l. 1. dele that. ibid, l. 8. leg Epidermis. ibid. l.
+19 leg. 300. for 200. p. 169. l. 22. leg. into it. p. 170. l. 23. & 24.
+leg. Some Solutions hereafter to be mentioned, for the Solutions of
+Potashes, and other Lixiviate Salts. p. 171. l. 6. insert part of between
+the words most and dissolved p. 176. l. ult. insert the participle it
+between the words Judged and not p. 234. l. 4. leg. Woud-wax or Wood-wax.
+p. 320 l. 29. leg. urine for urne.
+
+In addition I have corrected the following original typos:
+
+The preface: I devis'd tbem -> I devis'd them
+The preface: make Expements -> make Experiments
+The Publisher to the reader: made of Eperiments -> made of Experiments
+I. Ch. III.6 divers Expements -> divers Experiments
+I. Ch. III.13 epecially with some sorts -> especially with some sorts
+II. Ch. II.8 Slightet Texture -> Slightest Texture
+II. Exp. I two Colonrs -> two Colours
+II. Exp. XIII were the change of Colour -> where the change
+III. Exp. XII avoiding of Ambignity -> avoiding of Ambiguity
+III. Exp. XXIX Juice of this Sipce -> Juice of this Spice
+III. Exp. XL forty second Expement -> forty second Experiment
+III. Exp. XLIV keep them swimning -> keep them swimming
+III. Exp. XLVI it seem'd propable to me -> it seem'd probable to me
+III. Exp. XLVII where not comprehended -> were not comprehended
+III. Exp. XLVIII frequent Igintion -> frequent Ignition
+III. Exp. L I could tell yon -> I could tell you
+A Copy of the Letter: nemo unqnam vere -> nemo nunquam vere
+(ib.): what is reladed -> what is related
+Observations: carefulsy drawn -> carefully drawn
+
+- and emended
+Phoenomenon/a to Phaenomenon/a 10 times and
+Coeruleous etc. -> Caeruleous 20 times
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Experiments and Considerations
+Touching Colours (1664), by Robert Boyle
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+  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> 
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Experiments and Considerations touching Colours, by Robert Boyle.
+    </title>
+
+    <style type="text/css">
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+               font-size: small ;} /* footnote */F
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+   </head>
+<body>
+
+<h1> 
+<span style="font-size:100%;">EXPERIMENTS</span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:50%;">AND</span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:100%;">CONSIDERATIONS</span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:50%;">Touching</span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:150%; letter-spacing:6px">COLOURS.</span><br /> 
+</h1>
+
+<p class="center">Fir&#383;t occa&#383;ionally Written, among &#383;ome other<br />
+<i>E&#383;&#383;ays</i>, to a Friend; and now &#383;uffer'd to<br />
+come abroad as</p>
+
+<h1> 
+<span style="font-size:50%;">THE</span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:50%;">BEGINNING</span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:50%;">Of An</span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:75%;">Experimental Hi&#383;tory</span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:50%;">OF</span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:100%; letter-spacing:6px">COLOURS.</span><br /> 
+</h1>
+
+<hr class = "short" />
+
+<p class="center">By the Honourable <i>ROBERT BOYLE</i>,<br />
+Fellow of the ROYAL SOCIETY.</p>
+
+<hr class = "short" />
+
+<p class="center"><i>Non fingendum, aut excogitandum, &#383;ed inveniendum,<br />
+quid Natura faciat, aut ferat</i>. Bacon.</p>
+
+<hr class = "short" />
+
+<h3><i>LONDON</i>.</h3>
+
+<p class="center">Printed for <i>Henry Herringman</i> at the<br />
+<i>Anchor</i> on the Lower walk of the <i>New<br />
+Exchange</i>. MDCLXIV.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:50%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/002a.png" alt="Decorative tile" />
+  </div>
+
+<h1> 
+<span style="font-size:50%; letter-spacing:6px">THE</span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:100%; letter-spacing:10px">PREFACE.</span><br /> 
+</h1>
+
+  <p><img width="100" height="100" align="left" src="images/002b.png" alt="Illuminated H in Having" />
+  <i>Aving in convenient places of the following Treati&#383;e,
+  mention'd the Motives, that induc'd me to write it, and the Scope I
+  propos'd to my &#383;elf in it; I think it &#383;uperfluous to entertain
+  the Reader now, with what he will meet with hereafter. And I &#383;hould
+  judge it needle&#383;s, to trouble others, or my &#383;elf, with any
+  thing of Preface: were it not that I can &#383;carce doubt, but this Book
+  will fall into the hands of &#383;ome Readers, who being unacquainted
+  with the difficulty of attempts of this nature, will think itn
+  &#383;trange that I &#383;hould publi&#383;h any thing about Colours,
+  without a particular Theory of them. But I dare expect that Intelligent
+  and Equitable Readers will con&#383;ider on my behalf: That the
+  profe&#383;&#383;ed De&#383;ign of this Treati&#383;e is to deliver
+  things rather</i> Hi&#383;torical <i>than</i> Dogmatical, <i>and
+  con&#383;equently if I have added divers new</i> &#383;peculative
+  <i>Con&#383;iderations and hints, which perhaps may afford no
+  de&#383;picable A&#383;&#383;i&#383;tance, towards the framing of a
+  &#383;olid and comprehen&#383;ive Hypothe&#383;is, I have done at least
+  as much as I promis'd, or as the nature of my undertaking exacted. But
+  another thing there is, which if it &#383;hould be objected, I fear I
+  &#383;hould not be able &#383;o ea&#383;ily to an&#383;wer it, and that
+  is; That in the following treati&#383;e (e&#383;pecially in the Third
+  part of it) the Experiments might have been better Mar&#383;hall'd, and
+  &#383;ome of them deliver'd in fewer words. For I mu&#383;t confe&#383;s
+  that this E&#383;&#383;ay was written to a private Friend, and that too,
+  by &#383;natches, at &#383;everal times, and places, and (after my
+  manner) in loo&#383;e &#383;heets, of which I oftentimes had not all by
+  me that I had already written, when I was writing more, &#383;o that it
+  needs be no wonder if all the Experiments be not rang'd to the be&#383;t
+  Advantage, and if &#383;ome connections and con&#383;ecutions of them
+  might ea&#383;ily have been mended. E&#383;pecially &#383;ince having
+  carele&#383;&#383;ly laid by the loo&#383;e Papers, for &#383;everal
+  years after they were written, when I came to put them together to
+  di&#383;patch them to the Pre&#383;s, I found &#383;ome of tho&#383;e I
+  reckon'd upon, to be very un&#383;ea&#383;onably wanting. And to make any
+  great change in the order of the re&#383;t, was more than the Printers
+  importunity, and that, of my own avocations (and perhaps al&#383;o
+  con&#383;iderabler &#383;olicitations) would permit. But though &#383;ome
+  few preambles of the particular Experiments might have (perchance) been
+  &#383;par'd, or &#383;horten'd, if I had had all my Papers under my View
+  at once; Yet in the mo&#383;t of tho&#383;e Introductory
+  pa&#383;&#383;ages, the Reader will (I hope) find hints, or
+  Adverti&#383;ements, as well as Tran&#383;itions. If I &#383;ometimes
+  &#383;eem to in&#383;i&#383;t long upon the circum&#383;tances of a
+  Tryall, I hope I &#383;hall be ea&#383;ily excu&#383;ed by tho&#383;e
+  that both know, how nice divers experiments of Colours are, and
+  con&#383;ider that I was not barely to</i> relate <i>them, but &#383;o as
+  to teach a young Gentleman to make them. And if I was not
+  &#383;ollicitous, to make a nicer divi&#383;ion of the whole
+  Treati&#383;e, than into three parts, whereof the One contains &#383;ome
+  Con&#383;iderations about Colours in general. The Other exhibits a
+  &#383;pecimen of an Account of particular Colours, Exemplifi'd in
+  Whitene&#383;s and Blackne&#383;s. And the Third promi&#383;cuous
+  Experiments about the remaining Colours (e&#383;pecially Red) in order to
+  a Theory of them. If, I &#383;ay, I contented my &#383;elf with this
+  ea&#383;ie Divi&#383;ion of my Di&#383;cour&#383;e, it was perhaps
+  becau&#383;e I did not think it &#383;o nece&#383;&#383;ary to be Curious
+  about the Method or Contrivance of a Treati&#383;e, wherein I do not
+  pretend to pre&#383;ent my Reader with a compleat Fabrick, or &#383;o
+  much as Modell; but only to bring in Materials proper for the Building;
+  And if I did not well know how Ingenious the Curio&#383;ity and Civility
+  of Friends makes them, to per&#383;wade Men by &#383;pecious allegations,
+  to gratifie their de&#383;ires; I &#383;hould have been made to believe
+  by per&#383;ons very well qualify'd to judge of matters of this nature,
+  that the following Experiments will not need the addition of accurate
+  Method and &#383;peculative Notions to procure Acceptance for the
+  Treati&#383;e that contains them: For it hath been repre&#383;ented, That
+  in mo&#383;t of them, as the Novelty will make them &#383;urprizing, and
+  the Quickne&#383;s of performance, keep them from being tedious; &#383;o
+  the &#383;en&#383;ible changes, that are effected by them, are &#383;o
+  manifest, &#383;o great, and &#383;o &#383;udden, that &#383;carce any
+  will be di&#383;plea&#383;ed to &#383;ee them, and tho&#383;e that are
+  any thing Curious will &#383;carce be able to &#383;ee them, without
+  finding them&#383;elves excited, to make Reflexions upon Them. But though
+  with me, who love to mea&#383;ure Phy&#383;ical things by their</i>
+  u&#383;e, <i>not their</i> &#383;trangene&#383;s, <i>or</i>
+  prettine&#383;s, <i>the partiality of others prevails not to make me over
+  value the&#383;e, or look upon them in them&#383;elves as other than
+  Trifles: Yet I confe&#383;s, that ever &#383;ince I did divers years ago
+  &#383;hew &#383;ome of them to a Learned Company of</i> Virtuo&#383;i:
+  <i>&#383;o many per&#383;ons of differing Conditions, and ev'n Sexes,
+  have been Curious to &#383;ee them, and pleas'd not to Di&#383;like them,
+  that I cannot De&#383;pair, but that by complying with tho&#383;e that
+  urge the Publication of them, I may both gratifie and excite the Curious,
+  and lay perhaps a Foundation whereon either others or my &#383;elf may in
+  time &#383;uper&#383;truct a &#383;ub&#383;tantial theory of Colours. And
+  if</i> Ari&#383;totle, <i>after his Ma&#383;ter</i> Plato, <i>have
+  rightly ob&#383;erv'd Admiration to be the</i> Parent of Philo&#383;ophy,
+  <i>the wonder, &#383;ome of the&#383;e Trifles have been wont to produce
+  in all &#383;orts of Beholders, and the acce&#383;s they have
+  &#383;ometimes gain'd ev'n to the Clo&#383;ets of Ladies, &#383;eem to
+  promi&#383;e, that &#383;ince the &#383;ubject is &#383;o plea&#383;ing,
+  that the Speculation appears as Delightful! as Difficult, &#383;uch
+  ea&#383;ie and recreative Experiments, which require but little time, or
+  charge, or trouble in the making, and when made are &#383;en&#383;ible
+  and &#383;urprizing enough, may contribute more than others, (far more
+  important but as much more difficult) to recommend tho&#383;e parts of
+  Learning (Chymistry and Corpu&#383;cular Philo&#383;ophy) by which they
+  have been produc'd, and to which they give Te&#383;timony ev'n to
+  &#383;uch kind of per&#383;ons, as value a pretty Trick more than a true
+  Notion, and would &#383;carce admit Philo&#383;ophy, if it approach'd
+  them in another Dre&#383;s: without the &#383;trangene&#383;s or
+  endearments of plea&#383;antne&#383;s to recommend it. I know that I do
+  but ill con&#383;ult my own Advantage in the con&#383;enting to the
+  Publication of the following Treati&#383;e: For tho&#383;e things, which,
+  whil&#383;t men knew not how they were perform'd, appear'd &#383;o
+  &#383;trange, will, when the way of making them, and the Grounds on which
+  I devis'd them, &#383;hall be Publick, quickly lo&#383;e all that their
+  being</i> Rarityes, <i>and their</i> being thought My&#383;teries,
+  <i>contributed to recommend them. But 'tis fitter for Mountebancks than
+  Naturalis to de&#383;ire to have their di&#383;coverys rather admir'd
+  than under&#383;tood, and for my part I had much rather de&#383;erve the
+  thanks of the Ingenious, than enjoy the Applau&#383;e of the Ignorant.
+  And if I can &#383;o farr contribute to the di&#383;covery of the nature
+  of Colours, as to help the Curious to it, I &#383;hall have reach'd my
+  End, and &#383;av'd my &#383;elf &#383;ome Labour which el&#383;e I may
+  chance be tempted to undergo in pro&#383;ecuting that &#383;ubect, and
+  Adding to this Treati&#383;e, which I therefore call a</i> History,
+  <i>becau&#383;e it chiefly contains matters of fact, and which
+  Hi&#383;tory the Title declares me to look upon but as</i> Begun:
+  <i>Becau&#383;e though that above a hundred, not to &#383;ay a hundred
+  and fifty Experiments, (&#383;ome loo&#383;e, and others interwoven
+  among&#383;t the di&#383;cour&#383;es them&#383;elves) may &#383;uffice
+  to give a</i> Beginning <i>to a Hi&#383;tory not hitherto, that I know,
+  begun, by any; yet the &#383;ubject is &#383;o fruitfull, and &#383;o
+  worthy, that tho&#383;e that are Curious of the&#383;e Matters will be
+  farr more wanting to them&#383;elves than I can &#383;u&#383;pect, if
+  what I now publi&#383;h prove any more than a</i> Beginning. <i>For, as I
+  hope my Endeavours may afford them &#383;ome a&#383;&#383;istance towards
+  this work, &#383;o tho&#383;e Endeavours are much too Vnfini&#383;h'd to
+  give them any di&#383;couragement, as if there were little left for
+  others to do towards the Hi&#383;tory of Colours.</i></p>
+
+  <p><i>For (fir&#383;t) I have been willing to leave unmention'd the</i>
+  mo&#383;t part <i>of tho&#383;e Phænomena of Colours, that Nature
+  pre&#383;ents us of her own accord, (that is, without being guided or
+  over-ruld by man) &#383;uch as the different Colours that &#383;everal
+  &#383;orts of Fruites pa&#383;s through before they are perfectly ripe,
+  and tho&#383;e that appear upon the fading of flowers and leaves, and the
+  putrifaction (and its &#383;everal degrees) of fruits, &amp;c. together
+  with a thou&#383;and other obvious Instances of the changes of colours.
+  Nor have I</i> much <i>medled with tho&#383;e familiar Phænomena wherein
+  man is not an Idle &#383;pectator; &#383;uch as the Greenne&#383;s
+  produc'd by &#383;alt in Beef much powder'd, and the Redne&#383;s
+  produc'd in the &#383;hells of Lob&#383;ters upon the boyling of
+  tho&#383;e fi&#383;hes; For I was willing to leave the</i> gathering
+  <i>of</i> Ob&#383;ervations <i>to tho&#383;e that have not the
+  Opportunity to</i> make Experiments. <i>And for the &#383;ame Rea&#383;ons,
+  among others, I did purpo&#383;ly omit the Lucriferous practi&#383;e of
+  Trades-men about colours; as the ways of making Pigments, of Bleanching
+  wax, of dying Scarlet, &amp;c. though to divers of them I be not a
+  stranger, and of &#383;ome I have my&#383;elf made Tryall.</i></p>
+
+  <p><i>Next; I did purpo&#383;ely pa&#383;s by divers Experiments of other
+  Writers that I had made Tryall of (and that not without regi&#383;tring
+  &#383;ome of their Events) unle&#383;s I could &#383;ome way or other
+  improve them, becau&#383;e I wanted lea&#383;ure to in&#383;ert them, and
+  had thoughts of pro&#383;ecuting the work once begun of laying together
+  tho&#383;e I had examin'd by them&#383;elves in ca&#383;e of my not being
+  prevented by others diligence. So that there remains not a little, among
+  the things that are already publi&#383;hed, to imploy tho&#383;e that
+  have a mind to exerci&#383;e them&#383;elves in repeating and examining
+  them. And I will not undertake, that</i> none <i>of the things deliver'd,
+  ev'n in this Treati&#383;e, though never &#383;o faithfully &#383;et
+  down, may not prove to be thus farr of this Sort, as to afford the
+  Curious &#383;omewhat to add about them. For I remember that I have
+  &#383;omewhere in the Book it &#383;elf acknowledged, that having written
+  it by &#383;natches, partly in the Counntrey, and partly at
+  un&#383;ea&#383;onable times of the year, when the want of fit
+  In&#383;truments, and of a competent variety of flowers, &#383;alts,
+  Pigments, and other materials made me leave &#383;ome of the following
+  Experiments, (e&#383;pecialy tho&#383;e about Emphatical Colours) far
+  more unfini&#383;h'd than they &#383;hould have been, if it had been as
+  ea&#383;ie for me to</i> &#383;upply <i>what was wanting to compleat
+  them, as to</i> di&#383;cern<i>. Thirdly to avoyd di&#383;couraging the
+  young Gentleman I call Pyrophilus, whom the le&#383;s Familiar, and more
+  Laborious operations of Chymistry would probably have frighted, I
+  purpo&#383;ely declin'd in what I writ to him, the &#383;etting down any
+  Number of &#383;uch Chymicall Experiments, as, by being very elaborate or
+  tedious, would either require much skill, or exerci&#383;e his patience.
+  And yet that this &#383;ort of Experiments is exceedingly Numerous, and
+  might more than a little inrich the Hi&#383;tory of Colours, tho&#383;e
+  that are vers'd in Chymical proce&#383;&#383;es, will, I pre&#383;ume,
+  ea&#383;ily allow me.</i></p>
+
+  <p><i>And (La&#383;tly) for as much as I have occa&#383;ion more than once
+  in my &#383;everal Writings to treat either porpo&#383;ely or
+  incidentally of matters relating to Colours; I did not, perhaps, conceive
+  my &#383;elf oblig'd, to deliver in one Treati&#383;e</i> all <i>that I
+  would &#383;ay concerning that &#383;ubject.</i></p>
+
+  <p><i>But to conclude, by &#383;umming up what I would &#383;ay concerning
+  what I</i> have <i>and what I</i> have not <i>done, in the following
+  Papers; I &#383;hall not</i> (on the one &#383;ide) <i>deny, that
+  con&#383;idering that I pretended not to write an accurate Treati&#383;e
+  of Colours, but an Occa&#383;ional E&#383;&#383;ay to acquaint a private
+  friend with what then occurrd to me of the things I had thought or try'd
+  concerning them; I might pre&#383;ume I did enough for once, if I did
+  clearly and faithfully &#383;et down, though not</i> all <i>the
+  Experiments I could, yet at lea&#383;t &#383;uch a variety of them, that
+  an attentive Reader that &#383;hall con&#383;ider the Grounds on which
+  they have been made, and the hints that are purpo&#383;ely (though
+  di&#383;per&#383;edly) couched in them, may ea&#383;ily</i> compound
+  <i>them, and otherwi&#383;e</i> vary <i>them, &#383;o as very much to
+  increa&#383;e their Number. And yet</i> (on the other &#383;ide) <i>I am
+  &#383;o &#383;en&#383;ible both of how much I have, either out of
+  nece&#383;&#383;ity or choice, left undone, and of the fruitfullne&#383;s
+  of the &#383;ubject I have begun to handle; that though I had performed
+  far more then 'tis like many Readers will judge I have, I &#383;hould yet
+  be very free to let them apply to my Attempts that of</i> Seneca,
+  <i>where having &#383;poken of the Study of Natures My&#383;teries, and
+  Particularly of the Cau&#383;e of Earth-Quakes, he &#383;ubjoins.<a
+  name="NtA_1"></a><a href="#Nt_1"><sup>1</sup></a></i> Nulla res
+  con&#383;ummata e&#383;t dum incipit. Nec in hac tantum re omnium maxima
+  ac involuti&#383;&#383;imá, in quâ etiam cum multum actum erit, omnis
+  ætas, quod agat inveniet; &#383;ed in omni alio Negotio, longè
+  &#383;emper à perfecto fuere Principia.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/012a.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+  </div>
+
+<h1> 
+<span style="font-size:100%;"><i>The Publi&#383;her to the</i></span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:100%; letter-spacing:10px">READER.</span><br /> 
+</h1>
+
+  <p><i>Friendly Reader,</i></p>
+
+  <p><img width="80" height="80" align="left" src="images/012b.png" alt="Illuminated H in Here" />Ere is pre&#383;ented to thy view one of the
+  Ab&#383;tru&#383;e&#383;t as well as the Gentile&#383;t Subjects of
+  Natural Philo&#383;ophy, the <i>Experimentall Hi&#383;tory of
+  Colours</i>; which though the Noble Author be plea&#383;ed to think but
+  <i>Begun</i>, yet I mu&#383;t take leave to &#383;ay, that I think it
+  &#383;o well begun, that the work is more than half di&#383;patcht.
+  Concerning which I cannot but give this adverti&#383;ement to the Reader,
+  that I have heard the Author expre&#383;s him&#383;elf, that it would not
+  &#383;urpri&#383;e him, if it &#383;hould happen to be objected, that
+  &#383;ome of the&#383;e Experiments have been already publi&#383;hed,
+  partly by Chymi&#383;ts, and partly by two or three very fre&#383;h
+  Writers upon other Subjects. And though the number of the&#383;e
+  Experiments be but very &#383;mall, and though they be none of the
+  con&#383;iderable&#383;t, yet it may on this occa&#383;ion be further
+  repre&#383;ented, that it is ea&#383;ie for our Author to name
+  &#383;everal men, (of who&#383;e number I can truly name my &#383;elf)
+  who remember either their having &#383;een him make, or their having
+  read, his Accounts of the Experiments delivered in the following Tract
+  &#383;everal years &#383;ince, and long before the publication of the
+  Books, wherein they are mentioned. Nay in divers pa&#383;&#383;ages
+  (where he could do it without any great inconvenience) he hath
+  &#383;truck out Experiments, which he had tryed many years ago,
+  becau&#383;e he &#383;ince found them divulged by per&#383;ons from whom
+  he had not the lea&#383;t hint of them; which yet is not touched, with
+  de&#383;ign to reflect upon any Ingenious Man, as if he were a Plagiary:
+  For, though our Generous Author were not re&#383;erved enough in
+  &#383;howing his Experiments to tho&#383;e that expre&#383;&#383;ed a
+  Curio&#383;ity to &#383;ee them (among&#383;t whom a very Learned Man
+  hath been plea&#383;ed publickly to acknowledge it &#383;everal years
+  ago<a name="NtA_2"></a><a href="#Nt_2"><sup>2</sup></a>; yet the
+  &#383;ame thing may be well enough lighted on by per&#383;ons that know
+  nothing of one another. And e&#383;pecially Chymical Laboratories may
+  many times afford the &#383;ame <i>Phænomenon</i> about Colours to
+  &#383;everal per&#383;ons at the &#383;ame or differing times. And as for
+  the few <i>Phænomena</i> mentioned in the &#383;ame Chymical writers, as
+  well as in the following Treati&#383;e, our Author hath given an account,
+  why he did not decline rejecting them, in the Anotations upon the
+  47<sup>th</sup> Experiment of the third part. Not here to mention, what
+  he el&#383;ewhere &#383;aith, to &#383;hew what u&#383;e may be
+  Ju&#383;tifiably made of Experiments not of his own devi&#383;ing by a
+  writer of Natural Hi&#383;tory, if, what he employes of others mens, be
+  well examined or verified by him&#383;elf.</p>
+
+  <p>In the mean time, this Treati&#383;e is &#383;uch, that there needs no
+  other invitation to peru&#383;e it, but that tis compo&#383;ed by one of
+  the Deepe&#383;t &amp; Mo&#383;t indefatigable &#383;earchers of Nature,
+  which, I think the World, as far as I know it, affords. For mine own
+  part, I feel a Secret Joy within me, to &#383;ee &#383;uch beginings upon
+  &#383;uch <i>Themes</i>, it being demon&#383;tratively true, <i>Mota
+  facilius moveri</i>, which cau&#383;eth me to entertain &#383;trong
+  hopes, that this Illu&#383;trious <i>Virtuo&#383;o</i> and
+  Re&#383;tle&#383;s Inquirer into Nature's Secrets will not &#383;top
+  here, but go on and pro&#383;per in the Di&#383;qui&#383;ition or the
+  other principal Colours, <i>Green, Red</i>, and <i>Yellow</i>. The
+  Rea&#383;oning faculty &#383;et once afloat, will be carried on, and that
+  with ea&#383;e, e&#383;pecially, when the productions thereof meet, as
+  they do here, with &#383;o greedy an Entertainment at home and abroad. I
+  am confident, that the <b>ROYAL SOCIETY</b>, lately con&#383;tituted by
+  his <b>MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY</b> <i>for improving Natural knowledge</i>,
+  will Judge it their intere&#383;t to exhort our Author to the
+  pro&#383;ecution of this Argument, con&#383;idering, how much it is their
+  de&#383;ign and bu&#383;ine&#383;s to accumulate a good &#383;tock of
+  &#383;uch accurate Ob&#383;ervations and Experiments, as may afford them
+  and their Offpring genuine Matter to rai&#383;e a Ma&#383;culine
+  Philo&#383;ophy upon, whereby the Mind of Man may be enobled with the
+  Knowledge of &#383;olid Truths, and the Life of Man benefited with ampler
+  accommodations, than it hath been hitherto.</p>
+
+  <p>Our Great Author, one of the Pillars of that Illu&#383;trious
+  Corporation, is con&#383;tantly furni&#383;hing large <i>Symbola</i>'s to
+  this work, and is now falln, as you &#383;ee, upon &#383;o
+  comprehen&#383;ive and important a theme, as will, if in&#383;i&#383;ted
+  on and compleated, prove one of the con&#383;iderable&#383;t peeces of
+  that &#383;tructure. To which, if he &#383;hall plea&#383;e to add his
+  Treati&#383;e of <i>Heat</i> and <i>Flame</i>, as he is ready to
+  publi&#383;h his Experimental Accounts of <i>Cold</i>, I e&#383;teem, the
+  World will be obliged to Him for having &#383;hewed them both the
+  <i>Right</i> and <i>Left Hand</i> of Nature, and the Operations
+  thereof.</p>
+
+  <p>The con&#383;idering Reader will by this very Treati&#383;e &#383;ee
+  abundant cau&#383;e to &#383;ollicit the Author for more; &#383;ure I am,
+  that of whatever of the Productions of his Ingeny comes into <i>Forein
+  parts</i> (where I am happy in the acquaintance of many intelligent
+  friends) is highly valued; And to my knowledge, there are tho&#383;e
+  among the French, that have lately begun to learn Engli&#383;h, on
+  purpo&#383;e to enable them&#383;elves to read his Books, being impatient
+  of their Traduction into Latin. If I dur&#383;t &#383;ay all, I know of
+  the Elogies received by me from abroad concerning Him, I &#383;hould
+  perhaps make this Preamble too prolix, and certainly offend the
+  mode&#383;ty of our Author.</p>
+
+  <p>Wherefore I &#383;hall leave this, and conclude with de&#383;iring the
+  Reader, that if he meet with other faults be&#383;ides tho&#383;e, that
+  the Errata take notice of (as I believe he may) he will plea&#383;e to
+  con&#383;ider both the weakne&#383;s of the Authors eyes, for not
+  reviewing, and the manifold Avocations of the Publi&#383;her for not
+  doing his part; who taketh his leave with inviting tho&#383;e, that have
+  al&#383;o con&#383;idered this Nice &#383;ubject experimentally, to
+  follow the Example of our Noble Author, and impart &#383;uch and the like
+  performances to the now very inqui&#383;itive world. <i>Farewell.</i></p>
+
+  <p class="author"><i>H. O.</i></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/018.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+  </div>
+
+<h1> 
+<span style="font-size:50%;">THE</span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:100%; letter-spacing:10px">CONTENTS.</span><br /> 
+</h1>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>CHAP. I.</h3>
+
+  <p><i>The Author &#383;hews the Rea&#383;on, first of his Writing on this
+  Subject</i> (<a href="#Page_1">1</a>.) <i>Next of his pre&#383;ent manner
+  of Handling it, and why he partly declines a Methodical way</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_2">2</a>.) <i>and why he has partly made u&#383;e of it in
+  the Hi&#383;tory of</i> Whitene&#383;s <i>and</i> Blackne&#383;s. (<a
+  href="#Page_3">3</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p>Chap. 2. <i>Some general Con&#383;iderations are premis'd, fir&#383;t
+  of the In&#383;ignificancy of the Ob&#383;erva&#383;ion of Colours in
+  many Bodies</i> (<a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.)
+  <i>and the Importance of it in others</i> (<a href="#Page_5">5</a>.)
+  <i>as particularly in the Tempering of Steel</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.)
+  <i>The rea&#383;on why other particular In&#383;tances are in that place
+  omitted</i> (<a href="#Page_9">9</a>) <i>A nece&#383;&#383;ary
+  di&#383;tinction about Colour premis'd</i> (<a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_11">11</a>.) <i>That Colour is not Inherent in the Object</i>
+  (<a href="#Page_11">11</a>.) <i>prov'd fir&#383;t by the Phanta&#383;ms
+  of Colours to</i> Dreaming <i>men, and</i> Lunaticks; <i>Secondly by the
+  &#383;en&#383;ation or apparition of Light upon a Blow given the Eye or
+  the Di&#383;temper of the Brain from internal Vapours</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_12">12</a>.) <i>The Author recites a particular Instance in
+  him&#383;elf; another that hapn'd to an Excellent Per&#383;on related to
+  him</i> (<a href="#Page_13">13</a>.) <i>and a third told him by an
+  Ingenious Phy&#383;ician</i> (<a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_15">15</a>.) <i>Thirdly, from the change of Colours made by
+  the Sen&#383;ory Di&#383;affected</i> (<a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_16">16</a>.) <i>Some In&#383;tances of this are related by
+  the Author, ob&#383;erv'd in him&#383;elf</i> (<a href="#Page_16">16</a>,
+  <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.) <i>others told him by a Lady of known
+  Veracity</i> (<a href="#Page_18">18</a>.) <i>And others told him by a
+  very Eminent Man</i> (<a href="#Page_19">19</a>.) <i>But the &#383;trange
+  In&#383;tances afforded by &#383;uch as are Bit by the</i> Tarantula
+  <i>are omitted, as more properly deliver'd in another place</i>. (<a
+  href="#Page_20">20</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p>Chap. 3. <i>That the Colour of Bodies depends chiefly on the
+  di&#383;po&#383;ition of the Superficial parts, and partly upon the
+  Variety of the Texture of the Object</i> (<a href="#Page_21">21</a>.)
+  <i>The former of the&#383;e are confirm'd by &#383;everal
+  Per&#383;ons</i> (<a href="#Page_22">22</a>.) <i>and two In&#383;tances,
+  the fir&#383;t of the Steel mention'd before, the &#383;econd of melted
+  Lead</i> (<a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.) <i>of
+  which la&#383;t &#383;everal Ob&#383;ervables are noted</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_25">25</a>.) <i>A third In&#383;tance is added of the
+  Porou&#383;ne&#383;s of the appearing &#383;mooth Surface of Cork</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.) <i>And that the
+  &#383;ame kind of Porou&#383;ne&#383;s may be al&#383;o in the other
+  Colour'd Bodies; And of what kind of Figures, the Superficial reflecting
+  Particles of them may be</i> (<a href="#Page_28">28</a>.) <i>and of what
+  Bulks, and clo&#383;ene&#383;s of Po&#383;ition</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_29">29</a>.) <i>How much the&#383;e may conduce to the
+  Generation of Colour in&#383;tanc'd in the Whitene&#383;s of Froth, and
+  in the mixtures of Dry colour'd Powders</i> (<a href="#Page_30">30</a>.)
+  <i>A further explication of the Variety that may be in the Superficial
+  parts of Colour'd Bodies, that may cau&#383;e that Effect, by an example
+  drawn from the Surface of the Earth</i> (<a href="#Page_31">31</a>.)
+  <i>An Apology for that gro&#383;s Compari&#383;on</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_32">32</a>.) <i>That the appearances of the Superficial
+  a&#383;perities may be Varied from the po&#383;ition of the Eye, and
+  &#383;everal In&#383;tances given of &#383;uch appearances</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_35">35</a>.) <i>That the appearance of the Superficial
+  particles may be Varied al&#383;o by their Motion, confirm'd by an
+  In&#383;tance of the &#383;moaking Liquor</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_35">35</a>.) <i>e&#383;pecially if the Superficial parts be
+  of &#383;uch a Nature as to appear divers in &#383;everal Po&#383;tures,
+  explain'd by the variety of Colours exhibited by the &#383;haken Leaves
+  of &#383;ome Plants</i> (<a href="#Page_36">36</a>.) <i>and by changeable
+  Taffities</i> (<a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_39">39</a>.) <i>The Authors wi&#383;h that the Variety of
+  Colours in Mother of Pearl were examin'd with a</i> Micro&#383;cope (<a
+  href="#Page_40">40</a>.) <i>And his Conjectures, that po&#383;&#383;ibly
+  good</i> Micro&#383;copes <i>might di&#383;cover tho&#383;e Superficial
+  inequalities to be Real, which we now only imagine with his rea&#383;ons
+  drawn partly from the Di&#383;coveries of the</i> Tele&#383;cope,
+  <i>and</i> Micro&#383;cope (<a href="#Page_41">41</a>.) <i>And partly
+  al&#383;o from the Prodigiou&#383;ly &#383;trange example of a Blind man
+  that could feel Colours</i> (<a href="#Page_42">42</a>.) <i>who&#383;e
+  Hi&#383;tory is Related</i> (<a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.) <i>The Authors
+  conjecture and thoughts of it</i> (<a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_49">49</a>.) <i>and &#383;everal Conclu&#383;ions and
+  Corollaries drawn from it about the Nature of Blackne&#383;s and Black
+  Bodies</i> (<a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_52">52</a>.) <i>and about the A&#383;perities of &#383;everal
+  other Colour'd Bodies</i> (<a href="#Page_53">53</a>.) <i>And from
+  the&#383;e, and &#383;ome premis'd Con&#383;iderations, are propos'd
+  &#383;ome Conjectures; That the rea&#383;on of the &#383;everal Phænomena
+  of Colours, afterwards to be met with, depends upon the
+  Di&#383;po&#383;ition of the Seen parts of the Object</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_54">54</a>.) <i>That Liquors may alter the Colours of each
+  other, and of other Bodies, first by their In&#383;inuating
+  them&#383;elves into the Pores, and filling them, whence the
+  A&#383;perity of the Surface of a Body becomes alter'd, explicated with
+  &#383;ome In&#383;tances</i> (<a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_56">56</a>.) <i>Next by removing tho&#383;e Bodies, which
+  before hindred the appearance of the Genuine Colour, confirm'd by
+  &#383;everal examples</i> (<a href="#Page_57">57</a>) <i>Thirdly, by
+  making a Fi&#383;&#383;ure or Separation either in the Contiguous or
+  Continued Particles of a Body</i> (<a href="#Page_58">58</a>.)
+  <i>Fourthly, by a Union or Conjunction of the formerly &#383;eparated
+  Particles; Illu&#383;trated with divers In&#383;tances of precipitated
+  Bodies</i> (<a href="#Page_59">59</a>.) <i>Fifthly, by Di&#383;locating
+  the parts, and putting them both into other Orders and Po&#383;tures,
+  which is Illu&#383;trated with In&#383;tances</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.) <i>Sixthly, by
+  Motion, which is explain'd</i> (<a href="#Page_62">62</a>.) <i>And
+  la&#383;tly, and chiefly, by the Union of the Saline Bodies, with the
+  Superficial parts of another Body, whereby both their Bigne&#383;s and
+  Shape mu&#383;t nece&#383;&#383;arily be alter'd</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.) <i>Explain'd by
+  Experiments</i> (<a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.)
+  <i>That the Colour of Bodies may be Chang'd by the concurrence of two or
+  more of the&#383;e ways</i> (<a href="#Page_67">67</a>.) <i>And
+  be&#383;ides all the&#383;e, Eight Reflective cau&#383;es of Colours,
+  there may be in Tran&#383;parent Bodies &#383;everal Refractive</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>) <i>Why the Author
+  thinks the Nature of Colours de&#383;erves yet a further Inquiry</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_69">69</a>.) <i>Fir&#383;t for that the little Motes of Dust
+  exhibited very lovely Colours in a darkned Room, whil&#383;t in a
+  convenient po&#383;ture to the Eye, which in other Po&#383;tures and
+  Lights they did not</i> (<a href="#Page_70">70</a>.) <i>And that though
+  the &#383;maller Parts of &#383;ome Colour'd Bodies are Tran&#383;parent,
+  yet of others they are not, &#383;o that the fir&#383;t Doubt's, whether
+  the Superficial parts create tho&#383;e Colours, and the &#383;econd,
+  whether there be any Refraction at all in the later</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_73">73</a>.) <i>A famous Controver&#383;ie among
+  Philo&#383;ophers, about the Nature of Colour decided</i>. (<a
+  href="#Page_74">74</a>. <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p>Chap. 4. <i>The controver&#383;ie &#383;tated about Real and
+  Emphatical Colours</i> (<a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_76">76</a>.) <i>That the great Di&#383;parity between them
+  &#383;eems to be, partly their Duration in the &#383;ame &#383;tate, and
+  partly, that Genuine Colours are produc'd in Opacous Bodies by
+  Reflection, and Emphatical in Tran&#383;parent by Refraction</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_78">78</a>.) <i>but that this is not to be taken in too large
+  a Sen&#383;e, the Cautionary in&#383;tance of Froth is alleged and
+  in&#383;i&#383;ted on</i> (<a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_79">79</a>.) <i>That the Duration is not a &#383;ufficient
+  Characteristick, exemplify'd by the duration of Froth, and other
+  Emphatical Colours, and the &#383;uddain fading of Flowers, and other
+  Bodies of Real ones</i> (<a href="#Page_80">80</a>.) <i>That the
+  po&#383;ition of the Eye is not nece&#383;&#383;ary to the
+  di&#383;cerning Emphatical Colours, &#383;hew'd by the &#383;eeing white
+  Froth, or an Iris ca&#383;t on the Wall by a Pri&#383;m, in what place of
+  the Room &#383;oever the Eye be</i> (<a href="#Page_81">81</a>.) <i>which
+  proceeds from the &#383;pecular Reflection of the Wall</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_82">82</a>.) <i>that Emphatical Colours may be Compounded,
+  and that the pre&#383;ent Di&#383;cour&#383;e is not much concern'd,
+  whether there be, or be not made a di&#383;tinction between Real and
+  Emphatical Colours</i>. (<a href="#Page_83">83</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p>Chap. 5. <i>Six Hypothe&#383;es about Colour recited</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>) <i>Why the Author
+  cannot more fully Speak of any of the&#383;e</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_86">86</a>.) <i>nor Acquie&#383;ce in them</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.) <i>What</i>
+  Pyrophilus <i>is to expect in this Treati&#383;e</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.) <i>What
+  Hypothe&#383;is of Light and Colour the Author most inclines too</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_90">90</a>.) <i>Why he thinks neither that nor any other
+  &#383;ufficient; and what his Difficulties are, that make him decline all
+  Hypothe&#383;es, and to think it very difficult to &#383;tick to any.</i>
+  (<a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.)</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>Part the Second.</h2>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Of the Nature of Whitene&#383;s and Blackne&#383;s.</i></p>
+
+<h3>CHAP. I.</h3>
+
+  <p><i>The rea&#383;on why the Author cho&#383;e the Explication of
+  Whitene&#383;s and Blackne&#383;s</i> (<a href="#Page_93">93</a>.)
+  <i>Wherein</i> Democritus <i>thought ami&#383;s of the&#383;e</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_94">94</a>.) Ga&#383;&#383;endus <i>his Opinion about
+  them</i> (<a href="#Page_95">95</a>.) <i>What the Author approves, and a
+  more full Explication of White, makinig it a Multiplicity of Light or
+  Reflections</i> (<a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.)
+  <i>Confirm'd first by the Whitene&#383;s of the</i> Meridian <i>Sun,
+  ob&#383;erv'd in Water</i> (<a href="#Page_98">98</a>.) <i>and of a piece
+  of Iron glowing Hot</i> (<a href="#Page_99">99</a>.) <i>Secondly, by the
+  Offen&#383;ivene&#383;s of Snow to the Travellers eyes, confirm'd by an
+  example of a Per&#383;on that has Travell'd much in Ru&#383;&#383;ia</i>
+  (<a href="#Page_100">100</a>.) <i>and by an Ob&#383;ervation out of</i>
+  Olaus Magnus (<a href="#Page_100">100</a>.) <i>and that the Snow does
+  inlighten and clear the Air in the Night, confirm'd by the Mo&#383;co
+  Phy&#383;ician, and Captain</i> James (<a href="#Page_101">101</a>.)
+  <i>But that Snow has no inherent Light, prov'd by Experience</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_102">102</a>.) <i>Thirdly, by the great &#383;tore of
+  Reflections, from white Bodies ob&#383;erv'd in a darkned Room, and by
+  their unaptne&#383;s to be Kindled by a Burning-gla&#383;s</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_103">103</a>.) <i>Fourthly, the Specularne&#383;s of White
+  Bodies is confirm'd by the Reflections in a dark Room from other
+  Bodies</i> (<a href="#Page_104">104</a>.) <i>and by the appearance of a
+  River, which both to the Eye and in a darkned Room appear'd White</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.) <i>Fifthly, by
+  the Whitene&#383;s of di&#383;till'd</i> Mercury, <i>and that of the</i>
+  Galaxie (<a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.)
+  <i>and by the Whitene&#383;s of Froth, rais'd from whites of Eggs beaten;
+  that this Whitene&#383;s comes not from the Air, &#383;hew'd by
+  Experiments</i> (<a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_110">110</a>.) <i>where occa&#383;ionally the Whitene&#383;s
+  of Di&#383;till'd Oyls, Hot water, &amp;c. are &#383;hew'd</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_111">111</a>.) <i>That it &#383;eems not nece&#383;&#383;ary
+  the Reflecting Surfaces &#383;hould be Sphærical, confirm'd by
+  Experiments</i> (<a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_113">113</a>.) <i>Sixthly, by the Whitene&#383;s of the
+  Powders of tran&#383;parent Bodies</i> (<a href="#Page_114">114</a>.)
+  <i>Seventhly, by the Experiment of Whitening and Burni&#383;hing
+  Silver.</i> (<a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_116">116</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p>Chap. 2. <i>A Recital of &#383;ome Opinions about Blackne&#383;s, and
+  which the Author inclines to</i> (<a href="#Page_117">117</a>.) <i>which
+  he further in&#383;ists on and explicates</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.) <i>and &#383;hews
+  for what rea&#383;ons he imbrac'd that Hypothe&#383;is</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_120">120</a>.) <i>Fir&#383;t, from the contrary Nature of
+  Whitene&#383;s and Blackne&#383;s, White reflecting mo&#383;t Beams
+  outwards, Black &#383;hould reflect mo&#383;t inward</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_120">120</a>.) <i>Next, from the Black appearance of all
+  Bodies, when Shadow'd; And the manner how this paucity of Reflection
+  outwards is caus'd, is further explicated, by &#383;hewing that the
+  Superficial parts may be Conical and Pyramical</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_121">121</a>.) <i>This and other Con&#383;iderations formerly
+  deliver'd, Illu&#383;trated by Experiments with black and white
+  Marble</i> (<a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.)
+  <i>Thirdly, from the Black appearance of Holes in white Linnen, and from
+  the appearance of Velvet &#383;troak'd &#383;everal ways, and from an
+  Ob&#383;ervation of Carrots</i> (<a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_125">125</a>.) <i>Fourthly, from the &#383;mall Reflection
+  from Black in a darkned Room</i> (<a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_126">126</a>.) <i>Fifthly, from the Experiment of a Checker'd
+  Tile expos'd to the Sun-beams</i> (<a href="#Page_127">127</a>.) <i>which
+  is to be preferr'd before a Similar Experiment try'd in</i> Italy,
+  <i>with black and white Marble</i> (<a href="#Page_128">128</a>.) <i>Some
+  other congruous Ob&#383;ervations</i> (<a href="#Page_129">129</a>.)
+  <i>Sixthly, from the Roa&#383;ting black'd Eggs in the Sun</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_130">130</a>.) <i>Seventhly, by the Ob&#383;ervation of the
+  Blind man lately mention'd, and of another mention'd by</i> Bartholine
+  (<a href="#Page_130">130</a>.) <i>That notwith&#383;tanding all
+  the&#383;e Rea&#383;ons, the Author is not ab&#383;olutely Po&#383;itive,
+  but remains yet a Seeker after the true Nature of Whitene&#383;s and
+  Blackne&#383;s.</i> (<a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_132">132</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p>Experiments <i>in Con&#383;ort, touching</i> Whitene&#383;s <i>and</i>
+  Blackne&#383;s.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The fir&#383;t</i> Experiment, <i>with a Solution of Sublimate,
+  made White with Spirit of Urine</i>, &amp;c. (<a
+  href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The &#383;econd</i> Experiment, <i>with an Infu&#383;ion of Galls,
+  made Black with Vitriol</i>, &amp;c. (<a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_136">136</a>.) <i>further Di&#383;cours'd of</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_137">137</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The third</i> Experiment, <i>of the Blacking of Hart&#383;horn, and
+  Ivory, and Tartar, and by a further Calcination making them White</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The fourth</i> Experiment, <i>limiting the</i> Chymi&#383;t's
+  <i>principle</i>, Adu&#383;ta nigra &#383;ed peru&#383;ta alba, <i>by
+  &#383;everal In&#383;tances of Calcin'd Alaba&#383;ter, Lead, Antimony,
+  Vitriol, and by the Te&#383;timony of</i> Bellonius, <i>about the white
+  Charcoles of</i> Oxy-cædar, <i>and by that of</i> Camphire. (<a
+  href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_142">142</a>.) <i>That which follows about Inks was
+  mi&#383;plac'd by an Errour of the Printer, for it belongs to what has
+  been formerly &#383;aid of Galls</i> (<a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_143">143</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The fifth</i> Experiment, <i>of the black Smoak of Camphire</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_144">144</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The &#383;ixth</i> Experiment, <i>of a black</i> Caput Mortuum,
+  <i>of Oyl of Vitriol, with Oyl of Worm-word, and al&#383;o with Oyl of
+  Winter-Savory</i> (<a href="#Page_145">145</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The &#383;eventh</i> Experiment, <i>of whitening Wax</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_146">146</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The eighth</i> Experiment, <i>with Tin-gla&#383;s, and
+  Sublimate</i> (<a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_148">148</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The ninth</i> Experiment, <i>of a Black powder of Gold in the
+  bottom of</i> Aqua-fortis, <i>and of the Blacking of Refin'd Gold and
+  Silver</i> (<a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_149">149</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The tenth</i> Experiment, <i>of the &#383;taining Hair, Skin,
+  Ivory</i>, &amp;c. <i>Black, with Cry&#383;tals of Silver</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The eleventh</i> Experiment, <i>about the Blackne&#383;s of the
+  Skin, and Hair of</i> Negroes, <i>and Inhabitants of Hot Climates.
+  Several Objections are made, and the whole Matter more fully
+  di&#383;cours'd and &#383;tated from &#383;everal notable Hi&#383;tories
+  and Ob&#383;ervations</i> (from the <a href="#Page_151">151</a> to the <a
+  href="#Page_167">167</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The twelfth</i> Experiment, <i>of the white Powders, afforded by
+  Precipitating &#383;everal Bodies, as Crabs Eyes, Minium, Coral, Silver,
+  Lead, Tin, Quick-&#383;ilver, Tin-gla&#383;s, Antimony, Benzoin, and
+  Re&#383;inous Gumms out of Spirit of Wine</i>, &amp;c. <i>but this is not
+  Univer&#383;al, &#383;ince other Bodies, as Gold, Antimony,
+  Quick-&#383;ilver</i>, &amp;c. <i>may be Precipitated of other
+  Colours</i> (<a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_170">170</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The thirteenth</i> Experiment, <i>of Changing the Blackne&#383;s of
+  &#383;ome Bodies into other Colours</i> (<a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_172">172</a>.) <i>and of Whitening what would be Minium, and
+  Copper, with Tin, and of Copper with Ar&#383;nick, which with Coppilling
+  again Vani&#383;hes; of covering the Colour of that of</i> 1/3 <i>of Gold
+  with</i> 2/3 <i>of Silver melted in a Ma&#383;s together</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The fourteenth</i> Experiment, <i>of turning the black Body of Horn
+  into a White immediately with Scraping, without changing the
+  Sub&#383;tantial form, or without the Intervention of Salt, Sulphur, or
+  Mercury</i> (<a href="#Page_176">176</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The fifteenth</i> Experiment, <i>contains &#383;everal
+  In&#383;tances again&#383;t the Opinion of the</i> Chymi&#383;ts <i>that
+  Sulphur</i> Adu&#383;t <i>is the cau&#383;e of Blackne&#383;s, and the
+  whole Matter is fully di&#383;cu&#383;s'd and &#383;tated</i> (from <a
+  href="#Page_176">176</a> to <a href="#Page_184">184</a>)</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>Part the Third.</h2>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Concerning Promi&#383;cuous Experiments
+about Colours.</i></p>
+
+<h3>Experiment the Fir&#383;t.</h3>
+
+  <p><i>IN confirmation of a former Conjecture about the Generation of
+  Colours from diver&#383;ity of Reflections are &#383;et down &#383;everal
+  Ob&#383;ervations made in a Darkned room</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p>Experiment <i>the &#383;econd, That white Linnen &#383;eem'd Ting'd
+  with the Red of Silk plac'd near it in a light Room</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_188">188</a>,<a href="#Page_189">189</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p>Experiment <i>the third, Of the Trajection of Light through Colour'd
+  Papers</i> (<a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_190">190</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p>Experiment <i>the fourth, Ob&#383;ervations of a Pri&#383;m in a dark
+  Room</i> (<a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p>Experiment <i>the fifth, Of the Refracting and Reflecting
+  Pri&#383;matical Colours in a light Room</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_193">193</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p>Experiment <i>the &#383;ixth, On the Vani&#383;hing of the</i> Iris
+  <i>of the Pri&#383;m, upon the acce&#383;s of a greater adventitious
+  Light</i> (<a href="#Page_194">194</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p>Experiment <i>the &#383;eventh, Of the appearances of the &#383;ame
+  Colour'd Papers by Candle-light</i> (<a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_196">196</a>).</p>
+
+  <p>Experiment <i>the eighth, Of the Yellowne&#383;s of the Flame of a
+  Candle</i> (<a href="#Page_197">197</a>).</p>
+
+  <p>Experiment <i>the ninth, Of the Greeni&#383;h Blew tran&#383;parency
+  of Leaf Gold</i> (<a href="#Page_198">198</a>).</p>
+
+  <p>Experiment <i>the tenth, Of the curious Tinctures afforded by</i>
+  Lignum Nephriticum (from <a href="#Page_199">199</a> to <a
+  href="#Page_203">203</a>). <i>Several trials for the Inve&#383;tigation
+  of the Nature of it</i> (from <a href="#Page_204">204</a> to <a
+  href="#Page_206">206</a>.) Kircher's <i>relation of this Wood &#383;et
+  down, and examin'd</i> (from <a href="#Page_206">206</a> to <a
+  href="#Page_212">212</a>). <i>A Corollary on this tenth</i> Experiment,
+  <i>&#383;hewing how it may be applicable for the Di&#383;covering,
+  whether any Salt be of an Acid, or a Sulphureous, and Alcalizate
+  Nature</i> (from <a href="#Page_213">213</a> to <a
+  href="#Page_216">216</a>).</p>
+
+  <p><i>The eleventh</i> Experiment, <i>Of certain pieces of Gla&#383;s
+  that afforded this Variety of Colours; And of the way of &#383;o Tinging
+  any Plate of Gla&#383;s with Silver</i> (from <a href="#Page_216">216</a>
+  to <a href="#Page_219">219</a>).</p>
+
+  <p><i>The twelfth</i> Experiment, <i>Of the Mixing and Tempering of
+  Painters Pigments</i> (<a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>).</p>
+
+  <p><i>The thirteenth</i> Experiment, <i>Of compounding &#383;everal
+  Colours by Trajecting the Sun-beams through Ting'd Gla&#383;&#383;es</i>
+  (from <a href="#Page_221">221</a> to <a href="#Page_224">224</a>).</p>
+
+  <p><i>The fourteenth</i> Experiment, <i>Of the Compounding of Real and
+  Phanta&#383;tical Colours, and the Re&#383;ults</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_226">226</a>.) <i>as al&#383;o the &#383;ame of
+  Phanta&#383;tical Colours</i> (<a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_227">227</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The fifteenth</i> Experiment, <i>Of Varying the Trajected</i> Iris
+  <i>by a Colour'd Pri&#383;m</i> (<a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_229">229</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The &#383;ixteenth</i> Experiment, <i>Of the Red fumes of Spirit
+  of</i> Nitre, <i>and, the re&#383;embling Redne&#383;s of the Horizontal
+  Sun-beams</i> (<a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_231">231</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The &#383;eventeenth</i> Experiment, <i>Of making a Green by nine
+  Kinds of Compo&#383;itions</i> (from <a href="#Page_231">231</a> to <a
+  href="#Page_236">236</a>.) <i>And &#383;ome Deductions from them
+  again&#383;t the nece&#383;&#383;ity of recurring to Sub&#383;tantial
+  forms and Hypo&#383;tatical principles for the production of Colours</i>
+  (from <a href="#Page_237">237</a> to <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The eighteenth</i> Experiment, <i>Of &#383;everal Compo&#383;itions
+  of Blew and Yellow which produce not a Green, and of the production of a
+  Green by other Colours</i> (<a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_242">242</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The nineteenth</i> Experiment, <i>contains &#383;everal
+  in&#383;tances of producing Colours, without the alteration of any
+  Hypo&#383;tatical principle, by the Pri&#383;m, Bubbles, and Feathers</i>
+  ( from <a href="#Page_242">242</a> to <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The twentieth</i> Experiment <i>Of turning the Blew of Violets into
+  a Red by Acid Salts, and to a Green by Alcalizate (<a
+  href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.) and the u&#383;e
+  of it for Inve&#383;tigating the Nature of Salts</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The one and twentieth</i> Experiment, <i>of the &#383;ame Changes
+  effected by the &#383;ame means on the Blew Tinctures of Corn-flowers</i>
+  (<a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.) <i>And
+  &#383;ome Re&#383;trictions to &#383;hew it not to be &#383;o general a
+  propriety as one might imagine</i> (<a href="#Page_251">251</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The twenty &#383;econd</i> Experiment, <i>of turning a Solution of
+  Verdigrea&#383;e into a Blew, with Alcalizate and Urinous Salts</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_254">254</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The twenty third</i> Experiment, <i>of taking away the Colour of
+  Ro&#383;es with the Steams of Sulphur, and heightning them with the
+  Steams Condens'd into Oyl of Sulphur</i> per Campanam (<a
+  href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The twenty fourth</i> Experiment, <i>of Tinging a great quantity of
+  Liquor with a very little Ting'd Sub&#383;tance, In&#383;tanced in</i>
+  Cochineel (from <a href="#Page_255">255</a> to <a
+  href="#Page_257">257</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The twenty fifth</i> Experiment, <i>of the more general u&#383;e of
+  Alcalizate and Sulphureous Salts in the Tinctures of Vegetables, further
+  In&#383;tanced in the Tincture of Privet Berries, and of the Flowers of
+  Me&#383;ereon and Pea&#383;e</i> (from <a href="#Page_257">257</a> to <a
+  href="#Page_259">259</a>.) <i>An</i> Annotation, <i>&#383;hewing that of
+  the three Hypo&#383;tatical principles, Salt according to</i>
+  Paracel&#383;us <i>is the mo&#383;t active about Colours</i> (from <a
+  href="#Page_259">259</a> to <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.) <i>Some things
+  Precur&#383;ory premis'd to three &#383;everal In&#383;tances next
+  following, again&#383;t the fore-mention'd Operations of Salts</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The twenty &#383;ixth</i> Experiment, <i>containing Trials with
+  Acid and Sulphureous Salts on the Red Tinctures of Clove-july-flowers,
+  Buckthorn Berries, Red-Ro&#383;es, Bra&#383;il</i>, &amp;c. (<a
+  href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The twenty &#383;eventh</i> Experiment, <i>of the changes of the
+  Colour of Ja&#383;min flowers, and Snow drops, by Alcalizate and
+  Sulphureous Salts</i> (<a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_264">264</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The twenty eighth</i> Experiment, <i>of other differing Effects on
+  Mary-golds, Prim-ro&#383;es, and fre&#383;h Madder</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_265">265</a>.) <i>with an Admonition, that the&#383;e Salts
+  may have differing Effects in the changing of the tinctures of divers
+  other Vegetables</i> (<a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_267">267</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The twenty ninth</i> Experiment, <i>of the differing Effects of
+  the&#383;e Salts on Ripe and Unripe Juices, in&#383;tanced in
+  Black-berries, and the Juices of Ro&#383;es</i> (from <a
+  href="#Page_267">267</a> to <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.) <i>Two
+  rea&#383;ons, why the Author added this twenty ninth</i> Experiment,
+  <i>the la&#383;t of which is confirm'd by an In&#383;tance of Mr.</i>
+  Parkin&#383;on, <i>con&#383;onant to the Confe&#383;&#383;ion of the
+  Makers of &#383;uch Colours</i> (<a href="#Page_272">272</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The thirtieth</i> Experiment, <i>of &#383;everal changes in Colours
+  by Dige&#383;tion, exemplify'd by an</i> Amalgam <i>of</i> <img
+  src="images/gold.png" class="noborder" width="16" height="18" alt="Gold" />
+  <i>and</i> <img src="images/mercury.png" class="noborder" width="16"
+  height="18" alt="Mercury" /> <i>and by Spirit of Harts-horn. And (to
+  &#383;uch as believe it) by the changes of the</i> Elixir.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The thirty fir&#383;t</i> Experiment, <i>&#383;hewing that
+  mo&#383;t Tinctures drawn by Dige&#383;tion Incline to a Red,
+  in&#383;tanc'd in</i> Jalap, Guaicum, <i>Amber, Benzoin, Sulphur,
+  Antimony</i>, &amp;c. (<a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_277">277</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The thirty &#383;econd</i> Experiment, <i>That &#383;ome Reds with
+  Diluting turn Yellow, others not, exemplify'd by the Tincture of</i>
+  Cochineel, <i>and by Bal&#383;am of</i> Sulphur, <i>Tinctures of</i>
+  Amber, &amp;c. (<a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>,
+  <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The thirty third</i> Experiment, <i>of a Red Tincture of</i>
+  Saccarum <img src="images/lead.png" class="noborder" width="16"
+  height="20" alt="Saturni" /> <i>and Oyl of</i> Turpentine <i>made by
+  Dige&#383;tion</i> (<a href="#Page_279">279</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The thirty fourth</i> Experiment, <i>of drawing a Volatile red
+  Tincture of Mercury</i>, <i>who&#383;e Steams were white, but it would
+  Tinge the Skin black </i> (<a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_280">280</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The thirty fifth</i> Experiment, <i>of a &#383;uddain way of making
+  a Blood red Colour with Oyl of</i> Vitriol, <i>and Oyl of</i>
+  Anni&#383;eeds, <i>two tran&#383;parent Liquors </i> (<a
+  href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The thirty &#383;ixth</i> Experiment, <i>of the Degenerating of
+  &#383;everal Colours exemplify'd in the la&#383;t mention'd Blood red,
+  and by Mr.</i> Parkin&#383;ons <i>relation of</i> Turn&#383;ol, <i>by
+  &#383;ome Trials with the Juice of Buck-thorn Berries, and other
+  Vegetables, to which &#383;everal notable Con&#383;iderations and
+  Adverti&#383;ements back'd with</i> Experiments <i>are adjoyn'd</i> (from
+  <a href="#Page_281">281</a> to <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The thirty &#383;eventh</i> Experiment, <i>Of Varying the Colour of
+  the Tinctures of</i> Cochineel, <i>Red-cherries, and Bra&#383;il, with
+  Acid and Sulphureous Salts, and divers Con&#383;iderations thereon</i>
+  (from <a href="#Page_288">288</a> to <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The thirty eighth</i> Experiment, <i>About the Red fumes of
+  &#383;ome, and White of other di&#383;till'd Bodies, and of their
+  Coalition for the most part into a tran&#383;parent Liquor</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.) <i>And of the
+  various Colours of dry Sublimations, exemplify'd with &#383;everal</i>
+  Experiments (<a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_294">294</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The thirty ninth</i> Experiment, <i>Of Varying the Decoction of</i>
+  Balau&#383;tiums <i>with Acid and Urinous Salts</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.) <i>Some</i>
+  Annotations <i>wherein two</i> Experiments <i>of</i> Ga&#383;&#383;endus
+  <i>are Related, Examined, and Improv'd</i> (from <a
+  href="#Page_295">295</a> to <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The fortieth</i> Experiment, <i>Of the no le&#383;s Strange than
+  Plea&#383;ant changes made with a Solution of Sublimate</i> (from <a
+  href="#Page_301">301</a> to <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.) <i>The
+  difference between a Chymical axd Philo&#383;ophical Solution of a</i>
+  Phænomenon (<a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.)
+  <i>The Authors Chymical Explication of the</i> Phænomena, <i>confirm d by
+  &#383;everal</i> Experiments <i>made on</i> Mercury, <i>with &#383;everal
+  Saline Liquors</i> (from <a href="#Page_308">308</a> to <a
+  href="#Page_310">310</a>.) <i>An Improvement of the fortieth</i>
+  Experiment, <i>by a fre&#383;h Decoction of</i> Antimony <i>in a</i>
+  Lixivium (<a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_313">313</a>.) <i>Reflections on the tenth, twentieth, and
+  fortieth</i> Experiments, <i>compar'd together, &#383;hewing a way with
+  this Tincture of Sublimate to di&#383;tingui&#383;h whether any Saline
+  Body to be examin'd be of a Urinous or Alcalizate Nature</i> (from <a
+  href="#Page_314">314</a> to <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.) <i>The
+  Examination of Spirit of</i> Sal-armoniack, <i>and Spirit of</i> Oak
+  <i>by the&#383;e Principles</i> (from <a href="#Page_316">316</a> to <a
+  href="#Page_319">319</a>.) <i>That the Author knows ways of making highly
+  Operative Saline bodies, that produce none of the before mention'd
+  effects</i> (<a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.)
+  <i>Some notable</i> Experiments <i>about Solutions and Precipitations of
+  Gold and Silver</i> (<a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_321">321</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The one and fortieth</i> Experiment, <i>Of Depriving a deep Blew
+  Solution of Copper of its Colour</i> (<a href="#Page_322">322</a>.) <i>to
+  which is adjoyn'd the Di&#383;colouring or making Tran&#383;parent a
+  Solution of Verdigrea&#383;e, &amp;c. and another of Re&#383;toring or
+  Increa&#383;ing it</i> (<a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_323">323</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The forty &#383;econd</i> Experiment, <i>Of changing a Milk white
+  Precipitate of</i> Mercury <i>into a Yellow, by Affu&#383;ion of fair
+  Water, with &#383;everal Con&#383;iderations thereon</i> (from <a
+  href="#Page_323">323</a> to <a href="#Page_326">326</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The forty third</i> Experiment, <i>Of Extracting a Green Solution
+  with fair Water out of imperfectly Calcin'd Vitriol</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_327">327</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The forty fourth</i> Experiment, <i>Of the Deepning and Diluting of
+  &#383;everal Tinctures, by the Affu&#383;ions of Liquors, and by Conical
+  Gla&#383;&#383;es that contain'd them, Exemplify'd in the Tinctures
+  of</i> Cochineel, Bra&#383;il, Verdigrea&#383;e, Gla&#383;s, Litmus,
+  <i>of which la&#383;t on this occa&#383;ion &#383;everal
+  plea&#383;ant</i> Phænomena <i>are related</i> (from <a
+  href="#Page_328">328</a> to <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.) <i>To which are
+  adjoyn'd certain Cautional Corollaries </i> (<a href="#Page_335">335</a>,
+  <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.) <i>The Waterdrinker and &#383;ome of his
+  Legerdemain tricks related.</i>(<a href="#Page_337">337</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The forty fifth</i> Experiment, <i>Of the turning Rheni&#383;h and
+  White Wine into a lovely Green, with a preparation of Steel </i>(<a
+  href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.) <i>Some further
+  Trial made about the&#383;e Tinctures, and a Similar</i> Experiment
+  <i>of</i> Olaus Wormius (<a href="#Page_340">340</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The forty &#383;ixth</i> Experiment, <i>Of the Internal Colour of
+  Metalls exhibited by Calcination</i> (<a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.) Annotation <i>the
+  first, That &#383;everal degrees of Fire may di&#383;clo&#383;e a
+  differing Colour</i> (<a href="#Page_343">343</a>.) Annotation <i>the
+  &#383;econd, That the Gla&#383;&#383;es of Metalls may exhibit al&#383;o
+  other Kinds of Colours</i> (<a href="#Page_344">344</a>.) Annotation
+  <i>the third, That Minerals by &#383;everal degrees of Fire may
+  di&#383;clo&#383;e &#383;everal Colours</i>(<a
+  href="#Page_345">345</a>).</p>
+
+  <p>Experiment <i>the forty &#383;eventh, Of the Internal Colours of
+  Metalls di&#383;clos'd by their Di&#383;&#383;olutions in
+  &#383;everal</i> Men&#383;truums (from <a href="#Page_345">345</a>
+  to <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.) Annotation <i>the fir&#383;t, The
+  Authors Apology for Recording &#383;ome already known</i> Experiments,
+  <i>without mentioning their Authors</i> (from <a href="#Page_350">350</a>
+  to <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.) Annotation <i>the &#383;econd, That
+  &#383;ome Minerals al&#383;o by Di&#383;&#383;olutions in</i>
+  Men&#383;truums <i>may exhibit divers Colours</i>. Annotation <i>the
+  third, That Metalls di&#383;clo&#383;e other Colours by Precipitations,
+  in&#383;tanc'd in</i> Mercury (from <a href="#Page_353">353</a> to <a
+  href="#Page_355">355</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The forty eighth</i> Experiment, <i>Of Tinging Gla&#383;s Blew with
+  Leaf Silver, and with Calcin'd Copper, and White with Putty</i> (from <a
+  href="#Page_355">355</a> to <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.) Annotation
+  <i>the fir&#383;t, That this white Gla&#383;s is the Ba&#383;is of
+  Ammels</i> (<a href="#Page_358">358</a>.) Annotion <i>the &#383;econd,
+  That Colour'd Gla&#383;&#383;es may be Compounded like Colour'd Liquors
+  in Dying Fats</i> (<a href="#Page_359">359</a>.) Annotation <i>the third,
+  Of Tinging Gla&#383;s with Minerel Sub&#383;tances, and of trying what
+  Metalls they contain by this means</i> (from <a href="#Page_360">360</a>
+  to <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.) Annotation <i>the fourth, That Metalls
+  may be Ting'd by Mineralls</i> (<a href="#Page_362">362</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_363">363</a>.) Annotation <i>the fifth, Of making
+  &#383;everal Kinds of Amau&#383;es or Counterfeit Stones</i> (from <a
+  href="#Page_363">363</a> to <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.) Annotation
+  <i>the &#383;ixth, Of the Scarlet Dye, of the Stains of
+  di&#383;&#383;olv'd Gold and Silver</i> (<a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_367">367</a>) <i>Of the Greenne&#383;s of Salt Beef, and
+  Redne&#383;s of Neats Tongues from Salts; of Gilding Silver with Bathe
+  Water</i> (<a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.)
+  <i>And Tinging the Nails and Skin with</i> Alcanna (<a
+  href="#Page_369">369</a>)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The forty ninth</i> Experiment, <i>Of making Lakes</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_369">369</a>.) <i>A particular example in Turmerick</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.) Annotation <i>the
+  first, That in Precipitations wherein Allum is a Coefficient, a great
+  part of them may con&#383;i&#383;t of the Stony particles of that
+  Compound Body</i> (from <a href="#Page_372">372</a> to <a
+  href="#Page_375">375</a>.) Annotation <i>the &#383;econd, That Lakes may
+  be made of other Sub&#383;tances, as Madder, Rue,</i> &amp;c. <i>but that
+  Alcalizate Salts do not Always Extract the &#383;ame Colour of which the
+  Vegetable appears</i> (from <a href="#Page_376">376</a> to <a
+  href="#Page_378">378</a>.) Annotation <i>the third, That the</i>
+  Experiments <i>related may Hint divers others</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_378">378</a>) Annotation <i>the fourth, That Alum is
+  u&#383;efull for the preparing other than Vegetable Pigments</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_379">379</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The fiftieth</i> Experiment, <i>Of the Similar effects of</i>
+  Saccarum <img src="images/lead.png" class="noborder" width="16"
+  height="20" alt="Saturni" /> <i>and</i> Alkalies, <i>of Precipitating with
+  Oyl of</i> Vitriol <i>out of</i> Aqua-fortis, <i>and Spirit of</i>
+  Vinegar; <i>and of divers Varyings of the Colours, with the&#383;e
+  Compounded</i> (from <a href="#Page_380">380</a> to <a
+  href="#Page_384">384</a>.) <i>Another very pretty</i> Experiment, <i>with
+  a Solution of</i> Minium (<a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a
+  href="#Page_385">385</a>.) <i>That the&#383;e</i> Experiments
+  <i>Skilfully dige&#383;ted may hint divers matters about Colours</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_386">386</a>.) <i>The Authors Apologetick conclu&#383;ion, in
+  which is Cur&#383;orily hinted the Bow or Scarlet Dye</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_387">387</a>.) <i>The Authors Letter to Sir</i> Robert Moray,
+  <i>concerning his Ob&#383;ervations on the Shining Diamond</i> (<a
+  href="#Page_391">391</a>. &amp;c.) <i>And the Ob&#383;ervations
+  them&#383;elves</i>.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/039b.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+  </div>
+
+<!-- Page 1 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1"></a>[pg 1]</span>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/040a.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+  </div>
+
+<h1> 
+<span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px"><i>THE</i></span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px"><i>EXPERIMENTAL HISTORY</i></span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px"><i>OF COLOURS BEGUN.</i></span><br /> 
+</h1>
+
+<h1> 
+<span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px"><i>THE FIRST PART.</i></span><br /> 
+</h1>
+
+<h1> 
+<span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px">CHAP. I.</span><br /> 
+</h1>
+
+  <table align="left"><tr><td valign="top">1</td><td><img width="80" height="80" src="images/040b.png" alt="Illuminated I" /></td></tr></table>
+  <p>have &#383;een you &#383;o pa&#383;&#383;ionately addicted,
+  <i>Pyrophilus</i> to the delightful Art of Limning and Painting, that I
+  cannot but think my &#383;elf obliged to acquaint you with &#383;ome of
+  tho&#383;e things that have occurred to mee concerning the changes of
+  Colours. And I may expect that I &#383;hall as well &#383;erve the
+  <i>Virtuo&#383;i</i> in general, as gratifie you in particular, by
+  furni&#383;hing a per&#383;on, who, I hope, will both improve my
+  Communications, and communicate his Improvements, with &#383;uch
+  Experiments and Ob&#383;ervations as may both invite you to enquire
+  &#383;eriou&#383;ly into the Nature of Colours, and a&#383;&#383;i&#383;t
+  you in the Inve&#383;tigation of it. This being the principal &#383;cope
+  of the following Tract, I &#383;hould do that which might prevent my own
+  de&#383;ign, <!-- Page 2 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_2"></a>[pg 2]</span> if I &#383;hould here attempt to deliver
+  you an accurate and particular Theory of Colours; for that were to
+  pre&#383;ent you with what I de&#383;ire to receive from you; and, as
+  farr as in mee lay, to make that &#383;tudy needle&#383;s, to which I
+  would engage you.</p>
+
+  <p>2 Wherefore my pre&#383;ent work &#383;hall be but to divert and
+  recreate, as well as excite you by the delivery of matters of fact,
+  &#383;uch as you may for the mo&#383;t part try with much
+  <i>ea&#383;e</i>, and po&#383;&#383;ibly not without &#383;ome
+  <i>delight</i>: And le&#383;t you &#383;hould expect any thing of
+  Elaborate or Methodical in what you will meet with here, I mu&#383;t
+  confe&#383;s to you before-hand, that the &#383;ea&#383;ons I was wont to
+  chu&#383;e to devi&#383;e and try Experiments about Colours, were
+  tho&#383;e daies, wherein having taken Phy&#383;ick, and finding my
+  &#383;elf as unfit to &#383;peculate, as unwilling to be altogether idle,
+  I cho&#383;e this diver&#383;ion, as a kind of Mean betwixt the one and
+  the other. And I have the le&#383;s &#383;crupled to &#383;et down the
+  following Experiments, as &#383;ome of them came to my mind, and as the
+  Notes wherein I had &#383;et down the re&#383;t, occurr'd to my hands,
+  that by declining a Methodical way of delivering them, I might leave you
+  and my &#383;elf the greater liberty and convenience to add to them, and
+  tran&#383;po&#383;e them as &#383;hall appear expedient. <!-- Page 3
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3"></a>[pg 3]</span></p>
+
+  <p>3 Yea, that you may not think mee too re&#383;erv'd, or look upon an
+  Enquiry made up of meer Narratives, as &#383;omewhat jejune, am content
+  to <i>premi&#383;e</i> a few con&#383;iderations, that now offer
+  them&#383;elves to my thoughts, which relate in a more general way,
+  either to the Nature of Colours, or to the &#383;tudy of it. And I
+  &#383;hall <i>in&#383;ert</i> an <i>E&#383;&#383;ay</i>, as well
+  Speculative as Hi&#383;torical, of the Nature of Whitene&#383;s and
+  Blackne&#383;s, that you may have a <i>Specimen</i> of the Hi&#383;tory
+  of Colours, I have &#383;ometimes had thoughts of; and if you
+  di&#383;like not the Method I have made u&#383;e of, I hope, you, and
+  &#383;ome of the <i>Virtuo&#383;i</i>, your friends, may be thereby
+  invited to go thorow with <i>Red, Blew, Yellow</i>, and the re&#383;t of
+  the particular Colours, as I have done with <i>White</i> and
+  <i>Black</i>, but with farr more &#383;agacity and &#383;ucce&#383;s. And
+  if I can invite Ingenious men to undertake &#383;uch Tasks, I doubt not
+  but the Curious will quickly obtain a better Account of Colours, than as
+  yet we have, &#383;ince in our Method the Theorical part of the Enquiry
+  being attended, and as it were interwoven with the Hi&#383;torical,
+  whatever becomes of the di&#383;putable Conjectures, the Philo&#383;ophy
+  of Colours will be promoted by the indi&#383;putable Experiments.</p>
+
+<!-- Page 4 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4"></a>[pg 4]</span>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>CHAP. II.</h3>
+
+  <p>1 To come then in the fir&#383;t place to our more general
+  Con&#383;iderations, I &#383;hall begin with &#383;aying &#383;omething
+  as to the Importance of examining the Colours of Bodies. For there are
+  &#383;ome, e&#383;pecially <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i>, who think, that a
+  con&#383;iderable diver&#383;ity of Colours does con&#383;tantly argue an
+  equal diver&#383;ity of Nature, in the Bodies wherein it is
+  con&#383;picuous; but I confe&#383;s I am not altogether of their mind;
+  for not to mention changeable Taffaties, the blew and golden necks of
+  Pidgeons, and divers Water-fowl, Rainbows Natural and Artificial, and
+  other Bodies, who&#383;e Colours the Philo&#383;ophers have been
+  plea&#383;ed to call not Real, but Apparent and Phanta&#383;tical; not to
+  in&#383;i&#383;t on the&#383;e, I &#383;ay, (for fear of needle&#383;ly
+  engaging in a Controver&#383;ie) we &#383;ee in Parrots, Goldfinches, and
+  divers other Birds, not only that the contiguous feathers which are
+  probably as near in properties as place, are &#383;ome of them Red, and
+  others White, &#383;ome of them Blew, &amp; others Yellow, <i>&amp;c.</i>
+  but that in the &#383;everal parts of the &#383;elf-&#383;ame feather
+  there may often be &#383;een the greate&#383;t di&#383;parity of Colours;
+  and &#383;o in the leaves of Tulips, July-flowers, and &#383;ome other
+  Vegetables <!-- Page 5 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5"></a>[pg
+  5]</span> the &#383;everal leaves, and even the &#383;everal parts of the
+  &#383;ame leaf, although no difference have been ob&#383;erved in their
+  other properties, are frequently found painted with very different
+  Colours. And &#383;uch a variety we have much more admired in that lovely
+  plant which is commonly, and not unju&#383;tly call'd the <i>Marvayl of
+  Peru</i>; for of divers &#383;cores of fine Flowers, which in its
+  &#383;ea&#383;on that gaudy Plant does almo&#383;t daily produce, I have
+  &#383;carce taken notice of any two that were dyed perfectly alike. But
+  though <i>Pyro</i>: &#383;uch things as the&#383;e, among others, keep
+  mee from daring to affirm, that the Diver&#383;ity and change of Colours
+  does <i>alwaies</i> argue any great difference or alteration, betwixt, or
+  in, the Bodies, wherein it is to be di&#383;cerned, yet that
+  <i>oftentimes</i> the Alteration of Colours does &#383;ignifie
+  con&#383;iderable Alterations in the di&#383;po&#383;ition of parts of
+  Bodies, may appear in the Extraction of Tinctures, and divers other
+  Chymical Operations, wherein the change of Colours is the chief, and
+  &#383;ometimes the only thing, by which the Arti&#383;t regulates his
+  proceeding, and is taught to know when 'tis &#383;ea&#383;onable for him
+  to leave off. In&#383;tances of this &#383;ort are more obvious in divers
+  &#383;orts of fruits, as Cherries, Plums, &amp;c. wherein, according as
+  the Vegetable &#383;ap is &#383;weetned, or otherwi&#383;e <!-- Page 6
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6"></a>[pg 6]</span> ripened, by
+  pa&#383;&#383;ing from one degree to another of Maturation, the external
+  part of the fruit pa&#383;&#383;es likewi&#383;e from one to another
+  Colour. But one of the noble&#383;t In&#383;tances I have met with of
+  this kind, is not &#383;o obvious; and that is the way of tempering Steel
+  to make Gravers, Drills, Springs, and other Mechanical In&#383;truments,
+  which we have divers times both made Artificers practi&#383;e in our
+  pre&#383;ence, and tryed our &#383;elves, after the following manner,
+  Fir&#383;t, the &#383;lender Steel to be tempered is to be hardened by
+  heating as much of it as is requi&#383;ite among glowing Coals, till it
+  be glowing hot, but it mu&#383;t not be quenched a&#383;&#383;oon as it
+  is taken from the fire (for that would make it too brittle, and
+  &#383;poil it) but mu&#383;t be held over a ba&#383;on of water, till it
+  de&#383;cend from a White heat to a Red one, which a&#383;&#383;oon as
+  ever you perceive, you mu&#383;t immediately quench as much as you
+  de&#383;ire to harden in the cold water. The Steel thus hardened, will,
+  if it be good, look &#383;omewhat White and mu&#383;t be made bright at
+  the end, that its change of Colours may be there con&#383;picuous; and
+  then holding it &#383;o in the flame of a Candle, that the bright end may
+  be, for about half an inch, or more, out of the flame, that the
+  &#383;moak do not &#383;tain or &#383;ully the brightne&#383;s of it, you
+  &#383;hall after a <!-- Page 7 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_7"></a>[pg 7]</span> while &#383;ee that clean end, which is
+  almo&#383;t contiguous to the flame, pa&#383;s very nimbly from one
+  Colour to another, as from a brighter Yellow, to a deeper and
+  reddi&#383;h Yellow, which Artificers call a <i>&#383;anguine</i>, and
+  from that to a fainter fir&#383;t, and then a a deeper Blew. And to bring
+  home this Experiment to our pre&#383;ent purpo&#383;e, it is found by
+  daily Experience, that each of the&#383;e &#383;ucceeding Colours argue
+  &#383;uch a change made in the texture of the Steel, that if it be taken
+  from the flame, and immediately quenched in the tallow (whereby it is
+  &#383;etled in whatever temper it had before) when it is Yellow, it is of
+  &#383;uch a hardne&#383;s as makes it fit for Gravers Drills, and
+  &#383;uch like tools; but if it be kept a few minutes longer in the flame
+  till it grow Blew, it becomes much &#383;ofter, and unfit to make Gravers
+  for Metalls, but fit to make Springs for Watches, and &#383;uch like
+  In&#383;truments, which are therefore commonly of that Colour; and if the
+  Steel be kept in the flame, after that this deep Blew hath
+  di&#383;clo&#383;ed it &#383;elf, it will grow &#383;o &#383;oft, as to
+  need to be new hardened again, before it can be brought to a temper, fit
+  for Drills or Penknives. And I confe&#383;s <i>Pyro.</i> I have taken
+  much plea&#383;ure to &#383;ee the Colours run along from the parts of
+  the Steel contiguous to the flame, to the end of the In&#383;trument,
+  <!-- Page 8 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8"></a>[pg 8]</span>
+  and &#383;ucceed one another &#383;o fa&#383;t, that if a man be not
+  vigilant, to thru&#383;t the Steel into the tallow at the very nick of
+  time, at which it has attain'd its due Colour, he &#383;hall mi&#383;s of
+  giving his tool the right temper. But becau&#383;e the flame of a Candle
+  is offen&#383;ive to my weak eyes, and becau&#383;e it is apt to either
+  black or &#383;ully the contiguous part of the Steel which is held in it,
+  and thereby hinder the change of Colours from being &#383;o long and
+  clearly di&#383;cern'd, I have &#383;ometimes made this Experiment by
+  laying the Steel to be tempered upon a heated bar of Iron, which we finde
+  al&#383;o to be employ'd by &#383;ome Artificers in the tempering of
+  &#383;uch great In&#383;truments, as are too big to be &#383;oon heated
+  &#383;ufficiently by the flame of a Candle. And you may ea&#383;ily
+  &#383;atisfie your &#383;elf <i>Pyro</i>: of the differing hardne&#383;s
+  and toughne&#383;s, which is a&#383;cribed to Steel temper'd at different
+  Colours, if you break but &#383;ome &#383;lender wires of Steel &#383;o
+  temper'd, and ob&#383;erve how they differ in brittlene&#383;s, and if
+  with a file you al&#383;o make tryal of their various degrees of
+  hardne&#383;s.</p>
+
+  <p>2 But <i>Pyrophilus</i>, I mu&#383;t not at pre&#383;ent any further
+  pro&#383;ecute the Con&#383;ideration of the importance of Experiments
+  about Colours, not only becau&#383;e you will in the following papers
+  finde &#383;ome in&#383;tances, that would here <!-- Page 9 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9"></a>[pg 9]</span> be pre&#383;ented you
+  out of their due place, of the u&#383;e that may be made of &#383;uch
+  Experiments, in di&#383;covering in divers bodies, what kind the
+  &#383;alt is, that is predominant in them; but al&#383;o becau&#383;e a
+  &#383;peculative Naturali&#383;t might ju&#383;tly enough allege, that as
+  Light is &#383;o plea&#383;ing an object, as to be well worth our looking
+  on, though it di&#383;cover'd to us nothing but its &#383;elf; &#383;o
+  modifi'd Light called Colour, were worth our contemplation, though by
+  under&#383;tanding its Nature we &#383;hould be taught nothing el&#383;e.
+  And however, I need not make either you or my &#383;elf excu&#383;es for
+  entertaining you on the &#383;ubject I am now about to treat of,
+  &#383;ince the plea&#383;ure <i>Pyro</i>: takes in mixing and laying on
+  of Colours, will I pre&#383;ume keep him, and will (I am &#383;ure) keep
+  mee from thinking it trouble&#383;ome to &#383;et down, e&#383;pecially
+  after the tedious proce&#383;&#383;es (about other matters) wherewith I
+  fear I may have tyr'd him, &#383;ome ea&#383;ie, and not unplea&#383;ant
+  Experiments relating to that &#383;ubject.</p>
+
+  <p>3 But, before we de&#383;cend to the more particular
+  con&#383;iderations, we are to pre&#383;ent you concerning Colours, I
+  pre&#383;ume it will be &#383;ea&#383;onable to propo&#383;e at the very
+  entrance a Di&#383;tinction; the ignorance or neglect of which,
+  &#383;eems to mee to have frequently enough occa&#383;ioned either
+  mi&#383;takes or confu&#383;ion <!-- Page 10 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_10"></a>[pg 10]</span> in the Writings of divers Modern
+  Philo&#383;ophers; for Colour may be con&#383;idered, either as it is a
+  quality re&#383;iding in the body that is &#383;aid to be coloured, or to
+  modifie the light after &#383;uch or &#383;uch a manner; or el&#383;e as
+  the Light it &#383;elf, which &#383;o modifi'd, &#383;trikes upon the
+  organ of &#383;ight, and &#383;o cau&#383;es that Sen&#383;ation which we
+  call Colour; and that this latter may be look'd upon as the more proper,
+  though not the u&#383;ual acception of the word Colour, will be made
+  probable by divers pa&#383;&#383;ages in the in&#383;uing part of our
+  di&#383;cour&#383;e; and indeed it is the Light it &#383;elf, which after
+  a certain manner, either mingled with &#383;hades, or &#383;ome other
+  waies troubled, &#383;trikes our eyes, that does more immediately produce
+  that motion in the organ, upon who&#383;e account men &#383;ay they
+  &#383;ee &#383;uch or &#383;uch a Colour in the object; yet, becau&#383;e
+  there is in the body that is &#383;aid to be coloured, a certain
+  di&#383;po&#383;ition of the &#383;uperficial particles, whereby it
+  &#383;ends the Light reflected, or refracted, to our eyes thus and thus
+  alter'd, and not otherwi&#383;e, it may al&#383;o in &#383;ome
+  &#383;en&#383;e be &#383;aid, that Colour depends upon the vi&#383;ible
+  body; and therefore we &#383;hall not be again&#383;t that way of
+  &#383;peaking of Colours that is mo&#383;t u&#383;ed among the Modern
+  Naturali&#383;ts, provided we be allowed to have recour&#383;e when
+  occa&#383;ion &#383;hall <!-- Page 11 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_11"></a>[pg 11]</span> require to the premis'd
+  di&#383;tinction, and to take the more immediate cau&#383;e of Colour to
+  be the modifi'd Light it &#383;elf, as it affects the Sen&#383;ory;
+  though the di&#383;po&#383;ition al&#383;o of the colour'd body, as that
+  modifies the Light, may be call'd by that name Metonimically (to borrow a
+  School term) or Efficiently, that is in regard of its turning the Light,
+  that rebounds from it, or pa&#383;&#383;es thorow it, into this or that
+  particular Colour.</p>
+
+  <p>4 I know not whether I may not on this occa&#383;ion add, that Colour
+  is &#383;o far from being an Inherent quality of the object in the
+  &#383;en&#383;e that is wont to be declar'd by the Schools, or even in
+  the &#383;en&#383;e of &#383;ome Modern Atomi&#383;ts, that, if we
+  con&#383;ider the matter more attentively, we &#383;hall &#383;ee
+  cau&#383;e to &#383;u&#383;pect, if not to conclude, that though Light do
+  more immediately affect the organ of &#383;ight, than do the bodies that
+  &#383;end it thither, yet Light it &#383;elf produces the
+  &#383;en&#383;ation of a Colour, but as it produces &#383;uch a
+  determinate kind of local motion in &#383;ome part of the brain; which,
+  though it happen mo&#383;t commonly from the motion whereinto the
+  &#383;lender &#383;trings of the <i>Retina</i> are put, by the
+  appul&#383;e of Light, yet if the like motion happen to be produc'd by
+  any other cau&#383;e, wherein the Light concurrs not at <!-- Page 12
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12"></a>[pg 12]</span> all, a man
+  &#383;hall think he &#383;ees the &#383;ame Colour. For proof of this, I
+  might put you in mind, that 'tis u&#383;ual for dreaming men to think
+  they &#383;ee the Images that appear to them in their &#383;leep, adorn'd
+  &#383;ome with this, and &#383;ome with that lively Colour, whil&#383;t
+  yet, both the curtains of their bed, and tho&#383;e of their eyes are
+  clo&#383;e drawn. And I might add the confidence with which
+  di&#383;tracted per&#383;ons do oftentimes, when they are awake, think,
+  they &#383;ee black fiends in places, where there is no black object in
+  &#383;ight without them. But I will rather ob&#383;erve, that not only
+  when a man receives a great &#383;troak upon his eye, or a very great one
+  upon &#383;ome other part of his head, he is wont to &#383;ee, as it
+  were, fla&#383;hes of lightning, and little vivid, but vani&#383;hing
+  flames, though perhaps his eyes be &#383;hut: But the like apparitions
+  may happen, when the motion proceeds not from &#383;omething without, but
+  from &#383;omething within the body, provided the unwonted fumes that
+  wander up and down in the head, or the propagated concu&#383;&#383;ion of
+  any internal part in the body, do cau&#383;e about the inward extremities
+  of the Optick Nerve, &#383;uch a motion as is wont to be there produc'd,
+  when the &#383;troak of the Light upon the <i>Retina</i> makes us
+  conclude, that we &#383;ee either Light, or &#383;uch and &#383;uch a
+  <!-- Page 13 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13"></a>[pg
+  13]</span> Colour: This the mo&#383;t ingenious <i>Des Cartes</i> hath
+  very well ob&#383;erv'd, but becau&#383;e he &#383;eems not to have
+  exemplifi'd it by any unobvious or peculiar ob&#383;ervation, I
+  &#383;hall indeavour to illu&#383;trate this doctrine by a few
+  In&#383;tances.</p>
+
+  <p>5 And fir&#383;t, I remember, that having, through Gods goodne&#383;s,
+  been free for &#383;everal years, from trouble&#383;ome Coughs, being
+  afterwards, by an accident, &#383;uddenly ca&#383;t into a violent one, I
+  did often, when I was awaked in the night by my di&#383;tempers,
+  ob&#383;erve, that upon coughing &#383;trongly, it would &#383;eem to
+  mee, that I &#383;aw very vivid, but immediately di&#383;appearing
+  flames, which I took particular notice of, becau&#383;e of the conjecture
+  I am now mentioning.</p>
+
+  <p>6 An excellent and very di&#383;creet per&#383;on, very near ally'd
+  both to you and mee, was relating to mee, that &#383;ome time &#383;ince,
+  whil&#383;t &#383;he was talking with &#383;ome other Ladies, upon a
+  &#383;udden, all the objects, &#383;he looked upon, appeared to her dyed
+  with unu&#383;ual Colours, &#383;ome of one kind, and &#383;ome of
+  another, but all &#383;o bright and vivid, that &#383;he &#383;hould have
+  been as much delighted, as &#383;urpriz'd with them, but that finding the
+  apparition to continue, &#383;he fear'd it portended &#383;ome very great
+  alteration as to her health: As indeed the day after &#383;he was
+  a&#383;&#383;aulted <!-- Page 14 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_14"></a>[pg 14]</span> with &#383;uch violence by
+  Hy&#383;terical and Hypocondrical Di&#383;tempers, as both made her rave
+  for &#383;ome daies, and gave her, during that time, a Ba&#383;tard
+  Pal&#383;ey.</p>
+
+  <p>7 Being a while &#383;ince in a Town, where the Plague had made great
+  havock, and inquiring of an ingenious man, that was &#383;o bold, as
+  without much &#383;cruple to vi&#383;it tho&#383;e that were &#383;ick of
+  it, about the odd &#383;ymptomes of a Di&#383;ea&#383;e that had
+  &#383;wept away &#383;o many there; he told mee, among other things, that
+  he was able to tell divers Patients, to whom he was called, before they
+  took their beds, or had any evident &#383;ymptomes of the Plague, that
+  they were indeed infected upon peculiar ob&#383;ervations, that being
+  asked, they would tell him that the neighbouring objects, and
+  particularly his cloths, appear'd to them beautifi'd with mo&#383;t
+  glorious Colours, like tho&#383;e of the Rainbow, oftentimes
+  &#383;ucceeding one another; and this he affirm'd to be one of the
+  mo&#383;t u&#383;ual, as well as the mo&#383;t early &#383;ymptomes, by
+  which this odd Pe&#383;tilence di&#383;clos'd it &#383;elf: And when I
+  asked how long the Patients were wont to be thus affected, he
+  an&#383;wered, that it was mo&#383;t commonly for about a day; and when I
+  further inquired whether or no Vomits, which in that Pe&#383;tilence were
+  u&#383;ually given, did not remove this &#383;ymptome <!-- Page 15
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15"></a>[pg 15]</span> (For
+  &#383;ome u&#383;ed the taking of a Vomit, when they came a&#383;hore, to
+  cure them&#383;elves of the ob&#383;tinate and trouble&#383;ome
+  giddine&#383;s caus'd by the motion of the &#383;hip) reply'd, that
+  generally, upon the evacuation made by the Vomit, that &#383;trange
+  apparition of Colours cea&#383;ed, though the other &#383;ymptomes were
+  not &#383;o &#383;oon abated, yet he added (to take notice of that upon
+  the by, becau&#383;e the ob&#383;ervation may perchance do good) that an
+  excellent Phy&#383;ician, in who&#383;e company he was wont to vi&#383;it
+  the &#383;ick, did give to almo&#383;t all tho&#383;e to whom he was
+  called, in the beginning before Nature was much weakened, a pretty odd
+  Vomit con&#383;i&#383;ting of eight or ten dramms of Infu&#383;ion of
+  <i>Crocus Metallorum</i>, and about half a dramm, or much more, of White
+  Vitriol, with &#383;uch &#383;ucce&#383;s, that &#383;carce one of ten to
+  whom it was &#383;ea&#383;onably admini&#383;tred, mi&#383;carried.</p>
+
+  <p>8 But to return to the con&#383;ideration of Colours: As an apparition
+  of them may be produced by motions from within, without the
+  a&#383;&#383;i&#383;tance of an outward object, &#383;o I have
+  ob&#383;erved, that 'tis &#383;ometimes po&#383;&#383;ible that the
+  Colour that would otherwi&#383;e be produced by an outward object, may be
+  chang'd by &#383;ome motion, or new texture already produced in the
+  Sen&#383;ory, as long as that unu&#383;ual motion, or new
+  di&#383;po&#383;ition <!-- Page 16 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_16"></a>[pg 16]</span> la&#383;ts; for I have divers times
+  try'd, that after I have through a Tele&#383;cope look'd upon the Sun,
+  though thorow a thick, red, or blew gla&#383;s, to make its &#383;plendor
+  &#383;upportable to the eye, the impre&#383;&#383;ion upon the
+  <i>Retina</i>, would be not only &#383;o vivid, but &#383;o permanent,
+  that if afterwards I turned my eye towards a flame, it would appear to
+  mee of a Colour very differing from its u&#383;ual one. And if I did
+  divers times &#383;ucce&#383;&#383;ively &#383;hut and open the &#383;ame
+  eye, I &#383;hould &#383;ee the adventitious Colour, (if I may &#383;o
+  call it) changed or impair'd by degrees, till at length (for this
+  unu&#383;ual motion of the eye would not pre&#383;ently cea&#383;e) the
+  flame would appear to mee, of the &#383;ame hew that it did to other
+  beholders; a not unlike effect I found by looking upon the Moon, when
+  &#383;he was near full, thorow an excellent Tele&#383;cope, without
+  colour'd Gla&#383;s to &#383;creen my eye with; But that which I
+  de&#383;ire may be taken notice of, becau&#383;e we may el&#383;ewhere
+  have occa&#383;ion to reflect upon it, and becau&#383;e it &#383;eems not
+  agreeable to what Anatomi&#383;ts and Optical Writers deliver, touching
+  the relation of the two eyes to each other, is this circum&#383;tance,
+  that though my Right eye, with which I looked thorow the Tele&#383;cope,
+  were thus affected by the over-&#383;trong impre&#383;&#383;ion of the
+  light, yet when the flame <!-- Page 17 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_17"></a>[pg 17]</span> of a Candle, or &#383;ome other bright
+  object appear'd to me of a very unu&#383;ual Colour, whil&#383;t look'd
+  upon with the Di&#383;compos'd Eye, or (though not &#383;o notably) with
+  both eyes at once; yet if I &#383;hut that Eye, and looked upon the
+  &#383;ame object with the other, it would appear with no other than its
+  u&#383;ual Colour, though if I again opened, and made u&#383;e of the
+  Dazled eye, the vivid adventitious Colour would again appear. And on this
+  occa&#383;ion I mu&#383;t not pretermit an Ob&#383;ervation which may
+  per&#383;wade us, that an over-vehement &#383;troak upon the
+  Sen&#383;ory, e&#383;pecially if it be naturally of a weak
+  con&#383;titution, may make a more la&#383;ting impre&#383;&#383;ion than
+  one would imagine, which impre&#383;&#383;ion may in &#383;ome
+  ca&#383;es, as it were, mingle with, and vitiate the action of vivid
+  objects for a long time after.</p>
+
+  <p>For I know a Lady of unque&#383;tionable Veracity, who having lately,
+  by a de&#383;perate fall, receiv'd &#383;everal hurts, and particularly a
+  con&#383;iderable one upon a part of her face near her Eye, had her
+  &#383;ight &#383;o troubl'd and di&#383;order'd, that, as &#383;he hath
+  more than once related to me, not only when the next morning one of her
+  &#383;ervants came to her bed &#383;ide, to ask how &#383;he did, his
+  cloaths appear'd adorn'd with &#383;uch variety of dazling Colours, that
+  &#383;he was fain pre&#383;ently to <!-- Page 18 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18"></a>[pg 18]</span> command him to
+  withdraw, but the Images in her Hangings, did, for many daies after,
+  appear to her, if the Room were not extraordinarily darken'd,
+  embelli&#383;h'd with &#383;everal offen&#383;ively vivid Colours, which
+  no body el&#383;e could &#383;ee in them; And when I enquir'd whether or
+  no White Objects did not appear to her adorn'd with more luminous Colours
+  than others, and whether &#383;he &#383;aw not &#383;ome which &#383;he
+  could not now well de&#383;cribe to any, who&#383;e eyes had never been
+  di&#383;temper'd, &#383;he an&#383;wer'd mee, that &#383;ometimes
+  &#383;he thought &#383;he &#383;aw Colours &#383;o new and glorious, that
+  they were of a peculiar kind, and &#383;uch as &#383;he could not
+  de&#383;cribe by their likene&#383;s to any &#383;he had beheld either
+  before or &#383;ince, and that White Objects did &#383;o much
+  di&#383;order her &#383;ight, that if &#383;everal daies after her fall,
+  &#383;he look'd upon the in&#383;ide of a Book, &#383;he fanci'd &#383;he
+  &#383;aw there Colours like tho&#383;e of the Rain-bow, and even when
+  &#383;he thought her &#383;elf pretty well recover'd, and made bold to
+  leave her Chamber, the coming into a place where the Walls and Ceeling
+  were whited over, made tho&#383;e Objects appear to her cloath'd with
+  &#383;uch glorious and dazling Colours, as much offended her &#383;ight,
+  and made her repent her venturou&#383;ne&#383;s, and &#383;he added, that
+  this Di&#383;temper of her Eyes la&#383;ted no le&#383;s <!-- Page 19
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19"></a>[pg 19]</span> than five
+  or &#383;ix weeks, though, &#383;ince that, &#383;he hath been able to
+  read and write much without finding the lea&#383;t Inconvenience in doing
+  &#383;o. I would gladly have known, whether if &#383;he had &#383;hut the
+  Injur'd Eye, the <i>Phænomena</i> would have been the &#383;ame, when
+  &#383;he employ'd only the other, but I heard not of this accident early
+  enough to &#383;atisfie that Enquiry.</p>
+
+  <p>9 Wherefore, I &#383;hall now add, that &#383;ome years before, a
+  per&#383;on exceedingly eminent for his profound Skil in almo&#383;t all
+  kinds of Philological Learning, coming to advi&#383;e with mee about a
+  Di&#383;temper in his Eyes, told me, among other Circum&#383;tances of
+  it, that, having upon a time looked too fixedly upon the Sun, thorow a
+  Tele&#383;cope, without any coloured Gla&#383;s, to take off from the
+  dazling &#383;plendour of the Object, the exce&#383;s of Light did
+  &#383;o &#383;trongly affect his Eye, that ever &#383;ince, when he turns
+  it towards a Window, or any White Object, he fancies, he &#383;eeth a
+  Globe of Light, of about the bigne&#383;s the Sun then appeared of to
+  him, to pa&#383;s before his Eyes: And having Inquir'd of him, how long
+  he had been troubled with this Indi&#383;po&#383;ition, he reply'd, that
+  it was already nine or ten years, &#383;ince the Accident, that
+  occa&#383;ioned it, fir&#383;t befel him.</p>
+
+<!-- Page 20 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20"></a>[pg 20]</span>
+
+  <p>I could here &#383;ubjoyn, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, &#383;ome memorable
+  Relations that I have met with in the Account given us by the experienc'd
+  <i>Epiphanius Ferdinandus</i>, of the Symptomes he ob&#383;erv'd to be
+  incident to tho&#383;e that are bitten with the Tarantula, by which
+  (Relations) I could probably &#383;hew, that without any change in the
+  Object, a change in the In&#383;truments of Vi&#383;ion may for a great
+  while make &#383;ome Colours appear Charming, and make others Provoking,
+  and both to a high degree, though neither of them produc'd any &#383;uch
+  Effects before. The&#383;e things, I &#383;ay, I could here &#383;ubjoyn
+  in confirmation of what I have been &#383;aying, to &#383;hew, that the
+  Di&#383;po&#383;ition of the Organ is of great Importance in the
+  Dijudications we make of Colours, were it not that the&#383;e
+  &#383;trange Stories belonging more properly to another
+  Di&#383;cour&#383;e, I had rather, (contenting my &#383;elf to have given
+  you an Intimation of them here) that you &#383;hould meet with them fully
+  deliver'd there.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>CHAP. III.</h3>
+
+  <p>But, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, I would not by all that I have hitherto
+  di&#383;cours'd, be thought to have forgotten the Di&#383;tinction <!--
+  Page 21 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21"></a>[pg 21]</span> (of
+  Colour) that I mentioned to you about the beginning of the third Section
+  of the former Chapter; and therefore, after all I have &#383;aid of
+  Colour, as it is modifi'd Light, and immediately affects the
+  Sen&#383;ory, I &#383;hall now re-mind you, that I did not deny, but that
+  Colour might in &#383;ome &#383;en&#383;e be con&#383;ider'd as a Quality
+  re&#383;iding in the body that is &#383;aid to be Colour'd, and indeed
+  the greate&#383;t part of the following Experiments referr to Colour
+  principally under that Notion, for there is in the bodyes we call
+  Colour'd, and chiefly in their Superficial parts, a certain
+  di&#383;po&#383;ition, whereby they do &#383;o trouble the Light that
+  comes from them to our Eye, as that it there makes that di&#383;tinct
+  Impre&#383;&#383;ion, upon who&#383;e Account we &#383;ay, that the Seen
+  body is either White or Black, or Red or Yellow, or of any one
+  determinate Colour. But becau&#383;e we &#383;hall (God permiting) by the
+  Experiments that are to follow &#383;ome Pages hence, more fully and
+  particularly &#383;hew, that the Changes, and con&#383;equently in divers
+  places the Production and the appearance of Colours depends upon the
+  continuing or alter'd Texture of the Object, we &#383;hall in this place
+  intimate (and that too but as by the way) two or three things about this
+  Matter.</p>
+
+  <p>2. And fir&#383;t it is not without &#383;ome Rea&#383;on, <!-- Page
+  22 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22"></a>[pg 22]</span> that I
+  a&#383;cribe Colour (in the &#383;en&#383;e formerly explan'd)
+  <i>chiefly</i> to the Superficial parts of Bodies, for not to
+  que&#383;tion how much Opacous Corpu&#383;cles may abound even in
+  tho&#383;e Bodies we call Diaphanous, it &#383;eems plain that of Opacous
+  bodies we do indeed &#383;ee little el&#383;e than the Superficies, for
+  if we found the beams of Light that rebound from the Object to the Eye,
+  to peirce deep into the Colour'd body, we &#383;hould not judge it
+  Opacous, but either Tran&#383;lucid, or at lea&#383;t Semi-diaphanous,
+  and though the Schools &#383;eem to teach us that Colour is a Penetrative
+  Quality, that reaches to the Innermo&#383;t parts of the Object, as if a
+  piece of Sealing-wax be broken into never &#383;o many pieces, the
+  Internal fragments will be as Red as the External &#383;urface did
+  appear, yet that is but a Particular Example that will not overthrow the
+  Rea&#383;on lately offer'd, e&#383;pecially &#383;ince I can alleage
+  other Examples of a contrary Import, and two or three Negative
+  In&#383;tances are &#383;ufficient to overthrow the Generality of a
+  Po&#383;itive Rule, e&#383;pecially if that be built but upon One or a
+  Few Examples. Not (then) to mention Cherries, Plums, and I know not how
+  many other Bodies, wherein the skin is of one Colour, and what it hides
+  of another, I &#383;hall name a couple of In&#383;tances drawn from the
+  Colours <!-- Page 23 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23"></a>[pg
+  23]</span> of Durable bodies that are thought far more Homogeneous, and
+  have not parts that are either Organical, or of a Nature approaching
+  thereunto.</p>
+
+  <p>3 To give you the fir&#383;t In&#383;tance, I &#383;hall need but to
+  remind you of what I told you a little after the beginning of this
+  E&#383;&#383;ay, touching the Blew and Red and Yellow, that may be
+  produc'd upon a piece of temper'd Steel, for the&#383;e Colours though
+  they be very Vivid, yet if you break the Steel they adorn, they will
+  appear to be but Superficial; not only the innermo&#383;t parts of the
+  Metall, but tho&#383;e that are within a hairs breadth of the
+  Superficies, having not any of the&#383;e Colours, but retaining that of
+  the Steel it &#383;elf. Be&#383;ides that, we may as well confirm this
+  Ob&#383;ervation, as &#383;ome other particulars we el&#383;ewhere
+  deliver concerning Colours, by the following Experiment which we
+  purpo&#383;ely made.</p>
+
+  <p>4 We took a good quantity of clean Lead, and melted it with a
+  &#383;trong Fire, and then immediately pouring it out into a clean
+  Ve&#383;&#383;el of a convenient &#383;hape and matter, (we us'd one of
+  Iron, that the great and &#383;udden Heat might not injure it) and then
+  carefully and nimbly taking off the Scum that floated on the top, we
+  perceiv'd, as we expected, the &#383;mooth and <!-- Page 24 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24"></a>[pg 24]</span> glo&#383;&#383;ie
+  Surface of the melted matter, to be adorn'd with a very glorious Colour,
+  which being as Tran&#383;itory as Delightfull, did almo&#383;t
+  immediately give place to another vivid Colour, and that was as quickly
+  &#383;ucceeded by a third, and this as it were chas'd away by a fourth,
+  and &#383;o the&#383;e wonderfully vivid Colours
+  &#383;ucce&#383;&#383;ively appear'd and vani&#383;h'd, (yet the
+  &#383;ame now and then appearing the &#383;econd time) till the Metall
+  cea&#383;ing to be hot enough to afford any longer this plea&#383;ing
+  Spectacle, the Colours that chanc'd to adorn the Surface, when the Lead
+  thus began to cool, remain'd upon it; but were &#383;o Superficial, that
+  how little &#383;oever we &#383;crap'd off the Surface of the Lead, we
+  did in &#383;uch places &#383;crape off all the Colour, and di&#383;cover
+  only that which is natural to the Metall it &#383;elf, which receiving
+  its adventitious Colours, only when the heat was very Inten&#383;e, and
+  in that part which was expos'd to the comparatively very cold Air, (which
+  by other Experiments &#383;eems to abound with &#383;ubtil Saline parts,
+  perhaps not uncapable of working upon Lead &#383;o di&#383;pos'd:)
+  The&#383;e things I &#383;ay, together with my ob&#383;erving that
+  whatever parts of the &#383;o &#383;trongly melted Lead were expos'd a
+  while to the Air, turn'd into a kind of Scum or Litharge, <!-- Page 25
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25"></a>[pg 25]</span> how bright
+  and clean &#383;oever they appear'd before, &#383;ugge&#383;ted to me
+  &#383;ome Thoughts or Ravings, which I have not now time to acquaint You
+  with. One that did not know me, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, would perchance think
+  I endeavour'd to impo&#383;e upon You by relating this Experiment, which
+  I have &#383;everal times try'd, but the Rea&#383;on why the
+  <i>Phænomena</i> mention'd have not been taken notice of, may be, that
+  unle&#383;s Lead be brought to a much higher degree of Fu&#383;ion or
+  Fluidity than is u&#383;ual, or than is indeed requi&#383;ite to make it
+  melt, the <i>Phænomena</i> I mention'd will &#383;carce at all
+  di&#383;clo&#383;e them&#383;elves; And we have al&#383;o ob&#383;erv'd
+  that this &#383;ucce&#383;&#383;ive appearing and vani&#383;hing of vivid
+  Colours, was wont to be impair'd or determin'd whil&#383;t the Metal
+  expos'd to the Air remain'd yet hotter than one would readily
+  &#383;u&#383;pect. And one thing I mu&#383;t further Note, of which I
+  leave You to &#383;earch after the Rea&#383;on, namely, that the
+  &#383;ame Colours did not always and regularly &#383;ucceed one another,
+  as is u&#383;ually in Steel, but in the diver&#383;ify'd Order mention'd
+  in this following Note, which I was &#383;carce able to write down, the
+  &#383;ucce&#383;&#383;ion of the Colours was &#383;o very quick, whether
+  that proceeded from the differing degrees of Heat in the Lead expos'd to
+  the cool Air, or from &#383;ome <!-- Page 26 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_26"></a>[pg 26]</span> other Rea&#383;on, I leave you to
+  examine.</p>
+
+  <blockquote>[<i>Blew, Yellow, Purple, Blew; Green, Purple, Blew, Yellow,
+  Red; Purple, Blew, Yellow and Blew, Yellow, Blew, Purple, Green mixt,
+  Yellow, Red, Blew, Green, Yellow, Red, Purple, Green</i>.]</blockquote>
+
+  <p>5. The <i>Atomi&#383;ts</i> of Old, and &#383;ome Learned men of late,
+  have attempted to explicate the variety of Colours in Opacous bodies from
+  the various Figures of their Superficial parts; the attempt is Ingenious,
+  and the Doctrine &#383;eems partly True, but I confe&#383;s I think there
+  are divers other things that mu&#383;t be taken in as concurrent to
+  produce tho&#383;e differing forms of A&#383;perity, whereon the Colours
+  of Opacous bodies &#383;eem to depend. To declare this a little, we
+  mu&#383;t a&#383;&#383;ume, that the Surfaces of all &#383;uch Bodies how
+  Smooth or polite &#383;oever they may appear to our Dull Sight and Touch,
+  are exactly &#383;mooth only in a popular, or at mo&#383;t in a
+  Phy&#383;ical &#383;en&#383;e, but not in a &#383;trict and rigid
+  &#383;en&#383;e.</p>
+
+  <p>6. This, excellent <i>Micro&#383;copes</i> &#383;hew us in many
+  Bodies, that &#383;eem Smooth to our naked Eyes; and this not only as to
+  the little Hillocks or Protuberancies that &#383;well <!-- Page 27
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27"></a>[pg 27]</span> above that
+  which may be conceiv'd to be the Plain or Level of the con&#383;ider'd
+  Surface, for it is obvious enough to tho&#383;e that are any thing
+  conver&#383;ant with &#383;uch Gla&#383;&#383;es, but as to numerous
+  Depre&#383;&#383;ions beneath that Level, of which &#383;ort of Cavities
+  by the help of a <i>Micro&#383;cope</i>, which the greate&#383;t
+  Artificer that makes them, judges to be the greate&#383;t Magnifying
+  Gla&#383;s in <i>Europe</i>, except one that equals it, we have on the
+  Surface of a thin piece of Cork that appear'd &#383;mooth to the Eye,
+  ob&#383;erv'd about &#383;ixty in a Row, within the length of le&#383;s
+  then an 31 and 32 part of an Inch, (for the Gla&#383;s takes in no longer
+  a &#383;pace at one view) and the&#383;e Cavities (which made that little
+  piece of Cork look almo&#383;t like an empty Honey-comb) were not only
+  very di&#383;tinct, and figur'd like one another, but of a
+  con&#383;iderable bigne&#383;s, and a &#383;carce credible depth;
+  in&#383;omuch that their di&#383;tinct &#383;hadows as well as &#383;ides
+  were plainly di&#383;cern'd and ea&#383;iy to be reckon'd, and might have
+  been well di&#383;tingui&#383;h'd, though they had been ten times
+  le&#383;&#383;er than they were; which I thought it not ami&#383;s to
+  mention to you <i>Pyrophilus</i> upon the by, that you may thence make
+  &#383;ome E&#383;timate, what a &#383;trange Inequality, and what a
+  multitude of little Shades, there may really be, in a <!-- Page 28
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28"></a>[pg 28]</span> &#383;carce
+  &#383;en&#383;ible part of the Phy&#383;ical &#383;uperficies, though the
+  naked Eye &#383;ees no &#383;uch matter. And as Excellent
+  <i>Micro&#383;copes</i> &#383;hew us this Ruggedne&#383;s in many Bodies
+  that pa&#383;s for Smooth, &#383;o there are divers Experiments, though we
+  mu&#383;t not now &#383;tay to urge them, which &#383;eem to
+  per&#383;wade us of the &#383;ame thing as to the re&#383;t of &#383;uch
+  Bodies as we are now treating off; So, that there is no
+  &#383;en&#383;ible part of an Opacous body, that may not be conceiv'd to
+  be made up of a multitude of &#383;ingly in&#383;en&#383;ible
+  Corpu&#383;cles, but in the giving the&#383;e &#383;urfaces that
+  di&#383;po&#383;ition, which makes them alter the Light that reflects
+  thence to the Eye after the manner requi&#383;ite to make the Object
+  appear Green, Blew, &amp;c. the Figures of the&#383;e Particles have <i>a
+  great</i>, but not <i>the only</i> &#383;troak. 'Tis true indeed that the
+  protuberant Particles may be of very great variety of Figures, Sphærical,
+  Elliptical, Conical, Cylindrical, Polyedrical, and &#383;ome very
+  irregular, and that according to the Nature of the&#383;e, and the
+  &#383;ituation of the Lucid body, the Light mu&#383;t be variou&#383;ly
+  affected, after one manner from Surfaces (I now &#383;peak of
+  Phy&#383;ical Surfaces) con&#383;i&#383;ting of Sphaerical, and in
+  another from tho&#383;e that are made up of Conical or Cylindrical
+  Corpu&#383;cles; &#383;ome <!-- Page 29 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_29"></a>[pg 29]</span> being fitted to reflect more of the
+  incident Beams of Light, others le&#383;s, and &#383;ome towards one
+  part, others towards another. But be&#383;ides this difference of Shape,
+  there may be divers other things that may eminently concurr to vary the
+  forms of A&#383;perity that Colours &#383;o much depend on. For,
+  willingly allowing the Figure of the Particles in the fir&#383;t place, I
+  con&#383;ider &#383;econdly, that the &#383;uperficial Corpu&#383;cles,
+  if I may &#383;o call them, may be bigger in one Body, and le&#383;s in
+  another, and con&#383;equently fitted to allay the Light falling on them
+  with greater &#383;hades. Next, the protuberant Particles may be &#383;et
+  more or le&#383;s clo&#383;e together, that is, there may be a greater or
+  a &#383;maller number of them within the compa&#383;s of one, than within
+  the compa&#383;s of another &#383;mall part of the Surface of the
+  &#383;ame Extent, and how much the&#383;e Qualities may &#383;erve to
+  produce Colour may be &#383;omewhat gue&#383;s'd at, by that which
+  happens in the Agitation of Water; for if the Bubbles that are thereby
+  made be Great, and but Few, the Water will &#383;carce acquire a
+  &#383;en&#383;ible Colour, but if it be reduc'd to a Froth,
+  con&#383;i&#383;ting of Bubbles, which being very Minute and Contiguous
+  to each other, are a multitude of them crowded into a narrow Room, the
+  Water (turned to <!-- Page 30 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_30"></a>[pg 30]</span> Froth) does then exhibit a very
+  manife&#383;t White Colour,<a name="NtA_3"></a><a
+  href="#Nt_3"><sup>3</sup></a> (to which the&#383;e la&#383;t nam'd
+  Conditions of the Bubbles do as well as their Convex figure contribute)
+  and that for Rea&#383;ons to be mention'd anon. Be&#383;ides, it is not
+  nece&#383;&#383;ary that the Superficial particles that exhibit one
+  Colour, &#383;hould be all of them Round, or all Conical, or all of any
+  one Shape, but Corpu&#383;cles of differing Figures may be mingled on the
+  Surface of the Opacous Body, as when the Corpu&#383;cles that make a Blew
+  colour, and tho&#383;e that make a Yellow, come to be Accurately and
+  Skilfully mix'd, they make up a Green, which though it &#383;eem one
+  &#383;imple Colour, yet in this ca&#383;e appears to be made by
+  Corpu&#383;cles of very differing Kinds, duely commix'd. Moreover the
+  Figure and Bigne&#383;s of the little Depre&#383;&#383;ions, Cavities,
+  Furrows or Pores intercepted betwixt the&#383;e protuberant
+  Corpu&#383;cles, are as well to be con&#383;ider'd as the Sizes and
+  Shapes of the Corpu&#383;cles them&#383;elves: For we may conceive the
+  Phy&#383;ical &#383;uperficies of a Body, where (as we &#383;aid) its
+  Colour does as it were re&#383;ide, to be cut Tran&#383;ver&#383;ly by a
+  Mathematical plain, which you know is conceiv'd to be without any Depth
+  or Thickne&#383;s at all, and then as <!-- Page 31 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31"></a>[pg 31]</span> &#383;ome parts of
+  the Phy&#383;ical Superficies will be Protuberant; or &#383;well above
+  this la&#383;t plain, &#383;o others may be depre&#383;s'd beneath it; as
+  (to explane my &#383;elf by a gro&#383;s Compari&#383;on) in divers
+  places of the Surface of the Earth, there are not only Neighbouring
+  Hills, Trees, &amp;c. that are rais'd above the Horizontal Level of the
+  Valley, but Rivers, Wells, Pits and other Cavities that are
+  depre&#383;s'd beneath it, and that &#383;uch Protuberant and Concave
+  parts of a Surface may remit the Light &#383;o differingly, as much to
+  vary a Colour, &#383;ome examples and other things, that we &#383;hall
+  hereafter have occa&#383;ion to take notice off in this Tract, will
+  &#383;ufficiently declare, till when, it may &#383;uffice to put you in
+  mind, that of two Flat-&#383;ides of the &#383;ame piece of, for example,
+  red Marble, the one being diligently Poli&#383;hed, and the other left to
+  its former Roughne&#383;s, the differing degrees or &#383;orts of
+  A&#383;perity, for the &#383;ide that is &#383;mooth to the Touch wants
+  not its Roughne&#383;s, will &#383;o diver&#383;ifie the Light reflected
+  from the &#383;everal Plains to the Eye, that a Painter would employ two
+  differing Colours to repre&#383;ent them.</p>
+
+  <p>7. And I hope, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, you will not think it &#383;trange
+  or impertinent, that I employ in divers pa&#383;&#383;ages of the&#383;e
+  Papers, <!-- Page 32 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32"></a>[pg
+  32]</span> examples drawn from Bodies and Shadows far more Gro&#383;s,
+  than tho&#383;e minute Protuberances and &#383;hady Pores on which in
+  mo&#383;t ca&#383;es the Colour of a Body as 'tis an Inherent Quality or
+  Di&#383;po&#383;ition of its Surface, &#383;eems to depend. For
+  &#383;ometimes I employ &#383;uch Examples, rather to declare my Meaning,
+  than prove my Conjecture; things, whom their Smallne&#383;s makes
+  In&#383;en&#383;ible, being better repre&#383;ented to the Imagination by
+  &#383;uch familiar Objects, as being like them enough in other
+  re&#383;pects, are of a Vi&#383;ible bulk. And next, though the Beams of
+  Light are &#383;uch &#383;ubtil Bodies, that in re&#383;pect of them,
+  even Surfaces that are &#383;en&#383;ibly Smooth, are not exactly
+  &#383;o, but have their own degree of Roughne&#383;s,
+  con&#383;i&#383;ting of little Protuberances and Depre&#383;&#383;ions;
+  and though con&#383;equently &#383;uch Inequalities may &#383;uffice to
+  give Bodies differing Colours, as we &#383;ee in Marble that appears
+  White or Black, or Red or Blew, even when the mo&#383;t carefully
+  Poli&#383;h'd, yet 'tis plain by the late In&#383;tance of Red Marble,
+  and many others, that even bigger Protuberances and greater Shades may
+  likewi&#383;e &#383;o Diver&#383;ifie the Roughne&#383;s of a Bodies
+  Superficies, as manife&#383;tly to concurr to the varying of its Colour,
+  whereby &#383;uch Examples appear to be proper enough <!-- Page 33
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33"></a>[pg 33]</span> to be
+  employ'd in &#383;uch a Subject as we have now in hand. And having hinted
+  thus much on this Occa&#383;ion, I now proceed.</p>
+
+  <p>8. The Situation al&#383;o of the Superficial particles is
+  con&#383;iderable, which I di&#383;tingui&#383;h into the Po&#383;ture of
+  the &#383;ingle Corpu&#383;cles, in re&#383;pect of the Light, and of the
+  Eye, and the Order of them in reference al&#383;o to one another; for a
+  Body may otherwi&#383;e reflect the Light, when its Superficial particles
+  are more erected upon the Plain that may be conceiv'd to pa&#383;s along
+  their Ba&#383;is, and when the Points or Extremes of &#383;uch Particles
+  are Obverted to the Eye, than when tho&#383;e Particles are &#383;o
+  Inclin'd, that their Sides are in great part Di&#383;cernable, as the
+  Colour of Plu&#383;h or Velvet will appear Vary'd to you, if you
+  carefully &#383;troak part of it one way, and part of it another, the
+  po&#383;ture of the particular Thrids, in reference to the Light, or the
+  Eye, becoming thereby different. And you may ob&#383;erve in a Field of
+  ripe Corn blown upon by the Wind, that there will appear as it were Waves
+  of a Colour (at lea&#383;t Gradually) differing from that of the
+  re&#383;t of the Field, the Wind by Depre&#383;&#383;ing &#383;ome of the
+  Ears, and not at the &#383;ame time others, making the one Reflect more
+  from <!-- Page 34 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34"></a>[pg
+  34]</span> the Lateral and Strawy parts, than do the re&#383;t. And
+  &#383;o, when Doggs are &#383;o angry, as to Erect the Hairs upon their
+  Necks, and upon &#383;ome other parts of their Bodies, tho&#383;e Parts
+  &#383;eem to acquire a Colour vary'd from that which the &#383;ame Hairs
+  made, when in their u&#383;ual Po&#383;ture they did farr more
+  &#383;toop. And that the Order wherein the Superficial Corpu&#383;cles
+  are Rang'd is not to be neglected, we may gue&#383;s by turning of Water
+  into Froth, the beating of Gla&#383;s, and the &#383;craping of Horns, in
+  which ca&#383;es the Corpu&#383;cles that were before &#383;o
+  mar&#383;hall'd as to be Per&#383;picuous, do by the troubling of that
+  Order become Di&#383;pos'd to terminate and reflect more Light, and
+  thereby to appear Whiti&#383;h. And there are other ways in which the
+  Order of the Protuberant parts, in reference to the Eye, may much
+  contribute to the appearing of a particular Colour, for I have often
+  ob&#383;erv'd, that when Pea&#383;e are Planted, or Set in Parallel
+  Lines, and are Shot up about half a Foot above the Surface of the Ground,
+  by looking on the Field or Plot of Ground from that part towards which
+  the Parallel Lines tended, the greater part of the Ground by farr would
+  appear of its own dirty Colour, but if I look'd upon it
+  Tran&#383;ver&#383;ly, the Plot <!-- Page 35 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_35"></a>[pg 35]</span> would appear very Green, the upper
+  parts of the Pea&#383;e hindering the intercepted parts of the Ground,
+  which as I &#383;aid retain'd their wonted Colour, from being
+  di&#383;cover'd by the Eye. And I know not, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, whether I
+  might not add, that even the Motion of the Small Parts of a Vi&#383;ible
+  Object may in &#383;ome ca&#383;es contribute, though it be not &#383;o
+  ea&#383;ie to &#383;ay how, to the Producing or the Varying of a Colour;
+  for I have &#383;everal times made a Liquor, which when it has well
+  &#383;ettled in a clo&#383;e Vial, is Tran&#383;parent and
+  Colourle&#383;s, but as &#383;oon as the Gla&#383;s is un&#383;topp'd,
+  begins to fly away very plentifully in a White and Opacous fume; and
+  there are other Bodies, who&#383;e Fumes, when they fill a Receiver,
+  would make one &#383;u&#383;pect it contains Milk, and yet when
+  the&#383;e Fumes &#383;ettle into a Liquor, that Liquor is not White, but
+  Tran&#383;parent; And &#383;uch White Fumes I have &#383;een afforded by
+  un&#383;topping a Liquor I know, which yet is it &#383;elf Diaphanous and
+  Red; Nor are the&#383;e the only In&#383;tances of this Kind, that our
+  Tryals can &#383;upply us with. And if the Superficial Corpu&#383;cles be
+  of the Gro&#383;&#383;er &#383;ort, and be &#383;o Framed, that their
+  differing Sides or Faces may exhibit differing Colours, then the Motion
+  or Re&#383;t of tho&#383;e Corpu&#383;cles may be <!-- Page 36 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36"></a>[pg 36]</span> con&#383;iderable,
+  as to the Colour of the Superficies they compo&#383;e, upon this account,
+  that &#383;ometimes more, &#383;ometimes fewer of the Sides di&#383;pos'd
+  to exhibit &#383;uch a Colour may by this means become or continue more
+  Obverted to the Eye than the re&#383;t, and compo&#383;e a Phy&#383;ical
+  Surface, that will be more or le&#383;s &#383;en&#383;ibly interrupted;
+  As, to explane my meaning, by propo&#383;ing a gro&#383;s Example, I
+  remember, that in &#383;ome &#383;orts of Leavy Plants thick &#383;et by
+  one another, the two &#383;ides of who&#383;e Leaves were of
+  &#383;omewhat differing Colours, there would be a notable Di&#383;parity
+  as to Colour, if you look'd upon them both when the Leaves being at
+  Re&#383;t had their upper and commonly expos'd &#383;ides Obverted to the
+  Eye, and when a breath of Wind pa&#383;&#383;ing thorow them, made great
+  Numbers of the u&#383;ually Hidden &#383;ides of the Leaves become
+  con&#383;picuous. And though the Little Bodies, we were lately
+  &#383;peaking of, may Singly and Apart &#383;eem almo&#383;t
+  Colourle&#383;s, yet when Many of them are plac'd by one another, &#383;o
+  near, that the Eye does not ea&#383;ily di&#383;cern an Interruption,
+  within a &#383;en&#383;ible &#383;pace, they may exhibit a Colour; as we
+  &#383;ee, that though a Slendere&#383;t Thrid of Dy'd Silk do's,
+  whil&#383;t look'd on Single, &#383;eem almo&#383;t quite Devoyd of
+  Redne&#383;s, (for in&#383;tance) <!-- Page 37 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37"></a>[pg 37]</span> yet when numbers of
+  the&#383;e Thrids are brought together into one Skein, their Colour
+  becomes notorious.</p>
+
+  <p>9. But the &#383;ame Occa&#383;ion that invited me to &#383;ay what I
+  have mention'd concerning the Leaves of Trees, invites me al&#383;o to
+  give you &#383;ome account of what happens in Changeable Taffities, where
+  we &#383;ee differing Colours, as it were, Emerge and Vani&#383;h upon
+  the Ruffling of the &#383;ame piece of Silk: As I have divers times with
+  Plea&#383;ure ob&#383;erv'd, by the help of &#383;uch a
+  <i>Micro&#383;cope</i>, as, though it do not very much Magnifie the
+  Object, has in recompence this great Conveniency, that you may
+  ea&#383;ily, as fa&#383;t as you plea&#383;e, remove it from one part to
+  another of a Large Object, of which the Gla&#383;s taking a great part at
+  once, you may thereby pre&#383;ently Survey the Whole. Now by the help of
+  &#383;uch a <i>Micro&#383;cope</i> I could ea&#383;ily (as I began to
+  &#383;ay) di&#383;cern, that in a piece of Changeable Taffity, (that
+  appear'd, for In&#383;tance, &#383;ometimes Red, and &#383;ometimes
+  Green) the Stuff was compos'd of Red thrids and Green, pa&#383;&#383;ing
+  under and over each other, and cro&#383;&#383;ing one another in
+  almo&#383;t innumerable points; and if I look'd through the Gla&#383;s
+  upon any con&#383;iderable portion of the Stuff, that (for example
+  &#383;ake) to the <!-- Page 38 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_38"></a>[pg 38]</span> naked Eye appear'd to be Red, I could
+  plainly &#383;ee, that in that Po&#383;ition, the Red thrids were
+  Con&#383;picuous, and reflected a vivid Light; and though I could
+  al&#383;o perceive, that there were Green ones, yet by rea&#383;on of
+  their di&#383;advantagious Po&#383;ition in the <i>Phy&#383;ical
+  Surface</i> of the Taffity, they were in part hid by the more Protuberant
+  Thrids of the other Colour; and for the &#383;ame cau&#383;e, the
+  Reflection from as much of the Green as was di&#383;cover'd, was
+  comparatively but Dim and Faint. And if, on the contrary, I look'd
+  through the <i>Micro&#383;cope</i> upon any part that appear'd Green, I
+  could plainly &#383;ee that the Red thrids were le&#383;s fully expos'd
+  to the Eye, and ob&#383;cur'd by the Green ones, which therefore made up
+  the Predominant Colour. And by ob&#383;erving the Texture of the Silken
+  Stuff, I could ea&#383;i&#383;y &#383;o expo&#383;e the Thrids either of
+  the one Colour or of the other to my Eye, as at plea&#383;ure to exhibit
+  an apparition of Red or Green, or make tho&#383;e Colours &#383;ucceed
+  one another: So that, when I ob&#383;erv'd their Succe&#383;&#383;ion by
+  the help of the Gla&#383;s, I could mark how the Predominant Colour did
+  as it were &#383;tart out, when the Thrids that exhibited it came to be
+  advanagiou&#383;ly plac'd; And by making little Folds in the Stuff after
+  a certain manner, <!-- Page 39 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_39"></a>[pg 39]</span> the Sides that met and terminated in
+  tho&#383;e Folds, would appear to the naked Eye, one of them Red, and the
+  other Green. When Thrids of more than two differing Colours chance to be
+  Interwoven, the re&#383;ulting changeablene&#383;s of the Taffity may be
+  al&#383;o &#383;omewhat different. But I choo&#383;e to give an
+  In&#383;tance in the Stuff I have been &#383;peaking off, becau&#383;e
+  the mixture being more Simple, the way whereby the Changeablene&#383;s is
+  produc'd, may be the more ea&#383;ily apprehended: and though Rea&#383;on
+  alone might readily enough lead a con&#383;idering Man to gue&#383;s at
+  the Explication, in ca&#383;e he knew how Changeable Taffities are made:
+  yet I thought it not impertinent to mention it, becau&#383;e both
+  Scholars and Gentlemen are wont to look upon the Inquiry into
+  Manufactures, as a <i>Mechanick</i> imployment, and con&#383;equently
+  below Them; and becau&#383;e al&#383;o with &#383;uch a
+  <i>Micro&#383;cope</i> as I have been mentioning, the di&#383;covery is
+  as well Plea&#383;ant as Satisfactory, and may afford Hints of the
+  Solution of other <i>Phænomena</i> of Colours. And it were not
+  ami&#383;s, that &#383;ome diligent Inquiry were made, whether the
+  <i>Micro&#383;cope</i> would give us an account of the Variablene&#383;s
+  of Colour, that is &#383;o Con&#383;picuous and &#383;o Delightfull in
+  Mother of Pearl, in Opalls, and &#383;ome <!-- Page 40 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40"></a>[pg 40]</span> other
+  re&#383;embling Bodies: For though I remember I did formerly attempt
+  &#383;omething of that Kind (fruitle&#383;ly enough) upon Mother of
+  Pearl, yet not having then the advantage of my be&#383;t
+  <i>Micro&#383;cope</i>, nor &#383;ome Conveniences that might have been
+  wi&#383;h'd, I leave it to you, who have better Eyes, to try what you can
+  do further; &#383;ince 'twill be <i>Some</i> di&#383;covery to find,
+  that, in this ca&#383;e, the be&#383;t Eyes and <i>Micro&#383;copes</i>
+  them&#383;elves can make <i>None</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>10. I confe&#383;s, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that a great part of what I
+  have deliver'd, (or propos'd rather) concerning the differing forms of
+  A&#383;perity in Bodies, by which Differences the incident Light either
+  comes to be Reflected with more or le&#383;s of Shade, and with that
+  Shade more or le&#383;s Interrupted, or el&#383;e happens to be al&#383;o
+  otherwi&#383;e Modify'd or Troubl'd, is but Conjectural. But I am not
+  &#383;ure, that if it were not for the Dullne&#383;s of our Sen&#383;es,
+  either the&#383;e or &#383;ome other Notions of Kin to them, might be
+  better Countenanc'd; for I am apt to &#383;u&#383;pect, that if we were
+  Sharp &#383;ighted enough, or had &#383;uch perfect
+  <i>Micro&#383;copes</i>, as I fear are more to be wi&#383;h'd than hop'd
+  for, our promoted Sen&#383;e might di&#383;cern in the Phy&#383;ical
+  Surfaces of Bodies, both a great many latent Ruggidne&#383;&#383;es, and
+  the particular <!-- Page 41 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_41"></a>[pg 41]</span> Sizes, Shapes, and Situations of the
+  extremely little Bodies that cau&#383;e them, and perhaps might perceive
+  among other Varieties that we now can but imagine, how tho&#383;e little
+  Protuberances and Cavities do Interrupt and Dilate the Light, by mingling
+  with it a multitude of little and &#383;ingly undi&#383;cernable Shades,
+  though &#383;ome of them more, and &#383;ome of them le&#383;s Minute,
+  &#383;ome le&#383;s, and &#383;ome more Numerous; according to the Nature
+  and Degree of the particular Colour we attribute to the Vi&#383;ible
+  Object; as we &#383;ee, that in the Moon we can with Excellent
+  <i>Tele&#383;copes</i> di&#383;cern many Hills and Vallies, and as it
+  were Pits and other Parts, whereof &#383;ome are more, and &#383;ome
+  le&#383;s Vividly illu&#383;trated, and others have a fainter, others a
+  deeper Shade, though the naked Eye can di&#383;cern no &#383;uch matter
+  in that Planet. And with an Excellent <i>Micro&#383;cope</i>, where the
+  <i>Naked</i> Eye did &#383;ee but a Green powder, the
+  <i>A&#383;&#383;isted</i> Eye as we noted above, could di&#383;cern
+  particular Granules, &#383;ome of them of a Blew, and &#383;ome of them
+  of a Yellow colour, which Corpu&#383;cles we had beforehand caus'd to be
+  exqui&#383;itly mix'd to compound the Green.</p>
+
+  <p>11. And, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that you may not think me altogether
+  extravagant in what I <!-- Page 42 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_42"></a>[pg 42]</span> have &#383;aid of the
+  Po&#383;&#383;ibility, (for I &#383;peak of no more) of di&#383;cerning
+  the differing forms of A&#383;perity in the Surfaces of Bodies of
+  &#383;everal Colours, I'l here &#383;et down a Memorable particular that
+  chanc'd to come to my Knowledge, &#383;ince I writ a good part of this
+  <i>E&#383;&#383;ay</i>; and it is this. Meeting ca&#383;ually the other
+  Day with the de&#383;ervedly Famous<a name="NtA_4"></a><a
+  href="#Nt_4"><sup>4</sup></a> Dr. <i>J. Finch</i>, Extraordinary
+  <i>Anatomi&#383;t</i> to that Great Patron of the <i>Virtuo&#383;i</i>,
+  the now Great Duke of <i>To&#383;cany</i>, and enquiring of this
+  Ingenious Per&#383;on, what might be the chief Rarity he had &#383;een in
+  his late return out of <i>Italy</i> into <i>England</i>, he told me, it
+  was a Man at <i>Mae&#383;tricht</i> in the Low-Countrys, who at certain
+  times can di&#383;cern and <i>di&#383;tingui&#383;h Colours by the
+  Touch</i> with his Fingers. You'l ea&#383;ily Conclude, that this is farr
+  more &#383;trange, than what I propos'd but as <i>not
+  Impo&#383;&#383;ible</i>; &#383;ince the Sen&#383;e of the <i>Retina</i>
+  &#383;eeming to be much more Tender and quick than that of tho&#383;e
+  Gro&#383;&#383;er Filaments, Nerves or Membranes of our Fingers,
+  wherewith we u&#383;e to handle Gro&#383;s and Hard Bodies, it &#383;eems
+  &#383;carce credible, that any Accu&#383;tomance, or Diet, or peculiarity
+  of Con&#383;titution, &#383;hould enable a Man to di&#383;tingui&#383;h
+  <!-- Page 43 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43"></a>[pg
+  43]</span> with &#383;uch Gro&#383;s and Un&#383;uitable Organs,
+  &#383;uch Nice and Subtile Differences as tho&#383;e of the forms of
+  A&#383;perity, that belong to differing Colours, to receive who&#383;e
+  Languid and Delicate Impre&#383;&#383;ions by the Intervention of Light,
+  Nature &#383;eems to have appointed and contexed into the <i>Retina</i>
+  the tender and delicate Pith of the Optick Nerve. Wherefore I
+  confe&#383;s, I propos'd divers Scruples, and particularly whether the
+  Doctor had taken care to bind a Napkin or Hankerchief over his Eyes
+  &#383;o carefully, as to be &#383;ure he could make no u&#383;e of his
+  Sight, though he had but Counterfeited the want of it, to which I added
+  divers other Que&#383;tions, to &#383;atisfie my Self, whether there were
+  any Likelihood of Collu&#383;ion or other Tricks. But I found that the
+  Judicious Doctor having gone farr out of his way, purpo&#383;ely to
+  &#383;atisfie Him&#383;elf and his Learned Prince about this Wonder, had
+  been very Watchfull and Circum&#383;pect to keep <i>Him&#383;elf</i> from
+  being Impos'd upon. And that he might not through any mi&#383;take in
+  point of Memory mis-inform <i>Me</i>, he did me the Favour at my
+  Reque&#383;t, to look out the Notes he had Written for his Own and his
+  Princes Information, the &#383;umm of which Memorials, as far as we
+  &#383;hall mention them here, was this, That the Doctor <!-- Page 44
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44"></a>[pg 44]</span> having been
+  inform'd at <i>Utrecht</i>, that there Lived one at &#383;ome Miles
+  di&#383;tance from <i>Maestricht</i>, who could di&#383;tingui&#383;h
+  Colours by the Touch, when he came to the la&#383;t nam'd Town, he
+  &#383;ent a Me&#383;&#383;enger for him, and having Examin'd him, was
+  told upon Enquiry the&#383;e Particulars:</p>
+
+  <p>That the Man's name was <i>John Vermaa&#383;en</i>, at that time about
+  33 Years of Age; that when he was but two years Old, he had the Small
+  Pox, which rendred him ab&#383;olutely Blind: That at this pre&#383;ent
+  he is an <i>Organi&#383;t</i>, and &#383;erves that Office in a publick
+  Quire.</p>
+
+  <p>That the Doctor di&#383;cour&#383;ing with him over Night, the Blind
+  man affirm'd, that he could di&#383;tingui&#383;h Colours by the Touch,
+  but that he could not do it, unle&#383;s he were Fa&#383;ting; Any
+  quantity of Drink taking from him that Exqui&#383;itne&#383;s of Touch,
+  which is requi&#383;ite to &#383;o Nice a Sen&#383;ation.</p>
+
+  <p>That hereupon the Doctor provided again&#383;t the next Morning
+  &#383;even pieces of Ribbon, of the&#383;e &#383;even Colours, Black,
+  White, Red, Blew, Green, Yellow, and Gray, but as for <i>mingled</i>
+  Colours, this <i>Vermaa&#383;en</i> would not undertake to di&#383;cern
+  them, though if offer'd, he would tell that they were <i>Mix'd</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>That to di&#383;cern the Colour of the Ribbon, <!-- Page 45 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45"></a>[pg 45]</span> he places it betwixt
+  the Thumb and the Fore-finger, but his mo&#383;t exqui&#383;ite
+  perception was in his Thumb, and much better in the right Thumb than in
+  the left.</p>
+
+  <p>That after the Blind man had four or five times told the Doctor the
+  &#383;everal Colours, (though Blinded with a Napkin for fear he might
+  have &#383;ome Sight) the Doctor found he was twice mi&#383;taken, for he
+  call'd the White Black, and the Red Blew, but &#383;till, he, before his
+  Errour, would lay them by in Pairs, &#383;aying, that though he could
+  ea&#383;ily di&#383;tingui&#383;h them from all others, yet tho&#383;e
+  two Pairs were not ea&#383;ily di&#383;tingui&#383;h'd among&#383;t
+  them&#383;elves, whereupon the Doctor de&#383;ir'd to be told by him what
+  kind of Di&#383;crimination he had of Colours by his Touch, to which he
+  gave a reply, for who&#383;e &#383;ake chiefly I in&#383;ert all this
+  Narrative in this place, namely, That all the difference was more or
+  le&#383;s A&#383;perity, for &#383;ays he, (I give you the Doctor's own
+  words) Black feels as if you were feeling Needles points, or &#383;ome
+  har&#383;h Sand, and Red feels very Smooth.</p>
+
+  <p>That the Doctor having de&#383;ir'd him to tell in Order the
+  difference of Colours to his Touch, he did as follows;</p>
+
+  <p>Black and White are the mo&#383;t a&#383;perous <!-- Page 46 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46"></a>[pg 46]</span> or unequal of all
+  Colours, and &#383;o like, that 'tis very hard to di&#383;tingui&#383;h
+  them, but Black is the mo&#383;t Rough of the two, Green is next in
+  A&#383;perity, Gray next to Green in A&#383;perity, Yellow is the fifth
+  in degree of A&#383;perity, Red and Blew are &#383;o like, that they are
+  as hard to di&#383;tingui&#383;h as Black and White, but Red is
+  &#383;omewhat more A&#383;perous than Blew, &#383;o that Red has the
+  &#383;ixth place, and Blew the &#383;eventh in A&#383;perity.</p>
+
+  <p>12. To the&#383;e Informations the Obliging Doctor was pleas'd to add
+  the welcome pre&#383;ent of three of tho&#383;e very pieces of Ribbon,
+  who&#383;e Colours in his pre&#383;ence the Blind man had
+  di&#383;tingui&#383;hed, pronouncing the one Gray, the other Red, and the
+  third Green, which I keep by me as Rarities, and the rather, becau&#383;e
+  he fear'd the re&#383;t were mi&#383;carry'd.</p>
+
+  <p>13. Before I &#383;aw the Notes that afforded me the precedent
+  Narrative, I confe&#383;s I &#383;u&#383;pected this man might have thus
+  di&#383;criminated Colours, rather by the Smell than by the Touch; for
+  &#383;ome of the Ingredients imployed by Dyers to Colour things, have
+  Sents, that are not &#383;o Languid, nor &#383;o near of Kin, but that I
+  thought it not impo&#383;&#383;ible that a very Critical No&#383;e might
+  di&#383;tingui&#383;h them, and this I the rather &#383;u&#383;pected,
+  becau&#383;e he requir'd, that the Ribbons, <!-- Page 47 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47"></a>[pg 47]</span> who&#383;e Colours
+  he was to Name, &#383;hould be offer'd him Fa&#383;ting in the morning;
+  for I have ob&#383;erv'd in Setting Doggs, that the feeding of them
+  (especially with &#383;ome &#383;orts of Aliments) does very much impair
+  the exqui&#383;ite &#383;ent of their No&#383;es. And though &#383;ome of
+  the foregoing particulars would have prevented that Conjecture, yet I
+  confe&#383;s to you (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) that I would gladly have had the
+  Opportunity of Examining this Man my &#383;elf, and of Que&#383;tioning
+  him about divers particulars which I do not find to have been yet thought
+  upon. And though it be not incredible to me, that &#383;ince the Liquors
+  that Dyers imploy to tinge, are qualifi'd to do &#383;o by multitudes of
+  little Corpu&#383;cles of the Pigment or Dying &#383;tuff, which are
+  di&#383;&#383;olved and extracted by the Liquor, and &#383;wim to and fro
+  in it, tho&#383;e Corpu&#383;cles of Colour (as the <i>Atomi&#383;ts</i>
+  call them) in&#383;inuating them&#383;elves into, and filling all the
+  Pores of the Body to be Dyed, may A&#383;perate its Superficies more or
+  le&#383;s according to the Bigne&#383;s and Texture of the
+  Corpu&#383;cles of the Pigment; yet I can &#383;carce believe, that our
+  Blind man could di&#383;tingui&#383;h all the Colours he did, meerly by
+  the Ribbons having more or le&#383;s of A&#383;perity, &#383;o that I
+  cannot but think, notwith&#383;tanding this Hi&#383;tory, that the Blind
+  man <!-- Page 48 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48"></a>[pg
+  48]</span> di&#383;tingui&#383;h'd Colours not only by the <i>Degrees</i>
+  of A&#383;perity in the Bodies offer'd to him, but by <i>Forms</i> of it,
+  though this (latter) would perhaps have been very difficult for him to
+  make an Intelligible mention of, becau&#383;e tho&#383;e Minute
+  di&#383;parities having not been taken notice of by men for want of touch
+  as Exqui&#383;ite as our Blind Mans, are things he could not have
+  Intelligibly expre&#383;s'd, which will ea&#383;ily &#383;eem Probable,
+  if you con&#383;ider, that under the name of Sharp, and Sweet, and Sour,
+  there are abundance of, as it were, immediate peculiar Reli&#383;hes or
+  Ta&#383;ts in differing &#383;orts of Wine, which though Critical and
+  Experienc'd Palats can ea&#383;ily di&#383;cern them&#383;elves cannot
+  make them be under&#383;tood by others, &#383;uch Minute differences not
+  having hitherto any Di&#383;tinct names a&#383;&#383;ign'd them. And it
+  &#383;eems that there was &#383;omthing in the Forms of A&#383;perity
+  that was requi&#383;ite to the Di&#383;tinction of Colours, be&#383;ides
+  the Degree of it, &#383;ince he found it &#383;o difficult to
+  di&#383;tingu&#383;h Black and White from one another, though not from
+  other Colours. For I might urge, that he &#383;eems not con&#383;onant to
+  him&#383;elf about the <i>Red</i>, which as you have &#383;een in one
+  place, he repre&#383;ents as &#383;omewhat more A&#383;perous than the
+  <i>Blew</i>; and in another, very Smooth: But becau&#383;e he &#383;peaks
+  of this Smoothne&#383;s in that place, <!-- Page 49 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49"></a>[pg 49]</span> where he mentions
+  the Roughne&#383;s of <i>Black</i>, we may favourably pre&#383;ume that
+  he might mean but a <i>comparative Smoothne&#383;s</i>; and therefore I
+  &#383;hall not In&#383;i&#383;t on this, but rather Countenance my
+  Conjecture by this, that he found it &#383;o Difficult, not only, to
+  Di&#383;criminate Red and Blew, (though the fir&#383;t of our
+  promi&#383;cuous Experiments will inform you, that the Red reflects by
+  great Odds more Light than the other) but al&#383;o to
+  di&#383;tingui&#383;h Black and White from one another, though not from
+  other Colours. And indeed, though in the Ribbonds that were offer'd him,
+  they might be almo&#383;t equally Rough, yet in &#383;uch &#383;lender
+  Corpu&#383;cles as tho&#383;e of Colour, there may ea&#383;ily enough be
+  Conceiv'd, not only a greater Clo&#383;ene&#383;s of Parts, or el&#383;e
+  Paucity of Protuberant Corpu&#383;cles, and the little extant Particles
+  may be otherwi&#383;e Figur'd, and Rang'd in the White than in the Black,
+  but the Cavities may be much Deeper in the one than the other.</p>
+
+  <p>14. And perhaps, (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) it may prove &#383;ome
+  <i>Illu&#383;tration of what I mean</i>, and help you to conceive how
+  <i>this may</i> be, if I Repre&#383;ent, that where the Particles are
+  &#383;o exceeding Slender, we may allow the Parts expos'd to the Sight
+  and Touch to be a little Convex in compari&#383;on of the Erected <!--
+  Page 50 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50"></a>[pg 50]</span>
+  Particle of Black Bodies, as if there were Wyres I know not how many
+  times Slenderer than a Hair: whether you &#383;uppo&#383;e them to be
+  Figur'd like Needles, or Cylindrically, like the Hairs of a Bru&#383;h,
+  with Hemi&#383;phærical (or at lea&#383;t Convex) Tops, they will be
+  &#383;o very Slender, and con&#383;equently the Points both of the one
+  &#383;ort and the other &#383;o very Sharp, that even an exqui&#383;ite
+  Touch will be able to di&#383;tingui&#383;h no greater Difference between
+  them, than that which our Blind man allow'd, when comparing Black and
+  White Bodies, he &#383;aid, that the latter was the le&#383;s Rough of
+  the two. Nor is every Kind of Roughne&#383;s, though Sen&#383;ible
+  enough, Incon&#383;i&#383;tent with Whitene&#383;s, there being
+  Ca&#383;es, wherein the Phy&#383;ical Superficies of a Body is made by
+  the &#383;ame Operation both <i>Rough</i> and <i>white</i>, as when the
+  Level Surface of clear Water being by agitation A&#383;perated with a
+  multitude of Unequal Bubbles, do's thereby acquire a Whitene&#383;s; and
+  as a Smooth piece of Gla&#383;s, by being Scratch'd with a Diamond, do's
+  in the A&#383;perated part of its Surface di&#383;clo&#383;e the
+  &#383;ame Colour. But more (perchance) of this el&#383;ewhere.</p>
+
+  <p>15. And therefore, we &#383;hall here pa&#383;s by the Que&#383;tion,
+  whether any thing might <!-- Page 51 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_51"></a>[pg 51]</span> be con&#383;ider'd about the Opacity of
+  the Corpu&#383;cles of Black Pigments, and the <i>Comparative</i>
+  Diaphaneity of tho&#383;e of many White Bodies, apply'd to our
+  pre&#383;ent Ca&#383;e; and proceed, to repre&#383;ent, That the newly
+  mention'd Exiguity and Shape of the extant Particles being &#383;uppos'd,
+  it will then be con&#383;iderable what we lately but Hinted, (and
+  therefore mu&#383;t now &#383;omewhat Explane) That the Depth of the
+  little Cavities, intercepted between the extant Particles, without being
+  &#383;o much greater in Black Bodies than in White ones, as to be
+  perceptibly &#383;o to the Gro&#383;s Organs of Touch, may be very much
+  greater in reference to their Di&#383;po&#383;ition of Reflecting the
+  imaginary &#383;ubtile Beams of Light. For in Black Bodies, tho&#383;e
+  Little intercepted Cavities, and other Depre&#383;&#383;ions, may be
+  &#383;o Figur'd, &#383;o Narrow and &#383;o Deep, that the incident Beams
+  of Light, which the more extant Parts of the Phy&#383;ical Superficies
+  are di&#383;pos'd to Reflect inwards, may be Detain'd there, and prove
+  unable to Emerge; whil&#383;t in a White Body, the Slender Particles may
+  not only by their Figure be fitted to Reflect the Light copiou&#383;ly
+  outwards, but the intercepted Cavities being not Deep, nor perhaps very
+  Narrow, the Bottoms of them may be &#383;o Con&#383;tituted, as to <!--
+  Page 52 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52"></a>[pg 52]</span> be
+  fit to Reflect outwards much of the Light that falls even upon Them; as
+  you may po&#383;&#383;ibly better apprehend, when we &#383;hall come to
+  treat of Whitene&#383;s and Blackne&#383;s. In the mean time it may
+  &#383;uffice, that you take Notice with me, that the Blind mans Relations
+  import no nece&#383;&#383;ity of Concluding, that, though, becau&#383;e,
+  according to the Judgment of his Touch, Black was the Roughe&#383;t, as
+  it is the Darke&#383;t of Colours, therefore White, which (according to
+  us) is the Lighte&#383;t, &#383;hould be al&#383;o the Smoothe&#383;t:
+  &#383;ince I ob&#383;erve, that he makes Yellow to be two Degrees more
+  A&#383;perous than Blew, and as much le&#383;s A&#383;perous than Green;
+  whereas indeed, Yellow do's not only appear to the Eye a Lighter Colour
+  than Blew, but (by our fir&#383;t Experiment hereafter to be mention'd)
+  it will appear, that Yellow reflected much more Light than Blew, and
+  manife&#383;tly more than Green, (which we need not much wonder at,
+  &#383;ince in this Colour and the two others (Blew and Yellow) 'tis not
+  <i>only</i> the <i>Reflected Light</i> that is to be con&#383;idered,
+  &#383;ince to produce both the&#383;e, <i>Refraction</i> &#383;eems to
+  Intervene, which by its Varieties may much alter the Ca&#383;e:) which
+  both &#383;eems to &#383;trengthen the Conjecture I was formerly
+  propo&#383;ing, that there was &#383;omething el&#383;e <!-- Page 53
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53"></a>[pg 53]</span> in the
+  <i>Kinds</i> of A&#383;perity, as well as in the <i>Degrees</i> of it,
+  which enabled our Blind man to Di&#383;criminate Colours, and do's at
+  lea&#383;t &#383;how, that we cannot in all Ca&#383;es from the bare
+  Difference in the Degrees of A&#383;perity betwixt Colours, &#383;afely
+  conclude, that the Rougher of any two always Reflects the lea&#383;t
+  Light.</p>
+
+  <p>16. But this notwith&#383;tanding, (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) and what ever
+  Curio&#383;ity I may have had to move &#383;ome Que&#383;tions to our
+  Sagacious Blind man, yet thus much I think you will admit us to have
+  gain'd by his Te&#383;timony, that &#383;ince many Colours may be felt
+  with the Circum&#383;tances above related, the Surfaces of &#383;uch
+  Coloured Bodies mu&#383;t certainly have differing <i>Degrees</i>, and in
+  all probability have differing <i>Forms</i> or Kinds of A&#383;perity
+  belonging to them, which is all the U&#383;e that my pre&#383;ent attempt
+  obliges me to make of the Hi&#383;tory above deliver'd, that being
+  &#383;ufficient to prove, <i>that</i> Colour do's much depend upon the
+  Di&#383;po&#383;ition of the Superficial parts of Bodies, and to
+  &#383;hew in general, <i>wherein</i> 'tis probable that &#383;uch a
+  Di&#383;po&#383;ition do's (principally at lea&#383;t)
+  con&#383;i&#383;t.</p>
+
+  <p>17. But to return to what I was &#383;aying before I began to make
+  mention of our Blind <i>Organi&#383;t</i>, what we have deliver'd <!--
+  Page 54 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54"></a>[pg 54]</span>
+  touching the cau&#383;es of the &#383;everal Forms or A&#383;perity that
+  may Diver&#383;ifie the Surfaces of Colour'd Bodies, may perchance
+  &#383;omewhat a&#383;&#383;i&#383;t us to make &#383;ome Conjectures in
+  the general, at &#383;everal of the ways whereby 'tis po&#383;&#383;ible
+  for the Experiments hereafter to be mention'd, to produce the
+  &#383;uddain changes of Colours that are wont to be Con&#383;equent upon
+  them; for mo&#383;t of the&#383;e <i>Phænomena</i> being produc'd by the
+  Intervention of Liquors, and the&#383;e for the mo&#383;t part abounding
+  with very Minute, Active, and Variou&#383;ly Figur'd Saline
+  Corpu&#383;cles, Liquors &#383;o Qualify'd may well enough very Nimbly
+  after the Texture of the Body they are imploy'd to Work upon, and &#383;o
+  may change the form of A&#383;perity, and thereby make them Remit to the
+  Eye the Light that falls on them, after another manner than they did
+  before, and by that means Vary the Colour, &#383;o farr forth as it
+  depends upon the Texture or Di&#383;po&#383;ition of the Seen Parts of
+  the Object, which I &#383;ay, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that you may not think I
+  would ab&#383;olutely exclude all other ways of Modifying the Beams of
+  Light between their Parting from the Lucid Body, and their Reception into
+  the common Sen&#383;ory.</p>
+
+  <p>18. Now there &#383;eem to me divers ways, <!-- Page 55 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55"></a>[pg 55]</span> by which we may
+  conceive that Liquors may Nimbly alter the Colour of one another, and of
+  other Bodies, upon which they Act, but my pre&#383;ent ha&#383;te will
+  allow me to mention but &#383;ome of them, without In&#383;i&#383;ting
+  &#383;o much as upon tho&#383;e I &#383;hall name.</p>
+
+  <p>19. And fir&#383;t, the Minute Corpu&#383;cles that compo&#383;e a
+  Liquor may early in&#383;inuate them&#383;elves into tho&#383;e Pores of
+  Bodies, whereto their Size and Figure makes them Congruous, and
+  the&#383;e Pores they may either exactly Fill, or but Inadequately, and
+  in this latter Ca&#383;e they will for the mo&#383;t part alter the
+  Number and Figure, and always the Bigne&#383;s of the former Pores. And
+  in what capacity &#383;oever the&#383;e Corpu&#383;cles of a Liquor come
+  to be Lodg'd or Harbour'd in the Pores that admit them, the Surface of
+  the Body will for the mo&#383;t part have its A&#383;perity alter'd, and
+  the Incident Light that meets with a Gro&#383;&#383;er Liquor in the
+  little Cavities that before contain'd nothing but Air, or &#383;ome yet
+  Subtiler Fluid, will have its Beams either Refracted, or Imbib'd, or
+  el&#383;e Reflected more or le&#383;s Interruptedly, than they would be,
+  if the Body had been Unmoi&#383;tned, as we &#383;ee, that even fair
+  Water falling on white Paper, or Linnen, and divers other Bodies <!--
+  Page 56 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56"></a>[pg 56]</span> apt
+  to &#383;oak it in, will for &#383;ome &#383;uch Rea&#383;ons as
+  tho&#383;e newly mention'd, immediately alter the Colour of them, and for
+  the mo&#383;t part make it Sadder than that of the Unwetted Parts of the
+  &#383;ame Bodies. And &#383;o you may &#383;ee, that when in the Summer
+  the High-ways are Dry and Du&#383;ty, if there falls &#383;tore of Rain,
+  they will quickly appear of a much Darker Colour than they did before,
+  and if a Drop of Oyl be let fall upon a Sheet of White Paper, that part
+  of it, which by the Imbibition of the Liquor acquires a greater
+  Continuity, and &#383;ome Tran&#383;parency, will appear much Darker than
+  the re&#383;t, many of the Incident Beams of Light being now
+  Tran&#383;mitted, that otherwi&#383;e would be Reflected towards the
+  Beholders Eyes.</p>
+
+  <p>20. Secondly, A Liquor may alter the Colour of a Body by freeing it
+  from tho&#383;e things that hindred it from appearing in its Genuine
+  Colour; and though this may be &#383;aid to be rather a Re&#383;tauration
+  of a Body to its own Colour, or a Retection of its native Colour, than a
+  Change, yet &#383;till there Intervenes in it a change of the Colour
+  which the Body appear'd to be of before this Operation. And &#383;uch a
+  change a Liquor may work, either by Di&#383;&#383;olving, or Corroding,
+  or by &#383;ome &#383;uch way of <!-- Page 57 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_57"></a>[pg 57]</span> carrying off that Matter, which either
+  Veil'd or Di&#383;guis'd the Colour that afterwards appears. Thus we
+  re&#383;tore Old pieces of Dirty Gold to a clean and nitid Yellow, by
+  putting them into the Fire, and into <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, which take off
+  the adventitious Filth that made that pure Metall look of a Dirty Colour.
+  And there is al&#383;o an ea&#383;ie way to re&#383;tore Silver Coyns to
+  their due Lu&#383;tre, by fetching off that which Di&#383;colour'd them.
+  And I know a <i>Chymical</i> Liquor, which I employ'd to re&#383;tore
+  pieces of Cloath &#383;potted with Grea&#383;e to their proper Colour, by
+  Imbibing the Spotted part with this Liquor, which Incorporating with the
+  Grea&#383;e, and yet being of a very Volatile Nature, does ea&#383;ily
+  carry it away with it Self. And I have &#383;ometimes try'd, that by
+  Rubbing upon a good Touch-&#383;tone a certain <i>Metalline</i> mixture
+  &#383;o Compounded, that the Impre&#383;&#383;ion it left upon the Stone
+  appear'd of a very differing Colour from that of Gold, yet a little of
+  <i>Aqua-fortis</i> would in a Trice make the Golden Colour
+  di&#383;clo&#383;e it &#383;elf, by Di&#383;&#383;olving the other
+  <i>Metalline</i> Corpu&#383;cles that conceal'd tho&#383;e of the Gold,
+  which you know that <i>Menstruum</i> will leave Untouch'd.</p>
+
+  <p>21. Thirdly, A Liquor may alter the <!-- Page 58 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58"></a>[pg 58]</span> Colour of a Body by
+  making a Comminution of its Parts, and that principally two ways, the
+  fir&#383;t by Di&#383;joyning and Di&#383;&#383;ipating tho&#383;e
+  Clu&#383;ters of Particles, if I may &#383;o call them, which &#383;tuck
+  more Loo&#383;ely together, being fa&#383;tned only by &#383;ome more
+  ea&#383;ily Di&#383;&#383;oluble Ciment, which &#383;eems to be the
+  Ca&#383;e of &#383;ome of the following Experiments, where you'l find the
+  Colour of many Corpu&#383;cles brought to cohere by having been
+  Precipitated together, De&#383;troy'd by the Affu&#383;ion of very
+  peircing and inci&#383;ive Liquors. The other of the two ways I was
+  &#383;peaking of, is, by Dividing the Gro&#383;&#383;er and more Solid
+  Particles into Minute ones, which will be always Le&#383;&#383;er, and
+  for the mo&#383;t part otherwi&#383;e Shap'd than the Entire
+  Corpu&#383;cle &#383;o Divided, as it will happen in a piece of Wood
+  reduc'd into Splinters or Chips, or as when a piece of Chry&#383;tal
+  heated red Hot and quench'd in Cold water is crack'd into a multitude of
+  little Fragments, which though they fall not a&#383;under, alter the
+  Di&#383;po&#383;ition of the Body of the Chry&#383;tal, as to its manner
+  of Reflecting the Light, as we &#383;hall have Occa&#383;ion to &#383;hew
+  hereafter.</p>
+
+  <p>22. There is a fourth way contrary to the third, whereby a Liquor may
+  change the Colour of another Body, e&#383;pecially of <!-- Page 59
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59"></a>[pg 59]</span> another
+  Fluid, and that is, by procuring the Coalition of &#383;everal Particles
+  that before lay too Scatter'd and Di&#383;pers'd to exhibit the Colour
+  that afterwards appears. Thus &#383;ometimes when I have had a Solution
+  of Gold &#383;o Dilated, that I doubted whether the Liquor had really
+  Imbib'd any true Gold or no, by pouring in a little <i>Mercury</i>, I
+  have been quickly able to &#383;atisfie my Self, that the Liquor
+  contain'd Gold, that Mettall after a little while Cloathing the Surface
+  of the <i>Quick-&#383;ilver</i>, with a Thin Film of its own Livery. And
+  chiefly, though not only by this way of bringing the Minute parts of
+  Bodies together in &#383;uch Numbers as to make them become Notorious to
+  the Eye, many of the&#383;e Colours &#383;eem to be Generated which are
+  produc'd by Precipitations, e&#383;pecially by &#383;uch as are wont to
+  be made with fair Water, as when Re&#383;inous Gumms di&#383;&#383;olv'd
+  in Spirit of Wine, are let fall again, if the Spirit be Copiou&#383;ly
+  diluted with that weakning Liquor. And &#383;o out of the Rectify'd and
+  Tran&#383;parent Butter of <i>Antimony</i>, by the bare Mixture of fair
+  Water, there will be plentifully Precipitated that Milk-white
+  Sub&#383;tance, which by having its Loo&#383;er Salts well wa&#383;h'd
+  off, is turn'd into that Medicine, which Vulgar <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i> are
+  pleas'd to call <i>Mercurius Vitæ.</i></p>
+
+<!-- Page 60 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60"></a>[pg 60]</span>
+
+  <p>23. A fifth way, by which a Liquor may change the Colour of a Body,
+  is, by Di&#383;locating the Parts, and putting them out of their former
+  Order into another, and perhaps al&#383;o altering the Po&#383;ture of
+  the &#383;ingle Corpu&#383;cles as well as their Order or Situation in
+  re&#383;pect of one another. What certain Kinds of Commotion or
+  Di&#383;location of the Parts of a Body may do towards the Changing its
+  Colour, is not only evident in the Mutations of Colour ob&#383;ervable in
+  <i>Quick-&#383;ilver</i>, and &#383;ome other Concretes long kept by
+  <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i> in a Convenient Heat, though in clo&#383;e
+  Ve&#383;&#383;els, but in the Obvious Degenerations of Colour, which
+  every Body may take notice of in Bruis'd Cherries, and other Fruit, by
+  comparing after a while the Colour of the Injur'd with that of the Sound
+  part of the &#383;ame Fruit. And that al&#383;o &#383;uch Liquors, as we
+  have been &#383;peaking of, may greatly Di&#383;compo&#383;e the Textures
+  of many Bodies, and thereby alter the Di&#383;po&#383;ition of their
+  Superficial parts, the great Commotion made in Metalls, and &#383;everal
+  other Bodies by <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, Oyl of <i>Vitriol</i>, and other
+  Saline <i>Men&#383;truums</i>, may ea&#383;ily per&#383;wade us, and what
+  &#383;uch Vary'd Situations of Parts may do towards the Diver&#383;ifying
+  of the manner of their Reflecting the Light, may <!-- Page 61 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61"></a>[pg 61]</span> be Gue&#383;s'd in
+  &#383;ome Mea&#383;ure by the Beating of Tran&#383;parent Gla&#383;s into
+  a White Powder, but farr better by the Experiments lately Pointed at, and
+  hereafter Deliver'd, as the Producing and De&#383;troying Colours by the
+  means of &#383;ubtil Saline Liquors, by who&#383;e Affu&#383;ion the
+  Parts of other Liquors are manife&#383;tly both Agitated, and
+  likewi&#383;e Di&#383;pos'd after another manner than they were before
+  &#383;uch Affu&#383;ion. And in &#383;ome <i>Chymical</i> Oyls, as
+  particularly that of Lemmon Pills, by barely Shaking the Gla&#383;s, that
+  holds it, into Bubbles, that Tran&#383;po&#383;ition of the Parts which
+  is con&#383;equent to the Shaking, will &#383;hew you on the Surfaces of
+  the Bubbles exceeding Orient and Lively Colours, which when the Bubbles
+  relap&#383;e into the re&#383;t of the Oyl, do immediately
+  Vani&#383;h.</p>
+
+  <p>24. I know not, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, whether I &#383;hould mention as a
+  Di&#383;tinct way, becau&#383;e it is of a &#383;omewhat more General
+  Nature, that Power, whereby a Liquor may alter the Colour of another
+  Body, by putting the Parts of it into Motion; For though
+  po&#383;&#383;ibly the Motion &#383;o produc'd, does, as &#383;uch,
+  &#383;eldome &#383;uddenly change the Colour of the Body who&#383;e Parts
+  are Agitated, yet this &#383;eems to be one of the mo&#383;t General,
+  however not Immediate cau&#383;es of <!-- Page 62 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62"></a>[pg 62]</span> the Quick change of
+  Colours in Bodies. For the Parts being put into Motion by the
+  adventitious Liquor, divers of them that were before United, may become
+  thereby Di&#383;joyn'd, and when that Motion cea&#383;es or decays others
+  of them may &#383;tick together, and that in a new Order, by which means
+  the Motion may &#383;ometimes produce Permanent changes of Colours, as in
+  the Experiment you will meet with hereafter, of pre&#383;ently turning a
+  Snowy White Body into a Yellow, by the bare Affu&#383;ion of fair Water,
+  which probably &#383;o Di&#383;&#383;olves the Saline Corpu&#383;cles
+  that remain'd in the <i>Calx</i>, and &#383;ets them at Liberty to Act
+  upon one another, and the Metall, far more Powerfully than the Water
+  without the A&#383;&#383;i&#383;tance of &#383;uch Saline Corpu&#383;cles
+  could do. And though you rubb Blew <i>Vitriol</i>, how Venereal and
+  Un&#383;ophi&#383;ticated &#383;oever it be, upon the Whetted Blade of a
+  Knife, it will not impart to the Iron its Latent Colour, but if you
+  moi&#383;ten the <i>Vitriol</i> with your Spittle, or common Water, the
+  Particles of the Liquor di&#383;joyning tho&#383;e of the <i>Vitriol</i>,
+  and thereby giving them the Various Agitation requi&#383;ite to Fluid
+  Bodies, the Metalline Corpu&#383;cles of the thus Di&#383;&#383;olv'd
+  <i>Vitriol</i> will Lodge them&#383;elves in Throngs in the Small and
+  Congruous <!-- Page 63 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63"></a>[pg
+  63]</span> Pores of the Iron they are Rubb'd on, and &#383;o give the
+  Surface of it the Genuine Colour of the Copper.</p>
+
+  <p>25. There remains yet a way, <i>Pyrophilus</i> to be mention'd, by
+  which a Liquor may alter the Colour of another Body, and this &#383;eems
+  the mo&#383;t Important of all, becau&#383;e though it be nam'd but as
+  One, yet it may indeed comprehend Many, and that is, by
+  A&#383;&#383;ociating the Saline Corpu&#383;cles, or any other Sort of
+  the more Rigid ones of the Liquor, with the Particles of the Body that it
+  is employ'd to Work upon. For the&#383;e Adventitious Corpu&#383;cles
+  A&#383;&#383;ociating them&#383;elves with the Protuberant Particles of
+  the Surface of a Colour'd Body, mu&#383;t nece&#383;&#383;arily alter
+  their Bigne&#383;s, and will mo&#383;t commonly alter their Shape. And
+  how much the Colours of Bodies depend upon the Bulk and Figure of their
+  Superficial Particles, you may Gue&#383;s by this, that eminent antient
+  <i>Philo&#383;ophers</i> and divers <i>Moderns</i>, have thought that all
+  Colours might in a general way be made out by the&#383;e two; who&#383;e
+  being Diver&#383;ify'd, will in our Ca&#383;e be attended with the&#383;e
+  two Circum&#383;tances, the One, that the Protuberant Particles being
+  Increas'd in Bulk, they will oftentimes be Vary'd as to the
+  Clo&#383;ne&#383;s or Laxity of <!-- Page 64 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_64"></a>[pg 64]</span> their Order, fewer of them being
+  contain'd within the &#383;ame Sen&#383;ible (though Minute) &#383;pace
+  than before; or el&#383;e by approaching to one another, they mu&#383;t
+  Straighten the Pores, and it may be too, they will by their manner of
+  A&#383;&#383;ociating them&#383;elves with the Protuberant Particles,
+  intercept new Pores. And this invites me to con&#383;ider farther, that
+  the Adventitious Corpu&#383;cles, I have been &#383;peaking of, may
+  likewi&#383;e produce a great Change as well in the Little Cavities or
+  Pores as in the Protuberances of a Colour'd Body; for be&#383;ides what
+  we have ju&#383;t now taken notice of, they may by Lodging
+  them&#383;elves in tho&#383;e little Cavities, fill them up, and it may
+  well happen, that they may not only fill the Pores they In&#383;inuate
+  them&#383;elves into, but likewi&#383;e have their Upper Parts extant
+  above them; and partly by the&#383;e new Protuberances, partly by
+  Increa&#383;ing the Bulk of the former, the&#383;e Extraneous
+  Corpu&#383;cles may much alter the Number and Bigne&#383;s of the
+  Surfaces Pores, changing the Old and Intercepting new ones. And then 'tis
+  Odds, but the Order of the Little Extancies, and con&#383;equently that
+  of the Little Depre&#383;&#383;ions in point of Situation will be alter'd
+  likewi&#383;e: as if you di&#383;&#383;olve <i>Quick-&#383;ilver</i> in
+  &#383;ome kind of <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, <!-- Page 65 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65"></a>[pg 65]</span> the Saline Particles
+  of the <i>Menstruum</i> A&#383;&#383;ociating them&#383;elves with the
+  Mercurial Corpu&#383;cles, will make a Green Solution, which afterwards
+  ea&#383;ily enough Degenerates. And Red Lead or <i>Minium</i> being
+  Di&#383;&#383;olv'd in Spirit of Vinegar, yields not a Red, but a Clear
+  Solution, the Redne&#383;s of the Lead being by the Liquor
+  De&#383;troy'd. But a better In&#383;tance may be taken from Copper, for
+  I have try'd, that if upon a Copper-plate you let &#383;ome Drops of weak
+  <i>Aqua-fortis</i> re&#383;t for a while, the Corpu&#383;cles of the
+  <i>Men&#383;truum</i>, joyning with tho&#383;e of the Metall, will
+  produce a very &#383;en&#383;ible A&#383;perity upon the Surface of the
+  Plate, and will Concoagulate that way into very minute Grains of a Pale
+  Blew <i>Vitriol</i>; whereas if upon another part of the &#383;ame Plate
+  you &#383;uffer a little &#383;trong Spirit of Urine to re&#383;t a
+  competent time, you &#383;hall find the A&#383;perated Surface adorn'd
+  with a Deeper and Richer Blew. And the &#383;ame <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, that
+  will quickly change the Redne&#383;s of Red Lead into a Darker Colour,
+  will, being put upon Crude Lead, produce a Whiti&#383;h Sub&#383;tance,
+  as with Copper it did a Blewi&#383;h. And as with Iron it will produce a
+  Reddi&#383;h, and on White Quills a Yellowi&#383;h, &#383;o much may the
+  Coalition of the Parts of the &#383;ame <!-- Page 66 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66"></a>[pg 66]</span> Liquor, with the
+  differingly Figur'd Particles of Stable Bodies, divers ways A&#383;perate
+  the differingly Di&#383;pos'd Surfaces, and to Diver&#383;ifie the Colour
+  of tho&#383;e Bodies. And you'l ea&#383;ily believe, that in many changes
+  of Colour, that happen upon the Di&#383;&#383;olutions of Metalls, and
+  Precipitations made with Oyl of <i>Tartar</i>, and the like Fix'd Salts,
+  there may Intervene a Coalition of Saline Corpu&#383;cles with the
+  Particles of the Body Di&#383;&#383;olv'd or Precipitated, if you examine
+  how much the <i>Vitriol</i> of a Metall may be Heavier than the Metalline
+  part of it alone, upon the Score of the Saline parts Concoagulated
+  therewith, and, that in Several Precipitations the weight of the
+  <i>Calx</i> does for the &#383;ame Rea&#383;on much exceed that of the
+  Metall, when it was fir&#383;t put in to be Di&#383;&#383;olv'd.</p>
+
+  <p>26. But, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, to con&#383;ider the&#383;e Matters more
+  particularly would be to forget that I declar'd again&#383;t Adventuring,
+  at lea&#383;t for this time, at particular Theories of Colours, and that
+  accordingly you may ju&#383;tly expect from me rather Experiments than
+  Speculations, and therefore I &#383;hall Di&#383;mi&#383;s this Subject
+  of the Forms of Superficial A&#383;perity in Colour'd Bodies, as
+  &#383;oon as I &#383;hall but have nam'd to you by way of Supplement to
+  what we have <!-- Page 67 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_67"></a>[pg 67]</span> hitherto Di&#383;cours'd in this
+  Section, a Couple of Particulars, (which you'l ea&#383;ily grant me) The
+  one, That there are divers other ways for the &#383;peedy Production even
+  of True and Permanent Colours in Bodies, be&#383;ides tho&#383;e
+  Practicable by the help of Liquors; for proof of which
+  Adverti&#383;ement, though &#383;everal Examples might be alleged, yet I
+  &#383;hall need but Re-mind you of what I mention'd to you above,
+  touching the change of Colours &#383;uddenly made on Temper'd Steel, and
+  on Lead, by the Operation of Heat, without the Intervention of a Liquor.
+  But the other particular I am to ob&#383;erve to you is of more
+  Importance to our pre&#383;ent Subject and it is, That though Nature and
+  Art may in &#383;ome ca&#383;es &#383;o change the A&#383;perity of the
+  Superficial parts of a Body, as to change its Colour by either of the
+  ways I have propos'd Single or Una&#383;&#383;i&#383;ted, yet for the
+  mo&#383;t part 'tis by two or three, or perhaps by more of the
+  fore-mention'd ways A&#383;&#383;ociated together, that the Effect is
+  produc'd, and if you con&#383;ider how Variou&#383;ly tho&#383;e
+  &#383;everal ways and &#383;ome others Ally'd unto them, which I have
+  left unmention'd, may be Compounded and Apply'd, you will not much wonder
+  that &#383;uch fruitfull, whether Principles (or Manners of
+  Diver&#383;ification) <!-- Page 68 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_68"></a>[pg 68]</span> &#383;hould be fitted to Change or
+  Generate no &#383;mall &#383;tore of Differing Colours.</p>
+
+  <p>27. Hitherto, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, we have in di&#383;cour&#383;ing of
+  the A&#383;perity of Bodies con&#383;ider'd the little Protuberances of
+  other Superficial particles which make up that Roughne&#383;s, as if we
+  took it for granted, that they mu&#383;t be perfectly Opacous and
+  Impenetrable by the Beams of Light, and &#383;o, mu&#383;t contribute to
+  the Variety of Colours as they terminate more or le&#383;s Light, and
+  reflect it to the Eye mix'd with more or le&#383;s of thus or thus
+  mingl'd Shades. But to deal Ingenuou&#383;ly with you, <i>Pyrophilus</i>,
+  before I proceed any further, I mu&#383;t not conceal from you, that I
+  have often thought it worth a Serious Enquiry, whether or no Particles of
+  Matter, each of them &#383;ing'y In&#383;en&#383;ible, and therefore
+  &#383;mall enough to be capable of being &#383;uch Minute Particles as
+  the <i>Atomi&#383;ts</i> both of old and of late have (not ab&#383;urdly)
+  called <i>Corpu&#383;cula Coloris</i>, may not yet con&#383;i&#383;t each
+  of them of divers yet Minuter Particles, betwixt which we may conceive
+  little Commi&#383;&#383;ures where they Adhere to one another, and,
+  however, may not be Porous enough to be, at lea&#383;t in &#383;ome
+  degree, Pervious to the unimaginably &#383;ubtile Corpu&#383;cles that
+  make up the Beams of <!-- Page 69 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_69"></a>[pg 69]</span> Light, and con&#383;equently to be in
+  &#383;uch a degree Diaphanous. For, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that the
+  propo&#383;ed Enquiry may be of moment to him that &#383;earches after
+  the Nature of Colour, you'l ea&#383;ily grant, if you con&#383;ider, that
+  whereas Perfectly Opacous bodies can but reflect the incident Beams of
+  Light, tho&#383;e that are Diaphanous are qualified to refract them too,
+  and that Refraction has &#383;uch a &#383;troak in the Production of
+  Colours, as you cannot but have taken notice of, and perhaps admir'd in
+  the Colours generated by the Trajection of Light through Drops of Water
+  that exhibit a Rain-bow, through Pri&#383;matical gla&#383;&#383;es, and
+  through divers other Tran&#383;parent bodies. But 'tis like,
+  <i>Pyrophilus</i>, you'l more ea&#383;ily allow that about this matter
+  'tis rather Important to have a Certainty, than that 'tis Rational to
+  entertain a Doubt; wherefore I mu&#383;t mention to you &#383;ome of the
+  Rea&#383;ons that make me think it may need a further Enquiry, for I find
+  that in a Darkned Room, where the Light is permitted to enter but at One
+  hole, the little wandering Particles of Du&#383;t, that are commonly
+  called Motes, and, unle&#383;s in the Sunbeams, are not taken notice of
+  by the una&#383;&#383;i&#383;ted Sight, I have, I &#383;ay, often
+  ob&#383;erv'd, that the&#383;e roving Corpu&#383;cles being look'd on by
+  an Eye plac'd on one &#383;ide of the <!-- Page 70 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70"></a>[pg 70]</span> Beams that enter'd
+  the Little hole, and by the Darkne&#383;s having its Pupill much
+  Enlarg'd, I could di&#383;cern that the&#383;e Motes as &#383;oon as they
+  came within the compa&#383;s of the Luminous, whether Cylinder or
+  Inverted Cone, if I may &#383;o call it, that was made up by the
+  Unclouded Beams of the Sun, did in certain po&#383;itions appear adorn'd
+  with very vivid Colours, like tho&#383;e of the Rain-bow, or rather like
+  tho&#383;e of very Minute, but Sparkling fragments of Diamonds; and as
+  &#383;oon as the Continuance of their Motion had brought them to an
+  Inconvenient po&#383;ition in reference to the Light and the Eye, they
+  were only vi&#383;ible without Darting any lively Colours as before,
+  which &#383;eems to argue that the&#383;e little Motes, or minute
+  Fragments, of &#383;everal &#383;orts of bodies reputed Opacous, and only
+  crumbled as to their Exteriour and Loo&#383;er parts into Du&#383;t, did
+  not barely Reflect the Beams that fell upon them, but remit them to the
+  Eye Refracted too. We may al&#383;o ob&#383;erve, that &#383;everal
+  Bodies, (as well &#383;ome of a Vegetable, as others of an Animal nature)
+  which are wont to pa&#383;s for Opacous, appear in great part
+  Tran&#383;parent, when they are reduc'd into Thin parts, and held
+  again&#383;t a powerful Light. This I have not only taken notice of in
+  pieces of Ivory reduc'd but into Thick leaves, as al&#383;o in divers
+  con&#383;iderable <!-- Page 71 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_71"></a>[pg 71]</span> Thick &#383;hells of Fi&#383;hes, and
+  in &#383;having of Wood, but I have al&#383;o found that a piece of Deal,
+  far thicker than one would ea&#383;ily imagine, being purpo&#383;ly
+  interpo&#383;ed betwixt my Eye plac'd in a Room, and the clear Daylight,
+  was not only &#383;omewhat Tran&#383;parent, but (perhaps by rea&#383;on
+  of its Gummous nature) appear'd quite through of a lovely Red. And in the
+  Darkned Room above mention'd, Bodies held again&#383;t the hole at which
+  the Light enter'd, appear'd far le&#383;s Opacous then they would
+  el&#383;ewhere have done, in&#383;omuch that I could ea&#383;ily and
+  plainly &#383;ee through the whole Thickne&#383;s of my Hand, the Motions
+  of a Body plac'd (at a very near di&#383;tance indeed, but yet) beyond
+  it. And even in Minerals, the Opacity is not always &#383;o great as many
+  think, if the Body be made Thin, for White Marble though of a pretty
+  Thickne&#383;s, being within a Due di&#383;tance plac'd betwixt the Eye
+  and a Convenient Light, will Suffer the Motions of ones Finger to be well
+  di&#383;cern'd through it, and &#383;o will pieces, Thick enough, of many
+  common Flints. But above all, that In&#383;tance is remarkable, that is
+  afforded us by <i>Mu&#383;covie</i> gla&#383;s, (which &#383;ome call
+  <i>Selenites</i>, others <i>Lapis Specularis</i>) for though plates of
+  this Mineral, though but of a moderate Thickne&#383;s, do often appear
+  Opacous, yet if <!-- Page 72 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_72"></a>[pg 72]</span> one of the&#383;e be Dextrou&#383;ly
+  &#383;plit into the thinne&#383;t Leaves 'tis made up of, it will yield
+  &#383;uch a number of them, as &#383;carce any thing but Experience could
+  have per&#383;waded me, and the&#383;e Leaves will afford the mo&#383;t
+  Tran&#383;parent &#383;ort of con&#383;i&#383;tent Bodies, that, for
+  ought I have ob&#383;erv'd, are yet known; and a &#383;ingle Leaf or
+  Plate will be &#383;o far from being Opacous, that 'twill &#383;carce be
+  &#383;o much as Vi&#383;ible. And multitudes of Bodies there are,
+  who&#383;e Fragments &#383;eem Opacous to the naked Eye, which yet, when
+  I have included them in good <i>Micro&#383;copes</i>, appear'd
+  Tran&#383;parent; but, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, on the other &#383;ide I am not
+  yet &#383;ure that there are no Bodies, who&#383;e Minute Particles even
+  in &#383;uch a <i>Micro&#383;cope</i> as that of mine, which I was lately
+  mentioning, will not appear Diaphanous. For having con&#383;ider'd
+  <i>Mercury</i> Precipitated <i>per &#383;e</i>, the little Granules that
+  made up the powder, look'd like little fragments of Coral beheld by the
+  naked Eye at a Di&#383;tance (for very Near at hand Coral will
+  &#383;ometimes, e&#383;pecially if it be Good, &#383;hew &#383;ome
+  Tran&#383;parency.) Filings likewi&#383;e of Steel and Copper, though in
+  an excellent <i>Micro&#383;cope</i>, and a fair Day, they &#383;how'd
+  like pretty Big Fragments of tho&#383;e Metalls, and had
+  con&#383;iderable Brightne&#383;s on &#383;ome of their Surfaces, yet I
+  was not &#383;atisfi'd, that I perceiv'd <!-- Page 73 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73"></a>[pg 73]</span> any Reflection from
+  the Inner parts of any of the Filings. Nay, having look'd in my be&#383;t
+  <i>Micro&#383;cope</i> upon the Red <i>Calx</i> of Lead, (commonly call'd
+  <i>Minium</i>) neither I, nor any I &#383;hew'd it to, could di&#383;cern
+  it to be other than Opacous, though the Day were Clear, and the Object
+  &#383;trongly Enlightned. And the deeply Red Colour of <i>Vitriol</i>
+  appear'd in the &#383;ame <i>Micro&#383;cope</i> (notwith&#383;tanding
+  the great Comminution effected by the Fire) but like Gro&#383;&#383;y
+  beaten Brick. So that, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, I &#383;hall willingly
+  re&#383;ign you the care of making &#383;ome further Enquiries into the
+  Subject we have now been con&#383;idering; for I confe&#383;s, as I told
+  you before, that I think that the Matter may need a further Scrutiny, nor
+  would I be forward to Determine how far or in what ca&#383;es the
+  Tran&#383;parency or Semi-diaphaniety of the Superficial Corpu&#383;cles
+  of Bigger Bodies, may have an Intere&#383;t in the Production of their
+  Colours, e&#383;pecially becau&#383;e that even in divers White bodies,
+  as Beaten Gla&#383;s, Snow and Froth, where it &#383;eems manife&#383;t
+  that the Superficial parts are &#383;ingly Diaphanous, (being either
+  Water, or Air, or Gla&#383;s) we &#383;ee not that &#383;uch Variety of
+  Colours are produc'd as u&#383;ually are by the Refraction of Light, even
+  in tho&#383;e Bodies, when by their Bigne&#383;s, Shape, &amp;c. they are
+  conveniently <!-- Page 74 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_74"></a>[pg 74]</span> qualify'd to exhibit &#383;uch Various
+  and Lively Colours as tho&#383;e of the Rain-bow, and of Pri&#383;matical
+  Gla&#383;&#383;es.</p>
+
+  <p>28. By what has been hitherto di&#383;cours'd, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, we
+  may be a&#383;&#383;i&#383;ted to judge of that famous Controver&#383;ie
+  which was of Old di&#383;puted betwixt the <i>Epicureans</i> and other
+  <i>Atomi&#383;ts</i> on the one &#383;ide, and mo&#383;t other
+  <i>Philo&#383;ophers</i> on the other &#383;ide. The former Denying
+  Bodies to be Colour'd in the Dark, and the Latter making Colour to be an
+  Inherent quality, as well as Figure, Hardne&#383;s; Weight, or the like.
+  For though this Controver&#383;ie be Reviv'd, and hotly Agitated among
+  the <i>Moderns</i>, yet I doubt whether it be not in great part a Nominal
+  di&#383;pute, and therefore let us, according to the Doctrine formerly
+  deliver'd, Di&#383;tingui&#383;h the Acceptions of the word Colour, and
+  &#383;ay, that if it be taken in the Stricter Sen&#383;e, the
+  <i>Epicureans</i> &#383;eem to be in the Right, for if Colour be indeed,
+  though not according to them, but Light Modify'd, how can we conceive
+  that it can Sub&#383;i&#383;t in the Dark, that is, where it mu&#383;t be
+  &#383;uppos'd there is no Light; but on the other &#383;ide, if Colour be
+  con&#383;ider'd as a certain Con&#383;tant Di&#383;po&#383;ition of the
+  Superficial parts of the Object to Trouble the Light they Reflect after
+  &#383;uch and &#383;uch a Determinate manner, <!-- Page 75 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75"></a>[pg 75]</span> this Con&#383;tant,
+  and, if I may &#383;o &#383;peak, Modifying di&#383;po&#383;ition
+  per&#383;evering in the Object, whether it be Shin'd upon or no, there
+  &#383;eems no ju&#383;t rea&#383;on to deny, but that in this Sen&#383;e,
+  Bodies retain their Colour as well in the Night as Day; or, to Speak a
+  little otherwi&#383;e, it may be &#383;aid, that Bodies are Potentially
+  Colour'd in the Dark, and Actually in the Light. But of this Matter
+  di&#383;cour&#383;ing more fully el&#383;ewhere, as 'tis a difficulty
+  that concerns Qualities in general, I &#383;hall forbear to
+  in&#383;i&#383;t on it here.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>CHAP. IV</h3>
+
+  <p>1. Of greater Moment in the Inve&#383;tigation of the Nature of
+  Colours is the Controver&#383;ie, Whether tho&#383;e of the Rain-bow, and
+  tho&#383;e that are often &#383;een in Clouds, before the Ri&#383;ing, or
+  after the Setting of the Sun; and in a word, Whether tho&#383;e other
+  Colours, that are wont to be call'd Emphatical, ought or ought not to be
+  accounted True Colours. I need not tell you that the Negative is the
+  Common Opinion, e&#383;pecially in the Schools, as may appear by that
+  Vulgar di&#383;tinction of Colours, whereby the&#383;e under
+  Con&#383;ideration are term'd Apparent, by way of Oppo&#383;ition <!--
+  Page 76 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76"></a>[pg 76]</span> to
+  tho&#383;e that in the other Member of the Di&#383;tinction are call'd
+  True or Genuine. This que&#383;tion I &#383;ay &#383;eems to me of
+  Importance, upon this Account, that it being commonly Granted, (or
+  however, ea&#383;ie enough to be Prov'd) that Emphatical Colours are
+  Light it &#383;elf Modify'd by Refractions chiefly, with a concurrence
+  &#383;ometimes of Reflections, and perhaps &#383;ome other Accidents
+  depending on the&#383;e two; if the&#383;e Emphatical Colours be
+  re&#383;olv'd to be Genuine, it will &#383;eem con&#383;equent, that
+  Colours, or at lea&#383;t divers of them, are but Diver&#383;ify'd Light,
+  and not &#383;uch Real and Inherent qualities as they are commonly
+  thought to be.</p>
+
+  <p>2. Now &#383;ince we are wont to e&#383;teem the Echoes and other
+  Sounds of Bodies, to be True Sounds, all their Odours to be True Odours,
+  and (to be &#383;hort) &#383;ince we judge other Sen&#383;ible Qualities
+  to be True ones, becau&#383;e they are the proper Objects of &#383;ome or
+  other of our Sen&#383;es, I &#383;ee not why Emphatical Colours, being
+  the proper and peculiar Objects of the Organ of Sight, and capable to
+  Affect it as Truly and as Powerfully as other Colours, &#383;hould be
+  reputed but Imaginary ones.</p>
+
+  <p>And if we have (which perchance you'l allow) formerly evinc'd Colour,
+  (when <!-- Page 77 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77"></a>[pg
+  77]</span> the word is taken in its more Proper &#383;en&#383;e) to be
+  but Modify'd Light, there will be &#383;mall Rea&#383;on to deny
+  the&#383;e to be true Colours, which more manife&#383;tly than others
+  di&#383;clo&#383;e them&#383;elves to be produc'd by
+  Diver&#383;ifications of the Light.</p>
+
+  <p>3. There is indeed taken notice of a Difference betwixt the&#383;e
+  Apparent colours, and tho&#383;e that are wont to be e&#383;teem'd
+  Genuine, as to the Duration, which has induc'd &#383;ome Learned Men to
+  call the former rather Evanid than Fanta&#383;tical. But as the Ingenious
+  <i>Ga&#383;&#383;endus</i> does &#383;omewhere Judiciou&#383;ly
+  ob&#383;erve, if this way of Arguing were Good, the Greene&#383;s of a
+  Leaf ought to pa&#383;s for Apparent, becau&#383;e, &#383;oon Fading into
+  a Yellow, it Scarce la&#383;ts at all, in compari&#383;on of the
+  Greene&#383;s of an Emerauld. I &#383;hall add, that if the Sun-beams be
+  in a convenient manner trajected through a Gla&#383;s-pri&#383;m, and
+  thrown upon &#383;ome well-&#383;haded Object within a Room, the Rain-bow
+  thereby Painted on the Surface of the Body that Terminates the Beams, may
+  oftentimes la&#383;t longer than Some Colours I have produc'd in certain
+  Bodies, which would ju&#383;tly, and without &#383;cruple be accounted
+  Genuine Colours, and yet &#383;uddenly Degenerate, and lo&#383;e their
+  Nature.</p>
+
+  <p>4. A greater Di&#383;parity betwixt Emphatical <!-- Page 78 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78"></a>[pg 78]</span> Colours, and others,
+  may perhaps be taken from this, that Genuine Colours &#383;eem to be
+  produc'd in Opacous Bodies by Reflection, but Apparent ones in Diaphanous
+  Bodies, and principally by Refraction, I &#383;ay Principally rather than
+  Solely, becau&#383;e in &#383;ome ca&#383;es Reflection al&#383;o may
+  concurr, but &#383;till this &#383;eems not to conclude the&#383;e Latter
+  Colours not to be True ones. Nor mu&#383;t what has been newly &#383;aid
+  of the Differences of True and Apparent Colours, be interpreted in too
+  Unlimited a Sen&#383;e, and therefore it may perhaps &#383;omewhat
+  A&#383;&#383;i&#383;t you, both to Reflect upon the two fore-going
+  Objections, and to judge of &#383;ome other Pa&#383;&#383;ages which
+  you'l meet with in this Tract, if I take this Occa&#383;ion to
+  ob&#383;erve to you, that if Water be Agitated into Froth, it exhibits
+  you know a White colour, which &#383;oon after it Lo&#383;es upon the
+  Re&#383;olution of the Bubbles into Air and Water, now in this ca&#383;e
+  either the Whitene&#383;s of the Froth is a True Colour or not, if it be,
+  then True Colours, &#383;uppo&#383;ing the Water pure and free from
+  Mixtures of any thing Tenacious, may be as Short-liv'd as tho&#383;e of
+  the Rain-bow; al&#383;o the Matter, wherein the Whitene&#383;s did
+  Re&#383;ide, may in a few moments perfectly Lo&#383;e all foot-&#383;teps
+  or remains of it. And <!-- Page 79 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_79"></a>[pg 79]</span> be&#383;ides, even Diaphanous Bodies
+  may be capable of exhibiting True Colours by Reflection, for that
+  Whitene&#383;s is &#383;o produc'd, we &#383;hall anon make it probable.
+  But if on the other &#383;ide it be &#383;aid, that the Whitene&#383;s of
+  Froth is an Emphatical Colour, then it mu&#383;t no longer be &#383;aid,
+  that Fanta&#383;tical Colours require a certain Po&#383;ition of the
+  Luminary and the Eye, and mu&#383;t be Vary'd or De&#383;troy'd by the
+  Change thereof, &#383;ince Froth appears White, whether the Sun be
+  Ri&#383;ing or Setting, or in the Meridian, or any where between it and
+  the Horizon, and from what (Neighbouring) place &#383;oever the Beholders
+  Eye looks upon it. And &#383;ince by making a Liquor Tenacious enough,
+  yet without De&#383;troying its Tran&#383;parency, or Staining it with
+  any Colour, you may give the Little Films, whereof the Bubbles
+  con&#383;i&#383;t, &#383;uch a Texture, as may make the Froth la&#383;t
+  very many Hours, if not &#383;ome Days, or even Weeks, it will render it
+  &#383;omewhat Improper to a&#383;&#383;ign Duration for the
+  Di&#383;tingui&#383;hing Character to Di&#383;criminate Genuine from
+  Fanta&#383;tical Colours. For &#383;uch Froth may much outla&#383;t the
+  Undoubtedly true Colours of &#383;ome of Nature's Productions, as in that
+  Gaudy Plant not unde&#383;ervedly call'd the Mervail of <i>Peru</i>, the
+  Flowers do often Fade, the <!-- Page 80 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_80"></a>[pg 80]</span> &#383;ame Day they are Blown; And I
+  have often &#383;een a <i>Virginian</i> Flower, which u&#383;ually
+  Withers within the compa&#383;s of a Day; and I am credibly Inform'd,
+  that not far from hence a curious Herbori&#383;t has a Plant, who&#383;e
+  Flowers peri&#383;h in about an Hour. But if the Whitene&#383;s of Water
+  turn'd into Froth mu&#383;t therefore be reputed Emphatical, becau&#383;e
+  it appears not that the Nature of the Body is Alter'd, but only that the
+  Di&#383;po&#383;ition of its Parts in reference to the Incident Light is
+  Chang'd, why may not the Whitene&#383;s be accounted Emphatical too,
+  which I &#383;hall &#383;hew anon to be Producible, barely by &#383;uch
+  another change in Black Horn? and yet this &#383;o ea&#383;ily acquir'd
+  Whitene&#383;s &#383;eems to be as truly its Colour as the Blackne&#383;s
+  was before, and at lea&#383;t is more Permanent than the Greenne&#383;s
+  of Leaves, the Redne&#383;s of Ro&#383;es, and, in &#383;hort, than the
+  Genuine Colours of the mo&#383;t part of Nature's Productions. It may
+  indeed be further Objected, that according as the Sun or other Luminous
+  Body changes place, the&#383;e Emphatical Colours alter or vani&#383;h.
+  But not to repeat what I have ju&#383;t now &#383;aid, I &#383;hall add,
+  that if a piece of Cloath in a Drapers Shop (in &#383;uch the Light being
+  &#383;eldome Primary) be variou&#383;ly Folded, it will appear of
+  differing <!-- Page 81 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81"></a>[pg
+  81]</span> Colours, as the Parts happen to be more Illuminated or more
+  Shaded, and if you &#383;tretch it Flat, it will commonly exhibit
+  &#383;ome one Uniform Colour, and yet the&#383;e are not wont to be
+  reputed Emphatical, &#383;o that the Difference &#383;eems to be chiefly
+  this, that in the Ca&#383;e of the Rain-bow, and the like, the
+  Po&#383;ition of the Luminary Varies the Colour, and in the Cloath I have
+  been mentioning, the Po&#383;ition of the Object does it. Nor am I
+  forward to allow that in all Ca&#383;es the Apparition of Emphatical
+  Colours requires a Determinate po&#383;ition of the Eye, for if Men will
+  have the Whitene&#383;s of Froth Emphatical, you know what we have
+  already Inferr'd from thence. Be&#383;ides, the Sun-beams trajected
+  through a Triangular Gla&#383;s, after the manner lately mention'd, will,
+  upon the Body that Terminates them, Paint a Rain-bow, that may be
+  &#383;een whether the Eye be plac'd on the Right Hand of it or the Left,
+  or Above or Beneath it, or Before or Behind it; and though there may
+  appear &#383;ome Little Variation in the Colours of the Rain-bow, beheld
+  from Differing parts of the Room, yet &#383;uch a Diver&#383;ity may be
+  al&#383;o ob&#383;erv'd by an Attentive Eye in Real Colours, look'd upon
+  under the like Circum&#383;tances, Nor will it follow, <!-- Page 82
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82"></a>[pg 82]</span> that
+  becau&#383;e there remains no Foot&#383;teps of the Colour upon the
+  Object, when the Pri&#383;m is Remov'd, that therefore the Colour was not
+  Real, &#383;ince the Light was truly Modify'd by the Refraction and
+  Reflection it Suffer'd in its Trajection through the Pri&#383;m; and the
+  Object in our ca&#383;e &#383;erv'd for a Specular Body, to Reflect that
+  Colour to the Eye. And that you may not be Startled, <i>Pyrophilus</i>,
+  that I &#383;hould Venture to &#383;ay, that a Rough and Coiour'd Object
+  may &#383;erve for a <i>Speculum</i> to Reflect the Artificial Rain-bow I
+  have been mentioning, con&#383;ider what u&#383;ually happens in Darkned
+  Rooms, where a Wall, or other Body conveniently Situated within, may
+  &#383;o Reflect the Colours of Bodies, without the Room, that they may
+  very clearly be Di&#383;cern'd and Di&#383;tingui&#383;h'd, and yet 'tis
+  taken for granted, that the Colours &#383;een in a Darkned Room, though
+  they leave no Traces of them&#383;elves upon the Wall or Body that
+  Receives them, are the True Colours of the External Objects, together
+  with which the Colours of the Images are Mov'd or do Re&#383;t. And the
+  Errour is not in the Eye, who&#383;e Office is only to perceive the
+  Appearances of things, and which does Truly &#383;o, but in the Judging
+  or E&#383;timative faculty, which Mi&#383;takingly <!-- Page 83 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83"></a>[pg 83]</span> concludes that
+  Colour to belong to the Wall, which does indeed belong to the Object,
+  becau&#383;e the Wall is that from whence the Beams of Light that carry
+  the Vi&#383;ible <i>Species</i>, do come in Straight Lines directly to
+  the Eye, as for the &#383;ame Rea&#383;on we are wont at a certain
+  Di&#383;tance from Concave Sphærical Gla&#383;&#383;es, to per&#383;wade
+  our Selves that we &#383;ee the Image come forth to Meet us, and Hang in
+  the Air betwixt the Gla&#383;s and Us, becau&#383;e the Reflected Beams
+  that Compo&#383;e the image cro&#383;s in that place, where the Image
+  &#383;eems to be, and thence, and not from the Gla&#383;s, do in Direct
+  Lines take their Cour&#383;e to the Eye, and upon the like Cau&#383;e it
+  is, that divers Deceptions in Sounds and other Sen&#383;ible Objects do
+  depend, as we el&#383;ewhere declare.</p>
+
+  <p>5. I know not, whether I need add, that I have purpo&#383;ely Try'd,
+  (as you'l find &#383;ome Pages hence, and will perhaps think
+  &#383;omewhat &#383;trange) that Colours that are call'd Emphatical,
+  becau&#383;e not Inherent in, the Bodies in which they Appear, may be
+  Compounded with one another, as tho&#383;e that are confe&#383;&#383;edly
+  Genuine may. But when all this is &#383;aid, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, I
+  mu&#383;t Adverti&#383;e you, that it is but Problematically Spoken, and
+  that though I think the Opinion <!-- Page 84 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_84"></a>[pg 84]</span> I have endeavour'd to fortifie
+  Probable, yet a great part of our Di&#383;cour&#383;e concerning Colours
+  may be True, whether that Opinion be &#383;o or not.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>CHAP. V.</h3>
+
+  <p>1. There are you know, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, be&#383;ides tho&#383;e
+  Ob&#383;olete Opinions about Colours which have been long &#383;ince
+  Rejected, very Various Theories that have each of them, even at this day,
+  Eminent Men for its Abetters; for the Peripatetick Schools, though they
+  di&#383;pute among&#383;t them&#383;elves divers particulars concerning
+  Colours, yet in this they &#383;eem Unanimou&#383;ly enough to Agree,
+  that Colours are Inherent and Real Qualities, which the Light doth but
+  Di&#383;clo&#383;e, and not concurr to Produce. Be&#383;ides there are
+  <i>Moderns</i>, who with a &#383;light Variation adopt the Opinion of
+  <i>Plato</i>, and as he would have Colour to be nothing but a Kind of
+  Flame con&#383;i&#383;ting of Minute Corpu&#383;cles as it were Darted by
+  the Object again&#383;t the Eye, to who&#383;e Pores their
+  Littlene&#383;s and Figure made them congruous, &#383;o the&#383;e would
+  have Colour to be an Internal Light of the more Lucid parts of the
+  Object, Darkned and con&#383;equently Alter'd by the Various Mixtures of
+  the le&#383;s Luminous <!-- Page 85 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_85"></a>[pg 85]</span> parts. There are al&#383;o others, who
+  in imitation of &#383;ome of the Ancient <i>Atomi&#383;ts</i>, make
+  Colour not to be Lucid &#383;team, but yet a Corporeal <i>Effluvium</i>
+  i&#383;&#383;uing out of the Colour'd Body, but the Knowing&#383;t of
+  the&#383;e have of late Reform'd their Hypothe&#383;is, by acknowledging
+  and adding that &#383;ome External Light is nece&#383;&#383;ary to
+  Excite, and as <i>they</i> &#383;peak, Sollicit the&#383;e
+  Corpu&#383;cles of Colour as <i>they</i> call them, and Bring them to the
+  Eye. Another and more principal Opinion of the <i>Modern</i>
+  Philo&#383;ophers, to which this la&#383;t nam'd may by a Favourable
+  explication be reconcil'd, is that which derives Colours from the Mixture
+  of Light and Darkne&#383;s, or rather Light and Shadows. And as for the
+  <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i> 'tis known, that the generality of them
+  a&#383;cribes the Origine of Colours to the Sulphureous Principle in
+  Bodies, though I find, as I el&#383;ewhere largely &#383;hew, that
+  &#383;ome of the Chiefe&#383;t of them derive Colours rather from Salt
+  than Sulphur, and others, from the third Hypo&#383;tatical Principle,
+  <i>Mercury</i>. And as for the <i>Carte&#383;ians</i> I need not tell
+  you, that they, &#383;uppo&#383;ing the Sen&#383;ation of Light to bee
+  produc'd by the Impul&#383;e made upon the Organs of Sight, by certain
+  extremely Minute and Solid Globules, to which the Pores of the Air and
+  other Diaphanous <!-- Page 86 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_86"></a>[pg 86]</span> bodies are pervious, endeavour to
+  derive the Varieties of Colours from the Various Proportion of the Direct
+  Progre&#383;s or Motion of the&#383;e Globules to their Circumvolution or
+  Motion about their own Centre, by which Varying Proportion they are by
+  this Hypothe&#383;is &#383;uppos'd qualify'd to &#383;trike the Optick
+  Nerve after &#383;everal Di&#383;tinct manners, &#383;o to produce the
+  perception of Differing Colours.</p>
+
+  <p>2. Be&#383;ides the&#383;e &#383;ix principal Hypothe&#383;es,
+  <i>Pyrophilus</i>, there may be &#383;ome others, which though Le&#383;s
+  known, may perhaps as well as the&#383;c de&#383;erve to be taken into
+  con&#383;ideration by you; but that I &#383;hould copiou&#383;ly debate
+  any of them at pre&#383;ent, I pre&#383;ume you will not expect, if you
+  con&#383;ider the Scope of the&#383;e Papers, and the Brevity I have
+  de&#383;ign'd in them, and therefore I &#383;hall at this time only take
+  notice to you in the general of two or three things that do more
+  peculiarly concern the Treati&#383;e you have now in your hands.</p>
+
+  <p>3. And fir&#383;t, though the Embracers of the Several Hypothe&#383;es
+  I have been naming to you, by undertaking each Sect of them to explicate
+  Colours indefinitely, by the particular Hypothe&#383;es they maintain,
+  &#383;eem to hold it forth as the only Needful Theory about that Subject,
+  yet for my part I doubt <!-- Page 87 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_87"></a>[pg 87]</span> whether any one of all the&#383;e
+  Hypothe&#383;es have a right to be admitted Exclu&#383;ively to all
+  others, for I think it Probable, that Whitene&#383;s and Blackne&#383;s
+  may be explicated by Reflection alone without Refraction, as you'l find
+  endeavour'd in the Di&#383;cour&#383;e you'l meet with e're long Of the
+  Origine of Whitene&#383;s and Blackne&#383;s, and on the other &#383;ide,
+  &#383;ince I have not found that by any Mixture of White and True Black,
+  (for there is a Blewi&#383;h Black which many mi&#383;take for a Genuine)
+  there can be a Blew, a Yellow, or a Red, to name no other Colours,
+  produced, and &#383;ince we do find that the&#383;e Colours may be
+  produc'd in the Gla&#383;s-pri&#383;m and other Tran&#383;parent bodies,
+  by the help of Refractions, it &#383;eems that Refraction is to be taken
+  in into the Explication of &#383;ome Colours, to who&#383;e Generation
+  they &#383;eem to concurr, either by making a further or other Commixture
+  of Shades with the Refracted Light, or by &#383;ome other way not now to
+  be di&#383;cours'd. And as it &#383;eems not improbable, that in
+  ca&#383;e the Pores of the Air, and other Diaphanous bodies be every
+  where almo&#383;t fill'd with &#383;uch <i>Globuli</i> as the
+  <i>Carte&#383;ians</i> &#383;uppo&#383;e, the Various kind of Motion of
+  the&#383;e <i>Globuli</i>, may in many ca&#383;es have no &#383;mall
+  &#383;troak in Varying our Perception of Colour, &#383;o <!-- Page 88
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88"></a>[pg 88]</span> without the
+  Suppo&#383;ition of the&#383;e <i>Globuli</i>, which 'tis not &#383;o
+  ea&#383;ie to evince, I think we may probably enough conceive in general,
+  that the Eye may be Variou&#383;ly affected, not only by the Entire Beams
+  of Light that fall upon it as they are &#383;uch, but by the Order, and
+  by the Degree of Swiftne&#383;s, and in a word by the Manner according to
+  which the Particles that compo&#383;e each Particular Beam arrive at the
+  Sen&#383;ory, &#383;o that whatever be the Figure of the Little
+  Corpu&#383;cles, of which the Beams of Light con&#383;i&#383;t, not only
+  the Celerity or Slowne&#383;s of their Revolution or Rotation in
+  reference to their Progre&#383;&#383;ive Motion, but their more
+  Ab&#383;olute Celerity, their Direct or Undulating Motion, and other
+  Accidents, which may attend their Appul&#383;e to the Eye, may fit them
+  to make Differing Impre&#383;&#383;ions on it.</p>
+
+  <p>4. Secondly, For the&#383;e and the like Con&#383;iderations,
+  <i>Pyrophilus</i>, I mu&#383;t de&#383;ire that you would look upon this
+  little Treati&#383;e, not as a Di&#383;cour&#383;e written Principally to
+  maintain any of the fore-mention'd Theories, Exclu&#383;ively to all
+  others, or &#383;ub&#383;titute a New one of my Own, but as the beginning
+  of a Hi&#383;tory of Colours, upon which, when you and your Ingenious
+  friends &#383;hall have Enrich'd it, a Solid Theory may be <!-- Page 89
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89"></a>[pg 89]</span> &#383;afely
+  built. But yet becau&#383;e this Hi&#383;tory is not meant barely for a
+  Regi&#383;ter of the things recorded in it, but for an <i>Apparatus</i>
+  to a &#383;ound and comprehen&#383;itive Hypothe&#383;is, I thought fit,
+  &#383;o to temper the whole Di&#383;cour&#383;e, as to make it as
+  conducible, as conveniently I can to that End, and therefore I have not
+  &#383;crupled to let you &#383;ee that I was willing, as to &#383;ave you
+  the labour of Cultivating &#383;ome Theories that I thought would never
+  enable you to reach the Ends you aim at, &#383;o to contract your
+  Enquiries into a Narrow compa&#383;s, for both which purpo&#383;es I
+  thought it requi&#383;ite to do the&#383;e two things, the <i>One</i>, to
+  &#383;et down &#383;ome Experiments which by the help of the Reflections
+  and In&#383;inuations that attend them, may a&#383;&#383;i&#383;t you to
+  di&#383;cover the Infirmne&#383;s and In&#383;ufficiency both of the
+  common Peripatetick Doctrine, and of the now more applauded Theory of the
+  <i>Chymists</i> about Colour, becau&#383;e tho&#383;e two Doctrines
+  having Po&#383;&#383;e&#383;s'd them&#383;elves, the one of the mo&#383;t
+  part of the Schools, and the other of the E&#383;teem of the Generality
+  ef Phy&#383;icians and other Learned Men, who&#383;e
+  Profe&#383;&#383;ions and Ways of Study do not exact that they
+  &#383;hould Scrupulou&#383;ly examine the very Fir&#383;t and
+  Simple&#383;t Principles of Nature, I fear'd it would be to <!-- Page 90
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90"></a>[pg 90]</span> little
+  purpo&#383;e, without doing &#383;omething to di&#383;cover the
+  In&#383;ufficiency of the&#383;e Hypothe&#383;es, that I &#383;hould,
+  (which was the <i>Other</i> thing I thought requi&#383;ite for me to do)
+  &#383;et down among my other Experiments tho&#383;e in the greate&#383;t
+  Number, that may let you &#383;ee, that, till I &#383;hall be Better
+  Inform'd, I encline to take Colour to be a Modification of Light, and
+  would invite you chiefly to Cultivate that Hypothe&#383;is, and Improve
+  it to the making out of the Generation of Particular Colours, as I have
+  Endeavour'd to apply it to the Explication of Whitene&#383;s and
+  Blackne&#383;s.</p>
+
+  <p>5. Thirdly. But, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, though this be at pre&#383;ent the
+  Hypothe&#383;is I preferr, yet I propo&#383;e it but in a General
+  Sen&#383;e, teaching only that the Beams of Light, Modify'd by the Bodies
+  whence they are &#383;ent (Reflected or Refracted) to the Eye, produce
+  there that Kind of Sen&#383;ation, Men commonly call Colour; But whether
+  I think this Modification of the Light to be perform'd by Mixing it with
+  Shades, or by Varying the Proportion of the Progre&#383;s and Rotation of
+  the <i>Carte&#383;ian Globuli Cæle&#383;tes</i>, or by &#383;ome other
+  way which I am not now to mention, I pretend not here to Declare. Much
+  le&#383;s do I pretend to Determine, or &#383;carce &#383;o much as to
+  Hope to <!-- Page 91 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91"></a>[pg
+  91]</span> know all that were requi&#383;ite to be Known, to give You, or
+  even my Self, a perfect account of the Theory of Vi&#383;ion and Colours,
+  for in Order to &#383;uch an undertaking I would fir&#383;t Know what
+  Light is, and if it be a Body (as a Body or the Motion of a Body it
+  &#383;eems to be) what Kind of Corpu&#383;cles for Size and Shape it
+  con&#383;i&#383;ts of, with what Swiftne&#383;s they move Forwards, and
+  Whirl about their own Centres. Then I would Know the Nature of
+  Refraction, which I take to be one of the Ab&#383;tru&#383;e&#383;t
+  things (not to explicate Plau&#383;ibly, but to explicate Satisfactorily)
+  that I have met with in Phy&#383;icks; I would further Know what Kind and
+  what Degree of Commixture of Darkne&#383;s or Shades is made by
+  Refractions or Reflections, or both, in the Superficial particles of
+  tho&#383;e Bodies, that being Shin'd upon, con&#383;tantly exhibit the
+  one, for In&#383;tance, a Blew, the other a Yellow, the third a Red
+  Colour; I would further Know why this Contemperation of Light and Shade,
+  that is made, for Example, by the Skin of a Ripe Cherry, &#383;hould
+  exhibit a Red, and not a Green, and the Leaf of the &#383;ame Tree
+  &#383;hould exhibit a Green rather than a Red; and indeed, La&#383;tly,
+  why &#383;ince the Light that is Modify'd into the&#383;e Colours
+  con&#383;i&#383;ts but of Corpu&#383;cles <!-- Page 92 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92"></a>[pg 92]</span> moved again&#383;t
+  the <i>Retina</i> or Pith of the Optick Nerve, it &#383;hould there not
+  barely give a Stroak, but produce a Colour, whereas a Needle wounding
+  likewi&#383;e the Eye, would not produce Colour but Pain. The&#383;e, and
+  perhaps other things I &#383;hould think requi&#383;ite to be Known,
+  before I &#383;hould judge my Self to have fully Comprehended the True
+  and Whole Nature of Colours; and therefore, though by making the
+  Experiments and Reflections deliver'd in this Paper, I have endeavour'd
+  &#383;omewhat to Le&#383;&#383;en my Ignorance in this Matter, and think
+  it far more De&#383;ireable to di&#383;cover a Little, than to
+  di&#383;cover Nothing, yet I pretend but to make it Probable by the
+  Experiments I mention, that &#383;ome Colours may be Plau&#383;ibly
+  enough Explicated in the General by the Doctrine here propos'd; For
+  when&#383;oever I would De&#383;cend to the Minute and Accurate
+  Explication of Particulars, I find my Self very Sen&#383;ible of the
+  great Ob&#383;curity of things, without excepting tho&#383;e which we
+  never &#383;ee but when they are Enlightned, and confe&#383;s with
+  <i>Scaliger</i><a name="NtA_5"></a><a href="#Nt_5"><sup>5</sup></a>,
+  <i>Latet natura hæc</i>, (&#383;ays he, Speaking of that of Colour)
+  <i>&amp; &#383;icut aliarum rerum &#383;pecies in profundi&#383;&#383;ima
+  caligine in&#383;citiæ humanæ.</i></p>
+
+<!-- Page 93 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93"></a>[pg 93]</span>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/132a.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+  </div>
+
+<h1> 
+<span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px"><i>THE</i></span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px"><i>EXPERIMENTAL HISTORY</i></span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px"><i>OF COLOURS.</i></span><br /> 
+</h1>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h1> 
+<span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px">PART. II.</span><br /> 
+</h1>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Of the Nature of Whitene&#383;s and
+Blackne&#383;s</i>.</p>
+
+<h1> 
+<span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px">CHAP. I.</span><br /> 
+</h1>
+
+  <table align="left"><tr><td valign="top">1.</td><td><img width="80" height="80" src="images/132b.png" alt="Illuminated T in Though" /></td></tr></table>
+  <p>Hough after what I have acknowledged, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, of the
+  Ab&#383;tru&#383;e Nature of Colours in <i>particular</i>, you will
+  ea&#383;ily believe, that I pretend not to give you a Satisfactory
+  account of Whitene&#383;s and Blackne&#383;s; Yet not wholly to
+  fru&#383;trate your Expectation of my offering &#383;omething by way of
+  Specimen towards the Explication of &#383;ome Colours in particular, <!--
+  Page 94 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94"></a>[pg 94]</span> I
+  &#383;hall make choice of The&#383;e as the mo&#383;t Simple Ones, (and
+  by rea&#383;on of their mutual Oppo&#383;ition the Lea&#383;t hardly
+  explicable) about which to pre&#383;ent you my Thoughts, upon condition
+  you will take them at mo&#383;t to be my Conjectures, not my
+  Opinions.</p>
+
+  <p>2. When I apply'd my Self to con&#383;ider, how the cau&#383;e of
+  Whitene&#383;s might be explan'd by Intelligible and Mechanical
+  Principles, I remembred not to have met with any thing among the Antient
+  <i>Corpu&#383;cularian</i> Philo&#383;ophers, touching the Quality we
+  call Whitene&#383;s, &#383;ave that <i>Democritus</i> is by
+  <i>Ari&#383;totle</i> &#383;aid to have a&#383;crib'd the Whitene&#383;s
+  of Bodies to their Smoothne&#383;s, and on the contrary their
+  Blackne&#383;s to their A&#383;perity.<a name="NtA_6"></a><a
+  href="#Nt_6"><sup>6</sup></a> But though about the Latter of tho&#383;e
+  Qualities his Opinion be allowable, as we &#383;hall &#383;ee anon, yet
+  that he heeds a Favourable Interpretation in what is Deliver'd concerning
+  the Fir&#383;t, (at lea&#383;t if his Doctrine be not
+  Mis-repre&#383;ented in this point, as it has been in many others) we
+  &#383;hall quickly have Occa&#383;ion to manife&#383;t. But among&#383;t
+  the <i>Moderns</i>, the mo&#383;t Learned <i>Ga&#383;&#383;endus</i> in
+  his Ingenious Epi&#383;tle publi&#383;h'd in the Year 1642. <i>De
+  apparente <!-- Page 95 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95"></a>[pg
+  95]</span> Magnitudine &#383;olis humilis &amp; &#383;ublimis</i>,
+  reviving the <i>Atomical</i> Philo&#383;ophy, has, though but
+  Incidentally, deliver'd &#383;omething towards the Explication of
+  Whitene&#383;s upon Mechanical Principles: And becau&#383;e no Man that I
+  know of, has done &#383;o before him, I &#383;hall, to be &#383;ure to do
+  him Right, give you his Sen&#383;e in his own Words:<a
+  name="NtA_7"></a><a href="#Nt_7"><sup>7</sup></a> <i>Cogites velim</i>
+  (&#383;ays he) <i>lucem quidem in Diaphano nullius coloris videri,
+  &#383;ed in Opaco tamen terminante Candicare, ac tantò magis, quantò
+  den&#383;ior &#383;eu collectior fuerit. Deinde aquam non e&#383;&#383;e
+  quidem coloris ex &#383;e candidi &amp; radium tamen ex eâ reflexum
+  ver&#383;us oculum candicare. Rur&#383;us cum plana aquæ Superficies non
+  ni&#383;i ex una parte eam reflexionem faciat: &#383;i contigerit tamen
+  illam in aliquot bullas intume&#383;cere, bullam unamquamque reflectionem
+  facere, &amp; candoris &#383;peciem creare certa Superficiei parte. Ad
+  hæc Spumam ex aqua pura non alia ratione videri cande&#383;cere &amp;
+  albe&#383;cerere quam quod &#383;it congeries conferti&#383;&#383;ima
+  minuti&#383;&#383;imarum bullarum, quarum unaquæque &#383;uum radium
+  reflectit, unde continens candor alborve apparet. Denique Nivem nihil
+  aliud videri quam &#383;peciem puri&#383;&#383;imæ &#383;pumæ ex bullulis
+  quam minuti&#383;&#383;imis &amp; conferti&#383;&#383;imis cohærentis.
+  Sed ridiculam me exhibeam, &#383;i tales meas nugas uberius
+  proponem.</i></p>
+
+<!-- Page 96 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96"></a>[pg 96]</span>
+
+  <p>3. But though in this pa&#383;&#383;age, that very Ingenous
+  Per&#383;on has Anticipated part of what I &#383;hould &#383;ay; Yet I
+  pre&#383;ume you will for all that expect, that I &#383;hould give you a
+  fuller Account of that Notion of Whitene&#383;s, which I have the
+  lea&#383;t Exceptions to, and of the Particulars whence I deduce it,
+  which to do, I mu&#383;t mention to you the following Experiments and
+  Ob&#383;ervations.</p>
+
+  <p>Whitene&#383;s then con&#383;ider'd as a Quality in the Object,
+  &#383;eems chiefly to depend upon this, That the Superficies of the Body
+  that is call'd White, is A&#383;perated by almo&#383;t innumerable Small
+  Surfaces, which being of an almo&#383;t Specular Nature, are al&#383;o
+  &#383;o Plac'd, that &#383;ome Looking this way, and &#383;ome that way,
+  they yet Reflect the Rays of Light that fall on them, not towards one
+  another, but outwards towards the Spectators Eye. In this Rude and
+  General account of Whitene&#383;s, it &#383;eems that be&#383;ides
+  tho&#383;e Qualities, which are common to Bodies of other Colours, as for
+  in&#383;tance the Minutene&#383;s and Number of the Superficial parts,
+  the two chief things attributed to Bodies as White are made to be,
+  Fir&#383;t, that its Little Protuberances and Superficial parts be of
+  &#383;omewhat a Specular Nature, that they may as little
+  Looking-gla&#383;&#383;es each of them Reflect the Beams it <!-- Page 97
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97"></a>[pg 97]</span> receives,
+  (or the little Picture of the Sun made on it) without otherwi&#383;e
+  con&#383;iderably Altering them; whereas in mo&#383;t other Colours, they
+  are wont to be much Chang'd, by being al&#383;o Refracted, or by being
+  Return'd to the Eye, mixt with Shades or otherwi&#383;e. And next, that
+  its Superficial parts be &#383;o Situated, that they Retain not the
+  Incident Rays of Light by Reflecting them Inwards, but Send them
+  almo&#383;t all Back, &#383;o that the Outermo&#383;t Corpu&#383;cles of
+  a White Body, having their Various Little Surfaces of a Specular Nature,
+  a Man can from no place Behold the Body, but that there will be among
+  tho&#383;e Innumerable <i>Superficieculæ</i>, that Look &#383;ome one
+  way, and &#383;ome another, enough of them Obverted to his Eye, to afford
+  like a broken Looking-gla&#383;s, a confu&#383;ed Idæa, or
+  Repre&#383;entation of Light, and make &#383;uch an Impre&#383;&#383;ion
+  on the Organ, as that for which Men are wont to call a Body White. But
+  this Notion will perhaps be be&#383;t Explan'd by the &#383;ame
+  Experiments and Ob&#383;ervations, on which it is Built, And therefore I
+  &#383;hall now advance to <i>Them</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>4. And in the fir&#383;t place I con&#383;ider, that the Sun and other
+  Powerfully Lucid Bodies, are not only wont to Offend, which we call to
+  Dazle our Eyes, but that if any <!-- Page 98 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_98"></a>[pg 98]</span> Colour be to be A&#383;crib'd to them
+  as they are Lucid, it &#383;eems it &#383;hould be Whitene&#383;s: For
+  the Sun at Noon-day, and in Clear weather, and when his Face is le&#383;s
+  Troubled, and as it were Stained by the Steams of Sublunary Bodies, and
+  when his Beams have much le&#383;s of the Atmo&#383;phere to Traject in
+  their Pa&#383;&#383;age to our Eyes, appears of a Colour more approaching
+  to White, than when nearer the Horizon, the Interpo&#383;ition of certain
+  Sorts of Fumes and Vapours make him oftentimes appear either Red, or at
+  lea&#383;t more Yellow. And when the Sun Shines upon that Natural
+  Looking-gla&#383;s, a Smooth water, that part of it, which appears to
+  this or that particular Beholder, the mo&#383;t Shin'd on, does to his
+  Eye &#383;eem far Whiter than the re&#383;t. And here I &#383;hall add,
+  that I have &#383;ometimes had the Opportunity to ob&#383;erve a thing,
+  that may make to my pre&#383;ent purpo&#383;e, namely, that when the Sun
+  was Veil'd over as it were, with a Thin White Cloud, and yet was too
+  Bright to be Look'd upon Directly without Dazling, by ca&#383;ting my
+  Eyes upon a Smooth water, as we &#383;ometimes do to ob&#383;erve
+  Eclip&#383;es without prejudice to our Eyes, the Sun then not far from
+  the Meridian, appear'd to me not Red, but &#383;o White, that 'twas <!--
+  Page 99 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99"></a>[pg 99]</span> not
+  without &#383;ome Wonder, that I made the Ob&#383;ervation. Be&#383;ides,
+  though we in <i>Engli&#383;h</i> are wont to &#383;ay, a thing is Red
+  hot, as an Expre&#383;&#383;ion of its being Superlatively
+  <i>Ignitum</i>, (if I may &#383;o Speak for want of a proper
+  <i>Engli&#383;h</i> word) yet in the Forges of Smiths, and the Furnaces
+  of other Artificers, by that which they call a White heat, they mean a
+  further Degree of <i>Ignition</i>, than by that which both they and we
+  call a Red heat.</p>
+
+  <p>5. Secondly, I con&#383;ider, that common Experience informs us, that
+  as much Light Over-powers the Eye, &#383;o when the Ground is covered
+  with Snow, (a Body extremely White) tho&#383;e that have Weak Eyes are
+  wont to complain of too much Light: And even tho&#383;e that have not,
+  are generally Sen&#383;ible of an Extraordinary mea&#383;ure of Light in
+  the Air; and if they are fain to Look very long upon the Snow, find their
+  Sight Offended by it. On which occa&#383;ion we may call to mind what
+  <i>Xenophon</i> relates, that his <i>Cyrus</i> marching his Army for
+  divers days through Mountains covered with Snow, the Dazling
+  &#383;plendor of its Whitene&#383;s prejudic'd the Sight of very many of
+  his Souldiers, and Blinded &#383;ome of them; and other Stories of that
+  Nature be met with in Writers of good <!-- Page 100 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100"></a>[pg 100]</span> Note. And the like
+  has been affirm'd to me by credible Per&#383;ons of my own Acquaintance,
+  and e&#383;pecially by one who though Skill'd in Phy&#383;ick and not
+  Ancient confe&#383;s'd to me when I purpo&#383;ely ask'd him, that not
+  only during his &#383;tay in <i>Mu&#383;covy</i>, he found his Eyes much
+  Impair'd, by being reduc'd frequently to Travel in the Snow, but that the
+  Weakne&#383;s of his Eyes did not Leave him when he left that Country,
+  but has follow'd him into the&#383;e Parts, and yet continues to Trouble
+  him. And to this doth agree what I as well as others have ob&#383;erv'd,
+  namely, that when I Travell'd by Night, when the Ground was all cover'd
+  with Snow, though the Night otherwi&#383;e would not have been
+  Light&#383;ome, yet I could very well &#383;ee to Choo&#383;e my way. But
+  much more Remarkable to my pre&#383;ent purpo&#383;e is that, which I
+  have met with in <i>Olaus Magnus</i>,<a name="NtA_8"></a><a
+  href="#Nt_8"><sup>8</sup></a> concerning the way of Travelling in Winter
+  in the <i>Northern</i> Regions, where the Days of that Sea&#383;on are
+  &#383;o very Short; for after other things not needfull to be here
+  Tran&#383;cribed: <i>Iter</i>, &#383;ays he, <i>Diurnum duo &#383;cilicet
+  montana milliaria (quæ 12 Italica &#383;unt) con&#383;iciunt. Nocte verò
+  &#383;ub &#383;plendi&#383;&#383;ima luna, duplatum iter con&#383;umunt
+  aut triplatum. Neque id incommodè fit, <!-- Page 101 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101"></a>[pg 101]</span> cum nivium
+  reverberatione lunaris &#383;plendo<sup>ris</sup> &#383;ublimes &amp;
+  declives campos illu&#383;tret, ac etiam montium præcipitia ac noxias
+  feras à lorgè pro&#383;piciant evitandas</i>. Which Te&#383;timony I the
+  le&#383;s Scruple to allege, becau&#383;e that it agrees very well with
+  what has been Affirm'd to me by a Phy&#383;ician of <i>Mo&#383;co</i>,
+  whom the Notion I have been Treating of concerning Whitene&#383;s invited
+  me to ask whether he could not See much farther when he Travell'd by
+  Night in <i>Ru&#383;&#383;ia</i> than he could do in <i>England</i>, or
+  el&#383;ewhere, when there was no Snow upon the Ground; For this
+  Ingenious Per&#383;on inform'd me, that he could See Things at a farr
+  greater Di&#383;tance, and with more Clearne&#383;s, when he Travell'd by
+  Night on the <i>Ru&#383;&#383;ian</i> Snow, though without the
+  A&#383;&#383;i&#383;tance of Moon-&#383;hine, than we in the&#383;e Parts
+  would ea&#383;ily be per&#383;waded. Though it &#383;eems not unlikely to
+  me, that the Inten&#383;ene&#383;s of the Cold may contribute
+  &#383;omething to the con&#383;iderablene&#383;s of the Effect, by much
+  Clearing the Air of Darki&#383;h Steams, which in the&#383;e more
+  Temperate Climates are wont to Thicken it in Snowy weather: For having
+  purpo&#383;ely inquir'd of this Doctor, and con&#383;ulted that Ingenious
+  Navigator Captain <i>James</i>'s Voyage hereafter to be further
+  mention'd, I find both their Relations <!-- Page 102 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102"></a>[pg 102]</span> agree in this,
+  that in Dark Fro&#383;ty Nights they could Di&#383;cover more Stars, and
+  See the re&#383;t Clearer than we in <i>England</i> are wont to do.</p>
+
+  <p>6. I know indeed that divers Learned Men think, that Snow &#383;o
+  &#383;trongly Affects our Eye, not by a Borrow'd, but a Native Light; But
+  I venture to give it as a Proof, that White Bodies reflect more Light
+  than Others, becau&#383;e having once purpo&#383;ely plac'd a parcel of
+  Snow in a Room carefully Darkned, that no Cele&#383;tial Light might come
+  to fall upon it; neither I, nor an ingenous Per&#383;on, (Skill'd in
+  Opticks) whom I de&#383;ir'd for a Witne&#383;s, could find, that it had
+  any other Light than what it receiv'd. And however, 'tis u&#383;ual among
+  tho&#383;e that Travel in Dark Nights, that the Guides wear
+  &#383;omething of White to be Di&#383;cern'd by, there being &#383;carce
+  any Night &#383;o Dark, but that in the Free Air there remains &#383;ome
+  Light, though Broken and Debilitated perhaps by a thou&#383;and
+  Reflections from the Opacous Corpu&#383;cles that Swim in the Air, and
+  lend it to one another before it comes to arrive at the Eye.</p>
+
+  <p>7. Thirdly, And the better to &#383;hew that White Bodies reflect
+  &#383;tore of Light, in compar&#383;on of tho&#383;e that are
+  otherwi&#383;e Colour'd, I did in the Darkn'd Room, <!-- Page 103
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103"></a>[pg 103]</span> formerly
+  mention'd, hold not far from the Hole, at which the Light was admitted, a
+  Sheet only of White Paper, from whence ca&#383;ting the Sun-beams upon a
+  White Wall, whereunto it was Obverted, it manife&#383;tly appear'd both
+  to Me, and to the Per&#383;on I took for a Witne&#383;s of the
+  Experiment, that it Reflected a far greater Light, than any of the other
+  Colours formerly mention'd, the Light &#383;o thrown upon one Wall
+  notably Enlightning it, and by it a good part of the Room. And yet
+  further to &#383;how you, that White Bodies Reflect the Beams From them,
+  and not Towards them&#383;elves, Let me add, that Ordinary
+  Burning-gla&#383;&#383;es, &#383;uch as are wont to be employ'd to light
+  Tobacco, will not in a great while Burn, or &#383;o much as
+  Di&#383;colour a Sheet of White Paper. In&#383;omuch that even when I was
+  a Boy, and Lov'd to make Tryals with Burning-gla&#383;&#383;es, I could
+  not but wonder at this Odd <i>Phænomenon</i>, which &#383;et me very
+  Early upon Gue&#383;&#383;ing at the Nature of Whitene&#383;s,
+  e&#383;pecially becau&#383;e I took notice, that the Image of the Sun
+  upon a White Paper was not &#383;o well Defin'd (the Light &#383;eeming
+  too Diffus'd) as upon Black, and becau&#383;e I try'd, that Blacking over
+  the Paper with Ink, not only the Ink would be quickly Dry'd up, but the
+  <!-- Page 104 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104"></a>[pg
+  104]</span> Paper that I could not Burn before, would be quickly &#383;et
+  on Fire. I have al&#383;o try'd, that by expo&#383;ing my Hand with a
+  Thin Black Glove over it to the Warm Sun, it was thereby very quickly and
+  con&#383;iderably more Heated, than if I took off the Glove, and held my
+  Hand Naked, or put on it another Glove of Thin but White Leather. And
+  having thus &#383;hewn you, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that White Bodies reflect
+  the mo&#383;t Light of any, let us now proceed, to con&#383;ider what is
+  further to be taken notice of in them, in order to our pre&#383;ent
+  Enquiry.</p>
+
+  <p>8. And Fourthly, whereas among the Di&#383;po&#383;itions we
+  attributed to White Bodies, we al&#383;o intimated this, That &#383;uch
+  Bodies are apt, like <i>Speculums</i>, though but Imperfect ones, to
+  Reflect the Light that falls on them Untroubled or Un&#383;tain'd, we
+  &#383;hall be&#383;ides other particulars to be met with in the&#383;e
+  Papers, offer you this in favour of the Conjecture; That in the Darkned
+  Room &#383;everal times mention'd in this Treat&#383;e, we try'd that the
+  Sun-beams being ca&#383;t from a Coloured Body upon a neighbouring White
+  Wall, the Determinate Colour of the Body was from the Wall reflected to
+  the Eye; whereas we could in divers ca&#383;es manife&#383;tly Alter the
+  Colour arriving at the Eye, by Sub&#383;tituting <!-- Page 105 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105"></a>[pg 105]</span> at a convenient
+  Di&#383;tance, a (conveniently) Colour'd (and Glo&#383;&#383;y) Body
+  in&#383;tead of the White Wall. As by throwing the Beams from a Yellow
+  Body upon a Blew, there would be Exhibited a kind of Green, as in the
+  Experiments about Colours is more fully Declar'd.</p>
+
+  <p>9. I know not whether I &#383;hould on this Occa&#383;ion take notice,
+  that when, as when looking upon the Calm and Smooth Surface of a River
+  betwixt my Eye and the Sun, it appear'd to be a natural <i>Speculum</i>,
+  wherein that Part which Reflected to my Eye the Entire and defin'd Image
+  of the Sun, and the Beams le&#383;s remote from tho&#383;e which
+  exhibited That Image, appear'd indeed of a great and Whiti&#383;h
+  Brightne&#383;s, but the re&#383;t Comparatively Dark enough: if
+  afterwards the Superficies chanc'd to be a little, but not much troubled,
+  by a gentle Breath of Wind, and thereby reduc'd into a Multitude of Small
+  and Smooth <i>Speculums</i>, the Surface of the River would &#383;uitably
+  to the Doctrine lately deliver'd, at a Di&#383;tance appear very much of
+  Kin to White, though it would lo&#383;e that Brightne&#383;s or
+  Whitene&#383;s upon the Return of the Surface to Calmne&#383;s and an
+  Uniform Level. And I have &#383;ometimes for Tryals &#383;ake brought in
+  by a Lenticular Gla&#383;s, the Image of a River, Shin'd upon <!-- Page
+  106 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106"></a>[pg 106]</span> by
+  the Sun, into an Upper Room Darkn'd, and Di&#383;tant about a Quarter of
+  a Mile from the River, by which means the Numerous Declining Surfaces of
+  the Water appear'd &#383;o Contracted, that upon the Body that receiv'd
+  the Images, the whole River appear'd a very White Object at two or three
+  paces di&#383;tance. But if we drew Near it, this Whitene&#383;s appear'd
+  to proceed from an Innumerable company of Lucid Reflections, from the
+  &#383;everal Gently wav'd Superficies of the Water, which look'd Near at
+  hand like a Multitude of very Little, but Shining Scales of Fi&#383;h, of
+  which many did every moment Di&#383;appear, and as many were by the Sun,
+  Wind and River generated anew. But though this Ob&#383;ervation
+  &#383;eem'd Sufficiently to di&#383;cover, how the Appearing
+  Whitene&#383;s in that ca&#383;e was Produc'd, yet in &#383;ome other
+  ca&#383;es Water may have the Same, though not &#383;o Vivid a Colour
+  upon other Accounts; for oftentimes it happens that the Smooth Surface of
+  the Water does appear Bright or Whiti&#383;h, by rea&#383;on of the
+  Reflection not immediatly of the Images of the Sun, but of the
+  Brightne&#383;s of the Sky; and in &#383;uch ca&#383;es a Convenient Wind
+  may where it pa&#383;&#383;es along make the Surface look Black, by
+  cau&#383;ing many &#383;uch Furrows and Cavities, as may make the
+  Inflected Superficies <!-- Page 107 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_107"></a>[pg 107]</span> of the Water reflect the
+  Brightne&#383;s of the Sky rather Inward than Outward. And again if the
+  Wind increa&#383;e into a Storm, the Water may appear White,
+  e&#383;pecially near the Shore and the Ship, namely becau&#383;e the Rude
+  Agitation Breaks it into Fome or Froth. So much do Whitene&#383;s and
+  Blackne&#383;s depend upon the Di&#383;po&#383;ition of the Superficial
+  parts of a Body to Reflect the Beams of Light Inward or Outward. But that
+  as White Bodies reflect the mo&#383;t Light of any, &#383;o there
+  Superficial Particles are, in the Sen&#383;e newly Deliver'd, of a
+  Specular Nature, I &#383;hall now further endeavour to &#383;hew both by
+  the making of Specular bodies White, and the making of a White body
+  Specular.</p>
+
+  <p>10. In the Fifth place then, I will inform You, that (not to repeat
+  what <i>Ga&#383;&#383;endus</i> ob&#383;erves concerning Water) I have
+  for Curio&#383;ity &#383;ake Di&#383;till'd Quick&#383;ilver in a
+  Cucurbit, fitted with a Capacious Gla&#383;s-head, and ob&#383;erv'd that
+  when the Operation was perform'd by the Degrees of Fire requi&#383;ite
+  for my purpo&#383;e, there would &#383;tick to the In&#383;ide of the
+  Alembick a multitude of Little round drops of <i>Mercury</i>. And as you
+  know that <i>Mercury</i> is a Specular Body, &#383;o each of the&#383;e
+  Little drops was a &#383;mall round Looking-gla&#383;s, <!-- Page 108
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108"></a>[pg 108]</span> and a
+  Multitude of them lying Thick and Near one another, they did both in my
+  Judgment, and that of tho&#383;e I Invited to &#383;ee it, make the
+  Gla&#383;s they were fa&#383;tened to, appear manife&#383;tly a White
+  Body. And yet as I &#383;aid, this Whitene&#383;s depended upon the
+  Minutene&#383;s and Nearne&#383;s of the Little Mercurial <i>Globuli</i>,
+  the Convexity of who&#383;e Surfaces fitted them to repre&#383;ent in a
+  Narrow compa&#383;s a Multitude of Little Lucid Images to differingly
+  &#383;ituated Beholders. And here let me ob&#383;erve a thing that
+  &#383;eems much to countenance the Notion I have been recommending:
+  namely, that whereas divers parts of the Sky, and e&#383;pecially the
+  Milky-way, do to the naked Eye appear White, (as the name it &#383;elf
+  imports) yet the Galaxie look'd upon through the Tele&#383;cope, does not
+  &#383;hew White, but appears to be made up of a Va&#383;t multitude of
+  Little Starrs; &#383;o that a Multitude of Lucid Bodies, if they be
+  &#383;o Small that they cannot Singly or apart be di&#383;cern'd by the
+  Eye, and if they be &#383;ufficiently Thick &#383;et by one another, may
+  by their confus'd beams appear to the Eye One White Body. And why it is
+  not po&#383;&#383;ible, that the like may be done, when a Multitude of
+  Bright and Little Corpu&#383;cles being crowded together, are made to
+  &#383;end together Vivid beams to the Eye, <!-- Page 109 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109"></a>[pg 109]</span> though they Shine
+  but as the Planets by a Borrow'd Light?</p>
+
+  <p>11. But to return to our Experiments. We may take notice, That the
+  White of an Egg, though in part Tran&#383;parent, yet by its power of
+  Reflecting &#383;ome Incident Rays of Light, is in &#383;ome mea&#383;ure
+  a Natural <i>Speculum</i>, being long agitated with a Whisk or Spoon,
+  lo&#383;es its Tran&#383;parency, and becomes very White, by being turn'd
+  into Froth, that is into an Aggregate of Numerous &#383;mall Bubbles,
+  who&#383;e Convex Superficies fits them to Reflect the Light every way
+  Outwards. And 'tis worth Noting, that when Water, for in&#383;tance, is
+  Agitated into Froth, if the Bubbles be Great and Few, the Whitene&#383;s
+  will be but Faint, becau&#383;e the number of <i>Specula</i> within a
+  Narrow compa&#383;s is but Small, and they are not Thick &#383;et enough
+  to Reflect &#383;o Many Little Images or Beams of the Lucid Body, as are
+  requi&#383;ite to produce a Vigorous &#383;en&#383;ation of
+  Whitene&#383;s: And partly lea&#383;t it &#383;hould be &#383;aid, that
+  the Whitene&#383;s of &#383;uch Globulous Particles proceeds from the Air
+  Included in the Froth; (which to make good, it &#383;hould be prov'd that
+  the Air it &#383;elf is White) and partly to illu&#383;trate the better
+  the Notion we have propos'd of Whitene&#383;s, I &#383;hall add, that I
+  purpo&#383;ely made this Experiment, I took a quantity <!-- Page 110
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110"></a>[pg 110]</span> Fair
+  water, &amp; put to it in a clear Gla&#383;s phial, a convenient quantity
+  of Oyl or Spirit of Turpentine, becau&#383;e that Liquor will not
+  incorporate with Water, and yet is almo&#383;t as Clear and
+  Colourle&#383;s as it; the&#383;e being Gently Shaken together, the
+  Agitation breaks the Oyl (which as I &#383;aid, is Indi&#383;pos'd to Mix
+  like Wine or Milk <i>per minima</i> with the Water) into a Multitude of
+  Little Globes, which each of them Reflecting Outwards a Lucid Image, make
+  the Imperfect Mixture of the two Liquors appear Whiti&#383;h; but if by
+  Vehemently Shaking the Gla&#383;s for a competent time you make a further
+  Comminution of the Oyl into far more Numerous and Smaller <i>Globuli</i>,
+  and thereby confound it al&#383;o better with the Water, the Mixture will
+  appear of a Much greater Whitene&#383;s, and almo&#383;t like Milk;
+  whereas if the Gla&#383;s be a while let alone, the Colour will by
+  degrees Impair, as the Oyly globes grow Fewer and Bigger, and at length
+  will quite Vani&#383;h, leaving both the Liquors Di&#383;tinct and
+  Diaphanous as before. And &#383;uch a Tryal hath not ill &#383;ucceeded,
+  when in&#383;teed of the Colourle&#383;s Oyl of Turpentine I took a
+  Yellow Mixture made of a good Proportion of Crude Turpentine
+  di&#383;&#383;olv'd in that Liquor; and (if I mis-remember not) it
+  al&#383;o Succeeded better than one would <!-- Page 111 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111"></a>[pg 111]</span> expect, when I
+  employ'd an Oyl brought by Filings of Copper infu&#383;ed in it, to a
+  deep Green. And this (by the way) may be the Rea&#383;on, why often times
+  when the Oyls of &#383;ome Spices and of Anni&#383;eeds &amp;c. are
+  Di&#383;tilled in a Limbec with Water, the Water (as I have &#383;everal
+  times ob&#383;erv'd) comes over Whiti&#383;h, and will perhaps continue
+  &#383;o for a good while, becau&#383;e if the Fire be made too Strong,
+  the &#383;ubtile Chymical Oyl is thereby much Agitated and Broken, and
+  Blended with the Water in &#383;uch Numerous and Minute Globules, as
+  cannot ea&#383;ily in a &#383;hort time Emerge to the Top of the Water,
+  and whil&#383;t they Remain in it, make it, for the Rea&#383;on newly
+  intimated, look Whiti&#383;h; and perhaps upon the &#383;ame Ground a
+  cau&#383;e may be rendred, why Hot water is ob&#383;erv'd to be
+  u&#383;ually more Opacous and Whiti&#383;h, than the &#383;ame Water
+  Cold, the Agitation turning the more Spirituous or otherwi&#383;e
+  Conveniently Di&#383;pos'd Particles of the Water into Vapours, thereby
+  Producing in the Body of the Liquor a Multitude of Small Bubbles, which
+  interrupt the Free pa&#383;&#383;age, that the Beams of Light would
+  el&#383;e have Every way, and from the Innermo&#383;t parts of the Water
+  Reflect many of them Outwards. The&#383;e and the like Examples,
+  <i>Pyrophilus</i>, <!-- Page 112 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_112"></a>[pg 112]</span> have induc'd me to Su&#383;pect, that
+  the Superficial Particles of White bodies, may for the Mo&#383;t part be
+  as well Convex as Smooth; I content my &#383;elf to &#383;ay
+  <i>Su&#383;pect</i> and <i>for the mo&#383;t part</i>, becau&#383;e it
+  &#383;eems not Ea&#383;ie to prove, that when Diaphanous bodies, as we
+  &#383;hall &#383;ee by and by, are reduc'd into White Powders, each
+  Corpu&#383;cle mu&#383;t needs be of a Convex Superficies, &#383;ince
+  perhaps it may Suffice that Specular Surfaces look &#383;everally ways.
+  For (as we have &#383;een) when a Diaphanous Body comes to be reduc'd to
+  very Minute parts, it thereby requires a Multitude of Little Surfaces
+  within a Narrow compa&#383;s. And though each of the&#383;e &#383;hould
+  not be of a Figure Convenient to Reflect a Round Image of the Sun, yet
+  even from &#383;uch an Inconveniently Figur'd body, there may be
+  Reflected &#383;ome (either Streight or Crooked) Phy&#383;ical Line of
+  Light, which Line I call Phy&#383;ical, becau&#383;e it has &#383;ome
+  Breadth in it, and in which Line in many ca&#383;es &#383;ome Refraction
+  of the Light falling upon the Body it depends on, may contribute to the
+  Brightne&#383;s, as if a Slender Wire, or Solid Cylinder of Gla&#383;s be
+  expos'd to the Light, you &#383;hall &#383;ee in &#383;ome part of it a
+  vivid Line of Light, and if we were able to draw out and lay together a
+  Multitude of the&#383;e Little <!-- Page 113 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_113"></a>[pg 113]</span> Wires or Thrids of Gla&#383;s,
+  &#383;o Slender, that the Eye could not di&#383;cern a Di&#383;tance
+  betwixt the Luminous Lines, there is little doubt (as far as I can
+  gue&#383;s by a Tryal purpo&#383;ely made with very Slender, but far
+  le&#383;s Slender Thrids of Gla&#383;s, who&#383;e Aggregate was Look'd
+  upon one way White) but the whole Phy&#383;ical Superficies compos'd of
+  them, would to the Eye appear White, and if &#383;o, it will not be
+  always nece&#383;&#383;ary that the Figure of tho&#383;e Corpu&#383;cles,
+  that make a Body appear White, &#383;hould be <i>Globulous</i>. And as
+  for Snow it &#383;elf, though the Learned <i>Ga&#383;&#383;endus</i> (as
+  we have &#383;een above) makes it to &#383;eem nothing el&#383;e but a
+  pure Frozen Froth, con&#383;i&#383;ting of exceedingly Minute and
+  Thick&#383;et Bubbles; yet I &#383;ee no nece&#383;&#383;ity of Admitting
+  that, &#383;ince not only by the Variou&#383;ly and Curiou&#383;ly
+  Figur'd Snow, that I have divers times had the Opportunity with
+  Plea&#383;ure to ob&#383;erve, but al&#383;o by the Common Snow, it
+  rather doth appear both to the Naked Eye, and in a
+  <i>Micro&#383;cope</i>, often, if not mo&#383;t commonly, to
+  con&#383;i&#383;t principally of Little Slender Icicles of &#383;everal
+  Shapes, which afford &#383;uch Numerous Lines of Light, as we have been
+  newly Speaking of.</p>
+
+  <p>12. Sixthly, If you take a Diaphanous Body, as for in&#383;tance a
+  Piece of Gla&#383;s, and <!-- Page 114 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_114"></a>[pg 114]</span> reduce it to Powder, the &#383;ame
+  Body, which when it was Entire, freely Tran&#383;mitted the Beams of
+  Light, acquiring by Contu&#383;ion a multitude of Minute Surfaces, each
+  of which is as it were a Little, but Imperfect <i>Speculum</i>, is
+  qualify'd to Reflect in a Confus'd manner, &#383;o many either Beams, or
+  Little and Singly Unob&#383;ervable Images of the Lucid Body, that from a
+  Diaphanous it Degenerates into a White Body. And I remember, I have for
+  Trials &#383;ake taken Lumps of Rock Cry&#383;tal, and Heating them Red
+  hot in a Crucible, I found according to my Expectation, that being
+  Quench'd in Fair water, even tho&#383;e that remain'd in &#383;eemingly
+  entire Lumps exchang'd their Tran&#383;lucency for Whitene&#383;s, the
+  Ignition and Extinction having as it were Crack'd each Lump into a
+  multitude of Minute Bodies, and thereby given it a great multitude of new
+  Surfaces. And ev'n with Diaphanous Bodies, that are Colour'd, there may
+  be this way a Greater Degree of Whitene&#383;s produced, than one would
+  lightly think; as I remember, I have by Contu&#383;ion obtain'd
+  Whiti&#383;h Powders of <i>Granates</i>, Gla&#383;s of <i>Antimony</i>,
+  and <i>Emeralds</i> finely Beaten, and you may more ea&#383;ily make the
+  Experiment, by taking Good Venereal <i>Vitriol</i> of a Deep Blew, <!--
+  Page 115 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115"></a>[pg 115]</span>
+  and comparing with &#383;ome of the Entire Cry&#383;talls purpo&#383;ely
+  re&#383;erv'd, &#383;ome of the Subtile Powder of the &#383;ame Salt,
+  which will Comparatively exhibit a very con&#383;iderable degree of
+  Whiti&#383;hne&#383;s.</p>
+
+  <p>13. Seventhly, And as by a Change of Po&#383;ition in the Parts, a
+  Body that is not White, may be made White, &#383;o by a Slight change of
+  the Texture of its Surface, a White Body may be Depriv'd of its
+  Whitene&#383;s. For if, (as I have try'd in Gold-&#383;miths Shops) you
+  take a piece of Silver that has been fre&#383;hly Boyl'd, as the
+  Artificers call it, (which is done by, fir&#383;t Bru&#383;hing, and then
+  Decocting it with Salt and Tartar, and perhaps &#383;ome other
+  Ingredients) you &#383;hall find it to be of a Lovely White. But if you
+  take a piece of Smooth Steel, and therewith Burni&#383;h a part of it,
+  which may be pre&#383;ently done, you &#383;hall find that Part will
+  Lo&#383;e its Whitene&#383;s, and turn a <i>Speculum</i>, looking
+  almo&#383;t every where Dark, as other Looking-gla&#383;&#383;es do,
+  which may not a little confirm our Doctrine. For by this we may
+  gue&#383;s, what it is chiefly that made the Body White before, by
+  con&#383;idering that all that was done to deprive it of that
+  Whitene&#383;s, was only to Depre&#383;s the Little Protuberances that
+  were before on the Surface of the Silver <!-- Page 116 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116"></a>[pg 116]</span> into one Continu'd
+  Superficies, and thereby effect this, that now the Image of the Lucid
+  Body, and con&#383;equently a Kind of Whitene&#383;s &#383;hall appear to
+  your Eye, but in &#383;ome place of the greater Silver Looking-gla&#383;s
+  (whence the Beams reflected at an Angle Equal to that wherewith they fall
+  on it, may reach your Eye) whil&#383;t the A&#383;perity remain'd
+  Unde&#383;troy'd, the Light falling on innumerable Little <i>Specula</i>
+  Obverted &#383;ome one way, and &#383;ome another, did from all
+  Sen&#383;ibly Di&#383;tingui&#383;hable parts of the Superficies reflect
+  confus'd Beams or Repre&#383;entations of Light to the Beholders Eye,
+  from whence &#383;oever he chance to Look upon it. And among the
+  Experiments annex'd to this Di&#383;cour&#383;e, you will find One,
+  wherein by the Change of Texture in Bodies, Whitene&#383;s is in a Trice
+  both Generated and De&#383;troy'd.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>CHAP. II.</h3>
+
+  <p>1. What we have Di&#383;cours'd of Whitene&#383;s, may &#383;omewhat
+  A&#383;&#383;i&#383;t us to form a Notion of Blackne&#383;s, tho&#383;e
+  two Qualities being Contrary enough to Illu&#383;trate each other. Yet
+  among the Antient <i>Philo&#383;ophers</i> I find le&#383;s
+  A&#383;&#383;i&#383;tance <!-- Page 117 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_117"></a>[pg 117]</span> to form a Notion of Blackne&#383;s
+  than of Whitene&#383;s, only <i>Democritus</i> in the pa&#383;&#383;age
+  above Recited out of <i>Aristotle</i> has given a General Hint of the
+  Cau&#383;e of this Colour, by referring the Blackne&#383;s of Bodies to
+  their A&#383;perity. But this I call but a General Hint, becau&#383;e
+  tho&#383;e Bodies that are Green, and Purple, and Blew, &#383;eem to be
+  &#383;o as well as Black ones, upon the Account of their Superficial
+  A&#383;perity. But among the <i>Moderns</i>, the formerly mention'd
+  <i>Ga&#383;&#383;endus</i>, perhaps invited by this Hint of
+  <i>Democritus</i>, has Incidentally in another Epi&#383;tle given us,
+  though a very Short, yet a &#383;omewhat Clearer account of the Nature of
+  Blackne&#383;s in the&#383;e words: <i>Existimare par est corpora
+  &#383;uâpte Naturâ nigra constare ex particulis, quarum Superficieculæ
+  &#383;cabræ &#383;int, nec facilè lucem extror&#383;um reflectant.</i> I
+  wi&#383;h this Ingenious Man had enlarg'd him&#383;elf upon this Subject;
+  For indeed it &#383;eems, that as that which makes a Body White, is
+  chiefly &#383;uch a Di&#383;po&#383;ition of its Parts, that it Reflects
+  (I mean without much Interruption) more of the Light that falls on it,
+  than Bodies of any other Colour do, &#383;o that which makes a Body Black
+  is principally a Peculiar kind of Texture, chiefly of its Superficial
+  Particle, whereby it does as it were Dead the Light <!-- Page 118
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118"></a>[pg 118]</span> that
+  falls on it, &#383;o that very little is Reflected Outwards to the
+  Eye.</p>
+
+  <p>2. And this Texture may be Explicated two, and perhaps more than two
+  &#383;everal ways, whereof the fir&#383;t is by Suppo&#383;ing in the
+  Superficies of the Black Body a Particular kind of A&#383;perity, whereby
+  the Superficial Particles reflect but Few of the Incident Beams Outwards,
+  and the re&#383;t Inwards towards the Body it &#383;elf. As if for
+  In&#383;tance, we &#383;hould conceive the Surface of a Black Body to be
+  A&#383;perated by an almo&#383;t Numberle&#383;s throng of Little
+  Cylinders, Pyramids, Cones, and other &#383;uch Corpu&#383;cles, which by
+  their being Thick Set and <i>Erected</i>, reflect the Beams of Light from
+  one to another Inwards, and &#383;end them too and fro &#383;o often,
+  that at length they are Lo&#383;t before they can come to Rebound out
+  again to the Eye. And this is the fir&#383;t of the two mention'd ways of
+  Explicating Blackne&#383;s. The other way is by Suppo&#383;ing the
+  Texture of Black Bodies to be &#383;uch, that either by their Yielding to
+  the Beams of Light, or upon &#383;ome other Account, they do as it were
+  Dead the Beams of Light, and keep them from being Reflected in any
+  Plenty, or with any Con&#383;iderable Vigour of Motion, Outwards.
+  According to this Notion it may be &#383;aid, that <!-- Page 119 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119"></a>[pg 119]</span> the
+  Corpu&#383;cles that make up the Beams of Light, whether they be Solary
+  <i>Effluviums</i>, or Minute Particles of &#383;ome Ætherial
+  Sub&#383;tance, Thru&#383;ting on one another from the Lucid Body, do,
+  falling on Black Bodies, meet with &#383;uch a Texture, that &#383;uch
+  Bodies receive Into them&#383;elves, and Retain almo&#383;t all the
+  Motion communicated to them by the Corpu&#383;cles that make up the Beams
+  of Light, and con&#383;equently Reflect but Few of them, or tho&#383;e
+  but Languidly, towards the Eye, it happening here almo&#383;t in like
+  manner as to a ball, which thrown again&#383;t a Stone or Floor, would
+  Rebound a great way Upwards, but Rebounds very Little or not at all, when
+  it is thrown again&#383;t Water, or Mud, or a Loo&#383;e Net,
+  becau&#383;e the Parts yield, and receive into them&#383;elves the
+  Motion, on who&#383;e Account the Ball &#383;hould be Reflected Outwards.
+  But this La&#383;t way of Explicating Blackne&#383;s, I &#383;hall
+  content my Self to have Propos'd, without either Adopting it, or
+  ab&#383;olutely Rejecting it. For the Hardne&#383;s of Touch&#383;tones,
+  Black Marble and other Bodies, that being Black are Solid, &#383;eem to
+  make it &#383;omewhat Improbable, that &#383;uch Bodies &#383;hould be of
+  &#383;o Yielding a Texture, unle&#383;s we &#383;hould &#383;ay, that
+  &#383;ome Bodies may be more Di&#383;pos'd to Yield to the Impul&#383;es
+  of <!-- Page 120 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120"></a>[pg
+  120]</span> the Corpu&#383;cles of Light by rea&#383;on of a Peculiar
+  Texture, than other Bodies, that in other Tryals appear to be Softer than
+  they. But though the Former of the&#383;e two Explications of
+  Blackne&#383;s be that, by which we &#383;hall Endeavour to give an
+  Account of it, yet as we &#383;aid, we &#383;hall not Ab&#383;olutely
+  Reject this Latter, partly becau&#383;e they both Agree in this, that
+  Black Bodies Reflect but Little of the Light that falls on them, and
+  partly becau&#383;e it is not Impo&#383;&#383;ible, that in &#383;ome
+  Ca&#383;es both the Di&#383;po&#383;ition of the Superficial particles,
+  as to Figure and Po&#383;ition, and the Yielding of the Body, or
+  &#383;ome of its Parts, may joyntly, though not in an Equal mea&#383;ure
+  concurr to the rendring of a Body Black. The Con&#383;iderations that
+  induc'd me to propo&#383;e this Notion of Blackne&#383;s, as I Explan'd
+  it, are principally the&#383;e:</p>
+
+  <p>3. Fir&#383;t, That as I lately &#383;aid, Whitene&#383;s and
+  Blackne&#383;s being generally reputed to be Contrary Qualities,
+  Whitene&#383;s depending as I &#383;aid upon the Di&#383;po&#383;ition of
+  the Parts of a Body to Reflect much Light, it &#383;eems likely, that
+  Blackne&#383;s may depend upon a Contrary Di&#383;po&#383;ition of the
+  Black Bodies Surface; But upon this I &#383;hall not
+  In&#383;i&#383;t.</p>
+
+  <p>4. Next then we &#383;ee, that if a Body of <!-- Page 121 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121"></a>[pg 121]</span> One and the
+  &#383;ame Colour be plac'd, part in the Sun-beams, and part in the Shade,
+  that part which is not Shin'd on will appear more of Kin to
+  Blackne&#383;s than the other, from which more Light Rebounds to the Eye;
+  And Dark Colours &#383;eem the Blacker, the le&#383;s Light they are
+  Look'd upon in, and we think all Things Black in the Dark, when they
+  &#383;end no Beams to make Impre&#383;&#383;ions on our Organs of Sight,
+  &#383;o that Shadows and Darkne&#383;s are near of Kin, and Shaddow we
+  know is but a Privation of Light; and accordingly Blackne&#383;s
+  &#383;eems to proceed from the Paucity of Beams Reflected from the Black
+  Body to the Eye, I &#383;ay the Paucity of Beams, becau&#383;e tho&#383;e
+  Bodies that we call Black, as Marble, Jeat, &amp;c. are Short of being
+  perfectly &#383;o, el&#383;e we &#383;hould not See them at all. But
+  though the Beams that fall on the Sides of tho&#383;e Erected Particles
+  that we have been mentioning, do Few of them return Outwards, yet
+  tho&#383;e that fall upon the Points of tho&#383;e Cylinders, Cones, or
+  Pyramids, may thence Rebound to the Eye, though they make there but a
+  Faint Impre&#383;&#383;ion, becau&#383;e they Arrive not there, but
+  Mingl'd with a great Proportion of Little Shades. This may be Confirm'd
+  by my having procur'd a Large piece of Black <!-- Page 122 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122"></a>[pg 122]</span> Marble well
+  Poli&#383;h'd, and brought to the Form of a Large Sphærical and Concave
+  <i>Speculum</i>; For on the In&#383;ide this Marble being well
+  Poli&#383;h'd, was a kind of Dark Looking-gla&#383;s, wherein I could
+  plainly &#383;ee a Little Image of the Sun, when that Shin'd upon it. But
+  this Image was very far from Offending and Dazling my Eyes, as it would
+  have done from another <i>Speculum</i>; Nor, though the <i>Speculum</i>
+  were Large, could I in a Long time, or in a Hot Sun &#383;et a piece of
+  Wood on Fire, though a far le&#383;s <i>Speculum</i> of the &#383;ame
+  Form, and of a more Reflecting Matter, would have made it Flame in a
+  Trice.</p>
+
+  <p>5. And on this Occa&#383;ion we may as well in Reference to
+  &#383;omething formerly deliver'd concerning Whitene&#383;s, as in
+  Reference to what has been newly &#383;aid, Subjoyn what we further
+  ob&#383;erv'd touching the Differing Reflections of Light from White and
+  Black Marble, namely, that having taking a pretty Large Mortar of White
+  Marble, New and Poli&#383;h'd in the In&#383;ide, and Expos'd it to the
+  Sun, we found that it Reflected a great deal of Glaring Light, but
+  &#383;o Di&#383;pers'd, that we could not make the Reflected Beams
+  concurr in any &#383;uch Con&#383;picuous <i>Focus</i>, as that newly
+  taken notice of in the Black Marble, though <!-- Page 123 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123"></a>[pg 123]</span> perhaps there may
+  enough of them be made to meet near the Bottom, to make &#383;ome Kind of
+  <i>Focus</i>, e&#383;pecially &#383;ince by holding in the Night-time a
+  Candle at a convenient Di&#383;tance, we were able to procure a
+  Concour&#383;e of &#383;ome, though not many of the Reflected Beams, at
+  about two Inches di&#383;tant from the Bottom of the Mortar: But we found
+  the Heat even of the Sunbeams &#383;o Di&#383;per&#383;edly Reflected to
+  be very Languid, even in Compari&#383;on of the Black Marbles
+  <i>Focus</i>. And the Little Picture of the Sun, that appear'd upon the
+  White Marble as a <i>Speculum</i>, was but very Faint and exceeding ill
+  Defin'd. Secondly, That taking two pieces of Plain and Poli&#383;h'd
+  Surfaces, and ca&#383;ting on them Succe&#383;&#383;ively the Beams of
+  the Same Candle, In &#383;uch manner, as that the Neighbouring
+  Superficies being Shaded by an Opacous and Perforated Body, the Incident
+  Beams were permitted to pa&#383;s but through a Round Hole of about Half
+  an Inch Diameter, the Circle of Light that appear'd on the White Marble
+  was in Compari&#383;on very Bright, but very ill Defin'd; whereas that on
+  the Black Marble was far le&#383;s Luminous, but much more preci&#383;ely
+  Defin'd.</p>
+
+  <p>6. Thirdly, When you Look upon a piece of Linnen that has Small Holes
+  in it, <!-- Page 124 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124"></a>[pg
+  124]</span> tho&#383;e Holes appear very Black, and Men are often
+  deceiv'd in taking Holes for Spots of Ink; And Painters to repre&#383;ent
+  Holes, make u&#383;e of Black, the Rea&#383;on of which &#383;eems to be,
+  that the Beams that fall on tho&#383;e Holes, fall into them So Deep,
+  that none of them is Reflected back to the Eye. And in narrow Wells part
+  of the Mouth &#383;eems Black, becau&#383;e the Incident Beams are
+  Reflected Downwards from one &#383;ide to another, till they can no more
+  Rebound to the Eye.</p>
+
+  <p>We may con&#383;ider too, that if Differing parts of the &#383;ame
+  piece of Black Velvet be &#383;troak'd Oppo&#383;ite ways, the piece of
+  Velvet will appear of two Di&#383;tinct kinds of Blackne&#383;s, the one
+  far Darker than the other, of which Di&#383;parity the Rea&#383;on Seems
+  to be, that in the Le&#383;s ob&#383;cure part of the Velvet, the Little
+  Silken Piles whereof 'tis made up, being Inclin'd, there is a Greater
+  part of each of them Obverted to the Eye, whereas in the other part the
+  Piles of Silk being more Erected, there are far Fewer Beams Reflected
+  Outwards from the Lateral parts of each Pile, So that mo&#383;t of
+  tho&#383;e that Rebound to the Eye, come from the Tops of the Piles,
+  which make but a &#383;mall part of the whole Superficies, that may be
+  cover'd by the piece of Velvet. <!-- Page 125 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_125"></a>[pg 125]</span> Which Explication I propo&#383;e, not
+  that I think the Blackne&#383;s of the Velvet proceeds from the
+  Cau&#383;e a&#383;&#383;ign'd, &#383;ince each Single Pile of Silk is
+  Black by rea&#383;on of its Texture, in what Po&#383;ition &#383;oever
+  you Look upon it; But that the Greater Blackne&#383;s of one of
+  the&#383;e Tuffts &#383;eems to proceed from the Greater Paucity of Beams
+  Reflected from it, and that from the Fewne&#383;s of tho&#383;e Parts of
+  a Surface that Reflect Beams, and the Multitude of tho&#383;e Shaded
+  Parts that Reflect none. And I remember, that I have oftentimes
+  ob&#383;erv'd, that the Po&#383;ition of Particular Bodies far greater
+  than Piles of Silk in reference to the Eye, may notwith&#383;tanding
+  their having each of them a Colour of its own, make one part of their
+  Aggregate appear far Darker than the other; For I have near Great Towns
+  often taken notice, that a Cart-load of Carrots pack'd up, appear'd of a
+  much Darker Colour when Look'd upon, where the Points of the Carrots were
+  Obverted to the Eye, than where the Sides of them were &#383;o.</p>
+
+  <p>7. Fourthly, In a Darkned Room, I purpo&#383;ely ob&#383;erv'd, that
+  if the Sun-beams, which came in at the Hole were receiv'd upon White or
+  any other Colour, and directed to a Convenient place of the Room, <!--
+  Page 126 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126"></a>[pg 126]</span>
+  they would Manife&#383;tly, though not all Equally, Encrea&#383;e the
+  Light of that Part; whereas if we Sub&#383;tituted, either a piece of
+  Black Cloth or Black Velvet, it would &#383;o Dead the Incident Beams,
+  that the place (newly mention'd) whereto I Obverted the Black Body, would
+  be Le&#383;s Enlightned than it was before, when it received its Light
+  but from the Weak and Oblique Reflections of the Floor and Walls of a
+  pretty Large Room, through which the Beams that came in at the Hole were
+  Confu&#383;edly and Brokenly Di&#383;pers'd.</p>
+
+  <p>8. Fifthly, And to &#383;hew that the Beams that fall on Black Bodies,
+  as they do not Rebound Outwards to the Eye, &#383;o they are Reflected
+  towards the Body it &#383;elf, as the Nature of tho&#383;e Erected
+  Particles to which we have imputed Blackne&#383;s, requires, we will add
+  an Experiment that will al&#383;o confirm our Doctrine touching
+  Whitene&#383;s; Namely, that we took a Broad and Large Tile, and having
+  Whitened over one half of the Superficies of it, and Black'd the other,
+  we expos'd it to the Summer Sun; And having let it lye there a convenient
+  time (for the Difference is more Apparent, if it have not lain there too
+  long) we found, as we expected, that whil&#383;t the Whited part of the
+  Tile remained Cool enough, the <!-- Page 127 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_127"></a>[pg 127]</span> Black'd part of the &#383;ame Tile
+  was grown not only Sen&#383;ible, but very Hot, (&#383;ometimes to a
+  &#383;trong Degree.) And to &#383;atisfie &#383;ome of our Friends the
+  more, we have &#383;ometimes left upon the Surface of the Tile,
+  be&#383;ides the White and Black parts thereof, a part that Retain'd the
+  native Red of the Tile it &#383;elf, and Expo&#383;ing them to the Sun,
+  we ob&#383;erv'd this La&#383;t mention'd to have Contracted a Heat in
+  compari&#383;on of the White, but a Heat Inferiour to that of the Black,
+  of which the Rea&#383;on &#383;eems to be, that the Superficial Particles
+  of Black Bodies, being, as we &#383;aid, more Erected, than tho&#383;e of
+  White or Red ones, the Corpu&#383;cles of Light falling on their
+  &#383;ides, being for the mo&#383;t part Reflected Inwards from one
+  Particle to another, and thereby engag'd as it were and kept from
+  Rebounding Upwards, they communicate their brisk Motion, wherewith they
+  were impell'd again&#383;t the Black Body, (upon who&#383;e account had
+  they fallen upon a White Body, they would have been Reflected Outwards)
+  to the Small parts of the Black Body, and thereby Produce in tho&#383;e
+  Small parts &#383;uch an Agitation, as (when we feel it) we are wont to
+  call Heat. I have been lately inform'd, that an Ob&#383;ervation near of
+  Kin to Ours, has been made by &#383;ome Learned Men in <i>France</i> and
+  <!-- Page 128 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128"></a>[pg
+  128]</span> <i>Italy</i>, by long Expo&#383;ing to a very Hot Sun, two
+  pieces of Marble, the one White, the other Black; But though the
+  Ob&#383;ervation be worthy of them, and may confirm the &#383;ame Truth
+  with Our Experiment, yet be&#383;ides that our Tryal needs not the
+  Summer, nor any Great Heat to &#383;ucceed, It &#383;eems to have this
+  Advantage above the other, that whereas Bodies more Solid, and of a
+  Clo&#383;er Texture, though they u&#383;e to be more Slowly Heated, are
+  wont to receive a Greater Degree of Heat from the Sun or Fire, than
+  (<i>Cæteris paribus</i>) Bodies of a Slightest Texture; I have found by
+  the Information of Stone-cutters, and by other ways of Enquiry, that
+  Black Marble is much Solider and Harder than White, &#383;o that
+  po&#383;&#383;ibly the Difference betwixt the Degrees of Heat they
+  receive from the Sunbeams will by many be a&#383;crib'd to the Difference
+  of their Texture, rather than to that of their Colour, though I think our
+  Experiment will make it Probable enough that the greater part of that
+  Difference may well be a&#383;crib'd to that Di&#383;po&#383;ition of
+  Parts, which makes the one Reflect the Sunbeams Inward; and the other
+  Outwards. And with this Doctrine accords very well, that Rooms hung with
+  Black, are not only Darker than el&#383;e they would be, but are <!--
+  Page 129 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129"></a>[pg 129]</span>
+  wont to be Warmer too; In&#383;omuch that I have known a great Lady,
+  who&#383;e Con&#383;titution was &#383;omewhat Tender, complain that
+  &#383;he was wont to catch Cold, when &#383;he went out into the Air,
+  after having made any long Vi&#383;its to Per&#383;ons, who&#383;e Rooms
+  were hung with Black. And this is not the only Lady I have heard complain
+  of the Warmth of &#383;uch Rooms, which though perhaps it may be partly
+  imputed to the <i>Effluvia</i> of tho&#383;e Materials wherewith the
+  hangings were Dy'd, yet probably the Warmth of &#383;uch Rooms depends
+  chiefly upon the &#383;ame Cau&#383;e that the Darkne&#383;s does; As
+  (not to repeat what I formerly Noted touching my Gloves,) to
+  &#383;atisfie &#383;ome Curious Per&#383;ons of that Sex, I have
+  convinc'd them, by Tryall, that of two Pieces of Silken Stuff given me by
+  them&#383;elves, and expos'd in their Pre&#383;ence, to the &#383;ame
+  Window, Shin'd on by that Sun, the White was <i>con&#383;iderably</i>
+  Heated, when the Black was not &#383;o much as <i>Sen&#383;ibly</i>
+  &#383;o.</p>
+
+  <p>9. Sixthly, I remember, that Acquainting one Day a
+  <i>Virtuo&#383;o</i> of Un&#383;u&#383;pected Credit, that had
+  Vi&#383;ited Hot Countries, with part of what I have here Deliver'd
+  concerning Blackne&#383;s, he Related to me by way of Confirmation of it,
+  a very notable <!-- Page 130 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_130"></a>[pg 130]</span> Experiment, which he had both others
+  make, and Made him&#383;elf in a Warm Climate, namely, that having
+  carefully Black'd over Eggs, and Expos'd them to the Hot Sun, they were
+  thereby in no very Long time well Roa&#383;ted, to which Effect I
+  conceive the Heat of the Climate mu&#383;t have Concurr'd with the
+  Di&#383;po&#383;ition of the Black Surface to Reflect the Sunbeams
+  Inward, for I remember, that having made that among other Tryals in
+  <i>England</i>, though in Summer-time, the Eggs I Expos'd, acquir'd
+  indeed a con&#383;iderable Degree of Heat, but yet not &#383;o
+  Inten&#383;e a One, as prov'd Sufficient to Roa&#383;t them.</p>
+
+  <p>10. Seventhly, and La&#383;tly, Our Conjectures at the Nature of
+  Blackne&#383;s may be &#383;omewhat Confirm'd by the (formerly mention'd)
+  Ob&#383;ervation of the Blind <i>Dutch-man</i>, that Di&#383;cerns
+  Colours with his Fingers; for he Says, that he Feels a greater
+  Roughne&#383;s upon the Surfaces of Black Bodies, than upon tho&#383;e of
+  Red, or Yellow, or Green. And I remember, that the Diligent
+  <i>Bartholinus</i> &#383;ays,<a name="NtA_9"></a><a
+  href="#Nt_9"><sup>9</sup></a> that a Blind Earl of <i>Mansfield</i> could
+  Di&#383;tingui&#383;h White from Black only by the Touch, which would
+  Sufficiently Argue a great Di&#383;parity in the A&#383;perities, or
+  other <!-- Page 131 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131"></a>[pg
+  131]</span> Superficial Textures of Bodies of tho&#383;e two Colours, if
+  the Learn'd Relator had Affirm'd the Matter upon his own Knowledge.</p>
+
+  <p>II. The&#383;e, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, are the chief things that Occurr to
+  me at pre&#383;ent, about the Nature of Whitene&#383;s and
+  Blackne&#383;s, which it they have Rendred it &#383;o much as Probable,
+  that in <i>Mo&#383;t</i>; or at lea&#383;t <i>Many</i> Ca&#383;es, the
+  Cau&#383;es of the&#383;e Qualities may be &#383;uch as I have Adventur'd
+  to Deliver, it is as much as I Pretend to; for till I have Opportunity to
+  Examine the Matter by &#383;ome further Tryals, I am not &#383;ure, but
+  that in &#383;ome White and Black Bodies, there may Concurr to the Colour
+  &#383;ome peculiar Texture or Di&#383;po&#383;ition of the Body, whereby
+  the Motion of the Small Corpu&#383;cles that make up the Incident Beams
+  of Light, may be Differingly Modify'd, before they reach the Eye,
+  e&#383;pecially in this, that White Bodies do not only Copiou&#383;ly
+  Reflect tho&#383;e Incident Corpu&#383;cles Outwards, but Reflect them
+  Briskly, and do not otherwi&#383;e Alter them in the manner of their
+  Motion. Nor &#383;hall I now &#383;tay to Enquire, whether &#383;ome of
+  tho&#383;e other ways, (as a Di&#383;po&#383;ition to Alter the Velocity,
+  the Rotation, or the Order and Manner of Appul&#383;e &#383;o the Eye of
+  the Reflected Corpu&#383;cles <!-- Page 132 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_132"></a>[pg 132]</span> that Compos'd the Incident Beams of
+  Light) which we mention'd when we con&#383;ider'd the Production of
+  Colours in General, may not in &#383;ome Ca&#383;es be Applicable to
+  tho&#383;e of White and Black Bodies: For I am yet &#383;o much a
+  <i>Seeker</i> in this Matter, and &#383;o little Wedded to the Opinions I
+  have propos'd, that what I am to add &#383;hall be but the Beginning of a
+  Collection of Experiments and Ob&#383;ervation towards the Hi&#383;tory
+  of Whitene&#383;s and Blackne&#383;s, without at pre&#383;ent
+  interpo&#383;ing my Explications of them, that &#383;o, I may
+  a&#383;&#383;i&#383;t your Enquires without much Fore-&#383;talling or
+  Bia&#383;&#383;ing your Judgment.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<!-- Page 133 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133"></a>[pg 133]</span>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/172a.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+  </div>
+
+<h1> 
+<span style="font-size:100%; letter-spacing:10px">EXPERIMENT</span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px">IN</span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:100%; letter-spacing:10px">CONSORT,</span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:50%;">Touching</span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:100%;">Whitene&#383;s &amp; Blackne&#383;s.</span><br /> 
+</h1>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>EXPERIMENT I.</h3>
+
+  <p><img width="80" height="80" align="left" src="images/172b.png" alt="Illuminated H in Having" />
+  Aving promis'd in the <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, and <a
+  href="#Page_115">115</a>. Pages of the foregoing Di&#383;cour&#383;e of
+  Whitene&#383;s and Blackne&#383;s, to &#383;hew, that tho&#383;e two
+  Colours may by a change of Texture in bodies, each of them apart
+  Diaphanous and Colourle&#383;s, be at plea&#383;ure and in a trice as
+  well Generated as De&#383;troy'd, We &#383;hall begin with Experiments
+  that may acquit us of that promi&#383;e.</p>
+
+  <p>Take then what Quantity you plea&#383;e of Fair Water, and having
+  Heated it, put into it as much good Common Sublimate, as it is able to
+  Di&#383;&#383;olve, and (to be &#383;ure of having <!-- Page 134 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134"></a>[pg 134]</span> it well glutted:)
+  continue putting in the Sublimate, till &#383;ome of it lye Untouch'd in
+  the bottom of the Liquor, Filter this Solution through Cap-paper, to have
+  it cleer and limpid, and into a &#383;poonfull or two thereof, (put into
+  a clean gla&#383;s ve&#383;&#383;el,) &#383;hake about four or five drops
+  (according as you took more or le&#383;s of this Solution) of good limpid
+  Spirits of Urine, and immediately the whole mixture will appear White
+  like Milk, to which mixture if you pre&#383;ently add a convenient
+  proportion of Rectifi'd <i>Aqua Fortis</i> (for the number of drops is
+  hard to determine, becau&#383;e of the Differing Strength of the liquor,
+  but ea&#383;ily found by tryal) the Whitene&#383;s will pre&#383;ently
+  di&#383;appear, and the whole mixture become Tran&#383;parent, which you
+  may, if you plea&#383;e, again reduce to a good degree of Whitene&#383;s
+  (though inferiour to the fir&#383;t) onely by a more copious
+  affu&#383;ion of fre&#383;h Spirit of Urine. <i>N</i>. Fir&#383;t, That
+  it is not &#383;o nece&#383;&#383;ary to employ either <i>Aqua Fortis</i>
+  or Spirit of Urine about this Experiment, but that we have made it with
+  other liquors in&#383;tead of the&#383;e, of which perhaps more
+  el&#383;ewhere. Secondly, That this Experiment, though not made with the
+  &#383;ame <i>Men&#383;truums</i>, nor producing the &#383;ame Colour is
+  yet much of Kin to that other to be <!-- Page 135 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135"></a>[pg 135]</span> mentioned in this
+  Tract among our other Experiments of Colours, about turning a Solution of
+  Præcipitate into an Orange-colour, and the Chymical Rea&#383;on being
+  much alike in both, the annexing it to one of them may &#383;uffice FOR
+  both.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT II.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>Make a &#383;trong Infu&#383;ion of broken Galls in Fair Water, and
+  having Filtred it into a clean Vial, add more of the &#383;ame liquor to
+  it, till you have made it &#383;omewhat Tran&#383;parent, and
+  &#383;ufficiently diluted the Colour, for the credit of the Experiment,
+  le&#383;t otherwi&#383;e the Darkne&#383;s of the liquor might make it be
+  objected, that 'twas already almo&#383;t Ink; Into this Infu&#383;ion
+  &#383;hake a convenient quantity of a Cleer, but very &#383;trong
+  Solution of Vitriol, and you &#383;hall immediately &#383;ee the mixture
+  turn Black almo&#383;t like Ink, and &#383;uch a way of producing
+  Blackne&#383;s is vulgar enough; but if pre&#383;ently after you doe upon
+  this mixture drop a &#383;mall quantity of good oyl of Vitriol, and, by
+  &#383;haking the Vial di&#383;per&#383;e it nimbly through the two other
+  liquors, you &#383;hall (if you perform your part well, and have employ'd
+  oyl of Vitriol Cleer and Strong enough) &#383;ee the Darkne&#383;s of the
+  liquor pre&#383;ently begin <!-- Page 136 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_136"></a>[pg 136]</span> to be di&#383;cu&#383;s'd, and grow
+  pretty Cleer and Tran&#383;parent, lo&#383;ing its Inky Blackne&#383;s,
+  which you may again re&#383;tore to it by the affu&#383;ion of a
+  &#383;mall quantity of a very &#383;trong Solution of Salt of Tartar. And
+  though neither of the&#383;e Atramentous liquors will &#383;eem other
+  than very Pale Ink, if you write with a clean Pen dipt in them, yet that
+  is common to them with &#383;ome &#383;orts of Ink that prove very good
+  when Dry, as I have al&#383;o found, that when I made the&#383;e
+  carefully, what I wrote with either of them, e&#383;pecially with the
+  Former, would when throughly Dry grow Black enough not to appear bad Ink.
+  This Experiment of taking away and re&#383;toring Blackne&#383;s from and
+  to the liquors, we have likewi&#383;e tryed in Common Ink; but there it
+  &#383;ucceeds not &#383;o well, and but very &#383;lowly, by rea&#383;on
+  that the Gum wont to be employed in the making it, does by its Tenacity
+  oppo&#383;e the operations of the above mention'd Saline liquors. But to
+  con&#383;ider Gum no more, what &#383;ome kind of Præcipitation may have
+  to do in the producing and de&#383;troying of Inks without it, I have
+  el&#383;ewhere given you &#383;ome occa&#383;ion and
+  a&#383;&#383;i&#383;tance to enquire; But I mu&#383;t not now &#383;tay
+  to do &#383;o my &#383;elf, only I &#383;hall take notice to you, that
+  though it be taken for granted that bodies will not be Præcipitated by
+  Alcalizat Salts, <!-- Page 137 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_137"></a>[pg 137]</span> that have not fir&#383;t been
+  di&#383;&#383;olved in &#383;ome Acid <i>Men&#383;truums</i>, yet I have
+  found upon tryals, which my conjectures lead me to make on purpo&#383;e,
+  That divers Vegetables <i>barely infus'd</i>, or, <i>but &#383;lightly
+  decocted in common water</i>, would, upon the affu&#383;ion of a Strong
+  and Cleer <i>Lixivium</i> of Pota&#383;hes, and much more of &#383;ome
+  other Præcipitating liquors that I &#383;ometimes employ, afford good
+  &#383;tore of a Crudled matter, &#383;uch as I have had in the
+  Præcipitations of Vegetable &#383;ub&#383;tances, by the intervention of
+  Acid things, and that this matter was ea&#383;ily &#383;eparable from the
+  re&#383;t of the liquor, being left behind by it in the Filtre; and in
+  making the fir&#383;t Ink mention'd in this Experiment, I found that I
+  could by Filtration &#383;eparate pretty &#383;tore of a very Black
+  pulverable &#383;ub&#383;tance, that remain'd in the Filtre, and when the
+  Ink was made Cleer again by the Oyl of Vitriol, the affu&#383;ion of
+  di&#383;&#383;olv'd <i>Sal Tartari</i> &#383;eem'd but to Præcipitate,
+  and thereby to Unite and render Con&#383;picuous the particles of the
+  Black mixture that had before been di&#383;pers'd into very Minute and
+  &#383;ingly Invi&#383;ible particles by the Inci&#383;ive and
+  re&#383;olving power of the highly Corro&#383;ive Oyl of Vitriol.</p>
+
+  <p><!-- Erratum: insert:--> And to manife&#383;t, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that
+  Galls are not &#383;o requi&#383;ite as many &#383;uppo&#383;e to the
+  making Atramentous Liquors, we have &#383;ometimes made the following
+  Experiment, We took dryed Ro&#383;e leaves and Decocted them for a while
+  in Fair Water, into two or three &#383;poonfulls of this Decoction we
+  &#383;hook a few drops of a &#383;trong and well filtrated Solution of
+  Vitriol (which perhaps had it been Green would have done as well) and
+  immediately the mixture did turn Black, and when into this mixture
+  pre&#383;ently after it was made, we &#383;hook a ju&#383;t Proportion of
+  <i>Aqua Fortis</i>, we turn'd it from a Black Ink to a deep Red one,
+  which by the affu&#383;ion of a little Spirit of Urine may be reduc'd
+  immediately to an Opacous and Blacki&#383;h Colour. And in regard,
+  <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that in the former Experiments, both the Infu&#383;ion
+  of Galls, and the Decoction of Ro&#383;es, and the Solution of Copperis
+  employ'd about them, are endow'd each of them with its own Colour, there
+  may be a more noble Experiment of the &#383;udden production of
+  Blackne&#383;s made by the way mention'd in the Second Section of the
+  Second Part of our E&#383;&#383;ays, for though upon the Confu&#383;ion
+  of the two Liquors there mention'd, there do immediately emerge a very
+  Black mixture, yet both the Infu&#383;ion of <i>Orpiment</i> and the
+  Solution of <i>Minium</i> were before their being joyn'd together, Limpid
+  and Colourle&#383;s.<!-- end insert--></p>
+
+<!-- Page 138 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138"></a>[pg 138]</span>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT III.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>If pieces of White Harts-horn be with a competent degree of Fire
+  di&#383;till'd in a Gla&#383;s-retort, they will, after the avolation of
+  the Flegm, Spirit, Volatile Salt, and the loo&#383;er and lighter parts
+  of the Oleagenous &#383;ub&#383;tance, remain behind of a Cole-black
+  colour. And even Ivory it &#383;elf being skilfully Burnt (how I am wont
+  to do it, I have el&#383;ewhere &#383;et down) affords Painters one of
+  the be&#383;t and deepe&#383;t Blacks they have, and yet in the
+  In&#383;tance of di&#383;till'd Harts-horn, the operation being made in
+  Gla&#383;s-ve&#383;&#383;els carefully clos'd, it appears there is no
+  Extraneous Black &#383;ub&#383;tance that In&#383;inuates it &#383;elf
+  into White Harts-horn, and thereby makes it turn Black; but that the
+  Whitene&#383;s is de&#383;troy'd, and the Blackne&#383;s generated, only
+  by a Change of Texture, made in the burnt Body, by the Rece&#383;s of
+  &#383;ome parts and the Tran&#383;po&#383;ition of others. And though I
+  remember not that in many Di&#383;tillations of Harts-horn I ever
+  &#383;ound the <i>Cap. Mort</i>. to pa&#383;s from Black to a true
+  Whitene&#383;s, whil&#383;t it continu'd in Clos'd ve&#383;&#383;els, yet
+  having taken out the Cole-black fragments, and Calcin'd them in Open
+  ve&#383;&#383;els, I could in few hours quite de&#383;troy that
+  Blackne&#383;s, &amp; without <!-- Page 139 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_139"></a>[pg 139]</span> &#383;en&#383;ibly changing their
+  Bulk or Figure, reduce them to great Whitene&#383;s. So much do
+  the&#383;e two Colours depend upon the Di&#383;po&#383;ition of the
+  little parts, that the Bodies wherein they are to be met with do
+  con&#383;i&#383;t of. And we find, that if Whitewine Tartar, or even the
+  white Cry&#383;talls of &#383;uch Tartar be burnt without being truly
+  Calcin'd, the <i>Cap. Mortuum</i> (as the Chymi&#383;ts call the more
+  Fixt part) will be Black. But if you further continue the Calcination
+  till you have perfectly Incinerated the Tartar, &amp; kept it long enough
+  in a Strong fire, the remaining <i>Calx</i> will be White. And &#383;o we
+  &#383;ee that not only other Vegetable &#383;ub&#383;tances, but even
+  White woods, as the Hazel, will yield a Black Charcoal, and afterwards
+  Whiti&#383;h a&#383;hes; And &#383;o Animal &#383;ub&#383;tances
+  naturally White, as Bones and Egg&#383;hels, will grow Black upon the
+  being Burnt, and White again when they are perfectly Calcin'd.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT IV.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>But yet I much Que&#383;tion whether that Rule delivered by divers, as
+  well Philo&#383;ophers as Chymi&#383;ts, <i>adu&#383;ta nigra, &#383;ed
+  peru&#383;ta alba</i>, will hold as Univer&#383;ally as is pre&#383;um'd,
+  &#383;ince I have &#383;everal Examples to allege again&#383;t <!-- Page
+  140 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140"></a>[pg 140]</span> it:
+  For I have found that by burning Alabla&#383;ter, &#383;o as both to make
+  it appear to boyl almo&#383;t like Milk, and to reduce it to a very fine
+  Powder, it would not at all grow Black, but retain its Pure and Native
+  Whitene&#383;s, and though by keeping it longer than is u&#383;ual in the
+  fire, I produced but a faint Yellow, even in that part of the Powder that
+  lay neare&#383;t the top of the Crucible, yet having purpo&#383;ely
+  enquired of an Experienced Stone-cutter, who is Curious enough in tryng
+  Conclu&#383;ions in his own Trade, he told me he had found that if
+  Alaba&#383;ter or Pla&#383;ter of Paris be very long kept in a Strong
+  fire, the whole heap of burnt Powder would exchange its Whitene&#383;s
+  for a much deeper Colour than the Yellow I ob&#383;erv'd. Lead being
+  Calcin'd with a Strong fire turns (after having purhaps run thorough
+  divers other Colour) into <i>Minium</i>, who&#383;e Colour we know
+  is a deep red; and if you urge this <i>Minium</i>, as I have
+  purpo&#383;ely done with a Strong fire, you may much ea&#383;ier find a
+  Gla&#383;&#383;ie and Brittle Body darker than <i>Minium</i>, than any
+  white <i>Calx</i> or Gla&#383;s. 'Tis known among Chymi&#383;ts, that the
+  white <i>Calx</i> of Antimony, by the further and more vehement operation
+  of the fire, may be melted into Gla&#383;s, which we have obtain'd of a
+  Red Colour, which is <!-- Page 141 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_141"></a>[pg 141]</span> far deeper than that of the
+  <i>Calx</i> of Burnt Antimony, and though common Glafs of Antimony being
+  u&#383;ually Adulterated with <i>Borax</i>, have its Colour thereby
+  diluted, oftentimes to a very pale Yellow; yet not onely ours made more
+  &#383;incerily, was, as we &#383;aid, of a Colour le&#383;s remote from
+  Black, than was the <i>Calx</i>; but we ob&#383;erv'd, that by Melting it
+  once or twice more, and &#383;o expo&#383;ing it to the further operation
+  of the Fire, we had, as we expected, the Colour heightned. To which we
+  &#383;hall add but this one In&#383;tance, (which is worth the taking
+  notice of in Reference to Colours:) That, if you take Blew, but
+  Un&#383;ophi&#383;ticated, Vitriol, and burn it very &#383;lowly, and
+  with a Gentle degree of Heat, you may ob&#383;erve, that when it has
+  Burnt but a Little, and yet &#383;o far as that you may rub it to Powder
+  betwixt your fingers, it will be of a White or Whiti&#383;h Colour; But
+  if you Pro&#383;ecute the Calcination, this Body which by a light
+  Adu&#383;tion was made White, will pa&#383;s through other Colours, as
+  Gray, Yellowi&#383;h, and Red; and if you further burn it with a Long and
+  Vehement fire, by that time it comes to be <i>Peru&#383;tum</i>, it will
+  be of a dark purple, nearer to Black, not only than the fir&#383;t
+  <i>Calx</i>, but than the Vitriol before it at all felt the fire. I might
+  add that <i>Crocus</i> <!-- Page 142 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_142"></a>[pg 142]</span> <i>Martis</i> (<i>per &#383;e</i> as
+  they call it) made by the La&#383;ting violence of the Reverberated
+  flames is not &#383;o near a Kin to White, as the Iron or Steel that
+  afforded it was before its Calcinations; but that I &#383;uppo&#383;e,
+  the&#383;e In&#383;tances may Suffice to &#383;atisfie you, that Minerals
+  are to be excepted out of the forementioned Rule, which perhaps, though
+  it &#383;eldome fail in &#383;ub&#383;tances belonging to the Vegetable
+  or Animal Kingdome, may yet be Que&#383;tion'd even in &#383;ome of
+  the&#383;e, if that be true, which the Judicious Traveller
+  <i>Bellonius</i> affirms, that Charcoales made out of the Wood of
+  <i>Oxycæder</i> are White; And I could not find that though in Retorts
+  Hart&#383;horn and other White Bodies will be Denigrated by Heat, yet
+  Camphire would not at all lo&#383;e its Whitene&#383;s, though I have
+  purpo&#383;ely kept it in &#383;uch a heat, as made it melt and boyl.</p>
+  <!--Erratum: delete: And to manife&#383;t, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that
+  Galls are not &#383;o requi&#383;ite as many &#383;uppo&#383;e to the
+  making Atramentous Liquors, we have &#383;ometimes made the following
+  Experiment, We took dryed Ro&#383;e leaves and Decocted them for a while
+  in Fair Water, into two or three &#383;poonfulls of this Decoction we
+  &#383;hook a few drops of a &#383;trong and well filtrated Solution of
+  Vitriol (which perhaps had it been Green would have done as well) and
+  immediately the mixture did turn Black, and when into
+  this mixture pre&#383;ently after it was made, we &#383;hook a ju&#383;t
+  Proportion of <i>Aqua Fortis</i>, we turn'd it from a Black Ink to a deep
+  Red one, which by the affu&#383;ion of a little Spirit of Urine may be
+  reduc'd immediately to an Opacous and Blacki&#383;h Colour. And in
+  regard, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that in the former Experiments, both the
+  Infu&#383;ion of Galls, and the Decoction of Ro&#383;es, and the Solution
+  of Copperis employ'd about them, are endow'd each of them with its own
+  Colour, there may be a more noble Experiment of the &#383;udden
+  production of Blackne&#383;s made by the way mention'd in the Second
+  Section of the Second Part of our E&#383;&#383;ays, for though upon the
+  Confu&#383;ion of the two Liquors there mention'd, there do immediately
+  emerge a very Black mixture, yet both the Infu&#383;ion of
+  <i>Orpiment</i> and the Solution of <i>Minium</i> were before their being
+  joyn'd together, Limpid and Colourle&#383;s. -->
+
+<!-- Page 143 --><span class="pagenum"><a  name="Page_143"></a>[pg 143]</span>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT V.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>And now I &#383;peak of Camphire, it puts me in mind of adding this
+  Experiment, That, though as I &#383;aid in Clos'd Gla&#383;&#383;es, I
+  could not Denigrate it by Heat, but it would Sublime to the &#383;ides
+  and top of the Gla&#383;s, <!-- Page 144 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_144"></a>[pg 144]</span> as it was before, yet not only it
+  will, being &#383;et on fire in the Free Air, &#383;end forth a Copious
+  &#383;moak, but having purpo&#383;ely upon &#383;ome of it that was
+  Flaming, clapt a Large Gla&#383;s, almo&#383;t in the form of a Hive,
+  (but more Slender only) with a Hole at the top, (which I caus'd to be
+  made to trye Experiments of Fire and Flame in) it continued &#383;o long
+  burning that it Lin'd all the In&#383;ide of the Gla&#383;s with a Soot
+  as Black as Ink, and &#383;o Copious, that the Clo&#383;ene&#383;s of the
+  Ve&#383;&#383;el con&#383;ider'd, almo&#383;t all that part of the White
+  Camphire that did take Fire, &#383;eem'd to have been chang'd into that
+  deep Black Sub&#383;tance.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT VI</i></h3>
+
+  <p>And this al&#383;o brings into my mind another Experiment that I made
+  about the production of Blackne&#383;s, whereof, for Rea&#383;ons too
+  long to be here deduced, I expected and found a good Succe&#383;s, an it
+  was this: I took Rectifi'd Oyl of Vitriol (that I might have the Liquor
+  Clean as well as Strong) and by degrees mixt with it a convenient
+  proportion of the E&#383;&#383;ential Oyl, as Chymi&#383;ts call it, of
+  Wormwood, drawn over with &#383;tore of Water in a Limbec, and warily
+  Di&#383;tilling the mixture in a Retort, there remain'd <!-- Page 145
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145"></a>[pg 145]</span> a
+  &#383;carce credible quantity of dry Matter<!-- Erratum: delete: s-->,
+  Black as a Coal. And becau&#383;e the Oyl of Wormwood, though a
+  Chymical Oyl drawn by a <i>Virtuo&#383;o</i>, &#383;eem'd to have
+  &#383;omewhat in it of the Colour of the Plant, I Sub&#383;tituted in its
+  Room, the Pure and Subtile E&#383;&#383;ential Oyl of Winter-Savory, and
+  mixing little by little this Liquor, with (if I mis-remember not) an
+  Equal weight of the formerly mention'd Rectifi'd Oyl of Vitriol, and
+  Di&#383;tilling them as before in a Retort, be&#383;ides what there
+  pa&#383;s'd over into the Receiver, even the&#383;e two clear Liquors
+  left me a Con&#383;iderable Proportion, (though not &#383;o great as the
+  two former) of a Sub&#383;tance Black as Pitch, which I yet Keep by me as
+  a Rarity.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT VII.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>A way of Whiting Wax Cheaply and in Great Quantity may be a thing of
+  good Oeconomical U&#383;e, and we have el&#383;ewhere &#383;et down the
+  Practice of Trades-men that Blanch it; But here Treating of
+  Whitene&#383;s only in Order to the Philo&#383;ophy of Colours, I
+  &#383;hall not Examine which of the Slow wayes may be be&#383;t Employ'd,
+  to free Wax from the Yellow Melleous parts, but &#383;hall rather
+  &#383;et down a Quick <!-- Page 146 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_146"></a>[pg 146]</span> way of making it White, though but in
+  very Small Quantities. Take then a little Yellow Wax, &#383;craped or
+  thinly &#383;liced, and putting it into a <!--Erratum: was C...-->Bolts-head
+  or &#383;ome other Convenient Gla&#383;s, pour to it
+  a pretty deal of Spirit of Wine, and placing the Ve&#383;&#383;el in Warm
+  Sand, Encrea&#383;e the Heat by degrees, till the Spirit of Wine begin to
+  Simper or to Boyl a little; and continuing that degree of Fire, if you
+  have put Liquor enough, you will quickly have the Wax
+  di&#383;&#383;olv'd, then taking it off the fire, you may either
+  &#383;uffer it to Cool as ha&#383;tily as with Safety to the Gla&#383;s
+  you can, or Pour it whil&#383;t 'tis yet Hot into a Filtre of Paper, and
+  either in the Gla&#383;s where it Cools, or in the Filtre, you will
+  &#383;oon find the Wax and <i>Men&#383;truum</i> together reduc'd into a
+  White Sub&#383;tance, almo&#383;t like Butter, which by letting the
+  Spirit Exhale will &#383;hrink into a much Le&#383;&#383;er Bulk, but
+  &#383;till retaining its Whitene&#383;s. And that which is pretty in the
+  working of this Magi&#383;tery of Wax, is, that the Yellowne&#383;s
+  vani&#383;hes, neither appearing in the Spirit of Wine that
+  pa&#383;&#383;es Limpid through the Filtre, nor in the Butter of Wax, if
+  I may &#383;o call it, that, as I &#383;aid, is White. <!-- Page 147
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147"></a>[pg 147]</span></p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT VIII.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>There is an Experiment, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, which though I do not
+  &#383;o exactly remember, and though it be &#383;omewhat Nice to make,
+  yet I am willing to Acquaint You with, becau&#383;e the thing Produc'd,
+  though it be but a Curio&#383;ity, is wont not a little to plea&#383;e
+  the Beholders, and it is a way of turning by the help of a Dry
+  Sub&#383;tance, an almo&#383;t Golden-Colour'd Concrete, into a White
+  one, the Several Tryals are not at pre&#383;ent &#383;o fre&#383;h in my
+  Memory to enable me to tell you Certainly, whether an Equal onely or a
+  Double weight of Common Sublimate mu&#383;t be taken in reference to the
+  Tingla&#383;s, but if I mi&#383;take not, there was in the Experiment
+  that &#383;ucceeded be&#383;t, Two parts of the Former taken to One of
+  the Latter. The&#383;e Ingredients being finely Powdred and Exactly
+  mix'd, we Sublim'd together by degrees of fire (the due Gradation of
+  which is in this Experiment a thing of main Importance) there
+  a&#383;cended a matter of a very peculiar Texture, for it was for the
+  mo&#383;t part made up of very Thin, Smooth, Soft and Slippery Plates,
+  almo&#383;t like the fine&#383;t &#383;ort of the Scales of Fi&#383;hes,
+  but of &#383;o Lovely a White Inclining to <!-- Page 148 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148"></a>[pg 148]</span> Pearl-Colour, and
+  of &#383;o Curious and Shining a Glo&#383;s, that they appear'd in
+  &#383;ome re&#383;pect little Inferiour to Orient Pearls, and in other
+  Regards, they &#383;eem'd to Surpa&#383;s them, and were Applauded for a
+  &#383;ort of the Prettie&#383;t Trifles that we had ever prepar'd to
+  Amu&#383;e the Eye. I will not undertake that though you'l hardly
+  mi&#383;s changing the Colour of your &#383;hining Tingla&#383;s, yet you
+  will the fir&#383;t or perhaps the &#383;econd time hit Right upon the
+  way of making the Gli&#383;tring Sublimate I have been mentioning.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT IX.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>When we Di&#383;&#383;olve in <i>Aqua Fortis</i> a mixture of Gold and
+  Silver melted into one Lump, it u&#383;ually happens that the Powder of
+  Gold that falls to the bottom, as not being Di&#383;&#383;oluble by that
+  <i>Men&#383;truum</i>, will not have its own Yellow, but appear of a
+  Black Colour, though neither the Gold, nor the Silver, nor the <i>Aqua
+  Fortis</i> did before manife&#383;t any Blackne&#383;s. And divers
+  Alchymi&#383;ts, when they make Solutions of Minerals they would Examine,
+  are very Glad, if they &#383;ee a Black Powder Præcipitated to the
+  Bottom, taking it for a Hopefull Sign, that tho&#383;e Particles are of a
+  Golden Nature, <!-- Page 149 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_149"></a>[pg 149]</span> which appear in a Colour &#383;o
+  ordinary to Gold parted from other Metalls by <i>Aqua Fortis</i>, that it
+  is a trouble to the Refiner to Reduce the Præcipitated <i>Calx</i> to its
+  Native Colour. For though, (as we have try'd,) that may be Quickly enough
+  done by Fire, which will make this Gold look very Gloriou&#383;ly (as
+  indeed 'tis at lea&#383;t one of the Be&#383;t wayes that is Practis'd
+  for the Refining of Gold,) yet it requires both Watchfulne&#383;s and
+  Skill, to give it &#383;uch a Degree of Fire as will &#383;erve to
+  Re&#383;tore it to its Lu&#383;tre, without giving it &#383;uch a One, as
+  may bring it to Fu&#383;ion, to which the Minutene&#383;s of the
+  <i>Corpu&#383;eles</i> it con&#383;i&#383;ts of makes the Powder very
+  apt. And this brings into my Mind, that having taken a Flat and Bright
+  piece of Gold, that was Refin'd by a Curious and Skilfull Per&#383;on on
+  purpo&#383;e to Trye to what height of Purity Gold could be brought by
+  Art, I found that this very piece, as Glorious as it look'd, being rubb'd
+  a little upon a piece of fine clean Linnen, did &#383;ully it with a kind
+  of Black; and the like I have ob&#383;erv'd in Refin'd Silver, which I
+  therefore mention, becau&#383;e I formerly &#383;u&#383;pected that the
+  Impurity of the Metall might have been the only Cau&#383;e of what I have
+  divers times obferv'd in wearing Silver-hilted Swords, Namely, that <!--
+  Page 150 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150"></a>[pg 150]</span>
+  where they rubb'd upon my Clothes, if they were of a Light-Colour'd
+  Cloath, the Affriction would quickly Black them; and Congruou&#383;ly
+  hereunto I have found Pens Blackt almo&#383;t all over, when I had a
+  while carri'd them about me in a Silver Ink-ca&#383;e. To which I
+  &#383;hall only add, that whereas in the&#383;e &#383;everal
+  In&#383;tances of Denigration, the Metalls are worn off, or
+  otherwi&#383;e Reduc'd into very Minute Parts, that Circum&#383;tance may
+  prove not Unworthy your Notice.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT X.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>That a Solution of Silver does Dye Hair of a Black Colour, is a Known
+  Experiment, which &#383;ome per&#383;ons more Curious than Dextrous, have
+  &#383;o Unluckily made upon them&#383;elves as to make their Friends very
+  Merry. And I remember that the other day, I made my &#383;elf &#383;ome
+  Sport by an Improvement of this Ob&#383;ervation, for having
+  di&#383;&#383;olv'd &#383;ome Pure Silver in <i>Aqua Fortis</i>, and
+  Evaporated the <i>Men&#383;truum ad &#383;iccitatem</i>, as they
+  &#383;peak, I caus'd a Quantity of fair Water to be pour'd upon the
+  <i>Calx</i> two or three &#383;everal times, and to be at each
+  Evaporated, till the <i>Calx</i> was very Drye, and all the Greeni&#383;h
+  Blewne&#383;s that is wont to appear in Common Cry&#383;tals of Silver,
+  <!-- Page 151 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151"></a>[pg
+  151]</span> was quite carry'd away. Then I made tho&#383;e I meant to
+  Deceive, Moi&#383;ten &#383;ome part of their Skin with their own
+  Spittle, and &#383;lightly Rub the moi&#383;tned parts with a little of
+  this Prepar'd Silver, Whereupon they Admir'd to &#383;ee, that a
+  Snow-white Body laid upon the White Skin &#383;hould pre&#383;ently
+  produce a deep Blackne&#383;s, as if the &#383;tains had been made with
+  Ink, e&#383;pecially con&#383;idering that this Blackne&#383;s could not,
+  like that produc'd by ordinary Ink, be readily Wa&#383;h'd off, but
+  requir'd many Hours, and part of it &#383;ome dayes to its Obliteration.
+  And with the &#383;ame White <i>Calx</i> and a little Fair Water we
+  likewi&#383;e Stain'd the White Hafts of Knives, with a la&#383;ting
+  Black in tho&#383;e parts where the <i>Calx</i> was Plentifully enough
+  laid on, for where it was laid on but very Thinly, the Stain was not
+  quite of &#383;o Deep a Colour.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XI</i></h3>
+
+  <p>The Cau&#383;e of the Blackne&#383;s of tho&#383;e many Nations, which
+  by one common Name we are wont to call <i>Negroes</i>, has been long
+  &#383;ince Di&#383;puted of by Learned Men, who po&#383;&#383;ibly had
+  not done ami&#383;s, if they had al&#383;o taken into Con&#383;ideration,
+  why &#383;ome whole races of other Animals be&#383;ides Men, as <!-- Page
+  152 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152"></a>[pg 152]</span> Foxes
+  and Hares, are Di&#383;tingui&#383;h'd by a Blackne&#383;s not familiar
+  to the Generality of Animals of the &#383;ame Species; The General
+  Opinion (to be mention'd a little lower) has been rejected even by
+  &#383;ome of the Antient Geographers, and among our Moderns
+  <i>Ortelius</i> and divers other Learned Men have Que&#383;tion'd it. But
+  this is no place to mention what thoughts I have had to and fro about
+  the&#383;e Matters: Only as I &#383;hall freely Acknowledge, that to me
+  the inquiry &#383;eems more Ab&#383;tru&#383;e than it does to many
+  others, and that becau&#383;e con&#383;ulting with Authors, and with
+  Books of Voyages, and with Travellers, to &#383;atisfie my &#383;elf in
+  matters of Fact, I have met with &#383;ome things among them, which
+  &#383;eem not to agree very well with the Notions of the mo&#383;t
+  Cla&#383;&#383;ick Authors concerning the&#383;e things; for it being my
+  Pre&#383;ent Work to deliver rather matters Hi&#383;torical than Theorys,
+  I &#383;hall Annex Some few of my Collections, in&#383;tead of a Solemn
+  Di&#383;putation. It is commonly pre&#383;um'd that the Heat of the
+  Climate wherein they live, is the rea&#383;on, why &#383;o many
+  Inhabitants of the Scorching Regions of <i>Africa</i> are Black; and
+  there is this familiar Ob&#383;ervation to Countenance this Conjecture,
+  That we plainly &#383;ee that Mowers, Reapers, and other Countrey-people,
+  <!-- Page 153 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153"></a>[pg
+  153]</span> who &#383;pend the mo&#383;t part of the Hot Summer dayes
+  expos'd to the Sun, have the skin of their Hands and Faces, which are the
+  parts immediately Expos'd to the Sun and Air, made of a Darker Colour
+  than before, and con&#383;equently tending to Blackne&#383;s; And
+  Contrarywi&#383;e we ob&#383;erve that the <i>Danes</i> and &#383;ome
+  other people that Inhabit Cold Climates, and even the <i>Engli&#383;h</i>
+  who feel not &#383;o Rigorous a Cold, have u&#383;ually Whiter faces than
+  the <i>Spaniards</i>, <i>Portugalls</i> and other European Inhabitants of
+  Hotter Climates. But this Argument I take to be far more Specious than
+  Convincing; for though the Heat of the Sun may Darken the Colour of the
+  Skin, by that Operation, which we in <i>Engli&#383;h</i> call
+  Sun-burning, yet Experience doth not Evince, that I remember, That that
+  Heat alone can produce a Di&#383;colouring that &#383;hall amount to a
+  true Blackne&#383;s, like that of <i>Negroes</i>, and we &#383;hall
+  &#383;ee by and by that even the Children of &#383;ome <i>Negroes</i> not
+  yet 10. dayes Old (perhaps not &#383;o much by three quarters of that
+  time) will notwith&#383;tanding their Infancy be of the &#383;ame Hue
+  with their Parents. Be&#383;ides, there is this &#383;trong Argument to
+  be alleg'd again&#383;t the Vulgar Opinion, that in divers places in
+  <i>A&#383;ia</i> under the &#383;ame Parallel, or even of the &#383;ame
+  <!-- Page 154 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154"></a>[pg
+  154]</span> Degree of Latitude with the <i>African</i> Regions Inhabited
+  by Blacks, the People are at mo&#383;t but Tawny;<a name="NtA_10"></a><a
+  href="#Nt_10"><sup>10</sup></a> And in <i>Africa</i> it &#383;elf divers
+  Nations in the Empire of <i>Ethiopia</i> are not <i>Negroes</i>, though
+  Situated in the Torrid Zone, and as neer the Æquinoctial, as other
+  Nations that are &#383;o (as the Black Inhabitants of <i>Zeylan</i> and
+  <i>Malabar</i> are not in our Globes plac'd &#383;o near the Line as
+  <i>Amara</i> the Famou&#383;e&#383;t place in <i>Ethiopia</i>.) Moreover,
+  (that which is of no &#383;mall Moment in our pre&#383;ent
+  Di&#383;qui&#383;ition) I find not by the be&#383;t Navigators and
+  Travellers to the <i>We&#383;t-Indies</i>, who&#383;e Books or
+  them&#383;elves I have con&#383;ulted on this Subject, that excepting
+  perhaps one place or two of &#383;mall extent, there are any Blacks
+  Originally Natives of any part of <i>America</i> (for the Blacks now
+  there have been by the <i>Europeans</i> long Tran&#383;planted thither)
+  though the New World contain in it &#383;o great a Variety of Climates,
+  and particularly reach quite Cro&#383;s the Torri'd Zone from one Tropick
+  to another. And enough it be true that the <i>Danes</i> be a Whiter
+  People than the <i>Spaniards</i>, yet that may proceed rather from other
+  cau&#383;es (not here to be enquired into) than from the Coldne&#383;s of
+  the Climate, &#383;ince not onely the <!-- Page 155 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155"></a>[pg 155]</span> <i>Swedes</i> and
+  other Inhabitants of tho&#383;e Cold Countreys, are not u&#383;ually
+  &#383;o White as the <i>Danes</i>, nor Whiter than other Nations in
+  proportion to their Vicinity to the Pole. [And &#383;ince the Writing of
+  the former part of this E&#383;&#383;ay, having an opportunity on a
+  Solemn occa&#383;ion to take Notice of the Numerous Train of Some
+  Extraordinary Emba&#383;&#383;adours &#383;ent from the
+  <i>Ru&#383;&#383;ian</i> Emperour to a great Monarch, ob&#383;erv'd, that
+  (though it were then Winter) the Colour of their Hair and Skin was far
+  le&#383;s Whiti&#383;h than the <i>Danes</i> who Inhabit a milder Region
+  is wont to be, but rather for the mo&#383;t part of a Darki&#383;h Brown;
+  And the Phy&#383;ician to the Emba&#383;&#383;adour with whom tho&#383;e
+  <i>Ru&#383;&#383;es</i> came, being ask'd by me whether in
+  <i>Mu&#383;covy</i> it &#383;elf the Generality of the People were more
+  inclin'd to have Dark-colour'd Hair than Flaxen, he an&#383;wer'd
+  Affirmatively; but &#383;eem'd to &#383;u&#383;pect that the True and
+  Antient <i>Ru&#383;&#383;ians</i>, a Sept of whom he told me he had met
+  with in one of the Provinces of that va&#383;t Empire, were rather White
+  like the <i>Danes</i>, than any thing near &#383;o Brown as the
+  pre&#383;ent <i>Mu&#383;covites</i> whom he gue&#383;&#383;es to be
+  de&#383;cended of the <i>Tartars</i>, and to have inherited their Colour
+  from them.] But to Pro&#383;ecute our former Di&#383;cour&#383;e, I
+  &#383;hall add for further Proof of the Conjecture I was <!-- Page 156
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156"></a>[pg 156]</span>
+  countenancing that good Authors inform us that there are <i>Negroes</i>
+  in <i>Africa</i> not far from the <i>Cape of good Hope</i>, and
+  con&#383;equently beyond the Southern Tropick, and without the Torrid
+  Zone, much about the &#383;ame Northern Latitude (or very little more)
+  wherein there are divers <i>American</i> Nations that are not
+  <i>Negroes</i>, and wherein the Inhabitants of <i>Candia</i>, &#383;ome
+  parts of <i>Sicily</i>, and even of <i>Spain</i> are not &#383;o much as
+  Tawny-Mores. But (which is a fre&#383;h and &#383;trong Argument
+  again&#383;t the common Opinion,) I find by our recent Relations of
+  <i>Greenland</i> (our Accounts whereof we owe to the Curio&#383;ity of
+  that Royal <i>Virtuo&#383;o</i> the pre&#383;ent King of <i>Denmark</i>,)
+  that the Inhabitants are Olive-colour'd, or rather of a Darker Hiew. But
+  if the Ca&#383;e were the &#383;ame with Men, and tho&#383;e other kinds
+  of Animals I formerly nam'd, I &#383;hould offer &#383;omething as a
+  con&#383;iderable proof, That, Cold may do much towards the making Men
+  White or Black, and however I &#383;hall let down the Ob&#383;ervation as
+  I have met with it, as worthy to come into the Hi&#383;tory of
+  Whitene&#383;s and Blackne&#383;s, and it is, that in &#383;ome parts of
+  <i>Ru&#383;&#383;ia</i> and of <i>Livonia</i> it is affirm'd by <i>Olaus
+  Magnus</i> and others, that Hares and Foxes (&#383;ome add Partridges)
+  which before were Black, or Red, or <!-- Page 157 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157"></a>[pg 157]</span> Gray, do in the
+  depth of Winter become White by rea&#383;on of the great Cold; (for that
+  it &#383;hould be, as &#383;ome conceive, by Looking upon the Snow,
+  &#383;eems improbable upon divers accounts) And I remember that having
+  purpo&#383;ely enquir'd of a <i>Virtuo&#383;o</i> who lately Travell'd
+  through <i>Livonia</i> to <i>Mo&#383;co</i> concerning the Truth of this
+  Tradition, he both told me, he believ'd it, and added, that he &#383;aw
+  divers of tho&#383;e lately nam'd Animals either in
+  <i>Ru&#383;&#383;ia</i> or <i>Livonia</i>, (for I do not very well
+  remember whether of the two) which, though White when he &#383;aw them in
+  Winter, they a&#383;&#383;ur'd him had been Black, or of other Colours
+  before the Winter began, and would be &#383;o again when it was over. But
+  for further &#383;atisfaction, I al&#383;o con&#383;ulted one that had
+  for &#383;ome years been an Eminent Phy&#383;ician in
+  <i>Ru&#383;&#383;ia</i>, who though he rejected &#383;ome other
+  Traditions that are generally enough believ'd concerning that Countrey,
+  told me neverthele&#383;s, that he &#383;aw no cau&#383;e to doubt of
+  this Tradition of <i>Olaus Magnus</i> as to Foxes and Hares, not onely
+  becau&#383;e 'tis the common and uncontroul'd A&#383;&#383;ertion of the
+  Natives, but al&#383;o becau&#383;e he him&#383;elf in the Winter could
+  never that he remember'd &#383;ee Foxes and Hares of any other Colour
+  than White; And I my &#383;elf having &#383;een a &#383;mall White <!--
+  Page 158 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158"></a>[pg 158]</span>
+  Fox brought out of <i>Ru&#383;&#383;ia</i> into <i>England</i> towards
+  the latter end of Winter, foretold tho&#383;e that &#383;hew'd him me,
+  that he would change Colour in Summer, and accordingly coming to look
+  upon him again in <i>July</i>, I found that the Back and Sides, together
+  with the upper part of the Head and Tayl were already grown of a Dark
+  Colour, the lower part of the Head and Belly containing as yet a
+  Whitene&#383;s. Let me add, that were it not for &#383;ome &#383;cruple I
+  have, I &#383;hould think more than what <i>Olaus</i> relates, confirm'd
+  by the judicious <i>Olearius</i>, who was twice employ'd into tho&#383;e
+  parts as a Publick Mini&#383;ter, who in his Account of
+  <i>Mo&#383;covy</i> has this Pa&#383;&#383;age: <i>The Hares there are
+  Gray; but in &#383;ome Provinces they grow white in the Winter</i>. And
+  within &#383;ome few Lines after: <i>It is not very Difficult to find the
+  Cau&#383;e of this Change, which certainly proceeds only from the Outward
+  Cold, &#383;ince I know that even in Summer, Hares will change Colour, if
+  they be kept a competent time in a Cellar</i>; I &#383;ay, were it not
+  for Some Scruple, becau&#383;e I take notice, that in the &#383;ame Page
+  the Author Affirms, that the like change of Colour that happens to Hares
+  in &#383;ome Provinces of <i>Mu&#383;covy</i>, happens to them al&#383;o
+  in <i>Livonia</i>, and yet immediately &#383;ubjoyns, that in
+  <i>Curland</i> the Hares vary not their Colour in Winter, <!-- Page 159
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159"></a>[pg 159]</span> though
+  the&#383;e two la&#383;t named Countries be contiguous, (that is)
+  &#383;ever'd only by the River of <i>Dugna</i>; For it is &#383;carce
+  conceivable how Cold alone &#383;hould have, in Countries &#383;o near,
+  &#383;o &#383;trangely differing an operation, though no le&#383;s
+  &#383;trange a thing is confe&#383;s'd by many, that a&#383;cribe the
+  Complexion of <i>Negroes</i> to the Heat of the Sun, when they would have
+  the River of <i>Cenega</i> &#383;o to bound the <i>Moors</i>, that though
+  on the North-&#383;ide they are but Tawny, on the other &#383;ide they
+  are Black.</p>
+
+  <p>There is another Opinion concerning the Complexion of <i>Negroes</i>,
+  that is not only embrac'd by many of the more Vulgar Writers, but
+  likewi&#383;e by that ingenious Traveller Mr. <i>Sandys</i>, and by a
+  late mo&#383;t learned Critick, be&#383;ides other men of Note, and
+  the&#383;e would have the Blackne&#383;s of <i>Negroes</i> an effect of
+  <i>Noah's</i> Cur&#383;e ratify'd by God's, upon <i>Cham</i>; But though
+  I think that even a Naturali&#383;t may without di&#383;paragement
+  believe all the Miracles atte&#383;ted by the Holy Scriptures, yet in
+  this ca&#383;e to flye to a Supernatural Cau&#383;e, will, I fear, look
+  like Shifting off the Difficulty, in&#383;tead of Re&#383;olving it; for
+  we enquire not the Fir&#383;t and Univer&#383;al, but the Proper,
+  Immediate, and Phy&#383;ical Cau&#383;e of the Jetty Colour of
+  <i>Negroes</i>; And not only we do not find expre&#383;&#383;ed in the
+  <!-- Page 160 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160"></a>[pg
+  160]</span> Scripture, that the Cur&#383;e meant by <i>Noah</i> to
+  <i>Cham</i>, was the Blackne&#383;s of his Po&#383;terity, but we do find
+  plainly enough there that the Cur&#383;e was quite another thing, namely
+  that he &#383;hould be a Servant of Servants, that is by an Ebrai&#383;m,
+  a very Abject Servant to his Brethren, which accordingly did in part come
+  to pa&#383;s, when the <i>I&#383;raelites</i> of the po&#383;terity of
+  <i>Sem</i>, &#383;ubdued the <i>Canaanites</i>, that de&#383;cended from
+  <i>Cham</i>, and kept them in great Subjection. Nor is it evident that
+  Blackne&#383;s is a Cur&#383;e, for Navigators tell us of Black Nations,
+  who think &#383;o much otherwi&#383;e of their own condition, that they
+  paint the Devil White. Nor is Blackne&#383;s incon&#383;i&#383;tent with
+  Beauty, which even to our European Eyes con&#383;i&#383;ts not &#383;o
+  much in Colour, as an Advantageous Stature, a Comely Symmetry of the
+  parts of the Body, and Good Features in the Face. So that I &#383;ee not
+  why Blackne&#383;s &#383;hould be thought &#383;uch a Cur&#383;e to the
+  <i>Negroes</i>, unle&#383;s perhaps it be, that being wont to go Naked in
+  tho&#383;e Hot Climates, the Colour of their Skin does probably,
+  according to the Doctrine above deliver'd, make the Sun-beams more
+  Scorching to them, than they would prove to a people of a White
+  Complexion.</p>
+
+  <p>Greater probability there is, That the Principal Cau&#383;e (for I
+  would not exclude <!-- Page 161 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_161"></a>[pg 161]</span> all concurrent ones) of the
+  Blackne&#383;s of <i>Negroes</i> is &#383;ome Peculiar and Seminal
+  Impre&#383;&#383;ion, for not onely we &#383;ee that <i>Blackmore</i>
+  boyes brought over into the&#383;e Colder Climates lo&#383;e not their
+  Colour; But good Authors inform us, That the Off-&#383;pring of
+  <i>Negroes</i> Tran&#383;planted out of <i>Africa</i>, above a hundred
+  years ago, retain &#383;till the Complexion of their Progenitors, though
+  po&#383;&#383;ibly in Tract of time it will decay; As on the other
+  &#383;ide, the White people removing into very Hot Climates, have their
+  Skins by the Heat of the Sun &#383;corch'd into Dark Colours; yet neither
+  they, nor their Children have been ob&#383;erv'd, even in the Countreys
+  of <i>Negroes</i>, to de&#383;cend to a Colour amounting to that of the
+  Natives; whereas I remember I have Read in <i>Pi&#383;os</i><a
+  name="NtA_11"></a><a href="#Nt_11"><sup>11</sup></a> excellent account of
+  <i>Bra&#383;ile</i>, that betwixt the <i>Americans</i> and <i>Negroes</i>
+  are generated a di&#383;tinct &#383;ort of Men, which they call
+  <i>Cabocles</i>, and betwixt <i>Portugalls</i> and <i>Æthiopian</i>
+  women, He tells us, he has &#383;ometimes &#383;een Twins, whereof one
+  had a White skin, the other a Black; not to mention here &#383;ome other
+  in&#383;tances, he gives, that the productions of the mixtures of
+  differing people, that is (indeed,) the effects of Seminal
+  Impre&#383;&#383;ions which they <!-- Page 162 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162"></a>[pg 162]</span> con&#383;equently
+  argue to have been their Cau&#383;es; and we &#383;hall not much
+  &#383;cruple at this, if we con&#383;ider, that even Organical parts may
+  receive great Differences from &#383;uch peculiar Impre&#383;&#383;ions,
+  upon what account &#383;oever they came to be &#383;etled in the
+  fir&#383;t Individual per&#383;ons, from whom they are Propogated to
+  Po&#383;terity, as we &#383;ee in the Blobber-Lips and Flat-No&#383;es of
+  mo&#383;t Nations of <i>Negroes</i>. And if we may Credit what Learned
+  men deliver concerning the Little Feet of the <i>Chine&#383;ses</i>, the
+  <i>Macrocephali</i> taken notice of by <i>Hippocrates</i>, will not be
+  the only In&#383;tance we might apply to our pre&#383;ent purpo&#383;e.
+  And on this occa&#383;ion it will not perchance be Impertinent to add
+  &#383;omething of what I have ob&#383;erv'd in other Animals, as that
+  there is a &#383;ort of Hens that want Rumps; And that (not to mention
+  that in &#383;everal places there is a &#383;ort of Crows or Daws that
+  are not Cole-black as ours, but partly of a Whiti&#383;h Colour) in
+  &#383;pight of <i>Porphyries</i> examples of In&#383;eparable Accidents,
+  I have &#383;een a perfectly White Raven, as to Bill as well as Feathers,
+  which I attentively con&#383;idered, for fear of being impos'd upon. And
+  this recalls into my Memory, what a very Ingenious Phy&#383;ician has
+  divers times related to me of a young Lady, to whom being call'd, he
+  found that though <!-- Page 163 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_163"></a>[pg 163]</span> &#383;he much complain'd of want of
+  Health, yet there appear'd &#383;o little cau&#383;e either in her Body,
+  or her Condition to Gue&#383;s that She did any more than fancy her
+  &#383;elf Sick, that &#383;crupling to give her Phy&#383;ick, he
+  per&#383;waded her Friends rather to divert her Mind by little Journeys
+  of Plea&#383;ure, in one of which going to Vi&#383;it St.
+  <i>Winifrids</i> Well, this Lady, who was a <i>Catholick</i>, and devout
+  in her Religion, and a pretty while in the Water to perform &#383;ome
+  Devotions, and had occa&#383;ion to fix her Eyes very attentively upon
+  the Red pipple-&#383;tones, which in a &#383;catter'd order made up a
+  good part of tho&#383;e that appear'd through the water, and a while
+  after growing Bigg, &#383;he was deliver'd of a Child, who&#383;e White
+  Skin was Copiou&#383;ly &#383;peckl'd with &#383;pots of the Colour and
+  Bigne&#383;&#383;s of tho&#383;e Stones, and though now this Child have
+  already liv'd &#383;everal years, yet &#383;he &#383;till retains them. I
+  have but two things to add concerning the Blackne&#383;s of
+  <i>Negroes</i>, the one is, that the Seat of that Colour &#383;eems to be
+  but the thin <i>Epidermes</i>, or outward Skin, for I knew a young
+  <i>Negroe</i>, who having been lightly Sick of the Small Pox or
+  Mea&#383;les, (for it was doubted which of the two was his
+  Di&#383;ea&#383;e) I found by enquiry of a per&#383;on that was concern'd
+  for him, that in tho&#383;e places <!-- Erratum: insert -->where the
+  little Tumors <!-- Page 164 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_164"></a>[pg 164]</span> <!-- Erratum: dele. that--> had
+  broke their pa&#383;&#383;age through the Skin, when they were gone, they
+  left Within &#383;pecks behind them; And the lately commended
+  <i>Pi&#383;o</i> a&#383;&#383;ures us, that having the opportunity in
+  <i>Bra&#383;il</i> to Di&#383;&#383;ect many <i>Negroes</i>, he cleerly
+  found that their Blackne&#383;s went no deeper than the very outward
+  Skin, which <i>Cuticula</i> or <i>Epidermis</i> <!-- Erratum: for 
+  Epiderms--> being remov'd, the undermo&#383;t Skin or <i>Cutis</i>
+  appear'd ju&#383;t as White as that of <i>Europæan</i> Bodyes. And the
+  like has been affirmed to me by a Phy&#383;ician of our own, whom,
+  hearing he had Di&#383;&#383;ectcd a <i>Negroe</i> here in
+  <i>England</i>, I con&#383;ulted about this particular. The other thing
+  to be here taken notice of concerning <i>Negroes</i> is, That having
+  enquir'd of an Intelligent acquaintance of mine (who keeps in the
+  <i>Indies</i> about 300. <!--Erratum: for 200.--> of them as well
+  Women as Men to work in his Plantations,) whether their Children come
+  Black into the world; he an&#383;wer'd, That they did not, but were
+  brought forth of almo&#383;t the like Reddi&#383;h Colour with our
+  <i>European</i> Children; and having further enquir'd, how long it was
+  before the&#383;e Infants appear'd Black, be reply'd, that 'twas not wont
+  to be many daies. And agreeable to this account I find that, given us in
+  a fre&#383;hly publi&#383;h'd French Book written by a
+  <i>Je&#383;uit</i>, that had good opportunity <!-- Page 165 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165"></a>[pg 165]</span> of Knowing the
+  Truth of what he Delivers, for being one of the Mi&#383;&#383;ionaries of
+  his Order into the Southern <i>America</i> upon the Laudable De&#383;ign
+  of Converting Infidels to Chri&#383;tianity, he Baptiz'd &#383;everal
+  Infants, which when newly Born, were much of the &#383;ame Colour with
+  <i>European</i> Babes, but within about a Week began to appear of the Hue
+  of their Parents. But more Pregnant is the Te&#383;timony of our
+  Countrey-man <i>Andrew Battel</i>, who being &#383;ent Pri&#383;oner by
+  the <i>Portugalls</i> to <i>Angola</i>, liv'd there, and in the adjoyning
+  Regions, partly as a Pri&#383;oner, partly as a Pilot, and partly as a
+  Souldier, near 18. years, and he mentioning the <i>African</i> Kingdom of
+  <i>Longo</i>, peopl'd with Blacks, has this pa&#383;&#383;age:<a
+  name="NtA_12"></a><a href="#Nt_12"><sup>12</sup></a> <i>The Children in
+  this Countrey are Born White, and change their Colour in two dayes to a
+  Perfect Black</i>. As for Example, <i>The</i> Portugalls <i>which dwell
+  in the Kingdome of</i> Longo <i>have &#383;ometimes Children by the</i>
+  Negroe<i>-women, and many times the Fathers are deceived, thinking, when
+  the Child is Born, that it is theirs, and within two dayes it proves the
+  Son or Daughter of a</i> Negroe,<i> which the</i> Portugalls <i>greatly
+  grieve at</i>; And the &#383;ame per&#383;on has el&#383;ewhere a
+  Relation, which, if he have made no u&#383;e at all of the <!-- Page 166
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166"></a>[pg 166]</span> liberty
+  of a Traveller, is very well worth our Notice, &#383;ince this, together
+  with that we have formerly mention'd of Seminal Impre&#383;&#383;ions,
+  &#383;hews a po&#383;&#383;ibility, that a Race of <i>Negroes</i> might
+  be begun, though none of the Sons of <i>Adam</i>, for many Precedent
+  Generations were of that Complexion. For I &#383;ee not why it
+  &#383;hould not be at lea&#383;t as po&#383;&#383;ible, that White
+  Parents may &#383;ometimes have Black Children, as that <i>African
+  Negroes</i> &#383;hould &#383;ometimes have la&#383;tingly White ones,
+  e&#383;pecially &#383;ince concurrent cau&#383;es may ea&#383;ily more
+  befriend the Productions of the Former kind, than under the
+  &#383;corching Heat of <i>Africa</i> tho&#383;e of the Latter. And I
+  remember on the occa&#383;ion of what he delivers, that of the White
+  Raven formerly mention'd, the Po&#383;&#383;e&#383;&#383;or affirm'd to
+  me, that in the Ne&#383;t out of which he was taken White, they found
+  with him but one other Young one, and that he was of as Jetty a Black as
+  any common Raven. But let us hear our Author him&#383;elf<a
+  name="NtA_13"></a><a href="#Nt_13"><sup>13</sup></a>; <i>Here are</i>
+  (&#383;ayes he, &#383;peaking of the formerly mention'd Regions) <i>Born
+  in this Countrey White Children, which is very rare among them, for their
+  Parents are</i> Negroes; <i>And when any of them are Born, they are
+  pre&#383;ented to the King, and are call'd</i> Dondos; <i>the&#383;e are
+  as White as any <!-- Page 167 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_167"></a>[pg 167]</span> White Men. The&#383;e are the Kings
+  Witches, and are brought up in Witchcraft, and alwayes wait on the King:
+  There is no man that dare meddle with the&#383;e</i> Dondos, <i>if they
+  go to the Market they may take what they lift, for all Men &#383;tand in
+  awe of them. The King of</i> Longo <i>hath four of them</i>. And yet this
+  Countrey in our Globes is plac'd almo&#383;t in the mid&#383;t of the
+  Torrid Zone (four or five Degrees Southward of the Line.) And our Author
+  el&#383;ewhere tells us of the Inhabitants, that they are &#383;o fond of
+  their Blackne&#383;s, that they will not &#383;uffer any that is not of
+  that Colour (as the <i>Portugalls</i> that come to Trade thither) to be
+  &#383;o much as Buri'd in their Land, of which he annexes a particular
+  example,<a name="NtA_14"></a><a href="#Nt_14"><sup>14</sup></a> that may
+  be &#383;een in his Voyage pre&#383;erv'd by our Indu&#383;trious
+  Countreyman Mr. <i>Purchas</i>. But it is high time for me to
+  di&#383;mi&#383;s Ob&#383;ervations, and go on with Experiments.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XII.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>The way, <i>Pyrophilus,</i> of producing Whitene&#383;s by Chymical
+  Præcipitations is very well worth our ob&#383;erving, for thereby Bodyes
+  of very Differing Colours as well as Natures, though di&#383;&#383;olv'd
+  in Several Liquors, <!-- Page 168 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_168"></a>[pg 168]</span> are all brought into <i>Calces</i> or
+  Powders that are White. Thus we find that not only Crabs-eyes, that are
+  of them&#383;elves White, and Pearls that are almo&#383;t &#383;o, but
+  <i>Coral</i> and <i>Minium</i> that are Red, being di&#383;&#383;olv'd in
+  Spirit of Vinegar, may be uniformly Præcipitated by Oyl of <i>Tartar</i>
+  into White Powders. Thus Silver and Tin &#383;eparately
+  di&#383;&#383;olv'd in <i>Aqua Fortis</i>, will the one Præcipitate it
+  &#383;elf, and the other be Præcipitated by common Salt-water into a
+  White <i>Calx</i>, and &#383;o will Crude Lead and Quick&#383;ilver
+  fir&#383;t di&#383;&#383;olv'd likewi&#383;e in <i>Aqua Fortis</i>. The
+  like <i>Calx</i> will be afforded as I have try'd by a Solution of that
+  &#383;hining Mineral Tingla&#383;s di&#383;&#383;olv'd in <i>Aqua
+  Fortis</i>, and Præcipitated out of it; and divers of the&#383;e
+  <i>Calces</i> may be made at lea&#383;t as Fair and White, if not better
+  Colour'd, if in&#383;tead of Oyl of <i>Tartar</i> they were Præcipitated
+  with Oyl of <i>Vitriol</i>, or with another Liquor I could Name. Nay,
+  that Black Mineral <i>Antimony</i> it &#383;elf, being reduc'd by and
+  with the Salts that concurr to the Compo&#383;ition of common Sublimate,
+  into that Cleer though Unctuous Liquor that Chymi&#383;ts commonly call
+  Rectifi'd Butter of <i>Antimony</i>, will by the bare affu&#383;ion of
+  &#383;tore of Fair Water be &#383;truck down into that Snow-white Powder,
+  which when the adhering Saltne&#383;s is well wa&#383;h'd <!-- Page 169
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169"></a>[pg 169]</span> off,
+  Chymi&#383;ts are pleas'd to call <i>Mercurius Vitæ</i>, though the like
+  Powder may be made of <i>Antimony</i>, without the addition of any
+  <i>Mercury</i> at all. And this Lacte&#383;cence if I may &#383;o call
+  it, does al&#383;o commonly en&#383;ue when Spirit of Wine, being
+  Impregnated with tho&#383;e parts of Gums or other Vegetable Concretions,
+  that are &#383;uppos'd to abound with Sulphureous Corpu&#383;cles, fair
+  Water is &#383;uddenly pour'd upon the Tincture or Solution. And I
+  remember that very lately I did, for Tryal &#383;ake, on a Tincture of
+  <i>Benjamin</i> drawn with Spirit of Wine, and brought to be as Red as
+  Blood, pour &#383;ome fair Water, which pre&#383;ently mingling with the
+  Liquor, immediately turn'd the whole Mixture White. But if &#383;uch
+  Seeming Milks be &#383;uffer'd to &#383;tand un&#383;tirr'd for a
+  convenient while, they are wont to let fall to the bottome a
+  Re&#383;inous Sub&#383;tance, which the Spirit of Wine Diluted and
+  Weakned by the Water pour'd into it <!-- Erratum: for into it-->, was
+  unable to &#383;upport any longer. And &#383;omething of Kin to this
+  change of Colour in Vegetables is that, which Chymi&#383;ts are wont to
+  ob&#383;erve upon the pouring of Acid Spirits upon the Red Solution of
+  <i>Sulphur</i>, di&#383;&#383;olv'd in an Infu&#383;ion of
+  Pot-a&#383;hes, or in &#383;ome other &#383;harp <i>Lixivium</i>, the
+  Præcipitated <i>Sulphur</i> before it &#383;ub&#383;ides, immediately
+  turning the Red Liquor <!-- Page 170 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_170"></a>[pg 170]</span> into a White one. And other Examples
+  might be added of this way of producing Whitene&#383;s in Bodyes by
+  Præcipitating them out of the Liquors wherein they have been
+  Di&#383;&#383;olv'd; but I think it may be more u&#383;efull to
+  admoni&#383;h you, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that this ob&#383;ervation admits
+  of Re&#383;trictions, and is not &#383;o Univer&#383;al, as by this time
+  perhaps you have begun to think it; For though mo&#383;t Præcipitated
+  Bodyes are White, yet I know &#383;ome that are not; For Gold
+  Di&#383;&#383;olv'd in <i>Aqua Regis</i>, whether you Præcipitate it with
+  Oyl of <i>Tartar</i>, or with Spirit of <i>Sal Armoniack</i>, will not
+  afford a White but a Yellow <i>Calx</i>. <i>Mercury</i> al&#383;o though
+  reduc'd into Sublimate, and Præcipitated with Liquors abounding with
+  Volatile Salts, as the Spirits drawn from Urine, Harts-horn, and other
+  Animal &#383;ub&#383;tances, yet will afford, as we Noted in our
+  fir&#383;t Experiment about Whitene&#383;s and Blackne&#383;s, a White
+  Præcipitate, yet with <!-- Erratum for: the Solution of Pot-a&#383;hes and other Lixiviate
+  Salts read:--> &#383;ome Solutions hereafter to be mentioned,
+  it will let fall an Orange-Tawny Powder. And &#383;o will Crude
+  <i>Antimony</i>, if, being di&#383;&#383;olv'd in a &#383;trong Lye, you
+  pour (as farr as I remember) any Acid Liquor upon the Solution newly
+  Filtrated, whil&#383;t it is yet Warm. And if upon the Filtrated Solution
+  of <i>Vitriol</i>, you pour a Solution of <!-- Page 171 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171"></a>[pg 171]</span> one of the&#383;e
+  fix'd Salts, there will &#383;ub&#383;ide a Copious &#383;ub&#383;tance,
+  very farr from having any Whitene&#383;s, which the Chymi&#383;ts are
+  pleas'd to call, how properly I have el&#383;ewhere examin'd, the
+  <i>Sulphur of Vitriol</i>. So that mo&#383;t <!-- Erratum: insert --> part
+  of Di&#383;&#383;olv'd Bodyes being by Præcipitation brought to White
+  Powders, and yet &#383;ome affording Præcipitates of other Colours, the
+  rea&#383;on of both the Phænomena may de&#383;erve to be enquir'd
+  into.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XIII.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>Some Learned Modern Writers<a name="NtA_15"></a><a
+  href="#Nt_15"><sup>15</sup></a> are of Opinion, that the Account upon
+  which Whitene&#383;s and Blackne&#383;s ought to be call'd, as they
+  commonly are, the two Extreme Colours, is, That Blackne&#383;s (by which
+  I pre&#383;ume is meant the Bodyes endow'd with it) receives no other
+  Colours; but Whitene&#383;s very ea&#383;ily receives them all; whence
+  &#383;ome of them compare Whitene&#383;s to the <i>Aristotelian Materia
+  prima</i>, that being capable of any &#383;ort of Forms, as they
+  &#383;uppo&#383;e White Bodyes to be of every kind of Colour. But not to
+  Di&#383;pute about Names or Expre&#383;&#383;ions, the thing it &#383;elf
+  that is affirm'd as Matter of Fact, &#383;eems to be True enough in
+  mo&#383;t Ca&#383;es, not in all, or &#383;o, <!-- Page 172 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172"></a>[pg 172]</span> as to hold
+  Univer&#383;ally. For though it be a common ob&#383;ervation among Dyers,
+  That Clothes, which have once been throughly imbu'd with Black, cannot
+  &#383;o well afterwards be Dy'd into Lighter Colours, the
+  præexi&#383;tent Dark Colour infecting the Ingredients, that carry the
+  Lighter Colour to be introduc'd, and making it degenerate into Some more
+  Sad one; Yet the Experiments lately mention'd may &#383;hew us, that where
+  the change of Colour in Black Bodies is attempted, not by mingling Bodyes
+  of Lighter Colours with them, but by Addition of &#383;uch things as are
+  proper to alter the Texture of tho&#383;e Corpu&#383;cles that contain
+  the Black Colour, 'tis no &#383;uch difficult matter, as the lately
+  mention'd Learned Men imagine, to alter the Colour of Black Bodyes. For
+  we &#383;aw that Inks of &#383;everal Kinds might in a trice be depriv'd
+  of all their Blackne&#383;s; and tho&#383;e made with Logwood and
+  Red-Ro&#383;es might al&#383;o be chang'd, the one into a Red, the other
+  into a Reddi&#383;h Liquor; and with Oyl of <i>Vitriol</i> I have
+  &#383;ometimes turn'd Black pieces of Silk into a kind of Yellow, and
+  though the Taffaty were thereby made Rotten, yet the &#383;poyling of
+  that does no way prejudice the Experiment, the change of Black Silk into
+  Yellow, being never the le&#383;s True, becau&#383;e <!-- Page 173
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173"></a>[pg 173]</span> the
+  Yellow Silk is the le&#383;s good. And as for Whitene&#383;s, I think the
+  general affirmation of its being &#383;o ea&#383;ily De&#383;troy'd or
+  Tran&#383;muted by any other Colour, ought not to be receiv'd without
+  &#383;ome Cautions and Re&#383;trictions. For whereas, according to what
+  I formerly Noted, Lead is by Calcination turned into that Red Powder we
+  call <i>Minium</i>; And Tin by Calcination reduc'd to a White
+  <i>Calx</i>, the common Putty that is &#383;old and us'd &#383;o much in
+  Shops, in&#383;tead of being, as it is pretended and ought to be, only
+  the <i>Calx</i> of Tin, is, by the Artificers that make it, to &#383;ave
+  the charge of Tin, made, (as &#383;ome, of them&#383;elves have
+  confe&#383;s'd, and as I long &#383;u&#383;pected by the Cheap rate it
+  may be bought for) but of half Tin and half Lead, if not far more Lead
+  than Tin, and yet the Putty in &#383;pight of &#383;o much Lead is a very
+  White Powder, without di&#383;clo&#383;ing any mixture of <i>Minium</i>.
+  And &#383;o if you take two parts of Copper, which is a High-colour'd
+  Metall, to but one of Tin, you may by Fu&#383;ion bring them into one
+  Ma&#383;s, wherein the Whitene&#383;s of the Tin is much more
+  Con&#383;picuous and Predominant than the Reddi&#383;hne&#383;s of the
+  Copper. And on this occa&#383;ion it may not be Impertinent to mention an
+  Experiment, which I relate upon the Credit of a very Hone&#383;t man,
+  <!-- Page 174 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174"></a>[pg
+  174]</span> whom I purpo&#383;ely enquir'd of about it, being my
+  &#383;elf not very fond of making Tryals with <i>Ar&#383;enick</i>, the
+  Experiment is this, That if you Colliquate <i>Ar&#383;enick</i> and
+  Copper in a due proportion, the <i>Ar&#383;enick</i> will Blanch the
+  Copper both within and without, which is an Experiment well enough Known;
+  but when I enquir'd, whether or no this White mixture being skilfully
+  kept a while upon the Cupel would not let go its <i>Ar&#383;enick</i>,
+  which made Whitene&#383;s its prædominant Colour, and return to the
+  Reddi&#383;hne&#383;s of Copper, I was a&#383;&#383;ur'd of the
+  Affirmative; &#383;o that among Mineral Bodyes, &#383;ome of tho&#383;e
+  that are White, may be far more capable, than tho&#383;e I am
+  rea&#383;oning with &#383;eem to have known, of Eclip&#383;ing others,
+  and of making their Colour Prædominant in Mixtures. In further
+  Confirmation of which may be added, that I remember that I al&#383;o took
+  a lump of Silver and Gold melted together, wherein by the Æ&#383;timate
+  of a very Experienced Refiner, there might be about a fourth or third
+  part of Gold, and yet the Yellow Colour of the Gold was &#383;o hid by
+  the White of the Silver, that the whole Ma&#383;s appear'd to be but
+  Silver, and when it was rubb'd upon the Touch&#383;tone, an ordinary
+  beholder could &#383;carce have di&#383;tingui&#383;h'd it from the Touch
+  of common <!-- Page 175 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_175"></a>[pg 175]</span> Silver; though if I put a little
+  <i>Aqua Fortis</i> upon any part of the White Surface it had given the
+  Touch&#383;tone, the Silver in the moi&#383;tned part being immediately
+  taken up and conceal'd by the Liquor, the Golden Particles would
+  pre&#383;ently di&#383;clo&#383;e that native Yellow, and look rather as
+  if Gold, than if the above mention'd mixture, had been rubb'd upon the
+  Stone.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XIV.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>I took a piece of Black-horn, (poli&#383;h'd as being part of a Comb)
+  this with a piece of broken gla&#383;s I &#383;crap'd into many thin and
+  curdled flakes, &#383;ome &#383;horter and &#383;ome longer, and having
+  laid a pretty Quantity of the&#383;e &#383;crapings together, I found, as
+  I look'd for, that the heap they compos'd was White, and though, if I
+  laid it upon a clean piece of White Paper, its Colour &#383;eem'd
+  &#383;omewhat Eclips'd by the greater Whitene&#383;s of the Body it was
+  compar'd with, looking &#383;omewhat like Linnen that had been
+  &#383;ulli'd by a little wearing, yet if I laid it upon a very Black
+  Body, as upon a Beaver Hatt, it then appear'd to be of a good White,
+  which Experiment, that you may in a trice make when you plea&#383;e,
+  &#383;eems very much to Disfavour both their Doctrine <!-- Page 176
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176"></a>[pg 176]</span> that
+  would have Colours to flow from the Sub&#383;tantial Forms of Bodyes, and
+  that of the Chymi&#383;ts al&#383;o, who a&#383;cribe them to one or
+  other of their three Hypo&#383;tatical Principles; for though in our
+  Ca&#383;e there was &#383;o great a Change made, that the &#383;ame Body
+  without being &#383;ub&#383;tantially either Increas'd or
+  Le&#383;&#383;ened, pa&#383;&#383;es immediately from one extreme Colour
+  to another (and that too from Black to White) yet this &#383;o great and
+  &#383;udden change is effected by a &#383;light Mechanical
+  Tran&#383;po&#383;ition of parts, there being no Salt or <i>Sulphur</i>
+  or <i>Mercury</i> that can be pretended to be Added or Taken away, nor
+  yet any &#383;ub&#383;tantial Form that can rea&#383;onably be
+  &#383;uppos'd to be Generated and De&#383;troy'd, the Effect proceeding
+  only from a Local Motion of the parts which &#383;o vary'd their
+  Po&#383;ition as to multiply their di&#383;tinct Surfaces, and to
+  Qualifie them to Reflect far more Light to the Eye, than they could
+  before they were &#383;crap'd off from the entire piece of Black
+  horn.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XV.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>And now, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, it will not be improper for us to take
+  &#383;ome notice of an Opinion touching the cau&#383;e of Blackne&#383;s,
+  which I judged <!-- Erratum: insert--> it not &#383;o
+  &#383;ea&#383;onable to Que&#383;tion, till I <!-- Page 177 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177"></a>[pg 177]</span> I had &#383;et
+  down &#383;ome of the Experiments, that might ju&#383;tifie my
+  di&#383;&#383;ent from it. You know that of late divers Learned Men,
+  having adopted the three Hypo&#383;tatical Principles, be&#383;ides other
+  Notions of the Chymi&#383;ts, are very inclinable to reduce all Qualities
+  of Bodies to one or other of tho&#383;e three Principles, and
+  Particularly a&#383;&#383;ign for the cau&#383;e of Blackne&#383;s the
+  Sootie &#383;team of <i>adust</i> or <i>torrifi'd Sulphur</i>. But I hope
+  that what we have deliver'd above to countenance the Opinion we have
+  propos'd about the Cau&#383;e of Blackne&#383;s, will &#383;o ea&#383;ily
+  &#383;upply you with &#383;everal Particulars that may be made u&#383;e
+  of again&#383;t this Opinion, that I &#383;hall now repre&#383;ent to You
+  but two things concerning it.</p>
+
+  <p>And Fir&#383;t it &#383;eems that the favourers of the Chymicall
+  Theories might have pitcht upon &#383;ome more proper term, to
+  expre&#383;s the Efficient of Blackne&#383;s than <i>Sulphur adust</i>;
+  for we know that <i>common Sulphur</i>, not only when Melted, but even
+  when Sublim'd, does not grow Black by &#383;uffering the Action of the
+  fire, but continues and a&#383;cends Yellow, and rather more than
+  le&#383;s White, than it was before its being expos'd to the fire. And if
+  it be &#383;et on fire, as when we make that acid Liquor, that
+  Chymi&#383;ts call <i>Oleum Sulphuris per campanam</i>, it affords <!--
+  Page 178 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178"></a>[pg 178]</span>
+  very little Soot, and indeed the flame yeelds &#383;o little, that it
+  will &#383;carce in any degree Black a &#383;heet of White Paper, held a
+  pretty while over the flame and &#383;moak of it, which is ob&#383;erved
+  rather to Whiten than Infect linnen, and which does plainly make Red
+  Ro&#383;es grow very Pale, but not at all Black, as far as the Smoak is
+  permitted to reach the leaves. And I can &#383;hew you of a &#383;ort of
+  fixt Sulphur made by an Indu&#383;trious Laborant of your acquaintance,
+  who a&#383;&#383;ur'd me that he was wont to keep it for divers weeks
+  together night and day in a naked and Violent fire, almo&#383;t like that
+  of the Gla&#383;s-hou&#383;e, and when, to &#383;atisfie my
+  Curio&#383;ity, I made him take out a lump of it, though it were glowing
+  hot (and yet not melted,) it did not, when I had &#383;uffered it to
+  cool, appear Black, the true Colour of it being a true Red. I know it may
+  be &#383;aid, that <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i> in the Opinion above recited mean
+  the <i>Principle of Sulphur</i>, and not <i>common Sulphur</i> which
+  receives its name, not from its being <i>all</i> perfectly of a
+  Sulphureous Nature, but for that <i>plenty</i> and <i>Predominancy</i> of
+  the Sulphureous Principle in it. But allowing this, 'tis ea&#383;ie to
+  reply, that &#383;till according to this very Rea&#383;on, torrifi'd
+  Sulphur &#383;hould afford more Blackne&#383;s, than mo&#383;t other
+  concretes, <!-- Page 179 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_179"></a>[pg 179]</span> wherein that Principle is
+  confe&#383;s'd to be far le&#383;s copious. Al&#383;o when I have expos'd
+  Camphire to the fire in Clo&#383;e Ve&#383;&#383;els, as Inflamable, and
+  con&#383;equenly (according to the Chymi&#383;ts) as Sulphureous a Body
+  as it is, I could not by &#383;uch a degree of Heat, as brought it to
+  Fu&#383;ion, and made it Boyl in the gla&#383;s, impre&#383;s any thing
+  of Blackne&#383;s, or of any other Colour, than its own pure White, upon
+  this Vegetable concrete. But what &#383;hall we &#383;ay to Spirit of
+  Wine, which being made by a Chymical Analy&#383;is of the Liquor that
+  affords it, and being totally Inflamable, &#383;eems to have a full right
+  to the title they give it of <i>Sulphur Vegetabile</i>, &amp; yet this
+  fluid Sulphur not only contracts not any degree of Blackne&#383;s by
+  being often &#383;o heated, as to be made to Boyl, but when it burns away
+  with an Actual flame, I have not found that it would di&#383;colour a
+  piece of White Paper held over it, with any di&#383;cernable &#383;oot.
+  Tin al&#383;o, that wants not, according to the Chymi&#383;ts, a
+  <i>Sulphur Joviale</i>, when throughly burned by the fire into a
+  <i>Calx</i>, is not Black, but eminently White. And I lately noted to you
+  out of <i>Bellonius</i>, that the Charcoals of Oxy-cedar are not of the
+  former of the&#383;e two Colours, but of the latter. And the Smoak of our
+  Tinby coals here in <i>England</i>, has been <!-- Page 180 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180"></a>[pg 180]</span> u&#383;ually
+  ob&#383;erv'd, rather to Blanch linnen then to Black it. To all which,
+  other Particulars of the like nature might be added, but I rather
+  choo&#383;e to put you in mind of the third Experiment, about making
+  Black Liquors, or Inks, of Bodies that were non of them Black before. For
+  how can it be &#383;aid, that when tho&#383;e Liquors are put together
+  actually Cold, and continue &#383;o after their mixture, there intervenes
+  any new <i>Adustion of Sulphur</i> to produce the emergent
+  Blackne&#383;s? (and the &#383;ame que&#383;tion will be appliable to the
+  Blackne&#383;s produc'd upon the blade of a Knife, that has cut Lemmons
+  and &#383;ome kind of Sowr apples, if the juyce (though both Actually and
+  Potentially Cold) be not quickly wip'd of) And when by the
+  in&#383;tilling either of a few drops of Oyl of Vitriol as in the
+  &#383;econd Experiment, or of a little of the Liquor mention'd in the
+  Pa&#383;&#383;age pointed at in the fourth Experiment, (where I teach at
+  once to De&#383;troy one black Ink, and make another) the Blackne&#383;s
+  produc'd by tho&#383;e Experiments is pre&#383;ently de&#383;troy'd; if
+  the Colour proceeded only from the Plenty of Sulphurous parts, torrify'd
+  in the Black Bodies, I demand, what becomes of them, when the Colour
+  &#383;o &#383;uddenly di&#383;&#383;appears? For it cannot
+  Rea&#383;onably be &#383;aid, that all tho&#383;e that <!-- Page 181
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181"></a>[pg 181]</span>
+  &#383;uffic'd to make &#383;o great a quantity of Black Matter,
+  &#383;hould re&#383;ort to &#383;o very &#383;mall a proportion of the
+  Clarifying Liquor, (if I may &#383;o call it) as to be deluted by it,
+  with out at all Denigrating it. And if it be &#383;aid that the
+  In&#383;till'd Liquor di&#383;pers'd tho&#383;e Black Corpu&#383;cles, I
+  demand, how that Di&#383;per&#383;ion comes to de&#383;troy their
+  Blackne&#383;s, but by making &#383;uch a Local Motion of their parts, as
+  de&#383;troys their former Texture? which may be a Matter of &#383;uch
+  moment in ca&#383;es like ours, that I remember that I have in few
+  houres, without addition, from Soot it &#383;elf, attain'd pretty
+  &#383;tore of Cry&#383;talline Salt, and good &#383;tore of
+  Tran&#383;parent Liquor, and (which I have on another occa&#383;ion noted
+  as remarkable) this &#383;o Black Sub&#383;tance had its Colour &#383;o
+  alter'd, by the change of Texture it receiv'd from the fire, wherewith it
+  was di&#383;till'd, that it did for a great while afford &#383;uch plenty
+  of very white Exhalations, that the Receiver, though large, &#383;eem'd
+  to be almo&#383;t fill'd with Milk.</p>
+
+  <p>Secondly, But were it granted, as it is in &#383;ome ca&#383;es not
+  Improbable, that divers Bodies may receive a Blackne&#383;s from a Sootie
+  Exhalation, occa&#383;ion'd by the Adu&#383;tion of their Sulphur, which
+  (for the Rea&#383;ons lately mention'd I &#383;hould rather call their
+  Oyly parts;) yet &#383;till this account <!-- Page 182 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182"></a>[pg 182]</span> is applicable but
+  to &#383;ome Particular Bodies, and will afford us no General Theory of
+  Blackne&#383;s. For if, for example, White Harts-horn, being, in
+  Ve&#383;&#383;els well luted to each other, expos'd to the fire, be
+  &#383;aid to turn Black by the Infection of its own Smoak, I think I may
+  ju&#383;tly demand, what it is that makes the Smoak or Soot it &#383;elf
+  Black, &#383;ince no Such Colour, but its contrary, appear'd before in
+  the Harts-horn? And with the &#383;ame Rea&#383;on, when we are told,
+  that torrify'd Sulphur makes bodies Black, I de&#383;ire to be told
+  al&#383;o, why Torrefaction makes Sulphur it &#383;elf Black? nor will
+  there be any Satisfactory Rea&#383;on a&#383;&#383;ign'd of the&#383;e
+  Quæries, without taking in tho&#383;e Fertile as well as intelligible
+  Mechanical Principles of the Po&#383;ition and Texture of the Minute
+  parts of the body in reference to the Light and the Eye; and the&#383;e
+  applicable Principles may Serve the turn in many ca&#383;es, where the
+  Adu&#383;tion of Sulphur cannot be pretended; as in the appearing
+  Blackne&#383;s of an Open window, lookt upon at a &#383;omewhat remote
+  di&#383;tance from the hou&#383;e, as al&#383;o in the Blackne&#383;s Men
+  think they &#383;ee in the Holes that happen to be in White linnen, or
+  Paper of the like Colour; and in the Increa&#383;ing Blackne&#383;s
+  immediatly Produc'd barely by &#383;o rubbing Velvet, <!-- Page 183
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183"></a>[pg 183]</span>
+  who&#383;e Piles were Inclin'd before, as to reduce them to a more
+  Erected po&#383;ture, in which and in many other ca&#383;es formerly
+  alleg'd, there appears nothing requi&#383;ite to the Production of
+  <i>the</i> Blackne&#383;s, but the hindering of the incident Beams of
+  Light from rebounding plentifully enough to the Eye. To be &#383;hort,
+  tho&#383;e I rea&#383;on with, do concerning Blackne&#383;s, what the
+  Chymi&#383;ts are wont al&#383;o to do concerning other Qualities, namely
+  to content them&#383;elves to tell us, in what Ingredient of a Mixt Body,
+  the Quality enquir'd after, does re&#383;ide, in&#383;tead of explicating
+  the Nature of it, which (to borrow a compari&#383;on from their own
+  Laboratories) is much as if in an enquiry after the cau&#383;e of
+  Salivation, they &#383;hould think it enough to tell us, that the
+  &#383;everal Kinds of Præcipitates of Gold and <i>Mercury</i>) as
+  likewi&#383;e of Quick-&#383;ilver and Silver (for I know that make and
+  u&#383;e of &#383;uch Precipitates al&#383;o) do Salivate upon the
+  account of the <i>Mercury</i>, which though Di&#383;guis'd abounds in
+  them, whereas the Difficulty is as much to know upon what account
+  <i>Mercury</i> it &#383;elf, rather than other Bodies, has that power of
+  working by Salivation. Which I &#383;ay not, as though it were not
+  <i>&#383;omething</i> (and too often the mo&#383;t we can arrive at) to
+  di&#383;cover in which of the <!-- Page 184 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_184"></a>[pg 184]</span> Ingredients of a Compounded Body, the
+  Quality, who&#383;e Nature is &#383;ought, re&#383;ides, but
+  becau&#383;e, though this Di&#383;covery it &#383;elf may pa&#383;s for
+  <i>&#383;omething</i>, and is oftentimes more than what is taught us
+  about the &#383;ame &#383;ubjects in the Schools, yet we ought not to
+  think it <i>enough</i>, when more Clear and Particular accounts are to be
+  had.</p>
+
+<!-- Page 185 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185"></a>[pg 185]</span>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/224a.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+  </div>
+
+<h1> 
+<span style="font-size:50%;">THE</span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:75%;">Experimental Hi&#383;tory</span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:50%;">OF</span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:150%; letter-spacing:6px">COLOURS.</span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:75%;">Begun.</span>
+</h1>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h1>The Third PART.</h1>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h1> 
+<span style="font-size:50%;">Containing</span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:75%;">Promi&#383;cuous Experiments</span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:50%;">About</span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:100%; letter-spacing:6px">COLOURS.</span>
+</h1>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>EXPERIMENT I.</h3>
+
+  <p><img width="80" height="80" align="left" src="images/224b.png" alt="Illuminated B in Because" />
+  Ecau&#383;e that, according to the Conjectures I have above propos'd,
+  one of the mo&#383;t General Cau&#383;es of the Diver&#383;ity of Colours
+  in Opacous Bodyes, is, that &#383;ome reflect the Light mingl'd with
+  more, others with le&#383;s of Shade (either <!-- Page 186 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186"></a>[pg 186]</span> as to Quantity, or
+  as to Interruption) I hold it not unfit to mention in the fir&#383;t
+  place, the Experiments that I thought upon to examine this Conjecture.
+  And though coming to tran&#383;cribe them out of &#383;ome
+  Phy&#383;iological <i>Adver&#383;aria</i> I had written in loo&#383;e
+  Papers, I cannot find one of the chief Records I had of my Tryals of this
+  Nature, yet the Papers that &#383;cap'd mi&#383;carrying, will, I
+  pre&#383;ume, &#383;uffice to manife&#383;t the main thing for which I
+  now allege them; I find then Among my <i>Adver&#383;aria</i>, the
+  following Narrative.</p>
+
+  <p><i>October</i> the 11. About ten in the Morning in Sun-&#383;hiny
+  Weather, (but not without fleeting Clouds) we took &#383;everal
+  &#383;orts of Paper Stain'd, &#383;ome of one Colour, and &#383;ome of
+  another; and in a Darken'd Room who&#383;e Window look'd Southward, we
+  ca&#383;t the Beams that came in at a hole about three Inches and a half
+  in Diameter, upon a White wall that was plac'd on one &#383;ide, about
+  five foot di&#383;tance from them.</p>
+
+  <p>The White gave much the Brighte&#383;t Reflection.</p>
+
+  <p>The Green, Red, and Blew being Compar'd together, the Red gave much
+  the &#383;tronge&#383;t Reflection, and manife&#383;tly enough al&#383;o
+  threw its <i>Colour</i> upon the Wall; The Green and Blew were
+  &#383;carce Di&#383;cernable <!-- Page 187 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_187"></a>[pg 187]</span> by their Colours, and &#383;eem'd to
+  reflect an almo&#383;t Equal Light.</p>
+
+  <p>The Yellow Compar'd with the two la&#383;t nam'd, Reflected
+  &#383;omewhat more Light.</p>
+
+  <p>The Red and Purple being Compar'd together, the former manife&#383;tly
+  Reflected a good deal more Light.</p>
+
+  <p>The Blew and Purple Compar'd together, the former &#383;eem'd to
+  Reflect a little more Light, though the Purple Colour were more
+  manife&#383;tly &#383;een.</p>
+
+  <p>A Sheet of very well fleck'd Marbl'd Paper being Apply'd as the
+  others, did not ca&#383;t any or its Di&#383;tinct Colours upon the Wall;
+  nor throw its Light upon it with an Equal Diffu&#383;ion, but threw the
+  Beams Un&#383;tain'd and Bright to this and that part of the Wall, as if
+  it's Poli&#383;h had given it the Nature of a &#383;pecular Body. But
+  comparing it with a &#383;heet of White Paper, we found the Reflection of
+  the latter to be much Stronger, it diffu&#383;ing almo&#383;t as much
+  Light to a <i>good Extent</i> as the Marble Paper did to <i>one part</i>
+  of the Wall.</p>
+
+  <p>The Green and Purple left us &#383;omewhat in &#383;u&#383;pence which
+  Reflected the mo&#383;t Light; only the Purple &#383;eem'd to have
+  &#383;ome little Advantage over the Green, which was Dark in its
+  kind.</p>
+
+  <p>Thus much I find in our above mention'd <!-- Page 188 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188"></a>[pg 188]</span>
+  <i>Collections</i>, among which there are al&#383;o &#383;ome Notes
+  concerning the Production of <i>Compounded Colours</i>, <i>by
+  Reflection</i> from Bodyes differingly Colour'd. And the&#383;e Notes we
+  intended &#383;hould &#383;upply us with what we &#383;hould mention as
+  our &#383;econd Experiment: but having lo&#383;t the Paper that contain'd
+  the Particulars, and remembring onely in General, that if the Objects
+  which Reflected the Light were not Strongly Colour'd and &#383;omewhat
+  Glo&#383;&#383;y, the Reflected Beams would not manife&#383;tly make a
+  Compounded Colour upon the Wall, and even then but very Faintly, we
+  &#383;hall now &#383;ay no more of that Matter, only re&#383;erving our
+  &#383;elves to mention hereafter the Compo&#383;ition of a Green, which
+  we &#383;till retain in Memory.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT II.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>We may add, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, on this Occa&#383;ion, that though a
+  Darken'd Room be Generally thought requi&#383;ite to make the Colour of a
+  Body appear by Reflection from another Body, that is not one of
+  tho&#383;e that are commonly agreed upon to be Specular (as Poli&#383;h'd
+  Metall, Quick &#383;ilver, Gla&#383;s, Water, &amp;c.) Yet I have often
+  ob&#383;erv'd that when I wore Doublets Lin'd with &#383;ome &#383;ilken
+  <!-- Page 189 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189"></a>[pg
+  189]</span> Stuff that was very Glo&#383;&#383;y and Vividly Colour'd,
+  e&#383;pecially Red, I could in an Inlightned Room plainly enough
+  Di&#383;cern the Colour, upon the Pure White Linnen that came out at my
+  Sleeve and reach'd to my Cufs; as if that Fine White Body were more
+  Specular, than Colour'd and Unpoli&#383;h'd Bodyes are thought Capable of
+  being.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT III.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>Whil&#383;t we were making the newly mention'd Experiments, we thought
+  fit to try al&#383;o what Compo&#383;ition of Colours might be made by
+  Altering the Light in its Pa&#383;&#383;age to the Eye by the
+  Interpo&#383;ition not of Perfectly Diaphanous Bodies, (that having been
+  already try'd by others as well as by us (as we &#383;hall &#383;oon have
+  occa&#383;ion to take notice) but of Semi-opacous Bodyes, and tho&#383;e
+  &#383;uch as look'd upon in an ordinary Light, and not held betwixt it
+  and the Eye, are not wont to be Di&#383;criminated from the re&#383;t of
+  Opacous Bodyes; of this Tryal, our mention'd <i>Adver&#383;aria</i>
+  pre&#383;ent us the following Account.</p>
+
+  <p>Holding the&#383;e Sheets, &#383;ometimes one &#383;ometimes the other
+  of them, before the Hole betwixt the Sun and the Eye, with <!-- Page 190
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190"></a>[pg 190]</span> the
+  Colour'd &#383;ides obverted to the Sun; we found them <i>&#383;ingle</i>
+  to be &#383;omewhat Tran&#383;parent, and appear of the &#383;ame Colour
+  as before, onely a little alter'd by the great Light they were plac'd in;
+  but laying <i>two</i> of them one over another and applying them &#383;o
+  to the Hole, the Colours were compounded as follows.</p>
+
+  <p>The Blew and Yellow &#383;carce exhibited any thing but a Darker
+  Yellow, which we a&#383;crib'd to the Coar&#383;ene&#383;s of the Blew
+  Papers, and its Darkne&#383;s in its Kind. For applying the Blew parts of
+  the Marbl'd Paper with the Yellow Paper after the &#383;ame manner, they
+  exhibited a good Green.</p>
+
+  <p>The Yellow and Red look'd upon together gave us but a Dark Red,
+  &#383;omewhat (and but a little,) inclining to an Orange Colour.</p>
+
+  <p>The Purple and Red look'd on together appear'd more Scarlet.</p>
+
+  <p>The Purple and Yellow made an Orange.</p>
+
+  <p>The Green and Red made a Dark Orange Tawny.</p>
+
+  <p>The Green and Purple made the Purple appear more Dirty.</p>
+
+  <p>The Blew and Purple made the Purple more Lovely, and far more
+  Deep.</p>
+
+  <p>The Red parts of the Marbl'd Paper look'd upon with the Yellow
+  appear'd of a <!-- Page 191 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_191"></a>[pg 191]</span> Red far more like Scarlet than
+  without it.</p>
+
+  <p>But the Finene&#383;s or Coar&#383;ene&#383;s of the Papers, their
+  being carefully or &#383;lightly Colour'd, and divers other
+  Circum&#383;tances, may &#383;o vary the Events of &#383;uch Experiments
+  as the&#383;e, that if, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, you would Build much on them,
+  you mu&#383;t carefully Repeat them.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT IV.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>The Triangular Pri&#383;matical Gla&#383;s being the In&#383;trument
+  upon who&#383;e Effects we may the mo&#383;t Commodiou&#383;ly
+  &#383;peculate the Nature of Emphatical Colours, (and perhaps that of
+  Others too;) we thought it might be u&#383;efull to ob&#383;erve the
+  &#383;everal Reflections and Refractions which the Incident Beams of
+  Light &#383;uffer in Rebounding from it, and Pa&#383;&#383;ing through
+  it. And this we thought might be Be&#383;t done, not (as is u&#383;ual,)
+  in an ordinary Inlightn'd Room, where (by rea&#383;on of the Difficulty
+  of doing otherwi&#383;e) ev'n the Curious have left Particulars Unheeded,
+  which may in a convenient place be ea&#383;ily taken notice of; but in a
+  Darken'd Room, where by placing the Gla&#383;s in a convenient
+  Po&#383;ture, the Various Reflections and Refractions may be
+  Di&#383;tinctly ob&#383;erv'd; and where it may appear <i>what</i> Beams
+  are Unting'd; <!-- Page 192 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_192"></a>[pg 192]</span> and <i>which</i> they are, that upon
+  the Bodyes that terminate them, do Paint either the Primary or Secondary
+  Iris. In pur&#383;uance of this we did in the above mention'd Darken'd
+  Room, make ob&#383;ervation of no le&#383;s than four Reflections, and
+  three Refractions that were afforded us by the &#383;ame Pri&#383;m, and
+  thought that notwith&#383;tanding what was taught us by the Rules of
+  Catoptricks and Dioptricks, it would not be ami&#383;s to find al&#383;o,
+  by hiding &#383;ometimes one part of the Pri&#383;m, and &#383;ometimes
+  another, and ob&#383;erving where the Light or Colour Vani&#383;h'd
+  thereupon, by which Reflection and by which Refraction each of the
+  &#383;everal places whereon the Light rebounding from, or
+  pa&#383;&#383;ing through, the Pri&#383;m appear'd either Sincere or
+  Tincted, was produc'd. But becau&#383;e it would be Tedious and not
+  &#383;o Intelligible to deliver this in Words, I have thought fit to
+  Referr You to the Annexed Scheme where the Newly mention'd particulars
+  may be at one View taken Notice of.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT V.</i></h3>
+
+  <table width="100%" cellpadding="5"><tr><td>
+      <a href="images/232.png"><img width="400" height="418" src="images/232.png"
+      alt="The Explication of the Scheme." /></a><br />
+    <h3>The Explication of the Scheme.</h3>
+  </td><td valign="top">
+  <p><i>PPP</i>. An Aequilaterotriangular Cry&#383;talline Pri&#383;m, one
+  of who&#383;e edges <i>P</i>. is placed directly towards the Sun.</p>
+
+  <p><i>A B</i> &amp; &alpha; &beta; Two rays from the Sun falling on the
+  Pri&#383;m at <i>B</i> &beta;. and thence partly reflected towards
+  <i>C</i> &amp; &gamma;. and partly refracted towards <i>D</i> &amp;
+  &delta;.</p>
+
+  <p><i>B C</i> &amp; &beta; &gamma;. Tho&#383;e reflected Rays.</p>
+
+  <p><i>B D</i> &amp; &beta; &delta;. Tho&#383;e refracted Rays which are
+  partly refracted towards <i>E</i> &amp; &epsilon;. and there paint an
+  Iris 1 2 3 4 5. denoting the five con&#383;ecutions of colours Red,
+  Yellow, Green, Blew, and Purple; and are partly reflected towards
+  <i>F</i> &amp; &zeta;.</p>
+
+  <p><i>D F</i> &amp; &delta; &zeta;. Tho&#383;e Reflected Rays which are
+  partly refracted towards <i>G</i> &amp; &eta;. colourle&#383;s, and
+  partly reflected, towards <i>H</i> &amp; &theta;.</p>
+
+  <p><i>F H</i> &amp; &zeta; &theta;. Tho&#383;e reflected Rays which are
+  refracted towards <i>I</i> &amp; &iota;. and there paint an other fainter
+  Iris, the colours of which are contrary to the former 5 4 3 2 1.
+  &#383;ignifying Purple, Blew, Green, Yellow, Red, &#383;o that the
+  Pri&#383;m in this po&#383;ture exhibits four Rainbows.</p>
+  </td></tr></table>
+
+<!-- Page 193 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193"></a>[pg 193]</span>
+
+  <p>I know not whether you will think it Incon&#383;iderable to annex to
+  this Experiment, That we ob&#383;erv'd in a Room not Darken'd, that the
+  Pri&#383;matical Iris (if I may &#383;o call it) might be Reflected
+  without lo&#383;ing any of its &#383;everal <i>Colours</i> (for we now
+  con&#383;ider not their <i>Order</i>) not onely from a plain
+  Looking-gla&#383;s and from the calm Surface of Fair Water, but al&#383;o
+  from a Concave Looking-gla&#383;s; and that Refraction did as little
+  De&#383;troy tho&#383;e Colours as Reflection. For by the help of a large
+  (double Convex) Burning-gla&#383;s through which we Refracted the Suns
+  Beams, we found that one part of the Iris might be made to appear either
+  beyond, or on this &#383;ide of the other Parts of the &#383;ame Iris;
+  but yet the &#383;ame Vivid Colours would appear in the Di&#383;plac'd
+  part (if I may &#383;o term it) as in the other. To which I &#383;hall
+  add, that having, by hiding the &#383;ide of the Pri&#383;m, obverted to
+  the Sun with an Opacous Body, wherein only one &#383;mall hole was left
+  for the Light to pa&#383;s through, reduc'd the Pri&#383;matical Iris
+  (ca&#383;t upon White Paper) into a very narrow compa&#383;s, and look'd
+  upon it througn a Micro&#383;cope; the Colours appear'd the &#383;ame as
+  to kind that they did to the naked Eye.</p>
+
+<!-- Page 194 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194"></a>[pg 194]</span>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT VI.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>It may afford matter of Speculation to the Inqui&#383;itive, &#383;uch
+  as you, <i>Prophilus</i>, that as the Colours of outward Objects brought
+  into a Darken'd Room, do &#383;o much depend for their Vi&#383;ibility
+  upon the Dimne&#383;s of the Light they are there beheld by; that the
+  ordinary Light of the day being freely let in upon them, they immediately
+  di&#383;appear: &#383;o our Tryals have inform'd us, that as to the
+  Pri&#383;matical Iris painted on the Floor by the beams of the Sun
+  Trajected through a Triangular-gla&#383;s; though the Colours of it
+  appear very Vivid ev'n at Noon-day, and in Sun &#383;hiny Weather, yet by
+  a more Powerfull Light they may be made to di&#383;appear. For having
+  &#383;ometimes, (in pro&#383;ecution of &#383;ome Conjectures of mine not
+  now to be In&#383;i&#383;ted on,) taken a large Metalline Concave
+  <i>Speculum</i>, and with it ca&#383;t the converging Beams of the Sun
+  upon a Pri&#383;matical Iris which I had caus'd to be projected upon the
+  Floor, I found that the over-powerfull Light made the Colours of the Iris
+  di&#383;appear. And if I &#383;o Reflected the Light as that it
+  cro&#383;s'd but the middle of the Iris, in that part only the Colours
+  vani&#383;h'd or were made Invi&#383;ible; tho&#383;e <!-- Page 195
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195"></a>[pg 195]</span> parts of
+  the Iris that were on the right and left hand of the Reflected Light
+  (which &#383;eem'd to divide them, and cut the Iris a&#383;under)
+  continuing to exhibit the &#383;ame Colours as before. But upon this we
+  mu&#383;t not now &#383;tay to Speculate.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT VII.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>I have &#383;ometimes thought it worth while to take notice, whether
+  or no the Colours of Opacous Bodies might not appear to the Eye
+  &#383;omewhat Diver&#383;ify'd, not only by the Di&#383;po&#383;ition of
+  the Superficial parts of the Bodyes them&#383;elves and by the
+  Po&#383;ition of the Eye in Reference to the Object and the Light, (for
+  the&#383;e things are Notorious enough;) but according al&#383;o to the
+  Nature of the Lucid Body that &#383;hines upon them. And I remember that
+  in Pro&#383;ecution of this Curio&#383;ity, I ob&#383;erv'd a
+  manife&#383;t Difference in &#383;ome Kinds of Colour'd Bodyes look'd on
+  by Day-light, and afterwards by the light of the Moon; either directly
+  falling on them or Reflected upon them from a Concave Looking-gla&#383;s.
+  But not finding at pre&#383;ent in my Collections about Colours any thing
+  &#383;et down of this Kind, I &#383;hall, till I have opportunity to
+  repeat them, content my &#383;elf to add what I find Regi&#383;ter'd
+  concerning <!-- Page 196 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_196"></a>[pg 196]</span> Colours look'd on by Candle-light, in
+  regard that not only the Experiment is more ea&#383;ie to be repeated,
+  but the Objects being the Same Sorts of Colour'd Paper la&#383;tly
+  mention'd, the Collation of the two Experiments may help to make the
+  Conjectures they will &#383;ugge&#383;t &#383;omewhat the le&#383;s
+  uncertain.</p>
+
+  <p>Within a few dayes of the time above mention'd, divers Sheets of
+  Colour'd Paper that had been look'd upon before in the Sun&#383;hine were
+  look'd upon at night by the light of a pretty big Candle, (&#383;nuff'd)
+  and the Changes that were ob&#383;erv'd were the&#383;e.</p>
+
+  <p>The Yellow &#383;eem'd much fainter than in the Day, and inclinable to
+  a pale Straw Colour.</p>
+
+  <p>The Red &#383;eem'd little Chang'd; but &#383;eem'd to Reflect Light
+  more &#383;trongly than any other Colour (for White was none of
+  them.)</p>
+
+  <p>A fair Deep Green look'd upon by it &#383;elf &#383;eem'd to be a Dark
+  Blew: But being look'd upon together with a Dark Blew, appear'd
+  Greeni&#383;h; and beheld together with a Yellow appear'd more Blew than
+  at fir&#383;t.</p>
+
+  <p>The Blew look'd more like a Deep Purple or Murray than it had done in
+  the Daylight.</p>
+
+<!-- Page 197 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197"></a>[pg 197]</span>
+The Purple &#383;eem'd very little alter'd.
+
+  <p>The Red look'd upon with the Yellow made the Yellow look almo&#383;t
+  like Brown Cap-paper.</p>
+
+  <p><i>N</i>. The Caution Subjoyned to the third Experiments is al&#383;o
+  Applicable to this.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT VIII.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>But here I mu&#383;t not omit to &#383;ubjoyn, that to &#383;atisfie
+  our Selves, whether or no the Light of a Candle were not made
+  un&#383;incere, and as it were Ting'd with a Yellow Colour by the
+  Admixtion of the Corpu&#383;cles it a&#383;&#383;umes from its Fuel; we
+  did not content our &#383;elves with what appears to the Naked Eye, but
+  taking a pretty thick Rod or Cylinder (for thin Peeces would not
+  &#383;erve the turn) of deep Blew Gla&#383;s, and looking upon the
+  Candles flame at a Convenient di&#383;tance througn it, we perceiv'd as
+  we expected, the Flame to look Green; which as we often note, is the
+  Colour wont to emerge from the Compo&#383;ition of Opacous Bodies, which
+  were apart one of them Blew, and the other Yellow. And this perchance may
+  be the main Rea&#383;on of that which &#383;ome ob&#383;erve, that a
+  &#383;heet of very White Paper being look'd upon by Candle light, 'tis
+  not ea&#383;ie at fir&#383;t to di&#383;cern it from <!-- Page 198
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198"></a>[pg 198]</span> a light
+  Yellow or Lemon Colour; White Bodyes (as we have el&#383;ewhere
+  ob&#383;erv'd) having more than tho&#383;e that are otherwi&#383;e
+  Colour'd, of a Specular Nature; in regard that though they exhibit not,
+  (unle&#383;s they be Poli&#383;h'd,) the &#383;hape of the Luminary that
+  &#383;hines on them, yet they Reflect its Light more Sincere and
+  Untroubl'd, by either Shades or Refractions, than Bodyes of other Colours
+  (as Blew, or Green, or Yellow or the like.)</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT IX.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>We took a Leaf of Such Foliated Gold as Apothecaries are wont to Gild
+  their Pills with; and with the Edge of a Knife, (lightly moy&#383;ten'd
+  by drawing it over the Surface of the Tongue, and afterwards) laid upon
+  the edge of the Gold Leaf; we &#383;o fa&#383;ten'd it to the Knife, that
+  being held again&#383;t the light, it conctinu'd extended like a little
+  Flagg. This Leaf being held very near the Eye, and obverted to the Light,
+  appear'd &#383;o full of Pores, that it &#383;eem'd to have &#383;uch a
+  kind of Tran&#383;parency as that of a Sive, or a piece of Cyprus, or a
+  Love-Hood; but the Light that pa&#383;s'd by the&#383;e Pores was in its
+  Pa&#383;&#383;ages So Temper'd with Shadow, and Modify'd, that the Eye
+  di&#383;cern'd <!-- Page 199 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_199"></a>[pg 199]</span> no more a Golden Colour, but a
+  Greeni&#383;h Blew. And for other's &#383;atisfaction, we did in the
+  Night look upon a Candle through &#383;uch a Leaf of Gold; and by trying
+  the Effect of Several Proportions of Di&#383;tance betwixt the Leaf, the
+  Eye and the Light, we quickly hit upon &#383;uch a Po&#383;ition for the
+  Leaf of Gold, as that the flame, look'd on through it, appear'd of a
+  Greeni&#383;h Blew, as we have &#383;een in the Day time. The like
+  Experiment try'd with a Leaf of Silver &#383;ucceeded not well.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT X.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>We have &#383;ometimes found in the Shops of our Druggi&#383;ts, a
+  certain Wood, which is there called <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>,
+  becau&#383;e the Inhabitants of the Country where it grows, are wont to
+  u&#383;e the Infu&#383;ion of it made in fair Water again&#383;t the
+  Stone of the Kidneys, and indeed an Eminent Phy&#383;ician of our
+  Acquaintance, who has very Particularly enquir'd into that
+  Di&#383;ea&#383;e, a&#383;&#383;ures me, that he has found &#383;uch an
+  Infu&#383;ion one of the mo&#383;t effectual Remedyes, which he has ever
+  tried again&#383;t that formidable Di&#383;ea&#383;e. The anciente&#383;t
+  Account I have met with of this Simple, is given us by the Experienc'd
+  <i>Monardes</i> in the&#383;e Words. <!-- Page 200 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200"></a>[pg 200]</span> <i>Nobis,</i>
+  &#383;ays he,<a name="NtA_16"></a><a href="#Nt_16"><sup>16</sup></a>
+  <i>Nova Hi&#383;pania mittit quoddam ligni genus cra&#383;&#383;um &amp;
+  enode, cujus u&#383;us jam diu receptus fuit in his Regionibus ad Renum
+  vitia &amp; urinæ difficultates ac arenulas pellendas. Fit autem hac
+  ratione, Lignum a&#383;&#383;ulatim &amp; minutim conci&#383;um in
+  limpidi&#383;&#383;ima aqua fontana maceratur, inque ea relinquitur,
+  donec aqua à bibentibus ab&#383;umpta &#383;it, dimidia hora post
+  injectum lignum aqua cæruleum colorem contrabit, qui &#383;en&#383;im
+  intenditur pro temporis diuturnitate, tamet&#383;i lignum candidum
+  fit</i>. This Wood, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, may afford us an Experiment, which
+  be&#383;ides the &#383;ingularity of it, may give no &#383;mall
+  a&#383;&#383;i&#383;tance to an attentive Con&#383;iderer towards the
+  detection of the Nature of Colours. The Experiment as we made it is this.
+  Take <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>, and with a Knife cut it into thin Slices,
+  put about a handfull of the&#383;e Slices into two three or four pound of
+  the pure&#383;t Spring-water, let them infu&#383;e there a night, but if
+  you be in ha&#383;t, a much &#383;horter time may &#383;uffice;
+  <i>decant</i> this Impregnated Water into a clear Gla&#383;s Vial, and if
+  you hold it directly between the Light and your Eye, you &#383;hall
+  &#383;ee it wholly Tincted (excepting the very top of the Liquor, wherein
+  you will &#383;ome times di&#383;cern a Sky-colour'd Circle) with <!--
+  Page 201 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201"></a>[pg 201]</span>
+  an almo&#383;t Golden Colour, unle&#383;s your Infu&#383;ion have been
+  made too Strong of the Wood, for in that ca&#383;e it will again&#383;t
+  the Light appear &#383;omewhat Dark and Reddi&#383;h, and requires to be
+  diluted by the addition of a convenient quantity of fair Water. But if
+  you hold this Vial from the Light, &#383;o that your Eye be plac'd
+  betwixt the Window and the Vial, the Liquor will appear of a deep and
+  lovely Cæruleous Colour, of which al&#383;o the drops, if any be lying on
+  the out&#383;ide of the Gla&#383;s, will &#383;eem to be very perfectly;
+  And thus far we have try'd the Experiment, and found it to Succeed even
+  by the Light of Candles of the larger &#383;ize. If you &#383;o hold the
+  Vial over again&#383;t your Eyes, that it may have a Window on one
+  &#383;ide of it, and a Dark part of the Room both before it and on the
+  other &#383;ide, you &#383;hall &#383;ee the Liquor partly of a
+  Blewi&#383;h and partly of a Golden Colour. If turning your back to the
+  Window, you powr out &#383;ome of the Liquor towards the Light and
+  towards your Eyes, it will &#383;eem at the comming out of the Gla&#383;s
+  to be perfectly Cæruleous, but when it is fallen down a little way, the
+  drops may &#383;eem Particolour'd, according as the Beams of Light do
+  more or le&#383;s fully Penetrate and Illu&#383;trate them. If you take a
+  Ba&#383;on about <!-- Page 202 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_202"></a>[pg 202]</span> half full of Water, and having plac'd
+  it &#383;o in the Sun-beams Shining into a Room, that one part of the
+  Water may be freely illu&#383;trated by the Beams of Light, and the other
+  part of it Darkned by the &#383;hadow of the Brim of the Ba&#383;on, if
+  then I &#383;ay you drop of our Tincture, made &#383;omewhat &#383;trong,
+  both into the Shaded and Illuminated parts of the Water, you may by
+  looking upon it from &#383;everal places, and by a little Agitation of
+  the water, ob&#383;erve divers plea&#383;ing Phænomena which were tedious
+  to particularize. If you powr a little of this Tincture upon a &#383;heet
+  of White Paper, &#383;o as the Liquor may remain of &#383;ome depth upon
+  it, you may perceive the Neighbouring drops to be partly of one Colour,
+  and partly of the other, according to the po&#383;ition of your Eye in
+  reference to the Light when it looks upon them, but if you powr off all
+  the Liquor, the Paper will &#383;eem Dy'd of an almo&#383;t Yellow
+  Colour. And if a &#383;heet of Paper with &#383;ome of this Liquor in it
+  be plac'd in a window where the Sunbeams may &#383;hine freely on it,
+  then if you turn your back to the Sun and take a Pen or &#383;ome
+  &#383;uch &#383;lender Body, and hold it over-thwart betwixt the Sun and
+  the Liquor, you may perceive that the Shadow projected by the Pen upon
+  the Liquor, will not all of it be a vulgar <!-- Page 203 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203"></a>[pg 203]</span> and Dark, but in
+  part a curiou&#383;ly Colour'd &#383;hadow, that edge of it, which is
+  next the Body that makes it, being almo&#383;t of a lively Golden Colour,
+  and the remoter verge of a Cæruleous one.</p>
+
+  <p>The&#383;e and other Phænomena, which I have ob&#383;erv'd in this
+  delightfull Experiment, divers of my friends have look'd upon not without
+  &#383;ome wonder, and I remember an excellent Oculi&#383;t finding by
+  accident in a friends Chamber a fine Vial full of this Liquor, which I
+  had given that friend, and having never heard any thing of the
+  Experiment, nor having any Body near him that could tell him what this
+  &#383;trange Liquor might be, was a great while apprehen&#383;ive, as he
+  pre&#383;ently after told me, that &#383;ome &#383;trange new
+  di&#383;temper was invading his Eyes. And I confe&#383;s that the
+  unu&#383;ualne&#383;s of the Phænomena made me very &#383;ollicitous to
+  find out the Cau&#383;e of this Experiment, and though I am far from
+  pretending to have found it, yet my enquiries have, I &#383;uppo&#383;e,
+  enabled me to give &#383;uch hints, as may lead your greater
+  &#383;agacity to the di&#383;covery of the Cau&#383;e of this wonder. And
+  fir&#383;t finding that this Tincture, if it were too copious in the
+  water, Kept the Colours from being &#383;o lively, and their Change from
+  being &#383;o di&#383;cernable, and <!-- Page 204 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204"></a>[pg 204]</span> finding al&#383;o
+  that the Impregnating Virtue of this Wood did by its being frequently
+  Infus'd in New Water by degrees Decay, I Conjectur'd that the Tincture
+  afforded by the Wood mu&#383;t proceed from &#383;ome Subtiler parts of
+  it drawn forth by the Water, which &#383;wimming too and fro in it did
+  &#383;o Modifie the Light, as to exhibit &#383;uch and &#383;uch Colours;
+  and becau&#383;e the&#383;e Subtile parts were &#383;o ea&#383;ily
+  Soluble even in Cold water, I concluded that they mu&#383;t abound with
+  Salts, and perhaps contain much of the E&#383;&#383;ential Salt, as the
+  <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i> call it, of the Wood. And to try whether the&#383;e
+  Subtile parts were Volatile enough to be Di&#383;till'd, without the
+  Di&#383;&#383;olution of their Texture, I carefully Di&#383;till'd
+  &#383;ome of the Tincted Liquor in very low Ve&#383;&#383;els, and the
+  gentle heat of a Lamp Furnace; but found all that came over to be as
+  Limpid and Colourle&#383;s as Rock-water, and the Liquor remaining in the
+  Ve&#383;&#383;el to be &#383;o deeply Cæruleous, that it requir'd to be
+  oppos'd to a very &#383;trong Light to appear of any other Colour. I took
+  likewi&#383;e a Vial with Spirit of Wine, and a little Salt of
+  Harts-horn, and found that there was a certain proportion to be met with
+  betwixt the Liquor and the Salt, which made the Mixture fit to exhibit
+  &#383;ome little Variety <!-- Page 205 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_205"></a>[pg 205]</span> of Colours not Ob&#383;ervable in
+  ordinary Liquors, as it was variou&#383;ly directed in reference to the
+  Light and the Eye, but this Change of Colour was very far &#383;hort from
+  that which we had admir'd in our Tincture. But however, I
+  &#383;u&#383;pected that the Tinging Particles did abound with &#383;uch
+  Salts, who&#383;e Texture, and the Colour &#383;pringing from it, would
+  probably be alter'd by peircing Acid Salts, which would in likelihood
+  either make &#383;ome Di&#383;&#383;ipation of their Parts, or
+  A&#383;&#383;ociate them&#383;elves to the like Bodies, and either way
+  alter the Colour exhibited by them; whereupon Pouring into a &#383;mall
+  Vial full of Impregnated Water, a very little Spirit of Vinegar, I found
+  that according to my Expectation, the Cæruleous Colour immediately
+  vani&#383;h'd, but was deceiv'd in the Expectation I had, that the Golden
+  Colour would do &#383;o too; for, which way &#383;oever I turned the
+  Vial, either to or from the Light, I found the Liquor to appear always of
+  a Yellowi&#383;h Colour and no other: Upon this I imagin'd that the Acid
+  Salts of the Vinegar having been able to deprive the Liquor of its
+  Cæruleous Colour, a Sulphureous Salt being of a contrary Nature, would be
+  able to Mortifie the Saline Particles of Vinegar, and De&#383;troy their
+  <!-- Page 206 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206"></a>[pg
+  206]</span> Effects; And accordingly having plac'd my Self betwixt the
+  Window, and the Vial, and into the Same Liquor dropt a few drops of Oyl
+  of Tartar <i>per Deliquium</i>, (as <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i> call it) I
+  ob&#383;erv'd with plea&#383;ure, that immediately upon the
+  Diffu&#383;ion of this Liquor, the Impregnated Water was re&#383;tor'd to
+  its former Cæruleous Colour; And this Liquor of <i>Tartar</i> being very
+  Ponderous, and falling at fir&#383;t to the Bottom of the Vial, it was
+  ea&#383;ie to ob&#383;erve that for a little while the Lower part of the
+  Liquor appear'd deeply Cæruleous; whil&#383;t all the Upper part retain'd
+  its former Yellowne&#383;s, which it immediately lo&#383;t as &#383;oon
+  as either Agitation or Time had made a competent Diffu&#383;ion of the
+  Liquor of <i>Tartar</i> through the Body of the former Tincture; and this
+  re&#383;tored Liquor did, as it was Look'd upon again&#383;t or from the
+  Light, exhibit the Same <i>Phænomena</i> as the Tincted Water did, before
+  either of the Adventitious Liquors was pour'd into it.</p>
+
+  <p>Having made, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, divers Tryals upon this Nephritick
+  Wood, we found mention made of it by the Indu&#383;trious Je&#383;uit
+  <i>Kircherus</i>, who having received a Cup Turned of it from the
+  <i>Mexican</i> Procurator of his Society, has probably receiv'd al&#383;o
+  from him the Information he gives us concerning <!-- Page 207 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207"></a>[pg 207]</span> that
+  <i>Exotick</i> Plant, and therefore partly for that Rea&#383;on, and
+  partly becau&#383;e what he Writes concerning it, does not perfectly
+  agree with what we have deliver'd, we &#383;hall not Scruple to acquaint
+  you in his own Words, with as much of what he writes concerning our Wood,
+  as is requi&#383;ite to our pre&#383;ent purpo&#383;e. <i>Hoc loco</i>
+  (&#383;ays he)<a name="NtA_17"></a><a href="#Nt_17"><sup>17</sup></a>
+  <i>neutiquam omittendum duximus quoddam ligni candidi Mexicani genus,
+  quod Indigenæ Coalle &amp; Tlapazatli vocant, quod et&#383;i experientia
+  hucu&#383;que non ni&#383;i Cæruleo aquam colore tingere docuerit, nos
+  tamen continua experientia invenimus id aquam in omne Colorum genus
+  transformare, quod merito cuipiam Paradoxum videri po&#383;&#383;et;
+  Ligni frutex grandis, ut aiunt, non rarò in molem arboris excre&#383;cit,
+  truncus illius eft cra&#383;&#383;us, enodis, in&#383;tar piri arboris,
+  folia ciceris foliis, aut rutæ haud ab&#383;imilia, flores exigui,
+  oblongi, lutei &amp; &#383;picatim dige&#383;ti; e&#383;t frigida &amp;
+  humida planta, licet parum recedat à medio temperamento. Hujus itaque
+  de&#383;criptæ arboris lignum in poculum efformatum, aquam eidem
+  infu&#383;am primo in aquam inten&#383;e Cæruleam, colore floris
+  Buglo&#383;&#383;æ; tingit, &amp; quo diutius in eo &#383;teterit, tanto
+  inten&#383;iorem colorem acquirit. Hanc igitur aquam si Vitreæ Sphæræ
+  infuderis, lucique expo&#383;ueris, ne ullum quidem Cærulei coloris <!--
+  Page 208 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208"></a>[pg 208]</span>
+  ve&#383;tigium apparebit, &#383;ed in&#383;tar aquæ puræ putæ fontanæ
+  limpidam claramque aspicientibus &#383;e præbebit. Porro &#383;i hanc
+  phialam vitream ver&#383;us locum magis umbro&#383;um direxeris, totus
+  humor grati&#383;&#383;imum virorem referet; &#383;i adhuc
+  umbro&#383;ioribus locis, &#383;ubrubrum, &amp; &#383;ic pro rerum
+  objectarum conditione, mirum dictu, colorem mutabit; in tenebris verò vel
+  in va&#383;e opaco po&#383;ita, Cæruleum colorem &#383;uum
+  re&#383;umet.</i></p>
+
+  <p>In this pa&#383;&#383;age we may take notice of the following
+  Particulars. And fir&#383;t, he calls it a White <i>Mexican</i> Wood,
+  whereas (not to mention that <i>Mornardes</i> informs us that it is
+  brought out of <i>Nova Hi&#383;pania</i>) the Wood that we have met with
+  in &#383;everal places, and employ'd as <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>, was
+  not White, but for the mo&#383;t part of a much Darker Colour, not unlike
+  that of the Sadder Colour'd Wood of Juniper. 'Tis true, that
+  <i>Monardes</i> him&#383;elf al&#383;o &#383;ays, that the Wood is White;
+  and it is affirm'd, that the Wood which is of a Sadder Colour is
+  Adulterated by being Imbu'd with the Tincture of a Vegetable, in
+  who&#383;e Decoction it is &#383;teep'd. But having purpo&#383;ely
+  enquir'd of the Eminente&#383;t of our <i>Engli&#383;h</i>
+  Druggi&#383;ts, he peremptorily deny'd it. And indeed, having
+  con&#383;ider'd &#383;ome of the faire&#383;t Round pieces of this <!--
+  Page 209 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209"></a>[pg 209]</span>
+  Wood that I could meet with in the&#383;e Parts, I had Opportunity to
+  take notice that in one or two of them it was the External part of the
+  Wood that was White, and the more Inward part that was of the other
+  Colour, the contrary of which would probably have appear'd, if the Wood
+  had been Adulterated after the afore-mention'd manner. And I have at
+  pre&#383;ent by me a piece of &#383;uch Wood, which for about an Inch
+  next the Bark is White, and then as it were abruptly pa&#383;&#383;es to
+  the above-mention'd Colour, and yet this Wood by the Tincture, it
+  afforded us in Water, appears to have its Colour'd part Genuine enough;
+  for as for the White part, it appears upon tryal of both at once, much
+  le&#383;s enrich'd with the tingent Property.</p>
+
+  <p>Next, whereas our Author tells us, that the Infu&#383;ion of this Wood
+  expos'd in a Vial to the Light, looks like Spring-water, in which he
+  afterwards adds, that there is no Tincture to be &#383;een in it, our
+  Ob&#383;ervation and his agree not, for the Liquor, which oppo&#383;ed to
+  the Darker part of a Room exhibits a Sky-colour, did con&#383;tantly,
+  when held again&#383;t the Light, appear Yellowi&#383;h or Reddi&#383;h,
+  according as its Tincture was more Dilute or Deep; and <!-- Page 210
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210"></a>[pg 210]</span> then,
+  whereas it has been already &#383;aid, that the Cæruleous Colour was by
+  Acid Salts aboli&#383;hed, this Yellowi&#383;h one &#383;urviv'd without
+  any con&#383;iderable Alteration, &#383;o that unle&#383;s our Author's
+  Words be taken in a very Limited Sen&#383;e, we mu&#383;t conclude, that
+  either his Memory mis-inform'd him, or that his White <i>Nephritick</i>
+  Wood, and the Sadder Colour'd one which we employ'd, were not altogether
+  of the &#383;ame Nature: What he mentions of the Cup made of <i>Lignum
+  Nephriticum</i>, we have not had Opportunity to try, not having been able
+  to procure pieces of that Wood great enough, and otherwi&#383;e fit to be
+  turned into Cups; but as for what he &#383;ays in the Title of his
+  Experiment, that this Wood tinges the Water with all Sorts of Colours,
+  that is much more than any of tho&#383;e pieces of Nephritick Wood that
+  we have hitherto employ'd, was able to make good; The change of Colours
+  di&#383;cernable in a Vial full of Water, Impregnated by any of them, as
+  it is directed towards a place more Light&#383;ome or Ob&#383;cure, being
+  far from affording a Variety an&#383;werable to &#383;o promi&#383;ing a
+  Title. And as for what he tells us, that in the Dark the Infu&#383;ion of
+  our Wood will re&#383;ume a Cæruleous Colour, I wi&#383;h he had Inform'd
+  us how he Try'd it.</p>
+
+<!-- Page 211 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211"></a>[pg 211]</span>
+
+  <p>But this brings into my mind, that having &#383;ometimes for
+  Curio&#383;ity &#383;ake, brought a round Vial with a long Neck fill'd
+  with the Tincture of <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i> into the Darken'd Room
+  already often mention'd, and holding it &#383;ometimes in, &#383;ometimes
+  near the Sun-beams that enter'd at the hole, and &#383;ometimes partly in
+  them, and partly out of them, the Gla&#383;s being held in &#383;everal
+  po&#383;tures, and look'd upon from &#383;everal Neighbouring parts of
+  the Room, di&#383;clos'd a much greater Variety of Colours than in
+  ordinary inlightn'd Rooms it is wont to do; exhibiting, be&#383;ides the
+  u&#383;ual Colours, a Red in &#383;ome parts, and a Green in others,
+  be&#383;ides Intermediate Colours produc'd by the differing Degrees, and
+  odd mixtures of Light and Shade.</p>
+
+  <p>By all this You may &#383;ee, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, the
+  rea&#383;onablene&#383;s of what we el&#383;ewhere had occa&#383;ion to
+  mention, when we have divers times told you, that it is u&#383;efull to
+  have New Experiments try'd over again, though they were, at fir&#383;t,
+  made by Knowing and Candid Men, &#383;uch Reiterations of Experiments
+  commonly exhibiting &#383;ome New Phænomena, detecting &#383;ome
+  Mi&#383;take or hinting &#383;ome Truth, in reference to them, that was
+  not formerly taken notice of. And &#383;ome of our friends have been
+  pleas'd to <!-- Page 212 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_212"></a>[pg 212]</span> think, that we have made no
+  unu&#383;efull addition to this Experiment, by &#383;hewing a way, how in
+  a moment our Liquor may be depriv'd of its Blewne&#383;s, and
+  re&#383;tor'd to it again by the affu&#383;ion of a very few drops of
+  Liquors, which have neither of them any Colour at all of their own. And
+  that which de&#383;erves &#383;ome particular wonder, is, that the
+  Cæruleous Tincture of our Wood is &#383;ubject by the former Method to be
+  De&#383;troy'd or Re&#383;tor'd, the Yellowi&#383;h or Reddi&#383;h
+  Tincture continuing what it was. And that you may &#383;ee, that Salts
+  are of a con&#383;iderable u&#383;e in the &#383;triking of Colours, let
+  me add to the many Experiments which may be afforded us to this
+  purpo&#383;e by the Dyers Trade, this Ob&#383;ervation; That as far as we
+  have hitherto try'd, tho&#383;e Liquors in general that are &#383;trong
+  of Acid Salts have the Power of De&#383;troying the Blewne&#383;s of the
+  Infu&#383;ion of our Wood, and tho&#383;e Liquors indi&#383;criminatly
+  that abound with Sulphureous Salts, (under which I comprehend the Urinous
+  and Volatile Salts of Animal Sub&#383;tances, and the Alcali&#383;ate or
+  fixed Salts that are made by Incineration) have the vertue of
+  Re&#383;toring it.</p>
+
+<!-- Page 213 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213"></a>[pg 213]</span>
+
+  <p><i>A Corollary of the Tenth Experiment.</i></p>
+
+  <p>That this Experiment, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, may be as well U&#383;efull
+  as Delightfull to You, I mu&#383;t mind You, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that in
+  the newly mention'd Ob&#383;ervation, I have hinted to You a New and
+  Ea&#383;ie way of Di&#383;covering in many Liquors (for I dare not
+  &#383;ay in all) whether it be an Acid or Sulphureous Salt, that is
+  Predominant; and that &#383;uch a Di&#383;covery is oftentimes of great
+  Difficulty, and may frequently be of great U&#383;e, he that is not a
+  Stranger to the various Properties and Effects of Salts, and of how great
+  moment it is to be able to di&#383;tingui&#383;h their Tribes, may
+  readily conceive. But to proceed to the way of trying other Liquors by an
+  Infu&#383;ion of our Wood, take it briefly thus. Suppo&#383;e I have a
+  mind to try whether I conjecture aright, when I imagine that Allom,
+  though it be plainly a Mixt Body, does abound rather with Acid than
+  Sulphureous Salt. To &#383;atisfie my &#383;elf herein, I turn my back to
+  the Light, and holding a &#383;mall Vial full of the Tincture of
+  <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>, which look'd upon in that Po&#383;ition,
+  appears Cæruleous, I drop into it a little of a &#383;trong Solution of
+  Allom made in Fair Water, and finding upon the <!-- Page 214 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214"></a>[pg 214]</span> Affu&#383;ion and
+  &#383;haking of this New liquor, that the Blewne&#383;s formerly
+  con&#383;picuous in our Tincture does pre&#383;ently vani&#383;h, I am
+  thereby incited to &#383;uppo&#383;e, that the Salt Prædominant in Allom
+  belongs to the Family of Sour Salts; but if on the other &#383;ide I have
+  a mind to examine whether or no I rightly conceive that Salt of Urine, or
+  of Harts-horn is rather of a Saline Sulphureous (if I may &#383;o
+  &#383;peak) than of an Acid Nature, I drop a little of the Saline Spirit
+  of either into the Nephritick Tincture, and finding that the Cæruleous
+  Colour is rather thereby Deepned than De&#383;troy'd, I collect that the
+  Salts, which con&#383;titute the&#383;e Spirits, are rather Sulphureous
+  than Acid. And to &#383;atisfie my &#383;elf yet farther in this
+  particular, I take a &#383;mall Vial of fre&#383;h Tincture, and placing
+  both it and my &#383;elf in reference to the Light as formerly, I drop
+  into the Infu&#383;ion ju&#383;t as much Di&#383;till'd Vinegar, or other
+  Acid liquor as will &#383;erve to Deprive it of its Blewne&#383;s (which
+  a few drops, if the Sour Liquor be &#383;trong, and the Vial &#383;mall
+  will &#383;uffice to do) then without changing my Po&#383;ture, I drop
+  and &#383;hake into the &#383;ame Vial a &#383;mall proportion of Spirit
+  of Hart&#383;horn or Urine, and finding that upon this affu&#383;ion, the
+  Tincture immediately recovers its Cæruleous Colour, I am thereby
+  confirm'd <!-- Page 215 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_215"></a>[pg 215]</span> firm'd in my former Opinion, of the
+  Sulphureous Nature of the&#383;e Salts. And &#383;o, whereas it is much
+  doubted by Some Modern Chymi&#383;ts to what &#383;ort of Salt, that
+  which is Prædominant in Quick-lime belongs, we have been per&#383;waded
+  to referr it rather to Lixiviate than Acid Salts, by having
+  ob&#383;erv'd, that though an Evaporated Infu&#383;ion of it will
+  &#383;carce yield &#383;uch a Salt, as A&#383;hes and other Alcalizate
+  Bodyes are wont to do, yet if we deprive our Nephritick Tincture of its
+  Blewne&#383;s by ju&#383;t &#383;o much Di&#383;till'd Vinegar as is
+  requi&#383;ite to make that Colour Vani&#383;h, the <i>Lixivium</i> of
+  Quick-lime will immediately upon its Affu&#383;ion recall the
+  Bani&#383;hed Colour; but not &#383;o Powerfully as either of the
+  Sulphureous Liquors formerly mention'd. And therefore I allow my
+  &#383;elf to gue&#383;s at the <i>Strength</i> of the Liquors examin'd by
+  this Experiment, by the <i>Quantity</i> of them which is &#383;ufficient
+  to De&#383;troy or Re&#383;tore the Cæruleous Colour of our Tincture. But
+  whether concerning Liquors, wherein neither Acid nor Alcali&#383;ate
+  Salts are Eminently Prædominant, our Tincture will enable us to
+  conjecture any thing more than that &#383;uch Salts are not Prædominant
+  in them, I take not upon me to determine here, but leave to further
+  Tryal; For I find not that Spirit of <!-- Page 216 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216"></a>[pg 216]</span> Wine, Spirit of
+  Tartar freed from Acidity, or Chymical Oyl of Turpentine, (although
+  Liquors which mu&#383;t be conceiv'd very Saline, if Chymi&#383;ts have,
+  which is here no place to Di&#383;pute, rightly a&#383;crib'd ta&#383;ts
+  to the Saline Principle of Bodyes,) have any Remarkable Power either to
+  deprive our Tincture of its Cæruleous Colour, or re&#383;tore it, when
+  upon the Affu&#383;ion of Spirit of Vinegar it has di&#383;appear'd.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XI.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>And here I mu&#383;t not omit, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, to inform You, that
+  we can &#383;hew You even in a Mineral Body &#383;omething that may
+  &#383;eem very near of Kin to the Changeable Quality of the Tincture of
+  <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>, for we have &#383;everal flat pieces of
+  Gla&#383;s, of the thickne&#383;s of ordinary Panes for Windows one of
+  which being interpo&#383;ed betwixt the Eye and a clear Light, appears of
+  a Golden Colour, not much unlike that of the moderate Tincture of our
+  Wood, but being &#383;o look'd upon as that the Beams of light are not
+  &#383;o much Trajected thorough it as Reflected from it to the Eye, that
+  Yellow &#383;eems to degenerate into a pale Blew, &#383;omewhat like that
+  of a Turquoi&#383;e. And what which may al&#383;o appear &#383;trange, is
+  this, <!-- Page 217 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217"></a>[pg
+  217]</span> that if in a certain po&#383;ture you hold one of the&#383;e
+  Plates Perpendicular to the Horizon, &#383;o that the Sun-beams
+  &#383;hine upon half of it, the other half being Shaded, You may &#383;ee
+  that the part Shin'd upon will be of a much Diluter Yellow than the
+  Shaded part which will appear much more Richly Colour'd; and if You alter
+  the Po&#383;ture of the Gla&#383;s, &#383;o that it be not held
+  Perpendicular, but Parallel in reference to the Horizon, You may
+  &#383;ee, (which perhaps you will admire) the Shaded part look of a
+  Golden Colour, but the other that the Sun &#383;hines freely on, will
+  appear con&#383;iderably Blew, and as you remove any part of the
+  Gla&#383;s thus held Horizontally into the Sun-beams or Shade, it will in
+  the twinkling of an Eye &#383;eem to pa&#383;s from one of the above
+  mention'd Colours to the other, the Sun-beams Trajected through it upon a
+  &#383;heet of White Paper held near it, do colour it with a Yellow,
+  &#383;omewhat bordering upon a Red, but yet the Gla&#383;s may be &#383;o
+  oppos'd to the Sun, that it may upon Paper project a mix'd Colour here
+  and there more inclin'd to Yellow, and here and there more to Blew. The
+  other Phænomena of this odd Gla&#383;s, I fear it would be &#383;carce
+  worth while to Record, and therefore I &#383;hall rather adverti&#383;e
+  You, <i>Fir&#383;t</i> that in the trying of the&#383;e Experiments <!--
+  Page 218 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218"></a>[pg 218]</span>
+  with it, you mu&#383;t take notice that one of the &#383;ides has either
+  alone, or at lea&#383;t principally its Superficial parts di&#383;pos'd
+  to the Reflection of the Blew Colour above nam'd, and that therefore you
+  mu&#383;t have a care to keep that &#383;ide neare&#383;t to the Eye. And
+  next, that we have our &#383;elves made Gla&#383;&#383;es not unfit to
+  exhibit an Experiment not unlike that I have been &#383;peaking of, by
+  laying upon pieces of Gla&#383;s &#383;ome very finely foliated Silver,
+  and giving it by degrees a much &#383;tronger Fire than is requi&#383;ite
+  or u&#383;ual for the Tinging of Gla&#383;&#383;es of other Colours. And
+  this Experiment, not to mention that it was made without a Furnace in
+  which Artificers that Paint Gla&#383;s are wont to be very Curious, is
+  the more con&#383;iderable, becau&#383;e, that though a Skilfull Painter
+  could not deny to me that 'twas with Silver he Colour'd his
+  Gla&#383;&#383;es Yellow; yet he told me, that when to Burn them (as they
+  &#383;peak) he layes on the plates of Gla&#383;s nothing but a
+  <i>Calx</i> of Silver Calcin'd without Corro&#383;ive Liquors, and
+  Temper'd with Fair Water, the Plates are Ting'd of a fine Yellow that
+  looks of a Golden Colour, which part &#383;oever of it you turn to or
+  from the Light; whereas (whether it be what an Artificer would call
+  Over-doing, or Burning, or el&#383;e the imploying the Silver <!-- Page
+  219 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219"></a>[pg 219]</span> Crude
+  that makes the Difference,) we have found more than once, that &#383;ome
+  Pieces of Gla&#383;s prepar'd as we have related, though held
+  again&#383;t the Light they appear'd of a Tran&#383;parent Yellow, yet
+  look'd on with ones back turn'd to the Light they exhibited an
+  Untran&#383;parent Blew.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XII.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>If you will allow me, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, for the avoiding of
+  Ambiguity, to imploy the Word Pigments, to &#383;ignifie &#383;uch
+  prepared materials (as Cochinele, Vermilion, Orpiment,) as Painters,
+  Dyers and other Artificers make u&#383;e of to impart or imitate
+  particular Colours, I &#383;hall be the better under&#383;tood in divers
+  pa&#383;&#383;ages of the following papers, and particularly when I tell
+  you, That the mixing of Pigments being no incon&#383;iderable part of the
+  Painters Art, it may &#383;eem an Incroachment in me to meddle with it.
+  But I think I may ea&#383;ily be excus'd (though I do not altogether
+  pa&#383;s it by) if I re&#383;train my &#383;elf to the making of a
+  Tran&#383;ient mention of &#383;ome few of their Practices about this
+  matter; and that only &#383;o far forth, as may warrant me to
+  ob&#383;erve to you, that there are but few Simple and Primary Colours
+  (if I may &#383;o call them) <!-- Page 220 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_220"></a>[pg 220]</span> from who&#383;e Various
+  Compo&#383;itions all the re&#383;t do as it were Re&#383;ult. For though
+  Painters can imitate the Hues (though not always the Splendor) of
+  tho&#383;e almo&#383;t Numberle&#383;s differing Colours that are to be
+  met with in the Works of Nature, and of Art, I have not yet found, that
+  to exhibit this &#383;trange Variety they need imploy any more than
+  <i>White</i>, and <i>Black</i>, and <i>Red</i>, and <i>Blew</i>, and
+  <i>Yellow</i>; the&#383;e <i>five</i>, Variou&#383;ly <i>Compounded</i>,
+  and (if I may &#383;o &#383;peak) <i>Decompounded</i>, being
+  &#383;ufficient to exhibit a Variety and Number of Colours, &#383;uch, as
+  tho&#383;e that are altogether Strangers to the Painters Pallets, can
+  hardly imagine.</p>
+
+  <p>Thus (for In&#383;tance) Black and White differingly mix'd, make a
+  Va&#383;t company of Lighter and Darker Grays.</p>
+
+  <p>Blew and Yellow make a huge Variety of Greens.</p>
+
+  <p>Red and Yellow make Orange Tawny.</p>
+
+  <p>Red with a little White makes a Carnation.</p>
+
+  <p>Red with an Eye of Blew, makes a Purple; and by the&#383;e &#383;imple
+  Compo&#383;itions again Compounded among them&#383;elves, the Skilfull
+  Painter can produce what kind of Colour he plea&#383;es, and a great many
+  more than we have yet Names for. But, as I intimated above, 'tis not my
+  De&#383;ign <!-- Page 221 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_221"></a>[pg 221]</span> to pro&#383;ecute this Subject,
+  though I thought it not unfit to take &#383;ome Notice of it,
+  becau&#383;e we may hereafter have occa&#383;ion to make u&#383;e of what
+  has been now deliver'd, to illu&#383;trate the Generation of Intermediate
+  Colours; concerning which we mu&#383;t yet &#383;ubjoyn this Caution,
+  that to make the Rules about the Emergency of Colours, fit to be Relied
+  upon, the Corpu&#383;cles whereof the Pigments con&#383;i&#383;t
+  mu&#383;t be &#383;uch as do not De&#383;troy one anothers Texture, for
+  in ca&#383;e they do, the produced Colour may be very Different from that
+  which would Re&#383;ult from the Mixture of other harmle&#383;s Pigments
+  of the &#383;ame Colours, as I &#383;hall have Occa&#383;ion to &#383;hew
+  ere long.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XIII.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>It may al&#383;o give much light to an Enquirer into the Nature of
+  Colours, to know that not only in Green, but in many (if not all) other
+  Colours, the Light of the Sun pa&#383;&#383;ing through Diaphanous Bodies
+  of differing Hues may be tinged of the &#383;ame Compound Colour, as if
+  it came from &#383;ome Painters Colours of the &#383;ame Denomination,
+  though this later be exhibited by Reflection, and be (as the <!-- Page
+  222 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222"></a>[pg 222]</span>
+  former Experiment declares) manife&#383;tly Compounded of material
+  Pigments. Wherefore to try the Compo&#383;ition of Colours by Trajection,
+  we provided &#383;everal Plates of Tinged Gla&#383;s, which being laid
+  two at a time one on the top of another, the Object look'd upon through
+  them both, appear'd of a Compounded Colour, which agrees well with what
+  we have ob&#383;erv'd in the &#383;econd Experiment, of Looking
+  again&#383;t the Light through differingly Colour'd Papers. But we
+  thought the Experiment would be more Satisfactory, if we procur'd the
+  Sun-beams to be &#383;o Ting'd in their pa&#383;&#383;age through Plates
+  of Gla&#383;s, as to exhibit the Compounded Colour upon a Sheet of White
+  Paper. And though by rea&#383;on of the Thickne&#383;s of the
+  Gla&#383;&#383;es, the Effect was but Faint, even when the Sun was High
+  and Shin'd forth clear, yet, we ea&#383;ily remedied that by Contracting
+  the Beams we ca&#383;t on them by means of a Convex Burning-gla&#383;s,
+  which where it made the Beams much converge Increas'd the Light enough to
+  make the Compounded Colour very manife&#383;t upon the Paper. By this
+  means we ob&#383;erv'd, that the Beams trajected through Blew and Yellow
+  compos'd a Green, that an inten&#383;e and moderate Red did with Yellow
+  make differing <!-- Page 223 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_223"></a>[pg 223]</span> degrees of Saffron, and Orange Tawny
+  Colours, that Green and Blew made a Colour partaking of both, &#383;uch
+  as that which &#383;ome Latin Writers call <i>Pavonaceus</i>, that Red
+  and Blew made a Purple, to which we might add other Colours, that we
+  produc'd by the Combinations of Gla&#383;&#383;es differingly Ting'd, but
+  that I want proper Words to expre&#383;s them in our Language, and had
+  not when we made the Tryals, the Opportunity of con&#383;ulting with a
+  Painter, who perchance might have Suppli'd me with &#383;ome of the terms
+  I wanted.</p>
+
+  <p>I know not whether it will be requi&#383;ite to &#383;ubjoyn on this
+  Occa&#383;ion, what I tried concerning Reflections from Colour'd
+  Gla&#383;&#383;es, and other Tran&#383;parent Bodies, namely, that having
+  expos'd four or five &#383;orts of them to the Sun, and ca&#383;t the
+  Reflected Beams upon White Paper held near at hand, the Light appear'd
+  not manife&#383;tly Ting'd, but as if it had been Reflected from the
+  Impervious parts of a Colourle&#383;s Gla&#383;s, only that Reflected
+  from the Yellow was here and there &#383;tain'd with the &#383;ame
+  Colour, as if tho&#383;e Beams were not all Reflected from the
+  Superficial, but &#383;ome from the Internal parts of the Gla&#383;s;
+  upon which Occa&#383;ion you may take notice, that a Skilfull
+  Trade&#383;man, who makes &#383;uch Colour'd <!-- Page 224 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224"></a>[pg 224]</span> Gla&#383;s told
+  me, that where as the Red Pigment was but Superficial, the Yellow
+  penetrated to the very mid&#383;t of the Plate. But for further
+  Satisfaction, not having the Opportunity to Foliate tho&#383;e Plates,
+  and &#383;o turn them into Looking-gla&#383;&#383;es, we Foliated a Plate
+  of <i>Mu&#383;covy</i> Gla&#383;s, and then laying on it a little
+  Tran&#383;parent Varni&#383;h of a Gold Colour, we expos'd it to the
+  Sun-beams, &#383;o as to ca&#383;t them upon a Body fit to receive them,
+  on which the Reflected Light, appearing, as we expected, Yellow,
+  manife&#383;ted that Rebounding from the Specular part of the
+  <i>Selenitis</i>, it was Ting'd in its return with the Colour of the
+  Tran&#383;parent Varni&#383;h through which it pa&#383;s'd.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XIV.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>After what we have &#383;aid of the Compo&#383;ition of Colours, it
+  will now be &#383;ea&#383;onable to annex &#383;ome Experiments that we
+  made in favour of tho&#383;e Colours, that are taught in the Schools not
+  to be Real, but only Apparent and Phanta&#383;tical; For we found by
+  Tryals, that the&#383;e Colours might be Compounded, both with True and
+  Stable Colours, and with one another, as well as unque&#383;tionably
+  Genuine and La&#383;ting Colours, and that the Colours <!-- Page 225
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225"></a>[pg 225]</span>
+  re&#383;ulting from &#383;uch Compo&#383;itions, would re&#383;pectively
+  de&#383;erve the &#383;ame Denominations.</p>
+
+  <p>For fir&#383;t, having by the Trajection of the Sun-beams through a
+  Gla&#383;s-pri&#383;m thrown an Iris on the Floor, I found that by
+  placing a Blew Gla&#383;s at a convenient di&#383;tance betwixt the
+  Pri&#383;m and the Iris, that part of the Iris that was before Yellow,
+  might be made to appear Green, though not of a Gra&#383;s Green, but of
+  one more Dilute and Yellowi&#383;h. And it &#383;eems not improbable,
+  that the narrow Greeni&#383;h Li&#383;t (if I may &#383;o call it) that
+  is wont to be &#383;een between the Yellow and Blew parts of the Iris, is
+  made by the Confu&#383;ion of tho&#383;e two Bordering Colours.</p>
+
+  <p>Next, I found, that though the want of a &#383;ufficient
+  Liveline&#383;s in either of the Compounding Colours, or a light Error in
+  the manner of making the following Tryals, was enough to render &#383;ome
+  of them Un&#383;ucce&#383;sfull, yet when all nece&#383;&#383;ary
+  Circum&#383;tances were duely ob&#383;erv'd, the Event was
+  an&#383;werable to our Expectation and De&#383;ire.</p>
+
+  <p>And (as I formerly Noted) that Red and Blew compound a Purple, &#383;o
+  I could produce this la&#383;t nam'd Colour, by ca&#383;ting at &#383;ome
+  Di&#383;tance from the Gla&#383;s the Blew <!-- Page 226 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226"></a>[pg 226]</span> part of the
+  Pri&#383;matical Iris (as I think it may be call'd for Di&#383;tinction
+  &#383;ake) upon a Lively Red, (for el&#383;e the Experiment &#383;ucceeds
+  not &#383;o well.) And I remember, that &#383;ometimes when I try'd this
+  upon a piece of Red Cloath, <i>that</i> part of the Iris which would have
+  been Blew, (as I try'd by covering that part of the Cloath with a piece
+  of White Paper) and Compounded with the Red, wherewith the Cloath was
+  Imbued before, appear'd of a fair Purple, did, when I came to View it
+  near at hand, look very Odly, as if there were &#383;ome &#383;trange
+  Reflection or Refraction or both made in the Hairs of which that Cloath
+  was compo&#383;ed.</p>
+
+  <p>Calling likewi&#383;e the Pri&#383;matical Iris upon a very Vivid
+  Blew, I found that part of it, which would el&#383;e have been the
+  Yellow, appear Green. (Another &#383;omewhat differing Tryal, and yet fit
+  to confirm this, you will find in the fifteenth Experiment.)</p>
+
+  <p>But it may &#383;eem &#383;omewhat more &#383;trange, that though the
+  Pri&#383;matical Iris being made by the Refraction of Light through a
+  Body that has no Colour at all, mu&#383;t according to the Doctrine of
+  the Schools con&#383;i&#383;t of as purely Emphatical Colours, as may be,
+  yet even the&#383;e may be Compounded with one another, as well as Real
+  Colours in <!-- Page 227 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_227"></a>[pg 227]</span> the Gro&#383;&#383;e&#383;t Pigments.
+  For I took at once two Triangular Gla&#383;&#383;es, and one of them
+  being kept fixt in the &#383;ame Po&#383;ture, that the Iris it projected
+  on the Floor might not Waver, I ca&#383;t on the &#383;ame Floor another
+  Iris with the other Pri&#383;m, and Moving it too and fro to bring what
+  part of the &#383;econd Iris I pleas'd, to fall upon what part of the
+  fir&#383;t I thought fit, we did &#383;ometimes (for a &#383;mall Errour
+  &#383;uffices to hinder the Succe&#383;s) obtain by this means a Green
+  Colour in that part of the more Stable Iris, that before was Yellow, or
+  Blew, and frequently by ca&#383;ting tho&#383;e Beams that in one of the
+  Iris's made the Blew upon the Red parts of the other Iris, we were able
+  to produce a lovely Purple, which we can De&#383;troy or Recompo&#383;e
+  at plea&#383;ure, by Severing and Reapproaching the Edges of the two
+  Iris's.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XV.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>On this occa&#383;ion, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, I &#383;hall add, that
+  finding the Gla&#383;s-pri&#383;m to be the u&#383;efulle&#383;t
+  In&#383;trument Men have yet imploy'd about the Contemplation of Colours,
+  and con&#383;idering that Pri&#383;ms hitherto in u&#383;e are made of
+  Gla&#383;s, Tran&#383;parent and Colourle&#383;s, I thought it would not
+  be ami&#383;s to try, <!-- Page 228 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_228"></a>[pg 228]</span> what change the Superinduction of a
+  Colour, without the De&#383;truction of the Diaphaneity, would produce in
+  the Colours exhibited by the Pri&#383;m. But being unable to procure one
+  to be made of Colour'd Gla&#383;s, and fearing al&#383;o that if it were
+  not carefully made, the Thickne&#383;s of it would render it too Opacous,
+  I endeavoured to &#383;ub&#383;titute one made of Clarify'd Ro&#383;in,
+  or of Turpentine brought (as I el&#383;ewhere teach) to the
+  con&#383;i&#383;tence of a Tran&#383;parent Gum. But though the&#383;e
+  Endeavours were not wholly lo&#383;t, yet we found it &#383;o difficult
+  to give the&#383;e Materials their true Shape, that we cho&#383;e rather
+  to Varni&#383;h over an ordinary Pri&#383;m with &#383;ome of the&#383;e
+  few Pigments that are to be had Tran&#383;parent; as accordingly we did
+  fir&#383;t with Yellow, and then with Red, or rather Crim&#383;on, made
+  with Lake temper'd with a convenient Oyl, and the Event was, That for
+  want of good Tran&#383;parent Colours, (of which you know there are but
+  very few) both the Yellow and the Red made the Gla&#383;s &#383;o
+  Opacous, (though the Pigment were laid on but upon two Sides of the
+  Gla&#383;s, no more being ab&#383;olutely nece&#383;&#383;ary) that
+  unle&#383;s I look'd upon an Inlightned Window, or the Flame of a Candle,
+  or &#383;ome other Luminous or very Vivid object, <!-- Page 229 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229"></a>[pg 229]</span> I could
+  &#383;carce di&#383;cern any Colours at all, e&#383;pecially when the
+  Gla&#383;s was cover'd with Red. But when I did look on &#383;uch
+  Objects, it appear'd (as I expected) that the Colour of the Pigment had
+  Vitiated or Drown'd &#383;ome of tho&#383;e which the Pri&#383;m would
+  according to its wont have exhibited, and mingling with others, Alter'd
+  them: as I remember, that both to my Eyes, and others to whom I
+  &#383;how'd it, when the Pri&#383;m was cover'd with Yellow, it made
+  tho&#383;e Parts of bright Objects, where the Blew would el&#383;e have
+  been Con&#383;picuous, appear of a light Green. But, <i>Pyrophilus</i>,
+  both the Nature of the Colours, and the Degree of Tran&#383;parency, or
+  of Darkne&#383;s in the Pigment, be&#383;ides divers other
+  Circum&#383;tances, did &#383;o vary the <i>Phænomena</i> of the&#383;e
+  Tryals, that till I can procure &#383;mall Colour'd Pri&#383;ms, or
+  Hollow ones that may be filled with Tincted Liquor, or obtain Some better
+  Pigments than tho&#383;e I was reduc'd to imploy, I &#383;hall forbear to
+  Build any thing upon what has been delivered, and &#383;hall make no
+  other u&#383;e of it, than to invite you to pro&#383;ecute the Inquiry
+  further.</p>
+
+<!-- Page 230 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230"></a>[pg 230]</span>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XVI.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>And here, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, &#383;ince we are treating of Emphatical
+  Colours, we &#383;hall add what we think not unworthy your
+  Ob&#383;ervation, and not unfit to afford &#383;ome Exerci&#383;e to the
+  Speculative. For there are &#383;ome Liquors, which though
+  Colourle&#383;s them&#383;elves, when they come to be Elevated, and
+  Di&#383;pers'd into Exhalations, exhibit a con&#383;picuous Colour, which
+  they lo&#383;e again, when they come to be Reconjoyn'd into a Liquor, as
+  good Spirit of <i>Nitre</i>; or upon its account &#383;trong
+  <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, though devoid of all appearance of Redne&#383;s
+  whil&#383;t they continue in the form of a Liquor, if a little Heat
+  chance to turn the Minute parts of them into Vapour, the Steam will
+  appear of a Reddi&#383;h or deep Yellow Colour, which will Vani&#383;h
+  when tho&#383;e Exhalations come to re&#383;ume the form of Liquor.</p>
+
+  <p>And not only if you look upon a Gla&#383;s half full of
+  <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, or Spirit of <i>Nitre</i>, and half full of
+  <i>Nitrous</i> &#383;teams proceeding from it, you will &#383;ee the
+  Upper part of the Gla&#383;s of the Colour fre&#383;hly mention'd, if
+  through it you look upon the Light. But which is much more
+  con&#383;iderable, I <!-- Page 231 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_231"></a>[pg 231]</span> have tried, that putting
+  <i>Aqua-fortis</i> in a long clear Gla&#383;s, and adding a little Copper
+  or &#383;ome &#383;uch open Metall to it, to excite Heat and Fumes, the
+  Light trajected through tho&#383;e Fumes, and ca&#383;t upon a &#383;heet
+  of White Paper, did upon that appear of the Colour that the Fumes did,
+  when directly Look'd upon, as if the Light were as well Ting'd in its
+  pa&#383;&#383;age through the&#383;e Fumes, as it would have been by
+  pa&#383;&#383;ing through &#383;ome Gla&#383;s or Liquor in which the
+  &#383;ame Colour was Inherent.</p>
+
+  <p>To which I &#383;hall further add, that having &#383;ometimes had the
+  Curio&#383;ity to ob&#383;erve whether the Beams of the Sun near the
+  Horizon trajected through a very Red Sky, would not (though &#383;uch
+  redne&#383;&#383;es are taken to be but Emphatical Colours) exhibit the
+  like Colour, I found that the Beams falling within a Room upon a very
+  White Object, plac'd directly oppo&#383;ite to the Sun, di&#383;clos'd a
+  manife&#383;t Redne&#383;s, as if they had pa&#383;s'd through a Colour'd
+  <i>Medium</i>.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XVII.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>The emergency, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, of Colours upon the Coalition of the
+  Particles of &#383;uch Bodies as were neither of them of the Colour of
+  that Mixture whereof they are the <!-- Page 232 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232"></a>[pg 232]</span> Ingredients, is
+  very well worth our attentive Ob&#383;ervation, as being of good u&#383;e
+  both Speculative and Practical; For much of the Mechanical u&#383;e of
+  Colours among Painters and Dyers, doth depend upon the Knowledge of what
+  Colours may be produc'd by the Mixtures of Pigments &#383;o and &#383;o
+  Colour'd. And (as we lately intimated) 'tis of advantage to the
+  contemplative Naturali&#383;t, to know how many and which Colours are
+  Primitive (if I may &#383;o call them) and Simple, becau&#383;e it both
+  ea&#383;es his Labour by confining his mo&#383;t &#383;ollicitous Enquiry
+  to a &#383;mall Number of Colours upon which the re&#383;t depend, and
+  a&#383;&#383;i&#383;ts him to judge of the nature of particular
+  compounded Colours, by &#383;hewing him from the Mixture of what more
+  Simple ones, and of what Proportions of them to one another, the
+  particular Colour to be con&#383;ider'd does re&#383;ult. But
+  becau&#383;e to in&#383;i&#383;t on the Proportions, the Manner and the
+  Effects of &#383;uch Mixtures would oblige me to con&#383;ider a greater
+  part of the Painters Art and Dyers Trade, than I am well acquainted with,
+  I confin'd my &#383;elf to make Trial of <i>&#383;everal ways to produce
+  Green</i>, by the compo&#383;ition of Blew and Yellow. And &#383;hall in
+  this place both Recapitulate mo&#383;t of the things I have
+  Di&#383;per&#383;edly deliver'd <!-- Page 233 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_233"></a>[pg 233]</span> already concerning that Subject, and
+  Recruit them.</p>
+
+  <p>And fir&#383;t, whereas Painters (as I noted above) are wont to make
+  Green by tempering Blew and Yellow, both of them made into a &#383;oft
+  Con&#383;i&#383;tence, with either Water or Oyl, or &#383;ome Liquor of
+  Kin to one of tho&#383;e two, according as the Picture is to be Drawn
+  with tho&#383;e they call <i>water Colours</i>, or tho&#383;e they term
+  <i>Oyl Colours</i>, I found that by choo&#383;ing fit Ingredients, and
+  mixing them in the form of Dry Powders, I could do, what I could not if
+  the Ingredients were temper'd up with a Liquor; But the Blew and Yellow
+  Powders mu&#383;t not only be finely Ground, but &#383;uch as that the
+  Corpu&#383;cles of the one may not be too unequal to tho&#383;e of the
+  other, le&#383;t by their Di&#383;proportionate Minutene&#383;s the
+  Smaller cover and hide the Greater. We us'd with good &#383;ucce&#383;s a
+  &#383;light Mixture of the fine Powder of Bi&#383;e, with that of
+  Orpiment, or that of good Yellow Oker, I &#383;ay a <i>&#383;light</i>
+  Mixture, becau&#383;e we found that an <i>exqui&#383;ite</i> Mixture did
+  not do &#383;o well, but by lightly mingling the two Pigments in
+  &#383;everal little Parcels, tho&#383;e of them in which the Proportion
+  and Manner of Mixture was more Lucky, afforded us a good Green.</p>
+
+<!-- Page 234 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234"></a>[pg 234]</span>
+
+  <p>2. We al&#383;o learn'd in the Dye-hou&#383;es, that Cloth being Dy'd
+  Blew with Woad, is afterwards by the Yellow Decoction of <i>Luteola</i>
+  or <!-- Erratum: insert --> Woud-wax or Wood-wax Dy'd into a Green
+  Colour.</p>
+
+  <p>3. You may al&#383;o remember what we above Related, where we
+  intimated, that having in a Darkn'd Room taken two Bodies, a Blew and a
+  Yellow, and ca&#383;t the Light Reflected from the one upon the other, we
+  likewi&#383;e obtain'd a Green.</p>
+
+  <p>4. And you may remember, that we ob&#383;erv'd a Green to be produc'd,
+  when in the &#383;ame Darkn'd Room we look'd at the Hole at which alone
+  the Light enter'd, through the Green and Yellow parts of a &#383;heet of
+  Marbl'd Paper laid over one another.</p>
+
+  <p>5. We found too, that the Beams of the Sun being trajected through two
+  pieces of Gla&#383;s, the one Blew and the other Yellow, laid over one
+  another, did upon a &#383;heet of White paper on which they were made to
+  fall, exhibit a lovely Green.</p>
+
+  <p>6. I hope al&#383;o, that you have not already forgot, what was
+  &#383;o lately deliver'd, concerning the compo&#383;ition of a Green,
+  with a Blew and Yellow; of which mo&#383;t Authors would call the one a
+  <i>Real</i>, and the other an <i>Emphatical</i>.</p>
+
+<!-- Page 235 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235"></a>[pg 235]</span>
+
+  <p>7. And I pre&#383;ume, you may have yet fre&#383;h in your memory,
+  what the fourteenth Experiment informs you, concerning the exhibiting of
+  a Green, by the help of a Blew and Yellow, that were both of them
+  Emphatical.</p>
+
+  <p>8. Wherefore we will proceed to take notice, that we al&#383;o devis'd
+  a way of trying whether or no Metalline Solutions though one of them at
+  lea&#383;t had its Colour Adventitious, by the mixture of the
+  <i>Menstruum</i> employ'd to di&#383;&#383;olve it, might not be made to
+  compound a Green after the manner of other Bodies. And though this
+  &#383;eem'd not ea&#383;ie to be perform'd by rea&#383;on of the
+  Difficulty of finding Metalline Solutions of the Colour requi&#383;ite,
+  that would mix without Præcipitating each other; yet after a while having
+  con&#383;ider'd the matter, the fir&#383;t Tryal afforded me the
+  following Experiment. I took a High Yellow Solution of good Gold in
+  <i>Aqua-Regis</i>, (made of <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, and as I remember half
+  its weight of Spirit of Salt) To this I put a due Proportion of a deep
+  and lovely Blew Solution of Crude Copper, (which I have el&#383;ewhere
+  taught to be readily Di&#383;&#383;oluble in &#383;trong Spirit of Urine)
+  and the&#383;e two Liquors though at fir&#383;t they &#383;eem'd a little
+  to Curdle one another, yet being throughly mingl'd by Shaking, <!-- Page
+  236 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236"></a>[pg 236]</span> they
+  pre&#383;ently, as had been Conjectur'd, united into a Tran&#383;parent
+  Green Liquor, which continu'd &#383;o for divers days that I kept it in a
+  &#383;mall Gla&#383;s wherein 'twas made, only letting fall a little
+  Blacki&#383;h Powder to the Bottom. The other <i>Phænomena</i> of this
+  Experiment belong not to this place, where it may &#383;uffice to take
+  notice of the Production of a Green, and that the Experiment was more
+  than once repeated with Succe&#383;s.</p>
+
+  <p>9. And la&#383;tly, to try whether this way of compounding Colours
+  would hold ev'n in Ingredients actually melted by the Violence of the
+  Fire, provided their Texture were capable of &#383;afely induring
+  Fu&#383;ion, we caus'd &#383;ome Blew and Yellow Ammel to be long and
+  well wrought together in the Flame of a Lamp, which being Strongly and
+  Ince&#383;&#383;antly blown on them kept them in &#383;ome degree of
+  Fu&#383;ion, and at length (for the Experiment requires &#383;ome
+  Patience as well as Skil) we obtain'd the expected Ammel of a Green
+  Colour.</p>
+
+  <p>I know not, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, whether it be worth while to acquaint
+  you with the ways that came into my Thoughts, whereby in &#383;ome
+  mea&#383;ure to explicate the fir&#383;t of the mention'd ways of making
+  a Green; for I have &#383;ometimes Conjectur'd, that the mixture <!--
+  Page 237 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237"></a>[pg 237]</span>
+  of the Bi&#383;e and the Orpiment produc'd a Green by &#383;o altering
+  the Superficial A&#383;perity, which each of tho&#383;e Ingredients had
+  apart, that the Light Incident on the mixture was Reflected with
+  differing Shades, as to Quantity, or Order, or both, from tho&#383;e of
+  either of the Ingredients, and &#383;uch as the Light is wont to be
+  Modify'd with, when it Reflects from Gra&#383;s, or Leaves, or &#383;ome
+  of tho&#383;e other Bodies that we are wont to call Green. And
+  &#383;ometimes too I have doubted, whether the produced Green might not
+  be partly at lea&#383;t deriv'd from this, That the Beams that Rebound
+  from the Corpu&#383;cles of the Orpiment, giving one kind of &#383;troak
+  upon the <i>Retina</i>, who&#383;e Perception we call Yellow, and the
+  Beams Reflected from the Corpu&#383;cles of the Bi&#383;e, giving another
+  &#383;troak upon the &#383;ame <i>Retina</i>, like to Objects that are
+  Blew, the Contiguity and Minutene&#383;s of the&#383;e Corpu&#383;cles
+  may make the Appul&#383;e of the Reflected Light fall upon the
+  <i>Retina</i> within &#383;o narrow a Compa&#383;s, that the part they
+  Beat upon being but as it were a Phy&#383;ical point, they may give a
+  Compounded &#383;troak, which may con&#383;equently exhibit a Compounded
+  and new Kind of Sen&#383;ation, as we &#383;ee that two Strings of a
+  Mu&#383;ical In&#383;trument being &#383;truck together, making two <!--
+  Page 238 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238"></a>[pg 238]</span>
+  Noi&#383;es that arrive at the Ear at the &#383;ame time as to
+  Sen&#383;e, yield a Sound differing from either of them, and as it were
+  Compounded of both; In&#383;omuch that if they be Di&#383;cordantly
+  ton'd, though each of them &#383;truck apart would yield a Plea&#383;ing
+  Sound, yet being &#383;truck together they make but a Har&#383;h and
+  trouble&#383;ome Noi&#383;e. But this not being &#383;o fit a place to
+  pro&#383;ecute Speculations, I &#383;hall not in&#383;i&#383;t, neither
+  upon the&#383;e Conjectures nor any others, which the Experiment we have
+  been mentioning may have &#383;ugge&#383;ted to me. And I &#383;hall
+  leave it to you, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, to derive what In&#383;truction you
+  can from comparing together the Various ways whereby a Yellow and a Blew
+  can be made to Compound a Green. That which I now pretend to, being only
+  to &#383;hew that the fir&#383;t of tho&#383;e mention'd ways, (not to
+  take at pre&#383;ent notice of the re&#383;t) does far better agree with
+  our Conjectures about Colours, than either with the Doctrine of the
+  Schools, or with that of the <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i>, both which &#383;eem
+  to be very much Disfavour'd by it.</p>
+
+  <p>For fir&#383;t, &#383;ince in the Mixture of the two mention'd Powders
+  I could by the help of a very excellent <i>Micro&#383;cope</i> (for
+  ordinary ones will &#383;carce &#383;erve the turn) di&#383;cover that
+  which &#383;eem'd to the naked Eye a Green <!-- Page 239 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239"></a>[pg 239]</span> Body, to be but a
+  heap of Di&#383;tinct, though very &#383;mall Grains of Yellow Orpiment
+  and Blew Bi&#383;e confu&#383;edly enough Blended together, it appears
+  that the Colour'd Corpu&#383;cles of either kind did each retain its own
+  Nature and Colour; By which it may be gue&#383;s'd, what meer
+  Tran&#383;po&#383;ition and Juxtapo&#383;ition of Minute and Singly
+  unchang'd Particles of Matter can do to produce a new Colour; For that
+  this Local Motion and new Di&#383;po&#383;ition of the &#383;mall parts
+  of the Orpiment did Intervene is much more manife&#383;t than it is
+  ea&#383;ie to Explicate how they &#383;hould produce this new Green
+  otherwi&#383;e than by the new Manner of their being put together, and
+  con&#383;equently by their new Di&#383;po&#383;ition to Modifie the
+  Incident Light by Reflecting it otherwi&#383;e than they did before they
+  were Mingl'd together.</p>
+
+  <p>Secondly, The Green thus made being (if I may &#383;o &#383;peak)
+  Mechanically produc'd, there is no pretence to derive it from I know not
+  what incomprehen&#383;ible Sub&#383;tantial Form, from which yet many
+  would have us believe that Colours mu&#383;t flow; Nor does this Green,
+  though a Real and Permanent, not a Phanta&#383;tical and Vanid Colour,
+  &#383;eem to be &#383;uch an Inherent Quality as they would have it,
+  &#383;ince not only each part of <!-- Page 240 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240"></a>[pg 240]</span> the Mixture
+  remains unalter'd in Colour, and con&#383;equently of a differing Colour
+  from the Heap they Compo&#383;e, but if the Eye be
+  a&#383;&#383;i&#383;ted by a <i>Micro&#383;cope</i> to di&#383;cern
+  things better and more di&#383;tinctly than before it could, it &#383;ees
+  not a Green Body, but a Heap of Blew and Yellow Corpu&#383;cles.</p>
+
+  <p>And in the third place, I demand what either Sulphur, or Salt, or
+  Mercury has to do in the Production of this Green; For neither the
+  Bi&#383;e nor the Orpiment were indu'd with that Colour before, and the
+  bare Juxtapo&#383;ition of the Corpu&#383;cles of the two Powders that
+  work not upon each other, but might if we had convenient In&#383;truments
+  be &#383;eparated, unalter'd, cannot with any probability be imagin'd
+  either to Increa&#383;e or Dimini&#383;h any of the three
+  Hypo&#383;tatical Principles, (to which of them &#383;oever the
+  <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i> are pleas'd to a&#383;cribe Colours) nor does there
+  here Intervene &#383;o much as Heat to afford them any colour to pretend,
+  that at lea&#383;t there is made an Extraver&#383;ion (as the
+  <i>Helmontians</i> &#383;peak) of the Sulphur or of any of the two other
+  &#383;uppo&#383;ed Principles; But upon this Experiment we have already
+  Reflected enough, if not more than enough for once.</p>
+
+<!-- Page 241 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241"></a>[pg 241]</span>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XVIII.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>But here, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, I mu&#383;t adverti&#383;e you, that 'tis
+  not every Yellow and every Blew that being mingl'd will afford a Green;
+  For in ca&#383;e one of the Ingredients do not Act only as endow'd with
+  &#383;uch a Colour, but as having a power to alter the Texture of the
+  Corpu&#383;cles of the other, &#383;o as to Indi&#383;po&#383;e them to
+  Reflect the Light, as Corpu&#383;cles that exhibit a Blew or a Yellow are
+  wont to Reflect it, the emergent Colour may be not Green, but &#383;uch
+  as the change of Texture in the Corpu&#383;cles of one or both of the
+  Ingredients qualifies them to &#383;hew forth; as for in&#383;tance, if
+  you let fall a few Drops of Syrrup of Violets upon a piece of White
+  Paper, though the Syrrup being &#383;pread will appear Blew, yet mingling
+  with it two or three Drops of the lately mention'd Solution of Gold, I
+  obtain'd not a Green but a Reddi&#383;h mixture, which I expected from
+  the remaining Power of the Acid Salts abounding in the Solution,
+  &#383;uch Salts or Saline Spirits being wont, as we &#383;hall &#383;ee
+  anon, though weakn'd, &#383;o to work upon that Syrrup as to change it
+  into a Red or Reddi&#383;h Colour. And to confirm that for which I allege
+  the former <!-- Page 242 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_242"></a>[pg 242]</span> Experiment, I &#383;hall add this
+  other, that having made a very &#383;trong and high-colour'd Solution of
+  Filings of Copper with Spirit of Urine, though the <i>Men&#383;truum</i>
+  &#383;eem'd Glutted with the Metall, becau&#383;e I put in &#383;o much
+  Filings that many of them remain'd for divers days Undi&#383;&#383;olv'd
+  at the Bottom, yet having put three or four Drops of Syrrup of Violets
+  upon White Paper, I found that the deep Blew Solution proportionably
+  mingl'd with this other Blew Liquor did not make a Blew mixture, but, as
+  I expected, a fair Green, upon the account of the Urinous Salt that was
+  in the <i>Men&#383;truum</i>.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XIX.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>To &#383;hew the <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i>, that Colours may be made to
+  Appear or Vani&#383;h, where there intervenes no Acce&#383;&#383;ion or
+  Change either of the Sulphureous, or the Saline, or the Mercurial
+  principle (as they &#383;peak) of Bodies: I &#383;hall not make u&#383;e
+  of the Iris afforded by the Gla&#383;s-pri&#383;m, nor of the Colours to
+  be &#383;een in a fair Morning in tho&#383;e drops of Dew that do in a
+  convenient manner Reflect and Refract the Beams of Light to the Eye; But
+  I will rather mind them of what they may ob&#383;erve in their <!-- Page
+  243 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243"></a>[pg 243]</span> own
+  Laboratories, namely, that divers, if not all, Chymical
+  E&#383;&#383;ential Oyls, as al&#383;o good Spirit of Wine, being
+  &#383;haken till they have good &#383;tore of Bubbles, tho&#383;e Bubbles
+  will (if attentively con&#383;ider'd) appear adorn'd with various and
+  lovely Colours, which all immediately Vani&#383;h, upon the
+  relap&#383;ing of the Liquor that affords tho&#383;e Bubbles their Skins,
+  into the re&#383;t of the Oyl, or Spirit of Wine, &#383;o that a
+  Colourle&#383;s Liquor may be made in a trice to exhibit variety of
+  Colours, and may lo&#383;e them in a moment without the
+  Acce&#383;&#383;ion or Diminution of any of its Hypo&#383;tatical
+  Principles. And, by the way, 'tis not unworthy our notice, that &#383;ome
+  Bodies, as well Colourle&#383;s, as Colour'd, by being brought to a great
+  Thinne&#383;s of parts, acquire Colours though they had none before, or
+  Colours differing from them they were before endued with: For, not to
+  in&#383;i&#383;t on the Variety of Colours, that Water, made
+  &#383;omewhat Glutinous by Sope, acquires, when 'tis blown into &#383;uch
+  Sphærical Bubbles as Boys are wont to make and play with; Turpentine
+  (though it have a Colour deep enough of its own) may (by being blown into
+  after a certain manner) be brought to afford Bubbles adorn'd with variety
+  of Orient Colours, which though <!-- Page 244 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_244"></a>[pg 244]</span> they Vani&#383;h after &#383;ome
+  while upon the breaking of the Bubbles, yet they would in likelihood
+  always exhibit Colours upon their <i>Superfices</i>, (though not always
+  the &#383;ame in the &#383;ame Parts of them, but Vary'd according to the
+  Incidence of the Sight, and the Po&#383;ition of the Eye) if their
+  Texture were durable enough: For I have &#383;een one that was Skill'd at
+  fa&#383;hioning Gla&#383;&#383;es by the help of a Lamp, blowing
+  &#383;ome of them &#383;o &#383;trongly as to bur&#383;t them, whereupon
+  it was found, that the Tenacity of the Metall was &#383;uch, that before
+  it broke it &#383;uffer'd it &#383;elf to be reduc'd into Films &#383;o
+  extremely thin, that being kept clean they con&#383;tantly &#383;hew'd on
+  their Surfaces (but after the manner newly mention'd) the varying Colours
+  of the Rain-bow, which were exceedingly Vivid, as I had often opportunity
+  to ob&#383;erve in &#383;ome, that I caus'd purpo&#383;ely to be made, to
+  keep by me.</p>
+
+  <p>But le&#383;t it &#383;hould be objected, that the above mentioned
+  In&#383;tances are drawn from Tran&#383;parent Liquors, it may
+  po&#383;&#383;ibly appear, not impertinent to add, what I have
+  &#383;ometimes thought upon, and &#383;everal times tried, when I was
+  con&#383;idering the Opinions of the <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i> about Colours,
+  I took then a Feather of a convenient Bigne&#383;s <!-- Page 245 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245"></a>[pg 245]</span> and Shape, and
+  holding it at a fit di&#383;tance betwixt my Eye and the Sun when he was
+  near the Horizon, me thought there appear'd to me a Variety of little
+  Rain-bows, with differing and very vivid Colours, of which none was
+  con&#383;tantly to be &#383;een in the Feather; the like
+  <i>Phænomenon</i> I have at other times (though not with altogether
+  &#383;o good &#383;ucce&#383;s) produc'd, by interpo&#383;ing at a due
+  di&#383;tance a piece of Black Ribband betwixt the almo&#383;t
+  &#383;etting Sun and my Eye, not to mention the Trials I have made to the
+  &#383;ame purpo&#383;e, with other Bodies.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XX.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>Take good Syrrup of Violets, Imprægnated with the Tincture of the
+  flowers, drop a little of it upon a White Paper (for by that means the
+  Change of Colour will be more con&#383;picuous, and the Experiment may be
+  practis'd in &#383;maller Quantities) and on this Liquor let fall two or
+  three drops of Spirit either of Salt or Vinegar, or almo&#383;t any other
+  eminently Acid Liquor, and upon the Mixture of the&#383;e you &#383;hall
+  find the Syrrup immediatly turn'd Red, and the way of Effecting &#383;uch
+  a Change has not been unknown to divers Per&#383;ons <!-- Page 246
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246"></a>[pg 246]</span> who have
+  produc'd the like, by Spirit of Vitriol, or juice of Limmons, but have
+  Groundle&#383;sly a&#383;crib'd the Effect to &#383;ome Peculiar Quality
+  of tho&#383;e two Liquors, whereas, (as we have already intimated)
+  almo&#383;t any Acid Salt will turn Syrrup of Violets Red. But to improve
+  the Experiment, let me add what has not (that I know of) been hitherto
+  ob&#383;erv'd, and has, when we fir&#383;t &#383;hew'd it them, appear'd
+  &#383;omething &#383;trange, even to tho&#383;e that have been
+  inqui&#383;itive into the Nature of Colours; namely, that if in&#383;tead
+  of Spirit of Salt, or that of Vinegar, you drop upon the Syrrup of
+  Violets a little Oyl of Tartar <i>per Deliquium</i>, or the like quantity
+  of Solution of Pota&#383;hes, and rubb them together with your finger,
+  you &#383;hall find the Blew Colour of the Syrrup turn'd in a moment into
+  a perfect Green, and the like may be perform'd by divers other Liquors,
+  as we may have occa&#383;ion el&#383;ewhere to Inform you.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Annotation upon the twentieth Experiment</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>The u&#383;e of what we lately deliver'd concerning the way of turning
+  Syrrup of Violets, Red or Green, may be this; That, though it be a far
+  more common and procurable <!-- Page 247 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_247"></a>[pg 247]</span> Liquor than the Infu&#383;ion of
+  <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>, it may yet be ea&#383;ily
+  &#383;ub&#383;tituted in its Room, when we have a mind to examine,
+  whether or no the Salt predominant in a Liquor or other Body, wherein
+  'tis Loo&#383;e and Abundant, belong to the Tribe of <i>Acid</i> Salts or
+  not. For if &#383;uch a Body turn the Syrrup of a Red or Reddi&#383;h
+  Purple Colour, it does for the mo&#383;t part argue the Body
+  (e&#383;pecially if it be a di&#383;till'd Liquor) to abound with Acid
+  Salt. But if the Syrrup be made Green, that argues the Predominant Salt
+  to be of a Nature repugnant to that of the Tribe of Acids. For, as I find
+  that either Spirit of Salt, or Oyl of Vitriol, or <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, or
+  Spirit of Vinegar, or Juice of Lemmons, or any of the Acid Liquors I have
+  yet had occa&#383;ion to try, will turn Syrrup of Violets, of a
+  <i>Red</i>, (or at lea&#383;t, of a <i>Reddi&#383;h</i> Colour, &#383;o I
+  have found, that not only the Volatile Salts of all Animal
+  Sub&#383;tances I have us'd, as Spirit of Harts-horn, of Urine, of
+  Sal-Armoniack, of Blood, &amp;c. but al&#383;o all the Alcalizate Salts I
+  have imploy'd, as the Solution of Salt of Tartar, of Pot-a&#383;hes, of
+  common Wood-a&#383;hes, Lime-water, &amp;c. will immediately change the
+  Blew Syrrup, into a perfect Green. And by the &#383;ame way (to hint that
+  upon <!-- Page 248 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248"></a>[pg
+  248]</span> the by) I el&#383;ewhere &#383;how you, both the changes that
+  Nature and Time produce, in the more Saline parts of &#383;ome Bodies,
+  may be di&#383;cover'd, and al&#383;o how ev'n &#383;uch Chymically
+  prepar'd Bodies, as belong not either to the Animal Kingdome, or to the
+  Tribe of <i>Alcali's</i>, may have their new and &#383;uperinduc'd Nature
+  &#383;ucce&#383;sfully Examin'd. In this place I &#383;hall only add,
+  that not alone the Changing the Colour of the Syrrup, requires, that the
+  Changing Body be more &#383;trong, of the Acid, or other &#383;ort of
+  Salt that is Predominant in it, than is requi&#383;ite for the working
+  upon the Tincture of <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>; but that in this is
+  al&#383;o, the Operation of the formerly mention'd Salts upon our Syrrup,
+  differs from their Operation upon our Tinctures, that in this Liquor, if
+  the Cæruleous Colour be <i>De&#383;troy'd</i> by an Acid Salt, it may be
+  <i>Restor'd</i> by one that is either Volatile, or Lixiviate; whereas in
+  Syrrup of Violets, though one of the&#383;e contrary Salts will
+  <i>destroy</i> the Action of the other, yet neither of them will
+  <i>re&#383;tore</i> the Syrrup to its native Blew; but each of them will
+  Change it into the Colour which it &#383;elf doth (if I may &#383;o
+  &#383;peak) affect, as we &#383;hall have Occa&#383;ion to &#383;how in
+  the Notes on the twenty fifth Experiment.</p>
+
+<!-- Page 249 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249"></a>[pg 249]</span>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XXI.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>There is a Weed, more known to Plowmen than belov'd by them,
+  who&#383;e Flowers from their Colour are commonly call'd
+  <i>Blew-bottles</i>, and <i>Corn-weed</i> from their Growing among Corn<a
+  name="NtA_18"></a><a href="#Nt_18"><sup>18</sup></a>. The&#383;e Flowers
+  &#383;ome Ladies do, upon the account of their Lovely Colour, think worth
+  the being Candied, which when they are, they will long retain &#383;o
+  fair a Colour, as makes them a very fine Sallad in the Winter. But I have
+  try'd, that when they are fre&#383;hly gather'd, they will afford a
+  Juice, which when newly expre&#383;s'd, (for in &#383;ome ca&#383;es
+  'twill &#383;oon enough degenerate) affords a very deep and plea&#383;ant
+  Blew. Now, (to draw this to our pre&#383;ent Scope) by dropping on this
+  fre&#383;h Juice, a little Spirit of Salt, (that being the Acid Spirit I
+  had then at hand) it immediately turn'd (as I predicted) into a Red. And
+  if in&#383;tead of the Sowr Spirit I mingled with it a little &#383;trong
+  Solution of an Alcalizate Salt, it did pre&#383;ently di&#383;clo&#383;e
+  a lovely Green; the &#383;ame Changes being by tho&#383;e differing
+  &#383;orts of Saline Liquors, producible in this <i>Natural juice</i>,
+  that we lately mention'd to <!-- Page 250 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_250"></a>[pg 250]</span> have happen'd to that <i>factitious
+  Mixture</i>, the Syrrup of Violets. And I remember, that finding this
+  Blew Liquor, when fre&#383;hly made, to be capable of &#383;erving in a
+  Pen for an Ink of that Colour, I attempted by moi&#383;tning one part of
+  a piece of White Paper with the Spirit of Salt I have been mentioning,
+  and another with &#383;ome Alcalizate or Volatile Liquor, to draw a Line
+  on the lei&#383;urely dry'd Paper, that &#383;hould, e'vn before the Ink
+  was dry, appear partly Blew, partly Red, and partly Green: But though the
+  latter part of the Experiment &#383;ucceeded not well, (whether
+  becau&#383;e Volatile Salts are too Fugitive to be retain'd in the Paper,
+  and Alcalizate ones are too Unctuous, or &#383;o apt to draw
+  Moi&#383;ture from the Air, that they keep the Paper from drying well)
+  yet the former Part &#383;ucceeded well enough; the Blew and Red being
+  Con&#383;picuous enough to afford a &#383;urprizing Spectacle to
+  tho&#383;e, I acquaint not with (what I willingly allow you to call) the
+  <i>Trick</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Annotation upon the one and twentieth
+Experiment.</i></p>
+
+  <p>But le&#383;t you &#383;hould be tempted to think (<i>Pyrophilus</i>)
+  that Volatile or Alcalizate <!-- Page 251 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_251"></a>[pg 251]</span> Salts change Blews into Green, rather
+  upon the &#383;core of the ea&#383;ie Tran&#383;ition of the former
+  Colour into the latter, than upon the account of the Texture, wherein
+  mo&#383;t Vegetables, that afford a Blew, &#383;eem, though
+  otherwi&#383;e differing, to be Allied, I will add, that when I
+  purpo&#383;ely di&#383;&#383;olv'd Blew Vitriol in fair Water, and
+  thereby imbu'd &#383;ufficiently that Liquor with that Colour, a
+  Lixiviate Liquor, and a Urinous Salt being Copiou&#383;ly pour'd upon
+  di&#383;tinct Parcels of it, did each of them, though perhaps with
+  &#383;ome Difference, turn the Liquor not Green, but of a deep
+  Yellowi&#383;h Colour, almo&#383;t like that of Yellow Oker, which Colour
+  the Precipitated Corpu&#383;cles retain'd, when they had Lei&#383;urely
+  &#383;ub&#383;ided to the Bottom. What this Precipitated Sub&#383;tance
+  is, it is not needfull now to Enquire in this place, and in another, I
+  have &#383;hown you, that notwith&#383;tanding its Colour, and its being
+  Obtainable from an Acid <i>Men&#383;truum</i> by the help of Salt of
+  Tartar, it is yet far enough from being the true Sulphur of Vitriol.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XXII.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>Our next Experiment (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) will perhaps &#383;eem to be
+  of a contrary Nature <!-- Page 252 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_252"></a>[pg 252]</span> to the two former, made upon Syrrup
+  of Violets, and Juice of Blew-bottles. For as in them by the
+  Affu&#383;ion of Oyl of Tartar, a Blewi&#383;h Liquor is made Green,
+  &#383;o in this, by the &#383;ole Mixture of the &#383;ame Oyl, a
+  Greeni&#383;h Liquor becomes Blew. The hint of this Experiment was given
+  us by the practice of &#383;ome <i>Italian</i> Painters, who being wont
+  to Counterfeit <i>Ultra-marine Azure</i> (as they call it) by Grinding
+  Verdigrea&#383;e with Sal-Armoniack, and &#383;ome other Saline
+  Ingredients, and letting them Rot (as they imagine) for a good while
+  together in a Dunghill, we &#383;uppos'd, that the change of Colour
+  wrought in the Verdigrea&#383;e by this way of Preparation, mu&#383;t
+  proceed from the Action of certain Volatile and Alcalizate Salts,
+  abounding in &#383;ome of the mingled Concretes, and brought to make a
+  further Di&#383;&#383;olution of the Copper abounding in the
+  Verdigrea&#383;e, and therefore we Conjectur'd, that if both the
+  Verdigrea&#383;e, and &#383;uch Salts were di&#383;&#383;olv'd in fair
+  Water, the &#383;mall Parts of both being therein more &#383;ubdivided,
+  and &#383;et at liberty, would have better acce&#383;s to each other, and
+  thereby Incorporate much the more &#383;uddenly; And accordingly we
+  found, that if upon a &#383;trong Solution of good French
+  Verdigrea&#383;e (for 'tis that we <!-- Page 253 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253"></a>[pg 253]</span> are wont to
+  imploy, as the be&#383;t) you pour a ju&#383;t quantity of Oyl of Tartar,
+  and &#383;hake them well together, you &#383;hall immediately &#383;ee a
+  notable Change of Colour, and the Mixture will grow thick, and not
+  tran&#383;parent, but if you &#383;tay a while, till the
+  Gro&#383;&#383;er part be Precipitated to, and &#383;etled in the Bottom,
+  you may obtain a clear Liquor of a very lovely Colour, and exceeding
+  delightfull to the Eye. But, you mu&#383;t have a care to drop in a
+  competent Quantity of Oyl of Tartar, for el&#383;e the Colour will not be
+  &#383;o Deep, and Rich; and if in&#383;tead of this Oyl you imploy a
+  clear <i>Lixivium</i> of Pot-a&#383;hes, you may have an Azure
+  &#383;omewhat Lighter or Paler than, and therefore differing from, the
+  former. And if in&#383;tead of either of the&#383;e Liquors, you make
+  u&#383;e of Spirit of Urine, or of Harts-horn, you may according to the
+  Quantity and Quality of the Spirit you pour in, obtain &#383;ome further
+  Variety (though &#383;carce con&#383;iderable) of Cæruleous Liquors. And
+  yet lately by the help of this Urinous Spirit we made a Blew Liquor,
+  which not a few Ingenious Per&#383;ons, and among them, &#383;ome,
+  who&#383;e Profe&#383;&#383;ion makes them very Conver&#383;ant with
+  Colours, have looked upon with &#383;ome wonder. But the&#383;e Azure
+  Colour'd Liquors <!-- Page 254 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_254"></a>[pg 254]</span> &#383;hould be freed from the
+  Sub&#383;iding matter, which the Salts of Tartar or Urine precipitate out
+  of them, rather by being Decanted, than by Filtration. For by the latter
+  of the&#383;e ways we have &#383;ometimes found, the Colour of them very
+  much Impair'd, and little Superiour to that of the gro&#383;&#383;er
+  Sub&#383;tance, that it left in the Filtre.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XXIII.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>That Ro&#383;es held over the Fume of Sulphur, may quickly by it be
+  depriv'd of their Colour, and have as much of their Leaves, as the Fume
+  works upon, burn'd pale, is an Experiment, that divers others have tried,
+  as well as I. But (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) it may &#383;eem &#383;omewhat
+  &#383;trange to one that has never con&#383;ider'd the Compounded nature
+  of Brim&#383;tone, That, whereas the Fume of Sulphur will, as we have
+  &#383;aid, Whiten the Leaves of Ro&#383;es; That Liquor, which is
+  commonly call'd Oyl of Sulphur <i>per Campanam</i>, becau&#383;e it is
+  &#383;uppos'd to be made by the Conden&#383;ation of the&#383;e Fumes in
+  Gla&#383;&#383;es &#383;hap't like Bells, into a Liquor, does powerfully
+  heighten the Tincture of Red Ro&#383;es, and make it more Red and Vivid,
+  as we have ea&#383;ily tried by putting &#383;ome Red-Ro&#383;e Leaves,
+  <!-- Page 255 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255"></a>[pg
+  255]</span> that had been long dried, (and &#383;o had lo&#383;t much of
+  their Colour) into a Vial of fair Water. For a while after the
+  Affu&#383;ion of a convenient Quantity of the Liquor we are &#383;peaking
+  of, both the Leaves them&#383;elves, and the Water they were Steep'd in,
+  di&#383;cover'd a very fre&#383;h and lovely Colour.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XXIV.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>It may (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) &#383;omewhat &#383;erve to
+  Illu&#383;trate, not only the Doctrine of <i>Pigments</i>, and of
+  <i>Colours</i>, but divers other Parts of the <i>Corpu&#383;cular
+  Philo&#383;ophy</i>; as that explicates Odours, and many other things,
+  not as the Schools by Aery Qualities, but by Real, though extremely
+  Minute Bodies; to examine, how much of a Colourle&#383;s Liquor, a very
+  &#383;mall Parcel of a Pigment may Imbue with a <i>di&#383;cernable</i>
+  Colour. And though there be &#383;carce any thing of
+  Preci&#383;ene&#383;s to be expected from &#383;uch Trials, yet I
+  pre&#383;um'd, that (at lea&#383;t) I &#383;hould be able to &#383;how a
+  much further Subdivi&#383;ion of the Parts of Matter into
+  <i>Vi&#383;ible</i> Particles, than I have hitherto found taken notice
+  of, and than mo&#383;t men would imagine; no Body, that I know of, having
+  yet attempted to reduce this Matter to any Mea&#383;ure.</p>
+
+<!-- Page 256 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256"></a>[pg 256]</span>
+
+  <p>The Bodies, the mo&#383;t promi&#383;ing for &#383;uch a purpo&#383;e,
+  might &#383;eem to be the Metalls, e&#383;pecially Gold, becau&#383;e of
+  the Multitude, and Minutene&#383;s of its Parts, which might be argu'd
+  from the incomparable Clo&#383;ene&#383;s of its Texture: But though we
+  tried a Solution of Gold made in <i>Aqua Regia</i> fir&#383;t, and then
+  in fair Water; yet in regard we were to determine the Pigment we
+  imploy'd, not by <i>Bulk</i> but <i>Weight</i>, and becau&#383;e
+  al&#383;o, that the Yellow Colour of Gold is but a faint one in
+  Compari&#383;on of the deep Colour of <i>Cochineel</i>, we rather
+  cho&#383;e this to make our Trials with. But among divers of the&#383;e
+  it will &#383;uffice to &#383;et down one, which was carefully made in
+  Ve&#383;&#383;els conveniently Shap'd; (and that in the pre&#383;ence of
+  a Witne&#383;s, and an A&#383;&#383;i&#383;tant) the Sum whereof I find
+  among my <i>Adver&#383;aria</i>, Regi&#383;tred in the following Words.
+  To which I &#383;hall only premi&#383;e, (to le&#383;&#383;en the wonder
+  of &#383;o &#383;trange a diffu&#383;ion of the Pigment) That
+  <i>Cochineel</i> will be better Di&#383;&#383;olv'd, and have its Colour
+  far more heightn'd by Spirit of Urine, than (I &#383;ay not by common
+  Water, but) by Rectify'd Spirit of Wine it &#383;elf.</p>
+
+  <p>The Note I &#383;poke off is this. [One Grain of <i>Cochineel</i>
+  di&#383;&#383;olv'd in a pretty Quantity of Spirit of Urine, and then
+  di&#383;&#383;olv'd <!-- Page 257 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_257"></a>[pg 257]</span> further by degrees in fair Water,
+  imparted a di&#383;cernable, though but a very faint Colour, to about
+  &#383;ix Gla&#383;s-fulls of Water, each of them containing about forty
+  three Ounces and an half, which amounts to above a hundred twenty five
+  thou&#383;and times its own Weight.]</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XXV.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>It may afford a con&#383;iderable Hint (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) to him,
+  that would improve the Art of Dying, to know what change of Colours may
+  be produc'd by the three &#383;everal &#383;orts of Salts already often
+  mention'd, (&#383;ome or other of which may be procur'd in Quantity at
+  rea&#383;onable Rates) in the Juices, Decoctions, Infu&#383;ions, and (in
+  a word) the more &#383;oluble parts of Vegetables. And, though the
+  de&#383;ign of this Di&#383;cour&#383;e be the Improvement of Knowledge,
+  not of Trades: yet thus much I &#383;hall not &#383;cruple to intimate
+  here, That the Blew Liquors, mention'd in the twentieth and one and
+  twentieth Experiments, are far from being the only Vegetable
+  Sub&#383;tances, upon which Acid, Urinous, and Alcalizate Salts have the
+  like Operations to tho&#383;e recited in tho&#383;e two Experiments. For
+  Ripe <i>Privet Berries</i> (for in&#383;tance) being cru&#383;h'd <!--
+  Page 258 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258"></a>[pg 258]</span>
+  upon White Paper, though they &#383;tain it with a Purpli&#383;h Colour,
+  yet if we let fall on &#383;ome part of it two or three drops of Spirit
+  of Salt, and on the other part a little more of the Strong Solution of
+  Pot-a&#383;hes, the former Liquor immediately turn'd that part of the
+  Thick juice or Pulp, on which it fell, into a lovely Red, and the latter
+  turn'd the other part of it into a delightfull Green. Though I will not
+  undertake, that tho&#383;e Colours in that Sub&#383;tance &#383;hall not
+  be much more Orient, than La&#383;ting; and though (<i>Pyrophilus</i>)
+  this Experiment may &#383;eem to be almo&#383;t the &#383;ame with
+  tho&#383;e already deliver'd concerning Syrrup of Violets, and the Juice
+  of Blew-bottles, yet I think it not ami&#383;s to take this Occa&#383;ion
+  to inform you, that this Experiment reaches much farther, than perhaps
+  you yet imagine, and may be of good U&#383;e to tho&#383;e, whom it
+  concerns to know, how Dying Stuffs may be wrought upon by Saline Liquors.
+  For, I have found this Experiment to &#383;ucceed in &#383;o many Various
+  Berries, Flowers, Blo&#383;&#383;oms, and other finer Parts of
+  Vegetables, that neither my Memory, nor my Lei&#383;ure &#383;erves me to
+  enumerate them. And it is &#383;omewhat &#383;urprizing to &#383;ee, by
+  how Differingly-colour'd Flowers, or Blo&#383;&#383;oms, (for example)
+  the Paper being <!-- Page 259 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_259"></a>[pg 259]</span> &#383;tain'd, will by an Acid Spirit
+  be immediately turn'd Red, and by any <i>Alcaly</i> or any Urinous Spirit
+  turn'd Green; in&#383;omuch that ev'n the cru&#383;h'd Blo&#383;&#383;oms
+  of <i>Me&#383;erion</i>, (which I gather'd in Winter and fro&#383;ty
+  Weather) and tho&#383;e of Pea&#383;e, cru&#383;h'd upon White Paper, how
+  remote &#383;oever their Colours be from Green, would in a moment
+  pa&#383;s into a deep Degree of that Colour, upon the Touch of an
+  Alcalizate Liquor. To which let us add, That either of tho&#383;e new
+  Pigments (if I may &#383;o call them) may by the Affu&#383;ion of enough
+  of a contrary Liquor, be pre&#383;ently chang'd from Red into Green, and
+  from Green into Red, which Ob&#383;ervation will hold al&#383;o in Syrrup
+  of Violets, Juices of Blew-bottles, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Annotation.</i></p>
+
+  <p>After what I have formerly deliver'd to evince, That there are many
+  In&#383;tances, wherein new Colours are produc'd or acquir'd by Bodies,
+  which <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i> are wont to think de&#383;titute of Salt, or
+  to who&#383;e change of Colours no new Acce&#383;&#383;ion of Saline
+  Particles does appear to contribute, I think we may &#383;afely enough
+  acknowledge, <!-- Page 260 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_260"></a>[pg 260]</span> that we have taken notice of &#383;o
+  many Changes made by the Intervention of Salts in the Colours of Mix'd
+  Bodies, that it has le&#383;&#383;en'd our Wonder, That though <i>many
+  Chymi&#383;ts</i> are wont to a&#383;cribe the Colours of Such Bodies to
+  their Sulphureous, and <i>the re&#383;t</i> to their Mercurial Principle;
+  yet <i>Paracel&#383;us</i> him&#383;elf directs us in the Indagation of
+  Colours, to have an Eye principally upon Salts, as we find in that
+  pa&#383;&#383;age of his, wherein he takes upon him to Oblige his Readers
+  much by In&#383;tructing them, of what things they are to expect the
+  Knowledge from each of the three di&#383;tinct Principles of Bodies.
+  <i>Alias</i> (&#383;ays he) <i>Colorum &#383;imilis ratio e&#383;t: De
+  quibus brevem in&#383;titutionem hanc attendite, quod &#383;cilicet
+  colores omnes ex Sale prodeant. Sal enim dat colorem, dat
+  Bal&#383;amum.</i><a name="NtA_19"></a><a href="#Nt_19"><sup>19</sup></a>
+  And a little beneath. <i> Iam natura Ip&#383;a colores protrathit ex
+  &#383;ale, cuique &#383;peciei dans illum, qui ip&#383;i competit</i>,
+  &amp;c. After which he concludes; <i>Itaque qui rerum omnium corpora
+  cogno&#383;cere vult, huic opus e&#383;t, ut ante omnia cogno&#383;cat
+  Sulphur, Ab hoc, qui de&#383;iderat novi&#383;&#383;e Colores is
+  &#383;cientiam i&#383;torum petat à Sale, Qui &#383;cire vult Virtutes,
+  is &#383;crutetur arcana Mercurii. Sic nimirum fundamentum hau&#383;erit
+  My&#383;teriorum, in quolibet cre&#383;centi indagandorum, <!-- Page 261
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261"></a>[pg 261]</span> prout
+  natura cuilibet &#383;peciei ea inge&#383;&#383;it</i>. But though
+  <i>Paracel&#383;us</i> a&#383;cribes to each of his belov'd
+  Hypo&#383;tatical Principles, much more than I fear will be found to
+  belong to it; yet if we plea&#383;e to con&#383;ider Colours, not as
+  <i>Philo&#383;ophers</i>, but as <i>Dyers</i>, the concurrence of Salts
+  to the &#383;triking and change of Colours, and their Efficacy, will, I
+  &#383;uppo&#383;e, appear &#383;o con&#383;iderable, that we &#383;hall
+  not need to quarrel much with <i>Paracel&#383;us</i>, for a&#383;cribing
+  in this place (for I dare not affirm that he u&#383;es to be &#383;till
+  of one Mind) the Colours of Bodies to their Salts, if by Salts he here
+  under&#383;tood, not only Elementary Salts, but &#383;uch al&#383;o as
+  are commonly taken for Salts, as Allom, Cry&#383;tals of Tartar, Vitriol,
+  &amp;c. becau&#383;e the Saline principle does chiefly abound in them,
+  though indeed they be, as we el&#383;ewhere declare, mix'd Bodies, and
+  have mo&#383;t of them, be&#383;ides what is Saline, both Sulphureous,
+  Aqueous, and Gro&#383;s or Earthy parts.</p>
+
+  <p>But though (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) I have ob&#383;erv'd a Red and Green to
+  be produc'd, the former, by Acid Salts, the later by Salts not Acid, in
+  the expre&#383;s Juices of &#383;o many differing Vegetable
+  Sub&#383;tances, that the Ob&#383;ervation, if per&#383;ued, may prove
+  (as I &#383;aid) of good U&#383;e: yet to &#383;how you how much e'vn
+  the&#383;e Effects depend upon the <!-- Page 262 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262"></a>[pg 262]</span> particular Texture
+  of Bodies, I mu&#383;t &#383;ubjoyn &#383;ome ca&#383;es wherein I (who
+  am &#383;omewhat backwards to admit Ob&#383;ervations for Univer&#383;al)
+  had the Curio&#383;ity to di&#383;cover, that the Experiments would not
+  Uniformly &#383;ucceed, and of the&#383;e Exceptions, the chief that I
+  now remember, are reducible to the following three.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XXVI.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>And, (fir&#383;t) I thought fit to try the Operation of Acid Salts
+  upon Vegetable Sub&#383;tances, that are already and by their own Nature
+  Red. And accordingly I made Trial upon Syrrup of Clove-july-flowers, the
+  clear expre&#383;s'd Juice of the &#383;ucculent Berries of <i>Spina
+  Cervina</i>, or Buckthorn (which I had long kept by me for the &#383;ake
+  of its deep Colour) upon Red Ro&#383;es, Infu&#383;ion of Brazil, and
+  divers other Vegetable Sub&#383;tances, on &#383;ome of which
+  cru&#383;h'd (as is often mention'd) upon White Paper, (which is
+  al&#383;o to be under&#383;tood in mo&#383;t of the&#383;e Experiments,
+  if no Circum&#383;tance of them argue otherwi&#383;e) Spirit of Salt
+  either made no con&#383;iderable Change, or alter'd the Colour but from a
+  Darker to a Lighter Red. How it will &#383;ucceed in many other Vegetable
+  Juices, <!-- Page 263 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263"></a>[pg
+  263]</span> and Infu&#383;ions of the &#383;ame Colour, I have at
+  pre&#383;ent &#383;o few at hand, that I mu&#383;t leave you to find it
+  out your &#383;elf. But as for the Operation of the other &#383;orts of
+  Salts upon the&#383;e Red Sub&#383;tances, I found it not very Uniform,
+  &#383;ome Red, or Reddi&#383;h Infu&#383;ions, as of Ro&#383;es, being
+  turn'd thereby into a dirty Colour, but yet inclining to Green. Nor was
+  the Syrrup of Clove-july-flowers turn'd by the &#383;olution of
+  Pot-a&#383;hes to a much better, though &#383;omewhat a Greener, Colour.
+  Another &#383;ort of Red Infu&#383;ions was by an <i>Alcaly</i> not
+  turn'd into a Green, but advanc'd into a Crim&#383;on, as I &#383;hall
+  have occa&#383;ion to note ere long. But there were other &#383;orts, as
+  particularly the lovely Colour'd juice of Buckthorn Berries, that readily
+  pa&#383;s'd into a lovely Green.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XXVII.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>Among other Vegetables, which we thought likely to afford Exceptions
+  to the General Ob&#383;ervation about the differing Changes of Colours
+  produc'd by Acid and Sulphureous Salts, we thought fit to make Trial upon
+  the Flowers of <i>Ja&#383;min</i>, they being both White as to Colour,
+  and e&#383;teem'd to be of a more Oyly nature than other Flowers.
+  Whereupon having taken <!-- Page 264 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_264"></a>[pg 264]</span> the White parts only of the Flowers,
+  and rubb'd them &#383;omewhat hard with my Finger upon a piece of clean
+  Paper, it appear'd very little Di&#383;colour'd. Nor had Spirit of Salt,
+  wherewith I moi&#383;ten'd one part of it, any con&#383;iderable
+  Operation upon it. But Spirit of Urine, and &#383;omewhat more
+  effectually a &#383;trong Alcalizate Solution, did immediately turn the
+  almo&#383;t Colourle&#383;s Paper moi&#383;ten'd by the Juice of the
+  <i>Ja&#383;min</i>, not as tho&#383;e Liquors are wont to do, when put
+  upon the Juices of other Flowers, of a good Green, but of a Deep, though
+  &#383;omewhat Greeni&#383;h Yellow, which Experiment I did afterwards at
+  &#383;everal times repeat with the like &#383;ucce&#383;s. But it
+  &#383;eems not that a great degree of Unctuou&#383;ne&#383;s is
+  nece&#383;&#383;ary to the Production of the like Effects, for when we
+  try'd the Experiment with the Leaves of tho&#383;e purely White Flowers
+  that appear about the end of Winter, and are commonly call'd <i>Snow
+  drops</i>, the event, was not much unlike that, which, we have been newly
+  mentioning.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XXVIII.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>Another &#383;ort of In&#383;tances to &#383;how, how much changes of
+  Colour effected by Salts, depend upon the particular Texture of the <!--
+  Page 265 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265"></a>[pg 265]</span>
+  Colour'd Bodies, has been afforded me by &#383;everal <i>Yellow</i>
+  Flowers, and other Vegetables, as Mary-gold Leaves, early
+  Prim-ro&#383;es, fre&#383;h Madder, &amp;c. For being rubb'd upon White
+  Paper, till they imbued it with their Colour, I found not, that by the
+  addition of Alcalizate Liquors, nor yet by that of an Urinous Spirit,
+  they would be turn'd either Green or Red: nor did &#383;o Acid a Spirit,
+  as that of Salt, con&#383;iderably alter their Colour, &#383;ave that it
+  &#383;eem'd a little to Dilute it. Only in &#383;ome early
+  Prim-ro&#383;es it de&#383;troy'd the greate&#383;t part of the Colour,
+  and made the Paper almo&#383;t White agen. And Madder al&#383;o afforded
+  &#383;ome thing peculiar, and very differing from what we have newly
+  mention'd: For having gather'd Some Roots of it, and, (whil&#383;t they
+  were recent) expre&#383;s'd upon White Paper the Yellow Juice, an
+  Alcalizate Solution drop'd upon it did not turn it either Green or White,
+  but Red. And the bruis'd Madder it &#383;elf being drench'd with the like
+  Alcalizate Solution, exchang'd al&#383;o its Yellowi&#383;hne&#383;s for
+  a Redne&#383;s.</p>
+
+<!-- Page 266 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266"></a>[pg 266]</span>
+
+<p class="center"><i>An admonition touching the four
+preceding Experiments.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Having thus (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) given you divers In&#383;tances, to
+  countenance the General ob&#383;ervation deliver'd in the twenty fifth
+  Experiment, and divers Exceptions whereby it ought to be Limited; I
+  mu&#383;t leave the further Inquiry into the&#383;e Matters to your own
+  Indu&#383;try. For not remembring at pre&#383;ent many of tho&#383;e
+  other Trials, long &#383;ince made to &#383;atisfie my &#383;elf about
+  Particulars, and not having now the Opportunity to repeat them, I
+  mu&#383;t content my Self to have given you the Hint, and the ways of
+  pro&#383;ecuting the &#383;earch your Self; and only declare to you in
+  general, that, As I have made many Trials, unmention'd in this
+  Treati&#383;e, who&#383;e Events were agreeable to tho&#383;e mention'd
+  in the twenty fifth Experiment, &#383;o (to name now no other
+  In&#383;tances) what I have try'd with Acid and Sulphureous Salts upon
+  the Pulp of Juniper Berries, rubb'd upon White Paper, inclines me to
+  think, That among that va&#383;t Multitude, and &#383;trange Variety of
+  Plants that adorn the face of the Earth, perhaps many other Vegetables
+  may be found, on which &#383;uch <i>Men&#383;truums</i> may not <!-- Page
+  267 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267"></a>[pg 267]</span> have
+  &#383;uch Operations, as upon the Juice of Violets,
+  Pea&#383;e-blo&#383;&#383;oms, &amp;c. no nor upon any of tho&#383;e
+  three other &#383;orts of Vegetables, that I have taken notice of in the
+  three fore-going Experiments. It &#383;ufficiently appearing ev'n by
+  the&#383;e, that the effects of a Salt upon the Juices of particular
+  Vegetables do very much depend upon their particular Textures.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XXIX.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>It may be of &#383;ome U&#383;e towards the di&#383;covery of the
+  nature of the&#383;e Changes, which the Alimental Juice receives in
+  &#383;ome Vegetables, according to the differing degrees of their
+  Maturity, and according to the differing kinds of Plants of the &#383;ame
+  Denomination, to ob&#383;erve what Operation Acid, Urinous, and
+  Alcalizate Salts will have upon the Juices of the &#383;everal &#383;orts
+  of the Vegetable &#383;ub&#383;tances I have been mentioning.</p>
+
+  <p>To declare my meaning by an Example, I took from the &#383;ame
+  Clu&#383;ter, one Blackberry full Ripe, and another that had not yet gone
+  beyond a Redne&#383;s, and rubbing apiece of white Paper, with the
+  former, I ob&#383;erv'd, that the Juice adhering to it was of adark
+  Reddi&#383;h Colour, full of little <!-- Page 268 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268"></a>[pg 268]</span> Black Specks; and
+  that this Juice by a drop of a &#383;trong <i>Lixivium</i>, was
+  immediately turn'd into a Greeni&#383;h Colour deep enough, by as much
+  Urinous Spirit into a Colour much of Kin to the former, though
+  &#383;omewhat differing, and fainter; and by a drop of Spirit of Salt
+  into a fine and light&#383;ome Red: where as the Red Berry being in like
+  manner rubb'd upon Paper, left on it a Red Colour, which was very little
+  alter'd by the Acid Spirit newly nam'd, and by the Urinous and Lixiviate
+  Salts receiv'd changes of Colour differing from tho&#383;e that had been
+  ju&#383;t before produc'd in the dark Juice of the Ripe Blackberry.</p>
+
+  <p>I remember al&#383;o, that though the Infu&#383;ion of
+  Damask-Ro&#383;es would as well, though not &#383;o much, as that of Red,
+  be heightned by Acid Spirits to an inten&#383;e degree of Redne&#383;s,
+  and by Lixiviate Salts be brought to a Darki&#383;h Green; yet having for
+  Trials &#383;ake taken a Ro&#383;e, who&#383;e Leaves, which were large
+  and numerous, like tho&#383;e of a Province Ro&#383;e, were perfectly
+  Yellow, though in a Solution of Salt of Tartar, they afforded a Green
+  Blewi&#383;h Tincture, yet I did not by an Acid Liquor obtain a Red one;
+  all that the Saline Spirit I imploy'd, perform'd, being (if I much
+  mi&#383;remember <!-- Page 269 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_269"></a>[pg 269]</span> not) to Dilute Somewhat the
+  Yellowne&#383;s of the Leaves. I would al&#383;o have tried the Tincture
+  of Yellow Violets, but could procure none. And if I were in tho&#383;e
+  I&#383;lands of <i>Banda</i>, which are made Famous as well as Rich, by
+  being the almo&#383;t only places, where Cloves will pro&#383;per, I
+  &#383;hould think it worth my Curio&#383;ity to try, what Operation the
+  three differing Kinds of Salts, I have &#383;o often mention'd, would
+  have upon the Juice of this Spice, (expre&#383;s'd at the &#383;everal
+  Sea&#383;ons of it) as it grows upon the Tree. Since good Authors inform
+  us, (of what is remarkable) that the&#383;e whether Fruits, or Rudiments
+  of Fruits, are at fir&#383;t <i>White</i>, afterward <i>Green</i>, and
+  then <i>Reddi&#383;h</i>, before they be beaten off the Tree, after which
+  being Dry'd before they are put up, they grow <i>Blacki&#383;h</i> as we
+  &#383;ee them. And one of the recente&#383;t <i>Herbari&#383;ts</i>
+  informs us, that the Flower grows upon the top of the Clove it &#383;elf,
+  con&#383;i&#383;ting of four &#383;mall Leaves, like a Cherry
+  Blo&#383;&#383;om, but of an excellent <i>Blew</i>. But
+  (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) to return to our own Ob&#383;ervations, I &#383;hall
+  add, that I the rather choo&#383;e, to mention to you an Example drawn
+  from Ro&#383;es, becau&#383;e that though I am apt to think, as I
+  el&#383;ewhere adverti&#383;e, that &#383;omething may be gue&#383;s'd at
+  about <!-- Page 270 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270"></a>[pg
+  270]</span> &#383;ome of the Qualities of the Juices of Vegetables, by
+  the Re&#383;emblance or Di&#383;parity that we meet with in the Changes
+  made of their Colours, by the Operation of the &#383;ame kinds of Salts;
+  yet that tho&#383;e Conjectures &#383;hould be very warily made, may
+  appear among other things, by the In&#383;tance I have cho&#383;en to
+  give in Ro&#383;es. For though, (as I formerly told you) the Dry'd
+  Leaves, both of the Damask, and of Red ones, give a Red Tincture to Water
+  &#383;harpen'd with Acid Salts, yet the one &#383;ort of Leaves is known
+  to have a Purgative faculty,<a name="NtA_20"></a><a
+  href="#Nt_20"><sup>20</sup></a> and the other are often, and divers ways,
+  imploy'd for Binding.</p>
+
+  <p>And I al&#383;o choo&#383;e (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) to &#383;ubjoyn this
+  twenty ninth Experiment to tho&#383;e that precede it, about the change
+  of the Colours of Vegetables by Salts, for the&#383;e two rea&#383;ons:
+  The fir&#383;t, that you may not ea&#383;ily entertain Su&#383;pitions,
+  if in the Trials of an Experiment of &#383;ome of the Kinds formerly
+  mention'd, you &#383;hould meet with an Event &#383;omewhat differing
+  from what my Relations may have made you expect. And the &#383;econd,
+  That you may hereby be invited to di&#383;cern, that it may not be
+  ami&#383;s to take notice of the particular Sea&#383;ons wherein you
+  gather the Vegetables which <!-- Page 271 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_271"></a>[pg 271]</span> in Nicer Experiments you make
+  u&#383;e of. For, it I were not hindred both by ha&#383;te and &#383;ome
+  ju&#383;tifiable Con&#383;iderations, I could perhaps add
+  con&#383;iderable In&#383;tances, to tho&#383;e lately deliver'd, for the
+  making out of this Ob&#383;ervation; but for certain rea&#383;ons I
+  &#383;hall at pre&#383;ent &#383;ub&#383;titute a remarkable
+  pa&#383;&#383;age to be met with in that Laborious Herbari&#383;t Mr.
+  <i>Parkin&#383;on</i>, where treating of the Virtues of the (already
+  divers times mention'd) Buckthorn Berries, he &#383;ubjoyns the following
+  account of &#383;everal Pigments that are made of them, not only
+  according to the &#383;everal ways of Handling them, but according to the
+  differing Sea&#383;ons of Maturity, at which they are Gather'd; <i>Of
+  the&#383;e Berries</i>, (&#383;ays he) <i>are made three &#383;everal
+  &#383;orts of Colours as they &#383;hall be gather'd, that is, being
+  gather'd while they are Green, and kept Dry, are call'd Sapberries, which
+  being &#383;teep'd into &#383;ome Allom-water, or fre&#383;h bruis'd into
+  Allom-water, they give a rea&#383;onable fair Yellow Colour which
+  Painters u&#383;e for their Work, and Book-binders to Colour the edges of
+  Books, and Leather-dre&#383;&#383;ers to Colour Leather, as they u&#383;e
+  al&#383;o to make a Green Colour, call'd Sap-green, taken from the
+  Berries when they are Black, being bruis'd and put into a Bra&#383;s or
+  Copper Kettle or Pan, and there &#383;uffer'd to abide three or four</i>
+  <!-- Page 272 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272"></a>[pg
+  272]</span> <i>Days, or a little heated upon the Fire, and &#383;ome
+  beaten Allom put unto them, and afterwards pre&#383;s'd forth, the Juice
+  or Liquor is u&#383;ually put in great Bladders tied with &#383;trong
+  thred at the Head and hung up untill it be Dry, which is
+  di&#383;&#383;olv'd in Water or Wine, but Sack</i> (he affirms) <i>is the
+  be&#383;t to pre&#383;erve the Colour from Starving, (as they call it)
+  that is, from Decaying, and make it hold fre&#383;h the longer. The third
+  Colour (where of none</i> (&#383;ays he) <i>that I can find have made
+  mention but only</i> Tragus<i>) is a Purpli&#383;h Colour, which is made
+  of the Berries &#383;uffer'd to grow upon the Bu&#383;hes untill the
+  middle or end of</i> November, <i>that they are ready to drop from the
+  Trees.</i></p>
+
+  <p>And, I remember (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) that I try'd, with a
+  &#383;ucce&#383;s that pleas'd me well enough, to make &#383;uch a kind
+  of Pigment, as Painters call Sap-green, by a way not unlike that,
+  deliver'd here by our Author, but I cannot now find any thing relating to
+  that matter among my loo&#383;e Papers. And my Trials were made &#383;o
+  many years ago, that I dare not tru&#383;t my Memory for
+  Circum&#383;tances, but will rather tell you, that in a noted
+  Colour-&#383;hop, I brought them by Que&#383;tions to confe&#383;s to me,
+  that they made their Sap-green much after the ways by our
+  <i>Botani&#383;t</i> here mention'd. And on this occa&#383;ion <!-- Page
+  273 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273"></a>[pg 273]</span> I
+  &#383;hall add an Ob&#383;ervation, which though it does not
+  &#383;trictly belong to this place, may well enough be mention'd here,
+  namely, that I find by an account given us by the Learned
+  <i>Clu&#383;ius</i>, of <i>Alaternus</i>, that ev'n the Gro&#383;&#383;er
+  Parts of the &#383;ame Plant, are &#383;ome of them one Colour, and
+  &#383;ome another; For &#383;peaking of that Plant, he tells us, that the
+  <i>Portugalls</i> u&#383;e the Bark to Dye their Nets into a Red Colour,
+  and with the Chips of the Wood, which are Whiti&#383;h, they Dye a
+  Blacki&#383;h Blew.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XXX.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>Among the Experiments that tend to &#383;hew that the change of
+  Colours in Bodies may proceed from the Vary'd Texture of their Parts, and
+  the con&#383;equent change of their Di&#383;po&#383;ition to Reflect or
+  Refract the Light, that &#383;ort of Experiments mu&#383;t not be left
+  unmention'd, which is afforded us by Chymical Dige&#383;tions. For, if
+  <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i> will believe &#383;everal famous Writers about what
+  they call the Philo&#383;ophers Stone, they mu&#383;t acknowledge that
+  the &#383;ame Matter, &#383;eald up Hermetically in a Philo&#383;ophical
+  Egg, will by the continuance of Dige&#383;tion, or if they will have it
+  &#383;o (for it is not Material in our ca&#383;e which of the two it be)
+  <!-- Page 274 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274"></a>[pg
+  274]</span> of Decoction, run through a great Variety of differing
+  Colours, before it come to that of the Noble&#383;t <i>Elixir</i>;
+  whether that be Scarlet, or Purple, or what ever other Kind of Red. But
+  without building any thing on &#383;o Obtru&#383;e and Que&#383;tionable
+  an Operation, (which yet may be pertinently repre&#383;ented to
+  tho&#383;e that believe the thing) we may ob&#383;erve, that divers
+  Bodies dige&#383;ted in carefully-clos'd Ve&#383;&#383;els, will in tract
+  of time, change their Colour: As I have el&#383;ewhere mention'd my
+  having ob&#383;erv'd ev'n in Rectify'd Spirit of Harts-horn, and as is
+  evident in the Precipitations of Amalgams of Gold, and Mercury, without
+  Addition, where by the continuance of a due Heat the Silver-Colour'd
+  Amalgam is reduc'd into a &#383;hining Red Powder. Further In&#383;tances
+  of this Kind you may find here and there in divers places of my other
+  E&#383;&#383;ays. And indeed it has been a thing, that has much
+  contributed to deceive many <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i>, that there are more
+  Bodies than one, which by Dige&#383;tion will be brought to exhibit that
+  Variety and Succe&#383;&#383;ion of Colours, which they imagine to be
+  Peculiar to what they call the <i>True matter of the
+  Philo&#383;ophers</i>. But concerning this, I &#383;hall referr you to
+  what you may el&#383;ewhere find in the Di&#383;cour&#383;e written
+  touching the <!-- Page 275 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_275"></a>[pg 275]</span> pa&#383;&#383;ive Deceptions of
+  <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i>, and more about the Production of Colours by
+  Dige&#383;tion you will meet with pre&#383;ently. Wherefore I &#383;hall
+  now make only this Ob&#383;ervation from what has been deliver'd, That in
+  the&#383;e Operations there appears not any cau&#383;e to attribute the
+  new Colours emergent to the Action of a new Sub&#383;tantial form, nor to
+  any Increa&#383;e or Decrement of either the Salt, Sulphur, or Mercury of
+  the Matter that acquires new Colours: For the Ve&#383;&#383;els are
+  clos'd, and the&#383;e Principles according to the <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i>
+  are Ingenerable and Incorruptible; &#383;o that the Effect &#383;eems to
+  proceed from hence, that the Heat agitating and &#383;huffling the
+  Corpu&#383;cles of the Body expos'd to it, does in proce&#383;s of time
+  &#383;o change its Texture, as that the Tran&#383;po&#383;ed parts do
+  Modifie the incident Light otherwi&#383;e, than they did when the Matter
+  appear'd of another Colour.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XXXI.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>Among the &#383;everal changes of Colour, which Bodies acquire or
+  di&#383;clo&#383;e by Dige&#383;tion, it it very remarkable, that
+  <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i> find a Redne&#383;s rather than any other Colour in
+  mo&#383;t of the Tinctures they Draw, and ev'n in the more Gro&#383;s
+  Solutions they <!-- Page 276 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_276"></a>[pg 276]</span> make of almo&#383;t all Concretes,
+  that abound either with Mineral or Vegetable Sulphur, though the
+  <i>Men&#383;truum</i> imploy'd about the&#383;e Solutions or Tinctures be
+  never &#383;o Limpid or Colourle&#383;s.</p>
+
+  <p>This we have ob&#383;erv'd in I know not how many Tinctures drawn with
+  Spirit of Wine from <i>Jalap</i>, <i>Guaicum</i>, and &#383;everal other
+  Vegetables; and not only in the Solutions of <i>Amber</i>,
+  <i>Benzoin</i>, and divers other Concretes made with the &#383;ame
+  <i>Men&#383;truum</i>, but al&#383;o in divers Mineral Tinctures. And,
+  not to urge that familiar In&#383;tance of the Ruby of Sulphur, as
+  <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i> upon the &#383;core of its Colour, call the Solution
+  of Flowers of Brim&#383;tone, made with the Spirit of Turpentine, nor to
+  take notice of other more known Examples of the aptne&#383;s of Chymical
+  Oyls, to produce a Red Colour with the Sulphur they extract, or
+  di&#383;&#383;olve; not to in&#383;i&#383;t (I &#383;ay) upon
+  In&#383;tances of this nature, I &#383;hall further repre&#383;ent to
+  you, as a thing remarkable, that, both Acid and Alcalizate Salts, though
+  in mo&#383;t other ca&#383;es of &#383;uch contrary Operations, in
+  reference to Colours, will with many Bodies that abound with Sulphureous,
+  or with Oyly parts, produce a Red; as is manife&#383;t partly in the more
+  Vulgar In&#383;tances of the Tinctures, or Solutions of <!-- Page 277
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277"></a>[pg 277]</span> Sulphur
+  made with <i>Lixiviums</i>, either of Calcin'd Tartar or Pot-a&#383;hes,
+  and other Obvious examples, partly by this, that the true Gla&#383;s of
+  Antimony extracted with &#383;ome Acid Spirits, with or without Wine,
+  will yield a Red Tincture, and that I know an Acid Liquor, which in a
+  moment will turn Oyl of Turpentine into a deep Red. But among the many
+  In&#383;tances I could give you of the ea&#383;ie Production of
+  Redne&#383;s by the Operation of Saline Spirit, as well as of Spirit of
+  Wine; I remember two or three of tho&#383;e I have tried, which &#383;eem
+  remarkable enough to de&#383;erve to be mention'd to you apart.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XXXII.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>But before we &#383;et them down, it will not perhaps appear
+  impertinent to premi&#383;e;</p>
+
+  <p>That there &#383;eems to be a manife&#383;t Di&#383;parity betwixt Red
+  Liquors, &#383;o that &#383;ome of them may be &#383;aid to have a
+  Genuine Redne&#383;s in compari&#383;on of others, that have a
+  Yellowi&#383;h Redne&#383;s: For if you take (for example) a good
+  Tincture of <i>Chochineel</i>, dilute it never &#383;o much with fair
+  Water, you will not (as far as I can judge by what I have tried) be able
+  to make it a Yellow Liquor. In&#383;omuch that a Single <!-- Page 278
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278"></a>[pg 278]</span> drop of a
+  rich Solution of <i>Cochineel</i> in Spirit of Urine, being Diluted with
+  above an Ounce of fair Water, exhibited no Yellowi&#383;hne&#383;s at
+  all, but a fair (though &#383;omewhat faint) Pinck or Carnation; and even
+  when <i>Cochineel</i> was by degrees Diluted much beyond the newly
+  mention'd Colour, by the way formerly related to you in the twenty fourth
+  Experiment, I remember not, that there appear'd in the whole Trial any
+  Yellow. But if you take Bal&#383;om of Sulphur (for In&#383;tance) though
+  it may appear in a Gla&#383;s, where it has a good Thickne&#383;s, to be
+  of a deep Red, yet if you &#383;hake the Gla&#383;s, or pour a few drops
+  on a &#383;heet of White Paper, &#383;preading them on it with your
+  Finger, the Bal&#383;om that falls back along the &#383;ides of the
+  Gla&#383;s, and that which &#383;tains the Paper, will appear Yellow, not
+  Red. And there are divers Tinctures, &#383;uch as that of Amber made with
+  Spirit of Wine, (to name now no more) that will appear either Yellow or
+  Red, according as the Ve&#383;&#383;els that they fill, are Slender or
+  Broad.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XXXIII.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>But to proceed to the Experiments I was about to deliver;
+  <i>Fir&#383;t</i>; Oyl or Spirit <!-- Page 279 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279"></a>[pg 279]</span> of Turpentine,
+  though clear as fair Water, being Dige&#383;ted upon the purely White
+  Sugar of Lead, has, in a &#383;hort time, afforded us a high Red
+  Tincture, that &#383;ome Arti&#383;ts are pleas'd to call the Bal&#383;om
+  of <i>Saturn</i>, which they very much (and probably not altogether
+  without cau&#383;e) extoll as an excellent Medicine in divers Outward
+  affections.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XXXIV.</i></h3>
+
+  <p><i>Next</i>, take of common Brim&#383;tone finely powdred five Ounces,
+  of Sal-Armoniack likewi&#383;e pulveriz'd an equal weight, of beaten
+  Quick-lime &#383;ix Ounces, mix the&#383;e Powders exqui&#383;itely, and
+  Di&#383;till them through a Retort plac'd in Sand by degrees of Fire,
+  giving at length as inten&#383;e a Heat as you well can in Sand, there
+  will come over (if you have wrought well) a Volatile Tincture of Sulphur,
+  which may probably prove an excellent Medicine, and &#383;hould have been
+  mention'd among the other Preparations of Sulphur, which we have
+  el&#383;ewhere imparted to you, but that it is very pertinent to our
+  pre&#383;ent Subject, The change of Colours. For though none of the
+  Ingredients be Red, the Di&#383;till'd Liquor will be &#383;o: and this
+  Liquor if it <!-- Page 280 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_280"></a>[pg 280]</span> be well Drawn, will upon a little
+  Agitation of the Vial fir&#383;t un&#383;top'd (e&#383;pecially if it be
+  held in a Warmer hand) lend forth a copious Fume, not Red, like that of
+  Nitre, but White; And &#383;ometimes this Liquor may be &#383;o Drawn,
+  that I remember, not long &#383;ince, I took plea&#383;ure to
+  ob&#383;erve in a parcel of it, that Ingredients not Red, did not only
+  yield by Di&#383;tillation a Volatile Spirit that was Red, but though
+  that Liquor did upon the bare opening of the Bottle it was kept in, drive
+  us away with the plenty and &#383;ulphureous &#383;ent of a White
+  &#383;team which it &#383;ent forth, yet the Liquor it &#383;elf being
+  touch'd by our Fingers, did immediately Dye them Black.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XXXV.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>The third and <i>la&#383;t</i> Experiment I &#383;hall now mention to
+  &#383;hew, how prone Bodies abounding in Sulphureous parts are to afford
+  a Red Colour, is one, wherein by the Operation of a Saline Spirit upon a
+  White or Whiti&#383;h Body, which according to the <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i>
+  &#383;hould be altogether Sulphureous, a Redne&#383;s may be produc'd,
+  not (as in the former Experiments) &#383;lowly, but in the twinkling of
+  an Eye. We took then of the E&#383;&#383;ential Oyl of Anni&#383;eeds,
+  <!-- Page 281 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281"></a>[pg
+  281]</span> which has this Peculiarity, that in Cold weather it
+  lo&#383;es its Fluidity and the greate&#383;t part of its
+  Tran&#383;parency, and looks like a White or Whiti&#383;h Oyntment, and
+  near at hand &#383;eems to con&#383;i&#383;t of a Multitude of little
+  &#383;oft Scales: Of this Coagulated Stuff we &#383;pread a little with a
+  Knife upon a piece of White Paper, and letting fall on it, and mixing
+  with it a drop or two of Oyl of Vitriol, immediately (as we
+  fore-&#383;aw) there emerg'd together with &#383;ome Heat and Smoak, a
+  Blood-Red Colour, which therefore was in a trice produc'd by two Bodies,
+  whereof the one had but a Whiti&#383;h Colour, and the other (if
+  carefully rectify'd) had no Colour at all.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XXXVI.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>But on this Occa&#383;ion (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) we mu&#383;t add once
+  for all, that in many of the above-recited Experiments, though the
+  changes of Colour happen'd as we have mention'd them: yet the emergent or
+  produc'd Colour is oft times very &#383;ubject to Degenerate, both
+  quickly and much. Notwith&#383;tanding which, &#383;ince the Changes, we
+  have &#383;et down, do happen pre&#383;ently upon the Operation of the
+  Bodies upon each other, or at the times by us &#383;pecify'd; <!-- Page
+  282 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282"></a>[pg 282]</span>
+  <i>that</i> is &#383;ufficient both to ju&#383;tifie our Veracity, and to
+  &#383;hew what we Intend; it not being E&#383;&#383;ential to the
+  Genuinene&#383;s of a Colour to be Durable. For a fading Leaf, that is
+  ready to Rot, and moulder into Du&#383;t, may have as true a Yellow, as a
+  Wedge of Gold, which &#383;o ob&#383;tinately re&#383;i&#383;ts both Time
+  and Fire. And the rea&#383;on, why I take occa&#383;ion from the former
+  Experiment to &#383;ubjoyn this general Adverti&#383;ement, is, that I
+  have &#383;everal times ob&#383;erv'd, that the Mixture re&#383;ulting
+  from the Oyls of Vitriol, and of Anni&#383;eeds, though it acquire a
+  thicker con&#383;i&#383;tence than either of the Ingredients had, has
+  quickly lo&#383;t its Colour, turning in a very &#383;hort time into a
+  dirty Gray, at lea&#383;t in the Superficial parts, where 'tis expos'd to
+  the Air; which la&#383;t Circum&#383;tance I therefore mention,
+  becau&#383;e that, though it &#383;eem probable, that this Degeneration
+  of Colours may oft times and in divers ca&#383;es proceed from the
+  further Action of the Saline Corpu&#383;cles, and the other Ingredients
+  upon one another, yet in many ca&#383;es much of the Quick change of
+  Colours &#383;eems a&#383;cribeable to the Air, as may be made probable
+  by &#383;everal rea&#383;ons: The fir&#383;t whereof may be fetcht from
+  the newly recited Example of the two Oyls; The next may be, that we have
+  &#383;ometimes ob&#383;erv'd <!-- Page 283 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_283"></a>[pg 283]</span> long Window-Curtains of light
+  Colours, to have that part of them, which was expos'd to the Air, when
+  the Window was open, of one Colour, and the lower part, that was
+  &#383;heltred from the Air by the Wall, of another Colour: And the third
+  Argument may be fetch'd from divers Ob&#383;ervations, both of others,
+  and our own; For of that Pigment &#383;o well known in Painters Shops, by
+  the name of <i>Turn&#383;ol</i>, our Indu&#383;trious
+  <i>Parkin&#383;on</i>, in the particular account he gives of the Plant
+  that bears it, tells us al&#383;o, That <i>the Berries when they are at
+  their full Maturity, have within them between the outer Skin and the
+  inward Kirnel or Seed, a certain Juice or Moi&#383;ture, which being
+  rubb'd upon Paper or Cloath, at the first appears of a fre&#383;h and
+  lovely Green Colour, but pre&#383;ently changeth into a kind of
+  Blewi&#383;h Purple, upon the Cloath or Paper, and the &#383;ame Cloath
+  afterwards wet in Water, and wrung forth, will Colour the Water into a
+  Claret Wine Colour, and the&#383;e</i> (concludes he) <i>are tho&#383;e
+  Raggs of Cloath, which are u&#383;ually call'd</i> Turn&#383;ol <i>in the
+  Druggi&#383;ts or Grocers Shops</i><a name="NtA_21"></a><a
+  href="#Nt_21"><sup>21</sup></a>. And to this Ob&#383;ervation of our
+  <i>Botanist</i> we will add an Experiment of our own, (made before we met
+  with That) which, though in many Circum&#383;tances, very <!-- Page 284
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284"></a>[pg 284]</span>
+  differing, &#383;erves to prove the &#383;ame thing; for having taken of
+  the deeply Red Juice of <i>Buckthorn</i> Berries, which I bought of the
+  Man that u&#383;es to &#383;ell it to the Apothecaries, to make their
+  Syrrup <i>de Spina Cervina</i>, I let &#383;ome of it drop upon a piece
+  of White Paper, and having left it there for many hours, till the Paper
+  was grown dry again, I found what I was inclin'd to &#383;u&#383;pect,
+  namely, That this Juice was degenerated from a deep Red to a dirty kind
+  of Greyi&#383;h Colour, which, in a great part of the &#383;tain'd Paper
+  &#383;eem'd not to have &#383;o much as an Eye of Red: Though a little
+  Spirit of Salt or di&#383;&#383;olv'd <i>Alcaly</i> would turn this
+  unplea&#383;ant Colour (as formerly I told you it would change the not
+  yet alter'd Juice) into a Red or Green. And to &#383;atisfie my
+  &#383;elf, that this Degeneration of Colour did not proceed from the
+  Paper, I drop'd &#383;ome of the deep Red or Crim&#383;on Juice upon a
+  White glaz'd Tile, and &#383;uffering it to dry on there, I found that
+  ev'n in that Body, on which it could not Soak, and by which it could not
+  be Wrought, it neverthele&#383;s lo&#383;t its Colour. And the&#383;e
+  In&#383;tances (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) I am the more carefull to mention to
+  you, that you may not be much Surpris'd or Di&#383;courag'd, if you
+  &#383;hould &#383;ometimes mi&#383;s of performing <!-- Page 285 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285"></a>[pg 285]</span> punctually what I
+  affirm my &#383;elf to have done in point of changing Colours; &#383;ince
+  in the&#383;e Experiments the over-&#383;ight or neglect of &#383;uch
+  little Circum&#383;tances, as in many others would not be perhaps
+  con&#383;iderable, may occa&#383;ion the mis-carrying of a Trial. And I
+  was willing al&#383;o to take this occa&#383;ion of Adverti&#383;ing you
+  in the repeating of the Experiments mention'd in this Treati&#383;e, to
+  make u&#383;e of the Juices of Vegetables, and other things prepar'd for
+  your Trials, as &#383;oon as ever they are ready, le&#383;t one or other
+  of them grow le&#383;s fit, if not quite unfit by delay; and to
+  e&#383;timate the Event of the Trials by the Change, that is produc'd
+  pre&#383;ently upon the due and &#383;ufficient Application of Actives to
+  Pa&#383;&#383;ives, (as they &#383;peak) becau&#383;e in many ca&#383;es
+  the effects of &#383;uch Mixtures may not be la&#383;ting, and the newly
+  produc'd Colour may in a little time degenerate. But, (<i>Pyrophilus</i>)
+  I forgot to add to the two former Ob&#383;ervations lately made about
+  Vegetables, a third of the &#383;ame Import, made in Mineral
+  &#383;ub&#383;tances, by telling you, That the better to &#383;atisfie a
+  Friend or two in this particular, I &#383;ometimes made, according to
+  &#383;ome Conjectures of mine, this Experiment; That having
+  di&#383;&#383;olv'd good Silver in <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, and Precipitated
+  it with Spirit of Salt, upon <!-- Page 286 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_286"></a>[pg 286]</span> the fir&#383;t Decanting of the
+  Liquor, the remaining Matter would be purely White; but after it had lain
+  a while uncover'd, that part of it, that was Contiguous to the Air, would
+  not only lo&#383;e its Whitene&#383;s, but appear of a very Dark and
+  almo&#383;t Blacki&#383;h Colour, I &#383;ay that part that was
+  Contiguous to the Air, becau&#383;e if that were gently taken off, the
+  Subjacent part of the &#383;ame Ma&#383;s would appear very White, till
+  that al&#383;o, having continu'd a while expos'd to the Air, would
+  likewi&#383;e Degenerate. Now whether the Air perform the&#383;e things
+  by the means of a Subtile Salt, which we el&#383;ewhere &#383;how it not
+  to be de&#383;titute of, or by a peircing Moi&#383;ture, that is apt
+  ea&#383;ily to in&#383;inuate it &#383;elf into the Pores of &#383;ome
+  Bodies, and thereby change their Texture, and &#383;o their Colour; Or by
+  &#383;olliciting the Avolation of certain parts of the Bodies, to which
+  'tis Contiguous; or by &#383;ome other way, (which po&#383;&#383;ibly I
+  may el&#383;ewhere propo&#383;e and con&#383;ider) I have not now the
+  lei&#383;ure to di&#383;cour&#383;e. And for the &#383;ame rea&#383;on,
+  though I could add many other In&#383;tances, of what I formerly noted
+  touching the emergency of Redne&#383;s upon the Dige&#383;tion of many
+  Bodies, in&#383;omuch that I have often &#383;een upon the Borders of
+  <i>France</i> (and probably we may have the like in <!-- Page 287
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287"></a>[pg 287]</span>
+  <i>England</i>) a &#383;ort of Pears, which dige&#383;ted for &#383;ome
+  time with a little Wine, in a Ve&#383;&#383;el exactly clos'd, will in
+  not many hours appear throughout of a deep Red Colour, (as al&#383;o that
+  of the Juice, wherein they are Stew'd, becomes) but ev'n on pure and
+  white Salt of Tartar, pure Spirit of Wine, as clear as Rock-water, will
+  (as we el&#383;ewhere declare) by long Dige&#383;tion acquire a
+  Redne&#383;s; Though I &#383;ay &#383;uch In&#383;tances might be
+  Multiply'd, and though there be &#383;ome other Obvious changes of
+  Colours, which happen &#383;o frequently, that they cannot but be as well
+  Con&#383;iderable as Notorious; &#383;uch as is the Blackne&#383;s of
+  almo&#383;t all Bodies burn'd in the open Air: yet our ha&#383;te invites
+  us to re&#383;ign you the Exerci&#383;e of enquiring into the Cau&#383;es
+  of the&#383;e Changes. And certainly, the rea&#383;on both <i>why</i> the
+  Soots of &#383;uch differing Bodies are almo&#383;t all of them all
+  Black, <i>why</i> &#383;o much the greater part of Vegetables &#383;hould
+  be rather Green than of any other Colour, and particularly (which more
+  directly concerns this place) <i>why</i> gentle Heats do &#383;o
+  frequently in Chymical Operations produce rather a Redne&#383;s than
+  another Colour in dige&#383;ted <i>Men&#383;truums</i>, not only
+  Sulphureous, as Spirit of Wine, but Saline, as Spirit of Vinegar, may be
+  very well worth <!-- Page 288 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_288"></a>[pg 288]</span> a &#383;erious Inquiry; which I
+  &#383;hall therefore recommend to <i>Pyrophilus</i> and his Ingenious
+  Friends.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XXXVII.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>It may &#383;eem &#383;omewhat &#383;trange, that if you take the
+  Crim&#383;on Solution of <i>Cochineel</i>, or the Juice of Black
+  Cherries, and of &#383;ome other Vegetables that afford the like Colour,
+  (which becau&#383;e many take but for a deep Red, we do with them
+  &#383;ometimes call it &#383;o) and let &#383;ome of it fall upon a piece
+  of Paper, a drop or two of an Acid Spirit, &#383;uch as Spirit of Salt,
+  or <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, will immediately turn it into a fair Red. Whereas
+  if you make an Infu&#383;ion of Brazil in fair Water, and drop a little
+  Spirit of Salt or <i>Aqua-fortis</i> into it, that will de&#383;troy its
+  Redne&#383;s, and leave the Liquor of a Yellow, (&#383;ometimes Pale) I
+  might perhaps plau&#383;ibly enough &#383;ay on this occa&#383;ion, that
+  if we con&#383;ider the ca&#383;e a little more attentively, we may take
+  notice, that the action of the Acid Spirit &#383;eems in both ca&#383;es,
+  but to weaken the Colour of the Liquor on which it falls. And &#383;o
+  though it de&#383;troy Redne&#383;s in the Tincture of Brazil, as well as
+  produce Red in the Tincture of <i>Chochineel</i>, its Operations may be
+  Uniform <!-- Page 289 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289"></a>[pg
+  289]</span> enough, &#383;ince as Crim&#383;on &#383;eems to be little
+  el&#383;e than a very deep Red, with (perhaps) an Eye of Blew, &#383;o
+  &#383;ome kinds of Red &#383;eem (as I have lately noted) to be little
+  el&#383;e than heightned Yellow. And con&#383;equently in &#383;uch
+  Bodies, the Yellow &#383;eems to be but a diluted Red. And accordingly
+  Alcalizate Solutions and Urinous Spirits, which &#383;eem di&#383;pos'd
+  to Deepen the Colours of the Juices and Liquors of mo&#383;t Vegetables,
+  will not only re&#383;tore the Solution of <i>Cochineel</i> and the
+  Infu&#383;ion of Brazil to the Crim&#383;on, whence the Spirit of Salt
+  had chang'd them into a truer Red; but will al&#383;o (as I lately told
+  you) not only heighthen the Yellow Juice of Madder into Red, but advance
+  the Red Infu&#383;ion of Brazil to a Crim&#383;on. But I know not whether
+  it will not be much &#383;afer to derive the&#383;e Changes from vary'd
+  Textures, than certain kinds of Bodies; and you will perhaps think it
+  worth while, that I &#383;hould add on this occa&#383;ion, That it may
+  de&#383;erve &#383;ome Speculation, why, notwith&#383;tanding what we
+  have been ob&#383;erving, though Blew and Purple &#383;eem to be deeper
+  Colours than Red, and therefore the Juices of Plants of either of the two
+  former Colours may (congruou&#383;ly enough to what has been ju&#383;t
+  now noted) be turn'd Red by <!-- Page 290 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_290"></a>[pg 290]</span> Spirit of Salt or <i>Aqua-fortis</i>,
+  yet Blew Syrrup of Violets and &#383;ome Purples &#383;hould both by Oyl
+  of Tartar and Spirit of Urine be chang'd into Green, which &#383;eems to
+  be not a deeper but a more diluted Colour than Blew, if not al&#383;o
+  than Purple.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XXXVIII.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>It would much contribute to the Hi&#383;tory of Colours, if
+  <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i> would in their Laboratories take a heedfull notice,
+  and give us a faithfull account of the Colours ob&#383;erv'd in the
+  Steams of Bodies either Sublim'd or Di&#383;till'd, and of the Colours of
+  tho&#383;e Productions of the Fire, that are made up by the Coalition of
+  tho&#383;e Steams. As (for In&#383;tance) we ob&#383;erve in the
+  Di&#383;tilling of pure Salt peter, that at a certain &#383;ea&#383;on of
+  the Operation, the Body, though it &#383;eem either Cry&#383;talline, or
+  White, affords very Red Fumes: whereas though Vitriol be Green or Blew,
+  the Spirit of it is ob&#383;erv'd to come over in Whiti&#383;h Fumes. The
+  like Colour I have taken notice of in the Fumes of &#383;everal other
+  Concretes of differing Colours, and Natures, e&#383;pecially when
+  Di&#383;till'd with &#383;trong Fires. And we el&#383;ewhere note, that
+  ev'n Soot, as Black as it is, has fill'd our Receivers <!-- Page 291
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291"></a>[pg 291]</span> with
+  &#383;uch copious White Fumes, that they &#383;eem'd to have had their
+  In-&#383;ides wa&#383;h'd with Milk. And no le&#383;s ob&#383;ervable may
+  be, the Di&#383;till'd Liqours, into which &#383;uch Fumes convene, (for
+  though we will not deny, that by skill and care a Reddi&#383;h Liqour may
+  be obtain'd from Nitre) yet the common Spirit of it, in the making ev'n
+  of which &#383;tore of the&#383;e Red Fumes are wont to pa&#383;s over
+  into the Receiver, appears not to be at all Red. And be&#383;ides, that
+  neither the Spirit of Vitriol, nor that of Soot is any thing White; And,
+  be&#383;ides al&#383;o, that as far as I have ob&#383;erv'd, mo&#383;t
+  (for I &#383;ay not all) of the Empyreumatical Oyls of Woods, and other
+  Concretes, are either of a deep Red, or of a Colour between Red and
+  Black; be&#383;ides this, I &#383;ay, 'tis very remarkable that
+  notwith&#383;tanding that great Variety of Colours to be met with in the
+  Herbs, Flowers, and other Bodies wont to be Di&#383;till'd in
+  <i>Balneo</i>: yet (as far at lea&#383;t as our common Di&#383;tillers
+  Experience reacheth) all the Waters and Spirits that fir&#383;t come over
+  by that way of Di&#383;tillation, leave the Colours of their Concretes
+  behind them, though indeed there be one or two Vegetables not commonly
+  taken notice of, who&#383;e Di&#383;till'd Liqours I el&#383;ewhere
+  ob&#383;erve to carry over <!-- Page 292 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_292"></a>[pg 292]</span> the Tincture of the Concrete with
+  them. And as in Di&#383;tillations, &#383;o in Sublimations, it were
+  worth while to take notice of what comes up, in reference to our
+  pre&#383;ent &#383;cope, by purpo&#383;ely performing them (as I have in
+  &#383;ome cafes done) in conveniently &#383;hap'd Gla&#383;&#383;es, that
+  the Colour of the a&#383;cending Fumes may be di&#383;cern'd; For it may
+  afford a Naturali&#383;t good Information to ob&#383;erve the Congruities
+  or the Differences betwixt the Colours of the a&#383;cending Fumes, and
+  tho&#383;e of the <i>Flowers</i>, they compo&#383;e by their Convention.
+  For it is evident, that the&#383;e <i>Flowers</i>, do many of them in
+  point of Colour, much differ, not only from one another, but oft times
+  from the Concretes that afforded them. Thus, (not here to repeat what I
+  formerly noted of the Black Soots of very differingly Colour'd Bodies)
+  though Camphire and Brim&#383;tone afford <i>Flowers</i> much of their
+  own Colour, &#383;ave that tho&#383;e of Brim&#383;tone are wont to be a
+  little Paler, than the Lumps that yielded them; yet ev'n of Red
+  <i>Benzoin</i>, that &#383;ublim'd Sub&#383;tance, which
+  <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i> call its <i>Flowers</i>, is wont to be White or
+  Whiti&#383;h. And to omit other In&#383;tances, ev'n one and the
+  &#383;ame Black Mineral, Antimony, may be made to afford <i>Flowers</i>,
+  &#383;ome of them Red, and &#383;ome Grey, and, which is more
+  &#383;trange, <!-- Page 293 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_293"></a>[pg 293]</span> &#383;ome of them purely White. And
+  'tis the Pre&#383;cription of &#383;ome Gla&#383;s-men by
+  exqui&#383;itely mingling a convenient proportion of Brim&#383;tone,
+  Sal-Armoniack, and Quick&#383;ilver, and Subliming them, together, to
+  make a Sublimate of an excellent Blew; and though having caus'd the
+  Experiment to be made, we found the produc'd Sublimate to be far from
+  being of a lovely Colour, (as was promis'd) that there and there, it
+  &#383;eem'd Blewi&#383;h, and at lea&#383;t was of a Colour differing
+  enough from either of the Ingredients, which is &#383;ufficient for our
+  pre&#383;ent purpo&#383;e. But a much finer Colour is promis'd by
+  &#383;ome of the Empiricks, that pretend to Secrets, who tell us, that
+  Orpiment, being Sublim'd, will afford among the Parts of it that fly
+  Upward, &#383;ome little Ma&#383;&#383;es, which, though the Mineral it
+  &#383;elf be of a good Yellow, will be Red enough to emulate Rubies, both
+  in Colour and Tran&#383;lucency. And this Experiment may, for ought I
+  know, &#383;ometimes &#383;ucceed; for I remember, that having in a
+  &#383;mall Bolt-head purpo&#383;ely &#383;ublim'd &#383;ome powder'd
+  Orpiment, we could in the Lower part of the Sublimate di&#383;cern here
+  and there &#383;ome Reddi&#383;h Lines, though much of the Upper part of
+  the Sublimate con&#383;i&#383;ted of a matter, which was not alone purely
+  <!-- Page 294 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294"></a>[pg
+  294]</span> Yellow, but tran&#383;parent almo&#383;t like a Powder. And
+  we have al&#383;o this way obtain'd a Sublimate, the Lower part whereof
+  though it con&#383;i&#383;ted not of Rubies, yet the &#383;mall pieces of
+  it, which were Numerous enough, were of a plea&#383;ant Reddi&#383;h
+  Colour, and Glitter'd very prettily. But to in&#383;i&#383;t on &#383;uch
+  kind of Trials and Ob&#383;ervations (where the a&#383;cending Fumes of
+  Bodies differ in Colour from the Bodies them&#383;elves) though it might
+  indeed Inrich the Hi&#383;tory of Colours, would Robb me of too much of
+  the little time I have to di&#383;patch what I have further to tell you
+  concerning them.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XXXIX</i></h3>
+
+  <p>Take the dry'd Buds (or Blo&#383;&#383;oms) of the Pomegranate Tree,
+  (which are commonly call'd in the Shops <i>Balau&#383;tiums</i>) pull off
+  the Reddi&#383;h Leaves, and by a gentle Ebullition of them in fair
+  Water, or by a competent Infu&#383;ion of them in like Water well heated,
+  extract a faint Reddi&#383;h Tincture, which if the Liquor be turbid, you
+  may Clarifie it by Filtrating it Into this, if you pour a little good
+  Spirit of Urine, or &#383;ome other Spirit abounding in the like
+  &#383;ort of Volatile Salts, the Mixture will <!-- Page 295 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295"></a>[pg 295]</span> pre&#383;ently
+  turn of a dark Greeni&#383;h Colour, but if in&#383;tead of the
+  fore-mention'd Liquor, you drop into the &#383;imple Infu&#383;ion a
+  little rectify'd Spirit of Sea-Salt, the Pale and almo&#383;t
+  Colourle&#383;s Liquor will immediately not only grow more
+  Tran&#383;parent, but acquire a high Redne&#383;s, like that of Rich
+  Claret Wine, which &#383;o &#383;uddenly acquir'd Colour, may as quickly
+  be De&#383;troy'd and turn'd into a dirty Blewi&#383;h Green, by the
+  affu&#383;ion of a competent quantity of the above-mention'd Spirit of
+  Urine.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Annotation.</i></p>
+
+  <p>This Experiment may bring &#383;ome Light to, and receive &#383;ome
+  from a couple of other Experiments, that I remember I have met with in
+  the ingenious <i>Ga&#383;&#383;endus</i>'s Animadver&#383;ions upon
+  <i>Epicurus</i>'s Philo&#383;ophy, whil&#383;t I was turning over the
+  Leaves of tho&#383;e Learned Commentaries; (my Eyes being too weak to let
+  me read &#383;uch Voluminous Books quite thorough) And I the le&#383;s
+  &#383;cruple (notwith&#383;tanding my contrary Cu&#383;tom in this
+  Treati&#383;e) to &#383;et down the&#383;e Experiments of another,
+  becau&#383;e I &#383;hall a little improve the latter of them, and
+  becau&#383;e by comparing there with that which I have la&#383;t recited,
+  we may be a&#383;&#383;i&#383;ted to Conjecture <!-- Page 296 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296"></a>[pg 296]</span> upon what account
+  it is, that Oyl of Vitriol heightens the Tincture of Red-ro&#383;e
+  Leaves, &#383;ince Spirit of Salt, which is a highly Acid
+  <i>Men&#383;truum</i>, but otherwi&#383;e differing enough from Oyl of
+  Vitriol, does the &#383;ame thing. Our Authors Experiments then, as we
+  made them, are the&#383;e; We took about a Gla&#383;s-full of luke-warm
+  Water, and in it immerg'd a quantity of the Leaves of <i>Senna</i>, and
+  pre&#383;ently upon the Immer&#383;ion there did not appear any
+  Redne&#383;s in the Water, but dropping into it a little Oyl of Tartar,
+  the Liquor &#383;oon di&#383;cover'd a Redne&#383;s to the watchfull Eye,
+  whereas by a little of that Acid Liquor of Vitriol, which is like the
+  former, unde&#383;ervedly called Oyl, &#383;uch a Colour would not be
+  extracted from the infu&#383;ed <i>Senna</i>. On the other &#383;ide we
+  took &#383;ome Red-ro&#383;e Leaves dry'd, and having &#383;haken them
+  into a Gla&#383;s of fair Water, they imparted to it no Redne&#383;s, but
+  upon the affu&#383;ion of a little Oyl of Vitriol the Water was
+  immediately turn'd Red, which it would not have been, if in&#383;tead of
+  Oyl of Vitriol, we had imployed Oyl of Tartar to produce that Colour:
+  That the&#383;e were <i>Ga&#383;&#383;endus</i> his Experiments, I partly
+  remember, and was a&#383;&#383;ur'd by a Friend, who lately
+  Tran&#383;cribed them out of <i>Ga&#383;&#383;endus</i> his Book, which I
+  <!-- Page 297 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297"></a>[pg
+  297]</span> therefore add, becau&#383;e I have not now that Book at hand.
+  And the de&#383;ign of <i>Ga&#383;&#383;endus</i> in the&#383;e
+  Experiments our Friend affirms to be, to prove, that of things not Red a
+  Redne&#383;s may be made only by Mixture, and the Varied po&#383;ition of
+  parts, wherein the Doctrine of that Subtil Philo&#383;opher doth not a
+  little Authorize, what we have formerly delivered concerning the
+  Emergency and Change of Colours. But the in&#383;tances, that we have out
+  of him &#383;et down, &#383;eem not to be the mo&#383;t Eminent, that may
+  be produced of this truth: For our next Experiment will &#383;hew the
+  production of &#383;everal Colours out of Liquors, which have not any of
+  them any &#383;uch Colour, nor indeed any di&#383;cernable one at all;
+  and whereas though our Author tells us, that there was no Redne&#383;s
+  either in the Water, or the Leaves of <i>Senna</i>, or the Oyl of Tartar;
+  And though it be true, that the Predominant Colour of the Leaves of
+  <i>Senna</i> be another than Red, yet we have try'd, that by
+  &#383;teeping that Plant a Night even in Cold water, it would afford a
+  very deep Yellow or Reddi&#383;h Tincture without the help of the Oyl of
+  Tartar, which &#383;eems to do little more than a&#383;&#383;i&#383;t the
+  Water to extract more nimbly a plenty of that Red Tincture, wherewith the
+  Leaves of <i>Senna</i> <!-- Page 298 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_298"></a>[pg 298]</span> do of them&#383;elves abound, and
+  having taken off the Tincture of <i>Senna</i>, made only with fair Water,
+  before it grew to be Reddi&#383;h, and Decanted it from the Leaves, we
+  could not perceive, that by dropping &#383;ome Oyl of Tartar into it,
+  that Colour was con&#383;iderable, though it were a little heightned into
+  a Redne&#383;s; which might have been expected, if the particles of the
+  Oyl did eminently Co-operate, otherwi&#383;e than we have
+  expre&#383;&#383;ed, to the production of this Redne&#383;s.</p>
+
+  <p>And as for the Experiment with Red-ro&#383;e Leaves, the &#383;ame
+  thing may be alleged, for we found that &#383;uch Leaves by bare
+  Infu&#383;ion for a Night and Day in fair Water, did afford us a Tincture
+  bordering at lea&#383;t upon Redne&#383;s, and that Colour being
+  con&#383;picuous in the Leaves them&#383;elves, would not by &#383;ome
+  &#383;eem &#383;o much to be produc'd as to be extracted by the
+  affu&#383;ion of Oyl of Vitriol. And the Experiment try'd with the dry'd
+  Leaves of Damask-ro&#383;es &#383;ucceeded but imperfectly, but that is
+  indeed ob&#383;ervable to our Authors purpo&#383;e, that Oyl of Tartar
+  will not perform in this Experiment what Oyl of Vitriol doth; but
+  becau&#383;e this la&#383;t named Liquor is not &#383;o ea&#383;ily to be
+  had, give me leave to Adverti&#383;e you, that the Experiment will
+  &#383;ucceed, <!-- Page 299 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_299"></a>[pg 299]</span> if in&#383;tead of it you imploy
+  <i>Aqua-fortis</i>. And though &#383;ome Trials of our own formerly made,
+  and others ea&#383;ily deducible from what we have already deliver'd,
+  about the different Families and Operations of Salt, might enable us to
+  pre&#383;ent you an Experiment upon Red-ro&#383;e Leaves, more
+  accommodated to our Authors purpo&#383;e, than that which he hath given
+  us; yet our Reverence to &#383;o Candid a Philo&#383;opher, invites us
+  rather to improve his Experiment, than &#383;ub&#383;titute another in
+  its place. Take therefore of the Tincture of Red-ro&#383;e Leaves, (for
+  with Damask-ro&#383;e Leaves the Experiment &#383;ucceedeth not well)
+  made as before hath been taught with a little Oyl of Vitriol, and a good
+  quantity of fair Water, pour off this Liquor into a clear Vial, half
+  fill'd with Limpid water; till the Water held again&#383;t the Light have
+  acquir'd a competent Redne&#383;s, without lo&#383;ing its
+  Tran&#383;parency, into this Tincture drop lei&#383;urely a little good
+  Spirit of Urine, and &#383;haking the Vial, which you mu&#383;t
+  &#383;till hold again&#383;t the Light, you &#383;hall &#383;ee the Red
+  Liquor immediately turn'd into a fine Greeni&#383;h Blew, which Colour
+  was not to be found in any of the Bodies, upon who&#383;e Mixture it
+  emerg'd, and this Change is the more ob&#383;ervable, becau&#383;e in
+  many Bodies <!-- Page 300 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_300"></a>[pg 300]</span> the Degenerating of Blew into Red is
+  u&#383;ual enough, but the turning of Red into Blew is very unfrequent.
+  If at every drop of Spirit of Urine you &#383;hake the Vial containing
+  the Red Tincture, you may delightfully ob&#383;erve a pretty variety of
+  Colours in the pa&#383;&#383;age of that Tincture from a Red to a Blew,
+  and &#383;ometimes we have this way hit upon &#383;uch a Liquor, as being
+  look't upon again&#383;t and from the Light, did &#383;eem faintly to
+  emulate the above-mention'd Tincture of <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>. And if
+  you make the Tincture of Red-ro&#383;es very high, and without Diluting
+  it with fair Water, pour on the Spirit of Urine, you may have a Blew
+  &#383;o deep, as to make the Liquor Opacous, but being dropt upon White
+  Paper the Colour will &#383;oon di&#383;clo&#383;e it &#383;elf.
+  Al&#383;o having made the Red, and con&#383;equently the Blew Tincture
+  very Tran&#383;parent, and &#383;uffer'd it to re&#383;t in a &#383;mall
+  open Vial for a Day or two, we found according to our Conjecture, that
+  not only the Blew but the Red Colour al&#383;o was Vani&#383;h'd; the
+  clear Liquor being of a bright Amber Colour, at the bottom of which
+  &#383;ub&#383;ided a Light, but Copious feculency of almo&#383;t the
+  &#383;ame Colour, which &#383;eems to be nothing but the Tincted parts of
+  the Ro&#383;e Leaves drawn out by the Acid <!-- Page 301 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301"></a>[pg 301]</span> Spirits of the Oyl
+  of Vitriol, and Precipitated by the Volatile Salt of the Spirit of Urine,
+  which makes it the more probable, that the Redne&#383;s drawn by the Oyl
+  of Vitriol, was at lea&#383;t as well an extraction of the Tinging parts
+  of the Ro&#383;es, as a production of Redne&#383;s; and la&#383;tly, if
+  you be de&#383;titute of Spirit of Urine, you may change the Colour of
+  the Tincture of Ro&#383;es with many other Sulphureous Salts, as a
+  &#383;trong Solution of Pot-a&#383;hes, Oyl of Tartar, &amp;c. which yet
+  are &#383;eldome &#383;o free from Feculency, as the Spirituous parts of
+  Urine becomes by repeated Di&#383;tillation.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Annotation</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>On this, occa&#383;ion, I call to mind, that I found, a way of
+  producing, though not the &#383;ame kind of Blew, as I have been
+  mentioning, yet a Colour near of Kin to it, namely, a fair Purple, by
+  imploying a Liquor not made Red by Art, in&#383;tead of the Tincture of
+  Red-ro&#383;es, made with an Acid Spirit; And my way was only to take
+  Log-wood, (a Wood very well known to Dyers) having by Infu&#383;ion the
+  Powder of it a while in fair Water made that Liquor Red, I dropt into it
+  a <i>Tantillum</i> of an Urinous Spirit, as that of Sal-Armoniack, <!--
+  Page 302 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302"></a>[pg 302]</span>
+  (and I have done the &#383;ame thing with an <i>Alcali</i>) by which the
+  Colour was in a moment turn'd into a Rich, and lovely Purple. But care
+  mu&#383;t be had, that you let not fall into a Spoonfull above two or
+  three Drops, le&#383;t the Colour become &#383;o deep, as to make the
+  Liquor too Opacous. And (to an&#383;wer the other part of
+  <i>Ga&#383;&#383;endus</i> his Experiment) if in&#383;tead of fair Water,
+  I infus'd the Log-wood in Water made &#383;omewhat &#383;owr by the Acid
+  Spirit of Salt, I &#383;hould obtain neither a Purple Liquor, nor a Red,
+  but only a Yellow one.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XL.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>The Experiment I am now to mention to you, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, is that
+  which both you, and all the other <i>Virtuo&#383;i</i> that have
+  &#383;een it, have been pleas'd to think very &#383;trange; and indeed of
+  all the Experiments of Colours, I have yet met with, it &#383;eems to be
+  the fitte&#383;t to recommend the Doctrine propos'd in this
+  Treati&#383;e, and to &#383;hew that we need not &#383;uppo&#383;e, that
+  all Colours mu&#383;t nece&#383;&#383;arily be Inherent Qualities,
+  flowing from the Sub&#383;tantial Forms of the Bodies they are &#383;aid
+  to belong to, &#383;ince by a bare Mechanical change of Texture in the
+  Minute parts of Bodies; two Colours may in <!-- Page 303 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303"></a>[pg 303]</span> a moment be
+  Generated quite <i>De novo,</i> and utterly De&#383;troy'd. For there is
+  this difference betwixt the following Experiment, and mo&#383;t of the
+  others deliver'd in the&#383;e Papers, that in this, the Colour that a
+  Body already had, is not chang'd into another, but betwixt two Bodies,
+  each of them apart devoid of Colour, there is in a moment generated a
+  very deep Colour, and which if it were let alone, would be permanent; and
+  yet by a very &#383;mall Parcel of a third Body, that has no Colour of
+  its own, (le&#383;t &#383;ome may pretend I know not what Antipathy
+  betwixt Colours) this otherwi&#383;e permanent Colour will be in another
+  trice &#383;o quite De&#383;troy'd, that there will remain no
+  foot-&#383;tepts either of it or of any other Colour in the whole
+  Mixture.</p>
+
+  <p>The Experiment is very ea&#383;ie, and it is thus perform'd: Take good
+  common Sublimate, and fully &#383;atiate with it what quantity of Water
+  you plea&#383;e, Filtre the Solution carefully through clean and
+  clo&#383;e Paper, that it may drop down as Clear and Colourle&#383;s as
+  Fountain water. Then when you'l &#383;hew the Experiment, put of it about
+  a Spoonfull into a &#383;mall Wine-gla&#383;s, or any other convenient
+  Ve&#383;&#383;el made of clear Gla&#383;s, and droping in three or four
+  <!-- Page 304 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304"></a>[pg
+  304]</span> drops of good Oyl of Tartar, <i>per Deliquium</i>; well
+  Filtred that it may likewi&#383;e be without Colour, the&#383;e two
+  Limpid Liquors will in the twinkling of an Eye turn into an Opacous
+  mixture of a deep Orange Colour, which by keeping the Gla&#383;s
+  continually &#383;haking in your hand, you mu&#383;t pre&#383;erve from
+  &#383;etling too &#383;oon to the Bottom; And when the Spectators have a
+  little beheld this fir&#383;t Change, then you mu&#383;t pre&#383;ently
+  drop in about four or five drops of Oyl of Vitriol, and continuing to
+  &#383;hake the Gla&#383;s pretty &#383;trongly, that it may the Nimbler
+  diffu&#383;e it &#383;elf, the whole Colour, if you have gone Skilfully
+  to work, will immediately di&#383;appear, and all the Liquor in the
+  Gla&#383;s will be Clear and Colourle&#383;s as before, without &#383;o
+  much as a Sediment at the Bottom. But for the more gracefull Trial of
+  this Experiment, 'twill not be ami&#383;s to ob&#383;erve, Fir&#383;t,
+  That there &#383;hould not be taken too much of the Solution of
+  Sublimate, nor too much of the Oyl of Tartar drop'd in, to avoid the
+  nece&#383;&#383;ity of putting in &#383;o much Oyl of Vitriol as may make
+  an Ebullition, and perhaps run over the Gla&#383;s. Secondly, That 'tis
+  convenient to keep the Gla&#383;s always a little &#383;haking, both for
+  the better mixing of the Liquors, and to keep the Yellow Sub&#383;tance
+  from Sub&#383;iding, which <!-- Page 305 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_305"></a>[pg 305]</span> el&#383;e it would in a &#383;hort
+  time do, though when 'tis &#383;ub&#383;ided it will retain its Colour,
+  and al&#383;o be capable of being depriv'd of it by the Oyl newly
+  mention'd. Thirdly, That if any Yellow matter &#383;tick at the
+  &#383;ides of the Gla&#383;s, 'tis but inclining the Gla&#383;s, till the
+  clarify'd Liquor can wa&#383;h along&#383;t it, and the Liquor will
+  pre&#383;ently imbibe it, and deprive it of its Colour.</p>
+
+  <p>Many have &#383;omewhat wondred, how I came to light upon this
+  Experiment, but the Notions or Conjectures I have about the differing
+  Natures of the Several Tribes of Salts, having led me to devi&#383;e the
+  Experiment, it will not be difficult for me to give you the Chymical
+  Rea&#383;on, if I may &#383;o &#383;peak, of the <i>Phænomenon</i>.
+  Having then ob&#383;erv'd, that <i>Mercury</i> being di&#383;&#383;olv'd
+  in Some <i>Men&#383;truums</i>, would yield a dark Yellow Precipitate,
+  and &#383;uppo&#383;ing that, as to this, common Water, and the Salts
+  that &#383;tick to the <i>Mercury</i> would be equivalent to tho&#383;e
+  Acid <i>Men&#383;truums</i>, which work upon the
+  <i>Quick-&#383;ilver</i>, upon the account of their Saline particles, I
+  &#383;ub&#383;tituted a Solution of Sublimate in fair Water, in&#383;tead
+  of a Solution of <i>Mercury</i> in <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, or Spirit of
+  <i>Nitre</i>, that &#383;imple Solution being both clearer and free from
+  that very offen&#383;ive Smell, which accompanies the Solutions <!-- Page
+  306 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306"></a>[pg 306]</span> of
+  <i>Mercury</i> made with tho&#383;e other corro&#383;ive Liquors; then I
+  con&#383;ider'd, that That, which makes the Yellow Colour, is indeed but
+  a Precipitate made by the means of the Oyl of Tartar, which we drop in,
+  and which, as <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i> know, does generally precipitate
+  Metalline Bodies corroded by Acid Salts; &#383;o that the Colour in our
+  ca&#383;e re&#383;ults from the Coalition of the Mercurial particles with
+  the Saline ones, wherewith they were formerly a&#383;&#383;ociated, and
+  with the Alcalizate particles of the Salt of Tartar that &#383;wim up and
+  down in the Oyl. Wherefore con&#383;idering al&#383;o, that very many of
+  the effects of Lixiviate Liquors, upon the Solutions of other Bodies, may
+  be de&#383;troy'd by Acid <i>Menstruums</i>, as I el&#383;ewhere more
+  particularly declare, I concluded, that if I cho&#383;e a very potently
+  Acid Liquor, which by its Inci&#383;ive power might undo the work of the
+  Oyl of Tartar, and di&#383;per&#383;e again tho&#383;e Particles, which
+  the other had by Precipitation a&#383;&#383;ociated, into &#383;uch
+  minute Corpu&#383;cles as were before &#383;ingly Incon&#383;picuous,
+  they would become Incon&#383;picuous again, and con&#383;equently leave
+  the Liquor as Colourle&#383;s as before the Precipitation was made.</p>
+
+  <p>This, as I &#383;aid, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, &#383;eems to be the Chymical
+  rea&#383;on of this Experiment, that <!-- Page 307 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307"></a>[pg 307]</span> is &#383;uch a
+  rea&#383;on, as, &#383;uppo&#383;ing the truth of tho&#383;e Chymical
+  Notions I have el&#383;ewhere I hope evinc'd, may give &#383;uch an
+  account of the <i>Phænomena</i> as Chymical Notions can &#383;upply us
+  with; but I both here and el&#383;ewhere make u&#383;e of this way of
+  &#383;peaking, to intimate that I am &#383;ufficiently aware of the
+  difference betwixt a Chymical Explication of a <i>Phænomenon</i>, and one
+  that is truly Philo&#383;ophical or Mechanical; as in our pre&#383;ent
+  ca&#383;e, I tell you &#383;omething, when I tell you that the
+  Yellowne&#383;s of the Mercurial Solution and the Oyl of Tartar is
+  produc'd by the Precipitation occa&#383;ion'd by the affu&#383;ion of the
+  latter of tho&#383;e Liquors, and that the de&#383;truction of the Colour
+  proceeds from the Di&#383;&#383;ipation of that Curdl'd matter,
+  who&#383;e Texture is de&#383;troy'd, and which is di&#383;&#383;olv'd
+  into Minute and Invi&#383;ible particles by the potently Acid
+  <i>Men&#383;truum</i>, which is the rea&#383;on, why there remains no
+  Sediment in the Bottom, becau&#383;e the infu&#383;ed Oyl takes it up,
+  and re&#383;olves it into hidden or invi&#383;ible Parts, as Water does
+  Salt or Sugar. But when I have told you all this, I am far from thinking
+  I have told all that &#383;uch an Inqui&#383;itive Per&#383;on as your
+  &#383;elf would know, for I pre&#383;ume you would de&#383;ire as well as
+  I to learn (at lea&#383;t) why the Particles of the <!-- Page 308
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308"></a>[pg 308]</span>
+  <i>Mercury</i>, of the Tartar, and of the Acid Salts convening together,
+  &#383;hould make rather an Orange Colour than a Red, or a Blew, or a
+  Green, for 'tis not enough to &#383;ay what I related a little before,
+  that divers Mercurial Solutions, though otherwi&#383;e made, would yield
+  a Yellow precipitate, becau&#383;e the Que&#383;tion will recurr
+  concerning them; and to give it a &#383;atisfactory an&#383;wer, is, I
+  freely acknowledge, more than I dare as yet pretend to.</p>
+
+  <p>But to confirm my conjecture about the Chymical rea&#383;on of our
+  Experiment, I may add, that as I have (<i>viz.</i> pag. 34<sup>th</sup>.
+  of this Treati&#383;e) el&#383;ewhere (on another occa&#383;ion) told
+  you, with Saline Liquors of another kind and nature than Salt of Tartar,
+  (namely, with Spirit of Urine, and Liquors of kin to that) I can make the
+  <i>Mercury</i> precipitate out of the fir&#383;t &#383;imple Solution
+  quite of another Colour than that hitherto mention'd; Nay, if
+  in&#383;tead of altering the Precipitating liquor, I alter'd the Texture
+  of the Sublimate in &#383;uch a way as my Notions about Salt requir'd, I
+  could produce the &#383;ame <i>Phænomenon</i>. For having purpo&#383;ely
+  Sublim'd together Equal parts (or thereabout) of Sal-Armoniack and
+  Sublimate, fir&#383;t diligently Mix'd, the a&#383;cending Flowers being
+  diffolv'd in fair Water, <!-- Page 309 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_309"></a>[pg 309]</span> and Filtred, gave a Solution Limpid
+  and Colourle&#383;s, like that of the other Sublimates, and yet an
+  <i>Akaly</i> drop'd into this Liquor did not turn it Yellow but White.
+  And upon the &#383;ame Grounds we may with <i>Quick-&#383;ilver</i>,
+  without the help of common Sublimate, prepare another &#383;ort of
+  Flowers di&#383;&#383;oluble in Water without Di&#383;colouring it, with
+  which I could likewi&#383;e do what I newly mention'd; to which I
+  &#383;hall add, (what po&#383;&#383;ibly you'l &#383;omewhat wonder at)
+  That &#383;o much does the Colour depend upon the Texture re&#383;ulting
+  from the Convention of the &#383;everal &#383;orts of Corpu&#383;cles,
+  that though in out Experiment, Oyl of Vitriol de&#383;troys the Yellow
+  Colour, yet with <i>Quick-&#383;ilver</i> and fair Water, by the help of
+  Oyl of Vitriol alone, we may ea&#383;ily make a kind of Precipitate of a
+  fair and permanent Yellow, as you will e're long (in the forty
+  &#383;econd Expement of this third Part) be taught. And I may further
+  add, that I cho&#383;e Oyl of Vitriol, not &#383;o much for any other or
+  peculiar Quality, as for its being, when 'tis well rectify'd, (which 'tis
+  &#383;omewhat hazardous to bring it to be) not only devoid of Colour and
+  in Smells, but extremely Strong and Inci&#383;ive; For though common and
+  undephlegmated <i>Aqua-fortis</i> will not perform <!-- Page 310 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310"></a>[pg 310]</span> the &#383;ame
+  thing well, yet that which is made exceeding Strong by being carefully
+  Dephlegm'd, will do it pretty well, though not &#383;o well as Oyl of
+  Vitriol which is &#383;o Strong, that even without Rectification it may
+  for a need be made u&#383;e of. I will not here tell you what I have
+  try'd, that I may be able to deprive at plea&#383;ure the Precipitate
+  that one of the Sulphureous Liquors had made, by the copious
+  Affu&#383;ion of the other: Becau&#383;e I found, though this Experiment
+  is too tickli&#383;h to let me give a full account of it in few words, I
+  &#383;hall therefore tell you, that it is not only for once, that the
+  other above-mention'd Experiment may be made, the &#383;ame Numerical
+  parcels of Liquor being &#383;till imploy'd in it; for after I have
+  Clarify'd the Orange Colour'd Liquor, by the addition of as little of the
+  Oyl of Viriol as will &#383;uffice to perform the effect, I can again at
+  plea&#383;ure re-produce the Opacous Colour, by the dropping in of
+  fre&#383;h Oyl of Tartar, and de&#383;troy it again by the
+  Re-affu&#383;ion of more of the Acid <i>Men&#383;truum</i>; and yet
+  oftner if I plea&#383;e, can I with the&#383;e two contrariant Liquors
+  recall and di&#383;per&#383;e the Colour, though by rea&#383;on of the
+  addition of &#383;o much new Liquor, in reference to the Mercurial
+  particles, the Colour will at length appear more dilute and faint. <!--
+  Page 311 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311"></a>[pg
+  311]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>An improvement of the fortieth Experiment</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>And, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, to confirm yet further the Notions that led me
+  to think on the propos'd Experiment, I &#383;hall acquaint you with
+  another, which when I had conveniency I have &#383;ometimes added to it,
+  and which has to the Spectators appear'd little le&#383;s Odd than the
+  fir&#383;t; And though becau&#383;e the Liquor, requi&#383;ite to make
+  the Trial &#383;ucceed well, mu&#383;t be on purpo&#383;e prepar'd anew a
+  while before, becau&#383;e it will not long retain its fitne&#383;s for
+  this work, I do but &#383;eldome annex this Experiment to the other, yet
+  I &#383;hall tell you how I devis'd it, and how I make it. If you boyl
+  Crude Antimony in a &#383;trong and clear <i>Lixivium</i>, you &#383;hall
+  &#383;eparate a Sub&#383;tance from it, which &#383;ome Modern
+  <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i> are pleas'd to call its Sulphur, but how
+  de&#383;ervedly I &#383;hall not here examine, having el&#383;ewhere done
+  it in an Opportune place; wherefore I &#383;hall now but need to take
+  notice, that when this &#383;uppos'd Sulphur (not now to call it rather a
+  kind of <i>Crocus</i>) is let fall by the Liquor upon its Refrigeration,
+  it often &#383;ettles in Flakes, or &#383;uch like parcels of a Yellow
+  Sub&#383;tance, (which being by the precedent <!-- Page 312 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312"></a>[pg 312]</span>
+  di&#383;&#383;olution reduc'd into Minute parts, may peradventure be made
+  to take Fire much more ea&#383;ily than the Gro&#383;&#383;er Powder of
+  unprepar'd Antimony would have done.) Con&#383;idering therefore, that
+  common Sulphur boyl'd in a <i>Lixivium</i> may be Precipitated out of it
+  by Rheni&#383;h-wine or White-wine, which are Sowri&#383;h Liquors, and
+  have in them, as I el&#383;ewhere &#383;hew, an Acid Salt; and having
+  found al&#383;o by Trial, that with other Acid Liquors I could
+  Precipitate out of Lixiviate Solvents &#383;ome other Mineral concretions
+  abounding with Sulphureous parts, of which &#383;ort is crude Antimony, I
+  concluded it to be ea&#383;ie to Precipitate the Antimony
+  di&#383;&#383;olv'd, as was lately mention'd, with the Acid Oyl of
+  Vitriol; and though common Sulphur yields a White Precipitate, which the
+  <i>Chymi&#383;ts</i> call <i>Lac Sulphuris</i>, yet I &#383;uppos'd the
+  Precipitated Antimony would be of a deep Yellow Colour, as well, if made
+  with Oyl of Vitriol, as if made only by Refrigeration and length of Time.
+  From this 'twas ea&#383;ie to deduce this Experiment, that if you put
+  into one Gla&#383;s &#383;ome of the fre&#383;hly Impregnated and
+  Filtrated Solution of Antimony, and into another &#383;ome of the
+  Orange-Colour'd Mixture, (which I formerly &#383;hew'd you how to make
+  with a <!-- Page 313 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313"></a>[pg
+  313]</span> Mercurial Solution and Oyl of Tartar) a few drops of Oyl of
+  Vitriol dropp'd into the la&#383;t mention'd Gla&#383;s, would, as I told
+  you before, turn the Deep Yellow mixture into a Cleer Liquor; whereas a
+  little of the &#383;ame Oyl dropp'd out of the &#383;ame Viol into the
+  other Gla&#383;s would pre&#383;ently (but not without &#383;ome ill
+  &#383;ent) turn the moderately cleer Solution into a Deep Yellow
+  Sub&#383;tance, But this, as I Said, &#383;ucceeds not well, unle&#383;s
+  you employ a <i>Lixivium</i> that has but newly di&#383;&#383;olv'd
+  Antimony, and has not yet let it fall. But yet in Summer time, if your
+  <i>Lixivium</i> have been duly Impregnated and well Filtred after it is
+  quite cold, it will for &#383;ome dayes (perhaps much longer than I had
+  occa&#383;ion to try) retain Antimony enough to exhibit, upon the
+  Affu&#383;ion of the Corro&#383;ive Oyl, as much of a good Yellow
+  Sub&#383;tance as is nece&#383;&#383;ary to &#383;atisfie the Beholders
+  of the Po&#383;&#383;ibility of the Experiment.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Reflections upon the XL. Experiment
+Compared with the X. and
+XX.</i></p>
+
+  <p>The Knowledge of the Di&#383;tinction of Salts which we have propos'd,
+  whereby they are di&#383;criminated into <i>Acid, Volatile,</i> <!-- Page
+  314 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314"></a>[pg 314]</span> or
+  <i>Salfuginous</i> (if I may for Di&#383;tinction &#383;ake &#383;o call
+  the Fugitive Salts of Animal Sub&#383;tances) and <i>fix'd</i> or
+  <i>Alcalizate</i>, may po&#383;&#383;ibly (by that little part which we
+  have already deliver'd, of what we could &#383;ay of its
+  Applicablene&#383;s) appear of &#383;o much U&#383;e in Natural
+  Philo&#383;ophy (e&#383;pecially in the Practick part of it) that I doubt
+  not but it will be no Unwelcome Corollary of the Preceding Experiment, if
+  by the help of it I teach you to di&#383;tingui&#383;h, which of
+  tho&#383;e Salts is Predominant in Chymical Liquors, as well as whether
+  any of them be &#383;o or not. For though in our Notes upon the X. and
+  XX. Experiments I have &#383;hown you a way by means of the Tincture of
+  <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>, or of Syrrup of Violets, to di&#383;cover
+  whether a propounded Salt be Acid or not, yet you can thereby only find
+  in general that &#383;uch and &#383;uch Salts belong not to the Tribe of
+  Acids, but cannot determine whether they belong to the Tribe of Urinous
+  Salts (under which for di&#383;tinction &#383;ake I comprehend all
+  tho&#383;e Volatile Salts of Animal or other Sub&#383;tances that are
+  contrary to Acids) or to that of Alcalies. For as well the one as the
+  other of the&#383;e Salino-Sulphurous Salts will re&#383;tore the
+  Cæruleous Colour to the Tincture of <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>, and turn
+  that of Syrrup of Violets <!-- Page 315 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_315"></a>[pg 315]</span> into Green. Wherefore this XL.
+  Experiment does opportunely &#383;upply the deficiency of tho&#383;e. For
+  being &#383;ollicitous to find out &#383;ome ready wayes of
+  di&#383;criminating the Tribes of Chymical Salts, I found that all
+  tho&#383;e I thought fit to make Tryal of, would, if they were of a
+  Lixiviate Nature, make with Sublimate di&#383;&#383;olv'd in Fair Water
+  an <i>Orange Tawny</i> Precipitate; whereas if they were of an Urinous
+  Nature the Precipitate would be <i>White</i> and Milky. So that having
+  alwayes by me &#383;ome Syrrup of Violets and &#383;ome Solution of
+  Sublimate, I can by the help of the fir&#383;t of tho&#383;e Liquors
+  di&#383;cover in a trice, whether the propounded Salt or Saline Body be
+  of an Acid Nature or no, if it be I need (you know) inquire no further;
+  but if it be not, I can very ea&#383;ily, and as readily
+  di&#383;tingui&#383;h between the other two kinds of Salts, by the White
+  or Orange-Colour that is immediately produc'd, by letting fall a few
+  Drops or Grains of the Salt to be examin'd, into a &#383;poonfull of the
+  cleer Solution of Sublimate. For Example, it has been &#383;uppos'd by
+  &#383;ome eminently Learned, That when Sal Armoniack being mingled with
+  an Alcaly is forc'd from it by the Fire in clo&#383;e Ve&#383;&#383;els,
+  the Volatile Salt that will thereby be obtain'd (if the Operation be
+  skilfully perform'd,) <!-- Page 316 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_316"></a>[pg 316]</span> is but a more fine and &#383;ubtile
+  &#383;ort of Sal Armoniack, which, 'tis pre&#383;um'd, this Operation
+  do's but more exqui&#383;itely purifie, than common Solutions,
+  Filtrations, and Coagulations. But this Opinion may be ea&#383;ily
+  &#383;hown to be Erroneous, as by other Arguments, &#383;o particularly
+  by the lately deliver'd Method of di&#383;tingui&#383;hing the Tribes of
+  Salts. For the Saline Spirit of Sal Armoniack, as it is in many other
+  manife&#383;t Qualities very like the Spirit of Urine, &#383;o like, that
+  it will in a trice make Syrrup of Violets of a Lovely Green, turn a
+  Solution of good Verdigrea&#383;e into an Excellent Azure, and make the
+  Solution of a Sublimate yield a White Precipitate, in&#383;omuch that in
+  mo&#383;t (for I &#383;ay not all of the Experiments) where I Aim onely
+  at producing a &#383;udden change of Colour, I &#383;cruple not to
+  u&#383;e Spirit of Sal Armoniack when it is at hand, in&#383;tead of
+  Spirit of Urine, as indeed it &#383;eems chiefly to con&#383;i&#383;t
+  (be&#383;ides the flegm that helps to make it fluid) of the Volatile
+  Urinous Salt (yet not excluding that of Soot) that abounds in the Sal
+  Armoniack and is &#383;et at liberty from the Sea Salt wherewith it was
+  formerly a&#383;&#383;ociated, and clogg'd, by the Operation of the
+  Alcaly, that divides the Ingredients of Sal Armoniack, and retains that
+  Sea Salt with it &#383;elf. What u&#383;e may be <!-- Page 317 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317"></a>[pg 317]</span> made of the like
+  way of exploration in that inquiry which puzzles &#383;o many Modern
+  Naturali&#383;ts, whether the Rich Pigment (which we have often had
+  occa&#383;ion to mention) belongs to the Vegetable or Animal Kingdome,
+  you may find in another place where I give you &#383;ome account of what
+  I try'd about Cocheneel. But I think it needle&#383;s to exemplifie here
+  our Method by any other In&#383;tances, many &#383;uch being to be met
+  with in divers parts of this Treati&#383;e; but I will rather
+  adverti&#383;e you, that, by this way of examining Chymical Liquors, you
+  may not onely in mo&#383;t Ca&#383;es conclude <i>Affirmatively</i>, but
+  in &#383;ome Ca&#383;es <i>Negatively</i>. As &#383;ince Spirit of Wine,
+  and as far as I have try'd, tho&#383;e Chymical Oyles which Arti&#383;ts
+  call E&#383;&#383;ential, did not (when I us'd them as I had us'd the
+  &#383;everal Families of Salts upon that Syrrup) turn Syrrup of Violets
+  Red or Green, nor the Solution of Sublimate White or Yellow, I inferr'd
+  it may thence be probably argued, that either they are de&#383;titute of
+  Salt, or have &#383;uch as belongs not to either of the three Grand
+  families already often mention'd. When I went to examine the Spirit of
+  Oak or of &#383;uch like Concretes forced over through a Retort, I found
+  by this means among&#383;t others, that (as I el&#383;ewhere &#383;how)
+  the&#383;e Chymi&#383;ts are <!-- Page 318 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_318"></a>[pg 318]</span> much mi&#383;taken in it, that
+  account it a &#383;imple Liquor, and one of their Hypo&#383;tatical
+  Principles: for not to mention what flegm it may have, I found that with
+  a few drops of one of this &#383;ort of Spirits mix'd with a good
+  proportion of Syrrup of Violets, I could change the Colour and make it
+  Purpli&#383;h, by the affinity of which Colour to Redne&#383;s, I
+  conjectur'd that this Spirit had &#383;ome Acid Corpu&#383;cles in it,
+  and accordingly I found that as it would de&#383;troy the Blewne&#383;s
+  of a Tincture of <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>, &#383;o being put upon Corals
+  it would Corrode them, as common Spirit of Vinegar, and other Acid
+  Liquors are wont to do. And farther to examine whether there were not a
+  great part of the Liquor that was not of an Acid nature, having
+  &#383;eparated the Sour or Vinegar-like part from the re&#383;t, which
+  (if I mi&#383;take not) is far the more Copious, we concluded as we had
+  conjectured, the other or remaining part, though it had a &#383;trong
+  ta&#383;te as well as &#383;mell, to be of a nature differing from that
+  of either of the three &#383;orts of Salts above mention'd, &#383;ince it
+  did as little as Spirit of Wine, and Chymical Oyls, alter the Colour
+  either of Syrrup of Violets or Solution of Sublimate, whence we al&#383;o
+  inferr'd that the change that had been made of that Syrrup into a Purple
+  Colour, was <!-- Page 319 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_319"></a>[pg 319]</span> effected by the Vinegar, that was one
+  of the two Ingredients of the Liquor, which was wont to pa&#383;s for a
+  Simple or Uncompounded Spirit. And, upon this account, 'twas of the
+  Spirit of Oak (and the like Concretes) freed from it's Vinegar that I
+  el&#383;ewhere told you, that I had not then ob&#383;erv'd it, (and I
+  have repeated the Tryal but very lately) to de&#383;troy the Cæruleous
+  Tincture of <i>Lignum Nephriticum</i>. But this onely, <i>en
+  pa&#383;sant</i>; for the Chief thing I had to add was this, That by the
+  &#383;ame way may be examin'd and di&#383;cover'd, divers changes that
+  are produc'd in Bodies either by Nature only, or by Art; either of them
+  being able by changing the Texture of &#383;ome Concretes I could name,
+  to qualifie them to Operate after a New manner upon the above mention'd
+  Syrrup, or Solution, or both. And by this means, to tell you that upon
+  the by, I have been able to di&#383;cover, that there may be made Bodies,
+  which though they run <i>per Deliquium</i>, as readily as Salt of Tartar,
+  belong in other re&#383;pects, not to the family of Alcaliz, much
+  le&#383;s to that of Salfuginous, or that of Acid Salts. Perhaps too, I
+  may know a way of making a highly operative Saline Body that &#383;hall
+  neither change the Colour of Syrrup of Violets, nor Precipitate the
+  Solution of Sublimate; And, I can <!-- Page 320 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320"></a>[pg 320]</span> likewi&#383;e if I
+  plea&#383;e conceal by what Liquors I perform &#383;uch changes of
+  Colour, as I have been mentioning to you, by quite altering the Texture
+  of &#383;ome ordinary Chymical productions, the Exploration of which is
+  the main u&#383;e of the fortieth Experiment, which I think teaches not a
+  little, if it teach us to di&#383;cover the nature of tho&#383;e things
+  (in reference to Salt) that are obtain'd by the ordinary Chymical
+  Analy&#383;is of mix'd Bodyes, though perhaps there may be other Bodyes
+  prepar'd by Chymi&#383;try which may have the &#383;ame Effects in the
+  change of Colours; and yet be produc'd not from what Chymi&#383;ts call
+  the Re&#383;olution of Bodies, but from their Compo&#383;ition. But the
+  di&#383;cour&#383;ing of things of this nature is more proper for another
+  place. I &#383;hall now onely add, what might perhaps have been more
+  &#383;ea&#383;onably told you before; That the Rea&#383;on why the way of
+  Exploration of Salts hitherto deliver'd, &#383;ucceeds in the Solution of
+  Sublimate, depends upon the particular Texture of that Solution, as well
+  as upon the differing Natures of the Saline Liquors imploy'd to
+  Precipitate it. For Gold di&#383;&#383;olv'd in <i>Aqua Regia</i>,
+  whether you Precipitate it with Oyl of Tartar which is an Alcaly, or with
+  Spirit of Urine <!-- Erratum: for Urne -->, or Sal Armoniack which
+  belongs to the family of <!-- Page 321 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_321"></a>[pg 321]</span> Volatile Salts, will either way
+  afford a Yellow &#383;ub&#383;tance: though with &#383;uch an Acid
+  Liquor, as, I &#383;ay not Spirit of Salt, the Body that yields it, being
+  upon the matter an Ingredient of <i>Aqua Regis</i>, but Oyl of Vitriol it
+  &#383;elf, I did not find that I could Precipitate the Metall out of the
+  Solution, or de&#383;troy the Colour of it, though the &#383;ame Oyl of
+  Vitriol would readily Precipitate Silver di&#383;&#383;olv'd in
+  <i>Aqua-fortis</i>. And if you di&#383;&#383;olve pure Silver in
+  <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, and &#383;uffer it to &#383;hoot into Cry&#383;tals,
+  the cleer Solution of the&#383;e made in fair Water, will afford a very
+  White Precipitate, whether it be made with an Alcaly, or an Acid Spirit,
+  as that of Salt, whereas, which may &#383;eem &#383;omewhat &#383;trange,
+  with Spirit of Sal Armoniack (that I us'd was made of Quicklime) I could
+  obtain no &#383;uch White Precipitate; that Volatile Spirit, nor (as I
+  remember) that of Urine, &#383;carce doing any more than &#383;triking
+  down a very &#383;mall quantity of Matter, which was neither White nor
+  Whiti&#383;h, &#383;o that the remaining Liquor being &#383;uffer'd to
+  evaporate till the &#383;uperfluous Moi&#383;ture was gone, the
+  greate&#383;t part of the Metalline Corpu&#383;cles with the Saline ones
+  that had imbib'd them, concoagulated into Salt, as is u&#383;ual in
+  &#383;uch Solutions, wherein the Metall has not been Precipitated.</p>
+
+<!-- Page 322 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322"></a>[pg 322]</span>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XLI.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>Of Kin to the la&#383;t or fortieth Experiment is another which I
+  remember I have &#383;ometimes &#383;hewn to <i>Virtuo&#383;i</i> that
+  were pleas'd not to di&#383;like it. I took Spirit of Urine made by
+  Fermentation, and with a due proportion of Copper brought into &#383;mall
+  parts, I obtain'd a very lovely Azure Solution, and when I &#383;aw the
+  Colour was &#383;uch as was requi&#383;ite, pouring into a clean
+  Gla&#383;s, about a &#383;poonfull of this tincted Liquor, (of which I
+  us'd to keep a Quantity by me,) I could by &#383;haking into it &#383;ome
+  drops of Strong Oyl of Vitriol, deprive it in a trice of its Deep Colour,
+  and make it look like Common-water.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Annotation</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>This Experiment brings into my mind this other, which oftentimes
+  &#383;uccceds well enough, though not quite &#383;o well as the former;
+  Namely, that if into about a &#383;mall &#383;poonfull of a Solution of
+  good French Verdigrea&#383;e made in fair Water, I drop't and &#383;hak'd
+  &#383;ome &#383;trong Spirit of Salt, or rather deflegm'd <i>Aqua
+  Fortis</i>, the Greenne&#383;s of the Solution would be made in a trice
+  almo&#383;t <!-- Page 323 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_323"></a>[pg 323]</span> totally to di&#383;appear, &amp; the
+  Liquor held again&#383;t the Light would &#383;carce &#383;eeme other
+  than Cleer or Limpid, to any but an Attentive Eye, which is therefore
+  remarkable; becau&#383;e we know that <i>Aqua-fortis</i> corroding
+  Copper, which is it that gives the Colour to Verdigrea&#383;e, is wont to
+  reduce it to a Green Blew Solution. But if into the other altogether or
+  almo&#383;t Colourle&#383;s Liquor I was &#383;peaking of, you drop a
+  ju&#383;t quantity either of Oyl of Tartar or Spirit of Urine, you
+  &#383;hall find that after the Ebullition is ceas'd, the mixture will
+  di&#383;clo&#383;e a lively Colour, though &#383;omewhat differing from
+  that which the Solution of Verdigrea&#383;e had at fir&#383;t.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XLII.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>That the Colour (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) of a Body may be chang'd by a
+  Liquor which of it &#383;elf is of no Colour, provided it be Saline, we
+  have already manife&#383;ted by a multitude of in&#383;tances. Nor doth
+  it &#383;eem &#383;o &#383;trange, becau&#383;e Saline Particles
+  &#383;wimming up and down in Liquors, have been by many ob&#383;erv'd to
+  be very operative in the Production and change of Colours. But divers of
+  our Friends that are not acquainted with Chymical Operations have thought
+  it very &#383;trange that a White Body, and a Dry one <!-- Page 324
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324"></a>[pg 324]</span> too,
+  &#383;hould immediately acquire a rich new Colour upon the bare
+  affu&#383;ion of Spring-Water de&#383;titute as well of adventitious Salt
+  as of Tincture. And yet (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) the way of producing
+  &#383;uch a change of Colours may be ea&#383;ily enough lighted on by
+  tho&#383;e that are conver&#383;ant in the Solutions of Mercury. For we
+  have try'd, that though by Evaporating a Solution of Quick-Silver in
+  <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, and ab&#383;tracting the Liquor till the remaining
+  matter began to be well, but not too &#383;trongly dryed, fair Water
+  pour'd on the remaining <i>Calx</i> made it but &#383;omewhat
+  Yellowi&#383;h; yet when we took good Quick-Silver, and three or four
+  times its weight of Oyl of Vitriol, in ca&#383;e we in a Gla&#383;s
+  Retort plac'd in Sand drew off the Saline <i>Men&#383;truum</i> from the
+  Metalline Liquor, till there remain'd a dry <i>Calx</i> at the bottome,
+  though this Precipitate were a Snow White Body, yet upon pouring on it a
+  large quantity of fair Water, we did almo&#383;t in a moment perceive it
+  to pa&#383;s from a Milky Colour to one of the lovelie&#383;t Light
+  Yellows that ever we had beheld. Nor is the Turbith Mineral, that
+  Chymi&#383;ts extol for its power to Salivate, and for other vertues, of
+  a Colour much inferiour to this, though it be often made with a differing
+  proportion of the Ingredients, <!-- Page 325 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_325"></a>[pg 325]</span> a more trouble&#383;ome way. For
+  <i>Beguinus</i>,<a name="NtA_22"></a><a href="#Nt_22"><sup>22</sup></a>
+  who calls it <i>Mercurius præcipitatus optimus</i>, takes to one part of
+  Quick-Silver, but two of Liquor, and that is Rectifi'd Oyl of Sulphur,
+  which is (in <i>England</i> at lea&#383;t) far more &#383;carce and dear
+  than Oyl of Vitriol; he al&#383;o requires a previous Dige&#383;tion, two
+  or three Cohobations, and frequent Ablutions with hot Di&#383;till'd
+  Water, with other pre&#383;criptions, which though they may conduce to
+  the Goodne&#383;s of the Medicine, which is that he aims at, are
+  trouble&#383;ome, and, our Tryals have inform'd you
+  unnecce&#383;&#383;ary to the <i>obtaining the Lemmon Colour</i> which he
+  regards not. But though we have very rarely &#383;een either in Painters
+  Shops, or el&#383;ewhere a finer Yellow than that which we have divers
+  times this way produc'd (which is the more con&#383;iderable,
+  becau&#383;e durable and plea&#383;ant Yellows are very hard to be met
+  with, as may appear by the great u&#383;e which Painters are for its
+  Colours &#383;ake fain to make of that pernicious and heavy Mineral,
+  Orpiment) yet I fear our Yellow is too co&#383;tly, to be like to be
+  imploy'd by Painters, unle&#383;s about Choice pieces of Work, nor do I
+  know how well it will agree with every Pigment, e&#383;pecially, wich
+  Oyl'd Colours. And whether this <!-- Page 326 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_326"></a>[pg 326]</span> Experiment, though it have
+  &#383;eem'd &#383;omewhat &#383;trange to mo&#383;t we have &#383;hown it
+  to, be really of another Nature than tho&#383;e wherein Saline Liquors
+  are imploy'd, may, as we formerly al&#383;o hinted, be &#383;o
+  plau&#383;ibly doubted, that whether the Water pour'd on the <i>Calx</i>,
+  do barely by imbibing &#383;ome of its Saline parts alter its Colour by
+  altering its Texture, or whether by di&#383;&#383;olving the
+  Concoagulated Salts, it does become a Saline <i>Men&#383;truum</i>, and,
+  as &#383;uch, work upon the Mercury, I freely leave to you
+  (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) to con&#383;ider. And that I may give you &#383;ome
+  A&#383;&#383;i&#383;tance in your Enquiry, I will not only tell you, that
+  I have &#383;everal times with fair Water wa&#383;h'd from this
+  <i>Calx</i>, good &#383;tore of &#383;trongly ta&#383;ted
+  Corpu&#383;cles, which by the ab&#383;traction of the
+  <i>Men&#383;truum</i>, I could reduce into Salt; but I will al&#383;o
+  &#383;ubjoyn an Experiment, which I devis'd, to &#383;hew among other
+  things, how much a real and permanent Colour may be as it were drawn
+  forth by a Liquor that has neither Colour, nor &#383;o much as Saline or
+  other Active parts, provided it can but bring the parts of the Body it
+  imbibes to convene into clu&#383;ters di&#383;pos'd after the manner
+  requi&#383;ite to the exhibiting of the emergent Colour. The Experiment
+  was this.</p>
+
+<!-- Page 327 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327"></a>[pg 327]</span>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XLIII.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>We took good common Vitriol, and having beaten it to Powder, and put
+  it into a Crucible, we kept it melted in a gentle heat, till by the
+  Evaporation of &#383;ome parts, and the &#383;huffling of the re&#383;t,
+  it had quite lo&#383;t its former Colour, what remain'd we took out, and
+  found it to be a friable <i>Calx</i>, of a dirty Gray. On this we pour'd
+  fair Water, which it did not Colour Green or Blew, but only &#383;eem'd
+  to make a muddy mixture with it, then &#383;topping the Vial wherein the
+  Ingredients were put, we let it &#383;tand in a quiet place for &#383;ome
+  dayes, and after many hours the water having di&#383;&#383;olv'd a good
+  part of the imperfectly calcin'd Body, the Vitriolate Corpu&#383;cles
+  &#383;wiming to and fro in the Liquor, had time by their opportune
+  Occur&#383;ions to con&#383;titute many little Ma&#383;&#383;es of
+  Vitriol, which gave the water they impregnated a fair Vitriolate Colour;
+  and this Liquor being pour'd off, the remaining dirty Powder did in
+  proce&#383;s of time communicate the like Colour, but not &#383;o deep,
+  to a &#383;econd parcel of cleer Water that we pour'd on it. But this
+  Experiment <i>Pyrophilus</i> is, (to give you that hint by the way) of
+  too Luciferous a Nature to be fit to be <!-- Page 328 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328"></a>[pg 328]</span> fully
+  pro&#383;ecuted, now that I am in ha&#383;te, and willing to
+  di&#383;patch what remains. And we have already &#383;aid of it, as much
+  as is requi&#383;ite to our pre&#383;ent purpo&#383;e.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XLIV.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>It may (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) &#383;omewhat contribute towards the
+  &#383;hewing how much &#383;ome Colours depend upon the le&#383;s or
+  greater mixture, and (as it were,) Contemperation of the Light with
+  &#383;hades, to ob&#383;erve, how that &#383;ometimes the number of
+  Particles, of the &#383;ame Colour, receiv'd into the Pores of a Liquor,
+  or &#383;wiming up and down in it, do &#383;eem much to vary the Colour
+  of it. I could here pre&#383;ent you with particular in&#383;tances to
+  &#383;how, how in many (if not mo&#383;t) con&#383;i&#383;tent Bodyes, if
+  the Colour be not a Light one, as White, Yellow, or the like, the
+  clo&#383;ene&#383;s of parts in the Pigments makes it look Blacki&#383;h,
+  though when it is di&#383;play'd and laid on thinly, it will perhaps
+  appear to be either Blew, or Green, or Red. But the Colours of
+  con&#383;i&#383;tent Pigments, not being tho&#383;e which the Preamble of
+  this Experiment has lead you to expect Examples in, I &#383;hall take the
+  in&#383;tances I am now to give you, rather from Liquors than Dry Bodyes.
+  If then you put a little fair Water into a <!-- Page 329 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329"></a>[pg 329]</span> cleer and
+  &#383;lender Vial, (or rather into one of tho&#383;e pipes of Gla&#383;s,
+  which we &#383;hall by and by mention;) and let fall into it a few drops
+  of a &#383;trong Decoction or Infu&#383;ion of <i>Cochineel</i>, or (for
+  want of that) of <i>Brazil</i>; you may &#383;ee the tincted drops
+  de&#383;cend like little Clouds into the Liquor; through which, if, by
+  &#383;haking the Vial, you diffu&#383;e them, they will turn the water
+  either of a Pinck Colour, or like that which is wont to be made by the
+  wa&#383;hing of raw fle&#383;h in fair Water; by dropping a little more
+  of the Decoction, you may heighten the Colour into a fine Red,
+  almo&#383;t like that which ennobles Rubies; by continuing the
+  affu&#383;ion, you may bring the Liquor to a kind of a Crim&#383;on, and
+  afterwards to a Dark and Opacous Redne&#383;s, &#383;omewhat like that of
+  Clotted Blood. And in the pa&#383;&#383;age of the Liquor from one of
+  the&#383;e Colours to the other, you may ob&#383;erve, if you
+  con&#383;ider it attentively, divers other le&#383;s noted Colours
+  belonging to Red, to which it is not ea&#383;ie to give Names;
+  e&#383;pecially con&#383;idering how much the proportion of the Decoction
+  to the fair Water, and the &#383;trength of that Decoction, together with
+  that of the trajected Light and other Circum&#383;tances, may vary the
+  Phænomena of this Experiment. For the convenienter making whereof, we
+  u&#383;e <!-- Page 330 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_330"></a>[pg 330]</span> in&#383;tead of a Vial, any
+  &#383;lender Pipe of Gla&#383;s of about a foot or more in length, and
+  about the thickne&#383;s of a mans little finger; For, if leaving one end
+  of this Pipe open, you Seal up the other Hermetically, (or at lea&#383;t
+  &#383;top it exqui&#383;itely with a Cork well fitted to it, and
+  over-laid with hard Sealing Wax melted, and rubb'd upon it;) you
+  &#383;hall have a Gla&#383;s, wherein may be ob&#383;erv'd the Variations
+  of the Colours of Liquors much better than in large Vials, and wherein
+  Experiments of this Nature may be well made with very &#383;mall
+  quantities of Liquor. And if you plea&#383;e, you may in this Pipe
+  produce variety of Colours in the various parts of the Liquor, and keep
+  them &#383;wimming upon one another unmix'd for a good while. And
+  &#383;ome have marveil'd to &#383;ee, what variety of Colours we have
+  &#383;ometimes (but I confe&#383;s rather by chance than skill) produc'd
+  in tho&#383;e Gla&#383;&#383;es, by the bare infu&#383;ion of Brazil,
+  variou&#383;ly diluted with fair Water, and alter'd by the Infu&#383;ion
+  of &#383;everal Chymical Spirits and other Saline Liquors devoid
+  them&#383;elves of Colour, and when the whole Liquor is reduc'd to an
+  Uniform degree of Colour, I have taken plea&#383;ure to make that very
+  Liquor &#383;eem to be of Colours gradually differing, by filling with it
+  Gla&#383;&#383;es of a Conical figure, (whether the Gla&#383;s have <!--
+  Page 331 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331"></a>[pg 331]</span>
+  its ba&#383;is in the ordinary po&#383;ition, or turn'd upwards.) And yet
+  you need not Gla&#383;&#383;es of an extraordinary &#383;hape to &#383;ee
+  an in&#383;tance of what the vari'd mixture of Light and Shadow can do in
+  the diver&#383;ifying of the Colour. For if you take but a large round
+  Vial, with a &#383;omewhat long and &#383;lender Neck, and filling it
+  with our Red Infu&#383;ion of Brazil, hold it again&#383;t the Light, you
+  will di&#383;cern a notable Di&#383;parity betwixt the Colour of that
+  part of the Liquor which is in the Body of the Vial, and that which is
+  more pervious to the Light in the Neck. Nay, I remember, that I once had
+  a Gla&#383;s and a Blew Liquor (con&#383;i&#383;ting chiefly (or only, if
+  my memory deceive me not,) of a certain Solution of Verdigrea&#383;e)
+  &#383;o fitted for my purpo&#383;e, that though in other
+  Gla&#383;&#383;es the Experiment would not &#383;ucceed, yet when that
+  particular Gla&#383;s was fill'd with that Solution, in the Body of the
+  Vial it appear'd of a Lovely Blew, and in the neck, (where the Light did
+  more dilute the Colour,) of a manife&#383;t Green; and though I
+  &#383;u&#383;pected there might be &#383;ome latent Yellowne&#383;s in
+  the &#383;ub&#383;tance of the neck of the Gla&#383;s, which might with
+  the Blew compo&#383;e that Green, yet was I not &#383;atisfi'd my
+  &#383;elf with my Conjecture, but the thing &#383;eem'd odd to me, as
+  well as to divers curious <!-- Page 332 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_332"></a>[pg 332]</span> per&#383;ons to whom it was
+  &#383;hown. And I lately had a Broad piece of Gla&#383;s, which being
+  look'd on again&#383;t the Light &#383;eem'd clear enough, and held from
+  the Light appear'd very lightly di&#383;colour'd, and yet it was a piece
+  knock'd off from a great lump of Gla&#383;s, to which if we rejoyn'd it,
+  where it had been broken off, the whole Ma&#383;s was as green as
+  Gra&#383;s. And I have &#383;everal times us'd Bottles and &#383;topples
+  that were both made (as tho&#383;e, I had them from a&#383;&#383;ur'd me)
+  of the very &#383;ame Metall, and yet whil&#383;t the bottle appear'd but
+  inclining towards a Green, the Stopple (by rea&#383;on of its great
+  thickne&#383;s) was of &#383;o deep a Colour that you would hardly
+  believe they could po&#383;&#383;ibly be made of the &#383;ame materials.
+  But to &#383;atisfie &#383;ome Ingenious Men, on another occa&#383;ion, I
+  provided my &#383;elf of a flat Gla&#383;s (which I yet have by me,) with
+  which if I look again&#383;t the Light with the Broad &#383;ide obverted
+  to the Eye, it appeares like a good ordinary window Gla&#383;s; but if I
+  turn the Edge of it to my Eye, and place my Eye in a convenient
+  po&#383;ture in reference to the Light, it may contend for deepne&#383;s
+  of Colour with an Emerald. And this Greene&#383;s puts me in mind of a
+  certain thicki&#383;h, but not con&#383;i&#383;tent Pigment I have
+  &#383;ometimes made, and can &#383;how you when you plea&#383;e, <!--
+  Page 333 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333"></a>[pg 333]</span>
+  which being dropp'd on a piece of White Paper appears, where any quantity
+  of it is fallen, of a &#383;omewhat Crim&#383;on Colour, but being with
+  ones finger &#383;pread thinly on the Paper does pre&#383;ently exhibit a
+  fair Green, which &#383;eems to proceed only from its
+  di&#383;clo&#383;ing its Colour upon the Extenuation of its Depth into
+  Superficies, if the change be not &#383;omewhat help'd by the Colours
+  degenerating upon one or other of the Accounts formerly mention'd. Let me
+  add, that having made divers Tryals with that Blew &#383;ub&#383;tance,
+  which in Painters &#383;hops is call'd <i>Litma&#383;e</i>, we have
+  &#383;ometimes taken Plea&#383;ure to ob&#383;erve, that being
+  di&#383;&#383;olv'd in a due proportion of fair Water, the Solution
+  either oppos'd to the Light, or dropp'd upon White paper, did appear of a
+  deep Colour betwixt Crim&#383;on and Purple; and yet that being
+  &#383;pread very thin on the Paper and &#383;uffer'd to dry on there, the
+  Paper was wont to appear Stain'd of a Fine Blew. And to &#383;atisfie my
+  &#383;elfe, that the diver&#383;ity came not from the Paper, which one
+  might &#383;u&#383;pect capable of inbibing the Liquor, and altering the
+  Colour, I made the Tryal upon a flat piece of purely White Gla&#383;s'd
+  Earth, (which I &#383;ometimes make u&#383;e of about Experiments of
+  Colours) with an Event not unlike the former.</p>
+
+<!-- Page 334 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334"></a>[pg 334]</span>
+
+  <p>And now I &#383;peak of <i>Litma&#383;s</i>, I will add, that having
+  this very day taken a piece of it, that I had kept by me the&#383;e
+  &#383;everal years, to make Tryals about Colours, and having let fall a
+  few drops of the &#383;trong Infu&#383;ion of it in fair water, into a
+  fine Cry&#383;tal Gla&#383;s, &#383;hap'd like an inverted Cone, and
+  almo&#383;t full of fair Water, I had now (as formerly) the plea&#383;ure
+  to &#383;ee, and to &#383;how others, how the&#383;e few tincted drops
+  variou&#383;ly di&#383;per&#383;ing them&#383;elves through the Limpid
+  Water, exhibited divers Colours, or varieties of Purple and Crim&#383;on.
+  And when the Corpu&#383;cles of the Pigment &#383;eem'd to have equally
+  diffus'd them&#383;elves through the whole Liquor, I then by putting two
+  or three drops of Spirit of Salt, fir&#383;t made an odd change in the
+  Colour of the Liquor, as well as a vi&#383;ible commotion among its
+  &#383;mall parts, and in a &#383;hort time chang'd it wholly into a very
+  Glorious Yellow, like that of a Topaz. After which if I let fall a few
+  drops of the &#383;trong and heavy Solution of Pot-a&#383;hes, who&#383;e
+  weight would quickly carry it to the &#383;harp bottome of the
+  Gla&#383;s, there would &#383;oon appear four very plea&#383;ant and
+  di&#383;tinct Colours; Namely, a Bright, but Dilute Colour at the picked
+  bottome of the Gla&#383;s; a Purple, a little higher; a deep and glorious
+  Crim&#383;on, (which Crim&#383;on <!-- Page 335 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335"></a>[pg 335]</span> &#383;eem'd to
+  terminate the operation of the Salt upward) in the confines betwixt the
+  Purple and the Yellow; and an Excellent Yellow, the &#383;ame that before
+  enobled the whole Liquor, reaching from thence to the top of the
+  Gla&#383;s. And if I pleas'd to pour very gently a little Spirit of Sal
+  Armoniack, upon the upper part of this Yellow, there would al&#383;o be a
+  Purple or a Crim&#383;on, or both, generated there, &#383;o that the
+  unalter'd part of the Yellow Liquor appear'd intercepted betwixt the two
+  Neighbouring Colours.</p>
+
+  <p>My &#383;cope in this 3<sup>d</sup>. Experiment (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) is
+  manifold, as fir&#383;t to invite you to be wary in judging of the Colour
+  of Liquors in &#383;uch Gla&#383;&#383;es as are therein recommended to
+  you, and con&#383;equently as much, if not more, when you imploy other
+  Gla&#383;&#383;es. Secondly, That you may not think it &#383;trange, that
+  I often content my &#383;elf to rub upon a piece of White paper, the
+  Juice of Bodies I would examine, &#383;ince not onely I could not
+  ea&#383;ily procure a &#383;ufficient Quantity of the juices of divers of
+  them; but in &#383;everal Ca&#383;es the Tryals of the quantities of
+  &#383;uch Juices in Gla&#383;&#383;es would make us more lyable to
+  mi&#383;takes, than the way that in tho&#383;e ca&#383;es I have made
+  u&#383;e of. Thirdly, I hope you will by the&#383;e and divers other <!--
+  Page 336 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336"></a>[pg 336]</span>
+  particulars deliver'd in this Treati&#383;e, be ea&#383;ily induc'd to
+  think that I may have &#383;et down many Phænomena very faithfully, and
+  ju&#383;t as they appear'd to me, and yet by rea&#383;on of &#383;ome
+  unheeded circum&#383;tance in the conditions of the matter, and in the
+  degree of Light, or the manner of trying the Experiment, you may find
+  &#383;ome things to vary from the Relations I make of them. La&#383;tly,
+  I de&#383;ign'd to give you an opportunity to free your &#383;elf from
+  the amazement which po&#383;&#383;e&#383;&#383;es mo&#383;t Men, at the
+  Tricks of tho&#383;e Mountebancks that are commonly call'd
+  Water-drinkers. For though not only the vulgar, but ev'n many
+  per&#383;ons that are far above that Rank, have &#383;o much admir'd to
+  &#383;ee, a man after having drunk a great deal of fair water, to
+  &#383;purt it out again in the form of Claret Wine, Sack, and Milk, that
+  they have &#383;u&#383;pected the intervening of Magick, or &#383;ome
+  forbidden means to effect what they conceived above the power of Art; yet
+  having once by chance had occa&#383;ion to oblige a Wanderer that made
+  profe&#383;&#383;ion of that and other Jugling Tricks, I was ea&#383;ily
+  confirm'd by his Ingenious confe&#383;&#383;ion to me, That this &#383;o
+  much Admir'd Art, indeed con&#383;i&#383;ted rather in a few Tricks, than
+  in any great Skill, in altering the Nature and Colours of things. And I
+  am ea&#383;y <!-- Page 337 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_337"></a>[pg 337]</span> to be per&#383;waded; that there may
+  be a great deal of Truth in a little Pamphlet Printed divers years ago in
+  Engli&#383;h, wherein the Author undertakes to di&#383;cover, and that
+  (if I mi&#383;take not) by the confe&#383;&#383;ion of &#383;ome of the
+  Complices them&#383;elves, That a famous Water-drinker then much Admir'd
+  in <i>England</i>, perform'd his pretended Tran&#383;mutations of Liquors
+  by the help of two or three incon&#383;iderable preparations and mixtures
+  of not unobvious Liquors, and chiefly of an Infu&#383;ion of Brazil
+  variou&#383;ly diluted and made Pale or Yellowi&#383;h, (and
+  otherwi&#383;e alter'd) with Vinegar, the re&#383;t of their work being
+  perform'd by the &#383;hape of the Gla&#383;&#383;es, by Craft and
+  Legerdemane. And for my part, that which I marvel at in this
+  bu&#383;ine&#383;s, is, the Drinkers being able to take down &#383;o much
+  Water, and &#383;pout it out with that violence; though Cu&#383;tome and
+  a Vomit &#383;ea&#383;onably taken before hand, may in &#383;ome of them
+  much facilitate the work. But as for the changes made in the Liquors,
+  they were but few and &#383;light in compari&#383;on of tho&#383;e, that
+  the being conver&#383;ant in Chymical Experiments, and dextrous in
+  applying them to the Tran&#383;muting of Colours, may ea&#383;ily enough
+  enable a man to make, as ev'n what has been newly deliver'd in this, and
+  the foregoing Experiment; e&#383;pecially if we add <!-- Page 338
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338"></a>[pg 338]</span> to it the
+  things contained in the XX, the XXXIX and the XL. Experiments, may
+  perhaps have already per&#383;waded You.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XLV.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>You may I pre&#383;ume (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) have taken notice, that in
+  this whole Treati&#383;e, I purpo&#383;ely decline (as far as I well can)
+  the mentioning of Elaborate Chymical Experiments, for fear of frighting
+  you by their tediou&#383;ne&#383;s and difficulty; but yet in
+  confirmation of what I have been newly telling you about the
+  po&#383;&#383;ibility of Varying the Colours of Liquors, better than the
+  Water-drinkers are wont to do, I &#383;hall add, that <i>Helmont</i>
+  u&#383;ed to make a preparation of Steel, which a very Ingenious
+  Chymi&#383;t, his Sons Friend, whom you know, &#383;ometimes employes for
+  a &#383;uccedaneum to the Spaw-waters, by Diluting this <i>E&#383;sentia
+  Martis Liquida</i> (as he calls it) with a due proportion of Water. Now
+  that for which I mention to you this preparation, (which as he
+  communicated to me, I know he will not refu&#383;e to <i>Pyrophilus</i>)
+  is this, that though the Liquor (as I can &#383;hew you when you
+  plea&#383;e) be almo&#383;t of the Colour of a German (not an Oriental)
+  Amethy&#383;t, and con&#383;equently remote enough from Green, <!-- Page
+  339 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339"></a>[pg 339]</span> yet a
+  very few drops being let fall into a Large proportion of good
+  Rheni&#383;h, or (in want of that) White Wine (which yet do's not quite
+  &#383;o well) immediately turn'd the Liquor into a lovely Green, as I
+  have not without delight &#383;hown &#383;everal curious Per&#383;ons. By
+  which <i>Phænomenon</i> you may learn, among other things, how
+  requi&#383;ite it is in Experiments about the changes of Colours
+  heedfully to mind the Circum&#383;tances of them; for Water will not, as
+  I have purpo&#383;ely try'd, concurr to the production of any &#383;uch
+  Green, nor did it give that Colour to moderate Spirit of Wine, wherein I
+  purpo&#383;ely di&#383;&#383;olv'd it, and Wine it &#383;elf is a Liquor
+  that few would &#383;u&#383;pect of being able to work &#383;uddenly any
+  &#383;uch change in a Metalline preparation of this Nature; and to
+  &#383;atisfie my &#383;elf that this new Colour proceeds rather from the
+  peculiar Texture of the Wine, than from any greater Acidity, that
+  Rheni&#383;h or White-wine (for that may not ab&#383;urdly be
+  &#383;u&#383;pected) has in compari&#383;on of Water; I purpo&#383;ely
+  &#383;harpen'd the Solution of this E&#383;&#383;ence in fair Water, with
+  a good quantity of Spirit of Salt, notwith&#383;tanding which, the
+  mixture acquir'd no Greenne&#383;s. And to vary the Experiment a little,
+  I try'd, that if into a Gla&#383;s of Rheni&#383;h Wine made Green by
+  this E&#383;&#383;ence, <!-- Page 340 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_340"></a>[pg 340]</span> I dropp'd an Alcalizate Solution, or
+  Urinous Spirit, the Wine would pre&#383;ently grow Turbid, and of an odd
+  Dirty Colour; But if in&#383;tead of di&#383;&#383;olving the
+  E&#383;&#383;ence in Wine, I di&#383;&#383;olv'd it in fair Water
+  &#383;harpen'd perhaps with a little Spirit of Salt, then either the
+  Urinous Spirit of Sal Armoniack, or the &#383;olution of the fix'd Salt
+  of Pot-a&#383;hes would immediately turn it of a Yellowi&#383;h Colour,
+  the fix'd or Urinous Salt Precipitating the Vitriolate
+  &#383;ub&#383;tance contain'd in the E&#383;&#383;ence. But here I
+  mu&#383;t not forget to take notice of a circum&#383;tance that
+  de&#383;erves to be compar'd with &#383;ome part of the foregoing
+  Experiment, for whereas our E&#383;&#383;ence imparts a Greenne&#383;s to
+  Wine, but not to Water, the Indu&#383;trious <i>Olaus Wormius</i><a
+  name="NtA_23"></a><a href="#Nt_23"><sup>23</sup></a> in his late
+  <i>Musæum</i> tells us of a rare kind of Turn-Sole which he calls
+  <i>Bezetta Rubra</i> given him by an Apothecary that knew not how it was
+  made, who&#383;e lovely Redne&#383;s would be ea&#383;ily communicated to
+  Water, if it were immers'd in it; but &#383;carce to Wine, and not at all
+  to Spirit of Wine, in which la&#383;t circum&#383;tance it agrees with
+  what I lately told you of our E&#383;&#383;ence, notwith&#383;tanding
+  their di&#383;agreement in other particulars.</p>
+
+<!-- Page 341 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341"></a>[pg 341]</span>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XLVI.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>We have often taken notice, as of a remarkable thing, that Metalls as
+  they appear to the Eye, before they come to be farther alter'd by other
+  Bodyes, do exhibit Colours very different from tho&#383;e which the Fire
+  and the <i>Men&#383;truum</i>, either apart, or both together, do produce
+  in them; e&#383;pecially con&#383;idering that the&#383;e Metalline
+  Bodyes are after all the&#383;e di&#383;gui&#383;es reducible not only to
+  their former Metalline Con&#383;i&#383;tence and other more radical
+  properties, but to their Colour too, as if Nature had given divers
+  Metalls to each of them a double Colour, an <i>External</i>, and an
+  <i>Internal</i>; But though upon a more attentive Con&#383;ideration of
+  this difference of Colours, it &#383;eem'd probable to me, that divers
+  (for I &#383;ay not all) of tho&#383;e Colours which we have ju&#383;t
+  now call'd <i>Internal</i>, are rather produc'd by the Coalition of
+  Metalline Particles with tho&#383;e of the Salts, or other Bodyes
+  employ'd to work on them, than by the bare alteration of the parts of the
+  Metalls them&#383;elves: and though therefore we may call the obvious
+  Colours, Natural or Common, &amp; the others Adventitious, yet
+  becau&#383;e &#383;uch changes of Colours, from what&#383;oever
+  cau&#383;e they be re&#383;olv'd to <!-- Page 342 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342"></a>[pg 342]</span> proceed may be
+  properly enough taken in to illu&#383;trate our pre&#383;ent Subject, we
+  &#383;hall not &#383;cruple to take notice of &#383;ome of them,
+  e&#383;pecially becau&#383;e there are among them &#383;uch as are
+  produc'd without the intervention of Saline <i>Men&#383;truums</i>. Of
+  the Adventitious Colours of Metalline Bodies the Chief &#383;orts
+  &#383;eem to be the&#383;e three. The fir&#383;t, &#383;uch Colours as
+  are produc'd without other Additaments by the Action of the fire upon
+  Metalls. The next &#383;uch as emerge from the Coalition of Metalline
+  Particles with tho&#383;e of &#383;ome <i>Menstruum</i> imploy'd to
+  Corrode a Metall or Precipitate it; And the la&#383;t, The Colours
+  afforded by Metalline Bodyes either Colliquated with, or otherwi&#383;e
+  Penetrating into, other Bodies, e&#383;pecially fu&#383;ible ones. But
+  the&#383;e (<i>Pyrophilus,</i>) are only as I told you, the <i>Chief</i>
+  &#383;orts of the adventitious Colours of Metalls, for there may others
+  belong to them, of which I &#383;hall hereafter have occa&#383;ion to
+  take notice of &#383;ome, and of which al&#383;o there po&#383;&#383;ibly
+  may be others that I never took notice of.</p>
+
+  <p>And to begin with the fir&#383;t &#383;ort of Colours, 'tis well
+  enough known to Chymi&#383;ts, that Tin being Calcin'd by fire alone is
+  wont to afford a White <i>Calx</i>, and Lead Calcin'd by fire alone
+  affords that mo&#383;t Common Red-Powder we call <i>Minium:</i> Copper
+  al&#383;o <!-- Page 343 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_343"></a>[pg 343]</span> Calcin'd <i>per &#383;e</i>, by a
+  long or violent fire, is wont to yield (as far as I have had
+  occa&#383;ion to take notice of it) a very Dark or Blacki&#383;h Powder;
+  That Iron likewi&#383;e may by the Action of Reverberated flames be
+  turn'd into a Colour almo&#383;t like that of Saffron, may be ea&#383;ily
+  deduc'd from the Preparation of that Powder, which by rea&#383;on of its
+  Colour and of the Metall 'tis made of is by Chymi&#383;ts call'd,
+  <i>Crocus Martis per &#383;e</i>. And that <i>Mercury</i> made by the
+  &#383;tre&#383;s of Fire, may be turn'd into a Red Powder, which
+  Chymi&#383;ts call Precipitate <i>per &#383;e</i>, I el&#383;ewhere more
+  particularly declare.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Annotation I.</i></p>
+
+  <p>It is not unworthy the Admoni&#383;hing you, (<i>Pyrophilus</i>,) and
+  it agrees very well with our Conjectures about the dependence of the
+  change of a Body's Colour upon that of its Texture, that the &#383;ame
+  Metall may by the &#383;ucce&#383;&#383;ive operation of the fire receive
+  divers Adventitious Colours, as is evident in Lead, which before it come
+  to &#383;o deep a Colour as that of <i>Minium</i>, may pa&#383;s through
+  divers others.</p>
+
+<!-- Page 344 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344"></a>[pg 344]</span>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Annotation II</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>Not only the <i>Calces</i>, but the Gla&#383;&#383;es of Metalls,
+  Vitrify'd <i>per &#383;e</i>, may be of Colours differing from the
+  Natural or Obvious Colour of the Metall; as I have ob&#383;erv'd in the
+  Gla&#383;s of Lead, made by long expo&#383;ing Crude Lead to a violent
+  fire, and what I have ob&#383;erv'd about the Gla&#383;s or Slagg of
+  Copper, (of which I can &#383;how you &#383;ome of an odd kind of
+  Texture,) may be el&#383;ewhere more conveniently related. I have
+  likewi&#383;e &#383;een a piece of very Dark Gla&#383;s, which an
+  Ingenious Artificer that &#383;how'd it me profe&#383;s'd him&#383;elf to
+  have made of Silver alone by an extreme <i>Violence</i> (which &#383;eems
+  to be no more than is needfull) of the fire.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Annotation III</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>Minerals al&#383;o by the Action of the Fire may be brought to afford
+  Colours very differing from their own, as I not long &#383;ince noted to
+  you about the variou&#383;ly Colour'd Flowers of Antimony, to which we
+  may add the Whiti&#383;h Grey-Colour of its <i>Calx</i>, and the Yellow
+  or Reddi&#383;h Colour of the Gla&#383;s, where into that <i>Calx</i> may
+  be flux'd.</p>
+
+  <p>And I remember, that I el&#383;ewhere told <!-- Page 345 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345"></a>[pg 345]</span> you, that Vitriol
+  Calcin'd with a very gentle heat, and afterwards with higher and higher
+  degrees of it, may be made to pa&#383;s through &#383;everal Colours
+  before it de&#383;cends to a Dark Purpli&#383;h Colour, whereto a
+  &#383;trong fire is wont at length to reduce it. But to in&#383;i&#383;t
+  on the Colours produc'd by the Operation of fire upon &#383;everal
+  Minerals would take up farr more time than I have now to &#383;pare.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XLVII.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>The Adventitious Colours produc'd upon Metalls, or rather with them,
+  by Saline Liquors, are many of them &#383;o well known to Chymi&#383;ts,
+  that I would not here mention them, but that be&#383;ides a not un-needed
+  Te&#383;timony, I can add &#383;omething of my own, to what I &#383;hall
+  repeat about them, and divers Experiments which are familiar to
+  Chymi&#383;ts, are as yet unknown to the greate&#383;t part of Ingenious
+  Men.</p>
+
+  <p>That Gold di&#383;&#383;olv'd in <i>Aqua Regia</i> ennobles the
+  <i>Men&#383;truum</i> with its own Colour, is a thing that you cannot
+  (<i>Pyrophilus</i>,) but have often &#383;een. The Solutions of Mercury
+  in <i>Aqua-fortis</i> are not generally taken notice of, to give any
+  notable Tincture to the <i>Men&#383;truum</i>; but &#383;ometimes when
+  the <!-- Page 346 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346"></a>[pg
+  346]</span> Liquor fir&#383;t falls upon the Quick Silver, I have
+  ob&#383;erv'd a very remarkable, though not durable, Greenne&#383;s, or
+  Blewne&#383;s to be produc'd, which is a <i>Phænomenon</i> not unfit for
+  you to con&#383;ider, though I have not now the lei&#383;ure to
+  di&#383;cour&#383;e upon it. Tin Corroded by <i>Aqua-fortis</i> till the
+  <i>Menstruum</i> will work no farther on it, becomes exceeding White, but
+  as we el&#383;ewhere note, does very ea&#383;ily of it &#383;elf acquire
+  the con&#383;i&#383;tence, not of a Metalline <i>Calx</i>, but of a
+  Coagulated matter, which we have ob&#383;erv'd with plea&#383;ure to look
+  &#383;o like, either to curdled Milk, or curdled Whites of Eggs, that a
+  per&#383;on unacquainted with &#383;uch Solutions may ea&#383;ily be
+  mi&#383;taken in it. But when I purpo&#383;ely prepar'd a
+  <i>Men&#383;truum</i> that would di&#383;&#383;olve it as
+  <i>Aqua-fortis</i> di&#383;&#383;olves Silver, and not barely Corrode it,
+  and quickly let it fall again, I remember not that I took notice of any
+  particular Colour in the Solution, as if the more Whiti&#383;h Metalls
+  did not much Tinge their <i>Men&#383;truums</i>, though the
+  con&#383;picuou&#383;ly Colour'd Metalls as Gold, and Copper, do. For
+  Lead di&#383;&#383;olv'd in Spirit of Vinegar or <i>Aqua-fortis</i> gives
+  a Solution cleer enough, and if the <i>Men&#383;truum</i> be
+  ab&#383;tracted appears either Diaphanous or White. Of the Colour of Iron
+  we have el&#383;ewhere &#383;aid &#383;omething: And 'tis worth <!-- Page
+  347 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347"></a>[pg 347]</span>
+  noting, that though if that Metall be di&#383;&#383;olv'd in oyl of
+  Vitriol diluted with water, it affords a Salt or Magi&#383;tery &#383;o
+  like in colour, as well as &#383;ome other Qualities, to other green
+  Vitriol, that Chymi&#383;ts do not improperly call it <i>Vitriolum
+  Martis</i>; yet I have purpo&#383;ely try'd, that, by changing the
+  <i>Men&#383;truum</i>, and pouring upon the filings of Steel,
+  in&#383;tead of oyl of Vitriol, <i>Aqua Fortis</i>, (whereof as I
+  remember, I us'd 4 parts to one of the Metall) I obtain'd not a Green,
+  but a Saffron Colour Solution; or rather a thick Liquor of a deep but
+  yellowi&#383;h Red. Common Silver, &#383;uch as is to be met with in
+  Coines, being di&#383;&#383;olv'd in <i>Aqua fortis</i>, yields a
+  Solution tincted like that of Copper, which is not to be wondred at,
+  becau&#383;e in the coining of Silver, they are wont (as we
+  el&#383;ewhere particularly inform you) to give it an Allay of Copper,
+  and that which is &#383;old in &#383;hops for refined &#383;ilver, is not
+  (&#383;o far as we have tryed) &#383;o perfectly free from that ignobler
+  Metall, but that a Solution of It in <i>Aqua fortis</i>, will give a
+  Venereal Tincture to the <i>Men&#383;truum</i>. But we could not
+  ob&#383;erve upon the &#383;olution of &#383;ome Silver, which was
+  perfectly refin'd, (&#383;uch as &#383;ome that we have, from which 8 or
+  10 times its weight of Lead has been blown off) that the
+  <i>Men&#383;truum</i> <!-- Page 348 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_348"></a>[pg 348]</span> though held again&#383;t the Light in
+  a Cry&#383;tal Vial did manife&#383;tly di&#383;clo&#383;e any Tincture,
+  only it &#383;eem'd &#383;ometimes not to be quite de&#383;titute of a
+  little, but very faint Blewi&#383;hne&#383;s.</p>
+
+  <p>But here I mu&#383;t take notice, that of all the Metalls, there is
+  not any which doth &#383;o ea&#383;ily and con&#383;tantly
+  di&#383;clo&#383;e its unobvious colour as Copper doth. For not only in
+  acid <i>Men&#383;truums</i> as <i>Aqua Fortis</i> and Spirit of Vinegar,
+  it gives a Blewi&#383;h green &#383;olution, but if it be almo&#383;t any
+  way corroded, it <i>appears of one of tho&#383;e</i> two colours, as may
+  be ob&#383;erv'd in Verdigree&#383;e made &#383;everal wayes, in that odd
+  preparation of <i>Venus</i>, which we el&#383;ewhere teach you to make
+  with Sublimate, and in the common Vitriols of <i>Venus</i> deliver'd by
+  Chymi&#383;ts; and &#383;o con&#383;tant is the di&#383;po&#383;ition of
+  Copper, notwith&#383;tanding the di&#383;gui&#383;e Arti&#383;ts put upon
+  it, to di&#383;clo&#383;e the colour we have been mentioning, that we
+  have by forcing it up with <i>Sal Armoniack</i> obtain'd a Sublimate of a
+  Blewi&#383;h Colour. Nay a famous Spagyri&#383;t affirms, that the very
+  Mercury of it is green, but till he teach us an intelligible way of
+  making &#383;uch a Mercury, we mu&#383;t content our&#383;elves to inform
+  you, that we have had a Cupreous Body, that was Præcipitated out of a
+  di&#383;till'd Liquor, that &#383;eem'd to be the <!-- Page 349 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349"></a>[pg 349]</span> the Sulphur of
+  <i>Venus</i>, and &#383;eem'd even when flaming, of a Greeni&#383;h
+  Colour. And indeed Copper is a Metall &#383;o ea&#383;ily wrought upon by
+  Liquors of &#383;everal kinds, that I &#383;hould tell you, I know not
+  any Mineral, that will concurr to the production of &#383;uch a variety
+  of Colours as Copper di&#383;&#383;ol'd in &#383;everal
+  <i>Men&#383;truums</i>, as Spirit of Vinegar, <i>Aqua fortis</i>, <i>Aqua
+  Regis</i>, Spirit of Nitre, of Urine, of Soot, Oyls of &#383;everal
+  kinds, and I know not how many other Liquors, if the variety of
+  &#383;omewhat differing colours (that Copper will be made to
+  a&#383;&#383;ume, as it is wrought upon by &#383;everal Liquors) were
+  not comprehended within the Limits of Greeni&#383;h Blew, or Blewi&#383;h
+  Green.</p>
+
+  <p>And yet I mu&#383;t adverti&#383;e you (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) that being
+  de&#383;irous to try if I could not make with crude Copper a Green
+  Solution without the Blewi&#383;hne&#383;s that is wont to accompany its
+  Vulgar Solutions, I bethought my &#383;elf of u&#383;ing two
+  <i>Men&#383;truums</i>, which I had not known imploy'd to work on this
+  Metall, and which I had certain Rea&#383;ons to make Tryal of, as I
+  &#383;ucce&#383;sfully did. The one of the&#383;e Liquors (if I much
+  mi&#383;remember not) was Spirit of Sugar di&#383;till'd in a Retort,
+  which mu&#383;t be warily done, (if you will avoid breaking your <!--
+  Page 350 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350"></a>[pg 350]</span>
+  gla&#383;&#383;es) and the other, Oyl or Spirit of Turpentine, which
+  affords a fine Green Solution that is u&#383;eful to me on &#383;everal
+  occa&#383;ions. And yet to &#383;hew that the adventitious colour may
+  re&#383;ult, as well from the true and permanent Copper it &#383;elf, as
+  the Salts wherewith 'tis corroded, I &#383;hall add, that if you take a
+  piece of good <i>Dantzick</i> Copperis, or any other Vitriol wherein
+  <i>Venus</i> is prædominant, and having moi&#383;tened it in your Mouth,
+  or with fair water, rubb it upon a whetted knife, or any other bright
+  piece of Steel or Iron, it will (as we have formerly told you)
+  pre&#383;ent'y &#383;tain the Steel with a Reddi&#383;h colour, like that
+  of Copper, the rea&#383;on of which, we mu&#383;t not now &#383;tay to
+  inquire.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Annotation I.</i></p>
+
+  <p>I pre&#383;ume you may have taken notice (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) that I
+  have borrowed &#383;ome of the In&#383;tances mention'd in this
+  47<sup>th</sup> Experiment, from the Laboratories of Chymi&#383;ts, and
+  becau&#383;e in &#383;ome (though very few) other pa&#383;&#383;ages of
+  this E&#383;&#383;ay, I have likewi&#383;e made u&#383;e of Experiments
+  mention'd al&#383;o by &#383;ome Spagyrical Writers, I think it not
+  ami&#383;s to repre&#383;ent to you on this Occa&#383;ion once for all,
+  &#383;ome things be&#383;ides <!-- Page 351 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_351"></a>[pg 351]</span> those which I intimated in the
+  præamble of this pre&#383;ent Experiment; For be&#383;ides, that 'tis
+  very allowable for a Writer to repeat an Experiment which he invented
+  not, in ca&#383;e he improve it; And be&#383;ides that many Experiments
+  familiar to Chymi&#383;ts are unknown to the generality of Learned Men,
+  who either never read Chymical proce&#383;&#383;es, or never
+  under&#383;tood their meaning, or never dur&#383;t believe them;
+  be&#383;ides the&#383;e things, I &#383;ay, I &#383;hall repre&#383;ent,
+  That, as to the few Experiments I have borrowed from the Chymi&#383;ts,
+  if they be very Vulgar, 'twould perhaps be difficult to a&#383;cribe each
+  of them its own Author, and 'tis more than the generality of
+  Chymi&#383;ts them&#383;elves can do: and if they be not of very known
+  and familiar practi&#383;e among them, unle&#383;s the Authors wherein I
+  found them had given me cau&#383;e to believe, them&#383;elves had try'd
+  them, I know not why I might not &#383;et them down, as a part of the
+  <i>Phænomena</i> of Colours which I pre&#383;ent you; Many things
+  unanimou&#383;ly enough deliver'd as matters of fact by (I know not how
+  many Chymical Writers) being not to be rely'd on, upon the &#383;ingle
+  Authority of &#383;uch Authors: For In&#383;tance, as &#383;ome
+  Spagyri&#383;ts deliver (perhaps among&#383;t &#383;everal deceitful
+  proce&#383;&#383;es) that <i>Saccarum Saturni</i> <!-- Page 352 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352"></a>[pg 352]</span> with Spirit of
+  Turpentine will afford a Bal&#383;om, &#383;o <i>Beguinus</i> and many
+  more tell us, that the &#383;ame Concrete (<i>Saccarum Saturni</i>) will
+  yield an incomparably fragrant Spirit, and a pretty Quantity of two
+  &#383;everal Oyles, and yet &#383;ince many have complain'd, as well as I
+  have done, that they could find no &#383;uch odoriferous, but rather an
+  ill-&#383;ented Liquor, and &#383;carce any oyl in their
+  Di&#383;tillation of that &#383;weet Vitriol, a wary per&#383;on would as
+  little build any thing on what they &#383;ay of the former Experiment, as
+  upon what they averr of the later, and therefore I &#383;crupled not to
+  mention this Red Bal&#383;om of which I have not &#383;een any, (but what
+  I made) among my other experiments about redne&#383;s.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Annot. II.</i></p>
+
+  <p>We have &#383;ometimes had the Curio&#383;ity to try what Colours
+  Minerals, as Tingla&#383;s, Antimony, Spelter, &amp;c. would yield in
+  &#383;everal <i>Men&#383;truums</i>, nor have we forborn to try the
+  Colours of &#383;tones, of which that famous one, (which <i>Helmont</i>
+  calls <i>Paracel&#383;us's Ludus</i>) though it be digg'd out of the
+  Earth and &#383;eem a true &#383;tone, has afforded in
+  <i>Men&#383;truums</i> capable to di&#383;&#383;olve &#383;o &#383;olid a
+  &#383;tone, &#383;ometimes a Yellowi&#383;h, <!-- Page 353 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353"></a>[pg 353]</span> &#383;ometimes a
+  Red &#383;olution of both which I can &#383;how you. But though I have
+  from Minerals obtain'd with &#383;everal <i>Men&#383;truums</i> very
+  differing Colours, and &#383;ome &#383;uch as perhaps you would be
+  &#383;urpriz'd to &#383;ee drawn from &#383;uch Bodies: yet I mu&#383;t
+  now pa&#383;s by the particulars, being de&#383;irous to put an End to
+  this Treati&#383;e, before I put an end to your Patience and my own.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Annotation III.</i></p>
+
+  <p>And yet before I pa&#383;s to the next Experiment, I mu&#383;t put you
+  in mind, that the Colours of Metals may in many ca&#383;es be further
+  alter'd by imploying, either præcipitating Salts, or other convenient
+  Sub&#383;tances to act upon their Solutions. Of this you may remember,
+  that I have given you &#383;everal In&#383;tances already, to which may
+  be added &#383;uch as the&#383;e, That if Quick&#383;ilver be
+  di&#383;&#383;olv'd in <i>Aqua fortis</i>, and Præcipitated out of the
+  Solution, either with water impregnated with Sea &#383;alt, or with the
+  &#383;pirit of that Concrete, it falls to the Bottom in the form of a
+  white powder, whereas if it be Præcipitated with an Alcaly, it will
+  afford a Yellowi&#383;h or tawny powder, and if there be no Præcipitation
+  made, and the <i>Men&#383;truum</i> be drawn off with a convenient <!--
+  Page 354 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354"></a>[pg 354]</span>
+  fire, the corroded Mercury will remain in the bottom, in the form of a
+  &#383;ub&#383;tance that may be made to appear of differing Colours by
+  differing degrees of Heat; As I remember that lately having
+  purpo&#383;ely ab&#383;tracted <i>Aqua fortis</i> from &#383;ome
+  Quick&#383;ilver that we had di&#383;&#383;olv'd in it, &#383;o that
+  there remain'd a white <i>Calx</i>, expo&#383;ing that to &#383;everal
+  degrees of Fire, and afterwards to a naked one, we obtain'd &#383;ome new
+  Colours, and at length the greate&#383;t part of the <i>Calx</i> lying at
+  the Bottome of the Vial, and being brought partly to a Deep Yellow, and
+  partly to a Red Colour, the re&#383;t appear'd elevated to the upper part
+  and neck of the Vial, &#383;ome in the form of a Reddi&#383;h, and
+  &#383;ome of an A&#383;h-Colour Sublimate. But of the differing Colours
+  which by differing wayes and working of Quick Silver with Fire, and
+  Saline Bodies, may be produc'd in Precipitates, I may el&#383;ewhere have
+  occa&#383;ion to take further notice. I al&#383;o told you not long
+  &#383;ince, that if you corrode Quick-&#383;ilver with Oyl of Vitriol
+  in&#383;tead of <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, and ab&#383;tract the
+  <i>Men&#383;truum</i>, there will remain a White <i>Calx</i> which by the
+  Affu&#383;ion of Fair Water pre&#383;ently turns into a Lemmon Colour.
+  And ev'n the <i>Succedaneum</i> to a <i>Men&#383;truum</i> may
+  &#383;ometimes &#383;erve the turn to change the Colours of a Metal. The
+  lovely <!-- Page 355 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355"></a>[pg
+  355]</span> Red which Painters call Vermillion, is made of Mercury, which
+  is of the Colour of Silver, and of Brim&#383;tone which is of Kin to that
+  of Gold, Sublim'd up together in a certain proportion, as is vulgarly
+  known to Spagyri&#383;ts.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XLVIII.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>The third chief &#383;ort of the Adventitious Colours of Metals, is,
+  that which is produc'd by a&#383;&#383;ociating them (e&#383;pecially
+  when Calcin'd) with other fu&#383;ible Bodies, and Principally Venice,
+  and other fine Gla&#383;s devoid of Colour.</p>
+
+  <p>I have formerly given you an Example, whereby it may appear, that a
+  Metal may impart to Gla&#383;s a Colour much differing from its own, when
+  I told you, how with Silver, I had given Gla&#383;s a lovely Golden
+  Colour. And I &#383;hall now add, that I have Learn'd from one of the
+  Chief Artificers that &#383;ells Painted Gla&#383;s, that tho&#383;e of
+  his Trade Colour it Yellow with a preparation of the <i>Calx</i> of
+  Silver. Though having lately had occa&#383;ion among other Tryals to
+  mingle a few grains of Shell-&#383;ilver (&#383;uch as is imploy'd with
+  the Pen&#383;il and Pen) with a convenient proportion of powder'd
+  Cry&#383;tal Gla&#383;s, having kept them two or three <!-- Page 356
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356"></a>[pg 356]</span> hours in
+  fu&#383;ion, I was &#383;urpriz'd to find the Colliquated Ma&#383;s to
+  appear upon breaking the Crucible of a lovely Saphirine Blew, which made
+  me &#383;u&#383;pect my Servant might have brought me a wrong Crucible,
+  but he con&#383;tantly affirm'd it to be the &#383;ame wherein the Silver
+  was put, and con&#383;iderable Circum&#383;tances countenanc'd his
+  A&#383;&#383;ertion, &#383;o that till I have opportunity to make farther
+  Tryal, I cannot but &#383;u&#383;pect, either that Silver which is not
+  (which is not very probable) brought to a perfect Fu&#383;ion and
+  Colliquation with Gla&#383;s, may impart to it other Colours than when
+  Neal'd upon it, or el&#383;e (which is le&#383;s unlikely) that though
+  Silver Beaters u&#383;ually chu&#383;e the fine&#383;t Coyn they can get,
+  as that which is mo&#383;t exten&#383;ive under the Hammer, yet the
+  Silver-leaves of which this Shel-&#383;ilver was made, might retain
+  &#383;o much Copper as to enable it to give the predominant tincture to
+  the Gla&#383;s.</p>
+
+  <p>For, I mu&#383;t proceed to tell you (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) as another
+  in&#383;tance of the Adventitious Colours of Metals, that which is
+  &#383;omething &#383;trange, Namely, That though Copper Calcin'd <i>per
+  &#383;e</i> affords but a Dark and ba&#383;ely Colour'd <i>Calx</i>, yet
+  the Gla&#383;smen do with it, as them&#383;elves inform me, Tinge their
+  Gla&#383;s green. And I remember, that when once we took &#383;ome crude
+  Copper, <!-- Page 357 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357"></a>[pg
+  357]</span> and by frequent Ignition quenching it in Water had reduc'd it
+  to a Dark and Ill-colour'd Powder, and afterward kept it in Fu&#383;ion
+  in about a 100. times its weight of fine Gla&#383;s, we had, though not a
+  Green, yet a Blew colour'd Ma&#383;s, which would perhaps have been
+  Green, if we had hit right upon the Proportion of the Materials, and the
+  Degree of Fire, and the Time wherein it ought to be kept in Fu&#383;ion,
+  &#383;o plentifully does that Metal abound in a Venerial Tincture, as
+  Arti&#383;ts call it, and in &#383;o many wayes does it
+  di&#383;clo&#383;e that Richne&#383;s. But though Copper do as we have
+  &#383;aid give &#383;omewhat near the like Colour to Gla&#383;s, which it
+  does to <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, yet it &#383;eems worth inquiry, whether
+  tho&#383;e new Colours which Mineral Bodies di&#383;clo&#383;e in melted
+  Gla&#383;s, proceed from the Coalition of the Corpu&#383;cles of the
+  Mineral with the Particles of the Gla&#383;s as &#383;uch, or from the
+  Action (excited or actuated by fire) of the Alcalizate Salt (which is a
+  main Ingredient of Gla&#383;s,) upon the Mineral Body, or from the
+  concurrence of both the&#383;e Cau&#383;es, or el&#383;e from any other.
+  But to return to that which we were &#383;aying, we may ob&#383;erve that
+  <i>Putty</i> made by calcining together a proportion of Tin and Lead, as
+  it is it &#383;elf a White <i>Calx</i>, &#383;o does it turn the <i>Pitta
+  di Cry&#383;tallo</i> (as the <!-- Page 358 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_358"></a>[pg 358]</span> Gla&#383;smen call the matter of the
+  Purer &#383;ort of Gla&#383;s, wherewith it is Colliquated into a White
+  Ma&#383;s, which if it be opacous enough is employ'd, as we
+  el&#383;ewhere declare, for White Amel. But of the Colours which the
+  other Metals may be made to produce in Colourle&#383;s Gla&#383;s, and
+  other Vitrifiable Bodies, that have native Colours of their own, I
+  mu&#383;t leave you to inform your &#383;elf upon Tryal, or at lea&#383;t
+  mu&#383;t forbear to do it till another time, con&#383;idering how many
+  Annotations are to follow, upon what has in this and the two former
+  Experiments been &#383;aid already.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Annotation I.</i></p>
+
+  <p>When the Materials of Gla&#383;s being melted with Calcin'd Tin, have
+  compos'd a Ma&#383;s Undiaphanous and White, this White Amel is as it
+  were the Ba&#383;is of all tho&#383;e fine Concretes that Gold&#383;miths
+  and &#383;everal Artificers imploy in the curious Art of Enamelling. For
+  this White and Fu&#383;ible &#383;ub&#383;tance will receive into it
+  &#383;elf, without &#383;poyling them, the Colours of divers other
+  Mineral &#383;ub&#383;tances, which like it will indure the fire.</p>
+
+<!-- Page 359 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359"></a>[pg 359]</span>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Annotation II.</i></p>
+
+  <p>So that as by the pre&#383;ent (XLVIII.) Experiment it appears, that
+  divers Minerals will impart to fu&#383;ible Ma&#383;&#383;es, Colours
+  differing from their own; &#383;o by the making and compounding of Amels,
+  it may appear, that divers Bodies will both retain their Colour in the
+  fire, and impart the <i>&#383;ame</i> to &#383;ome others wherewith they
+  were vitrifi'd, and in &#383;uch Tryals as that mention'd in the 17.
+  Experiment, where I told you, that ev'n in Amels a Blew and Yellow will
+  compound a Green. 'Tis pretty to behold, not only that &#383;ome Colours
+  are of &#383;o fix'd a Nature, as to be capable of mixture without
+  receiving any detriment by the fire, that do's &#383;o ea&#383;ily
+  de&#383;troy or &#383;poyl tho&#383;e of other Bodies; but Mineral
+  Pigments may be mingled by fire little le&#383;s regularly and
+  &#383;ucce&#383;sfully, than in ordinary Dyeing Fatts, the vulgar Colours
+  are wont to be mingled by the help of Water.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Annotation III.</i></p>
+
+  <p>'Tis not only Metalline, but other Mineral Bodies, that may be
+  imploy'd, to give Tinctures unto Gla&#383;s (and 'tis worth noting <!--
+  Page 360 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360"></a>[pg 360]</span>
+  how &#383;mall a quantity of &#383;ome Mineral &#383;ub&#383;tances, will
+  Tinge a Comparatively va&#383;t proportion of Gla&#383;s, and we have
+  &#383;ometimes attempted to Colour Gla&#383;s, ev'n with Pretious Stones,
+  and had cau&#383;e to think the Experiment not ca&#383;t away. And 'tis
+  known by them that have look'd into the Art of Gla&#383;s, that the
+  Artificers u&#383;e to tinge their Gla&#383;s Blew, with that Dark
+  Mineral <i>Zaffora</i>, (&#383;ome of my Tryals on which I el&#383;ewhere
+  acquaint you) which &#383;ome would have to be a Mineral Earth, others a
+  Stone, and others neither the one, nor the other, but which is
+  confe&#383;&#383;edly of a Dark, but not a Blew Colour, though it be not
+  agreed of what particular Colour it is. 'Tis likewi&#383;e though a
+  familiar yet a remarkable practi&#383;e among tho&#383;e that Deal in the
+  making of Gla&#383;s, to imploy (as &#383;ome of them&#383;elves have
+  inform'd me) what they call Mangane&#383;s, and &#383;ome Authors call
+  <i>Magne&#383;ia</i> (of which I make particular mention in another
+  Treati&#383;e) to exhibit in Gla&#383;s not only other Colours than its
+  own, (which is &#383;o like in Darkne&#383;s or blacki&#383;hne&#383;s to
+  the Load &#383;tone, that 'tis given by Minerali&#383;ts, for one of the
+  Rea&#383;ons of its Latine Name) but Colours differing from one another.
+  For though they u&#383;e it, (which is &#383;omewhat &#383;trange) to
+  Clarifye their Gla&#383;s, and free <!-- Page 361 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361"></a>[pg 361]</span> it from that
+  Blewi&#383;h Greeni&#383;h Colour, which el&#383;e it would too often be
+  &#383;ubject to, yet they al&#383;o imploy it in certain proportions, to
+  tinge their Gla&#383;s both with a Red colour, and with a Purpli&#383;h
+  or Murry, and putting in a greater Quantity, they al&#383;o make with it
+  that deep ob&#383;cure Gla&#383;s which is wont to pa&#383;s for Black,
+  which agrees very well with, and may &#383;erve to confirm what we noted
+  near the beginning of the 44<sup>th</sup> Experiment, of the &#383;eeming
+  Blackne&#383;s of tho&#383;e Bodies that are overcharg'd with the
+  Corpu&#383;cles of &#383;uch Colours, as Red, or Blew, or Green, &amp;c.
+  And as by &#383;everal Metals and other Minerals we can give various
+  Colours to Gla&#383;s, &#383;o on the other &#383;ide, by the differing
+  Colours that Mineral Oars, or other Mineral Powders being melted with
+  Gla&#383;s di&#383;clo&#383;e in it, a good Conjecture may be oftentimes
+  made of the Metall or known Mineral, that the Oar propos'd, either holds,
+  or is mo&#383;t of kin to. And this ea&#383;ie way of examining Oars, may
+  be in &#383;ome ca&#383;es of good u&#383;e, and is not ill deliver'd by
+  <i>Glauber</i>, to whom I &#383;hall at pre&#383;ent refer you, for a
+  more particular account of it: unle&#383;s your Curio&#383;ity command
+  al&#383;o what I have ob&#383;erv'd about the&#383;e matters; only I
+  mu&#383;t here adverti&#383;e you, that great circum&#383;pection is <!--
+  Page 362 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362"></a>[pg 362]</span>
+  requi&#383;ite to keep this way from proving fallacious, upon the account
+  of the variations of Colour that may be produc'd by the differing
+  proportions that may be us'd betwixt the Oar and the Gla&#383;s, by the
+  Richne&#383;s or Poorne&#383;s of the Oar it &#383;elf, by the Degree of
+  Fire, and (e&#383;pecially) by the Length of Time, during which the
+  matter is kept in fu&#383;ion; as you will ea&#383;ily gather from what
+  you will quickly meet with in the following Annotation upon this
+  pre&#383;ent 48<sup>th</sup> Experiment.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Annotation IV.</i></p>
+
+  <p>There is another way and differing enough from tho&#383;e already
+  mention'd, by which Metalls may be brought to exhibit adventitious
+  Colours: For by This, the Metall do's not &#383;o much impart a Colour to
+  another Body, as receive a Colour from it, or rather both Bodies do by
+  the new Texture re&#383;ulting from their mi&#383;tion produce a new
+  Colour. I will not in&#383;i&#383;t to this purpo&#383;e upon the
+  Examples afforded us by yellow Orpiment, and common Sea Salt, from which,
+  &#383;ublim'd together, Chymi&#383;ts unanimou&#383;ly affirm their White
+  or Cry&#383;talline Ar&#383;enick to be made: But 'tis not unworthy our
+  noting, That though Yellow <!-- Page 363 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_363"></a>[pg 363]</span> Orpiment be acknowledg'd to be the
+  Copiou&#383;e&#383;t by far of the two Ingredients of Ar&#383;enick, yet
+  this la&#383;t nam'd Body being duely added to the highe&#383;t Colour'd
+  Metall Copper, when 'tis in fu&#383;ion, gives it a whitene&#383;s both
+  within and without. Thus <i>Lapis Calaminaris</i> changes and improves
+  the Colour of Copper by turning it into Bra&#383;s. And I have
+  &#383;ometimes by the help of Zinck duely mix'd after a certain manner,
+  given Copper one of the Riche&#383;t Golden Colours that ever I have
+  &#383;een the Be&#383;t true Gold Ennobled with. But pray have a care
+  that &#383;uch Hints fall not into any hands that may mis-imploy
+  them.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Annotation V.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Upon the Knowledge of the differing wayes of making Minerals and
+  Metalls produce their adventitious Colours in Bodies capable of
+  Vitrification, depends the pretty Art of making what Chymi&#383;ts by a
+  Barbarous Word are pleas'd to call <i>Aman&#383;es</i>, that is
+  counterfeit, or factitious Gemms, as Emeralds, Rubies, Saphires, Topazes,
+  and the like. For in the making of the&#383;e, though pure Sand or
+  Calcin'd Cry&#383;tal give the Body, yet 'tis for the mo&#383;t part
+  &#383;ome Metalline or Mineral <i>Calx</i>, mingled in a <!-- Page 364
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364"></a>[pg 364]</span> small
+  proportion that gives the Colour. But though I have many years &#383;ince
+  taken delight, to divert my &#383;elf with this plea&#383;ing Art, and
+  have &#383;een very pretty Productions of it, yet be&#383;ides that I
+  fear I have now forgot mo&#383;t of the little Skill I had in it, this is
+  no place to entertain you with what would rather take up an intire
+  Di&#383;cour&#383;e, than be comprehended in an Annotation; wherefore the
+  few things which I &#383;hall here take notice of to you, are only what
+  belong to the pre&#383;ent Argument, Namely,</p>
+
+  <p>Fir&#383;t, That I have often ob&#383;erv'd that Calcin'd Lead
+  Colliquated with fine White Sand or Cry&#383;tal, reduc'd by ignitions
+  and &#383;ub&#383;equent extinctions in Water to a &#383;ubtile Powder,
+  will of it &#383;elf be brought by a due Decoction to give a cleer
+  Ma&#383;s Colour'd like a <i>German</i> Amethy&#383;t. For though this
+  gla&#383;s of Lead, is look'd upon by them that know no better way of
+  making <i>Aman&#383;es</i>, as the grand Work of them all, yet which is
+  an inconvenience that much blemi&#383;hes this way, the Calcin'd Lead it
+  &#383;elf does not only afford matter to the <i>Aman&#383;es</i>, but has
+  al&#383;o as well as other Metals a Colour of its own, which as I was
+  &#383;aying, I have often found to be like that of <i>German</i> (as many
+  call them) not Ea&#383;tern Amethy&#383;ts.</p>
+
+  <p>Secondly, That neverthele&#383;s this Colour <!-- Page 365 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365"></a>[pg 365]</span> may be ea&#383;ily
+  over-powr'd by tho&#383;e of divers other Mineral Pigments (if I may
+  &#383;o call them) &#383;o that with a gla&#383;s of Lead, you may
+  Emulate (for In&#383;tance) the fre&#383;h and lovely Greenne&#383;s of
+  an Emerald, though in divers ca&#383;es the Colour which the Lead it
+  &#383;elf upon Vitrification tends to, may vitiate that of the Pigment,
+  which you would introduce into the Ma&#383;s.</p>
+
+  <p>Thirdly, That &#383;o much ev'n the&#383;e Colours depend upon
+  Texture, that in the Gla&#383;s of Lead it &#383;elf made of about three
+  parts of <i>Lytharge</i> or <i>Minium</i> Colliquated with one of very
+  finely Powder'd Cry&#383;tal or Sand, we have taken plea&#383;ure to make
+  the mixture pa&#383;s through differing Colours, as we kept it more or
+  le&#383;s in the Fu&#383;ion. For it was not u&#383;ually till after a
+  pretty long Decoction that the Ma&#383;s attain'd to the Amethy&#383;tin
+  Colour.</p>
+
+  <p>Fourthly and la&#383;tly, That the degrees of Coction and other
+  Circum&#383;tances may &#383;o vary the Colour produc'd in the &#383;ame
+  ma&#383;s, that in a Crucible that was not great I have had fragments of
+  the &#383;ame Ma&#383;s, in &#383;ome of which perhaps not &#383;o big as
+  a Hazel-Nut, you may di&#383;cern four di&#383;tinct Colours.</p>
+
+<!-- Page 366 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366"></a>[pg 366]</span>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Annotation VI.</i></p>
+
+  <p>You may remember (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) that when I mention'd the three
+  &#383;orts of adventitious Colours of Metals, I mention'd them but as the
+  chief, not the only. For there may be other wayes, which though they do
+  not in &#383;o &#383;trict a &#383;en&#383;e belong to the adventitious
+  Colours of Metals, may not inconveniently be reduc'd to them. And of
+  the&#383;e I &#383;hall name now a couple, without denying that there may
+  be more.</p>
+
+  <p>The fir&#383;t may be drawn from the practi&#383;e of tho&#383;e that
+  Dye Scarlet. For the famou&#383;e&#383;t Ma&#383;ter in that Art, either
+  in <i>England</i> or <i>Holland</i>, has confe&#383;s'd to me, that
+  neither others, nor he can &#383;trike that lovely Colour which is now
+  wont to be call'd the <i>Bow-Dye</i>, without their Materials be Boyl'd
+  in Ve&#383;&#383;els, either made of, or lin'd with a particular Metall.
+  But of what I have known attempted in this kind, I mu&#383;t not as yet
+  for fear of prejudicing or di&#383;plea&#383;ing others give you any
+  particular Account.<a name="NtA_24"></a><a
+  href="#Nt_24"><sup>24</sup></a></p>
+
+  <p>The other way (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) of making Metals afford unobvious
+  Colours, is by imbuing divers Bodies with Solutions of them made in their
+  proper <i>Men&#383;truum's</i>, As (for <!-- Page 367 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367"></a>[pg 367]</span> In&#383;tance)
+  though Copper plentifully di&#383;&#383;olv'd in <i>Aqua fortis</i>, will
+  imbue &#383;everal Bodies with the Colour of the Solution; Yet Some other
+  Metalls will not (as I el&#383;ewhere tell you) and have often try'd.
+  Gold di&#383;&#383;olv'd in <i>Aqua Regia</i>, will, (which is not
+  commonly known) Dye the Nails and Skin, and Hafts of Knives, and other
+  things made of Ivory, not with a Golden, but a Purple Colour, which
+  though it manife&#383;t it &#383;elf but &#383;lowly, is very durable,
+  and &#383;carce ever to be wa&#383;h'd out. And if I mi&#383;remember
+  not, I have already told you in this Treati&#383;e, that the purer
+  Cry&#383;tals of fine Silver made with <i>Aqua fortis</i>, though they
+  appear White, will pre&#383;ently Dye the Skin and Nails, with a Black,
+  or at lea&#383;t a very Dark Colour, which Water will not wa&#383;h off,
+  as it will ordinary Ink from the &#383;ame parts. And divers other Bodies
+  may the Same way be Dy'd, &#383;ome of a Black, and others of a
+  Blacki&#383;h Colour.</p>
+
+  <p>And as Metalline, &#383;o likewi&#383;e Mineral Solutions may produce
+  Colours differing enough from tho&#383;e of the Liquors them&#383;elves.
+  I &#383;hall not fetch an Example of this, from what we daily &#383;ee
+  happen in the powdring of Beef, which by the Brine imploy'd about it
+  (e&#383;pecially if the fle&#383;h be <!-- Page 368 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368"></a>[pg 368]</span> over &#383;alted)
+  do's oftentimes appear at our Tables of a Green, and &#383;ometimes of a
+  Reddi&#383;h Colour, (deep enough) nor &#383;hall I in&#383;i&#383;t on
+  the practi&#383;e of &#383;ome that deal in Salt Petre, who, (as I
+  &#383;u&#383;pected, and as them&#383;elves acknowledg'd to me) do, with
+  the mixture of a certain proportion of that; and common Salt, give a fine
+  Redne&#383;s, not only to Neats Tongues, but which is more pretty as well
+  as difficult, to &#383;uch fle&#383;h, as would otherwi&#383;e be purely
+  White; The&#383;e Examples, I &#383;ay, I &#383;hall decline
+  in&#383;i&#383;ting on, as chu&#383;ing rather to tell you, that I have
+  &#383;everal times try'd, that a Solution of the Sulphur of Vitriol, or
+  ev'n of common Sulphur, though the Liquor appear'd clear enough, would
+  immediately tinge a piece of new Coin, or other clean Silver,
+  &#383;ometimes with a Golden, &#383;ometimes with a deeper, and more
+  Reddi&#383;h colour, according to the &#383;trength of the Solution, and
+  the quantity of it, that chanc'd to adhere to the Metall; which may take
+  off your wonder that the water of the hot Spring at <i>Bath</i>,
+  abounding with di&#383;&#383;olv'd Sub&#383;tances of a very Sulphureous
+  Nature, &#383;hould for a while, as it were gild, the new or clean pieces
+  of Silver coyn, that are for a due time immers'd in it. And to the&#383;e
+  may be added tho&#383;e formerly mention'd Examples <!-- Page 369
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369"></a>[pg 369]</span> of the
+  adventitious Colours of Mineral Bodies; which brings into my mind, that,
+  ev'n Vegetable Liquors, whether by degeneration, or by altering the
+  Texture of the Body that imbibes them, may &#383;tain other Bodies with
+  Colours differing enough, from their own, of which very good
+  Herbari&#383;ts have afforded us a notable Example, by affirming that the
+  Juice of <i>Alcanna</i> being green (in which &#383;tate I could never
+  here procure it) do's yet Dye the Skin and Nails of a La&#383;ting Red.
+  But I &#383;ee this Treati&#383;e is like to prove too bulky without the
+  addition of further In&#383;tances of this Nature.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT XLIX.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>Meeting the other day, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, in an <i>Italian</i> book,
+  that treats of other matters, with a way of preparing what the Author
+  calls a <i>Lacca</i> of Vegetables, by which the <i>Italians</i> mean a
+  kind of Extract fit for Painting, like that rich <i>Lacca</i> in
+  Engli&#383;h commonly call'd <i>Lake</i>, which is imploy'd by Painters
+  as a glorious Red. And finding the Experiment not to be
+  incon&#383;iderable, and very defectively &#383;et down, it will not be
+  ami&#383;s to acquaint you with what &#383;ome Tryals have inform'd us,
+  in reference to this <!-- Page 370 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_370"></a>[pg 370]</span> Experiment, which both by our Italian
+  Author, and by divers of his Countrymen, is look'd upon as no trifling
+  Secret.</p>
+
+  <p>Take then the root call'd in Latin <i>Curcuma</i>, and in Engli&#383;h
+  Turmerick, (which I made u&#383;e of, becau&#383;e it was then at hand,
+  and is among Vegetables fit for that purpo&#383;e one of the mo&#383;t
+  ea&#383;ie&#383;t to be had) and when it is beaten, put what Quantity of
+  it you plea&#383;e into fair Water, adding to every pound of Water about
+  a &#383;poonfull or better of as &#383;trong a <i>Lixivium</i> or
+  Solution of Pota&#383;hes as you can well make, clarifying it by
+  Filtration before you put it to the Decocting water. Let the&#383;e
+  things boyl, or rather &#383;imper over a &#383;oft Fire in a clean
+  glaz'd Earthen Ve&#383;&#383;el, till you find by the Immer&#383;ion of a
+  &#383;heet of White Paper (or by &#383;ome other way of Tryal) that the
+  Liquor is &#383;ufficiently impregnated with the Golden Tincture of the
+  Turmerick, then take the Decoction off the Fire, and Filter or Strain it
+  that it may be clean, and lei&#383;urely dropping into it a &#383;trong
+  Solution of Roch Allum, you &#383;hall find the Decoction as it were
+  curdl'd, and the tincted part of it either to emerge, to
+  &#383;ub&#383;ide, or to &#383;wim up and down, like little Yellow
+  flakes; and if you pour this mixture into a Tunnel lin'd with Cap Paper,
+  the Liquor that Filtred formerly <!-- Page 371 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371"></a>[pg 371]</span> &#383;o Yellow,
+  will now pa&#383;s clean thorow the Filtre, leaving its tincted, and as
+  it were curdled parts in the Filtre, upon which fair Water mu&#383;t be
+  &#383;o often pour'd, till you have Dulcifi'd the matter therein
+  contain'd, the &#383;ign of which Dulcification is (you know) when the
+  Water that has pa&#383;s'd through it, comes from it as
+  ta&#383;tele&#383;s as it was pour'd on it. And if without Filtration you
+  would gather together the flakes of this Vegetable Lake, you mu&#383;t
+  pour a great Quantity of fair Water upon the Decoction after the
+  affu&#383;ion of the Alluminous Solution, and you &#383;hall find the
+  Liquor to grow clearer, and the Lake to &#383;ettle together at the
+  bottom, or emerge to the top of the Water, though &#383;ometimes having
+  not pour'd out a &#383;ufficient Quantity of fair Water, we have
+  ob&#383;erv'd the Lake partly to &#383;ub&#383;ide, and partly to emerge,
+  leaving all the middle of the Liquor clear. But to make this Lake fit for
+  u&#383;e, it mu&#383;t by repeated affu&#383;ions of fre&#383;h Water, be
+  Dulcifi'd from the adhering Salts, as well as that &#383;eparated by
+  Filtration, and be &#383;pread and &#383;uffer'd to dry lei&#383;urely
+  upon pieces of Cloth, with Brown Paper, or Chalk, or Bricks under <!--
+  Page 372 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372"></a>[pg 372]</span>
+  them to imbibe the Moi&#383;ture<a name="NtA_25"></a><a
+  href="#Nt_25"><sup>25</sup></a>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Annotation I.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Whereas it is pre&#383;um'd that the Magi&#383;tery of Vegetables
+  obtain'd this way con&#383;i&#383;ts but of the more Soluble and Coloured
+  parts of the Plants that afford it, I mu&#383;t take the liberty to
+  Que&#383;tion the &#383;uppo&#383;ition. And for my &#383;o doing, I
+  &#383;hall give you this account.</p>
+
+  <p>According to the Notions (&#383;uch as they were) that I had
+  concerning Salts; Allom, though to &#383;en&#383;e a Homogeneous Body,
+  ought not to be reckon'd among true Salts, but to be it &#383;elf look'd
+  upon as a kind of Magi&#383;tery, in regard that as Native Vitriol (for
+  &#383;uch I have had) contains both a Saline &#383;ub&#383;tance and a
+  Metall, whether Copper, or Iron, corroded by it, and a&#383;&#383;ociated
+  with it; &#383;o Allom which may be of &#383;o near a kin to Vitriol,
+  that in &#383;ome places of <i>England</i> (as we are a&#383;&#383;ur'd
+  by good Authority the &#383;ame &#383;tone will <!-- Page 373 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373"></a>[pg 373]</span> &#383;ometimes
+  afford both) &#383;eems manife&#383;tly to contain a peculiar kind of
+  Acid Spirit, generated in the Bowels of the Earth, and &#383;ome kind of
+  &#383;tony matter di&#383;&#383;olv'd by it. And though in making our
+  ordinary Allom, the Workmen u&#383;e the A&#383;hes of a Sea Weed
+  (vulgarly call'd Kelp) and Urine: yet tho&#383;e that &#383;hould know,
+  inform us, that, here in <i>England</i>, there is be&#383;ides the
+  factitious Allom, Allom made by Nature Without the help of tho&#383;e
+  Additaments. Now (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) when I con&#383;ider'd this
+  compo&#383;ition of Allom, and that Alcalizate Salts are wont to
+  Præcipitate what acid Salts have di&#383;&#383;olv'd, I could not but be
+  prone to &#383;u&#383;pect that the Curdled Matter, which is call'd the
+  Magi&#383;tery of Vegetables, may have in it no incon&#383;iderable
+  proportion of a &#383;tony &#383;ub&#383;tance Præcipitated out of the
+  Allom by the <i>Lixivium</i>, wherein the Vegetable had been decocted,
+  and to &#383;hew you, that there is no nece&#383;&#383;ity, that all the
+  curdl'd &#383;ub&#383;tance mu&#383;t belong to the Vegetable, I
+  &#383;hall add, that I took a &#383;trong Solution of Allom, and having
+  Filtred it, by pouring in a convenient Quantity of a &#383;trong Solution
+  of Pota&#383;hes, I pre&#383;ently, as I expected, turn'd the mixture
+  into a kind of white Curds, which being put to Filtre, the Paper retain'd
+  a &#383;tony <!-- Page 374 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_374"></a>[pg 374]</span> <i>Calx</i>, copious enough, very
+  White, and which &#383;eem'd to be of a Mineral Nature, both by &#383;ome
+  other &#383;ignes, and this, that little Bits of it being put upon a live
+  Coal, which was Gently Blown whil&#383;t they were on it, they did
+  neither melt nor fly away, and you may keep a Quantity of this White
+  &#383;ub&#383;tance for a good while, (nay for ought I can gue&#383;s for
+  a very long one) in a red hot Crucible without lo&#383;ing or
+  &#383;poiling it; nor did hot Water wherein I purpo&#383;ely kept another
+  parcel of &#383;uch <i>Calx</i>, &#383;eem to do any more than wa&#383;h
+  away the loo&#383;er adhering Salts from the &#383;tony
+  &#383;ub&#383;tance, which therefore &#383;eem'd unlikely to be
+  &#383;eparable by ablutions (though reiterated) from the Præcipitated
+  parts of the Vegetable, who&#383;e Lake is intended. And to &#383;hew
+  you, that there is likewi&#383;e in Allom a Body, with which the fix'd
+  Salt of the Alcalizate Solution will concoagulate into a Saline
+  Sub&#383;tance differing from either of them, I &#383;hall add, that I
+  have taken plea&#383;ure to recover out of the &#383;lowly exhal'd
+  Liquor, that pa&#383;s'd through the filtre, and left the foremention'd
+  <i>Calx</i> behind, a Body that at lea&#383;t &#383;eem'd a Salt very
+  pretty to look on, as being very White, and con&#383;i&#383;ting of an
+  innumerable company of exceeding &#383;lender, and &#383;hining
+  Particles, which <!-- Page 375 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_375"></a>[pg 375]</span> would in part ea&#383;ily melt at the
+  flame of a Candle, and in part flye away with &#383;ome little
+  noi&#383;e. But of this &#383;ub&#383;tance, and its odd Qualities more
+  perhaps el&#383;ewhere; for now I &#383;hall only take notice to you,
+  that I have likewi&#383;e with Urinous Salts, &#383;uch as the Spirit of
+  Sal Armoniack, as well as with the Spirit of Urine it &#383;elf, Nay, (if
+  I much mi&#383;take not) ev'n with Stale Urine undi&#383;til'd,
+  ea&#383;ily Precipitated &#383;uch a White <i>Calx</i> as I was formerly
+  &#383;peaking of, out of a Limpid Solution of Allom, &#383;o that there
+  is need of Circum&#383;pection in judging of the Natures of Liquors by
+  Precipitations wherein Allom intervenes, el&#383;e we may &#383;ometimes
+  mi&#383;takingly imagine that to be Precipitated out of a Liquor by
+  Allom, which is rather Precipitated out of Allom by the Liquor: And this
+  puts me in mind to tell you, that 'tis not unplea&#383;ant to behold how
+  quickly the Solution of Allom (or injected lumps of Allom) do's
+  occa&#383;ion the &#383;evering of the colour'd parts of the Decoction
+  from the Liquor that &#383;eem'd to have &#383;o perfectly imbib'd
+  them.</p>
+
+<!-- Page 376 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376"></a>[pg 376]</span>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Annot. II.</i></p>
+
+  <p>The above mention'd way of making Lakes we have tryed not only with
+  Turmerick, but al&#383;o with Madder, which yielded us a Red Lake; and
+  with Rue, which afforded us an extract, of (almo&#383;t if not
+  altogether) the &#383;ame Colour with that of the leaves.</p>
+
+  <p>But in regard that 'tis Principally the Alcalizate Salt of the
+  Pot-a&#383;hes, which enables the water to Extract &#383;o powerfully the
+  Tincture of the Decocted Vegetables, I fear that our Author may be
+  mi&#383;taken by &#383;uppo&#383;ing that the Decoction will alwayes be
+  of the very &#383;ame Colour with the Vegetable it is made off. For
+  Lixiviate Salts, to which Pot-a&#383;hes eminently belong, though by
+  peircing and opening the Bodies of Vegetables, they prepare and
+  di&#383;po&#383;e them to part readily with their Tincture, yet &#383;ome
+  Tinctures they do not only draw out, but likewi&#383;e alter them, as may
+  be ea&#383;ily made appear by many of the Experiments already &#383;et
+  down in this Treati&#383;e, and though Allom being of an Acid Nature, its
+  Solutions may in &#383;ome Ca&#383;es de&#383;troy the Adventitious
+  Colours produc'd by the Alcaly, and re&#383;tore the former: yet <!--
+  Page 377 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377"></a>[pg 377]</span>
+  be&#383;ides that Allom is not, as I have lately &#383;hown, a meer Acid
+  Salt, but a mixt Body, and be&#383;ides, that its operations are languid
+  in compari&#383;on of the activity of Salts freed by Di&#383;tillation,
+  or by Incineration and Di&#383;&#383;olution, from the mo&#383;t of their
+  Earthy parts, we have &#383;een already Examples, that in divers
+  Ca&#383;es an Acid Salt will not re&#383;tore a Vegetable
+  &#383;ub&#383;tance to the Colour of which an Alcalizate one had depriv'd
+  it, but makes it a&#383;&#383;ume a third very differing from both, as we
+  formerly told you, that if Syrrup of Violets were by an Alcaly turn'd
+  Green, (which Colour, as I have try'd, may be the &#383;ame way produc'd
+  in the Violet-leaves them&#383;elves without any Relation to a Syrrup) an
+  Acid Salt would not make it Blew again, but Red. And though I have by
+  this way of making Lakes, made Magi&#383;teries (for &#383;uch they
+  &#383;eem to be) of Brazil, and as I remember of Cochinele it &#383;elf,
+  and of other things, Red, Yellow or Green which Lakes were enobled with a
+  Rich Colour, and others had no bad one; yet in &#383;ome the colour of
+  the Lake &#383;eem'd rather inferiour than otherwi&#383;e to that of the
+  Plant, and in others it &#383;eem'd both very differing, and much
+  wor&#383;e; but Writing this in a time and place where I cannot provide
+  my &#383;elf of Flowres and other Vegetables to pro&#383;ecute <!-- Page
+  378 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378"></a>[pg 378]</span>
+  &#383;uch Tryals in a competent variety of Subjects, I am content not to
+  be po&#383;itive in delivering a judgment of this way of Lakes, till
+  Experience, or You, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, &#383;hall have afforded me a
+  fuller and more particular Information.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Annotation III.</i></p>
+
+  <p>And on this occa&#383;ion (<i>Pyrophilus</i>) I mu&#383;t here (having
+  forgot to do it &#383;ooner) adverti&#383;e you once for all, that having
+  written &#383;everal of the foregoing Experiments, not only in ha&#383;te
+  but at &#383;ea&#383;ons of the year, and in places wherein I could not
+  furni&#383;h my &#383;elf with &#383;uch In&#383;truments, and &#383;uch
+  a variety of Materials, as the de&#383;ign of giving you an Introduction
+  into the Hi&#383;tory of Colours requir'd, it can &#383;carce be
+  otherwi&#383;e but that divers of the Experiments, that I have &#383;et
+  down, may afford you &#383;ome matter of new Tryals, if you think fit to
+  &#383;upply the deficiencies of &#383;ome of them (e&#383;pecially the
+  fre&#383;hly mention'd about Lakes, and tho&#383;e that concern
+  Emphatical Colours) which deficiencies for want of being befriended with
+  accommodations I could better di&#383;cern than avoid.</p>
+
+<!-- Page 379 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379"></a>[pg 379]</span>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Annotation IV.</i></p>
+
+  <p>The u&#383;e of Allom is very great as well as familiar in the Dyers
+  Trade, and I have not been ill pleas'd with the u&#383;e I have been able
+  to make of it in preparing other pigments than tho&#383;e they imploy
+  with Vegetable Juices. But the Lucriferous practi&#383;es of Dyers and
+  other Trade&#383;men, I do, for Rea&#383;ons that you may know when you
+  plea&#383;e, purpo&#383;ely forbear in this E&#383;&#383;ay, though not
+  &#383;trictly from pointing at, yet from making it a part of my
+  pre&#383;ent work explicitly and circum&#383;tantially to deliver,
+  e&#383;pecially &#383;ince I now find (though late and not without
+  &#383;ome Blu&#383;hes at my prolixity) that what I intended but for a
+  &#383;hort E&#383;&#383;ay, is already &#383;well'd into almo&#383;t a
+  Volume.</p>
+
+<h3><i>EXPERIMENT L.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>Yet here, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, I mu&#383;t take leave to in&#383;ert an
+  Experiment, though perhaps you'l think its coming in here an
+  Intru&#383;ion, For I confe&#383;s its more proper place would have been
+  among tho&#383;e Experiments, that were brought as proofs and
+  applications of our Notions concerning the differences of <!-- Page 380
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380"></a>[pg 380]</span> Salts;
+  but not having remembred to in&#383;ert it in its fitte&#383;t place, I
+  had rather take notice of it in this, than leave it quite unmention'd:
+  partly becau&#383;e it doth &#383;omewhat differ from the re&#383;t of
+  our Experiments about Colours, in the way whereby 'tis made; and partly
+  becau&#383;e the grounds upon which I devis'd it, may hint to you
+  &#383;omewhat of the Method I u&#383;e in De&#383;igning and Varying
+  Experiments about Colours, and upon this account I &#383;hall inform you,
+  not only What I did, but Why I did it.</p>
+
+  <p>I con&#383;ider'd then that the work of the former Experiments was
+  either to change the Colour of a Body into another, or quite to
+  de&#383;troy it, without giving it a &#383;ucce&#383;&#383;or, but I had
+  a mind to give you al&#383;o a way, whereby to turn a Body endued with
+  one Colour into two Bodies, of Colours, as well as
+  con&#383;i&#383;tencies, very di&#383;tinct from each other, and that by
+  the help of a Body that had it &#383;elf no Colour at all. In order to
+  this, I remembred, that finding the Acidity of Spirit of Vinegar to be
+  wholly de&#383;troy'd by its working upon <i>Minium</i> (or calcin'd
+  Lead) whereby the Saline particles of the <i>Men&#383;truum</i> have
+  their Ta&#383;te and Nature quite alter'd, I had, among other Conjectures
+  I had built upon that change, rightly concluded, that the Solution of
+  Lead <!-- Page 381 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381"></a>[pg
+  381]</span> in Spirit of Vinegar would alter the Colour of the Juices and
+  Infu&#383;ions of Several Plants, much after the like manner that I had
+  found Oyl of Tartar to do; and accordingly I was quickly &#383;atisfied
+  upon Tryal, that the Infu&#383;ion of Ro&#383;e-leaves would by a
+  &#383;mall quantity of this Solution well mingl'd with it, be immediately
+  turn'd into a &#383;omewhat &#383;ad Green.</p>
+
+  <p>And further, I had often found, that Oyl of Vitriol, though a potently
+  Acid <i>Men&#383;truum</i>, will yet Præcipitate many Bodies, both
+  Mineral and others, di&#383;&#383;olv'd not onely in <i>Aqua fortis</i>
+  (as &#383;ome Chymi&#383;ts have ob&#383;erv'd) but particularly in
+  Spirit of Vinegar, and I have further found, that the <i>Calces</i> or
+  Powders Præcipitated by this Liquor were u&#383;ually fair and White.</p>
+
+  <p>Laying the&#383;e things together, 'twas not difficult to conclude,
+  that if upon a good Tincture of Red Ro&#383;e-leaves made with fair
+  Water, I dropp'd a pretty quantity of a &#383;trong and &#383;weet
+  Solution of <i>Minium</i>, the Liquor would be turn'd into the like muddy
+  Green Sub&#383;tance, as I have formerly intimated to You, that Oyl of
+  Tartar would reduce it to, and that if then I added a convenient quantity
+  of good Oyl of Vitriol, this la&#383;t nam'd Liquor would have two
+  di&#383;tinct operations upon the Mixture, the one, that <!-- Page 382
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382"></a>[pg 382]</span> it would
+  Præcipitate that re&#383;olv'd Lead in the form of a White Powder; the
+  other, that it would Clarifie the muddy Mixture, and both re&#383;tore,
+  and exceedingly heighten the Redne&#383;s of the Infu&#383;ion of
+  Ro&#383;es, which was the mo&#383;t copious Ingredient of the Green
+  compo&#383;ition, and accordingly trying the Experiment in a Wine
+  gla&#383;s &#383;harp at the bottom (like an inverted Cone) that the
+  &#383;ub&#383;iding Powder might &#383;eem to take up the more room, and
+  be the more con&#383;picuous, I found that when I had &#383;haken the
+  Green Mixture, that the colour'd Liquor might be the more equally
+  di&#383;per&#383;ed, a few drops of the rectifi'd Oyl of Vitriol did
+  pre&#383;ently turn the opacous Liquor into one that was cleer and Red,
+  almo&#383;t like a Rubie, and threw down good &#383;tore of a Powder,
+  which when 'twas &#383;ettl'd, would have appear'd very White, if
+  &#383;ome inter&#383;pers'd Particles of the red Liquor had not a little
+  Allay'd the Purity, though not blemi&#383;h'd the Beauty of the Colour.
+  And to &#383;hew you, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that the&#383;e Effects do not
+  flow from the Oyl of Vitriol, as it is &#383;uch, but as it is a
+  &#383;trongly Acid <i>Men&#383;truum</i>, that has the property both to
+  Præcipitate Lead, as well as &#383;ome other Concretes out of Spirit of
+  Vinegar, and to heighten the Colour of Red Ro&#383;e-leaves, I add, that
+  I <!-- Page 383 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383"></a>[pg
+  383]</span> have done the &#383;ame thing, though perhaps not quite
+  &#383;o well with Spirit of Salt, and that I could not do it with
+  <i>Aqua-fortis</i>, becau&#383;e though that potent <i>Men&#383;truum</i>
+  does as well as the others heighthen the Redne&#383;s of Ro&#383;es, yet
+  it would not like them Precipitate Lead out of Spirit of Vinegar, but
+  would rather have di&#383;&#383;olv'd it, if it had not found it
+  di&#383;&#383;olv'd already.</p>
+
+  <p>And as by this way we have produc'd a Red Liquor, and a White
+  Precipitate out of a Dirty Green magi&#383;tery of Ro&#383;e-leaves,
+  &#383;o by the &#383;ame Method, you may produce a fair Yellow, and
+  &#383;ometimes a Red Liquor, and the like Precipitate, out of an
+  Infu&#383;ion of a curious Purple Colour. For you may call to mind, that
+  in the Annotation upon the 39<sup>th</sup>. Experiment I intimated to
+  you, that I had with a few drops of an Alcaly turn'd the Infu&#383;ion of
+  Logg-wood into a lovely Purple. Now if in&#383;tead of this Alcaly I
+  &#383;ub&#383;tituted a very Strong and well Filtrated Solution of
+  <i>Minium</i>, made with Spirit of Vinegar, and put about half as much of
+  this Liquor as there was of the Infu&#383;ion of Logg-wood, (that the
+  mixture might afford a pretty deal of Precipitate,) the affu&#383;ion of
+  a convenient proportion of Spirit of Salt, would (if the Liquors were
+  well and nimbly &#383;tirr'd together) pre&#383;ently <!-- Page 384
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384"></a>[pg 384]</span>
+  &#383;trike down a Precipitate like that formerly mention'd, and turn the
+  Liquor that &#383;wam above it, for the mo&#383;t part into a lovely
+  Yellow.</p>
+
+  <p>But for the advancing of this Experiment a little further, I
+  con&#383;ider'd, that in ca&#383;e I fir&#383;t turn'd a &#383;poonfull
+  of the infu&#383;ion of Logg-wood Purple, by a convenient proportion of
+  the Solution of <i>Minium</i>, the Affu&#383;ion of Spirit of Sal
+  Armnoniack, would Precipitate the Corpu&#383;cles of Lead conceal'd in
+  the Solution of <i>Minium</i>, and yet not de&#383;troy the Purple colour
+  of the Liquor; whereupon I thus proceeded; I took about a &#383;poonfull
+  of the <i>fre&#383;h</i> Tincture of Logg-wood, (for I found that if it
+  were <i>&#383;tale</i> the Experiment would not alwayes &#383;ucceed,)
+  and having put to it a convenient proportion of the Solution of
+  <i>Minium</i> to turn it into a deep and almo&#383;t opacous Purple, I
+  then drop'd in as much Spirit of Sal Armoniack, as I gue&#383;s'd would
+  Precipitate about half or more (but not all) of the Lead, and immediately
+  &#383;tirring the mixture well together, I mingled the Precipitated parts
+  with the others, &#383;o that they fell to the bottom, partly in the form
+  of a Powder, and partly in the form of a Curdled Sub&#383;tance, that (by
+  rea&#383;on of the Predominancy of the Ting'd Corpu&#383;cles over <!--
+  Page 385 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385"></a>[pg 385]</span>
+  the White) retain'd as well as the Supernatant Liquor; a Blewi&#383;h
+  Purple colour &#383;ufficiently Deep, and then in&#383;tantly (but yet
+  Warily,) pouring on a pretty Quantity of Spirit of Salt, the matter
+  fir&#383;t Precipitated, was, by the above &#383;pecified figure of the
+  bottome of the Gla&#383;s pre&#383;erv'd from being reach'd by the
+  Spirituous Salt; which ha&#383;tily Precipitated upon it a new Bed (if I
+  may &#383;o call it) of White Powder, being the remaining Corpu&#383;cles
+  of the Lead, that the Urinous Spirit had not &#383;truck down: So that
+  there appear'd in the Gla&#383;s three di&#383;tinct and very differingly
+  colour'd Sub&#383;tances; a Purple or Violet-colour'd Precipitate at the
+  bottom, a White and Carnation (&#383;ometimes a Variou&#383;ly colour'd)
+  Precipitate over That, and at the Top of all a Tran&#383;parent Liquor of
+  a lovely Yellow, or Red.</p>
+
+  <p>Thus you &#383;ee, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, that though to &#383;ome I may
+  have &#383;eem'd to have lighted on this (50<sup>th</sup>.) Experiment by
+  chance, and though others may imagine, that to have excogitated it,
+  mu&#383;t have proceeded from &#383;ome extraordinary in&#383;ight into
+  the nature of Colours, yet indeed, the devi&#383;ing of it need not be
+  look'd upon as any great matter, e&#383;pecially to one that is a little
+  vers'd in the notions, I have in the&#383;e, and other Papers <!-- Page
+  386 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386"></a>[pg 386]</span>
+  hinted concerning the differences of Salts. And perhaps I might add upon
+  more than conjecture, that the&#383;e very notions and &#383;ome
+  particulars &#383;catteringly deliver'd in this Treati&#383;e, being
+  skilfully put together, may &#383;ugge&#383;t divers matters (at
+  lea&#383;t,) about Colours, that will not be altogether De&#383;picable.
+  But tho&#383;e hinted, <i>Pyrophilus</i>, I mu&#383;t now leave &#383;uch
+  as You to pro&#383;ecute, having already &#383;pent farr more time than I
+  intended to allow my &#383;elf in acquainting You with particular
+  Experiments and Ob&#383;ervations concerning the changes of Colour, to
+  which I might have added many more, but that I hope I may have
+  pre&#383;ented You with a competent number to make out in &#383;ome
+  mea&#383;ure what I have at the beginning of this E&#383;&#383;ay either
+  propos'd as my De&#383;ign in this Tract, or deliver'd as my Conjectures
+  concerning the&#383;e matters. And it not being my pre&#383;ent
+  De&#383;igne, as I have more than once Declar'd, to deliver any
+  Po&#383;itive Hypothe&#383;is or &#383;olemn Theory of Colours, but only
+  to furni&#383;h You with &#383;ome Experiments towards the framing of
+  &#383;uch a Theory; I &#383;hall add nothing to what I have &#383;aid
+  already, but a reque&#383;t that you would not be forward to think I have
+  been mi&#383;taken in any thing I have deliver'd as matter of Fact
+  concerning the changes of Colours, in ca&#383;e you <!-- Page 387
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387"></a>[pg 387]</span>
+  &#383;hould not every time you trye it, find it exactly to &#383;ucceed.
+  For be&#383;ides the Contingencies to which we have el&#383;ewhere
+  &#383;hewn &#383;ome other Experiments to be obnoxious, the
+  omi&#383;&#383;ion or variation of a &#383;eemingly uncon&#383;iderable
+  circum&#383;tance, may hinder the &#383;ucce&#383;s of an Experiment,
+  wherein no other fault has been committed. Of which truth I &#383;hall
+  only give you that &#383;ingle and almo&#383;t obvious, but yet
+  illu&#383;trious in&#383;tance of the Art of Dying Scarlets, for though
+  you &#383;hould &#383;ee every Ingredient that is us'd about it, though I
+  &#383;hould particularly inform You of the weight of each, and though you
+  &#383;hould be pre&#383;ent at the kindling of the fire, and at the
+  increa&#383;ing and remitting of it, when ever the degree of Heat is to
+  be alter'd, and though (in a word) you &#383;hould &#383;ee every thing
+  done &#383;o particularly that you would &#383;carce harbour the
+  lea&#383;t doubt of your comprehending the whole Art: Yet if I
+  &#383;hould not di&#383;clo&#383;e to You, that the Ve&#383;&#383;els,
+  that immediately contain the Tinging Ingredients, are to be made of or to
+  be lin'd with Tin, You would never be able by all that I could tell you
+  el&#383;e (at-lea&#383;t, if the Famou&#383;e&#383;t and Candide&#383;t
+  Artificers do not &#383;trangely delude them&#383;elves) to bring your
+  Tincture of <!-- Page 388 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_388"></a>[pg 388]</span> Chochinele to Dye a perfect Scarlet.
+  So much depends upon the very Ve&#383;&#383;el, wherein the Tinging
+  matters are boyl'd, and &#383;o great an Influence may an unheeded
+  Circum&#383;tance have on the Succe&#383;s of Experiments concerning
+  Colours.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3><i>FINIS.</i></h3>
+
+<hr />
+
+<!-- Page 389 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389"></a>[pg 389]</span>
+
+<h1> 
+<span style="font-size:50%;">A SHORT</span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:125%;">ACCOUNT</span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:50%;">OF SOME</span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:100%;">OBSERVATIONS</span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:75%;">Made by Mr. <i>BOYLE</i></span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:50%;">About a <i>Diamond</i> that <i>Shines</i> in the Dark.</span>
+</h1>
+
+<p class="center">Fir&#383;t enclo&#383;ed in a Letter written to<br />
+a Friend,</p>
+
+<p class="center">And now together with it annexed to the Foregoing<br />
+Treati&#383;e, upon the &#383;core of the<br />
+Affinity Betwixt</p>
+
+<h1> 
+<span style="font-size:75%;"><i>Light</i> and <i>Colours</i>.</span>
+</h1>
+
+<hr />
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:25%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/429.png" alt="Decorative tiles" />
+  </div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3><i>LONDON,</i></h3>
+
+<h4>Printed for <i>Henry Herringman</i>. 1664</h4>
+
+<!-- Page 390 blank -->
+
+<!-- Page 391 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391"></a>[pg 391]</span>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/431a.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+  </div>
+
+<h1> 
+<span style="font-size:75%; letter-spacing:6px">A COPY</span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:50%;">OF THE</span><br /> 
+<span style="font-size:100%; letter-spacing:10px">LETTER</span>
+</h1>
+
+<p class="center">That Mr. <i>Boyle</i> wrote to Sir <i>Robert Morray</i>,<br />
+to accompany the <i>Ob&#383;ervations</i> touching<br />
+the <i>Shining Diamond</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>SIR,</i></p>
+
+  <p><img width="100" height="100" align="left" src="images/431b.png" alt="Illuminated T in Though" />
+  Hough Sir <i>Robert Morray</i> and Mon&#383;ieur <i>Zulichem</i> be
+  Per&#383;ons that have de&#383;erv'd &#383;o well of the Commonwealth of
+  Learning, that I &#383;hould think my &#383;elf unworthy to be look'd
+  upon as a Member of it, if I declin'd to Obey them, or to Serve them; yet
+  I &#383;hould not without Reluctancy &#383;end you the Notes, you
+  de&#383;ire for him, if I did not hope that you will tran&#383;mit
+  together with them, &#383;ome Account why they are not le&#383;s unworthy
+  of his peru&#383;al; which, that you may do; I mu&#383;t inform you, how
+  <!-- Page 392 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392"></a>[pg
+  392]</span> the writing of them was Occa&#383;ion'd, which in &#383;hort
+  was thus. As I was ju&#383;t going out of Town, hearing that an Ingenious
+  Gentleman of my Acquaintance, lately return'd from <i>Italy</i>, had a
+  Diamond, that being rubb'd, would &#383;hine in the Dark, and that he was
+  not far off, I &#383;natch'd time from my Occa&#383;ions to make him a
+  Vi&#383;it, but finding him ready to go abroad, and having in vain try'd
+  to make the Stone yield any Light in the Day time, I borrow'd it of him
+  for that Night, upon condition to re&#383;tore it him within a Day or two
+  at furthe&#383;t, at <i>Gre&#383;ham</i> College, where we appointed to
+  attend the meeting of the Society, that was then to be at that place. And
+  hereupon I ha&#383;ted that Evening out of Town, and finding after Supper
+  that the Stone which in the Day time would afford no di&#383;cernable
+  Light, was really Con&#383;picuous in the Dark, I was &#383;o taken with
+  the Novelty, and &#383;o de&#383;irous to make &#383;ome u&#383;e of an
+  opportunity that was like to la&#383;t &#383;o little a while, that
+  though at that time I had no body to a&#383;&#383;i&#383;t me but a
+  Foot-Boy, yet &#383;itting up late, I made a &#383;hift that Night to try
+  a pretty number of &#383;uch of the things that then came into my
+  thoughts, as were not in that place and time unpracticable. And the next
+  Day being otherwi&#383;e imploy'd, <!-- Page 393 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393"></a>[pg 393]</span> I was fain to make
+  u&#383;e of a drow&#383;ie part of the Night to &#383;et down
+  ha&#383;tily in Writing what I had ob&#383;erv'd, and without having the
+  time in the Morning, to &#383;tay the tran&#383;cribing of it, I order'd
+  the Ob&#383;ervations to be brought after me to <i>Gre&#383;ham</i>
+  College, where you may remember, that they were together with the Stone
+  it &#383;elf &#383;hown to the Royal Society, by which they had the good
+  Fortune not to be di&#383;lik'd, though &#383;everal things were through
+  ha&#383;t omitted, &#383;ome of which you will find in the Margin of the
+  inclo&#383;ed Paper. The &#383;ub&#383;tance of this &#383;hort Narrative
+  I hope you will let Mon&#383;ieur <i>Zulichem</i> know, that he may be
+  kept from expecting any thing of fini&#383;h'd in the Ob&#383;ervations,
+  and be di&#383;pos'd to excu&#383;e the want of it. But &#383;uch as they
+  are, I hope they will prove (without a Clinch) Luciferous Experiments, by
+  &#383;etting the Speculations of the Curious on work, in a diligent
+  Inquiry after the Nature of Light, towards the di&#383;covery of which,
+  perhaps they have not yet met with &#383;o con&#383;iderable an
+  Experiment, &#383;ince here we &#383;ee Light produc'd in a dead and
+  opacous Body, and that not as in rotten Wood, or in Fi&#383;hes, or as in
+  the <i>Bolonian</i> Stone, by a Natural Corruption, or by a <!-- Page 394
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394"></a>[pg 394]</span> Violent
+  De&#383;truction of the Texture of the Body, but by &#383;o &#383;light a
+  Mechanical operation upon its Texture, as we &#383;eem to know what it
+  is, and as is immediately perform'd, and that &#383;everal wayes without
+  at all prejudicing the Body, or making any &#383;en&#383;ible alterations
+  in its Manife&#383;t Qualities. And I am the more willing to expo&#383;e
+  my ha&#383;ty Tryals to Mon&#383;ieur <i>Zulichem</i>, and to You,
+  becau&#383;e, he being upon the Con&#383;ideration of Dioptricks, &#383;o
+  odd a <i>Ph&#339;nomemon</i> relateing to the Subject, as probably he treats
+  of, Light will, I hope, excite a per&#383;on to con&#383;ider it, that is
+  wont to con&#383;ider things he treats of very well. And for you Sir, I
+  hope you will both recrute and perfect the Ob&#383;ervations you receive,
+  For you know that I cannot add to them, having a good while &#383;ince
+  re&#383;tor'd to Mr. <i>Clayton</i> the Stone, which though it be now in
+  the hands of a Prince that &#383;o highly de&#383;erves, by
+  under&#383;tanding them, the greate&#383;t Curio&#383;ities; yet he
+  vouch&#383;afes you that acce&#383;s to him as keeps me from doubting,
+  you may ea&#383;ily obtain leave to make further Tryals with it, of
+  &#383;uch a Monarch as ours, that is not more inqui&#383;itive
+  him&#383;elf, than a favourer of them that are &#383;o. I doubt not but
+  the&#383;e Notes will put you in mind of the Motion you made to the
+  Society, to impo&#383;e upon <!-- Page 395 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_395"></a>[pg 395]</span> me the Task of bringing in, what I
+  had on other occa&#383;ions ob&#383;erv'd concerning &#383;hining Bodies.
+  But though I deny not, that I &#383;ometimes made ob&#383;ervations about
+  the <i>Bolonian</i> Stone, and try'd &#383;ome Experiments about
+  &#383;ome other &#383;hining Bodies; Yet the &#383;ame Rea&#383;ons that
+  reduc'd me then to be unwilling to receive ev'n their commands, mu&#383;t
+  now be my Apology for not an&#383;wering your Expectations, Namely the
+  ab&#383;tru&#383;e nature of Light, and my being already over-burden'd,
+  and but too much kept imploy'd by the Urgency of the Pre&#383;s, as well
+  as by more concerning and di&#383;tracting Occa&#383;ions. But yet I will
+  tell you &#383;ome part of what I have met with in reference to the
+  Stone, of which I &#383;end you an account. Becau&#383;e I find on the
+  one &#383;ide, that a great many think it no Rarity upon a mi&#383;taken
+  per&#383;wa&#383;ion, that not only there are &#383;tore of Carbuncles,
+  of which this is one; but that all Diamonds and other Gli&#383;tering
+  Jewels &#383;hine in the Dark. Whereas on the other &#383;ide there are
+  very Learn'd Men, who (plau&#383;ibly enough) deny that there are any
+  Carbuncles or &#383;hining Stones at all.</p>
+
+  <p>And certainly, tho&#383;e Judicious men have much more to &#383;ay for
+  them&#383;elves, than the others commonly Plead, and therefore did
+  de&#383;ervedly look upon Mr. <i>Clayton</i>'s Diamond <!-- Page 396
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396"></a>[pg 396]</span> as a
+  great Rarity. For not only <i>Boetius de Boot</i>, who is judg'd the
+  be&#383;t Author on this Subject, a&#383;cribes no &#383;uch Virtue to
+  Diamonds, but begins what he delivers of Carbuncles, with this
+  pa&#383;&#383;age.<a name="NtA_26"></a><a href="#Nt_26"><sup>26</sup></a>
+  <i>Magna fama est Carbunculi. Is vulgo putatur in tenebris Carbonis
+  in&#383;tar lucere; forta&#383;&#383;is quia Pyropus &#383;eu Anthrax
+  appellatus a veteribus fuit. Verum hactenus nemo nunquam verè
+  a&#383;&#383;erere au&#383;us fuit, &#383;e gemmam noctu lucentem
+  vidi&#383;&#383;e. Garcias ab Horto proregis Indiæ Medicus, refert
+  &#383;e allocutum fui&#383;&#383;e, qui &#383;e vidi&#383;&#383;e
+  affirmarent. Sed iis fidem non habuit.</i> And a later Author, the
+  Diligent and Judicious <i>Johannes de Laet</i> in his Chapter of
+  Carbuncles and of Rubies, has this pa&#383;&#383;age. <i>Quia autem
+  Carbunculi, Pyropi &amp; Anthraces a veteribus nominantur, vulgo creditum
+  fuit, Carbonis instar in tenebris lucere, quod tamen nullâ gemmâ hastenus
+  deprehen&#383;um, licet à quibu&#383;dam temerè jactetur.</i> And the
+  recente&#383;t Writer I have met with on this Subject, <i>Olaus
+  Wormius</i>, in his Account of his well furni&#383;h'd <i>Musæum</i>,
+  do's, where he treats of Rubies, concurr with the former Writers by
+  the&#383;e Words.<a name="NtA_27"></a><a href="#Nt_27"><sup>27</sup></a>
+  <i>Sunt qui Rubinum veterum Carbunculum e&#383;&#383;e existimant,
+  &#383;ed dee&#383;t una illa nota, quod <!-- Page 397 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397"></a>[pg 397]</span> in tenebris
+  in&#383;tar Anthracis non luceat: A&#383;t talem Carbunculum in rerum
+  naturâ non inveniri major pars Authoram exi&#383;timant. Licet unum aut
+  alterum in India apud Magnates quo&#383;dam reperiri &#383;cribant, cum
+  tamen ex aliorum relatione id habeant &#383;altem, &#383;ed ip&#383;i non
+  viderint.</i> In confirmation of which I &#383;hall only add, that
+  hearing of a Rubie, &#383;o very Vivid, that the Jewellers
+  them&#383;elves have &#383;everal times begg'd leave of the fair Lady to
+  whom it belong'd, that they might try their choice&#383;t Rubies by
+  comparing them with That, I had the Opportunity by the Favour of this
+  Lady and her Hu&#383;band, (both which I have the Honour to be acquainted
+  with) to make a Trial of this famous Rubie in the Night, and in a Room
+  well Darkn'd, but not only could not di&#383;cern any thing of Light, by
+  looking on the Stone before any thing had been done to it, but could not
+  by all my Rubbing bring it to afford the lea&#383;t Glimmering of
+  Light.</p>
+
+  <p>But, Sir, though I be very backward to admit &#383;trange things for
+  truths, yet I am not very forward to reject them as
+  impo&#383;&#383;ibilities, and therefore I would not di&#383;courage any
+  from making further Inquiry, whether or no there be Really in <i>Rerum
+  natura</i>, any &#383;uch thing as a true Carbuncle or Stone that without
+  Rubbing will &#383;hine <!-- Page 398 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_398"></a>[pg 398]</span> in the Dark. For if &#383;uch a thing
+  can be found, it may afford no &#383;mall A&#383;&#383;i&#383;tance to
+  the Curious in the Inve&#383;tigation of Light, be&#383;ides the
+  Noblene&#383;s and Rarity of the thing it &#383;elfe. And though
+  <i>Vartomannus</i> was not an Eye witne&#383;s of what he relates, that
+  the King of <i>Pegu</i>, one of the Chief Kings of the
+  <i>East-Indies</i>, had a true Carbuncle of that Bigne&#383;s and
+  Splendour, that it &#383;hin'd very Gloriou&#383;ly in the Dark, and
+  though <i>Garcias ab Horto</i>, the <i>Indian</i> Vice-Roys
+  Phy&#383;ician, &#383;peaks of another Carbuncle, only upon the Report of
+  one, that he Di&#383;cours'd with, who affirmed him&#383;elf to have
+  &#383;een it; yet as we are not &#383;ure that the&#383;e Men that gave
+  them&#383;elves out to be Eye-witne&#383;&#383;es &#383;peak true, yet
+  they may have done &#383;o for ought we know to the contrary. And I could
+  pre&#383;ent you with a much con&#383;iderabler Te&#383;timony to the
+  &#383;ame purpo&#383;e, if I had the permi&#383;&#383;ion of a
+  Per&#383;on concern'd, without who&#383;e leave I mu&#383;t not do it. I
+  might tell you that <i>Marcus Paulus Venetus</i><a name="NtA_28"></a><a
+  href="#Nt_28"><sup>28</sup></a> (who&#383;e &#383;uppos'd Fables, divers
+  of our later Travellours and Navigatours have &#383;ince found to be
+  truths) &#383;peaking of the King of <i>Zeilan</i> that then was, tells
+  us, that he was &#383;aid to have the be&#383;t Rubie in the World, a
+  Palm long and as <!-- Page 399 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_399"></a>[pg 399]</span> big as a mans Arm, without &#383;pot,
+  &#383;hining like a Fire, and he &#383;ubjoyns, that the Great
+  <i>Cham</i>, under whom <i>Paulus</i> was a con&#383;iderable Officer,
+  &#383;ent and offer'd the value of a City for it; But the King
+  an&#383;wer'd, he would not give it for the trea&#383;ure of the World,
+  nor part with it, having been his Ance&#383;tours. And I could add, that
+  in the Relation made by two <i>Ru&#383;&#383;ian</i> Co&#383;&#383;acks
+  of their Journey into <i>Catay</i><a name="NtA_29"></a><a
+  href="#Nt_29"><sup>29</sup></a>, written to their Emperour, they
+  mention'd their having been told by the people of tho&#383;e parts, that
+  their King had a Stone, which Lights as the Sun both Day and Night,
+  call'd in their Language <i>Sarra</i>, which tho&#383;e
+  Co&#383;&#383;acks interpret a Ruby. But the&#383;e Relations are too
+  uncertain for me to build any thing upon, and therefore I &#383;hall
+  proceed to tell you, that there came hither about two years &#383;ince
+  out of <i>America</i>, the Governour of one of the Principal Colonies
+  there, an Ancient <i>Virtuo&#383;o</i>, and one that has the Honour to be
+  a member of the Royal Society; this Gentleman finding &#383;ome of the
+  chief Affairs of his Country committed to another and me, made me divers
+  Vi&#383;its, and in one of them when I enquir'd what Rare Stones they had
+  in tho&#383;e parts of the <i>Indies</i> he belong'd to, he told me, that
+  the <i>Indians</i> had a Tradition <!-- Page 400 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400"></a>[pg 400]</span> that in a certain
+  hardly acce&#383;&#383;ible Hill, a pretty way up in the Country, there
+  was a Stone which in the Night time &#383;hin'd very vividly, and to a
+  great di&#383;tance, and he a&#383;&#383;ur'd me, that though he thought
+  it not fit to venture him&#383;elf &#383;o far among tho&#383;e Savages,
+  yet he purpo&#383;ely &#383;ent thither a bold <i>Engli&#383;hman</i>,
+  with &#383;ome Natives to be his guides, and that this
+  Me&#383;&#383;enger brought him back word, that at a di&#383;tance from
+  the Hillock he had plainly perceiv'd &#383;uch a &#383;hining
+  Sub&#383;tance as the <i>Indians</i> Tradition mention'd, and being
+  &#383;timulated by Curio&#383;ity, had &#383;lighted tho&#383;e
+  Super&#383;titious Fears of the Inhabitants, and with much ado by
+  rea&#383;on of the Difficulty of the way, had made a &#383;hift to
+  clamber up to that part of the Hill, where, by a very heedful
+  Ob&#383;ervation, he &#383;uppos'd him&#383;elf to have &#383;een the
+  Light: but whether 'twere that he had mi&#383;taken the place, or for
+  &#383;ome other Rea&#383;on, he could not find it there, though when he
+  was return'd to his former Station, he did agen &#383;ee the Light
+  &#383;hining in the &#383;ame place where it &#383;hone before. A further
+  Account of this Light I expect from the Gentleman that gave me this, who
+  lately &#383;ent me the news of his being landed in that Country. And
+  though I re&#383;erve to my &#383;elf a full Liberty of Believing no more
+  <!-- Page 401 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401"></a>[pg
+  401]</span> than I &#383;ee cau&#383;e; yet I do the le&#383;s
+  &#383;cruple to relate this, becau&#383;e a good part of it agrees well
+  enough with another Story that I &#383;hall in the next place have
+  occa&#383;ion to &#383;ubjoyn, in order whereunto I &#383;hall tell you,
+  that though the Learned Authors I formerly mention'd, tell us, that no
+  Writer has affirm'd his having him&#383;elf &#383;een a real Carbuncle,
+  yet, con&#383;idering the Light of Mr. <i>Claytons</i> Diamond, it
+  recall'd into my mind, that &#383;ome years before, when I was
+  Inqui&#383;itive about Stones, I had met with an old <i>Italian</i> Book
+  highly extoll'd to me by very competent Judges, and that though the Book
+  were very &#383;carce, I had purchas'd it at a dear Rate, for the
+  &#383;ake of a few con&#383;iderable pa&#383;&#383;ages I met with in it,
+  and particularly one, which being very remarkable in it &#383;elf, and
+  pertinent to our pre&#383;ent Argument, I &#383;hall put it for you,
+  though not word for word, which I fear I have forgot to do, yet as to the
+  Sen&#383;e, into <i>Engli&#383;h</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Having promis'd</i> (Says our Author)<a name="NtA_30"></a><a
+  href="#Nt_30"><sup>30</sup></a> <i>to &#383;ay &#383;omething of that
+  mo&#383;t precious &#383;ort of Jewels,</i> Carbuncles, <i>becau&#383;e
+  they are very rarely to be met with, we &#383;hall briefly deliver what
+  we know of them. In</i> Clement <i>the &#383;eventh's time, I happen'd to
+  &#383;ee one of</i> <!-- Page 402 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_402"></a>[pg 402]</span> <i>them at a certain</i>
+  Ragu&#383;ian <i>Merchants, nam'd</i> Beigoio di Bona, <i>This was a
+  Carbuncle white, of that kind of whitene&#383;s which we &#383;aid was to
+  be found in tho&#383;e Rubies of which we made mention a little
+  above,</i> (where he had &#383;aid that tho&#383;e Rubies had a kind of
+  Livid Whitene&#383;s or Palene&#383;s like that of a Calcidonian) <i>but
+  it had in it a Lu&#383;tre &#383;o plea&#383;ing and &#383;o marveilous,
+  that it &#383;hin'd in the Dark, but not as much as colour'd Carbuncles,
+  though it be true, that in an exceeding Dark place I &#383;aw it
+  &#383;hine in the manner of fire almo&#383;t gone out. But as for
+  colour'd Carbuncles, it has not been my Fortune to have &#383;een any,
+  wherefore I will onely &#383;et down what I Learn'd about them
+  Di&#383;cour&#383;ing in my Youth with a</i> Roman <i>Gentleman of
+  antient Experience in matters of Jewels, who told me, That one</i> Jacopo
+  Cola <i>being by Night in a Vineyard of his, and e&#383;pying
+  &#383;omething in the mid&#383;t of it, that &#383;hin'd like a
+  little</i> glowing Coal, at the foot of a Vine, went near towards the
+  place where he thought him&#383;elf to have &#383;een that fire, but not
+  finding it, he &#383;aid, that being return'd to the &#383;ame place,
+  whence he had fir&#383;t de&#383;cry'd it, and perceiving there the
+  &#383;ame &#383;plendor as before, he mark'd it &#383;o heedfully, that
+  he came at length to it, where he took up a very little Stone, which he
+  carry'd away with Tran&#383;ports and Joy. And the next <!-- Page 403
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403"></a>[pg 403]</span> day
+  carrying it about to &#383;how it divers of his Friends, whil&#383;t he
+  was relating after what manner he found it, there ca&#383;ually
+  interven'd a <i>Venetian</i> Emba&#383;&#383;adour, exceedingly expert in
+  Jewels, who pre&#383;ently knowing it to be a Carbuncle, did craftily
+  before he and the &#383;aid <i>Jacopo</i> parted (&#383;o that there was
+  no Body pre&#383;ent that under&#383;tood the Worth of &#383;o Precious a
+  Gemm) purcha&#383;e it for the Value of 10. Crowns, and the next day left
+  <i>Rome</i> to &#383;hun the being nece&#383;&#383;itated to re&#383;tore
+  it, and (as he affirm'd) it was known within &#383;ome while after that
+  the &#383;aid <i>Venetian</i> Gentleman did in <i>Con&#383;tantinople</i>
+  &#383;ell that Carbuncle to the then Grand Seignior, newly come to the
+  Empire, for a hundred thou&#383;and Crowns. <i>And this is what I can
+  &#383;ay</i> concerning <i>Carbuncles</i>, and this is not a little at
+  lea&#383;t as to the fir&#383;t part of this account, where our
+  <i>Cellini</i> affirms him&#383;elf to have &#383;een a Real Carbuncle
+  with his own Eyes, e&#383;pecially &#383;ince this Author appears wary in
+  what he delivers, and is inclin'd rather to le&#383;&#383;en, than
+  increa&#383;e the wonder of it. And his Te&#383;timony is the more
+  con&#383;iderable, becau&#383;e though he were born a Subject neither to
+  the Pope nor the then King of <i>France</i> (that Royal
+  <i>Virtuo&#383;o</i> <i>Francis</i> the fir&#383;t) yet both the one and
+  the other of tho&#383;e Princes imploy'd him much <!-- Page 404 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404"></a>[pg 404]</span> about making of
+  their Noble&#383;t Jewels. What is now reported concerning a Shining
+  Sub&#383;tance to be &#383;een in one of the I&#383;lands about
+  <i>Scotland</i>, were very improper for me to mention to Sr. <i>Robert
+  Morray</i>, to whom the fir&#383;t Information was Originally brought,
+  and from whom I expect a farther (for I &#383;carce dare expect a
+  convincing) account of it. But I mu&#383;t not omit that &#383;ome
+  <i>Virtuo&#383;o</i> que&#383;tioning me the other day at
+  <i>White-Hall</i> about Mr. <i>Claytons</i> Diamond, and meeting
+  among&#383;t them an Ingenious <i>Dutch</i> Gentleman, who&#383;e Father
+  was long Emba&#383;&#383;ador for the Netherlands in <i>England</i>, I
+  Learn'd of him, that, he is acquainted with a per&#383;on, who&#383;e
+  Name he told (but I do not well remember it) who was Admiral of the
+  <i>Dutch</i> in the <i>Ea&#383;t-Indies</i>, and who a&#383;&#383;ur'd
+  this Gentleman <i>Mon&#383;ieur Boreel</i>, that at his return from
+  thence he brought back with him into <i>Holland</i> a Stone, which though
+  it look'd but like a Pale Dull Diamond, &#383;uch as he &#383;aw Mr.
+  <i>Claytons</i> to be, yet was it a Real Carbuncle, and did without
+  rubbing &#383;hine &#383;o much, that when the Admiral had occa&#383;ion
+  to open a Che&#383;t which he kept under Deck in a Dark place, where
+  'twas forbidden to bring Candles for fear of Mi&#383;chances, as
+  &#383;oon as he open'd the Trunck, the Stone <!-- Page 405 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405"></a>[pg 405]</span> would by its
+  Native Light, &#383;hine &#383;o as to Illu&#383;trate a great part of
+  it, and this Gentleman having very civilly and readily granted me the
+  reque&#383;t I made him, to Write to the Admiral, who is yet alive in
+  <i>Holland</i>, (and probably may &#383;till have the Jewel by him,) for
+  a particular account of this Stone, I hope ere long to receive it, which
+  will be the more welcome to me, not onely becau&#383;e &#383;o unlikely a
+  thing needs a cleer evidence, but becau&#383;e I have had &#383;ome
+  &#383;u&#383;pition of that (&#383;uppo&#383;ing the truth of the thing)
+  what may be a &#383;hining Stone in a very hot Countrey as the
+  <i>Ea&#383;t-Indies</i>, may perhaps cea&#383;e to be &#383;o (at
+  lea&#383;t in certain &#383;ea&#383;ons,) in one as cold as
+  <i>Holland</i>. For I ob&#383;erv'd in the Diamond I &#383;end you an
+  account of, that not onely rubbing but a very moderate degree of warmth,
+  though excited by other wayes, would make it &#383;hine a little. And
+  'tis not impo&#383;&#383;ible that there may be Stones as much more
+  &#383;u&#383;ceptible than that, of the Alterations requi&#383;ite to
+  make a Diamond &#383;hine, as that appeares to be more
+  &#383;u&#383;ceptible of them, than ordinary Diamonds. And I confe&#383;s
+  to you, that this is not the only odd &#383;u&#383;pition (for they are
+  not &#383;o much as conjectures) that what I try'd upon this Diamond
+  &#383;ugge&#383;ted to me. For not here to entertain you with the <!--
+  Page 406 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406"></a>[pg 406]</span>
+  changes I think may be effected ev'n in harder &#383;orts of Stones, by
+  wayes not vulgar, nor very promi&#383;ing, becau&#383;e I may
+  el&#383;ewhere have occa&#383;ion to &#383;peak of them, and this Letter
+  is but too Prolix already, that which I &#383;hall now acknowledge to you
+  is, That I began to doubt whether there may not in &#383;ome Ca&#383;es
+  be &#383;ome Truth in what is &#383;aid of the right Turquois, that it
+  often changes Colour as the wearer is Sick or Well, and manife&#383;tly
+  lo&#383;es its &#383;plendor at his Death. For when I found that ev'n the
+  warmth of an Affriction that la&#383;ted not above a quarter of a minute,
+  Nay, that of my Body, (who&#383;e Con&#383;titution you know is none of
+  the hotte&#383;t) would make a manife&#383;t change in the
+  &#383;olide&#383;t of Stones a Diamond, it &#383;eem'd not
+  impo&#383;&#383;ible, that certain warm and Saline &#383;teams
+  i&#383;&#383;uing from the Body of a living man, may by their plenty or
+  paucity, or by their peculiar Nature, or by the total ab&#383;ence of
+  them, diver&#383;ifie the Colour, and the &#383;plendor of &#383;o
+  &#383;oft a Stone as the Turquois. And though I admir'd to &#383;ee, that
+  I know not how many Men otherwi&#383;e Learn'd, &#383;hould confidently
+  a&#383;cribe to Jewels &#383;uch Virtues as &#383;eem no way competible
+  to Inanimate Agents, if to any Corporeal ones at all, yet as to what is
+  affirm'd concerning the Turquois's <!-- Page 407 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407"></a>[pg 407]</span> changing Colour, I
+  know not well how to reject the Affirmation of &#383;o Learned (and which
+  in this ca&#383;e is much more con&#383;iderable) &#383;o Judicious a
+  Lapidary as <i>Boetius de Boot</i><a name="NtA_31"></a><a
+  href="#Nt_31"><sup>31</sup></a>, who upon his own particular and repeated
+  Experience delivers &#383;o memorable <!-- Page 408 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408"></a>[pg 408]</span> a Narrative of the
+  Turquois's changing Colour, that I cannot but think it worth your
+  Peru&#383;al, e&#383;pecially &#383;ince a much later and very
+  Experienc'd Author, <i>Olaus Wormius</i>,<a name="NtA_32"></a><a
+  href="#Nt_32"><sup>32</sup></a> where he treats of that Stone, Confirms
+  it with this Te&#383;timony. <i>Imprimis memorandum exemplum quod
+  An&#383;helmus Boetius de &#383;eip&#383;o refert, tam mutati Coloris,
+  quam à ca&#383;u pre&#383;ervationis. Cui &amp; ip&#383;e haud
+  di&#383;&#383;imile adferre po&#383;sum, ni&#383;i ex An&#383;helmo
+  petitum quis putaret.</i> I remember that I &#383;aw two or three years
+  &#383;ince a <i>Turcois</i> (worn in a Ring) wherein there were &#383;ome
+  &#383;mall &#383;pots, which the <i>Virtuo&#383;o</i> who&#383;e it was
+  a&#383;ur'd me he had ob&#383;erv'd to grow &#383;ometimes greater
+  &#383;ometimes le&#383;s, and to be &#383;ometimes in one part of the
+  Stone, &#383;ometimes in another. And I having encourag'd to make
+  Pictures from time to time of the Stone, and of the Situation of the
+  cloudy parts, that&#383;o their Motion may be more indi&#383;putable, and
+  better ob&#383;erv'd, he came to me about the midle of this very week,
+  and a&#383;&#383;ur'd me that he had, as I wi&#383;h'd, made from time to
+  time Schemes or Pictures of the differing parts of the Stone, whereby the
+  &#383;everal Removes and motions of the above mentioned Clouds are very
+  manife&#383;t, though the cau&#383;e &#383;eem'd to him very occult:
+  the&#383;e Pictures <!-- Page 409 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_409"></a>[pg 409]</span> he has promis'd to &#383;how me, and
+  is very ready to put the Stone it &#383;elf into my hands. But the ring
+  having been the other day ca&#383;ually broken upon his finger,
+  unle&#383;s it can be taken out, and &#383;et again without any
+  con&#383;iderable heat, he is loath to have it medled with, for fear its
+  peculiarity &#383;hould be thereby de&#383;troy'd. And po&#383;&#383;ibly
+  his apprehen&#383;ion would have been &#383;trengthen'd, if I had had
+  opportunity to tell him what is related by the Learned <i>Wormius</i><a
+  name="NtA_33"></a><a href="#Nt_33"><sup>33</sup></a> of an acquaintance
+  of his, that had a <i>Nephritick</i> &#383;tone, of who&#383;e eminent
+  Virtues he had often Experience ev'n in him&#383;elf, and for that
+  cau&#383;e wore it &#383;till about his Wri&#383;t; and yet going upon a
+  time into a Bath of fair Water only, wherein certain Herbs had been
+  boyl'd, the Stone by being wetted with this decoction, was depriv'd of
+  all his Virtue, whence <i>Wormius</i> takes Occa&#383;ion to
+  adverti&#383;e the &#383;ick, to lay by &#383;uch &#383;tones
+  when&#383;oever they make u&#383;e of a Bath. And we might expect to find
+  <i>Turcos</i> likewi&#383;e, ea&#383;ily to be wrought upon in point of
+  Colour, if that were true, which the curious <i>Antonio Neri</i>, in his
+  ingenious <i>Arte Vetraria</i><a name="NtA_34"></a><a
+  href="#Nt_34"><sup>34</sup></a> teaches of it, namely, That <i>Turcois's
+  di&#383;colour'd</i> and grown white, will regain and acquire <!-- Page
+  410 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410"></a>[pg 410]</span> an
+  excellent Colour, if you but keep them two or three days at mo&#383;t
+  cover'd with Oyl of &#383;weet Almonds kept in a temperate heat by warm
+  a&#383;hes, I &#383;ay if it were true, becau&#383;e I doubt whether it
+  be &#383;o, and have not as yet had opportunity to &#383;atisfie my
+  &#383;elf by Tryals, becau&#383;e I find by the confe&#383;&#383;ion of
+  the mo&#383;t Skilfull Per&#383;ons among whom I have laid out for
+  <i>Turcoi&#383;es</i>, that the true ones are great rarities, though
+  others be not at all &#383;o. And therefore I &#383;hall now only mind
+  you of one thing that you know as well as I, namely, that the rare Stone
+  which is called <i>Oculus Mundi</i>, if it be good in its Kind, will have
+  &#383;o great a change made in its Texture by being barely left a while
+  in the Languide&#383;t of Liquors, common Waters, that from Opacous it
+  will become Tran&#383;parent, and acquire a Lu&#383;tre of which it will
+  again be depriv'd, without u&#383;ing any other Art or Violence, by
+  leaving it a while in the Air. And before experience had &#383;atisfy'd
+  us of the truth of this, it &#383;eem'd as unlikely that common Water or
+  Air, &#383;hould work &#383;uch great changes in that Gemm, as it now
+  &#383;eems that the Effluviums of a human Body &#383;hould effect
+  le&#383;&#383;er changes in a <i>Turcois</i>, e&#383;pecially if more
+  &#383;u&#383;ceptible of them, than other Stones of the &#383;ame kind.
+  But both my Watch and my Eyes tell me that <!-- Page 411 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411"></a>[pg 411]</span> 'tis now high time
+  to think of going to &#383;leep, matters of this Nature, will be better,
+  as well as more ea&#383;ily, clear'd by Conference, than Writing. And
+  therefore &#383;ince I think you know me too well to make it needfull for
+  me to di&#383;clame Credulity, notwith&#383;tanding my having entertain'd
+  you with all the&#383;e Extravagancies; for you know well, how wide a
+  difference I am wont to put betwixt things that barely <i>may be</i>, and
+  things that <i>are</i>, and between tho&#383;e Relations that are but not
+  unworthy to be inquir'd into, and tho&#383;e that are not worthy to be
+  actually believ'd; without making Apologies for my Ravings, I &#383;hall
+  readily comply with the drow&#383;ine&#383;s that calls upon me to
+  relea&#383;e You, and the rather, becau&#383;e Mon&#383;ieur
+  <i>Zulichem</i> being concern'd in your de&#383;ire to know the few
+  things I have ob&#383;erved about the &#383;hining Stone. To entertain
+  tho&#383;e with Su&#383;picions that are accu&#383;tomed not to
+  acquie&#383;ce but in Demon&#383;trations, were a thing that cannot be
+  look'd upon as other than very improper by,</p>
+
+  <p class="i16">SIR,</p>
+
+  <p class = "center"><i>Your most Affectionate</i><br />
+  and<br />
+  <i>most Faithfull Servant,</i></p>
+
+  <p class = "center">RO. BOYLE.</p>
+
+<!-- Page 412 blank -->
+
+<!-- Page 413 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413"></a>[pg 413]</span>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:50%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/453.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+  </div>
+
+<h2>OBSERVATIONS</h2>
+
+  <p>Made this 27<sup>th</sup>.<a name="NtA_35"></a><a
+  href="#Nt_35"><sup>35</sup></a> of <i>October</i> 1663. about Mr.
+  <i>Clayton</i>'s Diamond.<a name="NtA_36"></a><a
+  href="#Nt_36"><sup>36</sup></a></p>
+
+  <p>Being look'd on in the Day time, though in a Bed, who&#383;e Curtains
+  were carefully drawn, I could not di&#383;cern it to Shine at all,
+  though well Rubb'd, but about a little after Sun-&#383;et, whil&#383;t
+  the Twilight yet la&#383;ted, Nay, this Morning<a name="NtA_37"></a><a
+  href="#Nt_37"><sup>37</sup></a> a pretty while after Sun-ri&#383;ing,
+  (but before I had been abroad in the more freely inlightned Air of the
+  Chamber) I could upon a light Affriction ea&#383;ily perceive the Stone
+  to Shine.</p>
+
+<!-- Page 414 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414"></a>[pg 414]</span>
+
+  <p>Secondly, The Candles being removed, I could not in a Dark place
+  di&#383;cern the Stone to have any Light, when I looked on it, without
+  having Rubb'd or otherwi&#383;e prepar'd it.</p>
+
+  <p>Thirdly, By two white Pibbles though hard Rubb'd one again&#383;t
+  another, nor by the long and vehement Affriction of Rock Cry&#383;tal
+  again&#383;t a piece of Red cloath, nor yet by Rubbing two Diamonds
+  &#383;et in Ring, as I had Rubb'd this Stone, I could produce any
+  &#383;en&#383;ible degree of Light.</p>
+
+  <p>Fourthly, I found this Diamond hard enough, not only to enable me to
+  write readily with it upon Gla&#383;s, but to Grave on Rock Cry&#383;tal
+  it &#383;elf.</p>
+
+  <p>Fifthly, I found this to have like other Diamonds, an Electrical
+  faculty.<a name="NtA_38"></a><a href="#Nt_38"><sup>38</sup></a></p>
+
+  <p>Sixthly, Being rubb'd upon my Cloaths, as is u&#383;ual for the
+  exciting of Amber, Wax, and other Electrical Bodies, it did in the Dark
+  manife&#383;tly &#383;hine like Rotten Wood, or the Scales of Whitings,
+  or other putrified Fi&#383;h.</p>
+
+  <p>Seventhly, But this Con&#383;picuou&#383;ne&#383;s was Fainter than
+  that of the Scales, and Slabber (if I may &#383;o call it) of Whitings,
+  and much Fainter than the Light of a Glow-worm, by <!-- Page 415 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415"></a>[pg 415]</span> which I have been
+  &#383;ometimes able to Read a &#383;hort Word, whereas after an ordinary
+  Affriction of this Diamond I was not able to di&#383;cern di&#383;tinctly
+  by the Light of it any of the neare&#383;t Bodies: And this Glimmering
+  al&#383;o did very manife&#383;tly and con&#383;iderably Decay
+  pre&#383;ently upon the cea&#383;ing of the Affriction, though the Stone
+  continued Vi&#383;ible &#383;ome while after.</p>
+
+  <p>Eighthly, But if it were Rubb'd upon a convenient Body for a pretty
+  while, and Briskly enough, I found the Light would be for &#383;ome
+  moments much more con&#383;iderable, almo&#383;t like the Light of a
+  Glow-worm, in&#383;omuch after I cea&#383;ed Rubbing, I could with the
+  Chaf'd &#383;tone exhibit a little Luminous Circle, like that, but not
+  &#383;o bright as that which Children make by moving a &#383;tick Fir'd
+  at the end, and in this ca&#383;e it would continue Vi&#383;ible about
+  &#383;even or eight times as long as I had been in Rubbing it.</p>
+
+  <p>Ninthly, I found that holding it a while near<a name="NtA_39"></a><a
+  href="#Nt_39"><sup>39</sup></a> the Flame of a Candle, (from which yet I
+  was carefull to avert my Eyes) and <!-- Page 416 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416"></a>[pg 416]</span> being immediately
+  remov'd into the Dark, it di&#383;clo&#383;ed &#383;ome faint Glimmering,
+  but inferiour to that, it was wont to acquire by Rubbing. And afterward
+  holding it near a Fire that had but little Flame, I found the Stone to be
+  rather le&#383;s than more excited, than it had been by the Candle.</p>
+
+  <p>Tenthly, I likewi&#383;e indeavour'd to make it Shine, by holding it a
+  pretty while in a very Dark place, over a thick piece of Iron, that was
+  well Heated, but not to that Degree as to be Vi&#383;ibly &#383;o. And
+  though at length I found, that by this way al&#383;o, the Stone acquired
+  &#383;ome Glimmering, yet it was le&#383;s than by either of the other
+  ways above mention'd.</p>
+
+  <p>Eleventhly, I al&#383;o brought it to &#383;ome kind of Glimmering
+  Light, by taking it into Bed with me, and holding it a good while upon a
+  warm part of my Naked Body.</p>
+
+  <p>Twelfthly, To &#383;atisfie my &#383;elf, whether the Motion
+  introduc'd into the Stone did generate the Light upon the account of its
+  producing Heat there, I held it near the Flame of a Candle, till it was
+  qualify'd to &#383;hine pretty well in the Dark, and then immediately I
+  apply'd a &#383;lender Hair to try whether it would attract it, but found
+  not that it did &#383;o; though if it were made to <!-- Page 417 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417"></a>[pg 417]</span> &#383;hine by
+  Rubbing, it was as I formerly noted Electrical. And for further
+  Confirmation, though I once purpo&#383;edly kept it &#383;o near the hot
+  Iron I ju&#383;t now mention'd, as to make it &#383;en&#383;ibly Warm,
+  yet it &#383;hin'd more Dimly than it had done by Affriction or the Flame
+  of a Candle, though by both tho&#383;e ways it had not acquir'd any
+  warmth that was &#383;en&#383;ible.</p>
+
+  <p>Thirteenthly, Having purpo&#383;ely rubb'd it upon &#383;everal Bodies
+  differing as to Colour, and as to Texture, there &#383;eem'd to be
+  &#383;ome little Di&#383;parity in the excitation (if I may &#383;o call
+  it) of Light. Upon White and Red Cloths it &#383;eem'd to &#383;ucceed
+  be&#383;t, e&#383;pecially in compari&#383;on of Black ones.</p>
+
+  <p>Fourteenthly, But to try what it would do rubb'd upon Bodies more
+  hard, and le&#383;s apt to yield Heat upon a light Affriction, than
+  Cloath, I fir&#383;t rubb'd it upon a white wooden Box, by which it was
+  excited, and afterwards upon a piece of purely Glazed Earth, which
+  &#383;eem'd during the Attrition to make it Shine better than any of the
+  other Bodies had done, without excepting the White ones, which I add,
+  le&#383;t the Effect &#383;hould be wholly a&#383;crib'd to the
+  di&#383;po&#383;ition White Bodies are wont to have to Reflect much
+  Light.</p>
+
+<!-- Page 418 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_418"></a>[pg 418]</span>
+
+  <p>Fifteenthly, Having well excited the Stone, I nimbly plung'd it under
+  Water<a name="NtA_40"></a><a href="#Nt_40"><sup>40</sup></a>, that I had
+  provided for that purpo&#383;e, and perceiv'd it to Shine whil&#383;t it
+  was beneath the Surface of that Liquor, and this I did divers times. But
+  when I indeavour'd to produce a Light by rubbing it upon the lately
+  mentioned Cover of the Box, the Stone and it being both held beneath the
+  Surface of the Water, I did not well &#383;atisfie my &#383;elf in the
+  Event of the Trial; But this I found, if I took the Stone out, and Rubb'd
+  it upon a piece of Cloath, it would not as el&#383;e it was wont to do,
+  pre&#383;ently acquire a Luminou&#383;ne&#383;s, but needed to be rubb'd
+  manife&#383;tly much longer before the de&#383;ired Effect was found.</p>
+
+  <p>Sixteenthly, I al&#383;o try'd &#383;everal times, that by covering it
+  with my <!-- Page 419 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419"></a>[pg
+  419]</span> warm Spittle (having no warm Water at hand) it did not
+  lo&#383;e his Light.<a name="NtA_41"></a><a
+  href="#Nt_41"><sup>41</sup></a></p>
+
+  <p>Seventeenthly, Finding that by Rubbing the Stone with the Flat
+  &#383;ide downwards, I did by rea&#383;on of the Opacity of the Ring; and
+  the &#383;udden Decay of Light upon the cea&#383;ing of the Attrition,
+  probably lo&#383;e the &#383;ight of the Stones greate&#383;t
+  Vividne&#383;s; and &#383;uppo&#383;ing that the Commotion made in one
+  part of the &#383;tone will be ea&#383;ily propagated all over, I
+  &#383;ometimes held the piece of Cloath upon which I rubb'd it, &#383;o,
+  that one &#383;ide of the Stone was expo&#383;ed to my Eye, whil&#383;t I
+  was rubbing the other, whereby it appear'd more Vivid than formerly, and
+  to make Luminous Tracts by its Motions too and fro. And &#383;ometimes
+  holding the Stone upwards, I rubb'd its Broad &#383;ide with a fine
+  &#383;mooth piece of Tran&#383;parent Horn, by which means the Light
+  through that Diaphanous Sub&#383;tance, did whil&#383;t I was actually
+  rubbing the Stone, appear &#383;o Brisk that &#383;ometimes and in
+  &#383;ome places it &#383;eem'd to have little Sparks of fire.</p>
+
+  <p>Eighteenthly, I took al&#383;o a piece of flat Blew Gla&#383;s, and
+  having rubb'd the Diamond well upon a Cloath, and nimbly clapt the
+  Gla&#383;s upon it, to try whether in ca&#383;e the Light could peirce
+  it, it would by <!-- Page 420 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="Page_420"></a>[pg 420]</span> appearing Green, or of &#383;ome
+  other Colour than Blew, a&#383;&#383;i&#383;t me to gue&#383;s whether it
+  &#383;elf were &#383;incere or no. But finding the Gla&#383;s impervious
+  to &#383;o faint a Light, I then thought it fit to try whether that hard
+  Bodies would not by Attrition increa&#383;e the Diamonds Light &#383;o as
+  to become penetrable thereby, and accordingly when I rubb'd the
+  Gla&#383;s briskly upon the Stone, I found the Light to be
+  Con&#383;picuous enough, and &#383;omewhat Dy'd in its pa&#383;&#383;age,
+  but found it not ea&#383;ie to give a Name to the Colour it
+  exhibited.</p>
+
+  <p>La&#383;tly, To comply with the Su&#383;pition I had upon the whole
+  Matter, that the chief manife&#383;t Change wrought in the Stone, was by
+  Compre&#383;&#383;ion of its parts, rather than Incale&#383;cence, I took
+  a piece of white Tile well Glaz'd, and if I pre&#383;s'd the Stone hard
+  again&#383;t it, it &#383;eem'd though I did not rub it to and fro, to
+  &#383;hine at the Sides: And however it did both very manife&#383;tly and
+  vigorou&#383;ly Shine, if whil&#383;t I &#383;o pre&#383;s'd it, I mov'd
+  it any way upon the Surface of the Tile, though I did not make it draw a
+  Line of above a quarter of an Inch long, or thereabouts. And though I
+  made it not move to and fro, but only from one end of the &#383;hort Line
+  to the other, without any return or Lateral motion. Nay, after it had
+  been <!-- Page 421 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_421"></a>[pg
+  421]</span> often rubb'd, and &#383;uffer'd to lo&#383;e its Light again,
+  not only it &#383;eem'd more ea&#383;ie to be excited than at the
+  beginning of the Night; but if I did pre&#383;s hard upon it with my
+  Finger, at the very in&#383;tant that I drew it briskly off, it would
+  di&#383;clo&#383;e a very Vivid but exceeding &#383;hort Liv'd Splendour,
+  not to call it a little Coru&#383;cation.<a name="NtA_42"></a><a
+  href="#Nt_42"><sup>42</sup></a> So that a <i>Carte&#383;ian</i> would
+  &#383;carce &#383;cruple to think he had found in this Stone no
+  &#383;light Confirmation of his Ingenious Ma&#383;ters
+  <i>Hypothe&#383;is</i>, touching the Generation of Light in Sublunary
+  Bodies, not &#383;en&#383;ibly Hot.</p>
+
+<!-- Page 422 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_422"></a>[pg 422]</span>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/462.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+  </div>
+
+<h2>A Po&#383;t&#383;cript.</h2>
+
+<h3>Annexed &#383;ome Hours after the<br />
+Ob&#383;ervations were Written.</h3>
+
+  <p><i>So many particulars taken notice of in one Night, may make this
+  Stone appear a kind of Prodigie, and the rather, becau&#383;e having
+  try'd as I formerly noted, not only a fine Artificial Cry&#383;tal, and
+  &#383;ome al&#383;o that is Natural, but a Ruby and two Diamonds, I did
+  not find that any of the&#383;e di&#383;clos'd the like Glimmering of
+  <!-- Page 423 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_423"></a>[pg
+  423]</span> Light;<a name="NtA_43"></a><a href="#Nt_43"><sup>43</sup></a>
+  yet after all, perceiving by the Hardne&#383;s, and the Te&#383;timony of
+  a Skilfull Gold&#383;mith, that this was rather a Natural than Artificial
+  Stone; for fear le&#383;t there might be &#383;ome difference in the way
+  of Setting, or in the &#383;hape of the Diamonds I made u&#383;e of,
+  neither of which was like this, a flat Table-&#383;tone, I thought fit to
+  make a farther Trial of my own Diamonds, by &#383;uch a brisk and
+  a&#383;&#383;iduous Affriction as might make amends for the
+  Di&#383;advantages above-mention'd, in ca&#383;e they were the cau&#383;e
+  of the un&#383;ucce&#383;sfulne&#383;s of the former Attempts: And
+  accordingly I found, that by this way I could ea&#383;ily bring a Diamond
+  I wore on my Finger to di&#383;clo&#383;e a Light, that was
+  &#383;en&#383;ible enough, and continued &#383;o though I cover'd it with
+  Spittle, and us'd &#383;ome other trials about it. And this will much
+  le&#383;&#383;en the wonder of all the formerly mention'd
+  Ob&#383;ervations, by &#383;hewing that the properties that are &#383;o
+  &#383;trange are not peculiar to one Diamond, but may be found in others
+  al&#383;o, and perhaps in divers other hard and</i> Diaphanous <i>Stones.
+  Yet I hope that what this Di&#383;covery takes away from the Wonder of
+  the&#383;e Ob&#383;ervations, it will add to the
+  In&#383;tructivene&#383;s of them, by affording pregnants Hints, towards
+  the Inve&#383;tigation of the Nature of Light.</i></p>
+
+<h3>FINIS.</h3>
+
+<hr /><h2>Notes.</h2>
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_1"></a><a href="#NtA_1">1</a> L. Annæ Senecæ 
+Natur. Que&#383;t. l. 6. c. 5.</p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_2"></a><a href="#NtA_2">2</a> He that 
+de&#383;ires more in&#383;tances of this kind and matter, that according 
+to this doctrine may much help the Theory of colours, and particularly the 
+force both of Sulphureous and volatile, is likewi&#383;e of Alcalizate and
+Acid Salts, and in what particulars, Colours likely depend not in the 
+cau&#383;ation from any Salt at all, may beg his information from M. Boyle
+who hath &#383;ome while &#383;ince honoured me with the &#383;ight of his
+papers concerning this &#383;ubject, containing many excellent experiments,
+made by him for the Elucidation of this doctrine, &amp;c Dr. R. Sharrock in
+his ingenious and u&#383;efull Hi&#383;tory of the Propagation and 
+Improvement of Vegetables, publi&#383;hed in the yeare 1660.</p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_3"></a><a href="#NtA_3">3</a> <i>See the 
+Di&#383;cour&#383;e of the Nature of Whitene&#383;s and 
+Blackne&#383;s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_4"></a><a href="#NtA_4">4</a> Since for his 
+eminent Qualities and Loyalty Grac'd, by his Maje&#383;ty, with the Honour
+of Knighthood.</p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_5"></a><a href="#NtA_5">5</a> Exercitat. 325
+Parag. 4</p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_6"></a><a href="#NtA_6">6</a> <i>Album quippe 
+&amp; agrum, hoc quidem a&#383;perum e&#383;&#383;e dicit, hoc vero læve. 
+de Sen&#383;u &amp; Sen&#383;ib. 3. 3.</i></p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_7"></a><a href="#NtA_7">7</a> Epist. 2. 
+pag. 45.</p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_8"></a><a href="#NtA_8">8</a> Gent. Septen. 
+Hi&#383;tor. lib. 4 cap. 13.</p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_9"></a><a href="#NtA_9">9</a> Hi&#383;t. 
+Anatom. Cent. 3. Hi&#383;t. 44.</p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_10"></a><a href="#NtA_10">10</a> Olearius 
+Voyage de Mo&#383;co. et de Per&#383;e <i>liv</i>. 3.</p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_11"></a><a href="#NtA_11">11</a> 
+<i>Pi&#383;o</i> Nat. &amp; Med. Hi&#383;t. <i>Bra&#383;il. lib</i> 1. in 
+fine.</p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_12"></a><a href="#NtA_12">12</a> 
+<i>Purchas</i> Pilgrim. Second part, Seventh Book 3. Chap. Sect 5.</p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_13"></a><a href="#NtA_13">13</a> 
+<i>Purchas</i>. Ibid.</p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_14"></a><a href="#NtA_14">14</a> 
+<i>Purchas</i> Ibid. in fin</p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_15"></a><a href="#NtA_15">15</a> 
+See <i>Scaliger</i> Exercit. 325. Sect. 9.</p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_16"></a><a href="#NtA_16">16</a> 
+<i>Nicolaus Monardes</i> lib <i>&#383;implic. ex India allatis</i>,
+cap. 27.</p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_17"></a><a href="#NtA_17">17</a> 
+Kircher. Art. Mag. lucis &amp; umbræ, <i>lib. 1. part. 3.</i></p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_18"></a><a href="#NtA_18">18</a> 
+<i>Herbari&#383;ts</i> are wont to call this Plant <i>Cyanus vulgaris 
+minor</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_19"></a><a href="#NtA_19">19</a> 
+Paracel&#383;us de Mineral. tract. 1. pag. m. 243</p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_20"></a><a href="#NtA_20">20</a> See 
+<i>Parkin&#383;on</i> Th. Boran. Trib. 9. cap. 26.</p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_21"></a><a href="#NtA_21">21</a> 
+<i>Parkin&#383;on</i>, Thea. Bot. Trib. 4 cap. 12.</p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_22"></a><a href="#NtA_22">22</a> 
+<i>Beguinus</i>, Tyr. Chy. Lib. 2º. Cap. 13º.</p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_23"></a><a href="#NtA_23">23</a> 
+Libr. 2<sup>do</sup> Cap. 34.</p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_24"></a><a href="#NtA_24">24</a> 
+See the latter end of the fiftieth Experiment.</p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_25"></a><a href="#NtA_25">25</a> 
+<i>The Curious Reader that de&#383;ires further Information concerning 
+Lakes, may Re&#383;ort to the 7th Book of</i> Neri's <i>Art of Gla&#383;s, 
+Engli&#383;hed (6 or 7 years &#383;ince the Writing of this 49th 
+Experiment) and Illu&#383;trated with Learned Ob&#383;ervations, by the 
+Inqui&#383;itive and experienc'd Dr.</i> Charles Merret.</p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_26"></a><a href="#NtA_26">26</a> Boetius de 
+Boot. Gem. &amp; Lapid. Hi&#383;tor. Lib. 3. Cap. 8.</p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_27"></a><a href="#NtA_27">27</a> Musæi 
+Wormiani. Cap. 17.</p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_28"></a><a href="#NtA_28">28</a> 
+<i>Purchas</i>'s Pilgrim. lib. 1. cap. 4. pag. 104.</p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_29"></a><a href="#NtA_29">29</a> 
+In the year 1619.</p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_30"></a><a href="#NtA_30">30</a> 
+Benvonuto Cellini <i>nell Arte del</i> Gioiellare, <i>Lib.</i> 1. 
+<i>pag.</i> 10.</p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_31"></a><a href="#NtA_31">31</a> The Narrative 
+in the Authors own words, is this. <i>Ego</i> (&#383;ayes he) 
+<i>&#383;anctè affirmare po&#383;&#383;um me unam aureo Annulo 
+inclu&#383;am perpetuo ge&#383;tare, cujus facultatem (&#383;i gemmæ 
+e&#383;t) nunquam &#383;atis admirari potui. Ge&#383;taverat enim ante 
+Triginta annos Hi&#383;panus quidam non procula puternis ædibus habitans.
+Is cum vitâ functus e&#383;&#383;et, &amp; ip&#383;ius &#383;u&#383;pellex
+(ut moris apud nos e&#383;t) venum expo&#383;ita e&#383;&#383;et, inter
+cætera etiam Turcois exponebatur. Verum nemo (licet complures eo 
+concurri&#383;&#383;ent, ut eam propter Coloris Elegantiam, quam vivo 
+Domino habuerat emerent) &#383;ibi emptam voluit, pri&#383;tinum enim 
+nitorem &amp; Colorem pror&#383;us ami&#383;erat, ut potius Malachites, 
+quam Turcois videretur. Aderat tum temporis gemmæ habendæ de&#383;iderio 
+etiam parens &amp; frater meus, qui antea sæpius gratiam &amp; elegantiam 
+ip&#383;ius viderant, mirabundi eam nunc tam e&#383;&#383;e deformem, Emit
+eam nihilominus pater, &#383;ati&#383;que vili pretio, qua omnibus 
+contemptui erat, ac pre&#383;entes non eam e&#383;&#383;e quam 
+Hi&#383;panus ge&#383;tarat, arbitrarentur. Domum rever&#383;us Pater, 
+qui tam turpem Gemmam ge&#383;tare &#383;ibi indecorum putabat, eam mihi
+dono dat, inquiens; Quandoquidem, fili mi, vulgi fama e&#383;t, Turcoidem,
+ut facultates &#383;uas exercere po&#383;&#383;it, dono dari debere tibi 
+eam devoveo, ego acceptam Gemmam &#383;culptori trado, at gentilitia mea 
+in&#383;ignia illi, quamadmodum fieri &#383;olet, in Ja&#383;pide 
+Chalcedono, alii&#383;que Ignobilioribus Gemmis, in&#383;culperat. Turpe 
+enim exi&#383;timabam, huju&#383;modi Gemmâ ornatus gratia, dum gratiam 
+nullam haberet, uti. Paret Sculptor redditque Gemmam, quam ge&#383;to pro
+annulo Signatorio. Vix per men&#383;em ge&#383;taram, redit illi 
+pri&#383;tinus color, &#383;ed non ita nitens propter Sculpturam, ac 
+inæqualem &#383;uperficiem. Miramur omnes gemmam, atque id præcipuè quod
+color indies pulchrior fieret. Id quià ob&#383;ervabam, nunquam fere eam
+à manu depo&#383;ui, ita ut nunc adhuc candem ge&#383;tem.</i></p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_32"></a><a href="#NtA_32">32</a> <i>Olaus
+Wormius, in Musæ. 18º pag. 186.</i></p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_33"></a><a href="#NtA_33">33</a> <i>Musæ. 
+Worm.</i> pag. 99.</p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_34"></a><a href="#NtA_34">34</a> Arte Vetraria,
+lib. 7 cap. 102.</p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_35"></a><a href="#NtA_35">35</a> The&#383;e 
+were brought in and Read before the Royal Society, (the Day following) 
+<i>Oct.</i> 28. 1663.</p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_36"></a><a href="#NtA_36">36</a> <i>The Stone
+it &#383;elf being to be &#383;hown to the Royal Society, when the 
+Ob&#383;ervations were deliver'd, I was willing (being in ha&#383;te) 
+to omit the De&#383;cription of it, which is in &#383;hort, That it was
+a Flat or Table Diamond, of about a third part of an Inch in length, and
+&#383;omewhat le&#383;s in breadth, that it was a Dull Stone, and of a 
+very bad Water, having in the Day time very little of the Vividne&#383;s
+of ev'n ordinary Diamonds, and being Blemi&#383;hed with a whiti&#383;h
+Cloud about the middle of it, which covered near a third part of the 
+Stone.</i></p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_37"></a><a href="#NtA_37">37</a> <i>Ha&#383;t 
+made me forget to take notice that I went abroad the &#383;ame Morning, the 
+Sun &#383;hining forth clear enough, to look upon the Diamond though a</i> 
+Micro&#383;cope, <i>that I might try whether by that Magnifying Gla&#383;s 
+any thing of peculiar could be di&#383;cern'd in the Texture of the Stone, 
+and e&#383;pecially of the whiti&#383;h Cloud that po&#383;&#383;e&#383;t 
+a good part of it. But for all my attention I could not di&#383;cover any 
+peculiarity worth mentioning.</i></p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_38"></a><a href="#NtA_38">38</a> V. <i>For it 
+drew light Bodies like Amber, Jet, and other Concretes that are noted to 
+do &#383;o; But its attractive power &#383;eem'd inferiour to 
+theirs.</i></p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_39"></a><a href="#NtA_39">39</a> IX. <i>We 
+dur&#383;t not hold it in the Flame of a Candle, no more than put it into 
+a naked Fire; For fear too Violent a Heat (which has been ob&#383;erv'd 
+to &#383;poil many other precious Stones) &#383;hould vitiate and impair 
+a Jewel, that was but borrow'd, and was &#383;uppos'd to be the only one 
+of its Kind.</i></p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_40"></a><a href="#NtA_40">40</a> XV. <i>We 
+likewi&#383;e Plung'd it as &#383;oon as we had excited it, under Liquors 
+of &#383;everal &#383;orts, as Spirit of Wine, Oyl both Chymical and 
+expre&#383;s'd, an Acid Spirit, and as I remember an Alcalizate Solution, 
+and found not any of tho&#383;e various Liquors to de&#383;troy its 
+Shining property.</i></p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_41"></a><a href="#NtA_41">41</a> XVI. 
+<i>Having found by this Ob&#383;ervation, that a warm Liquor would not 
+extingui&#383;h Light in the Diamond, I thought fit to try, whether by 
+rea&#383;on of its warmth it would not excite it, and divers times I found,
+that if it were kept therein, till the Water had lei&#383;ure to 
+communicate &#383;ome of its Heat to it, it would often &#383;hine as 
+&#383;oon as it was taken out, and probably we &#383;hould have &#383;een
+it Shine more, whil&#383;t it was in the Water, if &#383;ome degree of 
+Opacity which heated Water is wont to acquire, upon the &#383;core of the
+Numerous little Bubbles generated in it, had not kept us from 
+di&#383;cerning the Lu&#383;tre of the Stone.</i></p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_42"></a><a href="#NtA_42">42</a> <i>I after
+bethought my &#383;elf of imploying a way, which produc'd the 
+de&#383;ir'd Effect both &#383;ooner and better. For holding betwixt
+my Fingers a Steel Bodkin, near the Lower part of it, I pre&#383;s'd
+the point hard again&#383;t the Surface of the Diamond, and much more
+if I &#383;truck the point again&#383;t it, the Coru&#383;cation would
+be extremely &#383;uddain, and very Vivid, though very Vani&#383;hing
+too, and this way which commonly much &#383;urpris'd and pleas'd the
+Spectators, &#383;eem'd far more proper than the other, to &#383;how that
+pre&#383;&#383;ure alone, if forcible enough, though it were &#383;o 
+&#383;uddain, and &#383;hort, that it could not well be &#383;uppos'd to
+give the Stone any thing near a &#383;en&#383;ible degree of Warmth, as
+may be &#383;u&#383;pected of Rubbing, yet 'tis &#383;ufficient to 
+generate a very Vivid Light.</i></p>
+
+<p class="note"><a name="Nt_43"></a><a href="#NtA_43">43</a> We afterwards,
+try'd precious Stones, as Diamonds, Rubies, Saphires, and Emeralls, &amp;c.
+but found not any of them to Shine except &#383;ome Diamonds, and of 
+the&#383;e we were not upon &#383;o little practice, able to fore-tell 
+before hand, which would be brought to Shine, and which would not; For 
+&#383;everal very good Diamonds, either would not Shine at all, or much
+le&#383;s than others that were farr inferiour to them. And yet 
+tho&#383;e Ingenious Men are mi&#383;taken, that think a Diamond mu&#383;t
+be foul and cloudy, as Mr. <i>Claytons</i> was, to be fit for Shining; for
+as we could bring &#383;ome &#383;uch to afford a Glimmering Light, 
+&#383;o with &#383;ome clear and excellent Diamonds, we could do the like.
+But none of tho&#383;e many that we try'd of all Kinds, were equal to the
+Diamond on which the Ob&#383;ervations were made, not only con&#383;idering
+the degree of Light it afforded, but the ea&#383;ine&#383;s wherewith it 
+was excited, and the Comparatively great duration of its Shining.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;">
+      <img width="100%" src="images/039a.png" alt="Decorative rule" />
+  </div>
+
+<p><b>Transcriber's notes.</b></p>
+
+<p>The Errata of the printed book have all been corrected. They were as follows:</p>
+
+
+  <p>Pag. <a href="#Page_142">142</a>. l. 20. The&#383;e words, <i>And to
+  manife&#383;t</i>, with the re&#383;t of what is by a mi&#383;take
+  further printed in this fourth Experiment, belongeth, and is to be
+  referred to the end of the &#383;econd Eperiment, p.<a
+  href="#Page_137">137</a>. pag. <a href="#Page_145">145</a>. l. 1. leg.
+  <i>matter</i>. <a href="#Page_146">146</a>. l. 4. leg. <i>Bolts-head</i>.
+  pag <a href="#Page_161">161</a>. in the marginal note l. 2. dele
+  <i>de</i> ib. l. 3. lege lib 1. p <a href="#Page_163">163</a>. l. ult.
+  in&#383;ert <i>where</i> between the words <i>places</i> and <i>the</i>.
+  p. <a href="#Page_164">164</a> l. 1. dele <i>that</i>. ibid, l. 8. leg
+  <i>Epidermis</i>. ibid. l. 19 leg. 300. for 200. p. <a
+  href="#Page_169">169</a>. l. 22. leg. <i>into it</i>. p. <a
+  href="#Page_170">170</a>. l. 23. &amp; 24. leg. <i>Some Solutions
+  hereafter to be mentioned</i>, for <i>the Solutions of Pota&#383;hes</i>,
+  and other <i>Lixiviate Salts</i>. p. <a href="#Page_171">171</a>. l. 6.
+  in&#383;ert <i>part of</i> between the words <i>mo&#383;t</i> and
+  <i>di&#383;&#383;olved</i> p. <a href="#Page_176">176</a>. l. ult.
+  in&#383;ert the participle <i>it</i> between the words <i>Judged</i> and
+  <i>not</i> p. <a href="#Page_234">234</a>. l. 4. leg. <i>Woud-wax</i> or
+  <i>Wood-wax</i>. p. <a href="#Page_320">320</a> l. 29. leg. <i>urine</i>
+  for <i>urne</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p>In addition I have corrected the following original typos:</p>
+
+<p>The preface: I devis'd tbem -> I devis'd them<br />
+The preface: make Expements -> make Experiments<br />
+The Publisher to the reader: made of Eperiments -> made of Experiments<br />
+I. Ch. III.6 divers Expements -> divers Experiments<br />
+I. Ch. III.13 epecially with some sorts -> especially with some sorts<br />
+II. Ch. II.8 Slightet Texture -> Slightest Texture<br />
+II. Exp. I two Colonrs -> two Colours<br />
+II. Exp. XIII were the change of Colour ... is attempted -> where the change (etc.)<br />
+III. Exp. XII avoiding of Ambignity -> avoiding of Ambiguity<br />
+III. Exp. XXIX Juice of this Sipce -> Juice of this Spice<br />
+III. Exp. XL forty second Expement -> forty second Experiment<br />
+III. Exp. XLIV keep them swimning -> keep them swimming<br />
+III. Exp. XLVI it seem'd propable to me -> it seem'd probable to me<br />
+III. Exp. XLVII where not comprehended -> were not comprehended<br />
+III. Exp. XLVIII frequent Igintion -> frequent Ignition<br />
+III. Exp. L I could tell yon -> I could tell you<br />
+A Copy of the Letter: nemo unqnam vere asserere -> nemo nunquam vere asserere<br />
+(ib.): what is reladed -> what is related<br />
+Observations: carefulsy drawn -> carefully drawn</p>
+
+<p>- and emended<br />
+Ph&#339;nomenon/a to Phænomenon/a 10 times and<br />
+C&#339;ruleous etc. -> Cæruleous 20 times</p>
+
+</body>
+</html>
+