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diff --git a/old/14327-h/14327-h.htm b/old/14327-h/14327-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..38a320e --- /dev/null +++ b/old/14327-h/14327-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,9491 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Lippincott's Magazine of Popular Literature and Science, Vol. 11, No. 22, January, 1873, by Various</title> + <style type="text/css"> + /*<![CDATA[*/ + + <!-- + body { + margin-left : 10%; + margin-right : 10%; + } + + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + + p { + text-align : justify; + } + blockquote { + text-align : justify; + } + h1.pg { + text-align : center; + } + h3.pg { + text-align : center; + } + h1 , h2 , h3 , h4 , h5 , h6 { + text-align : center; + } + h1 { /* Title */ + margin-top : 2em; + margin-bottom : 2em; + } + h2 { /* Article Headings */ + margin-top : 4em; + margin-bottom : 2em; + } + h3 { /* Chapters and subheadings */ + margin-top : 2em; + margin-bottom : 2em; + } + hr { + text-align : center; + width : 50%; + } + hr.short { + text-align : center; + width : 20%; + } + .author { /* text right-justified inside small margin */ + margin-right : 5%; + text-align : right; + } + .center { /* used for author's name after poems */ + text-align : center; + } + .illustrations { + margin : 0.5em 10%; + font-size : 0.9em; + } + div.trans-note { /* Transcriber's note */ + border-style : solid; + border-width : 1px; + margin : 3em 15%; + padding : 1em; + text-align : center; + } + + span.pagenum { + position : absolute; + left : 1%; + right : 85%; + font-size : 8pt; + } + .poem { + margin-left : 10%; + margin-right : 10%; + margin-bottom : 1em; + text-align : left; + } + .poem .stanza { + margin : 1em 0; + } + .poem p { + margin : 0; + padding-left : 3em; + text-indent : -3em; + } + .poem p.i2 { + margin-left : 1em; + } + .poem p.i4 { + margin-left : 2em; + } + .poem p.i6 { + margin-left : 3em; + } + .poem p.i8 { + margin-left : 4em; + } + .poem p.i10 { + margin-left : 5em; + } + .poem p.i12 { + margin-left : 6em; + } + .poem p.i14 { + margin-left : 7em; + } + .poem p.i16 { + margin-left : 8em; + } + .toc { + margin : 0 10%; + text-align : left; + font-size : 0.9em; + } + .toc p { + margin : 0.5em 0; + } + .toc p.i4 { /* Table of contents indented items */ + margin-left : 2em; + } + .figure , .figcenter { + padding : 1em; + margin : 0; + text-align : center; + } + .figure img , .figcenter img { + border : none; + } + .figcenter { + margin : auto; + + } + hr.full { width: 100%; } + a:link {color:#0000ff; + text-decoration:none} + link {color:#0000ff; + text-decoration:none} + a:visited {color:#0000ff; + text-decoration:none} + a:hover {color:#ff0000} + pre {font-size: 8pt;} + --> + /*]]>*/ + </style> +</head> +<body> +<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Lippincott's Magazine of Popular Literature +and Science, Vol. 11, No. 22, January, 1873, by Various, Edited by John +Foster Kirk</h1> +<pre> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: Lippincott's Magazine of Popular Literature and Science, Vol. 11, No. 22, January, 1873</p> +<p>Author: Various</p> +<p>Release Date: December 11, 2004 [eBook #14327]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE OF POPULAR LITERATURE AND SCIENCE, VOL. 11, NO. 22, JANUARY, 1873***</p> +<p> </p> +<h3 class="pg">E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, Charles Aldarondo,<br /> + and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team</h3> + <div class="trans-note"> + Transcriber's Note: The Table of Contents and the list of + illustrations were added by the transcriber. + </div> +<hr class="full" /> +<p> </p> + <h1>LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE</h1> + + <h3>OF</h3> + + <h2><i>POPULAR LITERATURE AND SCIENCE.</i></h2> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h4>VOLUME XI. No. 22.<br /> + January, 1873</h4> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/logo.jpg" + width="54" + height="112" + alt="logo" /> + </div> + <hr class="short" /> + + + <h3>CONTENTS.</h3> + + <div class="toc"> + <a href="#ILLUSTRATIONS">ILLUSTRATIONS</a> + + <p><a href="#IRON_BRIDGES">IRON BRIDGES, AND THEIR + CONSTRUCTION by EDWARD ROWLAND.</a></p> + + <p> + <a href="#SEARCHING_FOR_THE_QUININE_PLANT_IN_PERU">SEARCHING + FOR THE QUININE-PLANT IN PERU.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#PROBATIONER_LEONHARD">PROBATIONER LEONHARD; + OR, THREE NIGHTS IN THE HAPPY VALLEY by CAROLINE CHESEBRO'.</a></p> + + <p class="i4"><a href="#OUR_HERO">CHAPTER I. OUR + HERO.</a></p> + + <p class="i4"><a href="#IN_THE_HAPPY_VALLEY">CHAPTER II. IN + THE HAPPY VALLEY.</a></p> + + <p class="i4"><a href="#HIGH_ART">CHAPTER III. HIGH + ART.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#THE_IRISH_CAPITAL">THE IRISH CAPITAL by REGINALD WYNFORD.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#THE_MAESTROS_CONFESSION">THE MAESTRO'S + CONFESSION.(ANDREA DAL CASTAGNO—1460) by MARGARET J. PRESTON.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#MONSIEUR_FOURNIERS_EXPERIMENT">MONSIEUR + FOURNIER'S EXPERIMENT by CORNELIUS DEWEES.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#A_VISIT_TO_THE_KING_OF_AURORA">A VISIT TO THE + KING OF AURORA (FROM THE GERMAN OF THEODORE + KIRSCHOFF) by ELIZABETH SILL.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#GRAY_EYES">GRAY EYES by ELLA WILLIAMS THOMPSON.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#REMINISCENCES_OF_FLORENCE">REMINISCENCES OF + FLORENCE by MARIE HOWLAND.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#THE_SOUTHERN_PLANTER">THE SOUTHERN + PLANTER by WILL WALLACE HARNEY.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#BABES_IN_THE_WOOD">BABES IN THE WOOD by EDGAR FAWCETT.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#MY_CHARGE_ON_THE_LIFE_GUARDS">MY CHARGE ON THE + LIFE-GUARDS by CHARLES L. NORTON.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#PAINTING_AND_A_PAINTER">PAINTING AND A + PAINTER.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#OUR_MONTHLY_GOSSIP">OUR MONTHLY + GOSSIP.</a></p> + + <p class="i4"><a href="#WILHELMINE_VON_HILLERN">WILHELMINE + VON HILLERN.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#HIS_NAME">HIS NAME? by M. J. P.</a></p> + + <p> + <a href="#UNPUBLISHED_LETTER_FROM_LORD_NELSON_TO_LADY_HAMILTON"> + UNPUBLISHED LETTER FROM LORD NELSON TO LADY + HAMILTON.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#WHITE_HAT_DAY">"WHITE-HAT" DAY by K. H.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#MR_SOTHERN_AS_GARRICK">MR. SOTHERN AS + GARRICK by M. M.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#NOTES">NOTES.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#LITERATURE_OF_THE_DAY">LITERATURE OF THE + DAY.</a></p> + + <p class="i4"><a href="#CHARLES_DICKENS">Forster, John--The + Life of Charles Dickens, Vol. II</a></p> + + <p class="i4"><a href="#GAUTIER">Gautier, + Théophile--Émaux et Camées</a></p> + + <p class="i4"><a href="#ALCOTT">Alcott, A. Bronson--Concord + Days</a></p> + + <p class="i4"><a href="#HANUM">Hanum, Melek--Thirty Years + in the Harem</a></p> + + <p class="i4"><a href="#GALE">Gale, Ethel C.--Hints on + Dress</a></p> + + <p class="i4"><a href="#ZELL">Sketch Map of the Nile + Sources and Lake Region of Central Africa, showing Dr. + Livingstone's Discoveries and Mr. Stanley's Route</a></p> + + <p><a href="#Books_Received"><i>Books Received.</i></a></p> + <hr /> + <a name="ILLUSTRATIONS" + id="ILLUSTRATIONS"></a> + + <h4>ILLUSTRATIONS</h4> + + <p><a href="#IMAGE_001">WILHELMINE VON HILLERN, Author of + "Only a Girl," "By His Own Might," etc.<br /> + [See Our Monthly Gossip.]</a></p> + + <p><a href="#IMAGE_002">"ASSEMBLING" BRIDGE UNDER + SHED.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#IMAGE_003">THE LYMAN VIADUCT.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#IMAGE_004">BLAST-FURNACES.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#IMAGE_005">DUMPING ORE AND COAL INTO + BLAST-FURNACES.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#IMAGE_006">ELEVATOR.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#IMAGE_007">THE ENGINE-ROOM.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#IMAGE_008">RUNNING METAL INTO PIGS.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#IMAGE_009">CARRYING THE IRON BALLS.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#IMAGE_010">ROTARY SQUEEZER.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#IMAGE_011">BOILING-FURNACE.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#IMAGE_012">THE ROLLS.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#IMAGE_013">COLD SAW.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#IMAGE_014">HOT SAW.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#IMAGE_015">RIVETING A COLUMN.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#IMAGE_016">FURNACE AND HYDRAULIC DIE.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#IMAGE_017">VIEW OF MACHINE-SHOP</a></p> + + <p><a href="#IMAGE_018">NEW RIVER BRIDGE ON ITS + STAGING.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#IMAGE_019">BRIDGE AT ALBANY.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#IMAGE_020">LA SALLE BRIDGE.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#IMAGE_021">BRIDGE AT AUGUSTA, MAINE.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#IMAGE_022">SACO BRIDGE.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#IMAGE_023">PHOENIX WORKS.</a></p> + + <p><a href="#IMAGE_024">"THE FIRST FORD OF THE CCONI WAS + PASSED JUST OUTSIDE THE TOWN."</a></p> + + <p><a href="#IMAGE_025">"GENTLEMEN, I AM JUAN THE NEPHEW OF + ARAGON."</a></p> + + <p><a href="#IMAGE_026">"THE STRAW SHEDS AND GRASSY PLAZA + OF CHILE-CHILE."</a></p> + + <p><a href="#IMAGE_027">"CHAUPICHACA WAS MARKED WITH A + SQUARE TERMINAL PILLAR."</a></p> + + <p><a href="#IMAGE_028">"THE MAMABAMBA WAS CROSSED BY AN + EXTEMPORIZED BRIDGE."</a></p> + + <p><a href="#IMAGE_029">"THE EXAMINADOR AND THE COLONEL + HOPPED VALIANTLY OVER THE MENDOZA".</a></p> + + <p><a href="#IMAGE_030">"THE REPUTED GOLD-BEARING RIVER OR + OUITUBAMBA ROLLED FROM ITS TUNNEL."</a></p> + </div> + <hr /> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="IMAGE_001" + id="IMAGE_001"></a><img src="images/001.jpg" + width="600" + height="882" + alt="WILHELMINE VON HILLERN, Author of "Only a Girl," "By His Own Might," etc. [See Our Monthly Gossip.]" /> + <br /> + <b>WILHELMINE VON HILLERN, Author of "Only a Girl," "By His + Own Might," etc.<br /> + [See Our Monthly Gossip.]</b> + </div> + + + + + <h2><a name="IRON_BRIDGES" + id="IRON_BRIDGES"></a>IRON BRIDGES, AND THEIR + CONSTRUCTION.</h2> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="IMAGE_002" + id="IMAGE_002"></a><img src="images/002.jpg" + width="600" + height="412" + alt=""ASSEMBLING" BRIDGE UNDER SHED.—p. 22." /> + <br /> + <b>"ASSEMBLING" BRIDGE UNDER SHED.</b> + </div> + + <p>In a graveyard in Watertown, a village near Boston, + Massachusetts, there is a tombstone commemorating the claims of + the departed worthy who lies below to the eternal gratitude of + posterity. The inscription is dated in the early part of this + century (about 1810), but the name of him who was thus + immortalized has faded like the date of his death from my + memory, while the deed for which he was distinguished, and + which was recorded upon his tombstone, remains clear. "He built + the famous bridge over the Charles River in this town," says + the record. The Charles River is here a small stream, about + twenty to thirty feet wide, and the bridge was a simple wooden + structure.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="IMAGE_003" + id="IMAGE_003"></a><img src="images/003.jpg" + width="600" + height="390" + alt="THE LYMAN VIADUCT." /><br /> + <b>THE LYMAN VIADUCT.</b> + </div> + + <p>Doubtless in its day this structure was considered an + engineering feat worthy of such posthumous immortality as is + gained by an epitaph, and afforded such convenience for + transportation as was needed by the commercial activity of that + era. From that time, however, to this, the changes which have + occurred in our commercial and industrial methods are so fully + indicated by the changes of our manner and method of + bridge-building that it will not be a loss of time to + investigate the present condition of our abilities in this most + useful branch of engineering skill.</p> + + <p>In the usual archaeological classification of eras the Stone + Age precedes that of Iron, and in the history of + bridge-building the same sequence has been preserved. Though + the knowledge of working iron was acquired by many nations at a + pre-historic period, yet in quite modern times—within + this century, even—the invention of new processes and the + experience gained of new methods have so completely + revolutionized this branch of industry, and given us such a + mastery over this material, enabling us to apply it to such new + uses, that for the future the real Age of Iron will date from + the present century.</p> + + <p>The knowledge of the arch as a method of construction with + stone or brick—both of them materials aptly fitted for + resistance under pressure, but of comparatively no tensile + strength—enabled the Romans to surpass all nations that + had preceded them in the course of history in building bridges. + The bridge across the Danube, erected by Apollodorus, the + architect of Trajan's Column, was the largest bridge built by + the Romans. It was more than three hundred feet in height, + composed of twenty-one arches resting upon twenty piers, and + was about eight hundred feet in length. It was after a few + years destroyed by the emperor Adrian, lest it should afford a + means of passage to the barbarians, and its ruins are still to + be seen in Lower Hungary.</p> + + <p>With the advent of railroads bridge-building became even a + greater necessity than it had ever been before, and the use of + iron has enabled engineers to grapple with and overcome + difficulties which only fifty years ago would have been + considered hopelessly insurmountable. In this modern use of + iron advantage is taken of its great tensile strength, and many + iron bridges, over which enormous trains of heavily-loaded cars + pass hourly, look as though they were spun from gossamer + threads, and yet are stronger than any structure of wood or + stone would be.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="IMAGE_004" + id="IMAGE_004"></a><img src="images/004.jpg" + width="600" + height="513" + alt="BLAST-FURNACES." /><br /> + <b>BLAST-FURNACES.</b> + </div> + + <p>Another great advantage of an iron bridge over one + constructed of wood or stone is the greater ease with which it + can, in every part of it, be constantly observed, and every + failing part replaced. Whatever material may be used, every + edifice is always subject to the slow disintegrating influence + of time and the elements. In every such edifice as a bridge, + use is a process of constant weakening, which, if not as + constantly guarded against, must inevitably, in time, lead to + its destruction.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="IMAGE_005" + id="IMAGE_005"></a><img src="images/005.jpg" + width="600" + height="297" + alt="DUMPING ORE AND COAL INTO BLAST-FURNACES." /><br /> + + <b>DUMPING ORE AND COAL INTO BLAST-FURNACES.</b> + </div> + + <p>In a wooden or stone bridge a beam affected by dry rot or a + stone weakened by the effects of frost may lie hidden from the + inspection of even the most vigilant observer until, when the + process has gone far enough, the bridge suddenly gives way + under a not unusual strain, and death and disaster shock the + community into a sense of the inherent defects of these + materials for such structures.</p> + + <p>The introduction of the railroad has brought about also + another change in the bridge-building of modern times, compared + with that of all the ages which have preceded this nineteenth + century. The chief bridges of ancient times were built as great + public conveniences upon thoroughways over which there was a + large amount of travel, and consequently were near the cities + or commercial centres which attracted such travel, and were + therefore placed where they were seen by great numbers. Now, + however, the connection between the chief commercial centres is + made by the railroads, and these penetrate immense distances, + through comparatively unsettled districts, in order to bring + about the needed distribution; and in consequence many of the + great railroad bridges are built in the most unfrequented + spots, and are unseen by the numerous passengers who traverse + them, unconscious that they are thus easily passing over + specimens of engineering skill which surpass, as objects of + intelligent interest, many of the sights they may be traveling + to see.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="IMAGE_006" + id="IMAGE_006"></a><img src="images/006.jpg" + width="600" + height="631" + alt="ELEVATOR." /><br /> + <b>ELEVATOR.</b> + </div> + + <p>The various processes by which the iron is prepared to be + used in bridge-building are many of them as new as is the use + of this material for this purpose, and it will not be amiss to + spend a few moments in examining them before presenting to our + readers illustrations of some of the most remarkable structures + of this kind. Taking a train by the Reading Railroad from + Philadelphia, we arrive, in about an hour, at Phoenixville, in + the Schuylkill Valley, where the Phoenix Iron-and Bridge-works + are situated. In this establishment we can follow the iron from + its original condition of ore to a finished bridge, and it is + the only establishment in this country, and most probably in + the world, where this can be seen.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="IMAGE_007" + id="IMAGE_007"></a><img src="images/007.jpg" + width="600" + height="533" + alt="THE ENGINE-ROOM." /><br /> + <b>THE ENGINE-ROOM.</b> + </div> + + <p>These works were established in 1790. In 1827 they came into + the possession of the late David Reeves, who by his energy and + enterprise increased their capacity to meet the growing demands + of the time, until they reached their present extent, employing + constantly over fifteen hundred hands.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="IMAGE_008" + id="IMAGE_008"></a><img src="images/008.jpg" + width="600" + height="682" + alt="RUNNING METAL INTO PIGS." /><br /> + <b>RUNNING METAL INTO PIGS.</b> + </div> + + <p>The first process is melting the ore in the blast-furnace. + Here the ore, with coal and a flux of limestone, is piled in + and subjected to the heat of the fires, driven by a hot blast + and kept burning night and day. The iron, as it becomes melted, + flows to the bottom of the furnace, and is drawn off below in a + glowing stream. Into the top of the blast-furnaces the ore and + coal are dumped, having been raised to the top by an elevator + worked by a blast of air. It is curious to notice how slowly + the experience was gathered from which has re suited the + ability to work iron as it is done here. Though even at the + first settlement of this country the forests of England had + been so much thinned by their consumption in the form of + charcoal in her iron industry as to make a demand for timber + from this country a flourishing trade for the new settlers, yet + it was not until 1612 that a patent was granted to Simon + Sturtevant for smelting iron by the consumption of bituminous + coal. Another patent for the same invention was granted to John + Ravenson the next year, and in 1619 another to Lord Dudley; yet + the process did not come into general use until nearly a + hundred years later.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="IMAGE_009" + id="IMAGE_009"></a><img src="images/009.jpg" + width="600" + height="285" + alt="CARRYING THE IRON BALLS." /><br /> + <b>CARRYING THE IRON BALLS.</b> + </div> + + <p>The blast for the furnace is driven by two enormous engines, + each of three hundred horse-power. The blast used here is, as + we have said, a hot one, the air being heated by the + consumption of the gases evolved from the material itself. The + gradual steps by which these successive modifications were + introduced is an evidence of how slowly industrial processes + have been perfected by the collective experience of + generations, and shows us how much we of the present day owe to + our predecessors. From the earliest times, as among the native + smiths of Africa to-day, the blast of a bellows has been used + in working iron to increase the heat of the combustion by a + more plentiful supply of oxygen. The blast-furnace is supposed + to have been first used in Belgium, and to have been introduced + into England in 1558. Next came the use of bituminous coal, + urged with a blast of cold air. But it was not until 1829 that + Neilson, an Englishman, conceived the idea of heating the air + of the blast, and carried it out at the Muirkirk furnaces. In + that year he obtained a patent for this process, and found that + he could from the same quantity of fuel make three times as + much iron. His patent made him very rich: in one single case of + infringement he received a cheque for damages for one hundred + and fifty thousand pounds. In his method, however, he used an + extra fire for heating the air of his blast. In 1837 the idea + of heating the air for the blast by the gases generated in the + process was first practically introduced by M. Faber Dufour at + Wasseralfingen in the kingdom of Würtemberg.</p> + + <p>In this country, charcoal was at first used universally for + smelting iron, anthracite coal being considered unfit for the + purpose. In 1820 an unsuccessful attempt to use it was made at + Mauch Chunk. In 1833, Frederick W. Geisenhainer of Schuylkill + obtained a patent for the use of the hot blast with anthracite, + and in 1835 produced the first iron made with this process. In + 1841, C.E. Detmold adapted the consumption of the gases + produced by the smelting to the use of anthracite; and since + then it has become quite general, and has caused an almost + incalculable saving to the community in the price of iron.</p> + + <p>The view of the engines which pump the blast will give an + idea of the immense power which the Phoenix company has at + command. Twice every day the furnace is tapped, and the stream + of liquid iron flows out into moulds formed in the sand, making + the iron into pigs—so called from a fancied resemblance + to the form of these animals. This makes the first process, and + in many smelting-establishments this is all that is done, the + iron in this form being sold and entering into the general + consumption.</p> + + <p>The next process is "boiling," which is a modification of + "puddling," and is generally used in the best iron-works in + this country. The process of puddling was invented by Henry + Cort, an Englishman, and patented by him in 1783 and 1784 as a + new process for "shingling, welding and manufacturing iron and + steel into bars, plates and rods of purer quality and in larger + quantity than heretofore, by a more effectual application of + fire and machinery." For this invention Cort has been called + "the father of the iron-trade of the British nation," and it is + estimated that his invention has, during this century, given + employment to six millions of persons, and increased the wealth + of Great Britain by three thousand millions of dollars. In his + experiments for perfecting his process Mr. Cort spent his + fortune, and though it proved so valuable, he died poor, having + been involved by the government in a lawsuit concerning his + patent which beggared him. Six years before his death, the + government, as an acknowledgment of their wrong, granted him a + yearly pension of a thousand dollars, and at his death this + miserly recompense was reduced to his widow to six hundred and + twenty-five dollars.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="IMAGE_010" + id="IMAGE_010"></a><img src="images/010.jpg" + width="600" + height="625" + alt="ROTARY SQUEEZER." /><br /> + <b>ROTARY SQUEEZER.</b> + </div> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="IMAGE_011" + id="IMAGE_011"></a><img src="images/011.jpg" + width="600" + height="625" + alt="BOILING-FURNACE." /><br /> + <b>BOILING-FURNACE.</b> + </div> + + <p>When iron is simply melted and run into any mould, its + texture is granular, and it is so brittle as to be quite + unreliable for any use requiring much tensile strength. The + process of puddling consisted in stirring the molten iron run + out in a puddle, and had the effect of so changing its atomic + arrangement as to render the process of rolling it more + efficacious. The process of boiling is considered an + improvement upon this. The boiling-furnace is an oven heated to + an intense heat by a fire urged with a blast. The cast-iron + sides are double, and a constant circulation of water is kept + passing through the chamber thus made, in order to preserve the + structure from fusion by the heat. The inside is lined with + fire-brick covered with metallic ore and slag over the bottom + and sides, and then, the oven being charged with the pigs of + iron, the heat is let on. The pigs melt, and the oven is filled + with molten iron. The puddler constantly stirs this mass with a + bar let through a hole in the door, until the iron boils up, or + "ferments," as it is called. This fermentation is caused by the + combustion of a portion of the carbon in the iron, and as soon + as the excess of this is consumed, the cinders and slag sink to + the bottom of the oven, leaving the semi-fluid mass on the top. + Stirring this about, the puddler forms it into balls of such a + size as he can conveniently handle, which are taken out and + carried on little cars, made to receive them, to "the + squeezer."</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="IMAGE_012" + id="IMAGE_012"></a><img src="images/012.jpg" + width="600" + height="633" + alt="THE ROLLS." /><br /> + <b>THE ROLLS.</b> + </div> + + <p>To carry on this process properly requires great skill and + judgment in the puddler. The heat necessarily generated by the + operation is so great that very few persons have the physical + endurance to stand it. So great is it that the clothes upon the + person frequently catch fire. Such a strain upon the physical + powers naturally leads those subjected to it to indulge in + excesses. The perspiration which flows from the puddlers in + streams while engaged in their work is caused by the natural + effort of their bodies to preserve themselves from injury by + keeping their normal temperature. Such a consumption of the + fluids of the body causes great thirst, and the exhaustion of + the labor, both bodily and mental, leads often to the excessive + use of stimulants. In fact, the work is too laborious. Its + conditions are such that no one should be subjected to them. + The necessity, however, for judgment, experience and skill on + the part of the operator has up to this time prevented the + introduction of machinery to take the place of human labor in + this process. The successful substitution in modern times of + machines for performing various operations which formerly + seemed to require the intelligence and dexterity of a living + being for their execution, justifies the expectation that the + study now being given to the organization of industry will lead + to the invention of machines which will obviate the necessity + for human suffering in the process of puddling. Such a + consummation would be an advantage to all classes concerned. + The attempts which have been made in this direction have not as + yet proved entirely successful.</p> + + <p>In the squeezer the glowing ball of white-hot iron is + placed, and forced with a rotary motion through a spiral + passage, the diameter of which is constantly diminishing. The + effect of this operation is to squeeze all the slag and cinder + out of the ball, and force the iron to assume the shape of a + short thick cylinder, called "a bloom." This process was + formerly performed by striking the ball of iron repeatedly with + a tilt-hammer.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="IMAGE_013" + id="IMAGE_013"></a><img src="images/013.jpg" + width="600" + height="396" + alt="COLD SAW." /><br /> + <b>COLD SAW.</b> + </div> + + <p>The bloom is now re-heated and subjected to the process of + rolling. "The rolls" are heavy cylinders of cast iron placed + almost in contact, and revolving rapidly by steam-power. The + bloom is caught between these rollers, and passed backward and + forward until it is pressed into a flat bar, averaging from + four to six inches in width, and about an inch and a half + thick. These bars are then cut into short lengths, piled, + heated again in a furnace, and re-rolled. After going through + this process they form the bar iron of commerce. From the iron + reduced into this form the various parts used in the + construction of iron bridges are made by being rolled into + shape, the rolls through which the various parts pass having + grooves of the form it is desired to give to the pieces.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="IMAGE_014" + id="IMAGE_014"></a><img src="images/014.jpg" + width="600" + height="372" + alt="HOT SAW." /><br /> + <b>HOT SAW.</b> + </div> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="IMAGE_015" + id="IMAGE_015"></a><img src="images/015.jpg" + width="600" + height="372" + alt="RIVETING A COLUMN" /><br /> + <b>RIVETING A COLUMN.</b> + </div> + + <p>These rolls, when they are driven by steam, obtain this + generally from a boiler placed over the heating-or + puddling-furnace, and heated by the waste gases from the + furnace. This arrangement was first made by John Griffin, the + superintendent of the Phoenix Iron-works, under whose direction + the first rolled iron beams over nine inches thick that were + ever made were produced at these works. The process of rolling + toughens the iron, seeming to draw out its fibres; and iron + that has been twice rolled is considered fit for ordinary uses. + For the various parts of a bridge, however, where great + toughness and tensile strength are necessary, as well as + uniformity of texture, the iron is rolled a third time. The + bars are therefore cut again into pieces, piled, re-heated and + rolled again. A bar of iron which has been rolled twice is + formed from a pile of fourteen separate pieces of iron that + have been rolled only once, or "muck bar," as it is called; + while the thrice-rolled bar is made from a pile of eight + separate pieces of double-rolled iron. If, therefore, one of + the original pieces of iron has any flaw or defect, it will + form only a hundred and twelfth part of the thrice-rolled bar. + The uniformity of texture and the toughness of the bars which + have been thrice rolled are so great that they may be twisted, + cold, into a knot without showing any signs of fracture. The + bars of iron, whether hot or cold, are sawn to the various + required lengths by the hot or cold saws shown in the + illustrations, which revolve with great rapidity.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="IMAGE_016" + id="IMAGE_016"></a><img src="images/016.jpg" + width="600" + height="288" + alt="FURNACE AND HYDRAULIC DIE." /><br /> + <b>FURNACE AND HYDRAULIC DIE.</b> + </div> + + <p>For the columns intended to sustain the compressive thrust + of heavy weights a form is used in this establishment of their + own design, and to which the name of the "Phoenix column" has + been given. They are tubes made from four or from eight + sections rolled in the usual way and riveted together at their + flanges. When necessary, such columns are joined together by + cast-iron joint-blocks, with circular tenons which fit into the + hollows of each tube.</p> + + <p>To join two bars to resist a strain of tension, links or + eye-bars are used from three to six inches wide, and as long as + may be needed. At each end is an enlargement with a hole to + receive a pin. In this way any number of bars can be joined + together, and the result of numerous experiments made at this + establishment has shown that under sufficient strain they will + part as often in the body of the bar as at the joint. The heads + upon these bars are made by a process known as die-forging. The + bar is heated to a white heat, and under a die worked by + hydraulic pressure the head is shaped and the hole struck at + one operation. This method of joining by pins is much more + reliable than welding. The pins are made of cold-rolled + shafting, and fit to a nicety.</p> + + <p>The general view of the machine-shop, which covers more than + an acre of ground, shows the various machines and tools by + which iron is planed, turned, drilled and handled as though it + were one of the softest of materials. Such a machine-shop is + one of the wonders of this century. Most of the operations + performed there, and all of the tools with which they are done, + are due entirely to modern invention, many of them within the + last ten years. By means of this application of machines great + accuracy of work is obtained, and each part of an iron bridge + can be exactly duplicated if necessary. This method of + construction is entirely American, the English still building + their iron bridges mostly with hand-labor. In consequence also + of this method of working, American iron bridges, despite the + higher price of our iron, can successfully compete in Canada + with bridges of English or Belgian construction. The American + iron bridges are lighter than those of other nations, but their + absolute strength is as great, since the weight which is saved + is all dead weight, and not necessary to the solidity of the + structure. The same difference is displayed here that is seen + in our carriages with their slender wheels, compared with the + lumbering, heavy wagons of European construction.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="IMAGE_017" + id="IMAGE_017"></a><img src="images/017.jpg" + width="600" + height="396" + alt="VIEW OF MACHINE-SHOP" /><br /> + <b>VIEW OF MACHINE-SHOP.</b> + </div> + + <p>Before any practical work upon the construction of a bridge + is begun the data and specifications are made, and a plan of + the structure is drawn, whether it is for a railroad or for + ordinary travel, whether for a double or single track, whether + the train is to pass on top or below, and so on. The + calculations and plans are then made for the use of such + dimensions of iron that the strain upon any part of the + structure shall not exceed a certain maximum, usually fixed at + ten thousand pounds to the square inch. As the weight of the + iron is known, and its tensile strength is estimated at sixty + thousand pounds per square inch, this estimate, which is + technically called "a factor of safety" of six, is a very safe + one. In other words, the bridge is planned and so constructed + that in supporting its own weight, together with any load of + locomotives or cars which can be placed upon it, it shall not + be subjected to a strain over one-sixth of its estimated + strength.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="IMAGE_018" + id="IMAGE_018"></a><img src="images/018.jpg" + width="600" + height="409" + alt="NEW RIVER BRIDGE ON ITS STAGING." /><br /> + <b>NEW RIVER BRIDGE ON ITS STAGING.</b> + </div> + + <p>After the plan is made, working drawings are prepared and + the process of manufacture commences. The eye-bars, when made, + are tested in a testing-machine at double the strain which by + any possibility they can be put to in the bridge itself. The + elasticity of the iron is such that after being submitted to a + tension of about thirty thousand pounds to the square inch it + will return to its original dimensions; while it is so tough + that the bars, as large as two inches in diameter, can be bent + double, when cold, without showing any signs of fracture. + Having stood these tests, the parts of the bridge are + considered fit to be used.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="IMAGE_019" + id="IMAGE_019"></a><img src="images/019.jpg" + width="600" + height="329" + alt="BRIDGE AT ALBANY." /><br /> + <b>BRIDGE AT ALBANY.</b> + </div> + + <p>When completed the parts are put together—or + "assembled," as the technical phrase is—in order to see + that they are right in length, etc. Then they are marked with + letters or numbers, according to the working plan, and shipped + to the spot where the bridge is to be permanently erected. + Before the erection can be begun, however, a staging or + scaffolding of wood, strong enough to support the iron + structure until it is finished, has to be raised on the spot. + When the bridge is a large one this staging is of necessity an + important and costly structure. An illustration on another page + shows the staging erected for the support of the New River + bridge in West Virginia, on the line of the Chesapeake and Ohio + Railway, near a romantic spot known as Hawksnest. About two + hundred yards below this bridge is a waterfall, and while the + staging was still in use for its construction, the river, which + is very treacherous, suddenly rose about twenty feet in a few + hours, and became a roaring torrent.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="IMAGE_020" + id="IMAGE_020"></a><img src="images/020.jpg" + width="600" + height="356" + alt="LA SALLE BRIDGE." /><br /> + <b>LA SALLE BRIDGE.</b> + </div> + + <p>The method of making all the parts of a bridge to fit + exactly, and securing the ties by pins, is peculiarly American. + The plan still followed in Europe is that of using rivets, + which makes the erection of a bridge take much more time, and + cost, consequently, much more. A riveted lattice bridge one + hundred and sixty feet in span would require ten or twelve days + for its erection, while one of the Phoenixville bridges of this + size has been erected in eight and a half hours.</p> + + <p>The view of the Albany bridge will show the style which is + technically called a "through" bridge, having the track at the + level of the lower chords. This view of the bridge is taken + from the west side of the Hudson, near the Delavan House in + Albany. The curved portion crosses the Albany basin, or outlet + of the Erie Canal, and consists of seven spans of seventy-three + feet each, one of sixty-three, and one of one hundred and ten. + That part of the bridge which crosses the river consists of + four spans of one hundred and eighty-five feet each, and a draw + two hundred and seventy-four feet wide. The iron-work in this + bridge cost about three hundred and twenty thousand + dollars.</p> + + <p>The bridge over the Illinois River at La Salle, on the + Illinois Central Railroad, shows the style of bridge + technically called a "deck" bridge, in which the train is on + the top. This bridge consists of eighteen spans of one hundred + and sixty feet each, and cost one hundred and eighty thousand + dollars. The bridge over the Kennebec River, on the line of the + Maine Central Railroad, at Augusta, Maine, is another instance + of a "through" bridge. It cost seventy-five thousand dollars, + has five spans of one hundred and eighty-five feet each, and + was built to replace a wooden deck bridge which was carried + away by a freshet.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="IMAGE_021" + id="IMAGE_021"></a><img src="images/021.jpg" + width="600" + height="250" + alt="BRIDGE AT AUGUSTA, MAINE." /><br /> + <b>BRIDGE AT AUGUSTA, MAINE.</b> + </div> + + <p>The bridge on the Portland and Ogdensburg Railroad which + crosses the Saco River is a very general type of a through + railway bridge. It consists of two spans of one hundred and + eighty-five feet each, and cost twenty thousand dollars. The + New River bridge in West Virginia consists of two spans of two + hundred and fifty feet each, and two others of seventy-five + feet each. Its cost was about seventy thousand dollars.</p> + + <p>The Lyman Viaduct, on the Connecticut Air-line Railway, at + East Hampton, Connecticut, is one hundred and thirty-five feet + high and eleven thousand feet long.</p> + + <p>These specimens will show the general character of the iron + bridges erected in this country. When iron was first used in + constructions of this kind, cast iron was employed, but its + brittleness and unreliability have led to its rejection for the + main portions of bridges. Experience has also led the best iron + bridge-builders of America to quite generally employ girders + with parallel top and bottom members, vertical posts (except at + the ends, where they are made inclined toward the centre of the + span), and tie-rods inclined at nearly forty-five degrees. This + form takes the least material for the required strength.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="IMAGE_022" + id="IMAGE_022"></a><img src="images/022.jpg" + width="600" + height="325" + alt="SACO BRIDGE" /><br /> + <b>SACO BRIDGE.</b> + </div> + + <p>The safety of a bridge depends quite as much upon the design + and proportions of its details and connections as upon its + general shape. The strain which will compress or extend the + ties, chords and other parts can be calculated with + mathematical exactness. But the strains coming upon the + connections are very often indeterminate, and no mathematical + formula has yet been found for them. They are like the strains + which come upon the wheels, axles and moving parts of + carriages, cars and machinery. Yet experience and judgment have + led the best builders to a singular uniformity in their + treatment of these parts. Each bridge has been an experiment, + the lessons of which have been studied and turned to the best + effect.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="IMAGE_023" + id="IMAGE_023"></a><img src="images/023.jpg" + width="600" + height="331" + alt="PHOENIX WORKS." /><br /> + <b>PHOENIX WORKS.</b> + </div> + + <p>There is no doubt that iron bridges can be made perfectly + safe. Their margin is greater than that of the boiler, the + axles or the rail. To make them safe, European governments + depend upon rigid rules, and careful inspection to see that + they are carried out. In this country government inspection is + not relied on with such certainty, and the spirit of our + institutions leads us to depend more upon the action of + self-interest and the inherent trustworthiness of mankind when + indulged with freedom of action. Though at times this + confidence may seem vain, and "rings" in industrial pursuits, + as in politics, appear to corrupt the honesty which forms the + very foundation of freedom, yet their influence is but + temporary, and as soon as the best public sentiment becomes + convinced of the need for their removal their influence is + destroyed. Such evils are necessary incidents of our + transitional movement toward an industrial, social and + political organization in which the best intelligence and the + most trustworthy honesty shall control these interests for the + best advantage of society at large. In the mean time, the best + security for the safety of iron bridges is to be found in the + self-interest of the railway corporations, who certainly do not + desire to waste their money or to render themselves liable to + damages from the breaking of their bridges, and who + consequently will employ for such constructions those whose + reputation has been fairly earned, and whose character is such + that reliance can be placed in the honesty of their work. + Experience has given the world the knowledge needed to build + bridges of iron which shall in all possible contingencies be + safe, and there is no excuse for a penny-wise and pound-foolish + policy when it leads to disaster.</p> + + <p class="author">EDWARD ROWLAND.</p> + + <h2><a name="SEARCHING_FOR_THE_QUININE_PLANT_IN_PERU" + id="SEARCHING_FOR_THE_QUININE_PLANT_IN_PERU"></a> SEARCHING + FOR THE QUININE-PLANT IN PERU.</h2> + + <h2>SECOND PAPER.</h2> + + <p>The crystal peaks of the Andes were behind our explorers: + before, were their eastward-stretching spurs and their + eastward-falling rivers. On the mountain-flanks, as the last + landmark of Christian civilization, nestled the village of + Marcapata, whose square, thatched belfry faded gradually from + sight, reminding the travelers of the ghostly ministrations of + the padre and the secular protection of the gobernador. Neither + priest nor edile would they encounter until their return to the + same church-tower. Their patron, Don Juan Sanz de Santo + Domingo, was already picking his way along the snowy defiles of + the mountains to attain again his luxurious home in Cuzco. + Behind the adventurers lay companionship and + society—represented by the dubious orgies of the House of + Austria—and the security of civil + government—represented by the mortal ennui of a Peruvian + city. Before them lay difficulties and perhaps dangers, but + also at least variety, novelty and possible wealth.</p> + + <p>Colonel Perez, Marcoy and the examinador retained their + horses, and a couple of the mozos their mules, the remainder of + the beasts being kept at livery in Marcapata, and the muleteers + volunteering to accompany the troupe as far as Chile-Chile: at + this point the bridle-path came to an end, and the gentlemen + would have to dismount, accompanying thenceforth their peons on + a literal "footing" of equality.</p> + + <p>Two torrents which fall in perpendicular cataracts from the + mountains, the Kellunu ("yellow water") and the Cca-chi + ("salt"), run together at the distance of a league from their + place of precipitation. They enclose in their approach the hill + on which Marcapata is perched, and they form by their + confluence the considerable river which our travelers were + about to trace, and which is called by the Indians Cconi + ("warm"), but on the Spanish maps is termed the river of + Marcapata.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="IMAGE_024" + id="IMAGE_024"></a><img src="images/024.jpg" + width="600" + height="408" + alt=""THE FIRST FORD OF THE CCONI WAS PASSED JUST OUTSIDE THE TOWN"—P. 27." /> + <br /> + <b>"THE FIRST FORD OF THE CCONI WAS PASSED JUST OUTSIDE THE + TOWN."</b> + </div> + + <p>The first ford of the Cconi was passed just outside the + town, at a point where the right bank of the river, growing + steeper and steeper, became impracticable, and necessitated a + crossing to the left. The ford allowed the peons to stagger + through at mid-leg on the uneven pavement afforded by the large + pebbles of the bed. At this point the valley of the Cconi was + seen stretching indefinitely outward toward the east, enclosed + in two chains of conical peaks: their regular forms, running + into each other at the middle of their height, clothed with + interminable forests and bathed with light, melted regularly + away into the perspective. Indian huts buried in gardens of the + white lily which had seemed so beautiful in the chapel of + Lauramarca, hedges of aloe menacing the intruder with their + millions of steely-looking swords, slender bamboos daintily + rocking themselves over the water, and enormous curtains of + creepers hanging from the hillsides and waving to the wind in + vast breadths of green, were the decorations of this Peruvian + paradise.</p> + + <p>The pretty lilies gradually disappeared, and the thatched + cabins became more and more sparse, when from one of the + latter, at a hundred paces from the caravan, issued a human + figure. The man struck an attitude in the pathway of the + travelers, his carbine on his shoulder, his fist on his hip and + his nose saucily turned up in the air. Neither his + Metamora-like posture nor his dress inspired confidence.</p> + + <p>"He is evidently waiting for us," remarked Colonel Perez, an + heroic yet prudent personage: "fortunately, it is broad day. I + would not grant an interview to such a <i>salteador</i> + (brigand) alone at night and in a desert."</p> + + <p>The salteador wore a low broad felt, on whose ample brim the + rain and sun had sketched a variety of vague designs. A gray + sack buttoned to the throat and confined by a leathern belt, + and trowsers of the same stuffed into his long coarse woolen + stockings, completed his costume. He was shod, like an Indian, + in <i>ojotas</i>, or sandals cut out of raw leather and laced + to his legs with thongs. Two ox-horns hanging at his side + contained his ammunition, and a light haversack was slung over + his back. This mozo, who at a distance would have passed for a + man of forty, appeared on examination to be under twenty-two + years of age. It was likewise observable on a nearer view that + his skin was brown and clear like a chestnut, and that his + lively eye, perfect teeth and air of decision were calculated + to please an Indian girl of his vicinity. To complete his + rehabilitation in the eyes of the party, his introductory + address was delivered with the grace of a Spanish cavalier.</p> + + <p>"The gentlemen," said he, gracefully getting rid of his + superabundant hat, "will voluntarily excuse me for having + waited so long with my respects and offers of service. I should + have gone to meet them at Marcapata, but my uncle the + gobernador forbade me to do so for fear of displeasing the + priest. Gentlemen, I am Juan the nephew of Aragon. It is by the + advice of my uncle that I have come to place myself in your + way, and ask if you will admit me to your company as + mozo-assistant and interpreter."</p> + + <p>The colonel, whose antipathy to the salteador did not yield + on a closer acquaintance, roughly asked the youth what he meant + by his assurance. Mr. Marcoy, however, was disposed to + temporize.</p> + + <p>"If you are Juan the nephew of Aragon," said he, "you must + have already learned from your uncle that we have engaged an + interpreter, Pepe Garcia of Chile-Chile."</p> + + <p>"Precisely what he told me, señor," replied the young + man; "but, for my part, I thought that if one interpreter would + be useful to these gentlemen on their journey, two interpreters + would be a good deal better, on account of the fact that we + walk better with two legs than with one: that is the reason I + have intercepted you, gentlemen."</p> + + <p>This opinion made everybody laugh, and as Juan considered it + his privilege to laugh five times louder than any one, a quasi + engagement resulted from this sudden harmony of temper. Colonel + Perez shrugged his shoulders: Marcoy, as literary man, took + down the name of the new-comer. The nephew of Aragon was so + delighted that he gave vent to a little cry of pleasure, at the + same time cutting a pirouette. This harmless caper allowed the + party to detect; tied to his haversack, the local banjo, or + <i>charango</i>, an instrument which the Paganinis of the + country make for themselves out of half a calabash and the + unfeeling bowels of the cat.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="IMAGE_025" + id="IMAGE_025"></a><img src="images/025.jpg" + width="600" + height="951" + alt=""GENTLEMEN, I AM JUAN THE NEPHEW OF ARAGON."—P. 28." /> + <br /> + <b>"GENTLEMEN, I AM JUAN THE NEPHEW OF ARAGON."</b> + </div> + + <p>The priest, who had recommended Pepe Garcia, had made + mention of that person's fine voice, with which the church of + Marcapata was edified every Sunday. The gobernador, while + putting in a word for his nephew, and particularizing the + beauty of his execution on the guitar, had insinuated doubts of + the baritone favored by the padre. Happy land, whose disputes + are like the disputes of an opera company, and where people are + recommended for business on the strength of their musical + execution!</p> + + <p>Aragon quickly understood that his friend in the expedition + was not Colonel Perez, who had insultingly dubbed him the + Second Fiddle (or Charango). He attached himself therefore with + the fidelity of a spaniel to Mr. Marcoy, walking alongside and + resting his arm on the pommel of his saddle. After an hour's + traverse of a comparatively desert plateau called the Pedregal, + covered with rocks and smelling of the patchouli-scented + flowers of the mimosa, Aragon pointed out the straw sheds and + grassy plaza of Chile-Chile. This rustic metropolis is not + indicated on many maps, but for the travelers it had a special + importance, bearing upon the inca history and etymological + roots of Peru, for it was the residence of their + interpreter-in-chief, Pepe Garcia.</p> + + <p>Introduced by the latter, our explorers made a kind of + triumphal entry into the village. The old Indian women dropped + their spinning, the naked children ceased to play with the pigs + and began to play with the garments and equipage of the + visitors, and a couple of blind men, who were leading each + other, remarked that they were glad to see them.</p> + + <p>Garcia the polyglot, radiant with importance, lost no time + in dragging his guests toward his own residence, a large straw + thatch surmounting walls of open-work, which took the fancy of + the travelers from the singular trophy attached above the door. + This trophy was composed of the heads of bucks and rams, with + those of the fox and the ounce, where the shrunken skin + displayed the pointed <i>sierra</i> of the teeth, while the + horns of oxen and goats, set end to end around the borders, + formed dark and rigid festoons: all vacancies were filled up + with the forms of bats, spread-eagled and nailed fast, from the + smallest variety to the large, man-attacking + <i>vespertilio</i>. As a contrast to this exterior decoration, + the inside was severely simple: it was even a little bare. A + partition of bamboo divided the hut into kitchen and bed-room, + and that was all. Into the latter of these apartments Pepe + Garcia dragged the saddles of his guests, and in the former his + two twin-daughters, melancholy little half-breeds in ragged + petticoats, assisted their father to prepare for the wanderers + a hunter's supper.</p> + + <p>Every moment, in a dark corner or behind the backs of the + company, Garcia was observed caressing these little girls in + secret. Being rallied on his tenderness, he observed that the + twins were the double pledge of a union "longer happy than was + usual," and the only survivors of fifteen darlings whom he had + given to the world in the various countries whither his + wandering fortunes had led him. Still explaining and + multiplying his caresses, the man of family went on with his + exertions as cook, and in due time announced the meal.</p> + + <p>This festival consisted of sweet potatoes baked in the + ashes, and steaks of bear broiled over the coals. The latter + viand was repulsed with horror by the colonel, who in the + effeminacy of a city life at Cuzeo had never tasted anything + more outlandish than monkey. Seeing his companions eating + without scruple, however, the valiant warrior extended his tin + plate with a silent gesture of application. The first mouthful + appeared hard to swallow, but at the second, looking round at + his fellow-travelers with surprise and joy, he gave up his + prejudices, and marked off the remainder of his steak with + wonderful swiftness. Standing behind his boarders, Pepe Garcia + had been watching the play of jaws and expressions of face with + some uneasiness, but when the colonel gave in his adhesion his + doubts were removed, and he smiled agreeably, flattered in his + double quality of hunter and cook.</p> + + <p>The beds of the gentlemen-travelers were spread side by side + in the adjoining room, and Garcia gravely assured them that + they would sleep like the Three Wise Men of the East. Unable to + see any personal analogy between themselves and the ancient + Gaspar, Melchior and Balthazar, the tired cavaliers turned in + without remarking on the subject. They paused a moment, + however, before taking up their candle, to set forth to Garcia + in full the circumstances and nature of Juan of Aragon's + engagement. This explanation, which the close quarters of the + troop had made impossible during the journey, was received in + excellent part by the interpreter-in-chief.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="IMAGE_026" + id="IMAGE_026"></a><img src="images/026.jpg" + width="600" + height="406" + alt=""THE STRAW SHEDS AND GRASSY PLAZA OF CHILE-CHILE"—P. 30." /> + <br /> + <b>"THE STRAW SHEDS AND GRASSY PLAZA OF CHILE-CHILE."</b> + </div> + + <p>"Oh, I am not at all jealous of Aragon," said he, "and the + gentlemen have done very well in taking him along. He will be + of great use. He is a bright, capable mozo, who would walk + twenty miles on his hands to gain a piastre. As an interpreter, + I think he is almost as good as I am."</p> + + <p>Having thus smoothed away all grounds of rivalry, the + colonel, the examinador and Marcoy took possession of their + sleeping-room. Here, long after their light was put out, they + watched the scene going on in the apartment they had just left, + whose interior, illuminated by a candle and a lingering fire, + was perfectly visible through the partition of bamboo. The + dark-skinned girls, on their knees in a corner, were gathering + together the shirts and stockings destined for the parental + traveling-bag. Garcia, for his part, was occupied in cleaning + with a bit of rag a portentous, long-barreled carbine, + apparently dating back to the time of Pizarro, which he had + been exhibiting during the day as his hunting rifle, and which + he intended to carry along with him.</p> + + <p>The sleep under the thatched roof of Pepe Garcia, though + somewhat less sound than that of the Three Magi in their tomb + at Cologne, lasted until a ray of the morning sun had + penetrated the open-work walls of the hut. The colonel rapidly + dressed himself, and aroused the others. A disquieting silence + reigned around the modest mansions of Chile-Chile. The + interpreter was away, Juan of Aragon was away, the muleteers + had returned, according to instructions received over-night, to + Marcapata with the animals, and the peons were found dead-drunk + behind the mud wall of the last house in the village.</p> + + <p>After three hours of impatient waiting there + appeared—not Garcia and Aragon, whose absence was + inexplicable, but—the faithful Bolivian bark-hunters in a + body. Not caring to stupefy themselves with the peons, they had + gone out for a reconnoissance in the environs. Contemplating + the nodding forms of their comrades, they now let out the + discouraging fact that these tame Indians, madly afraid of + their wild brothers the Chunchos, had been fortifying + themselves steadily with brandy and chicha all the way from + Marcapata. Disgusted and helpless, Perez and the examinador + betook themselves to reading tattered newspapers issued at Lima + a month before, and Marcoy to his note-book. Suddenly a + ferocious wild-beast cry was heard coming from the woods, and + while the Indian porters tried to run away, and the white men + looked at each other with apprehension, Pepe Garcia and Aragon + appeared in the distance. Their arms were interlaced in a + brother-like manner, they were poising themselves with much + care on their legs, and they were drunk. Well had the elder + interpreter said that he was not jealous of Aragon. They rolled + forward toward the party, repeating their outrageous duet, + whose reception by the staring peons appeared to gratify them + immensely.</p> + + <p>The mozo, feeling his secondary position, had enervated + himself slightly—the superior was magisterially tipsy. He + wore a remarkable hat entirely without a brim, and patched all + over the top with a lid of leather. His face, marked up to the + eyes with the blue stubble of that beard which filled him with + pride as a sign of European extraction, was swollen and hideous + with drunkenness. He carried, besides the fearful blunder-buss + of the night before, a belt full of pistols and hatchets. A + short infantry-sword was banging away at his calves, and two + long ox-horns rattled at his waist. The interpreters had been + partaking of a little complimentary breakfast with the + muleteers in whose care the animals had gone off to + Marcapata.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="IMAGE_027" + id="IMAGE_027"></a><img src="images/027.jpg" + width="600" + height="402" + alt=""CHAUPICHACA WAS MARKED WITH A SQUARE TERMINAL PILLAR."—P. 35." /> + <br /> + <b>"CHAUPICHACA WAS MARKED WITH A SQUARE TERMINAL + PILLAR."</b> + </div> + + <p>A concentration of energy on the part of the chiefs of the + expedition was required to set in movement this unpromising + assemblage. The examinador undertook the peons: he rapped them + smartly and repeatedly about the head and shoulders, until they + staggered to their feet and declared that they were a match for + whole hordes of Indians: this courage, borrowed from the flask, + gave strong assurance that at the first alarm from genuine + Chunchos they would take to their heels. Mr. Marcoy, feeling + unable to do justice to the case of the nephew, turned him over + to Perez, whose undisguised dislike made the work of correction + at once grateful and thorough. Marcoy himself confronted the + stolid and sullen Pepe Garcia, insisting upon the example he + owed to the Indian porters and the responsibility of his + Caucasian blood. The half-breed listened for a minute, his eyes + fixed upon the ground: he then shook himself, looked an instant + at his employer, and planted himself firmly on his legs. Then, + determined to prove by a supreme effort that he was + clear-headed and master of his motions, he suddenly drew his + sword, hustled the Indians in a line by two and two, pointed + out to Aragon his position as rear-guard, and cried with a + voice of thunder, "<i>Adelante</i>!" The porters and peons + staggered forward, knocking against each other's elbows and + tottering on their stout legs. The three white men, burdenless, + but regretting their horses, walked as they pleased, keeping + the train in sight. And John the nephew of Aragon's guitar, + dangling at his back, brought up the rear, with its suggestions + of harmony and the amenities of life.</p> + + <p>The first trait of aboriginal character (after this + parenthetical alacrity at drunkenness) was shown after some + hours of marching and the passage of a dozen streams. The + porters, weakened by their drink and the extreme heat, squatted + down on the side of a hill by their own consent and with a + single impulse. With that lamb-like placidity and that + mule-like obstinacy which characterize the antique race of + Quechuas, they observed to the chief interpreter that they were + weary of falling on their backs or their stomachs at every + other step, and that they were resolved to go no farther. Pepe + Garcia caused the remark to be repeated once more, as if he had + not understood it: then, convinced that an incipient rebellion + was brewing, he sprang upon the fellow who happened to be + nearest, haled him up from the ground by the ears, and, shaking + him vigorously, proceeded to do as much for the rest of the + band. In the flash of an eye, much to their astonishment, they + found themselves on their feet.</p> + + <p>A judicious if not very discriminating award of blows from + the sabre then followed, causing the Indians to change their + resolve of remaining in that particular spot, and to show a + lively determination to get away from it as quickly as + possible. Each porter, forgetting his fatigue, and seeming + never to have felt any, began to trot along, no longer + languidly as before, but with a precision of step and a + firmness in his round calves which surprised and charmed the + travelers. Pepe Garcia, much refreshed by this exercise of + discipline, and perspiring away his intoxication as he marched, + began to give grounds for confidence from his steady and + authoritative manner. By nightfall the whole troop was in + harmony, and the strangers retired with hopeful hearts to the + privacy of the hammocks which Juan of Aragon slung amongst the + trees on the side of Mount Morayaca.</p> + + <p>No effect could seem finer, to wanderers from another + latitude, than this first night-bivouac in the absolute + wilderness. The moon, seeming to race through the clouds, and + the camp-fire flashing in the wind, appeared to give movement + and animation to the landscape. The Indians, grouped around the + flame, seemed like swarthy imps tending the furnace of some + fantastic pandemonium. Meanwhile, amidst the constant murmurs + of the trees, the nephew of Aragon was heard drawing the notes + of some kind of amorous despair from the hollow of his + melodious calabash. The examinador and Colonel Perez lulled + themselves to sleep with a conversation about the beauties and + beatitudes of their wives, now playing the part of Penelopes in + their absence. To hear the eulogies of the examinador, an angel + fallen perpendicularly from heaven could hardly have realized + the physical and moral qualities of the spouse he had left in + Sorata. The Castilian tongue lent wonderful pomp and + magnificence to this portrait, and as the metaphors thickened + and the superb phrases lost themselves in hyperbole, one would + have thought the lady in question was about to fly back to her + native stars on a pair of resplendent wings. Colonel Perez + furnished an equally elaborate delineation of his own fair + helpmate. As for the wife of Lorenzo, nobody knew what she was + like, and the panegyric from the lips of her faithful lord + rolled on in safety and success. But the personage called by + Perez "his Theresa" was a female whom anybody who had passed + through the small shopkeeping quarters of Cuzco might have seen + every day, as well as heard designated by her common nickname + (given no one knows why) of Malignant Quinsy; and, arguing in + algebraic fashion from the known to the unknown, it was not + difficult to be convinced that the poetic flights of the + examinador were equally the work of fond flattery.</p> + + <p>Surprised by a midnight storm, the camp was broken up before + the early daylight, and our explorers' caravan moved on without + breakfast. This necessary stop-gap was arranged for at the + first pleasant spot on the route. An old clearing soon + appeared, provided with the welcome accommodation of an + <i>ajoupa</i>, or shed built upon four posts. At the command of + <i>Alto alli!</i>—"Halt there!"—uttered by Perez in + the tone he had formerly used in governing his troops, the + whole band stopped as one person; the porters dumped their + bales with a significant <i>ugh!</i> the Bolivian bark-hunters + laid down their axes; and the gentlemen arranged themselves + around the parallelogram of the hut, attending the commissariat + developments of Colonel Perez. The site which hazard had so + conveniently offered was named Chaupichaca. It was the scene of + an ancient wood-cutting, around which the trunks of the antique + forests showed themselves in a warm soft light, like the + columns of a temple or the shafts of a mosque.</p> + + <p>A detail which struck the travelers in arriving was very + characteristic of these lands, filled so full of old traditions + and inca customs. Chaupichaca was marked with a square terminal + pillar, one of those boundaries of mud and stones, called + <i>apachectas</i>, which Peruvian masonry lavishes over the + country of Manco Capac. A rude cross of sticks surmounted this + stone altar, on which some pious hand had laid a nosegay, now + dried—signifying, in the language of flowers proper to + masons and stone-cutters, that the work was finished and left. + A little water and spirits spared from the travelers' meal gave + a slight air of restoration to these mysterious offerings, and + a couple of splendid butterflies, whether attracted by the + flowers or the alcoholic perfume, commenced to waltz around the + bouquet; but the corollas contained no honey for their + diminutive trunks, and after a slight examination they danced + contemptuously away.</p> + + <p>At seven or eight miles' distance another streamlet was + reached, named the Mamabamba. It is a slender affluent of the + Cconi, to be called a rivulet in any country but South America, + but here named a river with the same proud effrontery which + designates as a <i>city</i> any collection of a dozen huts + thrown into the ravine of a mountain. The Mamabamba was crossed + by an extemporized bridge, constructed on the spot by the + ingenuity of Garcia and his men. Strange and incalculable was + the engineering of Pepe Garcia. Sometimes, across one of these + continually-occurring streams, he would throw a hastily-felled + tree, over which, glazed as it was by a night's rain or by the + humidity of the forest, he would invite the travelers to pass. + Sometimes, to a couple of logs rotting on the banks he would + nail cross-strips like the rungs of a ladder, and, while the + torrent boiled at a distance below, pass jauntily with his + Indians, more sure-footed than goats. The wider the abyss the + more insecure the causeway; and the terrible rope-bridges of + South America, or the still more conjectural throw of a line of + woven roots, would meet the travelers wherever the cleft was so + wide as to render timbering an inconvenient trouble. + Occasionally, on one of these damp and moss-grown ladders, a + peon's foot would slip, and down he would go, the load strapped + on his back catching him as he was passing through the + aperture: then, using his hands to hold on by, he would + compose, on the spur of the moment, a new and original language + or telegraphy of the legs, <i>kicking</i> for assistance with + all his might. Juan of Aragon was usually the hero to extricate + these poor estrays from the false step they had taken, the + other peons regarding the scene with their tranquil stolidity. + A glass of brandy to the unfortunate would always compose his + nerves again, and make him hope for a few more accidents of a + like nature and bringing a like consolation.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="IMAGE_028" + id="IMAGE_028"></a><img src="images/028.jpg" + width="600" + height="861" + alt=""THE MAMABAMBA WAS CROSSED BY AN EXTEMPORIZED BRIDGE."—P. 35." /> + <br /> + <b>"THE MAMABAMBA WAS CROSSED BY AN EXTEMPORIZED + BRIDGE."</b> + </div> + + <p>The bridge of the Mamabamba conducted the party to a site of + the same name, through an interval of forest where might be + counted most of the varieties of tree proper to the equatorial + highlands. Up to this point the vegetation everywhere abounding + had not indicated the presence, or even the vicinage, of the + cinchona. The only circumstance which brought it to the notice + of the inexperienced leaders of the expedition would be a halt + made from time to time by the Bolivian bark-hunters. The + examinador and his cascarilleros, touching one tree or another + with their hatchets, would exchange remarks full of meaning and + mysteriousness; but when the colonel or Mr. Marcoy came to ask + the significance of so many hints and signals, they got the + invariable answer of Sister Anna to the wife of Bluebeard: "I + see nothing but the forest turning green and the sun turning + red." The most practical reminder of the quest of cinchona + which the travelers found was an occasional <i>ajoupa</i> alone + in the wilderness, with a broken pot and a rusted knife or axe + beneath it—witness that some eager searcher had traveled + the road before themselves. The cascarilleros are very + avaricious and very brave, going out alone, setting up a hut in + a probable-looking spot, and diverging from their head-quarters + in every direction. If by any accident they get lost or their + provisions are destroyed, they die of hunger. Doctor Weddell, + on one occasion in Bolivia, landed on the beach of a river well + shaded with trees. Here he found the cabin of a cascarillero, + and near it a man stretched out upon the ground in the agonies + of death. He was nearly naked, and covered with myriads of + insects, whose stings had hastened his end. On the leaves which + formed the roof of the hut were the remains of the unfortunate + man's clothes, a straw hat and some rags, with a knife, an + earthen pot containing the remains of his last meal, a little + maize and two or three <i>chuñus</i>. Such is the end to + which their hazardous occupation exposes the + bark-collectors—death in the midst of the forests, far + from home; a death without help and without consolation.</p> + + <p>It was not until after passing the elevated site of San + Pedro, and clambering up the slippery shoulders of the hill + called Huaynapata—the crossing of half a dozen + intervening streamlets going for nothing—that the + explorers were rewarded with a sight of their Canaan, the + bark-producing region. To attain this summit of Huaynapata, + however, the little tributary of Mendoza had to be first got + over. This affluent of the Cconi, flowing in from the + south-south-west, was very sluggish as far as it could be seen. + Its banks, interrupted by large rocks clothed with moss, + offered now and then promontories surrounded at the base with a + bluish shade. At the end of the vista, a not very extensive + one, a quantity of blocks of sandstone piled together resembled + a crumbling wall. Other blocks were sprinkled over the bed of + the stream; and by their aid the examinador and the colonel + hopped valiantly over the Mendoza, leaving the peons, who were + less afraid of rheumatism and more in danger of slipping, to + ford the current at the depth of their suspender-buttons.</p> + + <p>It was on the top of Huaynapata, while the interpreters + built a fire and prepared for supper a peccary killed upon the + road, that Marcoy observed the examinador holding with his + Bolivians a conversation in the Aymara dialect, in which could + be detected such words as <i>anaranjada</i> and <i>morada</i>. + These were the well-known commercial names of two species of + cinchona. The historiographer interrupted their conversation to + ask if anything had yet been discovered.</p> + + <p>"Nothing yet," replied the examinador; "and this valley of + the Cconi must be bewitched, for with the course that we have + taken we should long ago have discovered what we are after. But + this place looks more favorable than any we have met. I shall + beat up the woods to-morrow with my men, and may my patron, + Saint Lorenzo, return again to his gridiron if we do not date + our first success in quinine-hunting from this very hillock of + Huaynapata!"</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="IMAGE_029" + id="IMAGE_029"></a><img src="images/029.jpg" + width="600" + height="398" + alt=""THE EXAMINADOR AND THE COLONEL HOPPED VALIANTLY OVER THE MENDOZA."—P. 37." /> + <br /> + <b>"THE EXAMINADOR AND THE COLONEL HOPPED VALIANTLY OVER + THE MENDOZA."</b> + </div> + + <p>The above style of threatening the saints is thought very + efficacious in all Spanish countries. Whether or not Saint + Lawrence really dreaded another experience of broiling, at the + end of certain hours the Bolivians reappeared, and their chief + deposited in the hands of the colonel a few green and tender + branches. At the joyful shout of Perez, the man of letters, who + had been occupied in making a sketch, came running up. Two + different species of cinchona were the trophy brought back by + Lorenzo, like the olive-leaves in the beak of Noah's dove. One + of these specimens was a variety of the <i>Carua-carua,</i> + with large leaves heavily veined: the other was an individual + resembling those quinquinas which the botanists Ruiz and Pavon + have discriminated from the cinchonas, to make a separate + family called the <i>Quinquina cosmibuena.</i> After all, the + discovery was rather an indication than a conquest of value. + The examinador admitted as much, but observed that the presence + of these baser species always argued the neighborhood of + genuine quinine-yielding plants near by.</p> + + <p>In the presence of this first success on the part of the + exploration set on foot by Don Juan Sanz de Santo Domingo, we + may insert a few words on the nature of the wonderful plant + toward which its researches were directed.</p> + + <p>It is doubtful whether the aboriginal inhabitants of Peru, + Bolivia and Ecuador were acquainted with the virtues of the + cinchona plant as a febrifuge. It seems probable, nevertheless, + that the Indians of Loxa, two hundred and thirty miles south of + Peru, were aware of the qualities of the bark, for there its + use was first made known to Europeans. It was forty years after + the pacification of Peru however, before any communication of + the remedial secret was made to the Spaniards. Joseph de + Jussieu reports that in 1600 a Jesuit, who had a fever at + Malacotas, was cured by Peruvian bark. In 1638 the countess Ana + of Chinchon was suffering from tertian fever and ague at Lima, + whither she had accompanied the viceroy, her husband. The + corregidor of Loxa, Don Juan Lopez de Canizares, sent a parcel + of powdered quinquina bark to her physician, Juan de Vega, + assuring him that it was a sovereign and infallible remedy for + "tertiana." It was administered to the countess, who was + sixty-two years of age, and effected a complete cure. This + countess, returning with her husband to Spain in 1640, brought + with her a quantity of the healing bark. Hence it was sometimes + called "countess's bark" and "countess's powder." Her famous + cure induced Linnaeus, long after, to name the whole genus of + quinine-bearing trees, in her honor, <i>Cinchona</i>. By modern + writers the first <i>h</i> has usually been dropped, and the + word is now almost invariably spelled in that way, instead of + the more etymological <i>Chinchona</i>. The Jesuits afterward + made great and effective use of it in their missionary + expeditions, and it was a ludicrous result of their patronage + that its use should have been for a long time opposed by + Protestants and favored by Catholics. In 1679, Louis XIV. + bought the secret of preparing quinquina from Sir Robert + Talbor, an English doctor, for two thousand louis-d'or, a large + pension and a title. Under the Grand Monarch it was used at + dessert, mingled with Spanish wine. The delay of its discovery + until the seventeenth century has probably lost to the world + numbers of valuable lives. Had Alexander the Great, who died of + the common remittent fever of Babylon, been acquainted with + cinchona bark, his death would have been averted and the + partition of the Macedonian empire indefinitely postponed. + Oliver Cromwell was carried off by an ague, which the + administration of quinine would easily have cured. The bigotry + of medical science, even after its efficacy was known and + proved, for a long time retarded its dissemination. In 1726, La + Fontaine, at the instance of a lady who owed her life to it, + the countess of Bouillon, composed a poem in two cantos to + celebrate its virtues; but the remarkable beauty of the leaves + of the cinchona and the delicious fragrance of its flowers, + with allusions to which he might have adorned his verses, were + still unknown in Europe.</p> + + <p>The cinchonas under favorable circumstances become large + trees: at present, however, in any of the explored and + exploited regions of their growth, the shoots or suckers of the + plants are all that remain. Wherever they abound they form the + handsomest foliage of the forest. The leaves are lanceolate, + glossy and vividly green, traversed by rich crimson veins: the + flowers hang in clustering pellicles, like lilacs, of deep + rose-color, and fill the vicinity with rich perfume. Nineteen + varieties of cinchonae have been established by Doctor Weddell. + The cascarilleros of South America divide the species into a + category of colors, according to the tinge of the bark: there + are yellow, red, orange, violet, gray and white cinchonas. The + yellow, among which figure the <i>Cinchona calisaya, + lancifolia, condaminea, micrantha, pubescens,</i> etc., are + placed in the first rank: the red, orange and gray are less + esteemed. This arrangement is in proportion to the abundance of + the alkaloid <i>quinine,</i> now used in medicine instead of + the bark itself.</p> + + <p>The specimens found by the examinador were carefully wrapped + in blankets, and the march was resumed. After a slippery + descent of the side of Huaynapata and the passage of a + considerable number of babbling streams—each of which + gave new occasion for the colonel to show his ingenuity in + getting over dry shod, and so sparing his threatening + rheumatism—the cry of "Sausipata!" was uttered by Pepe + Garcia. Two neat mud cabins, each provided with a door + furnished with the unusual luxury of a wooden latch, marked the + plantation of Sausipata. The situation was level, and within + the enclosing walls of the forest could be seen a plantation of + bananas, a field of sugar-cane, with groves of coffee, + orange-orchards and gardens of sweet potato and pineapple. The + white visitors could not refrain from an exclamation of + surprise at the neatness and civilization of such an Eden in + the desert. At this point, Juan of Aragon, who had been going + on ahead, turned around with an air of splendid welcome, and + explained that the farm belonged to his uncle, the gobernador + of Marcapata, who prayed them to make themselves at home. + Introducing his guests into the largest of the houses, Juan + presented them with some fine ripe fruit which he culled from + the garden. Colonel Perez, who never lost occasion to give a + sly stab to the mozo, asked, as he peeled a banana, if he was + duly authorized to dispose so readily of the property of his + uncle: the youth, without losing a particle of his magnificent + adolescent courtesy, replied that as nephew and direct heir of + the governor of Marcapata it was a right which he exercised in + anticipation of inheritance; and that just as Pepe Garcia, the + interpreter-in-chief, had regaled the party in his residence, + he, Juan of Aragon, proposed to do in the family grange of + Sausipata.</p> + + <p>Meantime, the examinador, who had pushed forward with his + men, returned with a couple more specimens of quinquina, which + they had discovered close by in clambering amongst the forest. + Neither had flowers, but the one was recognizable by its flat + leaf as the species called by the Indians + <i>ichu-cascarilla,</i> from the grain <i>ichu</i> amongst + which it is usually found at the base of the Cordilleras; and + the other, from its fruit-capsules two inches in length, as the + <i>Cinchona acutifolia</i> of Ruiz and Pavon. To moderate the + pleasures of this discovery, the examinador came up leaning + upon the shoulder of his principal assistant, Eusebio, + complaining of a frightful headache, and a weakness so extreme + that he could not put one foot before the other.</p> + + <p>The sudden illness of their botanist-in-chief cast a gloom + upon the party, and utterly spoiled the festive intentions of + young Aragon. Lorenzo was put to bed, from which retreat, at + midnight, his fearful groans summoned the colonel to his side. + The latter found him tossing and murmuring, but incapable of + uttering a word. His faithful Eusebio, at the head of the bed, + answered for him. The honest fellow feared lest his master + might have caught again a touch of the old fever which had + formerly attacked him in searching for cascarillas in the + environs of Tipoani in Bolivia. These symptoms, recurring in + the lower valleys of the Cconi, would make it impossible for + the brave explorer safely to continue with the party. As the + mestizo propounded this inconvenient theory, a new burst of + groans from the examinador seemed to confirm it. The grave news + brought all the party to the sick bed. Colonel Perez, whom the + touching comparison of wives made in the hammocks of Morayaca + had sensibly attached to Lorenzo, endeavored to feel his pulse; + but the patient, drawing in his hand by a peevish movement, + only rolled himself more tightly in his blanket, and increased + his groans to roars. Presently, exhausted by so much agony, he + fell into a slumber.</p> + + <p>In the morning the examinador, in a dolorous voice, + announced that he should be obliged to return to Cuzco. This + resolution might have seemed the obstinate delirium of the + fever but for the mournful and pathetic calmness of the victim. + Eusebio, he said, should return with him as far as Chile-Chile, + where a conveyance could be had; and he himself would give such + explicit instructions to the cascarilleros that nothing would + be lost by his absence to the purposes of the expedition. + Yielding to pity and friendship, the colonel gave in his + adhesion to the plan, and even proposed his own hammock as a + sort of palanquin, and the loan of a pair of the peons for + bearers. They could return with Eusebio to Sausipata, where the + party would be obliged to wait for the three. After sketching + out his plan, Colonel Perez looked for approval to Mr. Marcoy, + and received an affirmative nod. The proposition seemed so + agreeable to the sick man that already an alleviation of his + misery appeared to be superinduced. He even smiled + intelligently as he rolled into the hammock. In a very short + time he made a sort of theatrical exit, borne in the hammock + like an invalid princess, and fanned with a palm branch out of + the garden by the faithful Eusebio.</p> + + <p>"Poor devil!" said Perez as the mournful procession + departed: "who knows if he will ever see his dear wife at + Sorata, or if he will even live to reach Chile-Chile?"</p> + + <p>"Do you really think him in any such danger?" asked the more + suspicious Marcoy.</p> + + <p>"Danger! Did you not see his miserable appearance as he left + us?"</p> + + <p>"I saw an appearance far from miserable, and therefore I am + convinced that the man is no more sick than you or I."</p> + + <p>On hearing such a heartless heresy the colonel stepped back + from his comrade with a shocked expression, and asked what had + given him such an idea.</p> + + <p>"A number of things, of which I need only mention the + principal. In the first place, the man's sickness falling on + him like a thunder-clap; next, his haste in catching back his + hand when you tried to feel his pulse; and then his smile, at + once happy and mischievous, when you offered him the peons and + he found his stratagem succeeding beyond his hopes."</p> + + <p>"Why, now, to think of it!" said the colonel sadly; "but + what could have been his motive?"</p> + + <p>"This gentleman is too delicate to sustain our kind of + life," suggested Marcoy. "He is tired of skinning his hands and + legs in our service, and eating peccary, monkey and snails as + we do. His Bolivians are perhaps quite as useful for our + service, and while he is rioting at Cuzco we may be enriching + ourselves with cinchonas."</p> + + <p>In effect, on the return of the peons ten days after, the + examinador was reported to have got quit of his fever shortly + after leaving Sausipata, and to have borne the journey to + Chile-Chile remarkably well. He charged his men to take back + his compliments and the regrets he felt, at not being able to + keep with the company.</p> + + <p>Nothing detained the band longer at Sausipata. The ten days + of hunting, botanizing, butterfly-catching and sketching had + been an agreeable relief, and young Aragon had assumed, with + sufficient grace, the task of attentive host and first player + on the charango. The returning porters had scarcely enjoyed two + hours of repose when the caravan took up its march once + more.</p> + + <p>As usual, the interpreters assumed the head of the command: + the Indians followed pellmell. Observing that some of them + lingered behind, Mr. Marcoy had the curiosity to return on his + steps. What was his surprise to find these honest fellows + running furiously through the farm, and devastating with all + their might those plantations which were the pride and the hope + of the nephew of Aragon! They had already laid low several + cocoa groves, torn up the sugar-canes, broken down the bananas, + and sliced off the green pineapples.</p> + + <p>Indignant at such vandalism, Marcoy caught the first + offender by the plaited tails at the back of the neck. "What + are you doing?" he cried.</p> + + <p>"I am neither crazy nor drunk, Taytachay" (dear little + father), calmly explained the peon with his placid smile. "But + my fellows and I don't want to be sent any more to work at + Sausipata." As the white man regarded him with stupefaction, + "Thou art strange here," pursued the Indian, "and canst know + nothing about us. Promise not to tell Aragon, and I will make + thee wise."</p> + + <p>"Why Aragon more than anybody else?" asked Marcoy.</p> + + <p>"Because Senor Aragon is nephew to Don Rebollido, the + governor, and Sausipata belongs to Rebollido; and if he were to + learn what we have done, we should be flogged and sent to + prison to rot."</p> + + <p>The explanation, drawn out with many threats when the + Indians had been driven from their work of ruin and placed once + more in line of march, was curious.</p> + + <p>The able gobernador of Marcapata had had the sagacious idea + of making the local penitentiary out of his farm of Sausipata! + It was cultivated entirely by the labor of his culprits. When + culprits were scarce, the chicha-drinkers, the corner-loungers, + became criminals and disturbers of the peace, for whom a + sojourn at Sausipata was the obvious cure. Aragon, the nephew, + shared his uncle's ability, and visited the plantation month by + month. But the life in this paradise was not relished by the + convicts. The regimen was strict, the food everywhere + abounding, was not for them, and the vicinity of the wild + Chunchos was not reassuring. Often a peon would appear in the + market-place of Marcapata wrapped merely in a banana leaf, + which, cracking in the sun, reduced all pretence of decent + covering to an irony. This evidence of the spoliation of a + Chuncho would be received in the worst possible part by the + gobernador, who would beat the complainant back to his + servitude, remarking with ingenuity that Providence was more + responsible for the acts of the savages than he was.</p> + + <p>This strange history, told with profound earnestness, was + enough to make any one laugh, but Marcoy could not be blind to + its side of oppression and tyranny. This was the way, then, + that the humble and primitive gobernador, who had presented + himself to the travelers barefoot, was enriching himself by the + knaveries of office! Marcoy could not take heart to inform Juan + of Aragon of the devastation behind him, but on the other hand + he resolved to correct the abuse on his return by appeal, if + necessary, to the prefect of Cuzco.</p> + + <p>A frightful night in a deserted hut on a site called + Jimiro—where Marcoy had for mattress the legs of one of + the porters, and for pillow the back of a + bark-hunter—followed the exodus from Sausipata. The + Guarapascana, the Saniaca, the Chuntapunco, flowing into the + Cconi on opposite sides, were successively left behind our + adventurers, and they bowed for an instant before the tomb of a + stranger, "a German from Germany," as Pepe Garcia said, "who + pretended to know the language of the Chunchos, and who + interpreted for himself, but who starved in the wilderness near + the heap of stones you see." Leaving this resting-place of an + interpreter who had interpreted so little, the party attained a + stream of rather unusual importance. The reputed gold-bearing + river of Ouitubamba rolled from its tunnel before them, + exciting the most visionary schemes in the mind of Colonel + Perez, to whom its auriferous reputation was familiar. Nothing + would do but that the California process of "panning" must be + carried out in these Peruvian waters, and the peons, <i>multum + reluctantes,</i> were summoned to the task, with all the + crow-bars and shovels possessed by the expedition, supplemented + by certain sauce-pans and dishes hypothecated from the culinary + department. The issue of the stream from under a crown of + indigenous growths was the site of this financial speculation. + Pepe Garcia was placed at the head of the enterprise. A long + ditch was dug, revealing milky quartz, ochres and clay. The + deceptive hue of the yellow earth made the search a long and + tantalizing one. At the moment when the colonel, attracted by + something glistening in the large frying-pan which he was + agitating at the edge of the stream, uttered an exclamation + which drew all heads into the cavity of his receptacle, an + answering sound from the heavens caused everybody suddenly to + look up. An equatorial storm had gathered unnoticed over their + heads. In a few minutes a solid sheet of warm rain, accompanied + by a furious tornado sweeping through the valley, caused whites + and Indians to scatter as if for their lives. The golden dream + of Colonel Perez and the similar vision entertained by Pepe + Garcia were dissipated promptly by this answer of the elements. + On attaining the neighboring sheds of Maniri the + gold—seekers abandoned their implements without remark to + the services of the cooks, and betook themselves to wringing + out their stockings as if they had never dreamed of walking in + silver slippers through the streets of Cuzco. They made no + further attempt to wring gold from the mouth of the Ouitubamba. + As for Maniri, it was the last site or human resting-place of + any, the very most trivial, kind before the opening of the + utter wilderness which proceeded to accompany the course of the + Cconi River.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <a name="IMAGE_030" + id="IMAGE_030"></a><img src="images/030.jpg" + width="600" + height="396" + alt=""THE REPUTED GOLD-BEARING RIVER OR OUITUBAMBA ROLLED FROM ITS TUNNEL."—P. 42." /> + <br /> + <b>"THE REPUTED GOLD-BEARING RIVER OR OUITUBAMBA ROLLED + FROM ITS TUNNEL."</b> + </div> + + <p>The Bolivians imagined an exploration of a little stream on + the left bank, the Chuntapunco, which they thought might issue + from a quinine-bearing region. They built a little raft, and + departed with provisions for three or four days. They returned, + in fact, after a week's absence, with seven varieties of + cinchona—the <i>hirsuta, lanceolata, purpurea</i> and + <i>ovata</i> of Ruiz and Pavon, and three more of little value + and unknown names.</p> + + <p>During the absence of the cascarilleros a flat calm reigned + in the ajoupa of Maniri. Garcia and the colonel, the day after + their unproductive gold-hunt, betook themselves into the + forest, ostensibly for game, but in reality to review their + hopeful labors by the banks of the Ouitubamba. Aragon was + detailed by Mr. Marcoy to accompany him in his botanical and + entomological tours. On these excursions the acquaintance + between the mozo and the señor was considerably + developed. The youth had naturally a gay and confident + disposition, and added not a little to the liveliness of the + trips. Marcoy profited by their stricter connection to converse + with him about the cultivation of the farm at Sausipata, making + use of a venial deception to let him think that the plan of + operations had been communicated by the governor himself. + Aragon modestly replied that the plantation in question was + only the first of a series of similar clearings contemplated by + his uncle at various points in the valley. Arrangements made + for this purpose with the governors of Ocongata and Asaroma, + who were pledged with their support in return for heavy + presents, would enable him soon to cultivate coffee and sugar + and cocoa at once in a number of haciendas. The enterprise was + a splendid one; and if God—Aragon pronounced the name + without a particle of diffidence—deigned to bless it, the + day was coming when the fortune of his uncle, solidly + established, would make him the pride and the joy of the + region.</p> + + <p>It may as well be mentioned here that the subsequent career + of the chest-nut-colored interpreter is not entirely unknown. + In 1860, Mr. Clement Markham, collecting quinine-plants for the + British government, came upon a splendid hacienda thirty miles + from the village of Ayapata, in a valley of the Andes near the + scene of this exploration. Here, on the sugar-cane estate named + San José de Bellavista, he discovered "an intelligent + and enterprising Peruvian" named Aragon, who appears to have + been none other than our interpreter escaped from the + chrysalis. His establishment was very large, and protected from + the savages by two rivers, Aragon had made a mule-road of + thirty miles to the village. He found the manufacture of + spirits for the sugar-cane more profitable than digging for + gold in the Ouitubamba or hunting for cascarillas along the + Cconi. In 1860 he sent an expedition into the forest after wild + cocoa-plants. An india-rubber manufactory had only failed for + want of government assistance. He contemplated the + establishment of a line of steamers on the neighboring rivers + to carry off the commerce of his plantations. "Any scheme for + developing the resources of the country is sure to receive his + advocacy," says Mr. Markham: "it would be well for Peru if she + contained many such men."</p> + + <p class="center">[TO BE CONTINUED.]</p> + + <h2><a name="PROBATIONER_LEONHARD" + id="PROBATIONER_LEONHARD"></a>PROBATIONER LEONHARD;<br /> + OR, THREE NIGHTS IN THE HAPPY VALLEY.</h2> + + <h3><a name="OUR_HERO" + id="OUR_HERO"></a>CHAPTER I.</h3> + + <h3>OUR HERO.</h3> + + <p>Young Mr. Leonhard Marten walked out on the promenade at the + usual hour one afternoon, after a good deal of hesitation, for + there was quite as little doubt in his mind as there is in mine + that the thing to do was to remain within-doors and answer the + letters—or rather the letter—lying on his table. + The brief epistle which conveyed to him the regrets of the new + female college building committee, that his plans were too + elaborate and costly, and must therefore be declined, really + demanded no reply, and would probably never have one. It was + the hurried scrawl from his friend Wilberforce which claimed of + his sense of honor an answer by the next mail. The letter from + Wilberforce was dated Philadelphia, and ran thus:</p> + + <p>"DEAR LENNY: Please deposit five thousand for me in some + good bank of Pennsylvania or New York. I shall want it, maybe, + within a week or so. I am talking hard about going abroad. Why + can't you go along? Say we sail on the first of next month. + Richards is going, and I shall make enough out of the trip to + pay expenses for all hands. You'll never know anything about + your business, Mart, till you have studied in one of those old + towns. Answer. Thine,</p> + + <p class="author">"WIL."</p> + + <p>When I say that Leonhard had, or <i>had</i> had, ten + thousand dollars of Wilberforce's money, and that he was now + about as unprepared to meet the demand recorded as he would + have been if he had never seen a cent of the sum mentioned, the + assertion, I think, is justified that his place was at his + office-table, and not on the promenade. What if the town-clock + had struck four? what if at this hour Miss Ayres usually + rounded the corner of Granby street on her way home? But, poor + fellow! he <i>had</i> tried to think his way through the + difficulty. Every day for a week he had exercised himself in + letter—writing: he had practiced every style, from the + jocular to the gravely interrogative, and had succeeded pretty + well as a stylist, but the point, the point, the bank deposit, + remained still insurmountable and unapproachable.</p> + + <p>Once or twice he had thought that probably the best thing to + do was to go off on a long journey, and by and by, when things + had righted themselves somehow, find out where Wilberforce was + and acknowledge his letter with regrets and explanations. He + was considering this course when he destroyed his last effort, + and went out on the promenade to get rid of his thoughts and + himself and to meet Miss Ayres. The present contained Miss + Ayres; as to the future, it was dark as midnight; for the past, + it was not in the least pleasant to think of it, and how it had + come to pass that Wilberforce trusted him.</p> + + <p>The days when he and Wilberforce were lads, poor, + sad-hearted, all but homeless, returned upon him with their + shadows. It was in those days that his friend formed so lofty + an estimate of his exactness in figures and his skill in + saving, and thus it had happened that when the engine + constructed by Wilberforce began to pay him so past belief, he + was really in the perplexity concerning places of deposit which + he had expressed to Marten. Leonhard chanced to be with this + young Croesus—who had begun life by dipping water for + invalids at the springs—when the ten thousand dollars + alluded to were paid him by a dealer; and the instant transfer + of the money to his hands was one of those off-hand + performances which, apparently trivial, in the end search a man + to the foundations.</p> + + <p>What had become of the money? Seven thousand dollars were + swallowed up in a gulf which never gives back its treasure. And + oh on the verge of that same gulf how the siren had sung! A + chance of clearing five thousand dollars by investing that + amount presented itself to Leonhard: it was one of those + investments which will double a man's money for him within + three months, or six months at latest. The best men of + A—— were in the enterprise, and by going into it + Leonhard would reap every sort of advantage. He might give up + teaching music, and confine himself to the studies which as an + architect he ought to pursue; and to be known among the + A—- landers as a young gentleman who had money to invest + would secure to him that social position which the + music-lessons he gave did no doubt in some quarters + embarrass.</p> + + <p>It was while buoyed up by his "great expectations," and + flattered by the attentions which strangely enough began to be + extended toward him by some of the "best men"—who also + were stockholders in the new sugar-refining process—that + Leonhard took a room at the Granby House, and began to manifest + a waning interest in his work as a music-master.</p> + + <p>This display of himself, modest though it was, cost money. + Before the letter quoted was written Leonhard had begun to feel + a little troubled: he had been obliged to add two thousand + dollars to his original investment, and the thought that + possibly there might be a demand for a yet further + sum—for some unforeseen difficulty had arisen in the + matter of machinery—had fixed in his mind a misgiving to + which at odd moments he returned with a flutter of spirits + amounting almost to panic.</p> + + <p>On the promenade he met Miss Ayres. She stood before the + window of a music-dealer's shop, looking at the photograph of + some celebrity—a tall and not too slightly-formed young + lady, attired in a buff suit with brown trimmings, and a brown + hat from which a pretty brown feather depended. On her round + cheeks was a healthy glow, deepened perhaps by exercise on that + warm afternoon, and a trifle in addition, it may be, by the + sound of footsteps advancing. Yet as Leonhard approached, she, + chancing to look around, did not seem surprised that he was so + near. Not that she expected him! What reason had she for + supposing that from his office-window he would see her the + instant she turned the corner of Granby street and walked down + the avenue fronting the parade-ground? No reason of course; but + this had happened so many times that the meeting of the two + somewhere in this vicinity was daily predicted by the wise + prophets of the street.</p> + + <p>A rumor was going about A—— in those days which + occasioned the mother of our young lady a little uneasiness. + When Leonhard came to A—— it was to live by his + profession—music. He was an enthusiast in the science, + and the best people patronized him. He might have all the + pupils he pleased now, and at his own prices, thought Mrs. + Washington Ayres, who had herself taught music: why doesn't he + stick to his business? But then, she reminded herself, they say + he has money; and he is so bewitched about architecture that he + can't let it alone. Too many irons in the fire to please me! + Perhaps, though, if he has money, it makes not so much + difference. But I don't like to see a young man dabbling in too + many things: it looks as if he would never do anything to speak + of. It is the only thing I ever heard of against him; but if he + can't make up his mind, I don't know as there could be anything + much worse to tell of a man.</p> + + <p>She was not far wrong in her thinking, and she had seen the + great fault in the character of young Mr. Marten. It was his + nature to take up and embrace cordially, as if for life, the + objects that pleased him. Perhaps the tendency conduced to his + popularity and reputation as a music-master, for his + acquaintance with the works of composers was really vast; but + the effect of it was not so hopeful when it set him to studying + a difficult art almost without instruction, in the confidence + that he should soon by his works take rank with Angelo, Wren + and other great masters.</p> + + <p>At the music-dealer's window Mr. Leonhard stood for a moment + beside Miss Marion, and then said with a queer smile, "How cool + it looks over yonder among the trees! I wish somebody would + like to walk there with an escort."</p> + + <p>"Anybody might, I should think," answered the young lady. "I + have waded through hot dust, red-hot dust, all the afternoon. + Besides, I want to ask you, Mr. Marten, what it means. + Everybody is coming to me for lessons. Are you refusing + instruction, or are you growing so unpopular of late? I have + vexed myself trying to answer the question."</p> + + <p>"They all come to you, do they? Yes, I think I am growing + unpopular. And I am rather glad of it, on the whole," answered + Leonhard, not quite clear as to her meaning, but not at all + disturbed by it.</p> + + <p>"I know they must all have gone to you first," she said. "Of + course they all went to you first, and you wouldn't have + them."</p> + + <p>Leonhard smiled on. Her odd talk was pleasant to him, and to + look at her bright face was to forget every disagreeable thing + in the world. "You know I have been thinking that I would give + up instruction altogether," said he; "but I suppose that unless + I actually go away to get rid of my pupils, I shall have a few + devoted followers to the last. The more you take off my hands + the better I shall like it."</p> + + <p>"But how should everybody know that you <i>think</i> of + giving up instruction?" Miss Marion inquired.</p> + + <p>"Oh, I dare say I have told everybody," he answered + carelessly.</p> + + <p>"Ah!" said she; and two or three thoughts passed through the + mind of the young lady quite worthy the brain of her mother. "I + am half sorry," she continued. "But at least you cannot forget + what you know. That is a comfort. And I am sure you love music + too well to let me go on committing barbarisms with my hands or + voice without telling me."</p> + + <p>Leonhard hesitated. How far might he take this dear girl + into his secrets? "My friend Wilberforce is always saying that + I ought to study abroad in the old European towns before I + launch out in earnest," said he finally.</p> + + <p>"As architect or musician?" asked the "dear girl."</p> + + <p>"As architect, of course," he answered, without manifesting + surprise at the question. "He is going himself now, and he + wants me to go with him."</p> + + <p>"Why don't you go?" The quick look with which he followed + this question made Miss Marion add: "It would be the best thing + in the world for—for a student, I should think. You said + once that your indecision was the bane of your life. I beg your + pardon for remembering it. When you have heard the best music + and seen the best architecture, you can put an end to this + 'thirty years' war,' and come back and settle down."</p> + + <p>"All very well," said he, "but please to tell me where I + shall find you when I come home."</p> + + <p>"Oh, I shall be jogging along somewhere, depend."</p> + + <p>"With your mind made up concerning every event five years + before it happens? If you had my choice to make, you think, I + suppose, that you would decide in a minute which road to fame + and fortune you would choose." Mr. Leonhard used his cane as + vehemently while he spoke as if he were a conductor swinging + his baton through the most exciting movement.</p> + + <p>"I don't understand your perplexity, that is the fact," said + she with wonderful candor; "but then I have been trained to do + one thing from the time I could wink."</p> + + <p>"It was expected of me that I should rival the greatest + performers," said Leonhard with a half-sad smile. "If I go + abroad now, as you advise—"</p> + + <p>"Advise? I advise!"</p> + + <p>"Did you not?"</p> + + <p>"Not the least creature moving. Never!"</p> + + <p>"If you did you would say, 'Keep to music.'"</p> + + <p>"I should say, 'Keep to architecture.' Then—don't you + see?—I should have all your pupils."</p> + + <p>"That would matter little: you have long had all that I + could give you worth the giving, Miss Ayres."</p> + + <p>Were these words intent on having utterance, and seeking + their opportunity?</p> + + <p>In the midst of her lightness and seeming unconcern the + young lady found herself challenged, as it were, by the stern + voice of a sentinel on guard. But she answered on the instant: + "The most delicious music I have ever heard, for which I owe + you endless thanks. I have said architecture; but I never + advise, you know."</p> + + <p>"She has not understood me," thought Leonhard, but instead + of taking advantage of that conclusion and retiring from the + ground, he said, "Perhaps I must speak more clearly. I don't + care what I do or where I go, Miss Marion, if you are + indifferent. I love you."</p> + + <p>What did he read in the face which his dark eyes scanned as + they turned full upon it? Was it "I love you"? Was it "Alas!"? + He could not tell.</p> + + <p>"You are pledged to love 'the True and the Beautiful,'" said + she quite gayly, "and so I am not surprised."</p> + + <p>Leonhard looked mortified and angry. A man of twenty-two + declaring love for the first time to a woman had a right to + expect better treatment.</p> + + <p>"I have offended you," she said instantly. "I only followed + out your own train of thought. You may have half a dozen + professions, and—"</p> + + <p>"I am at least clear that I love only you," he said. "I + hoped you would feel that. It is certain, I think, that I shall + confine myself to the studies of an architect hereafter. I will + give no more lessons. And shall you care to know whether I go + or stay?"</p> + + <p>Miss Ayres answered—almost as if in spite of herself + and that good judgment for which she had been sufficiently + praised during her eighteen years of existence—"Yes, I + shall care a vast deal. That is the reason why I say, 'Go, if + it seems best to you'—'Stay, if you think it more wise.' + I have the confidence in you that sees you can conduct your own + affairs."</p> + + <p>"If I go," he cried in a happy voice, in strong contrast + with his words, "it will be to leave everything behind me that + can make life sweet."</p> + + <p>"But if you go it will be to gain everything that can make + life honorable. I did not understand that you thought of going + for pleasure." Ah, how almost tender now her look and tone!</p> + + <p>"Say but once to me what I have said to you," said Leonhard + joyfully, confident now that he had won the great prize.</p> + + <p>"Now? No: don't talk about it. Wait a while, and we will see + if there is anything in it." What queer lover's mood was this? + Miss Marion looked as if she had passed her fortieth birthday + when she spoke in this wise.</p> + + <p>"Oh for a soft sweet breeze from the north-east to temper + such cruel blasts!" exclaimed Leonhard. "Was ever man so + treated as I am by this strong-minded young woman?"</p> + + <p>"Everybody on the grounds is looking, and wondering how she + will get home with the intemperate young gentleman she is + escorting. Did you say you were going to talk with your friend + Mr. Wilberforce about going abroad with him for a year or + two?"</p> + + <p>"I said no such thing, but perhaps I may. I was going to + write, but it may be as easy to run down to Philadelphia."</p> + + <p>"Easier, I should say."</p> + + <p>So they talked, and when they parted Leonhard said: "If you + do not see me to-morrow evening, you will know that I have gone + to Philadelphia. I shall not write to let you know. You might + feel that an answer was expected of you."</p> + + <p>"I have never been taught the arts of a correspondent, and + it is quite too late to learn them," she answered.</p> + + <p>Miss Marion will probably never again feel as old as she + does this afternoon, when she has half snubbed, half flattered + and half accepted the man she admires and loves, but whose one + fault she clearly perceives and is seriously afraid of.</p> + + <p>The next day Leonhard sat staring at Wilberforce's letter + with a face as wrinkled as a young ape's in a cold morning fog. + After one long serious effort he sprang from his seat, and I am + afraid swore that he would go down to Philadelphia that very + afternoon. Therefore (and because he clung to the determination + all day) at six o'clock behold him passing with his satchel + from the steps of the Granby House to the Grand Division + Dépôt. He was always going to and fro, so his + departure occasioned no remark. He supposed, for his own part, + that he was going to talk with his friend Wilberforce, and his + ticket ensured his passage to Philadelphia; and yet at eight + o'clock he found himself standing on the steps of the + Spenersberg Station, and saw the train move on. At the moment + when his will seemed to him to be completely demoralized the + engine-whistle sounded and the engine stopped. Utterly unnerved + by his doubts, he slunk from the car like an escaping convict, + and looked toward the narrow moonlit valley which was as a gate + leading into this unknown Spenersberg. The path looked obscure + and inviting, and so, without exchanging a word with any one, + he walked forward, a more pitiable object than is pleasant to + consider, for he was no coward and no fool.</p> + + <h3><a name="IN_THE_HAPPY_VALLEY" + id="IN_THE_HAPPY_VALLEY"></a>CHAPTER II.</h3> + + <h3>IN THE HAPPY VALLEY.</h3> + + <p>About the time that Leonhard Marten was paying for his + ticket in the dépôt at A——, how many + events were taking place elsewhere! Multitudes, multitudes + going up and down the earth perplexed, tempted, discouraged. + What were <i>you</i> doing at that hour? I wonder.</p> + + <p>Even here, at this Spenersberg, was Frederick + Loretz—with reason deemed one of the most fortunate of + the men gathered in the happy valley—asking himself, as + he walked homeward from the factory, "What is the use?"</p> + + <p>When he spied his wife on the piazza he seemed to doubt for + a second whether he should go backward or forward. Into that + second of vacillation, however, the voice of the woman + penetrated: "Husband, so early? Welcome home!"</p> + + <p>The voice decided him, and so he opened his gate, passed + along the graveled walk to the piazza steps, ascended, wiping + the perspiration from his bald head, dropped his handkerchief + into his hat and his hat upon the floor, and sat down in one of + the great wide-armed wooden chairs which visitors always found + awaiting them on the piazza.</p> + + <p>His wife, having bestowed upon him one brief glance, quickly + arose and went into the house: the next moment she came again, + bringing with her a pitcher of iced water and a goblet, which + she placed before him on a small rustic table. But a second + glance showed her that he was suffering from something besides + the heat and fatigue. There was a look on his broad honest face + that told as distinctly as color and expression could tell of + anguish, consternation, remorse. He drank from the goblet she + had filled for him, and said, without looking at his wife, "I + have brought you the worst news, Anna, that ever you heard." + She must have guessed what it was instantly, but she made + neither sign nor gesture. She could have enumerated there and + then all the sorrows of her life; but for a moment it was not + possible even for her to say that this impending affliction + was, in view of all she had endured, a light one, easy to be + borne.</p> + + <p>"It has gone against us," said Mr. Loretz, picking up his + red silk handkerchief and passing it from one hand to another, + and finally hiding his face within its ample dimensions for a + moment.</p> + + <p>"Do you mean the lot?" Her voice wavered a little. Though + she asked or refrained from asking, something had taken place + which must be made known speedily. Wherefore, then, delay the + evil knowledge?</p> + + <p>He signified by a nod that it was so.</p> + + <p>"And that is in store for our poor child!" said the + mother.</p> + + <p>Mr. Loretz was now quite broken down. He passed his + handkerchief across his face again, and this time made no + answer.</p> + + <p>Then the mother, with lips firmly compressed, and eyes bent + steadily upon the floor, and forehead crumpled somewhat, sat + and held her peace.</p> + + <p>At last the father said, in a low tone that gave to his + strong voice an awful pathos, "How can the child bear it, Anna? + for she loves Spener well—and to love <i>him</i> + well!"</p> + + <p>"Oh, father," said the wife, who had by this time sounded + the depth of this tribulation, and was already ascending, "how + did we bear it when we had to give up Gabriel, and Jacob, and + dear little Carl?"</p> + + <p>"For me," said the man, rising and looking over the piazza + rail into the gay little flower-garden beneath—"for me + all that was nothing to this."</p> + + <p>"O my boys!" the mother cried.</p> + + <p>"We know that they went home to a heavenly Parent, and to + more delight and honor than all the earth could give them," the + father said.</p> + + <p>"It rent the heart, Frederick, but into the gaping wound the + balm of Gilead was poured."</p> + + <p>"There is no man alive to be compared with Albert + Spener."</p> + + <p>"I know of one—but one."</p> + + <p>"Not one," he said with an emphasis which sternly rebuked + the ill-timed, and, as he deemed, untruthful flattery. "There + is not his like, go where you will."</p> + + <p>"Ah, how you have exalted him above all that is to be + worshiped!" sighed the good woman, putting her hands together, + and really as troubled and sympathetic, and cool and + calculating, as she seemed to be.</p> + + <p>"I tell you I have never seen his equal! Look at this place + here—hasn't he called it up out of the dust?"</p> + + <p>"Yes, yes, he did. He made it all," she said. "It must be + conceded that Albert Spener is a great man—in + Spenersberg."</p> + + <p>"How, then, can I keep back from him the best I have when he + asks for it —asks for it as if I were a king to refuse + him what he wanted if I pleased? I would give him my life!"</p> + + <p>"Ah, Frederick, you have! It isn't you that denies + now—think of that! Remind him of it. <i>Who</i> spoke by + the lot? Where are you going, husband?"</p> + + <p>Mr. Loretz had turned away from the piazza rail and picked + up his hat. His wife's question arrested him. "I—I + thought I would speak with Brother Wenck," said he, somewhat + confused by the question, and looking almost as if his sole + purpose had been to go beyond the sound of his wife's + remonstrating voice.</p> + + <p>"Husband, about this?"</p> + + <p>"Yes, Anna."</p> + + <p>"Don't go. What will he think?"</p> + + <p>"Nobody knows about it yet, except Wenck, unless he spoke to + Brother Thorn."</p> + + <p>"Oh, Frederick, what are you thinking?"</p> + + <p>"I am thinking"—he paused and looked fixedly at his + wife—"I am thinking that I have been beside myself, + Anna—crazy, out and out, and this thing can't stand."</p> + + <p>"Husband, it was our wish to learn the will of God + concerning this marriage, and we have learned it. The + Lord——"</p> + + <p>"I will go back to the factory," said Mr. Loretz, turning + quickly away from his wife. "I must see if everything is right + there before it gets darker." He had caught sight of the tall + figure of a woman at the gate when he snatched up his hat so + suddenly and interrupted his wife. Then he turned to her again: + "Is Elise within?"</p> + + <p>"No, husband: she went to the garden for twigs this + afternoon."</p> + + <p>"She had not heard?"</p> + + <p>"No. It is Sister Benigna that is coming. Must you go back?" + She poured another glass of water for her husband, and walked + down the steps with him; and coming so, out from the shade into + the sunlight, Sister Benigna was startled by their faces as + though she had seen two ghosts.</p> + + <p>Two hours later, Mr. Loretz again turned his steps homeward, + and Mr. Wenck, the minister, walked with him as far as the + gate. They had met accidentally upon the sidewalk, and Mr. + Loretz must of necessity make some allusion to the letter he + had received from the minister that day acquainting him with + the allotment which had made of him so hopeless a mourner. The + good man hesitated a moment before making response: then he + took both the hands of Loretz in his, and said in a deep, + tender voice, "Brother, the wound smarts."</p> + + <p>"I cannot bear it!" cried Loretz. "It is all my doing, and I + must have been crazy."</p> + + <p>"When in devout faith you sought to know God's will + concerning your dear child?"</p> + + <p>"I cannot talk about it," was the impatient response. "And + you cannot understand it," he continued, turning quickly upon + his companion. "You have never had a daughter, and you don't + understand Albert Spener."</p> + + <p>"I think," said the minister patiently—"I think I know + him well enough to see what the consequence will be if he + should suspect that Brother Loretz is like 'a wave of the sea, + driven with the wind and tossed.'"</p> + + <p>Yet as the minister said this his head drooped, his voice + softened, and he laid his hand on the shoulder of Mr. Loretz, + as if he would fain speak on and in a different strain. It was + evident that the distressed man did not understand him, and + reproof or counsel was more than he could now bear. He walked + on a little faster, and as he approached his gate voices from + within were heard. They were singing a duet from <i>The + Messiah</i>.</p> + + <p>"Come in," said Loretz, his face suddenly lighting up with + almost hope.</p> + + <p>Mr. Wenck seemed disposed to accept the invitation: then, as + he was about to pass through the gate, he was stayed by a + recollection apparently, for he turned back, saying, "Not + to-night, Brother Loretz. They will need all the time for + practice. Let me tell you, I admire your daughter Elise beyond + expression. I wish that Mr. Spener could hear that voice now: + it is perfectly triumphant. You are happy, sir, in having such + a daughter."</p> + + <p>As Mr. Wenck turned from the gate, Leonhard—our + Leonhard Marten—approached swiftly from the opposite side + of the street. He had been sitting under the trees half an hour + listening to the singing, and, full of enthusiasm, now + presented himself before Mr. Loretz, exclaiming, "Do tell me, + sir, what singers are these?"</p> + + <p>Mr. Loretz knew every man in Spenersberg. He looked at the + stranger, and answered dryly, "Very tolerable singers."</p> + + <p>"I should think so! I never heard anything so glorious. I am + a stranger here, sir. Can you direct me to a public-house?"</p> + + <p>To answer was easy. There was but the one inn, called the + Brethren's House, the sixth below the one before which they + were standing. It was a long house, painted white, with a deep + wide porch, where half a dozen young men probably sat smoking + at this moment. Instead of giving this direction, however, + Loretz said, after a brief consultation with himself, "I don't + know as there's another house in Spenersberg that ought to be + as open as mine. I live here, sir. How long have you been + listening?"</p> + + <p>"Not long enough," said Leonhard; and he passed through the + gate, which had been opened for the minister, and now was + opened as widely for him.</p> + + <h3><a name="HIGH_ART" + id="HIGH_ART"></a>CHAPTER III.</h3> + + <h3>HIGH ART.</h3> + + <p>The room into which Mr. Loretz conducted Leonhard seemed to + our young friend, as he glanced around it, fit for the court of + Apollo. Its proportions had obviously been assigned by some + music-loving soul. It occupied two-thirds of the lower floor of + the house, and its high ceiling was a noticeable feature. The + furniture had all been made at the factory; the floor-mats were + woven there; and one gazing around him might well have wondered + to what useful or ornamental purpose the green willows growing + everywhere in Spenersberg Valley might not be applied. The very + pictures hanging on the wall—engraved likenesses of the + great masters Mozart and Beethoven—had their frames of + well-woven willow twigs; and the rack which held the books and + sheets of music was ornamented on each side with raised wreaths + of flowers wrought by deft hands from the same pliant + material.</p> + + <p>At the piano, in the centre of the room, sat Sister + Benigna—by her side, Elise Loretz.</p> + + <p>It seemed, when Elise's father entered with the stranger, as + if there might be a suspension of the performance, but Loretz + said, "Two listeners don't signify: we promise to make no + noise. Sit down, sir: give me your bag;" and taking Leonhard's + satchel, he retired with it to a corner, where he sat down, and + with his elbows on his knees, his head between his hands, + prepared himself to listen.</p> + + <p>Sister Benigna said to her companion, "It is time we + practiced before an audience perhaps;" and they went on as if + nothing had happened.</p> + + <p>And sitting in that cool room on the eve of a scorching and + distracted day, is it any wonder that Leonhard composed himself + to accept any marvel that might present itself? Once across the + threshold of the Every-day, and there is nothing indeed for + which one should not be prepared.</p> + + <p>If in mood somewhat less enthusiastic than that of our + traveler we look in upon that little company, what shall we + see?</p> + + <p>In the first place, inevitably, Sister Benigna. But describe + a picture, will you, or the mountains, or the sea? It must have + been something for the Spenersberg folk to know that such a + woman dwelt among them, yet probably two-thirds of her + influence was unconsciously put forth and as unconsciously + received. They knew that in musical matters she inspired them + and exacted of them to the uttermost, but they did not and + could not know how much her life was worth to all of them, and + that they lived on a higher plane because of those half dozen + wonderful notes of hers, and the unflagging enthusiasm which + needed but the name of love-feast or festival to bring a light + into her lovely eyes that seemed to spread up and around her + white forehead and beautiful hair like a supernatural lustre. + There was a fire that animated her which nobody who saw its + glow or felt its warmth could question. Without that altar of + music—But why speculate on what she might have been if + she had not been what she was? That would be to consider not + Benigna, but somebody else.</p> + + <p>She was accompanying Elise through Handel's "Pastoral + Symphony." Elise began: "He is the righteous Saviour, and He + shall speak peace unto the heathen." At the first notes + Leonhard looked hastily toward the window, and if it had been a + door he would have passed out on to the piazza, that he might + there have heard, unseeing, unseen. While he sat still and + looked and listened it seemed to him as if he had been engaged + in foolish games with children all his life. He sat as it were + in the dust, scorning his own insignificance.</p> + + <p>The young girl who now sat, now stood beside her, must have + been the child of her training. For six years, indeed, they + have lived together under one roof, sharing one apartment. + Within the hour just passed, that has been said by them toward + which all the talk and all the action of the six years has + tended, and the heart of the girl lies in the hand of the + woman, and what will the woman do with it?</p> + + <p>Perhaps all that Benigna can do for Elise has to-day been + accomplished. It may be that to grow beside her now will be to + grow in the shade when shade is needed no longer, and when the + effect will be to weaken life and to deepen the spirit of + dependence. Possibly sunlight though scorching, winds though + wild, would be better for Elise now than the protecting shadow + of her friend.</p> + + <p>Looking at Elise, Leonhard feels more assured, more at home. + She has a kindly face, a lovely face, he decides, and what a + deliciously rich, smooth voice! She is rather after the willowy + order in her slender person, and when she begins to sing + "Rejoice greatly," he looks at her astonished, doubting whether + the sound can really have proceeded from her slender throat. He + is again reminded of Marion, but by nothing he hears or sees: + poor Marion has her not small reputation as a singer in + A——, yet her voice, compared with this, is as + wire—gold wire indeed—wire with a <i>color</i> of + richness at least; while Elise's is as honey itself—honey + with the flavor of the sweetest flowers in it, and, too, the + suggestion of the bee's swift, strong wing.</p> + + <p>Into the room comes at last Mrs. Loretz. It is just as Elise + takes up the final air of the symphony that she appears. She + would look upon her daughter while she sings, "Come unto Him, + all ye that labor and are heavy laden, and He shall give you + rest. Take His yoke upon you, and learn of Him," etc. Chiefly + to look upon her child she comes—to listen with her + loving, confident eyes.</p> + + <p>But on the threshold of the music-room she pauses half a + second, perceiving the stranger by the window: then she nods + pleasantly to him, which motion sets the short silvery hair on + her forehead waving, as curls would have waved there had she + only let them. She wears a cap trimmed with a blue ribbon tied + beneath her chin, and such is the order of her comely gown and + apron that it commands attention always, like a true work of + art.</p> + + <p>She sits down beside her husband, and presently, as by the + flash of a single glance indeed, has taken the weight and + measure of the gentleman opposite. She likes his appearance, + admires his fine dark face and his fine dark eyes, wonders + where he came from, what he wants, and—will he stay to + tea?</p> + + <p>Gazing at her daughter, she looks a little sad: then she + smooths her dress, straightens herself, shakes her head, and is + absorbed in the music, beating time with tiny foot and hand, + and following every strain with an intentness which draws her + brows together into a slight frown. Elise almost smiles as she + glances toward her mother: she knows where to find enthusiasm + at a white heat when it is wanted. With the final repetition, + "Ye shall find rest to your souls," the dame rises quickly, and + hastening to her daughter embraces her; then passing to the + next room, she pauses, perhaps long enough to wipe her eyes; + then the jingle of a bell is heard.</p> + + <p>At the ringing of this bell, Sister Benigna rose instantly, + saying, "Welcome sound!" Loretz also came forth from his + corner. He was about to speak to Leonhard, when Benigna took up + the trombone which was lying on the piano, and said, "I am + curious to know how many rehearsals you have had, sir. It is + time, Elise, that our trombonist reported."</p> + + <p>Loretz, casting an eye toward his daughter, said, "Never + mind Sister Benigna. Our quartette will be all right." Then he + turned to Leonhard: it was not now that he felt for the first + time the relief of the stranger's presence. "We are going to + take food," said he: "will you give me your name and come with + us?"</p> + + <p>Leonhard gave his name, and moreover his opinion that he had + trespassed too long already on the hospitality of the + house.</p> + + <p>To this remark Loretz paid no attention. "Wife," he called + out, "isn't that name down in the birthday + book—<i>Leonhard Marten?</i> I am sure of it. He was a + Herrnhuter."</p> + + <p>"Very likely, husband," was the answer from the other room. + "Will you come, good people?" The good people who heard that + voice understood just what its tone meant, and there was an + instant response.</p> + + <p>"Come in, sir," said Loretz; and the invitation admitted no + argument, for he went forward at once with a show of alacrity + sufficient to satisfy his wife. "This young man here was + looking for a public-house. They are full at the Brethren's, I + hear. I thought he could not do better than take luck with us," + he said to her by way of explanation.</p> + + <p>"He is welcome," said the wife in a prompt, business-like + tone, which was evidently her way. "Daughter!" She looked at + Elise, and Elise brought a plate, knife and fork for "this + young man," and placed them where her mother + indicated—that is, next herself. Between the mother and + daughter Leonhard therefore took refuge, as it were, from the + rather too majestic presence opposite known as Sister Benigna. + He should have felt at ease in the little circle, for not one + of them but felt the addition to their party to be a diversion + and a relief. As to Dame Anna Loretz, thoughts were passing + through her mind which might pass through the minds of others + also in the course of time should Leonhard prove to be a good + Moravian and decide to remain among them. They were thoughts + which would have sent a dubious smile around the board, + however, could they have been made known just now to Elise and + her father and Sister Benigna; and what would our young + friend—from the city evidently—have looked or said + could they have been communicated to him? Already the mind and + heart of the mother of Elise, disconcerted and distracted for + the moment by that untoward casting of the lot, had risen to a + calm survey of the situation of things; and now she was + endeavoring to reconcile herself to the prospect which + imagination presented to the eye of faith, <i>If</i> she had + perceived in the unannounced appearing of the young gentleman + who sat near her devouring with keen appetite the good fare + before him, and apologizing for his hunger with a grace which + ensured him constant renewal of vanishing dishes,—if she + had perceived in it a manifestation of the will of Providence, + she could not have smiled on Leonhard more kindly, or more + successfully have exerted herself to make him feel at home.</p> + + <p>And might not Mr. Leonhard have congratulated himself? If + there was a "great house" in Spenersberg, this was that + mansion; and if there were great people there, these certainly + were they. And to think of finding in this vale cultivators of + high art, intelligent, simple-hearted, earnest, beautiful!</p> + + <p class="author">CAROLINE CHESEBRO'.</p> + + <p class="center">[TO BE CONTINUED.]</p> + + <h2><a name="THE_IRISH_CAPITAL" + id="THE_IRISH_CAPITAL"></a>THE IRISH CAPITAL.</h2> + + <p>The metropolis of Ireland about the middle of the last + century was the fourth in Europe in point of size. Since then + it has made little progress in comparison with many others. Yet + it is a large place, covering a great area, and holding a + population which numbers some three hundred thousand souls.</p> + + <p>It may further be said that notwithstanding the withdrawal, + consequent on the Union, of the aristocratic classes from + Dublin, the city has improved more in the last fifty years than + at any previous period. Dublin, at the Union, and for some time + after, was a very dirty place indeed. To-day, although, from + that antipathy to paint common to the whole Irish + nation—which can apparently never realize the Dutch + proverb, that "paint costs nothing," or the English one, that + "a stitch in time saves nine"—much of the town looks + dingy, it is, as a whole, cleaner than almost any capital in + Europe, so far as drainage and the sanitary state of the + dwellings are concerned. And here we speak from experience, + having last year, in company with detective officers, visited + all its lowest and poorest haunts.</p> + + <p>The cause of this sanitary excellence is that matters of + this kind are placed entirely in the hands of the police, who + rigorously carry out the orders given to them on such points. + It is devoutly to be hoped that a similar system will ere long + be in vogue in the towns of our own country.</p> + + <p>The noblesse have now quite deserted the Irish capital. + Besides the lord-chancellor, there is probably not a single + peer occupying a house there to-day. Houses are excellent and + very cheap. An immense mansion in the best situation can be had + for a thousand dollars a year. The markets are capitally + supplied, and the prices are generally about one-third of those + of New York. Not a single item of living is dear. But, + notwithstanding these and many other advantages, the place has + lost popularity, has a "deadly-lively" air about it, and, it + must be admitted, is in many respects wondrously dull, + especially to those who have been used to the brisk life of a + great commercial or pleasure-loving capital.</p> + + <p>"Cornelius O'Dowd" paid a visit to Dublin in 1871 after a + long absence, and said some very pretty things about it. Never + was the company or claret better. Well, the fact was, that + while the great and lamented Cornelius was there he was + fêted and made much of. Lord Spencer gave him a dinner, + so did other magnates, and his séjour was one prolonged + feasting; but nevertheless the every-day life of the Irish + capital is awfully and wonderfully dull, as those who know it + best, and have the cream of such society as it offers, would in + strict confidence admit. From January to May there is an + attempt at a "season," during the earlier part of which the + viceroy gives a great many entertainments. These are remarkably + well done, and the smaller parties are very agreeable. But + politics intervene here, as in everything else in Ireland, to + mar considerably the brilliancy of the vice-regal court. When + the Whigs are "in" the Tory aristocracy hold off from "the + Castle," and <i>vice versâ</i>. Dublin is generally much + more brilliant under a Tory viceroy, inasmuch as nine-tenths of + the Irish peerage and landed gentry support that side of + politics. The vice-reign of the duke of Abercorn, the last + lord-lieutenant, will long be remembered as a period of + exceptional splendor in the annals of Dublin. He maintained the + dignity of the office in a style which had not been known for + half a century, and in this respect proved particularly + acceptable to people of all classes. Besides, he is a man of + magnificent presence, and has a fitting helpmate (sister of + Earl Russell) and beautiful daughters; and it was universally + admitted that the round people had got into the round holes, so + far as the duke and duchess were concerned.</p> + + <p>The lord-lieutenant's levees and drawing-rooms take place at + night, and are therefore much more cheerful than similar + ceremonials at Buckingham Palace. His Excellency kisses all the + ladies presented to him. The vice-regal salary is one hundred + thousand dollars, with allowances, but most viceroys spend a + great deal more. There are in such a poor country, where people + have no sort of qualms about asking, innumerable claims upon + their purses.</p> + + <p>The office of viceroy of Ireland is one which prime + ministers find it no easy task to fill. Just that kind of + person is wanted for the office who has no wish to hold it. A + great peer with half a million of dollars' income doesn't care + about accepting troublesome and occasionally anxious duties, + from which he, at all events, has nothing to gain. For some + time Lord Derby was in a quandary to get any one who would do + to take it, and it may be doubted whether the marquis of + Abercorn would have sacrificed himself if the glittering + prospect of a coronet all strawberry leaves (for he was created + a duke while in office) had not been held before his eyes. The + vice-regal lodge is a plain, unpretending building. It is + charmingly situated in the Phoenix Park (1760 acres), and + commands delightful views over the Wicklow Mountains. Within, + it is comfortable and commodious. The viceroy resides there + eight months in the year. He goes to "the Castle" from December + to April. The Castle is "no great thing." It is situated in the + heart of Dublin. Around it are the various government offices. + St. Patrick's Hall is a fine apartment, but certainly does not + deserve the name of magnificent, and is a very poor affair + compared with the reception-saloons of third-rate continental + princes.</p> + + <p>The Dublin season culminates, so far at least as the + vice-regal entertainments go, in the ball given here on St. + Patrick's Day (March 17). On such occasions it is <i>de + rigueur</i> to wear a court-dress. Even those who venture to + appear in the regulation trowsers admissible at a levee at St. + James's are seriously cautioned "not to do it again."</p> + + <p>Though Dublin is now deserted by the aristocracy, most of + the <i>grand-seigneur</i> mansions are still standing. Leinster + House, built about 1760, and said to have served as a model for + the "White House," was in 1815 sold by the duke to the Royal + Dublin Society. Up to 1868 the duke of + Leinster<a name="FNanchor_1_1" + id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" + class="fnanchor">[1]</a> was Ireland's only duke, and the + house is certainly a stately and appropriate ducal + residence.</p> + + <p>It must, however, be confessed that there is something + decidedly <i>triste</i> and severe about this big mansion. A + celebrated whilom tenant of it, Lord Edward Fitzgerald, + appeared to think so, for in 1791 he writes to his mother, + after his return from the bright and sunny atmosphere of + America: "I confess Leinster House does not inspire the + brightest ideas. By the by, what a melancholy house it is! You + can't conceive how much it appeared so when first we came from + Kildare. A country housemaid I brought with me cried for two + days, and said she thought that she was in a prison." It was at + Leinster House that "Lord Edward"—he is to this day + always thus known by the people of Ireland, who never think it + needful to add his surname—after having joined "the + United Irishmen," had interviews with the informer Reynolds, + who, it is believed, afterward betrayed him.</p> + + <p>Lady Sarah Napier, mother of Sir William Napier, the + well-known historian of the Peninsular War, and other eminent + sons, was aunt to Lord Edward, being sister of his mother. + These ladies were daughters of the duke of Richmond, and Lady + Sarah was remarkable as being a lady to whom George III. was + passionately attached, and whom, but for the vehement + opposition of his mother and her <i>entourage</i>, he would + have married. In a journal of this lady's I find the following + interesting account of the search for her nephew: "The separate + warrant went by a messenger, attended by the sheriff and a + party of soldiers, into Leinster House. The servants ran to + Lady Edward, who was ill, and told her. She said directly, + 'There is no help: send them up.' They asked very civilly for + her papers and for Edward's, and she gave them all. Her + apparent distress moved Major O'Kelly to tears, and their whole + conduct was proper."</p> + + <p>Lady Edward Fitzgerald (whose husband had served under Lord + Moira in America) was at Moira House on the evening of her + husband's arrest. Writing from Castletown, county Kildare, two + days after that event, Lady Louisa Connolly, Lord Edward's + aunt, says: "As soon as Edward's wound was dressed he desired + the private secretary at the Castle to write for him to Lady + Edward and tell her what had happened. The secretary carried + the note himself. Lady E. was at Moira House, and a servant of + Lady Mountcashel's came soon after to forbid Lady Edward's + servants saying anything to her that night." She continued, + after Lord E.'s death, to reside at Moira House till obliged by + an order of the privy council to retire to England, where she + became the guest of her husband's uncle, the duke of + Richmond.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" + id="FNanchor_2_2"></a> <a href="#Footnote_2_2" + class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> + + <p>Lady Moira, who so kindly befriended Lady Edward, was + unquestionably a very remarkable woman, and had considerable + influence, politically and socially, in the Dublin of her day. + Although an Englishwoman, she became in some respects <i>ipsis + Hibernis Hibernior,</i> and for a very long period prior to her + death never quitted the soil of Ireland. Had the Irish + aristocracy generally been of the complexion of those who + assembled in the more intimate reunions at Moira House, the + history of that country during the past century would have been + a widely different one. The members of that brilliant circle + were thorough anti-Unionists, and Lord Moira and his + sons-in-law, the earls of Granard and Mountcashel, proved that + they were not to be conciliated by bribes, either in money or + honors, by entering their formal protest against that measure + on the books of the Irish House of Lords.</p> + + <p>When the delegates on behalf of Catholic claims came to + London in 1792, it was this enlightened Irish nobleman who + received them, and who, in the event of the minister declining + to admit them, intended as a peer to have claimed an audience + of the king. Lord Moira both in the English and Irish Houses of + Peers denounced the oppressive measures of the government, and + his opposition gave so much offence that the English general + Lake was reported to hayer declared that if a town in the North + was to be burnt, they had best begin with Lord Moira's, causing + him so much apprehension that he removed his collection, which + was of extraordinary value, from his seat, Moira Hall, in the + county Down, to England.</p> + + <p>The celebrated John Wesley visited Lady Moira at Moira House + in 1775, "and was surprised to observe, though not a more + grand, a far more elegant room than he had ever seen in + England. It was an octagon, about twenty feet square, and + fifteen or sixteen high, having one window (the sides of it + inlaid throughout with mother-of-pearl) reaching from the top + of the room to the bottom: the ceiling, sides and furniture of + the room were equally elegant." It was here that two of the + greatest members of their respective legislatures—Charles + Fox and Henry Grattan—first met in 1777, and Moira House + continued to be the scene of splendid entertainments up to the + death of the first Lord Moira, in 1793. Wesley concludes his + letter about Moira House by asking, "Must this too pass away + like a dream?" Whether like a dream or no, it certainly has + been signally the fate of this whilom proud mansion to pass + from the highest to the very humblest almost at a bound. For + some years after Lady Moira's death (in 1808) the house was + kept up by the family, but in 1826 it was let to an + anti-mendicity society. The upper story was removed, the + mansion was stripped throughout of its splendid + decorations—some of the furniture is now at Castle + Forbes, the seat of the earl of Granard, Lady Moira's + great-grandson, a worthy descendant—and the saloons which + were wont to be thronged with the most brilliant and splendid + society of the Irish metropolis in its heyday are now the abode + of perhaps the very poorest outcasts who are to be found in the + whole wide world.</p> + + <p>The district in which Moira House stands has long ceased to + be fashionable. The mansion stands close to the Liffey, a few + yards back from the road. An elderly man who has charge of the + mendicity institution for whose purposes the house is at + present used, told me that he remembered it when kept up by the + family, although its members were not actually residing there. + What is now a fearfully dreary courtyard, where the outcasts of + Dublin disport themselves, was then, he said, a fine garden + with splendid mulberry trees, which he, being a favorite with + the gardener, was permitted to climb—a circumstance which + had naturally impressed itself on his childish memory. I told + him that I had heard that long after the difficulties of the + first marquis—who lent one hundred thousand pounds to + George the Magnificent when that glorious prince was at the + last gasp for <i>£ s. d</i>.—had compelled him to + part with his large estates; in the county Down, he had + retained possession of this mansion, and that it had even + descended to the last marquis, whose wild career concluded when + he was only six-and-twenty; but the old man thought it had + passed from them long before. He remembered, he said, the last + peer (with whom the title became extinct) coming to Dublin, + because he had an interview with him about some furniture for + his yacht, my informant being at that time in business, and he + thought he should have heard if the property had been still + retained. I asked if the marquis had exhibited any interest as + to the old historical mansion of his family. "Not the + slightest," he replied.</p> + + <p>Hardy, in his well-known life of Lord Charlemont, says: "His + (Lord Moira's) house will be long, very long, remembered: it + was for many years the seat of refined hospitality, of good + nature and of good conversation. In doing the honors of it, + Lord Moira had certainly one advantage above most men, for he + had every assistance that true magnificence, the nobleness of + manners peculiar to exalted birth, and talents for society the + most cultivated, could give him in his illustrious + countess."</p> + + <p>Powerscourt House, a really noble mansion in St. Andrew + street, is now used by a great wholesale firm, but is so little + altered that it could be fitted for a private residence again + in a very brief time. The staircase is grand in proportion, and + the steps and balustrades are of polished mahogany, the last + being richly carved.</p> + + <p>Tyrone House is now the Education Office, and Mornington + House, where Wellington's father resided, and where or at + Dangan—for it is a doubtful point—the duke was + born, is also used for government purposes.</p> + + <p>The great squares of Dublin are St. Stephen's Green, + Rutland, Mountjoy, Merrion and Fitzwilliam Squares. The first + of these dates from the latter half of the seventeenth century, + and is probably in a far more prosperous condition now than it + ever was before. If we are to judge by Whitelaw's history, it + presented in 1819 an aspect such as no public square out of + Dublin—the enclosure of Leicester Square, London, + excepted—could present. "Of that kind of architectural + beauty," he says, "which arises from symmetry and regularity, + here are no traces." Some houses were on a level with the + streets, others were approached by a grand <i>perron</i>. The + proprietors were of all degrees: here was the great house of a + lord, there a miserable dramshop. The enclosure consisted of no + less than thirteen acres, making Stephen's Green the largest + public square in Europe. It was simply a great treeless field, + with an equestrian statue of George II. stuck in the middle of + it. The principal entrance to the ground is described as + "decorated with four piers of black stone crowned with globes + of mountain granite, once respectable, but exhibiting shameful + symptoms of neglect and decay." There had been a gravel walk + called the "Beaux' Walk," from its having been a fashionable + resort, "but," says Whitelaw, "the ditch which bounds it is now + usually filled with stagnant water, which seems to be the + appropriate receptacle of animal bodies in a disgusting state + of putrefaction." At night this charming recreation-ground was + illumined by twenty-six lamps, at a distance of one hundred and + seventy feet from each other, stuck on wooden poles. Such an + account of the grand square of Dublin does not make one + surprised to learn that the main approach to it from the heart + of the city was of a very miserable description.</p> + + <p>In reading Whitelaw's history of Dublin it is impossible not + to be struck with the fact that it records a degree of neglect + and indifference on the part of the people and the local + authorities to beauty, decency and order such as could scarcely + be found in another country. In the centre of Merrion Square + was a fountain of very ambitious expense and design, erected to + the honor of the duke and duchess of Rutland, a lord and lady + lieutenant. The fountain was only finished in 1791, but "from a + fault in the foundation, or some shameful negligence in the + construction, is already cracked and bulged in several places; + and though intended as a monument to perpetuate the memory of + an illustrious nobleman and his heroic father (the famous Lord + Granby), is, after an existence of only sixteen years, + tottering to its fall." Mr. Whitelaw continues: "Unhappily, + <i>a savage barbarism that seems hostile to every idea of order + or decency, of beauty and elegance, prevails among but too many + of the lower orders</i>; and hence the decorations of almost + every public fountain have been destroyed or disfigured: the + figure, shamefully mutilated, of the water-nymph in this + fountain has been reduced to a disgusting trunk, and the + <i>alto relievo</i> over it shows equal symptoms of decay, + arising partly from violence, and partly, perhaps, from the + perishable nature of the materials." Truly a forcible picture + of art and the appreciation thereof in Ireland!</p> + + <p>During the last century some Italians came to Dublin, who + left their mark upon the interior decorations of rich men's + houses. Many of the old houses retain the beautiful + mantelpieces designed and executed by these accomplished + artists. A leading house-fitter of Dublin has, however, bought + up a good many, and they are finding their way to London, where + it is to be hoped they may produce a revolution in taste, for + London mantelpieces are, as a rule, hideous. Some of these + specimens of art have been bought by wealthy Irishmen and + transferred to their country-houses. One nobleman, Lord + Langford, whose ancestral home was wrecked in the rebellion of + 1798, has lately been restoring it, and bought up many of the + Dublin mantelpieces.</p> + + <p>The ornamentation of Belvedere House, in Gardener Row, is + particularly elaborate and in wonderfully good repair.</p> + + <p>Irish family history contains few sadder stories than that + of the first countess of Belvedere. Lord Belvedere was a man of + fashion who much frequented St. James's, and indeed owed his + elevation, first to a barony and then to an earldom, to the + favor of that highly uninteresting monarch, George II. Leaving + his wife sometimes for long periods at Gaulston, a vast and + dreary residence (since pulled down) in Westmeath, he betook + himself to London, and Lady Belvedere at such times lived much + with her husband's brother, Mr. Arthur Rochfort, and his + family. It is said that some woman with whom Lord Belvedere had + long been connected was determined to make mischief between him + and his wife. Eight years after their marriage, Lady Belvedere + was accused of adultery with Mr. Rochfort: in an action of + <i>crim. con.</i> damages to the extent of twenty thousand + pounds were given, and the defendant was obliged to fly the + country. For many years he lived abroad, but at length ventured + to return, when his brother caused him to be arrested, and he + died in confinement, protesting to the last, as did Lady + Belvedere, his innocence. For Lady Belvedere a terrible + punishment for her alleged misdeeds was in store. Her husband + quitted Gaulston for a cheerful retreat in another part of the + county, and henceforth that gloomy mansion became the + prison-house of the unhappy countess.</p> + + <p>When her imprisonment commenced Lady Belvedere was + twenty-five. For eighteen years she remained a prisoner. Her + husband often visited Gaulston, but uniformly avoided all + personal communication with her. Once she succeeded in speaking + to him, but her entreaties were in vain, and thenceforward, + whenever he was about the grounds at Gaulston, the attendant + accompanying Lady Belvedere in her walks was instructed to ring + a bell to give warning of her approach. At length, after twelve + years of captivity, Lady Belvedere contrived to escape, but + Lord Belvedere, who had been apprised of the fact, reached her + father's house in Dublin before her, and she found that his + representations had weighed so strongly with Lord + Molesworth—who had married a second time—that + orders had been given that she was not to be admitted. She then + took a very unfortunate step by repairing to the house of her + friends, the wife and family of the brother-in-law with whom + she had been accused of being guilty of misconduct, Mr. + Rochfort himself being in exile. She was presently seized and + reconveyed to Gaulston, where a much more rigorous treatment + was henceforth pursued toward her. At length her husband's + death set her free.</p> + + <p>Lady Belvedere passed the rest of her days in peace and + comfort at the house of her daughter and son-in-law, Lord and + Lady Lanesborough. She did not long survive her husband, and on + her deathbed, after partaking of the holy communion, affirmed + with a most solemn oath her perfect innocence of the crime for + which she had suffered so much.</p> + + <p>But perhaps in many respects Charlemont House has the most + interesting recollections connected with it of all the + <i>grand-seigneur</i> mansions of the Irish metropolis. It was + here that the first earl of Charlemont, the best specimen of a + nobleman that Ireland has to boast of, passed the greater + portion of his later life. Lord Charlemont's name is to be + found in all the memoirs of eminent political and literary men + of his time. He was the friend of Burke and Johnson, a popular + member of <i>the</i> club, and a munificent patron of + literature and art. But more than all this, he stuck bravely to + his country, and to no man in Ireland did the Stopford motto, + <i>Patriæ infelici fidelis</i>, more correctly apply. Had + more of his order been like him, what a different country might + Ireland have been!</p> + + <p>I found Charlemont House full of painters and glaziers. The + mansion, which was retained <i>in statu quo</i> by the late + earl, although, for fifty years no member of the family had + slept there, has now been sold to the government, and is being + prepared for the accommodation of the survey department. The + mouldings of the beautiful ceilings are still extant in some of + the rooms, although what once was gilt is now white-wash. The + library is much as it was, minus the very valuable collection + of books, which were sold some time since by the present earl, + and fetched a large sum, albeit many of the most valuable were + destroyed in a fire which broke out at the auctioneer's where + they were deposited in London.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" + id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" + class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> + + <p>With his friend Edmund Burke, Lord Charlemont maintained a + close correspondence. One of Burke's published letters relates + to an American gentleman, Mr. Shippen, whom he was introducing + to the hospitalities of Charlemont House, and whom he describes + as very agreeable, sensible and accomplished. "America and we," + he concludes, "are not under the same crown, but if we are + united by mutual good-will and reciprocal good offices, perhaps + it may do almost as well. Mr. Shippen will give you no + unfavorable specimen of the New World."</p> + + <p>From the middle of the last century Henrietta + street,<a name="FNanchor_4_4" + id="FNanchor_4_4"></a> <a href="#Footnote_4_4" + class="fnanchor">[4]</a> on the north bank of the Liffey, + was the residence of many of the leading members of the + aristocracy. The street is a <i>cul-de-sac</i>, with the + King's Inn (the Temple and Lincoln's Inn of Dublin) at the + farther end. The houses are extremely spacious and richly + ornamented; in fact, far finer in point of proportion and + design than ordinary London houses of the first class.</p> + + <p>Through the politeness of a gentleman who possesses half the + street, I went over some of the houses, which are extremely + spacious, and contain beautifully-proportioned rooms richly + ornamented with carving and moulding. In what was formerly + Mountjoy House I found a dining-room whose cornices and + ceilings were of the most elegant design and execution. This + house had seen many curious scenes. It was formerly the + town-house of the earl of Blessington—whose second title + was Viscount Mountjoy—to whom the whole street belonged. + The founder of this family, Luke Gardiner, rose from a humble + origin by energy and intrigue, and his son married the heiress + of the Mountjoys. It was occupied up to 1830 by the last earl + of Blessington, husband of the celebrated literary star. Soon + after their marriage Lady Blessington accompanied her husband + to Ireland, and he invited some of his friends who were + ignorant of the event to dine at his house in Henrietta street. + These latter were somewhat startled when he entered the room + with a beautiful woman leaning on his arm whom he introduced as + his wife. Among the guests was a gentleman who had been in that + room only four years before, when the walls were hung with + black, and in the centre, on an elevated platform, was placed a + coffin with a gorgeous velvet pall, with the remains in it of a + woman once scarcely surpassed in loveliness by the lady then + present in bridal costume. This was the first Lady + Blessington.</p> + + <p>The last of the Irish noblesse in this street was Lady + Harriet, widow of the Right Hon. Denis Bowes-Daly, on whom + Grattan passed such warm eulogies, and who was the original of + Lever's happiest creation, <i>The Knight of Gwynne</i>.</p> + + <p>It has been a frequent subject of conjecture why the Phoenix + Park was so called. The best explanation seems to be that on a + site within its boundaries there formerly stood, close to a + remarkable spring of water, an ancient manor-house. The manor + was called Fionn-uisge, pronounced <i>finniské</i>, + which signifies clear or fair water, and this term easily + became corrupted into Phoenix. The land became Crown property + in 1559, and was made into a park in 1662. It was immensely + improved and put into its present shape by the earl of + Chesterfield, author of the <i>Letters</i>—one of the + best viceroys Ireland ever had—about 1743. The area is + seventeen hundred and sixty acres. With the exception of + Windsor and our own Fairmount, no public park in the world can + compare with it. The ground undulates charmingly, the views are + extensive and beautiful.</p> + + <p>Grouped around the Phoenix Park are many beautiful seats: + the finest is Woodlands. This belonged formerly to the + Luttrells, a notorious family, the head of which was raised to + the Irish peerage as earl of Carhampton. It was with a Lord + Carhampton that his son declined to fight a duel, not at all + because he was his father, but because he "did not consider him + a gentleman." Early in the century, Woodlands, then known as + Luttrellstown, became the property of Luke White, one of the + most remarkable men that Ireland has produced. In 1778, Luke + White was in the habit of buying cheap odds and ends of + literature from a bookseller, named Warren, in Belfast to + peddle about the country. In 1798 he loaned the Irish + government, then in great difficulty, a million of pounds! Mr. + Warren, who found him very punctual and exact, used to permit + him to leave his pack behind his counter and call for it in the + morning. No one would then have dreamed that the greasy bag was + to lead to such results. By degrees, White scraped together + some means. He used to take odd volumes to a binder in Belfast + and employ him to get the "vol." at the beginning and end of an + odd volume erased, so as to pass it off among the unwary as a + perfect book, and generally furbish it up. Then he used to sell + his literary wares by auction in the streets of Belfast. The + knowledge he thus acquired of public sales procured him a + clerkship with a Dublin auctioneer. He opened first a + book-stall, and then a regular book-shop, in Dawson street, a + leading thoroughfare of Dublin. There he became eminent. He + sold lottery-tickets, speculated in the funds and contracted + for government loans. In 1798, when the rebellion broke out, + the Irish government was desperately in need of funds. They + came into the Dublin market for a loan of a million, and the + best terms they could get were from Luke White, who offered to + take it at sixty-five pounds per one hundred pound share at + five per cent.—not unremunerative terms.</p> + + <p>At the time of his death, in 1824, he had long been M.P. for + Leitrim, and his son was member for the county of Dublin. He + left property worth a hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars + a year. Eventually almost the whole of it devolved on his + fourth son, who some years ago was created a peer of the United + Kingdom as Lord Annaly.</p> + + <p>The family has probably spent more than a million and a half + of dollars on elections. It has always been on the Liberal + side. The present peer has property in about a dozen counties, + and is lord-lieutenant of Langford, whilst his younger son + holds the same high office in Clare.</p> + + <p>The University of Dublin consists of a single + college—Trinity. This edifice forms a prominent feature + in the Irish metropolis. It stands in College Green, almost + opposite to the Bank of Ireland, the former legislative + chambers. Since the Union, Trinity College has been but little + resorted to by men of the upper ranks of Irish society, + although it has certainly contributed some very eminent men to + the public service—notably, the late unfortunate + governor-general, Lord Mayo, and Lord Cairns, + ex-lord-chancellor of England. Trinity is one of the largest + owners of real estate in the country. The fellowships are far + better than those of the English universities. The provost, who + occupies a large and stately mansion, has a separate estate + worth some fifteen thousand dollars a year, which he manages + himself.</p> + + <p>Trinity has a very fine library. It is one of the five which + by an act of Parliament has a right to demand from the + publisher a copy of every work published. The origin of the + library is quite unique. It dates from a benefaction by the + victorious English army after its defeat of the Spaniards at + Kinsale in 1603, when they devoted one thousand eight hundred + pounds—a sum equivalent to five times that money at + present rates—to establish a library in the university, + being, it may be presumed, instigated by some eminent + personage, who suggested that such a course would be acceptable + to the queen, who had founded the university.</p> + + <p>Dr. Chaloner and Mr. (afterward Archbishop) Ussher were + appointed trustees of this donation; "and," says Dr. Parr, "it + is somewhat remarkable that at this time, when the said persons + were in London about laying out this money in books, they there + met Sir Thomas Bodley, then buying books for his newly-erected + library in Oxford; so that there began a correspondence between + them upon this occasion, helping each other to procure the + choicest and best books on moral subjects that could be gotten; + so that the famous Bodleian Library at Oxford and that of + Dublin began together."</p> + + <p>The private collection of Ussher himself, consisting of ten + thousand volumes, was the first considerable donation which the + library received, and for this also, curiously enough, it was + again indebted to the English army. In 1640, Ussher left + Ireland. The insurgents soon after destroyed all his effects + with the exception of his books, which were secured and sent to + London. In 1642—when the troubles between King and + Parliament had broken out—Ussher was nominated one of the + Westminster Assembly of Divines, but having offended the + parliamentary authorities by refusing to attend, his library + was confiscated as that of a delinquent by order of the House + of Commons. However, his friend, the celebrated John Selden, + got leave to buy the books, as though for himself, but really + to restore them to Ussher. Narrow circumstances subsequently + caused him to leave the library to his daughter, instead of to + Trinity. Cardinal Mazarin and the king of Denmark made offers + for it, but Cromwell interfered to prevent their acceptance. + Soon after, the officers and, soldiers of Cromwell's army then + in Ireland, wishing to emulate those of Elizabeth, purchased + the whole library, together with all the archbishop's very + valuable manuscripts and a choice collection of coins, for the + purpose of presenting them to the college. But when these + articles were brought over to Ireland, Cromwell refused to + permit the intentions of the donors to be carried into effect, + alleging that he intended to found a new college, in which the + collection might more conveniently be preserved separate from + all other books. The library was therefore deposited in Dublin + Castle, and so neglected that a great number of valuable books + and manuscripts were stolen or destroyed. At the Restoration, + Charles II. ordered that what remained of the primate's library + should be given to the university, as originally intended.</p> + + <p>One of the most extraordinary persons who ever occupied the + position of provost, or indeed any position, was John Hely + Hutchinson. He was a man of great ability, and perfectly + determined to succeed, without being troubled with any very + tiresome qualms as to the means he employed in the process. + Such an officeholder as this man the world probably never saw. + He was at the same time reversionary principal secretary of + state for Ireland, a privy councilor, M.P. for Cork, provost of + Trinity College, Dublin, major of the fourth regiment of horse, + and searcher of the port of Strangford. When he was appointed + provost—a situation always filled since the foundation by + a bachelor—there was great indignation amongst the + fellows, and to appease them he ultimately procured a decree + permitting them to marry—a privilege which they, unlike + their brethren at Oxford and Cambridge, enjoy to this day. His + position as provost did not prevent his righting a duel with a + Mr. Doyle, but neither was hurt. Mr. Hutchinson had a great + dislike to a Mr. Shrewbridge, one of the junior fellows, who + had shown opposition to him. Mr. Shrewbridge died, and the + under—graduates attributed his death to the provost's + having refused him permission to go away for change of air. A + thoroughly Hiber-man <i>émeute</i> was the consequence. + The provost ordered that the great bell, which usually tolls + for a fellow, should not toll, and that the body should be + privately buried at six A.M. in the fellows' burial-ground. The + students immediately posted up placards that the great bell + <i>should</i> toll, and that the funeral should be by + torchlight. They carried the point. Almost all the students + attended the corpse to the grave in scarfs and hatbands at + their own expense, and when the funeral oration was pronounced + they flew in wild excitement to the provost's house, burst open + his doors and smashed the furniture to pieces. The provost had + a hint given him, and with his family had retreated to his + house near Dublin. It was subsequently stated on good authority + that Mr. Shrewbridge could not in any case have recovered.</p> + + <p>Any one who takes an interest in the most original + writer—not to say, man—of the eighteenth century + will not fail to find his way to "the Liberties," as that queer + district is called which surrounds St. Patrick's Cathedral. + Some years ago the present writer made his way into the great + deserted deanery—the then dean resided in another part of + the city—got the old woman in charge of the house to open + the shutters of the dining-room, and gazed at the original + portrait of Jonathan Swift, which hangs there an heirloom to + his successors. Of the precincts of his cathedral he writes to + Pope: "I am lord-mayor of one hundred and twenty + houses,<a name="FNanchor_5_5" + id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" + class="fnanchor">[5]</a> I am absolute lord of the greatest + cathedral in the kingdom, and am at peace with the + neighboring princes—<i>i.e.</i>, the lord-mayor of the + city and the archbishop of Dublin—but the latter + sometimes attempts encroachments on my dominions, as old + Lewis did in Lorraine."</p> + + <p>Again, he writes to Dr. Sheridan: "No soul has broken his + neck or is hanged or married; only Cancerina is + dead.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" + id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" + class="fnanchor">[6]</a> I let her go to her grave without a + coffin and without fees."</p> + + <p>St. Patrick's, which was, in a deplorable state during + Swift's deanship, and indeed for a century after, is now + restored to its original magnificence. Indeed, it may be + doubted whether it is not in a condition superior to what it + ever was. This superb work has been effected entirely by the + princely munificence of the Guinness family, the great + <i>stout</i> brewers of Dublin; and Mr. Roe, a wealthy + distiller, is now engaged in the work of restoring Christ + Church, the other Protestant cathedral.</p> + + <p>I paid a visit to the Bank of Ireland, the edifice on which + the hopes of so many patriotic Irishmen have been centred, + insomuch as it is the old Parliament-house. The elderly + official who conducted us over the building took us first + through the bank-note manufacturing rooms, where we espied in a + corner a queer wooden figure draped in a queerer uniform. + Demanding its history, he said that the clothes had belonged to + an old servant of the establishment, and were discovered after + his decease a few years ago. Formerly the Bank of Ireland was + guarded by a special corps of its own, and the ancient + retainer, who had been a member of this very commercial + regiment, was proud of it, and had kept his dress as a + cherished memorial. When George IV. came to Ireland, on his + celebrated popularity-hunt, in 1821—previous to which no + English monarch had visited Ireland since William III.—he + graciously condescended to give the bank a military guard, + which has since been continued. On the day I went I found a + number of soldiers of the Scots Fusileer Guards occupying the + guard-room. The officer on duty receives an allowance of two + dollars and a half for his dinner. At the Bank of England he + gets instead a dinner for himself and a friend, and a couple of + bottles of wine.</p> + + <p>The interior of the Parliament-house is almost the same as + when Ireland had her own separate legislature. The House of + Lords is in precisely the condition in which it was left in + 1801. It is a large oak-paneled, oblong chamber of no + particular beauty, and might very well pass for the dining-hall + of a London guild. There is a handsome fireplace, and the walls + are in great part covered with two fine pieces of tapestry + representing the battle of the Boyne and the siege of Derry, + King William, "of glorious, pious and immortal," etc., being of + course the most conspicuous object in the foreground. The + attendant stated that a special clause in the lease of the + buildings, to the Bank of Ireland Company stipulated that the + House of Lords was to remain <i>in statu quo</i>. Perhaps it + may return some of these days to its former use. The House of + Commons, a large stone hall of stately dimensions, is now the + cash-office of the bank. There seemed nothing about it + architecturally to call for special notice. I mooted the + probability of the Parliament being restored, but found, rather + to my surprise, that the attendant was by no means disposed to + regard such a step with unqualified approval. It would be a + blessing if the country was fit to govern itself, he said, or + words to that effect, but looking at the religious dissension + and political bitterness existing in the country, he feared + that it wouldn't do yet a while; and I suspect he's right. + Ireland is a house divided against itself: fifty years hence it + may resemble Scotland. Meanwhile, there is no doubt whatever + that a measure giving both Ireland and Scotland something in + the nature of State legislatures would find favor with many + English M.P.s, who greatly grudge having the valuable time of + the imperial legislature wasted over a gas-bill in Tipperary or + a water-works scheme for Dundee. The bank seemed to me to be + guarded with extraordinary care. I went all over the roof, on + which a guard is mounted at night. At "coigns of vantage" there + is a bullet-proof palisading, with peepholes through which a + volley of musketry might be poured. I should fancy that extra + precautions have probably been taken since the Fenian + <i>émeutes</i> of the last ten years.</p> + + <p>Dublin swarms with soldiers, constabulary and police. The + metropolitan police is divided into six divisions, each two + hundred strong. Its men are, I believe, beyond a doubt the very + finest in the world in point of physique. Numbers of them are + six feet two or three inches high, and they are broad and + athletic in proportion. Indeed, the magnificence of some of + them who are detached for duty at certain "great confluences of + human existence" is such that you see strangers standing and + gaping at the giants in sheer amazement. The metropolitan + police is quite distinct from the constabulary, and under a + different chief.</p> + + <p>Outside the bank, in College Green, is the celebrated statue + of William III. Its location has been more than once changed, + and it is now placed where the officer on guard at the bank can + keep an eye upon it. This fearful object, which would make a + Pradier or Chantrey shudder, is painted and gilt annually. It + has long served as a bone of contention between Protestant and + Papist, and has come off very badly several times at the hands + of the latter—a circumstance which probably accounts for + one of the horse's legs being about a foot longer than the + rest—half of that limb having been renewed after it had + been lost in one of the many free fights in which this + remarkable quadruped has seen service. The greatest proprietor + of real estate in Dublin is the young earl of Pembroke, son of + the late Right Hon. Sidney Herbert, so well known in connection + with the Crimean war, who was created, shortly before his + death, Lord Herbert of Lea. His estate, which is the most + valuable in Ireland, comprises Merrion Square and all the most + fashionable part of the Irish metropolis, and extends for + several miles along the railway line running from Kingstown, + the landing-place from England, to the capital. The property + also includes Mount Merrion, a neglected seat about four miles + from the city. This mansion, which might easily be made + delightful, commands a charming view over the lovely bay, and + is surrounded by a small but picturesque park containing deer. + It was, with the rest of Lord Pembroke's estate, formerly the + property of Viscount Fitzwilliam, who founded the Fitzwilliam + Museum in the University of Cambridge.</p> + + <p>Lord Fitzwilliam was a somewhat eccentric person. His + nearest relation had displeased him by some very trivial + offence, such as coming down late for dinner, so he determined + to leave his estate to his distant cousin, Lord Pembroke. + Falling ill, Lord Fitzwilliam, desired that Lord Pembroke might + be summoned from London. Word came back that it was + unfortunately impossible for him to leave England immediately. + Presently news arrived from Dublin that Lord Fitzwilliam was + dead, and had bequeathed all—the property is now three + hundred and fifty thousand dollars a year—to Lord + Pembroke, with remainder to his second son. By the death of the + late Lord Pembroke the English and Irish properties have become + united, and are to-day worth not less than six hundred thousand + dollars a year! It is this young nobleman who has lately + written <i>The Earl and The Doctor</i>.</p> + + <p class="author">REGINALD WYNFORD.</p> + + <div class="footnotes"> + <h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + + <div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_1_1" + id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label"> + [1]</span></a> The Fitzgeralds, of which family the + duke of Leinster is chief, became Protestant in 1611, + when George, sixteenth earl of Kildare, coming to the + title and estates when eight years old, was given in + ward, according to the custom of the time, to the duke + of Lenox (then lord privy seal), who bred him a + Protestant.</p> + </div> + + <div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_2_2" + id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label"> + [2]</span></a> In June, 1798, the corpse of Lord Edward + Fitzgerald was conveyed from the jail of Newgate and + entombed in St. Werburgh's church, Dublin, until the + times would admit of their being removed to the family + vault at Kildare. "A guard," says his brother, "was to + have attended at Newgate the night of my poor brother's + burial, in order to provide against all interruption + from the different guards and patrols in the streets: + it never arrived, which caused the funeral to be + several times stopped on its way, so that the funeral + did not take place until nearly two in the morning, and + the people attending were obliged to stay in church + until a pass could be procured to permit them to go + out."</p> + </div> + + <div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_3_3" + id="Footnote_3_3"></a> + <a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> + Lord Charlemont had a seat called Marino, + beautifully situated within a few miles of Dublin. + There is within the grounds an exquisite building + erected from designs of Sir William Chambers. It is + a small villa, in its arrangements suggesting a + <i>maison de joie</i>. The furniture is just as it + was, and although sadly out of repair, the visitor + can easily judge how exquisite the place must once + have been. There is a superb mantelpiece, richly + mounted in bronze and inlaid with lapis lazuli.</p> + </div> + + <div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_4_4" + id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label"> + [4]</span></a> The occupants of Henrietta street in + 1784 included—the primate (Lord Rokeby); the earl + of Shannon; Hon. Dr. Maxwell, bishop of Meath; the + bishop of Kilmore; the bishop of Clogher; Right Hon. + Luke Gardiner, M.P.; Viscount Kingsborough; Right Hon. + D. Bowes-Daly, M.P.; Sir E. Crofton, Bart.</p> + + <p>Twenty years later, Dublin was nearly deserted by + the aristocracy on account of the Union. Up to that + time nearly all the peers, except those really English, + seem to have had residences in Dublin. In 1844, Lords + Longford, De Vesci and Monck were the only peers who + had houses there.</p> + </div> + + <div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_5_5" + id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label"> + [5]</span></a> The precincts, including a portion of + the Liberties, were then entirely under the + jurisdiction of the dean of St. Patrick's.</p> + </div> + + <div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_6_6" + id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label"> + [6]</span></a> It was a part of the grim and ghastly + humor of this extraordinary man,</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Who left what little wealth he had</p> + + <p>To found a home for fools or mad,</p> + + <p>And prove by one satiric touch</p> + + <p>No nation wanted it so much,"</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>to give nicknames, of which Cancerina was one, to + the poor old wretches he met in his walks, to whom he + gave charity.</p> + + <p>Amongst Cancerina's sisters in misery were + Stompanympha, Pullagowna, Friterilla, Stumphantha.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <h2><a name="THE_MAESTROS_CONFESSION" + id="THE_MAESTROS_CONFESSION"></a>THE MAESTRO'S + CONFESSION.</h2> + + <h3>(ANDREA DAL CASTAGNO—1460.)</h3> + + <h3>I.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i4">Threescore and ten!</p> + + <p class="i6">I wish it were all to live again.</p> + + <p class="i4">Doesn't the Scripture somewhere say,</p> + + <p class="i4">By reason of strength men oft-times + may</p> + + <p class="i6">Even reach fourscore? Alack! who + knows?</p> + + <p class="i4">Ten sweet, long years of life! I would + paint</p> + + <p class="i4">Our Lady and many and many a saint,</p> + + <p class="i6">And thereby win my soul's repose.</p> + + <p class="i4">Yet, Fra Bernardo, you shake your + head:</p> + + <p class="i12">Has the leech once said</p> + + <p class="i12">I must die? But he</p> + + <p class="i4">Is only a fallible man, you see:</p> + + <p class="i4">Now, if it had been our father the + pope,</p> + + <p class="i4">I should <i>know</i> there was then no + hope.</p> + + <p class="i4">Were only I sure of a few kind years</p> + + <p class="i4">More to be merry in, then my fears</p> + + <p class="i4">I'd slip for a while, and turn and + smile</p> + + <p class="i4">At their hated reckonings: whence the + need</p> + + <p class="i4">Of squaring accounts for word and + deed</p> + + <p class="i4">Till the lease is up?... How? hear I + right?</p> + + <p class="i4">No, no! You could not have said, + <i>To-night</i>!</p> + </div> + </div> + + <h3>II.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12">Ah, well! ah, well!</p> + + <p class="i4">"Confess"—you tell me—"and be + forgiven."</p> + + <p class="i4">Is there no easier path to heaven?</p> + + <p class="i6">Santa Maria! how can I tell</p> + + <p class="i4">What, now for a score of years and + more,</p> + + <p class="i6">I've buried away in my heart so deep</p> + + <p class="i4">That, howso tired I've been, I've + kept</p> + + <p class="i4">Eyes waking when near me another + slept,</p> + + <p class="i6">Lest I might mutter it in my sleep?</p> + + <p class="i6">And now at the last to blab it clear!</p> + + <p class="i4">How the women will shrink from my + pictures! And worse</p> + + <p class="i4">Will the men do—spit on my name, + and curse;</p> + + <p class="i6">But then up in heaven I shall not + hear.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12">I faint! I faint!</p> + + <p class="i4">Quick, Fra Bernardo! The figure + stands</p> + + <p class="i6">There in the niche—my patron + saint:</p> + + <p class="i4">Put it within my trembling hands</p> + + <p class="i6">Till they are steadier. So!</p> + + <p class="i12">My brain</p> + + <p class="i4">Whirled and grew dizzy with sudden + pain,</p> + + <p class="i4">Trying to p that gulf of years,</p> + + <p class="i4">Fronting again those long laid fears.</p> + + <p class="i4"><i>Confess</i>? Why, yes, if I must, I + must.</p> + + <p class="i4">Now good Sant' Andrea be my trust!</p> + + <p class="i4">But fill me first, from that crystal + flask,</p> + + <p class="i4">Strong wine to strengthen me for my + task.</p> + + <p class="i4">(That thing is a gem of + craftsmanship:</p> + + <p class="i4">Just mark how its curvings fit the + lip.)</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i4">Ah, you, in your dreamy, tranquil + life,</p> + + <p class="i4">How can <i>you</i> fathom the rage and + strife,</p> + + <p class="i4">The blinding envy, the burning smart,</p> + + <p class="i4">That, worm-like, gnaws the Maestro's + heart</p> + + <p class="i4">When he sees another snatch the prize</p> + + <p class="i4">Out from under his very eyes,</p> + + <p class="i6">For which he would barter his soul? You + see</p> + + <p class="i4">I taught him his art from first to + last:</p> + + <p class="i6">Whatever he was he owed to me.</p> + + <p class="i4">And then to be browbeat, overpassed,</p> + + <p class="i4">Stealthily jeered behind the hand!</p> + + <p class="i4">Why that was more than a saint could + stand;</p> + + <p class="i4">And I was no saint. And if my soul,</p> + + <p class="i4">With a pride like Lucifer's, mocked + control,</p> + + <p class="i4">And goaded me on to madness, till</p> + + <p class="i4">I lost all measure of good or ill,</p> + + <p class="i4">Whose gift was it, pray? Oh, many a + day</p> + + <p class="i4">I've cursed it, yet whose is the blame, I + say?</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i4"><i>His name</i>? How strange that you + question so,</p> + + <p class="i4">When I'm sure I have told it o'er and + o'er,</p> + + <p class="i4">And why should you care to hear it + more?</p> + </div> + </div> + + <h3>III.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i4">Well, as I was saying, Domenico</p> + + <p class="i4">Was wont of my skill to make such + light,</p> + + <p class="i4">That, seeing him go on a certain + night</p> + + <p class="i4">Out with his lute, I followed. Hot</p> + + <p class="i4">From a war of words, I heeded not</p> + + <p class="i6">Whither I went, till I heard him + twang</p> + + <p class="i4">A madrigal under the lattice where</p> + + <p class="i6">Only the night before <i>I</i> sang.</p> + + <p class="i4">—A double robbery! and I swear</p> + + <p class="i4">'Twas overmuch for the flesh to bear.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i4"><i>Don't ask me</i>. I knew not what I + did,</p> + + <p class="i4">But I hastened home with my rapier + hid</p> + + <p class="i4">Under my cloak, and the blade was + wet.</p> + + <p class="i6">Just open that cabinet there and see</p> + + <p class="i4">The strange red rustiness on it yet.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i4">A calm that was dead as dead could be</p> + + <p class="i4">Numbed me: I seized my chalks to + trace—</p> + + <p class="i4">What think you?—<i>Judas Iscariot's + face</i>!</p> + + <p class="i4">I just had finished the scowl, no + more,</p> + + <p class="i4">When the shuffle of feet drew near my + door</p> + + <p class="i6">(We lived together, you know I said):</p> + + <p class="i4">Then wide they flung it, and on the + floor</p> + + <p class="i6">Laid down Domenico—dead!</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i4">Back swam my senses: a sickening pain</p> + + <p class="i4">Tingled like lightning through my + brain,</p> + + <p class="i4">And ere the spasm of fear was broke,</p> + + <p class="i4">The men who had borne him homeward + spoke</p> + + <p class="i4">Soothingly: "Some assassin's knife</p> + + <p class="i4">Had taken the innocent artist's + life—</p> + + <p class="i4">Wherefore, 'twere hard to say: all + men</p> + + <p class="i4">Were prone to have troubles now and + then</p> + + <p class="i4">The world knew naught of. Toward his + friend</p> + + <p class="i4">Florence stood waiting to extend</p> + + <p class="i4">Tenderest dole." Then came my tears,</p> + + <p class="i4">And I've been sorry these twenty + years.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i4">Now, Fra Bernardo, you have my sin:</p> + + <p class="i4">Do you think Saint Peter will let me + in?</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="center">MARGARET J. PRESTON.</p> + + <h2><a name="MONSIEUR_FOURNIERS_EXPERIMENT" + id="MONSIEUR_FOURNIERS_EXPERIMENT"></a>MONSIEUR FOURNIER'S + EXPERIMENT.</h2> + + <p class="center">"<i>La transfusion parait avoir eu quelque + succes dans ces derniers temps</i>."</p> + + <p>A dejected man, M. le docteur Maurice Fournier locked the + door of his physiological laboratory in the Place de + l'École de Médecine, and walked away toward his + rooms in the rue Rossini. At two-and-thirty, rich, brilliant, + an ambitious graduate of l'École de Médecine, an + enthusiastic pupil of Claude Bernard's, a devoted lover of + science, and above all of physiology, yesterday he was without + a care save to make his name great among the great names of + science—to win for himself a place in the foremost rank + of the followers of that mistress whom only he loved and + worshiped. To-day a word had swept away all his fondest hopes. + Trousseau, the keenest observer in all Paris, formerly his + father's friend, now no less his own, had kindly but firmly + called his attention to himself, and to the malady that had so + imperceptibly and insidiously fastened itself upon him that + until the moment he never dreamed of its approach. He had been + too full of his work to think of himself. In any other case he + would scarcely have dared to dispute the opinion of the highest + medical authority in Europe; nevertheless in his own he began + to argue the matter: "But, my dear doctor, I am well."</p> + + <p>"No, my friend, you are not. You are thin and pale, and I + noticed the other night, when you came late to the meeting of + the Institute, that your breathing was quick and labored, and + that the reading of your excellent paper was frequently + interrupted by a short cough."</p> + + <p>"That was nothing. I was hurried and excited, and I have + been keeping myself too closely to my work. A run to Dunkerque, + a week of rest and sea-air, will make all right again."</p> + + <p>But the great man shook his head gravely: "Not weeks, but + years, of a different life are needed. You must give up the + laboratory altogether if you want to live. Remember your + mother's fate and your father's early death—think of the + deadly blight that fell so soon upon the rare beauty of your + sister. Some day you will realize your danger: realize it now, + in time. Close your laboratory, lock up your library, say adieu + to Paris, and lead the life of a traveler, an Arab, a Tartar. + For the present cease to dream of the future: strength is + better than a professorship in the College of France, and + health more than the cross of the Legion of Honor."</p> + + <p>Fournier was at first surprised and incredulous: he became + convinced, then alarmed. After some thought he was horribly + dejected. At such a time an Englishman becomes stolid, a German + gives up utterly, an American begins to live fast, since he may + not live long; but he, being a Frenchman and a Parisian, had + alternations—first, the idea of suicide, which means + sleep; second, reaction, which is hopefulness.</p> + + <p>He chose to react, and did it promptly. A little time, and + the rooms in the Place de l'École de Médecine, + opposite the bookseller's, displayed a card stuck on the + entrance-door with red wafers, "<i>à louer</i>," the + hammer of the auctioneer knocked down the comfortable furniture + of the apartments in the rue Rossini, while that of the + carpenter nailed up the well-beloved books in stout boxes, and + the places that had known M. le docteur knew him no more. None + but those who have experienced the pleasures of a life devoted + to scientific research can understand how hard all this was to + him. The fulfillment of long-cherished desires, the completion + of elaborate systematic investigations, the realization of pet + theories, the establishment of new principles,—all, all + abandoned after so much toil and care. To struggle painfully + through a desert toward some beautiful height, which, at first + dimly seen, has grown clearer and clearer and always more + splendid as he advances, and now at its very foot to be turned + back by a gloomy stream in whose depths lurks death itself; to + reach out his hand to the golden truth, fruit of much winnowing + of human knowledge, and as he grasps the precious grains to be + borne back by a grim spectre whose very breath is horrible with + the noisome odors of the tomb; to choose an arduous life, and + learn to love it because it has high aims, and then to give it + up at once and utterly!—alas, poor Fournier!</p> + + <p>"Nevertheless," he said as he turned his back on Paris, + "even idle wanderings are better than dying of + consumption."</p> + + <p>Behold the student of science a wanderer—sailing his + yacht among the islands of the Mediterranean; making long + journeys through the wild mountain-regions and lovely valleys + of untraveled Spain; stemming the historic current of the Nile; + among the nomad tribes, in Arab costume riding an Arabian mare, + as wild an Arab as the wildest of them; killing tigers in + India, tending stock in Australia, chasing buffaloes in Western + America,—everywhere avoiding civilization and courting + Nature and the company of men who either by birth or adoption + were the children of Nature. By day the winds of heaven kissed + his cheeks and the sun bronzed them: at night he often fell + asleep wondering at the star-worlds that gemmed the only canopy + over his welcome blanket-couch.</p> + + <p>His treatment of consumption was certainly a rational one, + and perhaps the only one that is ever wholly successful. But, + alas! few can take so costly a prescription.</p> + + <p>How often had his studies led him to dissect the bodies of + animals that had died in their dens in the Jardin des Plantes! + Often in the first generation of cage-life, almost always in + the second, invariably in the third, they grow dull, listless, + the fire goes out of their eyes, the litheness out of their + limbs: they forget to eat, they cough, and soon they die. Of + what? Consumption. Once our fathers were wild and lived in the + open air: they scarcely ever died, as we do, of consumption. + Crowded cities, bad drainage, overwork, want of healthful + exercise, stimulating food, dissipation,—these are human + cage-life. If a man is threatened with consumption, let him go + back to the plains and forests before it is too late.</p> + + <p>Certainly the treatment benefited Fournier. By and by it did + more—it cured him. The cough was forgotten, the cheeks + filled out, the muscles became hard as bundles of steel wire, + his strength was prodigious: he ate his food with a relish + unknown in Paris, and slept like a child.</p> + + <p>Nevertheless, his mind, trained to habits of thought and + observation, was not idle. When a city was his home he had been + a physiologist and had studied <i>man</i>: he made the world + his dwelling-place, and wandering among the nations he became + an ethnologist and began to study <i>men</i>.</p> + + <p>A distinguished professor, writing of the influence of + climate upon man, for the sake of illustration supposes the + case of a human being whose life should be prolonged through + many ages, and who should pass that life in journeying slowly + from the arctic regions southward through the varying climates + of the earth to the eternal winter of the antarctic zone. + Always preserving his personal identity, this traveler would + undergo remarkable changes in form, feature and complexion, in + habits and modes of life, and in mental and moral attributes. + Though he might have been perfectly white at first, his skin + would pass through every degree of darkness until he reached + the equator, when it would be black. Proceeding onward, he + would gradually become fairer, and on reaching the end of his + journey he would again be pale. His intellectual powers would + vary also, and with them the shape of his skull. His forehead, + low and retreating, would by degrees assume a nobler form as he + advanced to more genial climes, the facial angle reaching its + maximum in the temperate zone, only to gradually diminish as he + journeyed toward the torrid, and to again exhibit under the + equator its original base development. As he continued his + journey toward the south pole he would undergo a second time + this series of progressing and retrograding changes, until at + length, as he laid his weary bones to rest in some icy cave in + the drear antarctics,</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Multum ille et terris jactatus et alto,</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>he would be in every respect, save in age and a ripe + experience, the same as at the outset of his wanderings.</p> + + <p>Extravagant as this illustration may appear, the professor + goes on to say, philosophically, on the doctrine of the unity + of the human race, it is not so; for what else than such an + imaginary prolonged individual life is the life of the race? + And what greater changes have occurred to our imaginary + traveler than have actually befallen the human family?</p> + + <p>The facts are patent. Under the equator is found the negro, + in the temperate zones the Indo-European, and toward the pole + the Lapp and Esquimaux. They are as different as the climates + in which they dwell; nevertheless, history, philology, the + common traditions of the race, revelation, point to their + brotherhood.</p> + + <p>How is it that climate can bring about such modifications in + man? Is it possible that the sun, shining upon his face and his + children's faces for ages, can make their skin dark, and their + hair crisp and curly, and their foreheads low? Or that sunshine + and shadow, spring-time and autumn, summer's showers beating + upon him and winter's snows falling about his path, can make + him fair and free? Or that the dreary night and cheerless day + of many changeless arctic years can make him short and fat and + stolid as a seal? Surely not. These avail much; but other + influences, indirect and obscure in their workings, but not the + less essentially climatic, are required. Food, raiment, + shelter, occupation, amusement, influences that tell upon the + very citadel and stronghold of life—and all in their very + nature climatic, since they are controlled and modified by + climate—are the means by which such changes are effected. + The savage living in the open air, not trammeled with much + clothing, anointing his skin with oil, eating uncooked food, + delighting in the chase and in battle, and living thus because + his surroundings indicate it, becomes swart and athletic, + fierce, cunning and cruel—takes ethnologically the lowest + place. Of literature, science, art, he knows nothing: for him + will is justice, fear law, some miserable fetich God. Still, in + his nature lie dormant all the capabilities of the noblest + manhood, awaiting only favorable surroundings to call them into + glorious being. It might shock the salt of the earth to reflect + that some centuries of life among them and their fair + descendants would make him like them.</p> + + <p>The arctic savage clad in furs and eating blubber does not + differ essentially from his brother of the tropics. So much of + his food is necessarily converted into heat that he cannot + afford to lead so active a life; but he also, like him of the + tropics, partakes with his surroundings in color. The one, + living amid snowclad scenery, where the sparse vegetation is + gray and grayish-green, and the birds and animals almost as + white as the snow over which they wander, is pale, etiolated. + The other, under a vertical sun, surrounded by a lush and lusty + growth, whose flowers for variety and intensity of color are + beyond description, and in which birds of brightest plumage and + black and tawny beasts make their home, has the most marked + supply of pigment—is dark-hued, black, in short a negro. + Between these two extremes is the typical man, fair of face, + with expanded brow and wavy hair, well fed, well clad, well + housed, wresting from Nature her hidden things and making her + mightiest forces the workers of his will; heaping together + knowledge, cherishing art, reverencing justice, worshiping God. + How startling the contrast between brothers!</p> + + <p>Such changes do not take place in a few generations. For + their completion hundreds, perhaps thousands, of years must + elapse. The descendants of the blacks who were carried from + Africa to America as slaves two centuries and a half ago, save + where their color has been modified by a mixed parentage, are + still black. Already the influence of new climatic surroundings + and of association has wrought great changes upon them: they + are no longer savages. But their complexion is as dark as that + of their kidnapped forefathers. Their original physical + condition remains almost unaltered, and with it many mental + characteristics: their love of display and of bright colors, + their fondness for tune and the power of music to move them, + their weird and fantastic belief in ghosts and spirits, in + signs, omens and charms, and many other traits, still bear + witness to their savage origin. But even these are fading away, + and these men are slowly but not the less surely becoming + civilized and <i>white</i>.</p> + + <p>The point of departure for every structural change in a + living organism lies in the apparatus by which nutrition is + maintained; and this in the higher classes is the blood. Most + complex and wonderful of fluids, it contains in unexplained and + inscrutable combination salts of iron, lime, soda and potassa, + with water, oil, albumen, paraglobulin and fibrinogen, which + united form fibrine—in fact, at times, some part of + everything we eat and all that goes to form our bodies, which + it everywhere permeates, vitalizes and sustains. Borne in + countless numbers in its ever-ebbing and returning streams are + little disks, flattened, bi-concave, not larger in man than + one-three-thousandth of an inch in diameter, called red + corpuscles, whose part it is to carry from the lungs to the + tissues pure oxygen, without which the fire called life cannot + be sustained, and back from the tissues to the lungs carbonic + acid, one of the products of that fire; and larger, yet + marvelously small, bodies called leucocytes or white + corpuscles, whose precise origin and use to this day, in spite + of all the labor that has been spent upon their study, remain + unknown. But that which makes the blood wonderful above all + other fluids is its vitality. Our common expression, "life's + blood," is no idle phrase. The blood is indeed the very throne + of life. If its springs are pure and bountiful, if its currents + flow strong and free, muscle, bone and brain grow in symmetry + and power, and there is cunning to devise and the strong right + arm to execute. But if it be thin and poor, and its circulation + feeble and uncertain, the will flags, the mind is weak and + vacillating, the muscles grow puny, and the man becomes an + unresisting prey to disease and circumstance. If it escape + through a wound, strength ebbs with it, until at length life + itself flows out with the unchecked crimson stream. Thus, then, + by acting upon the blood, climate has wrought and is working + such changes upon man. But why are constantly-acting causes so + slow in producing their effects? How is it that countless + generations must pass away before purely climatic causes, + potent as they are, begin to manifest themselves in physical + changes in the races of men exposed to them?</p> + + <p>Fournier, physiologist, as I have said, by the education of + the schools, but by the broader education of his travels + sociologist and ethnologist, devoted himself again to science, + and framed this hypothesis: <i>Climatic influences, acting upon + man, bring about physical changes exceedingly slowly, because + they are resisted by an inveterate habit of assimilation. This + habit pertains either to the blood or the tissues, possibly to + both, probably to the blood alone</i>.</p> + + <p>To establish an hypothesis experiment is necessary. + Physiology is a science of experiment. Hence the frequent + uncertainty of its results, since no two observers conduct an + experiment in exactly the same manner—certainly no two + ever institute it under precisely the same conditions. + Nevertheless, let us not decry science. Out of much searching + after truth comes the finding of truth—after long groping + in darkness one comes upon a ray of light.</p> + + <p>An experiment was necessary. To the ingenious mind of + Fournier an elaborate one occurred. If he could perform it, not + only would his hypothesis be established and confirmed beyond + all cavil, but a, field of scientific research also be opened + such as was yet undreamed of. However, for this experiment + subjects were needed. Brutes, beasts of the field? Not so: that + were easy to achieve. Human beings, two living, healthy men, + one white, one black, were the requirements. Impossible! The + experiment could never be performed: its requirements were + unattainable. O tempora! O mores! Alas, for the degeneracy of + the age! In the days of the Roman emperors men were fed, + literally fed, to wild beasts in the arena—Gauls, + Scythians, Nubians, even Roman freedmen when barbarians were + scarce. This to amuse the populace alone. Frightful waste of + life! In India, a thousand lives thrown away in a day under the + wheels of Juggernaut; in Europe, tens of thousands to gratify + the imperious wills of grasping monarchs; in America, hundreds + to sate the greed of railroad corporations. And now not two men + to be had for an experiment of untold value to science, that + would scarcely endanger life in one of them, and in the other + would necessitate only the merest scratch! To what are we + coming? No one complains that tattooed heads are going out of + fashion—that the king of the Cannibal Isles no longer + flatters a ship's master by inquiring which head of all his + subjects is ornamented most to his fancy, and the next day + sending him that head as a souvenir of his visit to the + anthropophagic shores. It is well that the custom is dead. But + is there not danger of drifting too far even toward the shore + of compassion? May it not be that there is something wrong with + the bowels of mercy when criminals are executed barbarously, + while science needs their lives, or at least an insight into + the method of their dying; when precise examination of the + manner of nerve and blood supply to the organs of a + superannuated horse is heavily finable; when charitable but + perchance too enthusiastic societies for the prevention of + cruelty to animals push their earnestness even to interference + with scientific researches, because, forsooth! they jeopardize + the lives of rabbits, guinea-pigs and dogs? The legend <i>Cave + canem</i> bears a deeper meaning now than it did in the inlaid + pavements of Pompeian vestibules. We dare not trample it under + foot.</p> + + <p>Five years passed, and with restored health back came the + old desires in redoubled force. Fournier longed to return to + civilization and to work. The life that had been so delightful + while it did him good became utterly unbearable when he had + reaped its full benefit. I am tempted to quote a line about + Europe and Cathay, but refrain: it will recur to the reader. He + burned to renew the labors he had abandoned, to take up again + the work he had laid down to do battle with disease, now that + disease was vanquished. Thus the year 1863 found him in the + city of Charleston, homeward bound in his journey around the + world.</p> + + <p>While still in the wilds west of the Mississippi he could + have shaped his course northward and readily proceeded directly + by steamer from New York to Europe. But a determined purpose + led him to choose a different course, though he was well aware + that it would involve indefinite delay in reaching Paris, and + great personal risk. The life he had been leading made him + think lightly of danger, and years would be well spent if he + could accomplish the plans that induced him to go into the + disorganized country of the South.</p> + + <p>He straightway connected himself with the army as surgeon, + and solicited a place at the front. He wanted active service. + In this he was disappointed. Charleston, blockaded and + beseiged, was in a state of military inaction. Save the + occasional exchange of shot and shell at long range between the + works on shore and those which the Unionists had erected and + held upon the neighboring islands and marshes, nothing was + done, and for nearly a year Fournier experienced the + irksomeness of routine duty in a wretchedly arranged and + appointed military hospital. Nevertheless, the time was not + wholly wasted. From a planter fleeing from the anarchy of civil + war he procured a native African slave, one of the shipload + brought over a few years before in the Wanderer, the last + slave-ship that put into an American harbor. This man he made + his body-servant and kept always near him, partly to study him, + but chiefly to secure his complete mental and moral thraldom. + An almost unqualified savage, Fournier avoided systematiclly + everything that would tend to civilize him. He taught him many + things that were convenient in his higher mode of life, and + taught him well, but of the great principles of civilization he + strove to keep him in ignorance; and more, he so confused and + distorted the few gleams of light that had reached that + darkened soul that they made its gloom only the more hideous + and profound. He wanted a man altogether savage, mentally, + morally and physically. Instead of teaching him English or + French, he learned from him many words of his own rude native + tongue, and communicated with him as much as possible in that + alone, aided by gesture, in which, like all Frenchmen, he + possessed marvelous facility of expression. In the unexplored + back-country of Africa the negro had been a prince, and + Fournier bade him look forward to the time when he would return + and rule. He always addressed him by his African name and title + in his own tongue. He took him into the wards of his hospital, + and taught him to be useful at surgical operations and to care + for the instruments, that he might become familiar with them + and with the sight of blood, which at first maddened him. Once + he gave him a drug that made his head throb, and then bled him, + with almost instant relief. He affected an interest in the + amulets which hung at his neck, and besought him to give him + one to wear. He committed to his care, with expressions of the + greatest solicitude, a strong box, brass bound and carefully + locked, which he told him contained his god, a most potent and + cruel deity, who would, however, when it pleased him, give back + the life of a dead man for <i>blood</i>. This box contained a + silver cup, with a thermometer fixed in its side; a glass + syringe holding about a third of a pint; a large curved needle + perforated in its length like a tube, sharp at one end, at the + other expanded to fit accurately the nozzle of the syringe; a + little strainer also fitting the syringe; and last, a small + bundle of wires with a handle like an egg-beater.</p> + + <p>For the rest, this savage was crooked, ill-shapen and + hideous. His skin was as black as night; his head small, the + face immensely disproportionate to the cranium; his jaws + massive and armed with glittering white teeth filed to points; + his cheeks full, his nose flat, his eyes little, deep-set, + restless, wicked. The usage he received from his new master was + so different from his former experience with white men, and so + in accord with his own undisciplined nature, that it called + forth all the sympathies of his character. He soon loved the + Frenchman with an intensity of affection almost + incomprehensible. It is no exaggeration to say that he would + have willingly laid down his life to gratify his master's + slightest wish. The latter's knowledge was to him so + comprehensive, his power so boundless and his will so imperious + and inflexible, that he feared and worshiped him as a god.</p> + + <p>Fournier looked upon his monster with satisfaction, and + longed for a battle. His wish was at last gratified. On the + Fourth of July, 1864, an engagement took place three miles + north-west of Legaréville, near the North Edisto River. + A force of Union soldiery had been assembled from the Sea + Islands and from Florida, massed on Seabrook Island, and pushed + thence up into South Carolina. The object of this expedition + was unknown; indeed, as nothing whatever was accomplished, the + strategy of it remains to this day unexplained. However, + forewarned is forearmed. Every movement was watched and + reported by the rebel scouts; all the troops that could be + spared from Charleston were sent out to oppose the invaders; + roads were obstructed; bridges were destroyed, batteries + erected in strong positions, everything prepared to impede + their progress. Our story needs not that we should dwell upon + the sufferings of the Union soldiers on that futile expedition, + from the narrow, dusty roads, the frequent scarcity of water, + the intense heat. With infinite fatigue and peril they advanced + only five or six miles in a day's march. Many died of + sunstroke, and many fell by the way utterly exhausted. There + was occasional skirmishing; but one actual battle. To that the + troops gave the name of "the battle of Bloody Bridge." Picture + a slightly undulating country covered with thick low forest; a + narrow road that by an open plank bridge crosses a wide, + sluggish stream with marshy banks, and curves beyond abruptly + to the right to avoid a low, steep hill facing the bridge; + crowning this hill an earth-work, rude to be sure, but steep, + sodded, almost impregnable to men without artillery to play + upon it; within, two cannon, for which there is plenty of + ammunition, and six hundred Confederate soldiers, fresh, eager, + determined; on the road in front of the battery, but just out + of range of its guns, the Union forces halting under arms, the + leaders anxious and discouraged, the men exhausted, careworn, + wondering what is to be done next, heartily sick of it all, yet + willing to do their best; in the thicket on both sides the + road, not sheltered, only covered, within pistol-shot of the + enemy, six hundred United States soldiers, a Massachusetts + colored regiment, one of the first recruited, without cannon, + over-marched, overheated, a forlorn hope, <i>sent forward to + take the battery</i>! These men, stealthily assembling there + among the trees and bushes, are ready. Not one of them carries + a pound of superfluous weight. Their rifles with fixed + bayonets, a handful of cartridges, a canteen of water, are + enough. They wear flannel shirts and blue trowsers; numbers are + bareheaded, some have cut off the sleeves of their shirts: they + know there is work before them. Many kneel in prayer; comrades + exchange messages to loved ones at home, and give each other + little keepsakes—the rings they wore or brier pipes + carved over with the names of coast battles; + others—perhaps they have no loved ones—look to the + locks of their pieces and await impatiently the signal to + advance. The officers—white men, most of them Boston + society fellows, old Harvard boys who once thought a six-mile + pull or a long innings at cricket on a hot day hard work, and + knew no more of military tactics than the Lancers—move + about among them, speaking to this one and to that one, calling + each by name, jesting quietly with one, encouraging another, + praising a third, endeavoring to inspire in all a hope which + they dare not feel themselves.</p> + + <p>But hark! The signal to move. Quickly they form in the road, + and with a shout advance at a run, their dusky faces glistening + in that summer sun and their manly hearts beating bravely in + the very jaws of death. Now the bridge trembles beneath their + steady tread: the foremost are at the hill, yet no sign of life + in the battery. Only the smooth green bank, the wretched flag + in the distance, and those guns charged with death looking + grimly down upon them and waiting. On they come, nearer and + nearer, and now some are on the hill and begin to climb the + steep that forms the defence, slowly and with difficulty, using + at times their rifles as aids like alpenstocks. Not a word is + spoken. It is hard to understand how so many men can move with + so little noise. The silence is that which precedes all + dreadful noises. It is ominous, terrible. Scarcely twenty feet + more, and the foremost will reach the rampart. Haste! haste! + The day is won!</p> + + <p>Suddenly a figure in gray leaps upon the breastwork: he + waves his sword, utters a short quick word of command, and + disappears. It is enough. The sleeping battery awakes. The + silence becomes hideous uproar. The smooth green line of the + sod against the sky is lined with marksmen, and in an instant + fringed with fire. Then the cannon bellow and the breezeless + air is dense with smoke. The attacking column hesitates, + trembles, makes a useless effort to advance, and then falls + back beyond the bridge. The officers endeavor to rally their + men and renew the attack at once, but in vain: flesh and blood + cannot stand in such a storm. Nevertheless, the brave + fellows—God bless their memory!—halt at length, and + form and charge once more. And so again and again and again; + every time in vain and with new losses, until at last they + cannot rally, but retreat, broken and bleeding, to the main + body of the expedition, carrying with them such of the wounded + and dead as they can snatch from under the fire of the rebel + riflemen. Such was the battle of Bloody Bridge, and well was it + named. Five times that gallant regiment charged the battery, + and when the smoke of battle cleared away the sun shone down + upon a piteous sight—blood dyeing the green of that + sodded escarp—blood in great clots upon the rocks and + stumps of the rugged hill below—blood poured plenteously + upon the dusty road, making it horrible with purple + mire—blood staining the bridge and gathering in little + pools upon the planks, and dripping slowly down through the + cracks between them into the sluggish stream, where it floated + with the water in great red clouds, toward which creatures + dwelling in slimy depths below came up lazily, but when they + tasted it became furious and fought among themselves like + demons—blood drying in hideous networks and arabesques + upon the railing of the bridge—blood upon the fences, + blood upon the trembling leaves of the bushes by the + wayside—blood everywhere! And everywhere the upturned + faces and torn bodies of men who had dared to do their duty and + to die: side by side the white, who led and the black who + followed—all set and motionless, but all wearing the same + expression of brave but hopeless determination. That was a + brave charge at Balaklava, but, trust me, there have been + Balaklavas that are yet unsung.</p> + + <p>So the expedition went back, and its brigades were + redistributed to the Sea Islands and to Florida; but why it was + ever sent out, and why that regiment was sent forward to take + the battery without artillery and without reinforcements, God, + who knoweth all things, only knows. And God alone knows why + there must be wars and rumors of wars, and why men made in his + image must tear each other like maddened beasts.</p> + + <p>In this battle, heavy as the losses were, the Confederates + took but one prisoner. At the third charge a tall, + broad-shouldered captain, who seemed, like another son of + Thetis, almost invulnerable, darted impetuously ahead of his + men and reached the summit of the defence. Useless bravery! In + an instant a volley point blank swept away the charging men + behind him, and a gunner's sabrethrust bore him to the ground + within the works, where he lay stunned and bleeding beside the + gun he had striven so hard to take. The man who had captured + him, wild with excitement and maddened with the powder that + blackened him and the hot blood which jetted upon him, sprang + down, spat upon him, spurned him with his foot, and would have + dashed out his brains with the heavy hilt of his clubbed sword + had not a strong hand grasped his uplifted wrist.</p> + + <p>It was Fournier, who had watched the battle with an interest + as intense as that of the most ardent Southerner in the + battery, though widely different in character. His interest was + that of the naturalist who stands by eager and curious to see a + rustic entrap some <i>rara avis</i> that he desires to study, + to use for his experiment. Better for the bird: it can suffer + and die. Afterward what matter whether it stand neatly stuffed + and mounted, a voiceless worshiper, in some glass mausoleum, or + slowly moulder in a fence corner until its feathers are wafted + far and wide, and only a little tuft of greener grass remains + to its memory? As our naturalist's game was nobler and destined + for more important study, so it was capable of lifelong + suffering more subtle and intense. Perhaps Fournier had not + fully considered, in his eagerness to prove his hypothesis, the + dangers to the subjects of his experiment. Perhaps his mind was + so intent upon the physical aspect of the questions that he had + overlooked some of the intellectual and moral elements involved + in the problem, and did not realize the enormities that would + result should he succeed. On the other hand, perhaps he saw + them, realized them fully, and was the more deeply fascinated + with the research because of its leading into such gloomy and + mysterious regions of speculation. Let us do him justice. + Science was his god, and this idolater was willing to endure + any labor and privation and to assume any responsibility in her + service. Would that more who worship a greater God were as + devoted!</p> + + <p>He was a physiologist, and was simply engaged in an + experimental investigation, yet in its progress he had already + uncivilized a man whose eyes were beginning dimly to see the + truth, had poisoned his mind with lies, and had hurled him into + depths of Plutonian ignorance inconceivably more profound than + his original estate; and now he was about to debase another + fellow-creature of his own race, to tamper with his manhood, to + confuse his identity, to render him among his own kindred and + people perhaps tabooed, ostracised, despised—perhaps an + object of pity. If he should succeed? Surely he had not come + thus near success to suffer his splendid Yankee captain to be + brained there before his eyes. Like a hawk he had watched every + incident of the fight, and was on the alert to act the part of + surgeon toward any who might be either wounded in the battery + or taken prisoner. He had even resolved, in case of the capture + of the place, to represent his peculiar position to the United + States officer in command, and to beg of him permission to make + his experiment upon a wounded rebel.</p> + + <p>The gunner turned fiercely upon him, but dropped his arm and + sheathed his sabre at his question, and then walked back to his + gun abashed, for he was, after all, a brave and chivalrous + man.</p> + + <p>Fournier simply asked: "Do Confederate soldiers + <i>murder</i> prisoners of war?" And added, "He is a wounded + man—leave him to me."</p> + + <p>Then he knelt down beside him and examined his wound, and + though he strove to be calm he trembled with excitement as he + tore open the blue blouse and felt the warm blood welling over + his fingers. It was a simple wound through the fleshy part of + the shoulder: a strand of saddler's silk and a few strips of + sticking-plaster would have sufficed to dress it, but the + Frenchman smiled when he wiped away the clots and saw the blood + spurting from two or three small divided arteries.</p> + + <p>Then he called his African, and they carried the wounded man + back to a tent, and laid him on a bed of moss and cypress + boughs, and left him there to bleed, while he went out into the + air, and walked about, and tossed his hat and shouted with + excitement like a madman. But the battle raged, and the gunners + charged their guns and fired, and charged and fired again, and + the men along the breastwork grew furious with the slaughter + and the fiery draughts they took from their canteens through + lips blackened with powder and defiled with grease and shreds + of cartridge-paper; and no one noticed the doctor's mad conduct + nor the savage standing guard before the tent; nor did any + other save those two in the whole battery—no, not even + the gunner who had captured him—give a thought to the + prisoner who lay bleeding there, until the battle was over.</p> + + <p>And this prisoner, what of him? Any one, looking upon him as + he lay upon the cypress boughs, would have known him to be + thoroughbred. Everything about him proclaimed it. His face, + manly but gentle, his figure, great in stature and strength, + yet graceful in outline like a Grecian god, the very dress and + accoutrements he wore, which were neat, strong, expensive, but + without ornament, showed him to be a gentleman. And Robert + Shirley was a gentleman. Probably no man in all the States + could have been found who would have presented a greater + contrast to the man standing guard outside the tent than this + man who lay within it; and for that reason none who would have + been so welcome to Fournier. As the one was a pure savage, the + other was the realization of the most illustrious + enlightenment; the one fierce, cunning, undisciplined, the + other gentle, frank, considerate; as the one was hideous, + ill-formed and black as night, so the other was radiant with + manly beauty and fair as the morning. Each among his own people + sprang from noble stock; the one a prince, the other the + descendant of the purest Puritan race, which knew among its own + divines and judges brave captains, and farther back a governor + of the colony. But the guard and his people were at the foot of + the scale, the guarded at the top. The blood flowing out upon + the cypress bed was the best blood of America. It was blue + blood and brave blood. Generation after generation it had + flowed in the veins of fair women and noble men, and had never + known dishonor. Yet Fournier let it flow. More, he was + delighted that it continued to flow.</p> + + <p>Presently, however, he sobered down, and began to prepare + for his work. He placed a large caldron of water over a fire; + he brought basins, towels and his case of surgical instruments, + and placed them in the, tent, and with them the case which he + had taught the African to believe contained his god. While thus + busied he did not neglect the subject of his experiment. His + watchful eye noted everything—the mass, of clots growing + like a great crimson fungus under the wounded shoulder, the + deadly pallor, the dark circles forming around the sunken eyes, + the blanched lips, the transparent nostrils, the slow, deep + respiration. From time to time he felt the wounded man's pulse + and counted it carefully. <i>Ninety</i>—he went out again + into the open air; <i>one hundred</i>—"The loss of blood + tells," he muttered, and began to rearrange his appliances and + busy himself uneasily with them; <i>one hundred and thirty + beats to the minute</i> —"He is failing too fast: I must + stop this bleeding" said the experimenter. Then he cleansed the + wound, and tied the arteries, and bound it up. But the loss of + blood had been so great that the heart fluttered wildly and + feebly in its efforts to contract upon its diminished contents, + and Fournier, anxious, and pale himself almost as his victim, + trembled when his finger felt in vain for the bleeding artery + and caught only a faint tremulous thrill, so feeble that he + scarcely knew whether the heart was beating at all or not. In + terror he threw the ends of the little tent and fanned him, and + moistened his lips, and gave him brandy, and hastened to begin + the experiment for which he had waited so long and for which + both subjects were at last ready.</p> + + <p>He told his savage that the Yankee was dying, but that he + had communed with his god, who would let him live if blood was + given in return. Then he reminded him of the time when he lost + blood, and that it had done him no harm. The African, trained + for this duty with so much care, did not fail him, but bared + his arm and gave the blood. The god was brought forth and + caught it, and the sacrifice began. As the silver, bowl floated + in a basin of water so warm that the thermometer in its side + marked ninety-eight degrees of Fahrenheit, Fournier stirred the + blood flowing into it quickly with the bundle of wires, to + collect the fibrine and prevent the formation of clots; he then + drew it into the syringe through the strainer, and forced it + through the perforated needle, which he had previously thrust + into a large vein in Shirley's arm, carefully avoiding the + introduction of the slightest bubble of air. Time after time he + filled his syringe and emptied it into the veins of the wounded + man, until at length he saw signs of reaction. The color came, + the breathing became more natural, the pulse became slower, + fuller, regular. By and by he moved, sighed, opened his eyes + and spoke.</p> + + <p>He asked a question: "What has happened?"</p> + + <p>While he had been lying there much had happened. Life and + death had battled over him, and life had triumphed. When he + recovered from the effects of his fall and found himself + bleeding, he tried to rise and stanch the flow, but, already + exhausted, he fell back almost fainting from the effort. He + called repeatedly for help, but his only reply was the hideous + face of his guard, silently leering at him for a moment, then + disappearing without a word, At last it occurred to him that he + had been left there to die, and he roused all his energies to + his aid. How we strive for our lives! But Shirley accomplished + nothing, he could not even raise his hand to the bleeding + shoulder, with every effort the blood flowed more copiously. + His mind was rapidly becoming benumbed like his body, which + shivered as though it were mid winter. Darkness came over his + eyes, and as he listened to the din of the battle he fell into + a dreamy state that soon passed into seeming unconsciousness + again. Nevertheless, while the doctor came and went and did his + work, and the savage scowled at him, yet gave his life's blood + to save him, though he lay like a dead man and saw them not, + nor heard them, nor even felt the needle in his flesh, his mind + was not idle. Strange doubts and fears, wild longings and + regrets, sweet thoughts of long-forgotten happiness, and fair + visions of the future, busied his brain. Memory unrolled her + scroll and breathed upon the letters of his story that lapse of + time and press of circumstance had made dim, till they grew + clear, and with himself he lived his life again, and nothing + was lost out of it or forgotten. There was his mother's face + again, with the old, old loving smile upon her lips and the + tender mother-love in the depths of her beautiful blue + eyes—lips that had so oven kissed away his childish + tears, and had taught him to say at evening, "Our Father" and + "Now I lay me down to sleep," eyes that had never looked upon + him without something of the heavenly light of which they were + now so full. There before him, bright and clear as ever, were + the scenes of his boyhood—the school-forms defaced with + many a rude cutting of names and dates, the master knitting his + shaggy brows and tapping meaningly with his ruler upon the + awful desk while some white haired urchin floundered through an + ill-learned task and his classmates tittered at his blunders. + Dear old classmates! How their faces shone and gladdened as + they chased the bounding football! How merrily they flushed and + glowed when the clear frosty air of the Northern winter + quivered with the ring of their skates upon the hard ice! How + soberly side by side they solved problems and looked up + <i>sesquipedalia verba</i> in big lexicons! And how happily the + late evening hours wore away as they read <i>Ivanhoe</i> and + the <i>Leather Stocking Tales</i> by the fireside with + shellbarks and pippins!</p> + + <p>Then the college days flew by with all their romance and + delight. Again there were bells ringing to morning prayers, + recitations and lectures, examinations and prizes, speeches and + medals, and the glorious friendships, pure, earnest, almost + holy. Would there were more such friendships in the outer, + wider world! Commencement with its "pomp and circumstance," its + tedious ceremony and scholarly display, its friends from + home—mothers, sisters, sweethearts, all bright eyes and + fond hearts, its music and flowers, its caps, gowns, + dress-coats and "spreads," and, last and worst of all, its + sorrowful "good-byes," some of them, alas! for ever! Once more + he trembled as he rose to make his commencement speech, but + slowly, as he went on, his voice grew steady and his manner + calmer, for, lad as he was, and tyro at "orations," he was in + earnest. "May my light hand forget its cunning, O my brother! + may my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth, O ye oppressed! + if ever there comes to me an opportunity to help you win your + way to freedom and I fail you!" He, the aristocrat of his + class, had chosen to speak "Against Caste," and though he spoke + with the enthusiasm of an untried man, it was with devoted + honesty of purpose, of which his earnestness was witness, and + of which his future was to give ample proof. Again in vision he + stood before that assembly and spoke for the lowly and + oppressed. "Let every man have place and honor as he proves + himself worthy. Make the way clear for all."</p> + + <p>Through the bewilderment of applause that greeted him as he + finished he saw only the glad, smiling face of Alice Wentworth + nodding approval of the rest, hundreds though they were, he saw + nothing. Her congratulation was enough.</p> + + <p>Then came tenderer scenes, and Alice Wentworth was to be his + wife. Another change, and he is in the midst of ruder scenes. + There is war, civil war, and he is a soldier, once more he + seems to be in Virginia, and there are marches and + counter-marches, camps and barracks, battles and retreats, and + all the great and little miseries of long campaigns. The silver + leaflets of a major are exchanged for the golden eagles of a + colonel, and all the time, amid sterner duties, he finds time + to write to Alice Wentworth, and never a mail comes into camp + but he is sure of letters dated 'Home' and full of words that + make him hopeful and brave, "'Home!' Yes hers and mine too, if + home's where the heart is!'" he thinks, and he loves her more + dearly every day.</p> + + <p>Negro troops are raised, and, true to his principles and to + himself, he resigns his commission to take a lower rank in a + colored regiment. Now the scenes grow dim, confused sounds far + off disturb him, low music, familiar yet strange, now distant, + now at his very ear, attracts him, a weird, shadowy mist + encloses him, concealing even the things which were visible to + the mind's eye, and memory and thought have almost ceased. Yet + while all else fades away, clear and beautiful before him are + two faces that cannot be forgotten—his mother's face, and + that other, which he loves, if that can be, even more. Thus, + with the 'Our Father' not on his lips, but fixed in his mind, + he feels himself drifting away—drifting away like a boat + that has broken its moorings and drifts out with the ebbing + tide—whither?</p> + + <p>But the rich, warm, lusty blood of the African quickly does + its work. The heart, which had almost ceased to beat, because + there was not blood enough for it to contract upon, reacted to + the stimulus, and as it revived and sent the new life pulsating + through all the body the whole man revived, and again:</p> + + <p>The fever called <i>living</i> burned in his brain.</p> + + <p>Fournier, under one pretext or another, but really by the + force of his relentless will, kept his victim by him for years + after their escape from the South. He noted from time to time + certain curious changes that took place in his physical nature, + and recorded his observations with scientific precision in a + book kept for the purpose, for the renewal of life had entailed + results of an extraordinary character, as the reader may have + already anticipated. At length he wrote 'My hypothesis is + verified, it has become a theory. My theory is proved, it is a + physiological law. <i>Climatic influences, acting upon man, + bring about physical changes exceedingly slowly, because they + are resisted by an inveterate habit of assimilation which + pertains to the blood.</i>'</p> + + <p>That day Shirley was free. His rescuer had finished his + experiment.</p> + + <p>Alice Wentworth had never believed that her lover was dead. + She had heard all with a troubled heart, but while his distant + kinsmen, who were heirs-at-law, put on the deepest mourning and + grew impatient of the law's delay, she simply said, "I will + wait until there is some proof before I give him up! Proof! + proof! Shall I be quicker than the law to give up every hope?" + And in her heart she said, "He is not dead." Even when years + had passed and the war was over, and her agent had searched + everywhere and found no trace of him, she did not cease to hope + that he would yet appear. So, when at length a letter came, it + was welcome and expected. Not surprise but joy made her start + and tremble as the old familiar superscription met her + eyes.</p> + + <p>Such a letter!—filled with the spirit of his love, + breathing in every word the tender, passionate devotion of an + earlier day, and yet so sad. Tears dropped down through her + smiles of joy and blurred the lines she read at first, but + smiles and tears alike ceased as she read on. He had written + many, many times, but he knew she had not got his letters. He + had been a prisoner—not only prisoner of war, but + afterward prisoner to a man whose will was iron. It could + hardly be explained. This man had not only saved his life, but + he had also rescued him from the horrors of a Southern + prison—would God he had let him die!—and they had + been living together in a ranch in a far off Mexican + valley.</p> + + <p>Then the letter went on:</p> + + <p>"In my heart I am unchanged; my love for you is ever the + same; yet I am no longer the Robert Shirley whom you knew. That + has come upon me which will separate me from you for ever: I + cannot ask you now to be my wife. You are free. It is through + no fault of mine. It is my burden, the price of life, and I + must bear it. God bless you and give you all happiness!</p> + + <p>"ROBERT SHIRLEY:"</p> + + <p>When she had read it all she bowed her head and wept again, + and the face that had grown more and more beautiful with the + years of waiting was radiant. Who can fathom the depths of a + woman's love? Who can follow the subtle workings of a woman's + thought? Who can comprehend a woman's boundless faith? Her + course was clear. If misfortune had befallen him, if he were + maimed, disfigured, crazed, even if he were loathsome to her + eyes, she loved him, and she must see him: she would see him + and speak to him, and love him still, even if she could not be + his wife. What would she have done if she could have guessed + the truth? As it was, she wrote upon her card, "If you love me, + come to me," and sent it to him. And in answer to the summons + he stood before her—not disfigured, not maimed, not + crazed, not loathsome in any way, yet irrevocably separated + from her for Dr. Fournier's experiment had succeeded, and + Robert Shirley was a mulatto!</p> + + <p class="author">CORNELIUS DEWEES.</p> + + <h2><a name="A_VISIT_TO_THE_KING_OF_AURORA" + id="A_VISIT_TO_THE_KING_OF_AURORA"></a> A VISIT TO THE KING + OF AURORA.</h2> + + <h3>(FROM THE GERMAN OF THEODORE KIRSCHOFF.)</h3> + + <p>On the Oregon and California Railroad, twenty-eight miles + south of the city of Portland in Oregon, lies the German colony + of Aurora, a communist settlement under the direction of Doctor + William Keil. In September, 1871, I made a second journey from + San Francisco to Oregon, on which occasion I found both time + and opportunity to carry out a long-cherished desire to visit + this colony, already famous throughout all Oregon, and to make + the acquaintance of the still more famous doctor, the so-called + "king of Aurora." During the years in which I had formerly + resided in Oregon, and especially on this last journey thither, + I had frequently heard this settlement and its autocrat spoken + of, and had been told the strangest stories as to the + government of its self-made potentate. All reports agreed in + stating that "Dutchtown," the generic appellation of German + colonies among Americans, was an example to all settlements, + and was distinguished above any other place in Oregon for order + and prosperity. The hotel of "Dutchtown," which stands on the + old Overland stage-route, and is now a station on the Oregon + and California Railroad, has attained an enviable reputation, + and is regarded by all travelers as the best in the State; and + as to the colony itself, I heard nothing but praise. On the + other hand, with regard to Doctor Keil the strangest reports + were in circulation. He had been described to me in Portland as + a most inaccessible person, showing himself extremely reserved + toward strangers, and declining to give them the slightest + satisfaction as to the interior management of the prosperous + community over which he reigned a sovereign prince. The + initiated maintained that this important personage had formerly + been a tailor in Germany. He was at once the spiritual and + secular head of the community: he solemnized marriages (much + against his will, for, according to the rules of the society, + he was obliged to provide a house for every newly-married + couple); he was physician and preacher, judge, law-giver, + secretary of state, administrator, and unlimited and + irresponsible minister of finance to the colony; and held all + the very valuable landed property of the settlement, with the + consent of the colonists, in his own name; and while he + certainly provided for his voluntarily obedient subjects an + excellent maintenance for life, he reserved to himself the + entire profits of the labor of all and the value of the joint + property, notwithstanding that the colony was established on + the broadest principles as a communist association.</p> + + <p>I had a great desire to see this original man—a + kindred spirit of the renowned Mormon leader, Brigham + Young—with my own eyes, and, so to speak, to visit the + lion in his den. From Portland, where I was staying, the colony + was easily accessible by rail, and before leaving I made the + acquaintance of a. German life-insurance agent of a Chicago + company—Körner by name—who, like myself, + wished to visit Aurora, and in whom I found a very agreeable + traveling companion. He had procured in Portland letters of + introduction to Doctor Keil, and had conceived the bold plan of + doing a stroke of business in life insurance with him; indeed, + his main object in going to Aurora was to induce the doctor to + insure the lives of the entire colony—that is to say, of + all his voluntary subjects—in the Chicago company, pay, + as irresponsible treasurer of the association, the legal + premiums, and upon the occurrence of a death pocket the amount + of the policy.</p> + + <p>My fellow-traveler had great hopes of making the doctor see + this project in the light of an advantageous speculation, and + accordingly provided himself amply with the necessary tables of + mortality and other statistics. It had been carefully impressed + upon us in Portland always to address the <i>ci-devant</i> + tailor, now "king of Aurora," as "Doctor," of which title he + was extremely vain, and to treat him with all the reverence + which as sovereign republicans we could muster; otherwise he + would probably turn his back on us without ceremony.</p> + + <p>On a pleasant September morning the steam ferry-boat + conveyed us from Portland across the Willamette River to the + dépôt of the Oregon and California Railroad, and + soon afterward we were rushing southward in the train along the + right shore of that stream—here as broad as the + Rhine—the rival of the mighty Columbia. After a pleasant + and interesting journey through giant forests and over fertile + prairies, some large, some small, embellished here and there + with farms, villages and orchards, we reached Oregon City, + which lies in a romantic region close to the Willamette: then + leaving the river, we thundered on some miles farther through + the majestic primitive forest, and soon entered upon a broad, + wood-skirted prairie, over which here and there pretty + farm-houses and groves are scattered; and presently beheld, + peeping out from swelling hills and standing in the middle of a + prosperous settlement embowered in verdure, the slender white + church-tower of Aurora, and were at the end of our journey.</p> + + <p>Our first course after we left the cars was to the tavern, + standing close to the railroad on a little hill, whither the + passengers hurried for lunch. This so-called "hotel," the best + known and most famous, as has already been said, in all Oregon, + I might compare to an old-fashioned inn. The long table with + its spotless table-cloth was lavishly spread with genuine + German dishes, excellently cooked, and we were waited on by + comely and neatly-dressed German girls; and though the dinner + would not perhaps compare with the same meal at the club-house + of the "San Francisco" I must confess that it was incomparably + the best I ever tasted in Oregon, in which region neither the + cooks nor the bills of fare are usually of the highest + order.</p> + + <p>Dinner being over, we made inquiry for Doctor Keil, to whom + we were now ready to pay our respects. Our host pointed out to + us the doctor's dwelling-house, which looked, in the distance, + like the premises of a well-to-do Low-Dutch farmer; and after + passing over a long stretch of plank-road, we turned in the + direction of the royal residence. On the way we met several + laborers just coming from the field, who looked as if life went + well with them—girls in short frocks with rake in hand, + and boys comfortably smoking their clay pipes—and + received from all an honest German greeting. Everything here + had a German aspect—the houses pleasantly shaded by + foliage, the barns, stables and well-cultivated fields, the + flower and kitchen-gardens, the white church-steeple rising + from a green hill: nothing but the fences which enclose the + fields reminded us that we were in America.</p> + + <p>The doctor's residence was surrounded by a high white + picket-fence: stately, widespreading live-oaks shaded it, and + the spacious courtyard had a neat and carefully-kept aspect. + Crowing cocks, and hens each with her brood, were scratching + and picking about, the geese cackled, and several well-trained + dogs gave us a noisy welcome. Upon our asking for the doctor, a + friendly German matron directed us to the orchard, whither we + immediately turned our steps. A really magnificent sight met + our eyes—thousands of trees, whose branches, covered with + the finest fruit, were so loaded that it had been necessary to + place props under many of them, lest they should break beneath + the weight of their luscious burden.</p> + + <p>Here we soon discovered the renowned doctor, in a toilette + the very opposite of regal, zealously engaged in gathering his + apples. He was standing on a high ladder, in his shirt sleeves, + a cotton apron, a straw hat, picking the rosy-cheeked fruit in + a hand-basket. Several laborers were busy under the trees + assorting the gathered apples, and carefully packing in boxes + the choicest of them—really splendid specimens of this + fruit, which attains its utmost perfection in Oregon. As soon + as the doctor perceived us he came down from the ladder, and + asked somewhat sharply what our business there might be. My + companion handed him the letters of introduction he had brought + with him, which the doctor read attentively through: he then + introduced my humble self as a literary man and assistant + editor of a well-known magazine, who had come to Oregon for the + special purpose of visiting Dr. Keil, and of inspecting his + colony, of which such favorable reports had reached us. Without + waiting for the doctor's reply, I asked him whether he were not + a relative of K——, the principal editor of the + magazine to which I was attached. I could scarcely, as it + appeared, have hit upon a more opportune question, for the + doctor was evidently flattered, and became at once extremely + affable toward us. The relationship to which I had alluded he + was obliged unwillingly to disclaim. I learned from him that + his name was William Keil, and that he was born at Bleicherode + in Prussian Saxony. He now left the apple-gathering to his men, + and offered to show us whatever was interesting about the + colony: as to the life-insurance project, he said he would take + some more convenient opportunity to speak with Mr. Körner + about it.</p> + + <p>The doctor, who after this showed himself somewhat + loquacious, was a man of agreeable appearance, perhaps of about + sixty years of age, with white hair, a broad high forehead and + an intelligent countenance. Sound as a nut, powerfully built, + of vigorous constitution and with an air of authority, he gave + the idea of a man born to rule. He seemed to wish to make a + good impression on us, and I remarked several times in him a + searching side-glance, as though he were trying to read our + thoughts. He sustained the entire conversation himself, and it + was somewhat difficult to follow his meaning: he spoke in an + unctuous, oratorical tone, with extreme suavity, in very + general terms, and evaded all direct questions. When I had + listened to him for ten minutes I was not one whit wiser than + before. His language was not remarkably choice, and he used + liberally a mixture of words half English, half German, as + uneducated German-Americans are apt to do.</p> + + <p>While we wandered through the orchard, the beauty and + practical utility of which astonished me, the doctor, gave us a + lecture on colonization, agriculture, gardening, horticulture, + etc., which he flavored here and there with pious reflections. + He pointed out with pride that all this was his own work, and + described how he had transformed the wilderness into a garden. + In the year 1856 he came with forty followers to Oregon, as a + delegate from the parent association of Bethel in Missouri, in + order to found in the far West, then so little known, a branch + colony. At present the doctor is president both of Aurora and + of the original settlement at Bethel: the latter consists of + about four hundred members, the former of four hundred and + ten.</p> + + <p>When he first came into this region he found the whole + district now owned by his flourishing colony covered with marsh + and forest. Instead, however, of establishing himself on the + prairies lying farther south, in the midst of foreign settlers, + he preferred a home shared only with his German brethren in the + primitive woods; and here, having at that time very small + means, he obtained from the government, gratis, land enough to + provide homes for his colonists, and found in the timber a + source of capital, which he at once made productive. He next + proceeded to build a block-house as a defence against the + Indians, who at that time were hostile in Oregon: then he + erected a saw-mill and cleared off the timber, part of which he + used to build houses for his colonists, and with part opened an + advantageous trade with his American neighbors, who, living on + the prairie, were soon entirely dependent on him for all their + timber. The land, once cleared, was soon cultivated and + planted, with orchards: the finer varieties of fruit he shipped + for sale to Portland and San Francisco, and from the sour + apples he either made vinegar or sold them to the older + settlers, who very soon made themselves sick on them. He then + attended them in the character of physician, and cured them of + their ailments at a good round charge. This joke the good + doctor related with especial satisfaction.</p> + + <p>By degrees, the doctor continued to say, the number of + colonists increased; and his means and strength being thus + enlarged, he established a tannery, a factory, looms, + flouring-mills, built more houses for his colonists, cleared + more land and drained the marshes, increased his orchards, laid + out new farms, gave some attention to adornment, erected a + church and school-houses, and purchased from the American + settlers in the neighborhood their best lands for a song. He + did everything systematically. He always assigned his colonists + the sort of labor that they appeared to him best fitted for, + and each one found the place best suited to his capabilities. + If any one objected to doing his will and obeying his orders, + he was driven out of the colony, for he would endure no + opposition. He made the best leather, the best hams and + gathered the best crops in all Oregon. The possessions of the + colony, which he added to as he was able, extended already over + twenty sections (a section contains six hundred and forty + acres, or an English square mile), and the most perfect order + and industry existed everywhere.</p> + + <p>Thus the doctor; and amid this and the like conversation we + walked over an orchard covering forty acres. The eight thousand + trees it contained yielded annually five thousand bushels of + choice apples and eight thousand of the finest pears, and the + crop increased yearly. The doctor pointed out repeatedly the + excellence of his culture in contrast with the American mode, + which leaves the weeds to grow undisturbed among the trees, and + disregards entirely all regularity and beauty. He, on the + contrary, insisted no less on embellishment than on neatness + and order; and this was no vain boast. Carefully-kept walks led + through the grounds; verdant turf, flowerbeds and charming + shady arbors met us at every turn; there were long beds planted + with flourishing currant, raspberry and blackberry bushes, and + large tracts set with rows of bearing vines, on which luscious + grapes hung invitingly. Order also reigned among the fruit + trees: here were several acres of nothing but apples, again a + plantation of pears or apricots, beneath which not a weed was + to be seen: the hoe and the rake had done their work + thoroughly. Everything was in the most perfect order: the + courtgardener of a German prince might have been proud of + it.</p> + + <p>We seated ourselves in a shady arbor, where the doctor + entertained us further with an account of his religious belief. + He had, he said, no fixed creed and no established religion: + there were in the colony Protestants, Catholics, Methodists, + Baptists, indeed Christians of every name, and even Jews. Every + one was at liberty to hold what faith he pleased: he preached + only natural religion, and whoever shaped his life according to + that would be happy. After this he enlarged on the prosperity + of the colony, which was founded on the principles of natural + religion, and prosed about humility, love to our neighbor, + kindness and carrying religion into everything; and then back + he came to Nature and himself, until my head was perfectly + bewildered. I had given up long before this, in despair, any + questions as to the interior organization of the colony, for + the doctor either gave me evasive answers or none at all. His + colonists, he asserted, loved him as a father, and he cared for + them accordingly: both these assertions were undoubtedly true. + The deep respect with which those whom we occasionally met + lifted their hats to "the doctor"—a form of greeting by + no means universal in America—bore witness to their + unbounded esteem for him. Toward us also they demeaned + themselves with great respect, as to noble strangers whom the + doctor deigned to honor with his society. As to his care for + them, no one who witnessed it could deny the exceedingly + flourishing condition of the settlement. Whether, however, in + all this the doctor had not a keen eye to his own interest was + an afterthought which involuntarily presented itself.</p> + + <p>As we left the orchard, the doctor pointed out to us several + wheat-fields in the neighborhood, cultivated with true German + love for neatness, which formed, with the pleasant dwellings + adjoining, separate farms. The average yield per acre, he + observed, was from twenty-five to forty bushels of wheat, and + from forty to fifty of oats. He then took us into a neighboring + grove, to a place where the pic-nics and holiday feasts of the + colony are held: here we paused near a grassy knoll shaded by a + sort of awning and surrounded by a moat. This, which bears the + name of "The Temple Hill," forms the centre of a number of + straight roads, which branch out from it into the woods in the + shape of a fan. Not far from it I noticed a dancing ground + covered by a circular open roof, and a pavilion for the + music.</p> + + <p>"At our public feasts," said the doctor, "I have all these + branching roads lighted with colored lanterns, and illuminate + the temple, which, with its brilliant lamps, makes quite an + imposing spectacle. When we celebrate our May-day festival it + looks, after dark, like a scene out of the <i>Arabian + Nights</i>; and when, added to this, we have beautiful music + and fine singing, and the young folks are enjoying the dance, + it is really very pleasant. But none are permitted to set foot + on the Temple Hill, nor can they do it very easily if they + would. Do you know the reason, gentlemen?" Körner opined + that it might be on account of the ditch, which would be + difficult to pass, in which view I agreed. "Exactly so," + remarked the doctor. "This Temple Hill has an especial + significance: it represents the sovereign ruler of the people, + on whose head no one may tread: on that account the ditch is + there."</p> + + <p>After a walk of several hours we returned to the doctor's + house, where he invited us to take a glass of homemade wine. As + we had been informed that the sale and use of wine and spirits + were strictly forbidden in the colony, this invitation was + certainly an unprecedented exception. The wine, of which two + kinds were placed before us—one made of wild grapes, and + the other of currants—was very good, and was partaken of + in the doctor's office. Here Mr. Körner again brought + forward his life-insurance project: the doctor gave him hopes + that he would go into it, but he wished to give the matter due + consideration, and to subject the advantages and disadvantages + of the speculation to a strict investigation, before giving a + definite answer; and with this ended our visit to the "king of + Aurora."</p> + + <p>Before leaving the colony we obtained considerable + information from the members as to their interior organization + and government, the results of which, as well as what I further + learned respecting Doctor Keil, I will state briefly.</p> + + <p>Should any one wish to become a member of the colony, he + must, in the first place, put all his ready money into the + hands of Doctor Keil: he will then be taken on trial. If the + candidate satisfies the doctor, he can remain and become one of + the community: should this, however, not be the case, he + receives again the capital he paid in, but without interest. + How long he must remain "on probation" in the colony, and work + there, depends entirely on the doctor's pleasure. If a member + leaves the community voluntarily—a thing almost unheard + of—he receives back his capital without interest, + together with a <i>pro rata</i> share of the earnings of the + community during his membership, as appraised by the + doctor.</p> + + <p>All the ordinary necessaries of life are supplied + gratuitously to the members of the community. The doctor holds + the common purse, out of which all purchases are paid for, and + into which go the profits from the agricultural and industrial + products of the colony. If any member needs a coat or other + article of clothing, flour, sugar or tobacco, he can get + whatever he wants, without paying for it, at the "store:" in + the same way he procures meat from the butcher and bread from + the baker: spirits are forbidden except in case of sickness. + The doctor also appoints the occupation of each member, so as + to contribute to the best welfare of the colony—whether + he shall be a farmer, a mechanic, a common laborer, or whatever + he can be most usefully employed in; and the time and talents + of each are regarded as belonging to the whole community, + subject only to the doctor's judgment. If a member marries, a + separate dwelling-house and a certain amount of land are + assigned him, so that the families of the settlement are + scattered about on farms. The elders of the colony support the + doctor in the duties of his office by counsel and + assistance.</p> + + <p>The lands of the colony are collectively recorded in Doctor + Keil's name, in order, as he says, to avoid intricate and + complicated law-papers. It would, however, be for the interest + of the colonists to make, a speedy change in this respect, so + that the members of the community, in case of the doctor's + death, might obtain each his share of the lands without + litigation. Should the doctor's decease occur soon, before this + alteration is made, his natural heirs could claim the whole + property of the colony, and the members would be left in the + lurch. He does not appear, however, to be in great haste to + effect this change, though it ought to have been done long ago. + It is always said among the colonists, naturally enough, that + all the ground is the common property of the community. Whether + the doctor fully subscribes to this opinion in his secret heart + might be a question.</p> + + <p>Doctor Keil is at the same time the religious head and the + unlimited secular ruler of the colony of Aurora, and can + ordain, with the consent of the elders (who very naturally + uphold his authority), what he pleases. A life free from care + and responsibility, such as the members of the community (who, + for the most part, belong to the lower and uncultivated class) + lead—a life in regard to which no one but the doctor has + the trouble of thinking—is the main ground of the + undisturbed continuance of the colony. The pre-eminent talent + for organization, combined with the unlimited powers of + command, which the doctor—justly named "king of + Aurora"—possesses, together with the inborn industry + peculiar to Germans, is the cause of the prosperity of the + settlement, which calls itself communistic, but is certainly + nothing more than a vast farm belonging to its talented + founder. It has its schools, its churches, newspapers and + books—the selection and tendency of which the doctor sees + to—and no lack of social pleasures, music and singing. + Taken together with an easily-procured livelihood, all this + satisfies the desires of the colonists entirely, and the good + doctor takes care of everything else.</p> + + <p class="Author">ELIZABETH SILL.</p> + + <h2><a name="GRAY_EYES" + id="GRAY_EYES"></a>GRAY EYES.</h2> + + <p>I have always counted it among the larger blessings of + Providence that a woman can bear up year after year under a + weight of dullness which would drive a man of the same mental + calibre to desperation in a month.</p> + + <p>I had no idea what a heavy burden mine had been until one + day my brother asked me to go to sea with him on his next + voyage. He and his wife were at the farm on their wedding-tour, + and only the happiness of a bridegroom could have led him to + hold out to me this way of escape. Christian's heart when he + dropped his pack was not lighter than mine. Butter and cheese + are good things in their way—the world would miss them if + all the farmers' daughters went suddenly down to the sea in + ships—but it is possible to have too much of a good + thing, and such had been my feeling for some years.</p> + + <p>So suddenly and completely did my threadbare endurance give + way that if Frank had revoked his words the next minute, I must + have gone away at once to some crowded place and drawn a few + deep breaths of excitement before I could have joined again the + broken ends of my patience.</p> + + <p>No bride-elect poor in this world's goods ever went about + the preparations for her wedding with more delicious awe than I + felt in turning one old gown upside down, and another inside + out, for seafaring use. There was excitement enough in the + departure, the inevitable sea-changes, and finally the memory + of it all, to keep my mind busy for a few weeks, but when we + settled into the grooves of a tropical voyage, wafted along as + easily by the trade winds as if some gigantic hand, unseen and + steady, had us in its grasp, my life was wholly changed, and + yet it bore an odd family resemblance to the days at the farm. + It was a pleasant dullness, because, in the nature of things, + it must soon have an end.</p> + + <p>I went on deck to look at a passing ship about as often as I + used to run to the window at the sound of carriagewheels. One + can't take a very intimate interest in whales and the other + seamonsters unless one is scientific. Time died with me a slow + but by no means a painful death. I used to fold my hands and + look at them by the hour, internally rollicking over the idea + that there was no milk to skim or dishes to wash, or any + earthly wheel in motion that required my shoulder to turn it. I + spent much time in a half-awake state in the long warm days, + out of sheer delight in wasting time after saving it all my + life.</p> + + <p>So it came about that I slept lightly o' nights. Every + morning the steward came into the cabin with the first dawn of + day to scour his floors before the captain should appear. He + had a habit of talking to himself over this early labor, and + one morning, more awake than usual, I found that he was + praying. "O Lord, be good to me! I wasn't to blame. I would + have helped her if I could. O Lord, be good to me!" and other + homely entreaties were repeated again and again.</p> + + <p>He was a meek, bowed old negro, with snowy hair, and so many + wrinkles that all expression was shrunk out of his face. He was + an excellent cook, but he waited on table with a manner so + utterly despairing that it took away one's appetite to look at + him.</p> + + <p>For many mornings after this I listened to his prayers, + which grew more and more earnest and importunate. I could not + think he had done any harm with his own will. He must have been + more sinned against than sinning.</p> + + <p>He brought me a shawl one cool evening as if it were my + death-warrant, and I said, in the sepulchral tone that wins + confidence, "Pedro, do you always say your prayers when you are + alone?"</p> + + <p>"Yes, miss, 'board <i>this</i> ship."</p> + + <p>"What's the matter with, this ship?"</p> + + <p>"I s'pose you don't have no faith in ghosts?"</p> + + <p>"Not much."</p> + + <p>"White folks mostly don't," said Pedro with aggravating + meekness, and turned into his pantry.</p> + + <p>I followed him to the door, and stood in it so that he had + no escape: "What has that to do with your prayers?"</p> + + <p>"This cabin has got a ghost in it."</p> + + <p>I looked over my shoulder into the dusk, and shivered a + little, which was not lost on Pedro. He grew more solemn if + possible than before: "I see her 'most every morning, and if my + back is to the door, I see her all the same. She don't never + touch me, but I keep at the prayers for fear she will."</p> + + <p>"Do you never see her except in the morning?"</p> + + <p>"Once or twice she has just put her head out of the door of + the middle state-room when I was waitin' on table."</p> + + <p>"In broad daylight?"</p> + + <p>"Sartin. Them as sees ghosts sees 'em any time. Every + morning, just at peep o' day, she comes out of that door and + makes a dive for the stairs. She just gives me one look, and + holds up her hand, and I don't see no more of her till next + time."</p> + + <p>"How does she look?" I almost hoped he would not tell, but + he did.</p> + + <p>"She's got hair as black as a coal, kind o' pushed back, as + if she'd been runnin' her hands through it; she has big shiny + eyes, swelled up as she'd been cryin' a great while; and she's + always got on a gray dress, silvery-like, with a tear in one + sleeve. There ain't nothin' more, only a handkerchief tied + round her wrist, as if it had been hurt."</p> + + <p>"Is she handsome?"</p> + + <p>"Mebbe white folks'd think so."</p> + + <p>"Why does she show herself to you and no one else, do you + suppose?"</p> + + <p>"Didn't I tell you the reason before?"</p> + + <p>"Of course you didn't."</p> + + <p>"Well, you see, she looked just so the last time I seen her + alive. I must go and put in the biscuit now, miss."</p> + + <p>I submitted, knowing that white folks may be hurried, but + black ones never; and I could not but admire the natural talent + which Pedro shared with the authors of continued stories, of + always dropping the thread at the most thrilling moment.</p> + + <p>"Who was she?" said I, lying in wait for him on his + return.</p> + + <p>"She was cap'n's wife, miss—a young woman, and the + cap'n was old, with a blazing kind of temper. He was dreffle + sweet on her for about a month, and mebbe she was happy, mebbe + she wa'n't: how should I know about white folks' feelin's? All + of a suddent he said she was sick and couldn't go out of the + middle state-room. The old man took in plenty of stuff to eat, + but he never let me go near her. We was on just such a v'y'ge + as this, only hotter. The cap'n would come out of that room + lookin' black as thunder, and everybody scudded out of his + sight when he put his head out of the gangway.</p> + + <p>"He was always bad enough, but he got wuss and wuss, and + nothin' couldn't please him. Sometimes I'd hear the poor thing + a-moaning to herself like a baby that's beat out with loud + cryin' and hain't got no noise left. She was always cryin' in + them days. Once the supercargo (he was a cool hand, any way) + give me a bit of paper very private to give to her, and I + slipped it under the door, but the old man had nailed somethin' + down inside, an' he found it afore she did. Then there was a + regular knockdown fight, and the supercargo was put in irons. + The old man was in the middle room a long time that day, + talkin' in a hissin' kind of a way, and the missus got a blow. + Just after that a sort of a white squall struck the ship, and + the old man give just the wrong orders. You see, he was clean + out of his head. He got so worked up at last that he fell down + in a fit, and they bundled him into his state-room and left + him, 'cause nobody cared whether he was dead or alive. The mate + took the irons off the supercargo first thing, and broke open + the middle room. The supercargo went in there and stayed a long + time, whispering to the missus, and she cried more'n ever, only + it sounded different.</p> + + <p>"Toward night the old man come to, and begun to ask + questions—as ugly as ever, only as weak as a baby. 'Bout + midnight I was comin' out of his room, and I seen the missus in + a gray dress, with her eyes shinin' like coals of fire, dive + out of her room and up the stairs, and nobody never seen her + afterward. The next morning the supercargo was gone too, and I + think they just drownded themselves, 'cause they couldn't bear + to live any more without each other. Mebbe the mate knew + somethin' about it, but he never let on, and I dunno no more + about it; only the old man had another fit when he heard it, + and died without no mourners."</p> + + <p>"It might be she was saved, after all," I said, with true + Yankee skepticism.</p> + + <p>"Then why should I see her ghost, if she ain't + dead-drownded?"</p> + + <p>"Did you never find anything in the state-room that would + explain?"</p> + + <p>"Well, I did find some bits of paper, but I couldn't read + writin'."</p> + + <p>"Oh, what did you do with them?" I insisted, quivering with + excitement.</p> + + <p>"You won't tell the cap'n?"</p> + + <p>"No, never."</p> + + <p>"You'll give 'em back to me?"</p> + + <p>"Yes, yes—of course."</p> + + <p>"Here they be," he said, opening his shirt, and showing a + little bag hung round his neck like an amulet. He took out a + little wad of brown paper, and gave it jealously into my + hand.</p> + + <p>"I will give it back to you to-night," I said with the + solemnity of an oath, and carried it to my room.</p> + + <p>It proved to be a short and fragmentary account of the + sufferings which the "missus" had endured in the middle room, + written in pencil on coarse wrapping-paper, and bearing marks + of trembling hands and frequent tears. I thought I might copy + the papers without breaking faith with Pedro. The outside paper + bore these words:</p> + + <p>"Whoever finds this is besought for pity's sake, by its most + unhappy writer, to send it as soon as possible to Mrs. Jane + Atwood of Davidsville, Connecticut, United States of + America."</p> + + <p>Then followed a letter to her mother:</p> + + <p>DEAREST MOTHER: If I never see your blessed face again, I + know you will not believe me guilty of what my husband accuses + me of. I married Captain Eliot for your sake, believing, since + Herbert had proved faithless, that no comfort was left to me + except in pleasing others. I meant to be a good wife to Captain + Eliot, and I believe I should have kept my vow all my days if + the most unfortunate thing had not wakened his jealousy. Since + then he has been almost or quite crazed.</p> + + <p>I knew we had a supercargo of whom Captain Eliot spoke + highly. He kept his room for a month from sea-sickness, and + when he came out it was Herbert. Of course I knew him, every + line of his face had been so long written on my heart. I strove + to treat him as if I had never seen him before, but the old + familiar looks and tones were very hard to bear. If Herbert + could only have submitted patiently to our fate! But it was not + in him to be patient under anything, and one evening, when I + was sitting alone on deck, he must needs pour out his soul in + one great burst, trying to prove that he had never deserted me, + but only circumstances had been cruel. I longed to believe him, + but I could only keep repeating that it was too late.</p> + + <p>When I went down, Captain Eliot dragged me into the middle + state-room, and gave vent to his jealous feelings. He must have + listened to all that Herbert had said. His last words were that + I should never leave that room alive. I had a wretched night, + and the first time I fell into an uneasy sleep I started + suddenly up to find my husband flashing the light of a lantern + across my eyes. "Handsome and wicked," he muttered—"they + always go together."</p> + + <p>I begged him to listen to the story of my engagement to + Herbert, and he did listen, but it did not soften his heart. If + he ever loved me, his jealousy has swallowed it up.</p> + + <p>I have been in this room just a week. My husband does not + starve or beat me, but his taunts and threats are fearful, and + his eyes when he looks at me grow wild, as if he had the + longing of a beast to tear me in pieces.</p> + <hr style='width: 45%;' /> + + <p><i>May</i> 10. I placed a copy of the paper that is pinned + to this letter in a little bottle that had escaped my husband's + search, and threw it out of my window.</p> + + <p>I am Waitstill Atwood Eliot, wife of Captain Eliot of the + ship Sapphire. I have been kept in solitary confinement and + threatened with death for four weeks, for no just cause. I + believe him to be insane, as he constantly threatens to burn or + sink the ship. I pray that this paper may be picked up by some + one who will board this ship and bring me help.</p> + + <p>Of course it is a most forlorn hope, but it keeps me from + utter despair.</p> + + <p>20. Herbert tried to communicate with me by slipping a paper + under the door, but I did not get it, and he has been put in + irons. Captain Eliot boasts of it. I wish he would bind us + together and let us drown in one another's arms, as they did in + the Huguenot persecution.</p> + + <p>28. A little paper tied to a string hung in front of my + bull's-eye window to-day: I took it in. The first officer had + lowered it down: "Captain Eliot says you are ill, but I don't + believe it. If he tries violence, scream, and I will break open + the door. I am always on the watch. Keep your heart up."</p> + + <p>This is a drop of comfort in my black cup, but my little + window was screwed down within an hour after I had read the + paper.</p> + + <p><i>June</i> 10. My spirit is worn out: I can endure no more. + I have begged my husband to kill me and end my misery. I don't + know why he hesitated. He means to do it some time, but perhaps + he cannot think of torture exquisite enough for his + purpose.</p> + + <p>11. My husband came in about four in the afternoon, looking + so vindictive that my heart stood still. He gradually worked + himself into a frenzy, and aimed a blow at my head: instinct, + rather than the love of life, made me parry it, and I got the + stroke on my wrist.</p> + + <p>I screamed, and at the same moment there was a tumult on + deck, and the ship quivered as if she too had been violently + struck. Captain Eliot rushed on deck, and began to give hurried + orders. I could hear the first officer contradict them, and + then there was a heavy fall, and two or three men stumbled down + the cabin stairs, carrying some weight between them.</p> + + <p><i>Later</i>. My husband is helpless, and Herbert has been + with me, urging me passionately to trust myself to him in a + little boat at midnight. He says there are several ships in + sight, and one of them will be almost sure to pick us up. He + swears that he will leave me, and never see me again (if I say + so), so soon as he has placed me in safety, but he will save + me, by force if need be, from the brute into whose hands I fell + so innocently. If the ship does not see us, it is but dying, + after all.</p> + + <p>Good-bye, mother! I pray that this paper will reach you + before Captain Eliot can send you his own account, but if it + does not, you will believe me innocent all the same.</p> + + <p>This was the last, and I folded up the papers as they had + come to me. That night I read them all to Pedro.</p> + + <p>"They was drownded—I knew it," said Pedro; and nothing + could remove that opinion. A ghost is more convincing than + logic.</p> + + <p>Our voyage wore on, with one day just like another: my + brother looked at the sun every day, and put down a few + cabalistic figures on a slate, but his steady business was + reading novels to his wife and drinking weak claret and + water.</p> + + <p>The sea was always the same, smiling and smooth, and the + "man at the wheel" seemed to be always holding us back by main + strength from the place where we wanted to go. I had a growing + belief that we should sail for ever on this rippling mirror and + never touch the frame of it. It struck me with a sense of + intense surprise when a dark line loomed far ahead, and they + told me quietly that that line meant Bombay.</p> + + <p>It seemed a matter of course to my brother that the desired + port should heave in sight just when he expected it, but to me + the efforts that he had made to accomplish this tremendous + result were ridiculously small.</p> + + <p>"I have done more work in a week, and had nothing to show + for it at last," said I, "than you have seemed to do in all + this voyage."</p> + + <p>"Poor sister! don't you wish you were a man?"</p> + + <p>"Certainly, all women do who have any sense. I hold with + that ancient Father of the Church who maintained that all women + are changed into men on the judgment-day. The council said it + was heresy, but that don't alter my faith."</p> + + <p>"I shouldn't like you half as well if you had been born a + boy," said Frank.</p> + + <p>"But I should like myself vastly better," said I, clinging + to the last word.</p> + + <p>Bombay is a city by itself: there is none like it on earth, + whatever there may be in the heaven above or in the waters + under it. From Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy's hospital for sick + animals to the Olympian conceit of the English residents, there + are infinite variations of people and things that I am + persuaded can be matched nowhere else. I felt myself living in + a series of pictures, a sort of supernumerary in a theatre, + where they changed the play every night.</p> + + <p>One of the first who boarded our ship was Mr. Rayne, an old + friend of Frank's. He insisted on our going to his house for a + few days in a warm-hearted way that was irresistible.</p> + + <p>"Are you quite sure you want <i>me</i>?" I said dubiously. + "Young married people make a kind of heaven for themselves, and + do not want old maids looking over the wall."</p> + + <p>"But you <i>must</i> go with us," said Frank, man-like, + never seeing anything but the uppermost surface of a + question.</p> + + <p>"Not at all. I'm quite strong-minded enough to stay on board + ship; or, if that would not do in this heathen place, the + missionaries are always ready to entertain strangers. A week in + the missionhouse would make me for ever a shining light in the + sewing circle at home.</p> + + <p>"A woman of so many resources would be welcome anywhere. For + my part, an old maid is a perfect Godsend. The genus is unknown + here, and the loss to society immense," said Mr. Rayne.</p> + + <p>"But what shall I do when Mrs. Rayne and my sister-in-law + are comparing notes about the perfections of their + husbands?"</p> + + <p>"Walk on the verandah with me and convert me to woman + suffrage."</p> + + <p>Mr. Rayne had his barouche waiting on shore, and drove us + first to the bandstand, where, in the coolness of sunset, all + the Bombay world meet to see and to be seen. When the band + paused, people drove slowly round the circle, seeking + acquaintance. Among them one equipage was perfect—a small + basket-phaeton, and two black ponies groomed within an inch of + their lives. My eyes fell on the ponies first, but I saw them + no more when the lady who drove them turned her face toward + me.</p> + + <p>She wore a close-fitting black velvet habit and a little + round hat with long black feather. Her hair might have been + black velvet, too, as it fell low on her forehead, and was + fastened somehow behind in a heavy coil. Black brows and lashes + shaded clear gray eyes—the softest gray, without the + least tint of green in them—such eyes as Quaker maidens + ought to have under their gray bonnets. Little rose colored + flushes kept coming and going in her cheeks as she talked.</p> + + <p>All at once I thought of Queen Guinevere,</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>As she fled fast thro' sun and shade,</p> + + <p class="i2">With jingling bridle-reins.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>"Mr. Rayne, do you see that lady in black, with the + ponies?"</p> + + <p>"Plainly."</p> + + <p>"If I were a man, that woman would be my Fate."</p> + + <p>"I thought women never admired each other's beauty."</p> + + <p>"You are mistaken. Heretofore I have met beautiful women + only in poetry. Do you remember four lines about Queen + Guinevere?—no, six lines, I mean:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"She looked so lovely as she swayed</p> + + <p class="i2">The rein with dainty finger-tips,</p> + + <p>A man had given all other bliss,</p> + + <p>And all his worldly worth for this,</p> + + <p>To waste his whole heart in one kiss</p> + + <p class="i2">Upon her perfect lips.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>"I always thought them overstrained till now."</p> + + <p>"I perfectly agree with you," said Mr. Rayne: "I knew we + were congenial spirits." Then he said a word or two in a + diabolical language to his groom, who ran to the carriage which + I had been watching and repeated it to the lady: she bowed and + smiled to Mr. Rayne, and soon drew up her ponies beside us.</p> + + <p>"My wife," said Mr. Rayne with laughter in his eyes.</p> + + <p>Mrs. Rayne talked much like other people, and her beauty + ceased to dazzle me after a few minutes; not that it grew less + on near view, but, being a woman, I could not fall in love with + her in the nature of things.</p> + + <p>When the music stopped we drove to Mr. Rayne's house, his + wife keeping easily beside us. When she was occupied with the + others Mr. Rayne whispered, "Her praises were so sweet in my + ears that I would not own myself Sir Lancelot at once."</p> + + <p>"If you are Sir Lancelot," I said, "where is King + Arthur?"</p> + + <p>"Forty fathoms deep, I hope," said Mr. Rayne with a sudden + change in his voice and a darkening face. I had raised a ghost + for him without knowing it, and he spoke no more till we + reached the house.</p> + + <p>It was a long, low, spreading structure with a thatched + roof, and a verandah round it. A wilderness of tropical plants + hemmed it in. But all appearance of simplicity vanished on our + entrance. In the matted hall stood a tree to receive the light + coverings we had worn; not a "hat tree," as we say at home by + poetic license, but the counterfeit presentment of a real tree, + carved in branches and delicate foliage out of black wood. The + drawing-room was eight-sided, and would have held, with some + margin, the gambrel-roofed house, chimneys and all, in which I + had spent my life. Two sides were open into other rooms, with + Corinthian pillars reaching to the roof. Carved screens a + little higher than our heads filled the space between the + pillars, and separated the drawing-room from Mrs. Rayne's + boudoir on the side and the dining-room on the other.</p> + + <p>The furniture of these rooms was like so many verses of a + poem. Every chair and table had been designed by Mrs. Rayne, + and then realized in black wood by the patient hands of + natives.</p> + + <p>Another side opened by three glass doors on a verandah, and + only a few rods below the house the sea dashed against a + beach.</p> + + <p>After dinner I sat on the verandah drinking coffee and the + sea-breeze by turns. The gentlemen walked up and down smoking + the pipe of peace, while Mrs. Rayne sat within, talking with + Rhoda in the candlelight. Opposite me, as I looked in at the + open door, hung two Madonnas, the Sistine and the Virgin of the + Immaculate Conception. In front of each stood a tall + flower-stand carved to imitate the leaves and blossoms of the + calla lily. These black flowers held great bunches of the + Annunciation lily, sacred to the Virgin through all the ages. + Mrs. Rayne had taken off the close-buttoned jacket, and her + dress was now open at the throat, with some rich old lace + clinging about it and fastened with a pearl daisy.</p> + + <p>"Have you forgiven me the minute's deception I put upon + you?" said Mr. Rayne, pausing beside me. "If I had not read + admiration in your face, I would have told you the truth at + once."</p> + + <p>"How could one help admiring her?"</p> + + <p>"I don't know, I'm sure: I never could."</p> + + <p>"She has the serenest face, like still, shaded water. I + wonder how she would look in trouble?"</p> + + <p>"It is not becoming to her."</p> + + <p>"Are you sure?"</p> + + <p>"Quite."</p> + + <p>"Your way of life here seems so perfect! No hurry nor + worry—nothing to make wrinkles."</p> + + <p>"You like this smooth Indian living, then?"</p> + + <p>"<i>Like it</i>! I hope you won't think me wholly given over + to love of things that perish in the using, but if I could live + this sort of life with the one I liked best, heaven would be a + superfluity."</p> + + <p>"It is heaven indeed when I think of the purgatory from + which we came into it," said Mr. Rayne, throwing away his cigar + and carrying off my coffee-cup.</p> + + <p>"Do you know anything of Mrs. Rayne's history before her + marriage?" I said to Frank as I joined him in his walk.</p> + + <p>"Nothing to speak of—only she was a widow."</p> + + <p>"Oh!" said I, feeling that a spot or two had suddenly + appeared on the face of the sun.</p> + + <p>"That's nothing against her, is it?"</p> + + <p>"No, but I have no patience with second marriages."</p> + + <p>"Nor first ones, either," said Frank wickedly.</p> + + <p>"But seriously, Frank—would you like to have a wife so + beautiful as Mrs. Rayne?"</p> + + <p>"Yes, if she had Rhoda's soul inside of her," said Frank + stoutly.</p> + + <p>"I shouldn't."</p> + + <p>"Why not?"</p> + + <p>"Because all sorts of eyes gloat on her beauty and drink it + in, and in one way appropriate it to themselves. Mr. Rayne is + as proud of the admiration given to his wife as if it were a + personal tribute to his own taste in selecting her. A beautiful + woman never really and truly belongs to her husband unless he + can keep a veil over her face, as the Turks do."</p> + + <p>"I knew you had 'views,'" said Mr. Rayne behind me, "but I + had no idea they were so heathenish. What is New England coming + to under the new rule? Are the plain women going to shut up all + the handsome ones?"</p> + + <p>"I was only supposing a case."</p> + + <p>"Suppositions are dangerous. You first endure, then dally + with them, and finally embrace them as established facts."</p> + + <p>"I was only saying that if I am a man when I come into the + world next time (as the Hindoos say), I shall marry a plain + woman with a charming disposition, and so, as it were, have my + diamond all to myself by reason of its dull cover."</p> + + <p>"Jealousy, thy name is woman!" said Mr. Rayne. "When the + Woman's Republic is set up, how I shall pity the handsome + ones!"</p> + + <p>"They will all be banished to some desert island," said + Frank.</p> + + <p>"And draw all men after them, as the 'Pied Piper of Hamelin' + did the rats," said Mr. Rayne.</p> + + <p>"What are you talking about?" said Mrs. Rayne, joining us at + this point.</p> + + <p>"The pity of it," said her husband, "that beauty is only + skin deep."</p> + + <p>"That is deep enough," said Mrs. Rayne.</p> + + <p>"Yes, if age and sickness and trouble did not make one shed + it so soon," said I ungratefully.</p> + + <p>"Don't mention it," said Mrs. Rayne—"'tis bad enough + when it comes. Do you remember that Greek woman in + <i>Lothair,</i> whose father was so fearfully rich that she + seemed to be all crusted with precious stones?"</p> + + <p>"Perfectly."</p> + + <p>"To dance and sing was all she lived for, and Lothair must + needs bring in the skeleton, as you did, by reminding her of + the dolorous time when she would neither dance nor sing. You + think she is crushed, to be sure, only Disraeli's characters + never are crushed, any more than himself. 'Oh then,' she says, + 'we will be part of the audience, and other people will dance + and sing for us.' So beauty is always with us, though one + person loses it."</p> + + <p>She gave a little shrug of her shoulders, which made her + pearls and velvet shimmer in the moonlight. She looked so white + and cool and perfect, so apart from common clay, that all at + once Queen Guinevere ceased to be my type of her, and I thought + of "Lilith, first wife of Adam," as we see her in Rossetti's + fanciful poem:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Not a drop of her blood was human,</p> + + <p>But she was made like a soft, sweet woman.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>We all went to our rooms after this, and in each of ours + hung a full-length swinging mirror; I had never seen one + before, except in a picture-shop or in a hotel.</p> + + <p>"Truly this is 'richness'!" I said, walking up and down and + sideways from one to the other.</p> + + <p>"I had no idea you had so much vanity," said Frank, laughing + at me, as he has done ever since he was born.</p> + + <p>"Vanity! not a spark. I am only seeing myself as others see + me, for the first time."</p> + + <p>"I always had a glass like that in my room at home," said my + sister-in-law, with the least morsel of disdain in her + tone.</p> + + <p>"Had you? Then you have lost a great deal by growing up to + such things. A first sensation at my age is delightful."</p> + + <p>Next day Rhoda and I were sitting with Mrs. Rayne in her + dressing-room, with a great fan swinging overhead. We all had + books in our hands, but I found more charming reading in my + hostess, whose fascinations hourly grew upon me.</p> + + <p>She wore a long loose wrapper, clear blue in color, with + little silver stars on it. I don't know how much of my + admiration sprang from her perfect taste in dress. Raiment has + an extraordinary effect on the whole machinery of life. Most + people think too lightly of it. Somebody says if Cleopatra's + nose had been a quarter of an inch shorter, the history of the + world would have been utterly changed; but Antony might equally + have been proof against a robe with high neck and tight + sleeves. Mrs. Rayne's face always seemed to crown her costume + like a rose out of green leaves, yet I cannot but think that if + I had seen her first in a calico gown and sitting on a + three-legged stool milking a cow, I should still have thought + her a queen among women.</p> + + <p>While I sat like a lotos-eater, forgetful of home and + butter-making, a servant brought in a parcel and a note. Mrs. + Rayne tossed the note to me while she unfolded a roll of gray + silk.</p> + + <p>DEAR GUINEVERE: I send with this a bit of silk that old + Fut'ali insisted on giving to me this morning. It is that + horrid gray color which we both detest. I know you will never + wear it, and you had better give it to Miss Blake to make a + toga for her first appearance in the women's Senate.</p> + + <p class="author">LANCELOT.</p> + + <p>"With all my heart!" said Mrs. Rayne as I gave back the + note. "You will please us both far more than you can please + yourself by wearing the dress with a thought of us. I wonder + why Mr. Rayne calls me 'Guinevere'? But he has a new name for + me every day, because he does not like my own."</p> + + <p>"What is it?"</p> + + <p>"Waitstill. Did you ever hear it?"</p> + + <p>"Never but once," I said with a sudden tightness in my + throat. I could scarcely speak my thanks for the dress.</p> + + <p>"I should never wear it," said Mrs. Rayne: "the color is + associated with a very painful part of my life."</p> + + <p>"Do you suppose water would spot it?" asked Rhoda, who is of + a practical turn of mind.</p> + + <p>"Take a bit and try it."</p> + + <p>"Water spots some grays" said Mrs. Rayne with a strange sort + of smile as Rhoda went out, "especially salt water. I spent one + night at sea in an open boat, with a gray dress clinging wet + and salt to my limbs. When I tore it off in rags I seemed to + shed all the misery I had ever known. All my life since then + has been bright as you see it now. It would be a bad omen to + put on a gray gown again."</p> + + <p>"Then you have made a sea-voyage, Mrs. Rayne?"</p> + + <p>"Yes, such a long voyage!—worse than the 'Ancient + Mariner's.' No words can tell how I hate the sea." She sighed + deeply, with a sudden darkening of her gray eyes till they were + almost black, and grasped one wrist hard with the other + hand.</p> + + <p>A sudden trembling seized me. I was almost as much agitated + as Mrs. Rayne. I felt that I must clinch the matter somehow, + but I took refuge in a platitude to gain time: "There is such a + difference in ships, almost as much as in houses, and the + comfort of the voyage depends greatly on that."</p> + + <p>"It may be so," she said wearily.</p> + + <p>"My brother's ship is old, but it has been refitted lately + to something like comfort. It's old name was the Sapphire."</p> + + <p>This was my shot, and it hit hard.</p> + + <p>"The Sapphire! the Sapphire!" she whispered with dilated + eyes. "Did you ever hear—did you ever find—But what + nonsense! You must think me the absurdest of women."</p> + + <p>The color came back to her face, and she laughed quite + naturally.</p> + + <p>"The fact is, Miss Blake, I was very ill and miserable when + I was on shipboard, and to this day any sudden reminder of it + gives me a shock.—Did water spot it?" she said to Rhoda, + who came in at this point.</p> + + <p>I thought over all the threads of the circumstance that had + come into my hand, and like Mr. Browning's lover I found "a + thing to do."</p> + + <p>The next morning I made an excuse to go down to the ship + with my brother, and there, by dint of pressure, I got those + stained and dingy papers into my possession again. I had only + that day before me, for we were going to a hotel the same + evening, and the Raynes were to set out next day for their + summer place among the hills, a long way back of Bombay. Our + stay had already delayed their departure.</p> + + <p>This was my plot: Mrs. Rayne had been reading a book that I + had bought for the home-voyage, and was to finish it before + evening. I selected the duplicate of the paper which "Waitstill + Atwood Eliot" had put in a bottle and cast adrift when her case + had been desperate, and laid it in the book a page or two + beyond Mrs. Rayne's mark. It seemed impossible that she could + miss it: I watched her as a chemist watches his first + experiment.</p> + + <p>Twice she took up the book, and was interrupted before she + could open it: the third time she sat down so close to me that + the folds of her dress touched mine. One page, two pages: in + another instant she would have turned the leaf, and I held my + breath, when a servant brought in a note. Her most intimate + friend had been thrown from her carriage, and had sent for her. + It was a matter of life and death, and brooked no delay. In ten + minutes she had bidden us a cordial good-bye, and dropped out + of my life for all time.</p> + + <p>She never finished <i>my</i> book, nor I <i>hers</i>. I had + had it in my heart, in return for her warm hospitality, to cast + a great stone out of her past life into the still waters of her + present, and her good angel had turned it aside just before it + reached her. I might have asked Mr. Rayne in so many words if + his wife's name had been Waitstill Atwood Eliot when he married + her, but that would have savored of treachery to her, and I + refrained.</p> + + <p>Often in the long calm days of the home-voyage, and oftener + still in the night-watches, I pondered in my heart the items of + Mrs. Rayne's history, and pieced them together like bits of + mosaic—the gray eyes and the gray dress, the identity of + name, the indefinite terrors of her sea-voyage, the little + touch concerning Lancelot and Guinevere, her emotion when I + mentioned the Sapphire. If circumstantial evidence can be + trusted, I feel certain that Pedro's ghost appeared to me in + the flesh.</p> + + <p class="author">ELLA WILLIAMS THOMPSON.</p> + + <h2><a name="REMINISCENCES_OF_FLORENCE" + id="REMINISCENCES_OF_FLORENCE"></a>REMINISCENCES OF + FLORENCE.</h2> + + <p>I had six months more to stay on the Continent, and I began + for the first time to be discontented in Paris. There was no + soul in that great city whom I had ever seen before, but this + alone would hot have been sufficient to make me long for a + change, except for an accident which unluckily surrounded me + with my own countrymen. These I did not go abroad to see; and + having lived almost entirely in the society of the French for + over two years, it was with dismay that I saw my sanctum + invaded daily by twos and threes of the aimless American + nonentities who presume that their presence must be agreeable + to any of their countrymen, and especially to any countrywoman, + after a chance introduction on the boulevard or an hour spent + together in a café.</p> + + <p>"Seeing these things," I determined to leave Paris, and the + third day after found me traveling through picturesque Savoy + toward Mont Cenis. All the afternoon the rugged hills had been + growing higher and whiter with snow, and now, just before + sunset, we reached the railway terminus, St. Michel, and were + under the shadow of the Alps themselves.</p> + + <p>The previous night in the cars I had found myself the only + woman among some half dozen French military officers, who paid + me the most polite attention. They were charmed that I made no + objection to their cigarettes, talked with me on various + topics, criticised McClellan as a general, and were + enthusiastic on the subject of our country generally. About + midnight they prepared a grand repast from their + traveling-bags, to which they gave me a cordial invitation. I + begged to contribute my <i>mesquin</i> supply of grapes and + brioches, and the supper was a considerable event. Their + canteens were filled with red wines, and one cup served the + whole company. They drank my health and that of the President + of the United States. Afterward we had vocal music, two of the + officers being good singers. They sang Beranger's songs and the + charming serenade from <i>Lalla Rookh</i>. I finally expressed + a desire to hear the Marseillaise. This seemed to take them by + surprise, but one of the singers, declaring that he had + <i>"rien à refuser à madame"</i> boldly struck + up,</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Allons, enfants de la patrie,</p> + + <p>Le jour de gloire est arrivé;</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>but his companions checked him before he had finished the + first stanza. The law forbade, they said, the production of the + Marseillaise in society. We were a society: the guard would + hear us and might report it.</p> + + <p>"Vous voyez, madame," said the singer, "n'il n'est pas + défendu d'être voleur, mais c'est défendu + d'être attrapé" (It is not against the law to be a + thief, but to be caught.)</p> + + <p>My traveling—companions reached their destination + early in the morning, and, very gallantly expressing regrets + that they were not going over the Alps, so as to bear mer + company, bade me farewell.</p> + + <p>From the rear of the St. Michel hotel, called the Lion d'Or, + I watched the preparations for crossing Mont Cenis. Three + diligences were being crazily loaded with our baggage. The men + who loaded them seemed imitating the Alpine structure. They + piled trunk on trunk to the height of thirty feet, I verily + believe; and if some one should nudge my elbow and say "fifty," + I should write it down so without manifesting the least + surprise.</p> + + <p>When the preparations were finished the setting sun was + shining clearly on the white summits above, and we commenced + slowly winding up the noble zigzag road. Rude mountain children + kept up with our diligences, asked for sous and wished us + <i>bon voyage</i> in the name of the Virgin.</p> + + <p>The grandeur, but especially the extent and number, of the + Alpine peaks impressed me with a vague, undefinable sense, + which was not, I think, the anticipated sensation; and indeed + if I had been in a poetic mood, it would have been quickly + dissipated by the mock raptures of a young Englishman with a + poodly moustache and an eye-glass. He called our attention to + every chasm, gorge and waterfall, as if we had been wholly + incapable of seeing or appreciating anything without his aid. + As for me, I did not feel like disputing his susceptibility. I + was suffering an uneasy apprehension of an avalanche—not + of snow, but of trunks and boxes from the topheavy diligences + ahead of us. However, we reached the top of Mont Cenis safely + by means of thirteen mules to each coach, attached tandem, and + we stopped at the queer relay-house there some thirty minutes. + Here some women in the garb of nuns served me some soup with + grated cheese, a compound which suggested a dishcloth in + flavor, yet it was very good. I will not attempt to reconcile + the two statements. After the soup I went out to see the Alps. + The ecstatic Briton was still eating and drinking, and I could + enjoy the scene unmolested. I crossed a little bridge near the + inn. The night was cold and bright. Hundreds of snowy peaks + above, below and in every direction, some of their hoary heads + lost in the clouds, were glistening in the light of a clear + September moon, and the stillness was only broken by a wild + stream tumbling down the precipices which I looked up to as I + crossed the bridge. It was indeed an impressive + scene—cold, desolate, awful. I walked so near the + freezing cataract that the icicles touched my face, and + thinking that Dante, when he wrote his description of hell, + might have been inspired by this very scene, I wrapped my cloak + closer about me and went back to the inn.</p> + + <p>The diligences were ready, and we commenced a descent which + I cannot even now think of without a shudder. To each of those + heavily-laden stages were attached two horses only, and we + bounded down the mountain-side like a huge loosened boulder. + Imagine the sensation as you looked out of the windows and saw + yourself whirling over yawning chasms and along the brinks of + dizzy precipices, fully convinced that the driver was drunk and + the horses goaded to madness by Alpine demons! I have been on + the ocean in a storm sufficiently severe to make Jew and + Christian pray amicably together; I have been set on fire by a + fluid lamp, and have been dragged under the water by a drowning + friend, but I think I never had such an alarming sense of + coming destruction as in that diligence. I think of those + sure-footed horses even now with gratitude.</p> + + <p>We arrived at Susa a long time before daylight. At first, I + decided to stay and see this town, which was founded by a Roman + colony in the time of Augustus. The arch built in his honor + about eight years before Christ seemed a thing worth going to + see; but a remark from my companion with the eye-glass made me + determine to go on. He said he was going to "do" the arch, and + I knew I should not be equal to witnessing any more of his + ecstasies.</p> + + <p>My first astonishment in Italy was that hardly any of the + railroad officials spoke French. I had always been told that + with that language at your command you could travel all over + the Continent. This is a grave error: even in Florence, + although "Ici on parle français" is conspicuous in many + shop-windows, I found I had to speak Italian or go unserved. I + had a mortal dread of murdering the beautiful Italian language; + so I wanted to speak it well before I commenced, like the + Irishman who never could get his boots on until he had worn + them a week.</p> + + <p>I stopped at Turin, then the capital of Italy, only a short + time, and hurried on to Florence, for that was to be my home + for the winter. It was delightful to come down from the Alpine + snows and find myself face to face with roses and orange trees + bearing fruit and blossom. Here I wandered through the + olive-gardens alone, and gave way to the rapturous sense of + simply being in the land of art and romance, the land of love + and song; for there was no ecstatic person with me armed with + <i>Murray</i> and prepared to admire anything recommended + therein. Besides, I could enjoy Italy for days and months, and + therefore was not obliged to "do" (detestable tourist slang!) + anything in a given time. I was free as a bird. I knew no + Americans in Florence, and determined to studiously avoid + making acquaintances except among Italians, for I wished to + learn the language as I had learned French, by constantly + speaking it and no other.</p> + + <p>The day following my arrival in Florence I went out to look + for lodgings, which I had the good fortune to find immediately. + I secured the first I looked at. They were in the Borgo SS. + Apostoli, in close proximity to the Piazza del Granduca, now + Delia Signoria. I was passing this square, thinking of my good + luck in finding my niche for the winter, when, much to my + surprise, some one accosted me in English. Think of my dismay + at seeing one of the irrepressible Paris bores I had fled from! + He was in Florence before me, having come by a different route; + and neither of us had known anything about the other's + intention to quit Paris. He asked me at once where I was + stopping, and I told him at the Hotel a la Fontana, not deeming + it necessary to add that I was then on my way there to pack up + my traveling-bag and pay my bill. As he was "doing" Florence in + about three days, he never found me out. The next I heard of + him he was "doing" Rome. This American prided himself on his + knowledge of Italian; and one day in a restaurant, wishing for + cauliflower <i>(cavolo fiore)</i>, he astonished the waiter by + calling for <i>horse. "Cavallo"!</i> he + roared—"<i>Portéz me cavallo!</i>" "Cavallo!" + repeated the waiter, with the characteristic Italian shrug. + "<i>Non simangia in Italia, signore</i>" (It is not eaten in + Italy, signore). Then followed more execrable Italian, and the + waiter brought him something which elicited "<i>Non volo! non + volo!</i>" (I don't fly! I don't fly!) from the American, and + "<i>Lo credo, signore</i>" from the baffled waiter, much to the + amusement of people at the adjacent tables.</p> + + <p>I liked my new quarters very much. They consisted of two + goodly-sized rooms, carpeted with thick braided rag carpets, + and decently furnished, olive oil provided for the quaint old + classic-shaped lamp, and the rooms kept in order, for the + astounding price of thirty francs a month. Wood I had to pay + extra for when I needed a fire, and that indeed was expensive; + for a bundle only sufficient to make a fire cost a franc. There + were few days, however, even in that exceptional winter, which + rendered a fire necessary. The <i>scaldino</i> for the feet was + generally sufficient, and this, replenished three times a day, + was included in the rent.</p> + + <p>One of my windows looked out on olive-gardens and on the old + church San Miniato, on the hill of the same name. Mr. Hart, the + sculptor, told me that those rooms were very familiar to him. + Buchanan Read, I think he said, had occupied them, and the + walls in many places bore traces of artist vagaries. There were + several nice caricatures penciled among the cheap frescoes of + the walls. All the walls are frescoed in Florence. Think of + having your ceiling and walls painted in a manner that + constantly suggests Michael Angelo!</p> + + <p>After some weeks spent in looking at the art-wonders in + Florence, I visited many of the studios of our artists. That of + Mr. Hart, on the Piazza Independenza, was one of the most + interesting. He had two very admirable busts of Henry Clay, and + all his visitors, encouraged by his frank manner, criticised + his works freely. Most people boldly pass judgment on any work + of art, and "understand" Mrs. Browning when she says the Venus + de' Medici "thunders white silence." I do not. I am sure I + never can understand what a thundering silence means, whatever + may be its color. These appreciators talked of the + "word-painting" of Mrs. Browning.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>They sit on their thrones in a purple sublimity,</p> + + <p>And grind down men's bones to a pale unanimity.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>I suppose this is "word-painting." <i>I</i> can see the + picture also—some kings, and possibly queens, seated on + gorgeous thrones, engaged in the festive occupation of grinding + bones! Oh, I degrade the subject, do I? Nonsense! The term is a + stilted affectation, perhaps never better applied than to Mrs. + Browning's descriptive spasms. Still, she was undoubtedly a + poet. She wrote many beautiful subjective poems, but she wrote + much that was not poetry, and which suggests only a deranged + nervous system. I have a friend who maintains from her writings + that she never loved, that she did not know what passion meant. + However this may be, the author of the sonnet + commencing—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Go from me! Yet I feel that I shall stand</p> + + <p class="i2">Henceforward in thy shadow,</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>deserves immortality.</p> + + <p>But to return to Mr. Hart's studio. One of the most + remarkable things I saw in Florence was this artist's invention + to reduce certain details of sculpture to a mechanical process. + This machine at first sight struck me as a queer kind of + ancient armor. In brief, the subject is placed in position, + when the front part of this armor, set on some kind, of hinge, + swings round before him, and the sculptor makes measurements by + means of numberless long metal needles, which are so arranged + as to run in and touch the subject: A stationary mark is placed + where the needle touches, and then I think it is pulled back. + So the artist goes on, until some hundreds of measurements are + made, if necessary, when the process is finished and the + subject is released. How these measurements are made to serve + the artist in modeling the statue I cannot very well describe, + but I understood that by their aid Mr. Hart had modeled a bust + from life in the incredible space of two days! I further + understood that Mr. Hart's portrait-busts are remarkable for + their correct likeness, which of course they must be if they + are mathematically correct in their proportions. Many of the + artists in Florence have the bad taste to make sport of this + machine; but if Mr. Hart's portrait-busts are what they have + the reputation of being, this sport is only a mask for + jealousy. Mr. Hart was extremely sensitive to the light manner + Mr. Powers and others have of speaking of this invention. One + day he was much annoyed when a visitor, after examining the + machine very attentively for some time, exclaimed, "Mr. Hart, + what if you should have a man shut in there among those points, + and he should happen to sneeze?"</p> + + <p>The Pitti Palace was one of my favorite haunts, and I often + spent whole hours there in a single salon. There I almost + always saw Mr. G——, a German-American, copying from + the masters; and he could copy too! What an indefatigable + worker he was! Slight and delicate of frame, he seemed + absolutely incapable of growing weary. He often toiled there + all day long, his hands red and swollen with the cold, for the + winter, as I have before remarked, was unusually severe. For + many days I saw him working on a Descent from the Cross by + Tintoretto—a bold attempt, for Tintoretto's colors are as + baffling as those of the great Venetian master himself. This + copy had received very general praise, and one day I took a + Lucca friend, a dilettante, to see it. Mr. G—— + brought the canvas out in the hall, that we might see it + outside of the ocean of color which surrounded it in the + gallery. When we reached the hall, Mr. G—— turned + the picture full to the light. The effect was astounding. It + was so brilliant that you could hardly look at it. It seemed a + mass of molten gold reflecting the sun. "Good God!" exclaimed + G——, "did I do that?" and an expression of bitter + disappointment passed over his face. I ventured to suggest that + as everybody had found it good while it was in the gallery, + this brilliant effect must be from the cold gray marble of the + hall. G—— could not pardon the picture, and nothing + that the Italian or I could say had the least effect. He would + hear no excuse for it, and, evidently quite mortified at the + début of his Tintoretto, he hurried the canvas back to + the easel. The sister of the czar of Russia was greatly pleased + with this copy, and proposed to buy it, but whether she did or + not I forgot to ascertain.</p> + + <p>Alone as I was in Florence, cultivating only the + acquaintance of Italians, yet was I never troubled with + <i>ennui</i>. I read much at Vieussieux's, and when I grew + tired of that and of music, I made long sables on the Lung Arno + to the Cascine, through the charming Boboli gardens, or out to + Fiesole. Fiesole is some two miles from Florence, and once on + my way there I stopped at the Protestant burying-ground and + pilfered a little wildflower from Theodore Parker's grave to + send home to one of his romantic admirers. Fiesole must be a + very ancient town, for there is a ruined amphitheatre there, + and the remains of walls so old that they are called Pelasgic + in their origin; which is, I take it, sufficiently vague. The + high hill is composed of the most solid marble; so the + guidebooks say, at least. This is five hundred and seventy-five + feet above the sea, and on its summit stands the cathedral, + very old indeed, and built in the form of a basilica, like that + of San Miniato. From this hill you look down upon the plain + beneath, with the Arno winding through it, and upon Florence + and the Apennine chain, above which rise the high mountains of + Carrara. Here, on the highest available point of the rock, I + used to sit reading, and looking upon the panorama beneath, + until the sinking sun warned me that I had only time to reach + the city before its setting. I used to love to look also at + works of art in this way, for by so doing I fixed them in my + mind for future reference. I never passed the Piazza della + Signoria without standing some minutes before the Loggia dei + Lanzi and the old ducal palace with its marvelous tower. Before + this palace, exposed to the weather for three hundred and fifty + years, stands Michael Angelo's David; to the left, the fountain + on the spot where Savonarola was burnt alive by the order of + Alexander VI.; and immediately facing this is the post-office. + I never could pass the post-office without thinking of the poet + Shelley, who was there brutally felled to the earth by an + Englishman, who accused him of being an infidel, struck his + blow and escaped.</p> + + <p>I made many visits to the Nuova Sacrista to see the tombs of + the two Medici by Michael Angelo. The one at the right on + entering is that of Giuliano, duke of Nemours, brother of Leo + X. The two allegorical figures reclining beneath are Morning + and Night. The tomb of Lorenzo de' Medici, duke of Urfrino, + stands on the other side of the chapel, facing that of the duke + de Nemours. The statue of Lorenzo, for grace of attitude and + beauty of expression, has, in my opinion, never been equaled. + The allegorical figures at the feet of this Medici are more + beautiful and more easily understood than most of Michael + Angelo's allegorical figures. Nevertheless, I used sometimes, + when looking at these four figures, to think that they had been + created merely as architectural auxiliaries, and that their + expression was an accident or a freak of the artist's fancy, + rather than the expression of some particular thought: at other + times I saw as much in them as most enthusiasts + do—enough, I have no doubt, to astonish their great + author himself. I believe that very few people really + experience rapturous sensations when they look at works of art. + People are generally much more moved by the sight of the two + canes preserved in Casa Buonarotti, upon which the great master + in his latter days supported his tottering frame, than they are + by the noblest achievements of his genius.</p> + + <p>The Carnival in Florence was a meagre affair compared with + the same fête in Rome. During the afternoon, however, + there was goodly procession of masks in carriages on the Lung' + Arno, and in the evening there was a feeble <i>moccoletti</i> + display. The grand masked ball at the Casino about this time + presents an irresistible attraction to the floating population + in Florence. I was foolish enough to go. All were obliged to be + dressed in character or in full ball-costume: no dominoes + allowed. The Casino, I was told, is the largest club-house in + the world; and salon after salon of that immense building was + so crowded that locomotion was nearly impossible. The floral + decorations were magnificent, the music was excellent, and some + of the ten thousand people present tried to dance, but the sets + formed were soon squeezed into a ball. Then they gave up in + despair, while the men swore under their breath, and the women + repaired to the dressing-rooms to sew on flounces or other + skirt-trimmings. Masks wriggled about, and spoke to each other + in the ridiculously squeaky voice generally adopted on such + occasions. Most of their conversation was English, and of this + very exciting order: "You don't know me?" "Yes I do." "No you + don't." "I know what you did yesterday," etc., etc., <i>ad + nauseam.</i> How fine masked balls are in sensational novels! + how absolutely flat and unsatisfactory in fact! There was on + this occasion a vast display of dress and jewelry, and among + the babel of languages spoken the most prominent was the + beautiful London dialect sometimes irreverently called Cockney. + I lost my cavalier at one time, and while I waited for him to + find me I retired to a corner and challenged a mask to a game + of chess. He proved to be a Russian who spoke neither French + nor Italian. We got along famously, however. He said something + very polite in Russian, I responded irrelevantly in French, and + then we looked at each other and grinned. He subsequently, + thinking he had made an impression, ventured to press my hand; + I drew it away and told him he was an idiot, at which he was + greatly flattered; and then we grinned at each other again. It + was very exciting indeed. I won the game easily, because he + knew nothing of chess, and then he said something in his + mother-tongue, placing his hand upon his heart. I could have + sworn that it meant, "Of course I would not be so rude as to + win when playing with a lady." I thought so, principally + because he was a man, for I never knew a man under such + circumstances who did not immediately betray his self-conceit + by making that gallant declaration. Feeling sure that the + Russian had done so, when we placed the pieces on the board + again I offered him my queen. He seemed astounded and hurt; and + then for the first time I thought that if this Russian were an + exception to his sex, and I had <i>not</i> understood his + remark, then it was a rudeness to offer him my queen. I was + fortunately relieved from my perplexing situation by the + approach of my cavalier, and as he led me away I gave my other + hand to my antagonist in the most impressive manner, by way of + atonement in case there <i>had</i> been anything wrong in my + conduct toward him.</p> + + <p>One day during the latter part of my stay in Florence I went + the second time to the splendid studio of Mr. Powers. He talked + very eloquently upon art. He said that some of the classic + statues had become famous, and deservedly so, although they + were sometimes false in proportion and disposed in attitudes + quite impossible in nature. He illustrated this by a fine + plaster cast of the Venus of Milo, before which we were + standing. He showed that the spinal cord in the neck could + never, from the position of the head, have joined that of the + body, that there was a radical fault in the termination of the + spinal column, and that the navel was located falsely with + respect to height. As he proceeded he convinced me that he was + correct; and in defence of this, my most cherished idol after + the Apollo Belvedere, I only asked the iconoclast whether these + defects might not have been intentional, in order to make the + statue appear more natural when looked at in its elevated + position from below. I subsequently repeated Mr. Powers's + criticism of the Venus of Milo in the studio of another of our + distinguished sculptors, and he treated it with great levity, + especially when I told him my authority. There is a spirit of + rivalry among sculptors which does not always manifest itself + in that courteous and well-bred manner which distinguishes the + medical faculty, for instance, in their dealings with each + other. This courtesy is well illustrated by an anecdote I have + recently heard. A gentleman fell down in a fit, and a physician + entering saw a man kneeling over the patient and grasping him + firmly by the throat; whereupon the physician exclaimed, "Why, + sir, you are stopping the circulation in the jugular vein!" + "Sir," replied the other, "I am a doctor of medicine." To which + the first M.D. remarked, "Ah! I beg your pardon," and stood by + very composedly until the patient was comfortably dead.</p> + + <p>While Mr. Powers was conversing with me about the Venus of + Milo, there entered two Englishwomen dressed very richly in + brocades and velvets. They seemed very anxious to see + everything in the studio, talked in loud tones of the various + objects of art, passed us, and occupied themselves for some + time before the statue called California. I heard one of them + say, "I wonder if there's anybody 'ere that talks Hinglish?" + and in the same breath she called out to Mr. Powers, "Come + 'ere!" He was at work that day, and wore his studio costume. I + was somewhat surprised to see him immediately obey the rude + command, and the following conversation occurred:</p> + + <p>"Do you speak Hinglish?"</p> + + <p>"Yes, ma'am."</p> + + <p>"What is this statue?"</p> + + <p>"It is called California, madam."</p> + + <p>"What has she got in 'er 'and?"</p> + + <p>"Thorns, madam, in the hand held behind the back; in the + other she presents the quartz containing the tempting + metal."</p> + + <p>"Oh!"</p> + + <p>We next entered a room where there was another work of the + sculptor in process of formation. Mr. Powers and myself were + engaged in an animated and, to me, very agreeable conversation, + which was constantly interrupted by these ill-bred women, who + kept all the time mistaking the plaster for the marble, and + asked the artist the most pestering questions on the <i>modus + operandi</i> of sculpturing. I was astonished at the marvelous + temper of Mr. Powers, who politely and patiently answered all + their queries. By some lucky chance these women got out of the + way during our slow progress back to the outer rooms, and I + enjoyed Mr. Powers's conversation uninterruptedly. He showed me + the beautiful baby hand in marble, a copy of his daughter's + hand when an infant, and had just returned it to its shrine + when the two women reappeared, and we all proceeded together. + In the outer room there were several admirable busts, upon + which these women passed comment freely. One of these busts was + that of a lady, and they attacked it spitefully. "What an ugly + face!" "What a mean expression about the mouth!" "Isn't it + 'orrible?"</p> + + <p>"Who is it?" asked one of them, addressing Mr. Powers.</p> + + <p>"That is a portrait of my wife," said the artist + modestly.</p> + + <p>"Your wife!" repeated one of the women, and then, nothing + abashed, added, "Who are you?"</p> + + <p>"My name is Powers, madam," he answered very politely. This + discovery evidently disconcerted the impudence even of these + visitors, and they immediately left the studio.</p> + + <p>As the day approached for my departure I visited all my old + haunts, and dwelt fondly upon scenes which I might never see + again. My dear old music-master cried when I bade him farewell. + Povero maestro! He used to think me so good that I was always + ashamed of not being a veritable angel. I left Florence + when</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i8">All the land in flowery squares,</p> + + <p>Beneath a broad and equal-blowing wind,</p> + + <p>Smelt of the coming summer.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>My last visit was with the maestro to the Cascine, where he + gathered me a bunch of wild violets—cherished souvenir of + a city I love, and of a friend whose like I "ne'er may look + upon again."</p> + + <p class="author">MARIE HOWLAND.</p> + + <h2><a name="THE_SOUTHERN_PLANTER" + id="THE_SOUTHERN_PLANTER"></a>THE SOUTHERN PLANTER.</h2> + + <p>While Philadelphia hibernates in the ice and snow of + February, the spring season opens in the Southern woods and + pastures. The fragrant yellow jessamine clusters in golden + bugles over shrubs and trees, and the sward is enameled with + the white, yellow and blue violet. The crocus and cowslip, low + anemone and colts-foot begin to show, and the land brightens + with waxy flowers of the huckleberry, set in delicate gamboge + edging. Yards, greeneries, conservatories breathe a June like + fragrance, and aviaries are vocal with songsters, mocked + outside by the American mocking-bird, who chants all night + under the full moon, as if day was too short for his + medley.</p> + + <p>New Orleans burgeons with the season. The broad fair + avenues, the wide boulevards, famed Canal street, are luxuriant + with spring life and drapery. Dashing equipages glance down the + Shell Road with merry driving-and picnic-parties. There is + boating on the lake, and delicious French collations at + pleasant resorts, spread by neat-handed mulatto waiters + speaking a patois of French, English and negro. There spring + meats and sauces and light French wines allure to enjoyments + less sensual than the coarser Northern climate affords.</p> + + <p>The unrivaled French opera is in season, the forcing house + of that bright garden of exotics. Other and Northern cities + boast of such entertainments, but I apprehend they resemble the + Simon-Pure much as an Englishman's French resembles the native + tongue. In New Orleans it is the natural, full-flavored + article, lively with French taste and talent, and for a people + instinct with a truer Gallic spirit, perhaps, than that of + Paris itself. It is antique and colonial, but age and the + sea-voyage have preserved more distinctly the native + <i>bouquet</i> of the wine after all grosser flavors have + wasted away. The spectacle within the theatre on a fine night + is brilliant, recherché and French. From side-scene to + dome, and from gallery after gallery to the gay parquette, + glitters the bright, shining audience. There are loungers, + American and French, blasé and roué, who in the + intervals drink brandy and whisky, or anisette, maraschino, + curçoa or some other fiery French cordial. The French + loungers are gesticulatory, and shoulders, arms, fingers, eyes + and eyebrows help out the tongue's rapid utterance; but they + are never rude or boisterous. There are belles, pretty French + belles, with just a tint of deceitless rouge for fashion's + sake, and tinkling, crisp, low French voices modulated to chime + with the music and not disharmonize it; nay, rather add to the + sweetness of its concord.</p> + + <p>And there is the Creole dandy, the small master of the + revels. There is nothing perfumed in the latest box of bonbons + from Paris so exquisite, sparkling, racy, French and happy in + its own sweet conceit as he is. He has hands and feet a + Kentucky girl might envy for their shapely delicacy and dainty + size, cased in the neatest kid and prunella. His hair is + negligent in the elegantest grace of the perruquier's art, his + dress fashioned to the very line of fastidious elegance and + simplicity, yet a simplicity his Creole taste makes unique and + attractive. He has the true French persiflage, founded on happy + content, not the blank indifference of the Englishman's + disregard. It becomes graceful self-forgetfulness, and yet his + vanity is French and victorious. In the atmosphere of breathing + music and faint perfume he looks around the glancing boxes, and + knows he has but to throw his sultanic handkerchief to have the + handsomest Circassian in the glowing circle of female beauty. + But he does not throw it, for all that. His manner plainly + says: "Beautiful dames, it would do me much of pleasure if I + could elope with you all on the road of iron, but the + <i>bête noir</i>, the Moral, will not permit. Behold for + which, as an opened box of Louvin's perfumeries, I dispense my + fragrant affection to you all: breathe it and be happy!" Such + homage he receives with graceful acquiescence, believing his + recognition of it a sweet fruition to the fair adorers. He + accepts it as he does the ices, wines and delicate French + dishes familiar to his palate. Life is a fountain of eau + sucrée, where everything is sweet to him, and he tries + to make it so to you, for he is a kindly-natured, true-hearted, + valiant little French gentleman. His loves, his innocent + dissipations, his grand passions, his rapier duels, would fill + the volumes of a Le Sage or a Cervantes. In the gay circles of + New Orleans he floats with lambent wings and irresistible fine + eyes, its serenest butterfly, admired and spoiled alike by the + French and American element.</p> + + <p>At this early spring season a new atom of the latter enters + the charmed circle, breaking its merry round into other + sparkles of foam. A well-formed, stately, rather florid + gentleman alights at the St. Charles, and is ushered into the + hospitalities of that elegant caravansary. There is something + impressive about him, or there would be farther North. He is + American, from the strong, careless Anglo-Saxon face, through + all the stalwart bones and full figure, to the strong, firm, + light step. He will crush through the lepidoptera of this + half-French society like a silver knife through <i>Tourtereaux + soufflés à la crême</i>. He brings letters + to this and that citizen, or he is well known already, and + "coloneled" familiarly by stamp-expectant waiters and the + courteous master of ceremonies at the clerk's desk. He calls, + on his bankers, and is received with gracious familiarity in + the pleasant bank-parlor. Correspondence has made them + acquainted with Colonel Beverage in the way of business: they + are glad to see him in person, and will be happy to wait on + him. He makes them happy in that way, for they do wait upon him + satisfactorily. There is a little pleasant interchange of news + and city gossip, and of something else. There is a crinkling of + a certain crispy, green foliage, and the colonel withdraws in + the midst of civilities.</p> + + <p>He next appears on Canal street, by and beyond the Clay + Monument, with occasional pauses at clothiers', and buys his + shirts at Moody's, as he has probably often sworn not to do, + because of its annoyingly frequent posters everywhere. He + enters jewelers' shops and examines trinkets—serpents + with ruby eyes curled in gold on beds of golden leaves with + emerald dews upon them; pearls, pear-shaped and tearlike, + brought up by swart, glittering divers, seven fathom deep, at + Tuticorin or in the Persian Gulf; rubies and sapphires mined in + Burmese Ava, and diamonds from Borneo and Brazil. Is he + choosing a bridal present? It looks so; but no, he selects a + splendid, brilliant solitaire, for which he pays eight hundred + dollars out of a plethoric purse, and also a finger-ring, + diamond too, for two hundred and fifty dollars. The jewelers + are polite, as the bankers were. He must be a large + cotton-planter, one of a class with whom a fondness for jewels + serves as a means of dozing away life in a kind of + crystallization. He otherwise adorns his stately person, till + he has a Sublime Porte indeed, the very vizier of a fairy tale + glittering in barbaric gems and gold. His taste, to speak it + mildly, is expressed rather than subdued—not to be + compared with the quiet elegance of your husband or lover, + madam or miss, but not unsuited to his showy style, for all + that. As the crimson-purple, plume-like prince's feather has + its own royal charm in Southern gardens beside the pale and + placidlily, so these luxuriant adornments, do not misbecome his + full and not too fleshy person. There is a certain harmony in + the Oriental sumptuousness of his attire, like radiant sunsets, + appropriate to certain styles of man and woman. Let us humble + creatures be content to have our portraits done in crayon, but + the colonel calls for the color-box.</p> + + <p>So adorned and radiant, this variety of the American aloe + floats into the charmed circle of New Orleans + society—that lively, sparkling epitome and relic of the + old régime. He has good letters and a fair name, and + mingles in the Mystick Krewe, that curious club, possible + nowhere else, that has raised mummery into the sphere of + aesthetics. Perhaps he has worn the gray, perhaps the blue. It + is only in the very arcana of exclusive passion it makes much + difference. But gray or blue, or North or South in birth, he is + in every essential a Southerner, as many, like S.S. Prentiss, + curiously independent of nativity, are. He is well received and + courteously entreated. He has his little suppers at Moreau's, + and knows the ways of the place and names of the waiters. He + has his promenades, his drives, his club visits, is seen + everywhere—a brilliant convolvulus now, twining the + espaliers of that Saracenic fabric of society; to speak + architecturally, its very summer-house. He visits the opera and + gives it his frank approval, but confesses a preference for the + old plantation-melodies. He crushes through the meshes of the + Creole dandies, not offensively, but as the law of his volume + and momentum dictates, and they yield the <i>pas</i> to his + superior weight and metal. They are civil, and he is civil, but + they do not like one another, for all that. That Zodiac passed, + they continue their own summery orbit of charm and conquest. He + tends toward the aureal spheres and the green and pleasant + banks of issue. The colonel is not here for pleasure, though he + takes a little pleasure, as is his way, seasonably; but he + means business, and that several thirsty, eager cotton-houses + of repute know.</p> + + <p>Of course they know. It came in his letters and distills in + the aroma of his talk. It may even have slipped into the + personals of the <i>Pic</i> and <i>Times</i> that Colonel + Beverage has taken Millefleur and Rottenbottom plantations on + Red River, and is going extensively into the cultivation of the + staple. The colonel is modest over this: "not extensively, no, + but to the extent of his limited means." In the mean while he + looks out for some sound, well-recommended cotton-house.</p> + + <p>This means business. In the North the farmer raises his crop + on his own capital, and turns it over unencumbered to the + merchant for the public. The credit system prevails in the + agriculture of the South, and brings another precarious element + into the already hazardous occupation of cotton-growing. A new + party appears in the cotton-merchant. He is not merely the + broker, yielding the proceeds, less a commission, to the + planter. Either, by hypothecation on advances made during the + year, he secures a legal pre-emption in the crop, or, by + initiatory contract, he becomes an actual partner of limited + liability in the crop itself. He agrees to furnish so much cash + capital at periods for the cultivation and securing of the + crop, which is husbanded by the planter. The money for these + advances he obtains from the banks; and hence it is that in + every cotton-crop raised South there are three or more + principals actually interested—the banker, the merchant + and the planter. This condition of planting is almost + invariable. Even the small farmer, whose crop is a few bags, is + ground into it. In his case the country-side grocer and dealer + is banker and merchant, and his advances the bare necessaries. + In this blending of interests the curious partnership rises, + thrives, labors and sometimes falls—the planter, as a + rule, undermost in that accident.</p> + + <p>The Millefleur and Rottenbottom plantations are famous, and + a hand well over the crops raised under such shrewd, + experienced management as that of Colonel Beverage is a stroke + of policy. Therefore, as the bankers and jewelers have been + polite, so now the cotton-merchants are civil; but the colonel + is shy—an old bird and a game bird.</p> + + <p>Shy, but not suspicious. He chooses his own time, and at an + early day walks into the business-house of Negocier & + Duthem. They are pleased to see the colonel in the way of + business, as they have been in society, and the pleasure is + mutual. As he expounds his plans they are more and more + convinced that he is a plumy bird of much waste feather.</p> + + <p>He has taken Rottenbottom and Millefleur, and is going + pretty well into cotton. He thinks he understands it: he ought + to. Then he has his own capital—an advantage, certainly. + Some of his friends, So-and-so—running over commercial + and bankable names easily—have suggested the usual + co-operation with some reputable house, and an extension, but + he believes He will stay within limits. He has five thousand + dollars in cash he wishes to deposit with some good firm for + the year's supplies. He believes that will be sufficient, and + he has called to hear their terms. All this comes not at once, + but here and there in the business-conversation.</p> + + <p>The reader will perceive one strong bait carelessly thrown + out by the auriferous or folliferous colonel—the five + thousand dollars cash in hand. The immediate use of that is a + strong incentive to the house. They covet the colonel's + business: they think well of the proposed extension. Cotton is + sure to be up, and under practical, experienced cultivation + must yield a handsome fortune. The result is foreseen. The + cotton-house and the colonel enter into the usual agreement of + such transactions. The colonel leaves his five thousand + dollars, and draws on that, and for as much more as may be + necessary in securing the crop.</p> + + <p>The commercial reader North who has had no dealings South + will smile at the credulous merchant who entrusts his credit to + such a full-blown, thirsty tropical pitcher-plant as the + colonel, who carries childish extravagances in his very dress; + but he will judge hastily. We have seen this gaudy + efflorescence pass over the curiously-wrought enameled + gold-work, opals, pearls and rubies, and adorn himself with + solid diamonds. The careful economist North puts his + superfluous thousands in government bonds, or gambles them away + in Erie stocks, because he likes the increase of Jacob's + speckled sheep. The Southerner invests his in diamonds because + he likes show, and diamonds have a pretty steady market value. + There is method, too, in the colonel's associations, and all + his acquaintance is gilt-edged and bankable.</p> + + <p>His business is now done, and he does not tarry, but wings + his way to Millefleur and Rottenbottom, where he moults all his + fine feathers. He goes into fertilizers, beginning with crushed + cotton-seed and barnyard manure, if possible, before February + is over. He follows the shovel-plough with a slick-jack, and + plants, and then the labor begins to fail him. He talks about + importing Chinese, and writes about it in the local paper. He + is sure it will do, as he is positive in all his opinions. He + is true pluck, and tries to make new machinery make up for + deficient labor. He buys "bull-tongues," "cotton-shovels," + "fifteen-inch sweeps," "twenty-inch sweeps," "team-ploughs with + seven-inch twisters," and a "finishing sweep of twenty-six + inches." He hears of other inventions, and orders them. The + South is flooded with a thousand quack contrivances now, about + as applicable to cotton-raising as a pair of nut-crackers; but + the colonel buys them. He is going to dispense with the hoe. + That is the plan; and by that plan of furnishing a large + plantation with new tools before Lent is over the five thousand + dollars are gone. But he writes cheerfully. It is his nature to + be sanguine, and to hope loudly, vaingloriously; and he writes + it honestly enough to his merchant—and draws. The labor + gets worse and worse. In the indolent summer days the negro, + careless, thriftless, ignorant, works only at intervals. + Perhaps the June rise catches him, and there is a heavy expense + in ditching and damming to save the Rottenbottom crop. Maybe + the merchant hears of the army-worm and is alarmed, but the + colonel writes back assuring letters that it is only the + grasshopper, and the grasshopper has helped more than + hurt—and draws. Then possibly the army-worm comes sure + enough, and cripples him. But he keeps up his courage—and + draws. The five thousand dollars appear to have been employed + in digging or building a sluice through which a constant + current of currency flows from the city to Rottenbottom and + Millefleur. The merchant has gone into bank, and the tide flows + on. At last the planter writes: "The most magnificent crop ever + raised on Red River, just waiting for the necessary hands to + gather it in!" Of course the necessary sums are supplied, and + at last the crop gets to market. It finds the market low, and + declining steadily week by week. The banks begin to press: + money is tight, as it is now while I write. The crop is + sacrificed, for the merchant cannot wait, and some fine morning + the house of Negocier & Duthem is closed, and Colonel + Beverage is bankrupt.</p> + + <p>And both are ruined? No. We will suppose the business-house + is old and reputable: the banks are obliging and creditors + prudently liberal, and by and by the firm resumes its old + career. As for the colonel, the reader sees that to ruin him + would be an absolute contradiction of nature. His friends or + relations give him assistance, or he sells his diamonds, and + soon you meet him at the St. Charles, as blooming, sanguine and + splendiferous as ever. No, he cannot be ruined, but his is not + an infrequent episode in the life of a Southern Planter.</p> + + <p class="author">WILL WALLACE HARNEY.</p> + + <h2><a name="BABES_IN_THE_WOOD" + id="BABES_IN_THE_WOOD"></a>BABES IN THE WOOD.</h2> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>I had two little babes, a boy and girl—</p> + + <p class="i2">Two little babes that are not with me + now:</p> + + <p>On one bright brow full golden fell the + curl—</p> + + <p class="i2">The curl fell chestnut-brown on one + bright brow.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>I like to dream of them that some soft day,</p> + + <p class="i2">Whilst wandering from home, their fitful + feet</p> + + <p>Went heedlessly through some still woodland way</p> + + <p class="i2">Where light and shade harmoniously + meet;</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>And that they wandered deeper and more deep</p> + + <p class="i2">Into the forest's fragrant heart and + fair,</p> + + <p>Till just at evenfall they dropped asleep,</p> + + <p class="i2">And ever since they have been resting + there.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>After their willful wandering that day</p> + + <p class="i2">Each is so tired it does not wake at + all,</p> + + <p>Whilst over them the boughs that sigh and sway</p> + + <p class="i2">Conspire to make perpetual evenfall.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>And I, that must not join them, still am blest,</p> + + <p class="i2">Passionately, though this poor heart + grieves;</p> + + <p>For memories, like birds, at my behest,</p> + + <p class="i2">Have covered them with tender thoughts, + like leaves.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="center">EDGAR FAWCETT.</p> + + <h2><a name="MY_CHARGE_ON_THE_LIFE_GUARDS" + id="MY_CHARGE_ON_THE_LIFE_GUARDS"></a>MY CHARGE ON THE + LIFE-GUARDS.</h2> + + <p>Now that our little international troubles about + consequential damages and the like are happily settled, and + there is no danger that my revelations will augment them in any + degree, I think I may venture to give the particulars of an + affair of honor which I once had with a gigantic member of Her + Britannic Majesty's household troops.</p> + + <p>My guardian had a special veneration for England in general + and for Oxford in particular, and I was brought up and sent to + Yale with the full understanding that St. Bridget's, Oxon., was + the place where I was to be "finished." I left Yale at the end + of Junior year and crossed the ocean in the crack steamer of + the then famous Collins line. I do not believe any young + American ever had a more favorable introduction to England than + I had, and the wonder is that, considering the philo-Anglican + atmosphere in which I was educated, I did not become a + thorough-paced renegade. I was, however, blessed with a + tolerably independent spirit, and kept my nationality intact + throughout my university course.</p> + + <p>Like Tom Brown, I felt myself drawn to the sporting set, + and, as I was always an adept at athletics, soon won repute as + an oarsman, and was well satisfied to be looked upon as the + Yankee champion sundry amateur rowing-and boxing-matches, as + well as in the lecture-room. Of course, I was the mark for no + end of good-natured chaff about my nationality, but was nearly + always able, I believe, to sustain the honor of the American + name, and so at length graduated in the "firsts" as to + scholarship, and enjoyed the distinguished honor of pulling + number four in the "'Varsity eight" in our annual match with + Cambridge on the Thames. Moreover, I stood six feet in my + stockings, had the muscle of a gladiator, and was physically + the equal of any man at Oxford.</p> + + <p>After the race was over my special cronies hung about London + for a few days, usually making that classical "cave" of Evans's + a rendezvous in the evening. Two or three young officers of the + Guards were often with us, and one night, when the talk had + turned, as it often did, on personal prowess, the superb + average physique of their regiment was duly lauded by our + soldier companions. At length one of them remarked, in that + aggravatingly superior tone which some Englishmen assume, that + any man in his troop could handle any two of the then present + company. This provoked a general laugh of incredulity, and two + or three of our college set turned to me with—"What do + you say to that, Jonathan?"</p> + + <p>"Nonsense!" said I. "I'll put on the gloves with the biggest + fellow among them, any day."</p> + + <p>This somewhat democratic readiness to spar with a private + soldier led to remarks which I chose to consider insular, if + not insolent, and I replied, supporting the principle of Yankee + equality, until, losing my temper at something which one of the + ensigns said, I delivered myself in some such fashion as this: + "Well, gentlemen, I'm only one Yankee among many Englishmen, + but I will bet a hundred guineas, and put up the money, that I + will tumble one of those mighty warriors out of his saddle in + front of the Horse Guards, and ride off on his horse before the + guard can turn out and stop me."</p> + + <p>Of course my bet was instantly taken by the officers, but my + friends were so astounded at my rashness that I found no + backers. However, my blood was up, and, possibly because + Evans's bitter beer was buzzing slightly in my head, I booked + several more bets at large odds in my own favor. As the hour + was late, we separated with an agreement to meet and arrange + details on the following day, keeping the whole affair strictly + secret meanwhile.</p> + + <p>I confess that my feelings were not of the pleasantest as I + sat at my late London breakfast somewhere about noon the next + day, and I was fain to admit to my special friend that I had + put myself in an awkward, if not an unenviable, position. + However, I was in for it, and being naturally of an elastic + temperament, began to cast about for a cheerful view of my + undertaking. In the course of the day preliminaries were + arranged and reduced to writing with all the care which + Englishmen practice in such affairs of "honor." I only + stipulated that I should be allowed to use a stout + walking-stick in my encounter; that I should be kept informed + as to the detail for guard; that I should be freely allowed to + see the regiment at drill and in quarters; and that I should + select my time of attack within a fortnight, giving a few + hours' notice to all parties concerned, so as to ensure their + presence as witnesses.</p> + + <p>Every one who has ever visited London has seen and admired + the gigantic horsemen who sit on mighty black steeds, one on + either side of the archway facing Whitehall, and who are + presumed at once to guard the commander-in-chief's + head-quarters and to serve as "specimen bricks" of the finest + cavalry corps in the world. Splendid fellows they are! None of + them are under six feet high, and many of them are considerably + above that mark. They wear polished steel corselets and + helmets, white buck-skin trowsers, high jack-boots, and at the + time of which I write their arms consisted of a brace of heavy, + single-barreled pistols in holsters, a carbine and a sabre. The + firearms were, under ordinary circumstances, not loaded, and + the sabre was held at a "carry" in the right hand. This last + was the weapon against which I must guard, and I accordingly + placed a traveling cap and a coat in the hands of a discreet + tailor, who sewed steel bands into the crown of one and into + the shoulders of the other, in such a way as afforded very + efficient protection against a possible downward cut.</p> + + <p>Besides attending to these defensive preparations, I at once + looked about for a competent horseman with military experience + who could give me some practical hints as to encounters between + infantry and cavalry, and, singularly enough, was thrown in + with that gallant young officer who rode into immortality in + front of the Light Brigade at Balaklava a few years afterward. + I learned that he was a superb horseman, was down upon the + English system of cavalry training, and was using pen and + tongue to bring about a change. A sudden inspiration led me to + take him into my confidence, as the terms of our agreement + permitted me to do. He caught the idea with enthusiasm. What an + argument it would be in favor of his new system if a mere + civilian unhorsed a Guardsman trained after the old fashion! + For a week he drilled me more or less every day in getting him + off his horse in various ways, and I speedily became a + proficient in the art, he meanwhile gaining some new ideas on + the subject, which were duly printed in his well-known + book.</p> + + <p>Well, to make my story short, I gave notice to interested + parties on the tenth day, put on my steel-ribbed cap and my + armor-plated coat, and with stick in hand walked over to a + hairdresser's with whom I had previously communicated, had my + complexion darkened to a Spanish olive, put on a false beard, + and was ready for service. I had arranged with this tonsorial + artist, whose shop was in the Strand near Northumberland House, + that he should be prepared to remove these traces of disguise + as speedily as he had put them on, and that I should leave a + stylish coat and hat in his charge, to be donned in haste + should occasion require. I next engaged two boys to stand + opposite Northumberland House, and be ready to hold a horse. + These boys I partially paid beforehand, and promised more + liberal largess if they did their duty. Preliminaries having + been thus arranged, I strolled down Whitehall, feeling very + much as I did years afterward when I found myself going into + action for the first time in Dixie.</p> + + <p>It was early afternoon on a lovely spring day. The Strand + was a roaring stream of omnibuses and drays, carriages were + beginning to roll along the drives leading to Rotten Row, and + all London was in the streets. I was assured that at this hour + I should find a big but father clumsy giant on post; and there + he was, sure enough, sitting like a colossal statue on his + coal-black charger, the crest of his helmet almost touching the + keystone of the arch under which he sat, his accoutrements + shining like jewels, and he looking every inch a British + cavalryman. I walked past on the opposite side of Whitehall, + meeting, without being recognized, all my aiders and abettors + in this most heinous attack on Her Majesty's Guards. I then + crossed the street and took a good look at my man. He and his + companion-sentry under the other arch were aware of officers in + "mufti" on the opposite sidewalk, and kept their eyes immovably + to the front. Evidently nothing much short of an earthquake + could cause either to relax a muscle. The little circle of + admiring beholders which is always on hand inspecting these + splendid horsemen was present, of course, with varying + elements, and I had to wait a few minutes until a small number + of innocuous spectators coincided with the aphelion of the + periodical policeman.</p> + + <p>It was not a pleasant thing to contemplate that tower of + polished leather, brass and steel, with a man inside of it some + forty pounds heavier than I, and think that in a minute or so + we two should be engaged in a close grapple, whose termination + involved considerable risk for me physically as well as + pecuniarily. However, there was, in addition to the feeling of + apprehension, a touch of elation at the thought that I, a lone + Yankee, was about to beard the British lion in his most + formidable shape, almost under the walls of Buckingham + Palace.</p> + + <p>I looked my antagonist carefully over, deciding several + minor points in my mind, and then at a favorable moment stepped + quietly within striking distance, and delivered a sharp blow + with my stick on his left instep, as far forward as I could + without hitting the stirrup. The man seemed to be in a sort of + military trance, for he never winced. Quick as thought, I + repeated the blow, and this time the fellow fairly yelled with + rage, astonishment and pain. I have since made up my mind that + his nerve-fibre must have been of that inert sort which + transmits waves of sensation but slowly, so that the perception + of the first blow reached the interior of his helmet just about + as the second descended. At all events, he jerked back his + foot, and somehow, between the involuntary contraction of his + flexor muscles from pain and the glancing of my stick, his foot + slipped from the stirrup. This, as I had learned from my + instructor, was a great point gained, and in an instant I had + him by the ankle and by the top of his jack-boot, doubling his + leg, at the same time heaving mightily upward.</p> + + <p>As I gave my whole strength to the effort I was dimly aware + of screams and panic among the nursery—maids and children + who were but a moment before my fellow-spectators. At the same + time I caught the flash of the Guardsman's sabre as he cut down + at me after the fashion prescribed in the broadsword exercise. + Fortune, however, did not desert me. My antagonist had not + enough elbow-room, and his sword-point was shivered against the + stone arch overhead, the blade descending flatways and + harmlessly upon my well-protected shoulder just as, with a + final effort, I tumbled him out his saddle.</p> + + <p>The recollection of the ludicrous figure which that + Guardsman cut haunts me still. His pipeclayed gloves clutched + wildly at holster and cantle as he went over. Down came the + gleaming helmet crashing upon the pavement, and with a + calamitous rattle and bang the whole complicated structure of + corselet, scabbard, carbine, cross-belts, spurs and boots went + into the inside corner of the archway, a helpless heap.</p> + + <p>That started the horse. The noble animal had stood my + assault as steadily as if he had been cast in bronze, but + precisely such an emergency as this had never been contemplated + in his training, as it had not in that of his master, and he + now started forward rather wildly. I had my hand on the bridle + before he had moved a foot, and swung myself half over his back + as he dashed across the sidewalk and up Whitehall. The Guards' + saddles are very easy when once you are in them, and I had + reason, temporarily at least, to approve the English style of + riding with short stirrups, for I readily found my seat, and + ascertained that I could touch bottom with my toes. As I left + the scene of my victory behind me I heard the guards turning + out, and caught a glimpse as of all London running in my + direction, but by the time that I had secured the control of my + horse I had distanced the crowd, and as we entered the Strand + we attracted comparatively little notice. In driving, the + English turn out to the left instead of to the right, as is the + custom here, and I was obliged to cross the westward-bound line + of vehicles before I could fall in with that which would bring + me to my boys. I decided to make a "carom" of it, and nearly + took the heads off a pair of horses, and the pole off the + omnibus to which they were attached, as I dashed through. + Turning to the right, I soon lost the torrent of invective + hurled after me by the driver and conductor of the discomfited + 'bus, and in less than two minutes—which seemed to me an + age, for the pursuit was drawing near—I reached my boys, + dropped them a half sov. apiece, which I had ready in my hand, + and bolted for my hairdresser's, the boys leading the horse in + the opposite direction, as previously ordered.</p> + + <p>It was none too soon, for as I ran up stairs I saw three or + four policemen running toward the horse, and there was a gleam + of dancing plumes and shining helmets toward Whitehall. My + false beard and complexion were changed with marvelous + rapidity, and, assuming my promenade costume, I sauntered down + stairs and out upon the sidewalk in time to see the whole + street jammed with a crowd of excited Britons, while the + recaptured horse was turned over to the Guardsmen, and the two + boys were marched off to Bow street for examination before a + magistrate.</p> + + <p>A private room and an elaborate dinner at the United Service + Club closed the day; and I must admit that my military friends + swallowed their evident chagrin with a very good grace. Of + course I was told that I could not do it again, which I readily + admitted; and that there was not another man in the troop whom + I could have unhorsed—an assertion which I as + persistently combated. The affair was officially hushed up, and + probably not more than a few thousand people ever heard of it + outside military circles.</p> + + <p>How I escaped arrest and punishment to the extent of the law + I did not know for many years, for the duke of Wellington, who + was then commander-in-chief, had only to order the officers + concerned under arrest, and I should have been in honor bound + to come forward with a voluntary confession.</p> + + <p>My giant was sent for to the old duke's private room the day + after his overthrow, and questioned sharply by the adjutant, + who, with pardonable incredulity, suspected that bribery alone + could have brought about so direful a catastrophe. The duke was + from the first convinced of the soldier's, honesty and bravery, + and presently broke in upon the adjutant's examination + with—"Well, well! speak to me now. What have you to say + for yourself?"</p> + + <p>"May it please yer ludship," said the undismayed soldier, + "I've never fought a civilian sence I 'listed, an' yer ludship + will bear me witness that there's nothing in the cavalry drill + about resisting a charge of foot when a mon's on post at the + Horse Guards."</p> + + <p>This speech was delivered with the most perfect sincerity + and sobriety, and although it reflected upon the efficiency of + the army under the hero of Waterloo, the Iron Duke was so much + impressed by the affair that he sent word to Lieutenant-Colonel + Varian, commanding the regiment, not to order the man any + punishment whatever, but to see that his command was thereafter + trained in view of possible attacks, even when posted in front + of army head-quarters.</p> + + <p class="author">CHARLES L. NORTON.</p> + + <h2><a name="PAINTING_AND_A_PAINTER" + id="PAINTING_AND_A_PAINTER"></a>PAINTING AND A PAINTER.</h2> + + <p>Charles V. once said, "Titian should be served by Caesar;" + and Michael Angelo, we read, was treated by Lorenzo de' Medici + "as a son;" Raphael, his contemporary, was great enough to + revere him, and thank God he had lived at the same time. In + England, in France, in Germany, in Italy, in Spain at this day, + the poet and the painter stand hedged about by the divinity of + their gifts, and the people are proud to recognize their + kingship.</p> + + <p>Has "Reverence, that angel of the world," as Shakespeare + beautifully says, forgot to visit America? Or must we consider + ourselves less capable yet of delicate appreciation, such as + older nations possess? Or are we over-occupied in gaining + possession of material comforts and luxuries, and so forget to + revere our poets and painters till it is too late, and the + curtain has fallen upon their unobtrusive and often struggling + earthly career? What a millennium will have arrived when we + learn to be as <i>faithful</i> to our love as we are + sincere!</p> + + <p>Questions like these have been asked also in times preceding + ours. Alfred de Musset wrote upon this subject in 1833, in + Paris: "There are people who tell you our age is preoccupied, + that men no longer read anything or care for anything. Napoleon + was occupied, I think, at Beresina: he, however, had his + <i>Ossian</i> with him. When did Thought lose the power of + being able to leap into the saddle behind Action? When did man + forget to rush like Tyrtaeus to the combat, a sword in one + hand, the lyre in the other? Since the world still has a body, + it has a soul."</p> + + <p>Monsieur Charles Blanc writes: "In order to have an idea of + the importance of the arts, it is enough to fancy what the + great nations of the world would be if the monuments they have + erected to their faiths, and the works whereon they have left + the mark of their genius, were suppressed from history. It is + with people as with men—after death only the emanations + of their mind remain; that is to say, literature and art, + written poems, and poems inscribed on stone, in marble or in + color."</p> + + <p>The same writer, in his admirable book, <i>Grammaire des + arts du dessin,</i> from which we are tempted to quote again + and again, says: "The artist who limits himself simply to the + imitation of Nature reaches only <i>individuality</i>: he is a + slave. He who interprets Nature sees in her happy qualities; he + evolves <i>character</i> from her; he is master. The artist who + idealizes her discovers in her or imprints upon her the image + of <i>beauty</i>: this last is a great master.... Placed + between Nature and the ideal, between what is and what must be, + the artist has a vast career before him in order to pass from + the reality he sees to the beauty he divines. If we follow him + in this career, we see his model transform itself successively + before his eyes.... But the artist must give to these creations + of his soul the imprint of life, and he can only find this + imprint in the individuals Nature has created. The two are + inseparable—the type, which is a product of thought, and + the individual, which is a child of life."</p> + + <p>With this excellent analysis before us, we will recall one + by one some of the best-known and most interesting works of + W.M. Hunt, a painter who now holds a prominent place among the + artists of America. We will try to discover by careful + observation if the high gifts of Verity and Imagination, the + sign and seal of the true artist, really belong to him: if so, + where these qualities are expressed, and what value we should + set upon them.</p> + + <p>First, perhaps, for those readers remote from New England + who may never have seen any pictures by this artist, a few + words should be said by way of describing some characteristics + of his work and the limitations of it; which limitations are + rather loudly dwelt upon by connoisseurs and lovers of the + popular modern French school. Artists discern these limitations + of course more keenly even than others, but their tribute to + verity and ideal beauty as represented by this painter is too + sincere to allow caviling to find expression. This limitation + to which we refer causes Mr. Hunt to allow <i>ideal + suggestions</i>, rather than pictures, to pass from his studio, + and makes him cowardly before his own work. It recalls in a + contrary sense that saying of the sculptor Puget: "The marble + trembles before me." Mr. Hunt trembles before his new-born + idea. His swift nature has allowed him in the first hour of + work to put into his picture the tenderness or rapture, the + unconscious grace or tempestuous force, which he despaired at + first of ever being able to express. In the flush of success he + stops: he has it, the idea; the chief interest of the subject + is portrayed before him; the delicate presence (and what can be + more delicate than the thoughts he has delineated?) is there, + and may vanish if touched in a less fortunate moment. But is + this lack of fulfillment in the artist entirely without + precedent or parallel? Had not Sir Joshua Reynolds a studio + full of young artists who "finished off" his pictures? Were not + the very faces themselves painted with such rapidity and want + of proper method as to drop off, on occasion, entirely from the + canvas, as in case of the boy's head, in being carried through + the street? Hunt is of our own age, and would scorn the + suggestion of having a hand or a foot painted for him, as if it + were a matter of small importance what individual expression a + hand or a foot should wear; but who can tell for what future + age he has painted the wise, abrupt, kind, persistent, simple, + strong old Judge in his Yankee coat; or the genial, resolute, + hopeful, self-sacrificing governor of Massachusetts; and the + Master of the boys, with his keen, loving, uncompromising face? + These are pictures that, when children say, "Tell us about the + Governor who helped Massachusetts bring her men first into the + field during our war," we may lead them up before and reply, + "He was this man!" So also with the portraits of the Judge, of + the Master of the boys, of the old man with clear eyes and firm + mouth, and that sweet American girl standing, unconscious of + observation, plucking at the daisy in her hat and guessing at + her fate.</p> + + <p>Hurry, impatience and a worship of crude thought are + characteristics of our present American life. Hunt is one of + us. If these faults mark and mar his work, they show him also + to be a child of the time. His quick sympathies are caught by + the wayside and somewhat frayed out among his fellows; but + nevertheless one essential of a great painter, that of + <i>Verity</i>, will be accorded to him after an examination of + the pictures we have mentioned.</p> + + <p>But truth, character, skill, the many gifts and great labor + which must unite to lead an artist to the foot of his shadowy, + sun-crowned mountain, can then carry him no step farther unless + ideal Beauty join him, and he comprehend her nature and follow + to her height. Again we quote from Charles Blanc—for why + should we rewrite what he says so ably?—"All the germs of + beauty are in Nature, but it belongs to the spirit of man alone + to disengage them. When Nature is beautiful, the painter + <i>knows</i> that she is beautiful, but Nature knows nothing of + it. Thus beauty exists only on the condition of being + understood—that is to say, of receiving a second life in + the human thought. Art has something else to do than to copy + Nature exactly: it must penetrate into the spirit of things, it + must evoke the soul of its hero. It can then not only rival + Nature, but surpass her. What is indeed the superiority of + Nature? It is the life which animates all her forms. But man + possesses a treasure which Nature does not + possess—thought. Now thought is more than life, for it is + life at its highest power, life in its glory. Man can then + contest with Nature by manifesting thought in the forms of art, + as Nature manifests life in her forms. In this sense the + philosopher Hegel was able to say that the creations of art + were truer than the phenomena of the physical world and the + realities of history."</p> + + <p>Now, thought in the soul of the true artist for ever labors + to evolve the beautiful. This is what the thought of a picture + means to him—how to express beauty, which he finds + underlying even the imperfect individual of Nature's decaying + birth. To the high insight this is always discernible. None are + so fallen that some ray of God's light may not touch them, and + this possibility, the faith in light for ever, radiates from + the spirit of the artist, and renders him a messenger of joy. + No immortal works have bloomed in despondency: they may have + taken root in the slime of the earth, but they have blossomed + into lilies.</p> + + <p>We call this divine power to discern beauty in every + manifestation of the Deity, imagination. As it expresses itself + in painting, it is so closely allied with what is highest and + holiest in our natures that painting has come to be esteemed a + Christian art, as contrasted in its development subsequent to + the Christian era with the less human works of sculpture. + "Christianity came, and instead of physical beauty substituted + moral beauty, infinitely preferring the expression of the soul + to the perfection of the body. Every man was great in its eyes, + not by his perishable members, but by his immortal soul. With + this religion begins the reign of painting, which is a more + subtle art, more immaterial, than the others—more + expressive, and also more individual. We will give some proofs + of it. Instead of acting, like architecture and sculpture, upon + the three dimensions of heavy matter, painting acts only upon + one surface, and produces its effects with an imponderable + thing, which is color—that is to say, light. Hegel has + said with admirable wisdom: 'In sculpture and architecture + forms are rendered visible by exterior light. In painting, on + the contrary, matter, obscure in itself, has within itself its + internal element, its ideal—light: it draws from itself + both clearness and obscurity. Now, unity, the combination of + light and dark, is color.' The painter, then, proposes to + himself to represent, not bodies with their real thickness, but + simply their appearance, their image; but by this means it is + the mind which he addresses. Visible but impalpable, and in + some sense immaterial, his work does not meet the touch, which + is the sight of the body: it only meets the eye, which is the + touch of the soul. Painting is then, from this point of view, + the essential art of Christianity.... If the painter, like + Phidias or Lysippus, had only to portray the types of humanity, + the majesty of Jupiter, the strength of Hercules, he might do + without the riches of color, and paint in one tone, modified + only by light and shade; but the most heroic man among + Christians is not a demigod: he is a being profoundly + individual, tormented, combating, suffering, and who throughout + his real life shares with environing Nature, and receives from + every side the reflection of her colors. Sculpture, + generalizing, raises itself to the dignity of + allegory—painting, individualizing, descends to the + familiarity of portraiture."</p> + + <p>Let us now return to consider William Hunt's pictures from + this second point of view. The gift of Verity having been + already assumed, can we also discern that higher power of + Imagination whose crown and seal is the Beautiful. To decide + this question we have, unhappily, to consider his work as + lyrical, rather than dramatic, and for this reason we must + study his power under disadvantage. That he possesses dramatic + power will hardly be denied by those who know his "Hamlet," + "The Drummer-Boy," and "The Boy and the Butterfly;" but the + exigencies of life appear to prevent him from occupying himself + with compositions such as filled years in the existence of the + old painters.</p> + + <p>Portraiture being the highest and most difficult labor to + which an artist can aspire, to this branch of art Hunt has + chiefly confined himself, and from this point of view he must + be studied. We do not forget, in saying this, his angel with + the flaming torch, strong and beautiful and of unearthly + presence, nor the shadowy, half-portrayed figures which dart + and flit across his easel; but as we may <i>understand</i> the + power of Titian from his portraits, yet never revel in it fully + until we look upon "The Presentation" or "The + Assumption"—never comprehend the painter's joy or his + divine rest in endeavor until the achievement lies before + us—we must speak of Hunt only from the work to which he + has devoted himself, and not do him the injustice to predict + dramas he has never yet composed.</p> + + <p>First, pre-eminently appears that worship for moral beauty + which suffers him to fear no ugliness. This power allies him + with keen sympathy to every living thing. He sees kinship and + the immortal spark in each breathing being. The soul of love + goes out and paints the dark or the suffering or the repellant + faithfully, bringing it in to the light where God's sunshine + may fall upon it, and men and women, seeing for the first time, + may help to wipe away the stain. This tendency he shares with + the great French painter Millet, whom he loves to call Master, + and with Dore, whose terrible picture of "The Mountebanks" + should call men and women from their homes to penetrate the + fastnesses of vice and strive to heal the sorrows of their + kind.</p> + + <p>This love of moral beauty, which forces painters to paint + such pictures, was never in any age more evident. Hunt in his + beggar-man, in his forlorn children, and other pictures of the + same class, unfolds a beauty that men should be thankful + for.</p> + + <p>On the other hand, his love of beauty and his power of + expressing it should be studied in its <i>direct</i> influence. + The beauty of flesh and blood, even the loveliness of children, + seems to have slight hold upon him, compared with the + significance of character and the lustre with which his + imagination endows everything. This lustre is a distinguishing + power with him. The depth to which he sees and feels causes him + to give higher lights and deeper shadows than other men. White + flowers are not only white to him—they shine like stars. + His pictures give a sense of splendor.</p> + + <p>In his sketch of the poor mother cuddling her child, it is + the feeling of rest, the mother's sleeping joy, the relaxed + limbs, the folding embrace, which he has given us to enjoy. + These are the beauty of the picture—not rounded flesh, + nor graceful curves, nor fair complexion; and so with the + singing-girls: they are not beautiful girls, but they are + simple—they love to sing, they are full of tenderness and + music. We might go over all his pictures to weariness in this + way. The young girl plucking at the daisy as she stands in an + open field must, however, not be omitted. The natural elegance + of this portrait renders it peculiarly, we should say, such a + one as any woman would be proud to see of herself. Doubtless + this young girl, like others, may have worn ear-rings and + chains and pins and rings, but the artist knew her better than + she knew herself, and has portrayed that exquisite crown of + simplicity with which, it should seem, Nature only endows + beggars and her royal favorites.</p> + + <p>In all the ages since Hamlet was created there appears never + to have been an era in which his character has excited such + strong and universal interest as in America at this time. + William Hunt has thrown upon the canvas a figure of Hamlet + beautiful and living. There is no suggestion of any actor in + it. Hamlet walks new-born from the painter's brain. His "cursed + spite" bends the youthful shoulders, and the figure marches + past unmindful of terrestrial presences.</p> + + <p>One other picture will illustrate more clearly, perhaps, + than everything which has gone before, this gift of + imagination. In "The Boy and the Butterfly," now on the walls + of the Century Club-house, the loveliness of the child, the + power of action, the subtle management of color and light, are + all subordinated to the ideas of defeat and endeavor. Energy, + the irrepressible strength of the spirit upheld by a divine + light of indestructible youth, shines out from the canvas. The + boy who cannot catch the butterfly is transmuted as we stand + into the Soul of Beauty reaching out in vain for satisfaction, + and ready to follow its aspiration to another sphere.</p> + + <h2><a name="OUR_MONTHLY_GOSSIP" + id="OUR_MONTHLY_GOSSIP"></a>OUR MONTHLY GOSSIP.</h2> + + <h3><a name="WILHELMINE_VON_HILLERN" + id="WILHELMINE_VON_HILLERN"></a>WILHELMINE VON HILLERN.</h3> + + <p>German literature, despite its extraordinary productiveness + and its possession of a few great masterpieces, is far from + being rich in the department of belles-lettres, especially in + works of fiction. It has no list of novelists like those which + include such names as Fielding, Scott and Thackeray, Balzac, + Hugo and Sand. In fact, there is scarcely an instance of a male + writer in Germany who has devoted himself exclusively to this + branch of literature, and has won high distinction in it. It + has been cultivated with success chiefly by a few writers of + the other sex, whose delineations have gained a popularity in + America only less than that which they enjoy at home—in + part because the life which they depict has closer internal + analogies to our own than to that of England or of France, + still more perhaps because the pictures themselves, whatever + their intrinsic fidelity, are suffused with a romantic glow + which has long since faded from those of the thoroughly + realistic art now dominant in the two latter countries.</p> + + <p>In none of them is this characteristic more apparent than in + the works of Wilhelmine von Hillern, which bear also in a + marked degree the stamp of a mind at once vigorous and + sympathetic, and are thus calculated to awaken the interest of + readers in regard to the author's personal history.</p> + + <p>Her father, Doctor Christian Birch, a Dane by birth and + originally a diplomatist by profession, held for many years the + post of secretary of legation at London and Paris. He withdrew + from this career on the occasion of his marriage with a German + lady connected with the stage in the triple capacity of author, + manager and actress. Madame Birch-Pfeiffer, as she is commonly + called, was one of the celebrities of her time, and her + dramatic productions still keep possession of the stage. Soon + after the birth of her daughter, which took place at Munich, + she was invited to assume the direction of the theatre of + Zurich. Here Wilhelmine passed several years of her childhood, + separated from her father, whose engagements as a political + writer retained him in Germany, and scarcely less divided from + her mother, whose duties at this period did not permit her to + give much attention to domestic cares. Without companions of + her own age, and left almost wholly to the charge of an invalid + aunt, she led a monotonous existence, which left an impression + on her mind all the more deep from its contrast with the life + which opened upon her in her eighth year, when Madame + Birch-Pfeiffer was summoned to Berlin to hold an appointment at + the court theatre.</p> + + <p>In the Prussian capital the family was again united, and + became the centre of a social circle embracing many persons + connected with dramatic art and literature. Devrient, Dawison + and Jenny Lind were among the visitors whose conversation was + greedily listened to by the little girl while supposed to be + immersed in her lessons or her plays. Under such influences it + would have been strange if even a less active brain had not + been fired with aspirations, which took the form of an + irresistible impulse when, at thirteen, Wilhelmine was allowed + for the first time to visit the theatre and witness the acting + of Dawison in Hamlet and other parts. Henceforth all opposition + had to give way, and in her seventeenth year she made her + <i>début</i> as Juliet at the ducal theatre of Coburg. + Two qualities, we are told, distinguished her acting: a strong + conception worked out in the minutest details, and an intensity + of passion which knew no restraint, and at its culminating + point overpowered even hostile criticism. Subsequently careful + training under Edward Devrient and Madame Glossbrenner enabled + her to bring her emotions under better control, repressing all + tendency to extravagance; and, greeted with the assurance that + she was destined to become the German Rachel, she entered upon + her career with a round of performances at the principal + theatres of Germany, including those of Frankfort, Hamburg and + Berlin.</p> + + <p>These triumphs were followed by the acceptance of a + permanent engagement at Mannheim, which, however, had hardly + been concluded when it gave place to one of a different kind, + followed by her marriage and sudden relinquishment of the + vocation embraced with such ardor and pursued for a short + period with such brilliant promise. Dawison is said to have + remarked that by her retirement the German stage had lost its + last genuine tragic actress.</p> + + <p>Since her marriage Madame von Hillern has resided at + Freiburg, in the grand duchy of Baden, where her husband holds + a legal position analogous to that of the judge of a superior + court. Her social life is one of great activity, though much of + her time is given to superintending the education of her two + daughters. But the abounding energy of her nature made it + inevitable that her artistic instincts, repressed in one + direction, should seek their full development in another. + Literature was naturally her choice. Her first work, + <i>Doppelleben</i>, appeared in 1865, and though defective in + construction, owing to a change of plan in the process of + composition, served to give assurance of her powers and to + inspire her with the requisite confidence. Three years later + <i>Ein Arzt der Seele</i>, of which a translation under the + title of <i>Only a Girl</i> has been widely circulated in + America, established her claim to a high place among the + writers of her class. Her third work, <i>Aus eigener Kraft (By + his own Might)</i>, met with equal success, securing for its + author a large circle of readers on both sides of the Atlantic + ready to welcome the future productions of her pen. The + qualities which distinguish her writings are vigor of + conception, sharpness of characterization, a moral earnestness + pervading the judgments and reflections, and an ardor, + sometimes too exuberant, which gives intensity to the + delineation even while exciting doubts of its fidelity. Similar + qualities had characterized her acting, and they spring from a + nature which a close observer has described as clear in + perception yet swayed by fantasy; strong of will yet impulsive + as quicksilver; finding enjoyment now in animated discussion, + now in impetuous riding, now in absolute repose; full of + maternal tenderness, yet fond of splendor and the excitements + of society; a nature, in short, abounding in contrasts, but + substantially that of a true, noble and lovable woman.</p> + <hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + <h2><a name="HIS_NAME" + id="HIS_NAME"></a>HIS NAME?</h2> + + <p class="center">(<i>An incident of the Boston fire</i>.)</p> + + <h3>I.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i10">—Oh the billows of fire!</p> + + <p class="i8">With maëlstrom-like swirl,</p> + + <p class="i8">Their surges they hurl</p> + + <p class="i10">Over roof—over spire,</p> + + <p class="i10"> + Mad—masterless—higher,—</p> + + <p class="i8">Till with + rumble—crack—crash,</p> + + <p class="i8">Down boom with a flash,</p> + + <p>Whole columns of granite and marble;—see! + see!</p> + + <p>Sucked in as a weed on the ocean might be,</p> + + <p class="i12">Or engulfed as a sail</p> + + <p>In the hurricane riot and wreak of the gale!</p> + </div> + </div> + + <h3>II.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ha! yonder they rush where the death-dealing + stream,</p> + + <p class="i12">Over-pent, waits their gleam,</p> + + <p>To shiver the city with earthquake!—Who, + <i>who</i></p> + + <p>Will adventure, mid-flame, and unfasten the + screw,—</p> + + <p>Set the fiend loose, and save us so?—Fireman, + you,</p> + + <p><i>You</i> willing?—Would God you might hazard + it!—</p> + + <p class="i6">Nay,</p> + + <p>The red tongues are licking the faucets now: + Stay!</p> + + <p class="i12">—Too late,—'tis too + late!</p> + + <p class="i12">If ruin comes, wait</p> + + <p>Its coming: To go, is to perish:—Hold! + Hold!</p> + + <p class="i12">You are young,—I am + old,—</p> + + <p>You've a wife, too—and children?—O God! + he is gone</p> + + <p>Straight into destruction! The pipes, men! On, + on,</p> + + <p>Play the water-stream on + him,—full—faster—the whole!</p> + + <p class="i12">And now—Christ save his soul!</p> + </div> + </div> + + <h3>III.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i10">—I stifle—I choke;</p> + + <p>And <i>he</i>,—Heaven grant that he smother in + smoke</p> + + <p>Ere the fearful explosion comes. Hark! What's the + shout?</p> + + <p class="i12">—<i>Is he saved</i>?—<i>Is + he out?</i></p> + + <p>—Did he compass his purpose,—the + Hero?—<i>(One</i> name</p> + + <p>To-night we shall write on the records of + fame,—</p> + + <p>The perilous deed was so noble!) Why here</p> + + <p class="i12">On my cheek is a tear,</p> + + <p>Which not a whole city in ashes could claim!</p> + + <p>—His name, now: <i>Can nobody tell me his + name?</i></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="center">M. J. P.</p> + + <h3> + <a name="UNPUBLISHED_LETTER_FROM_LORD_NELSON_TO_LADY_HAMILTON" + id="UNPUBLISHED_LETTER_FROM_LORD_NELSON_TO_LADY_HAMILTON"></a> + UNPUBLISHED LETTER FROM LORD NELSON TO LADY HAMILTON.</h3> + + <p>[It has been a matter of congratulation that the destruction + by the Boston fire was confined to buildings and other property + representing simply the wealth of the city, and did not extend + to its monuments or its artistic and literary treasures. The + exceptions are, in fact, comparatively small in amount, yet + they are such as must excite a general regret. The contents of + the studios in Summer street, and the collection of armor, + unique in this country, bequeathed by the late Colonel Bigelow + Lawrence to the Boston Athenaeum, and temporarily deposited at + 82 Milk street, could not perish without awaking other feelings + besides that of sympathy with their past or prospective + possessors. A similar loss was that of many of the books and + manuscripts amassed by the historian Prescott, and comprising + the collections pertaining to the Histories of the Conquest of + Mexico and Peru and of Philip II. The manuscripts were + comprised in some thirty or forty folio volumes, and consisted + of copies or abstracts of documents in the public archives and + libraries of Europe, in the family archives of several Spanish + noblemen, and in private collections like that at Middle Hill. + The printed books, of which there were perhaps a thousand, + included many of great value and not a few of extreme rarity. A + large mass of private correspondence was also consumed. We are + not yet informed whether the same fate has befallen a small but + very choice collection of autographs, embracing letters written + or signed by Ferdinand and Isabella, Charles V., Pope Clement + VII., Prospero Colonna, the Great Captain, and other sovereigns + and eminent personages of the fifteenth and sixteenth + centuries. Very few modern autographs were included in this + collection, the only examples, we believe, being notes written + by Queen Victoria, Prince Albert and the duke of Wellington, + and a longer letter addressed by Lord Nelson to Lady Hamilton. + This last, which we are permitted to print from a copy made + some time ago, is not exactly a model of composition, but it is + very characteristic, and shows the strength of that + enthrallment which led him, despite his natural kindness of + heart, to risk the lives of his men in order to communicate + with the object of his passion.]</p> + + <p class="author">SUNDAY NIGHT, Feb. 15, 9 o'clock [1801].</p> + + <p>MY DEAR AMIABLE FRIEND: Could you have seen the boat leave + the ship, I am sure your heart would have sunk within you. <i>I + would not have given sixpence for the lives of the men</i>: a + tremendous wave broke and missed upsetting the boat by a + miracle. O God, how my heart thumped to see them safe! Then + they got safe on shore, and I had given a two-pound note to + cheer up the poor fellows when they landed; <i>but I was so + anxious to send a letter for you.</i> I knew it was impossible + for any boat to come off to us since Friday noon, when the boat + carried your letters enclosed for Napean, and she still remains + on shore. Only rest assured I always write, and never doubt + your old and dear friend, who never yet deserved it. The gale + abates very little, if anything, and it is truly fortunate that + our fleet is not in port, or some accident would most probably + happen; but both St. George and this ship have new cables, + which is all we have to trust to; but if my friend is true I + have no fear. I can take all the care which human foresight + can, and then we must trust to Providence, who keeps a lookout + for poor Jack. I cannot, my dear friend, afford to buy the + three pictures of the "Battle of the Nile," or I should like + very much to have them, and Mr. Boyden cannot afford to trust + me one year. If he could, perhaps I could manage it. I have + desired my brother to examine the four numbers of the tickets I + bought with Gibbs. I hope he has told you. I dare say in the + office here is the numbers of the tickets my agents have bought + for the ensuing lottery. I hope we shall be successful. I hope + you always kiss my godchild for me: pray do, and <i>I will + repay you ten times when we meet</i>, which I hope will be very + soon. Monday morning. It is a little more moderate, and we are + going to send a boat, but at present none can get to us, and, + therefore, I send this letter No. (1) to say we are in being. I + hope in the afternoon to be able to get letters, and, if + possible, to answer them. Kiss my godchild for me, bless it, + and Believe me ever yours,</p> + + <p class="author">NELSON AND BRONTE.</p> + + <h3><a name="WHITE_HAT_DAY" + id="WHITE_HAT_DAY"></a>"WHITE-HAT" DAY.</h3> + + <p>On one of the last days in September we were the astonished + recipients of a singular and mysterious invitation from a + member of the New York Board of Brokers. The note contained + words like these: "Come to the Exchange on Monday, September + 30th: white hats are declared confiscated on that day."</p> + + <p>It would have puzzled Oedipus or a Philadelphia lawyer to + trace the connection between white hats and stocks, to tell + what Hecuba was to them or they to Hecuba, and why they should + be more interfered with by the New York Stock Exchange on the + 30th of September than upon any other day. It is true that + during the last summer some slight political bias was supposed + to be hidden beneath that popular headpiece irreverently styled + "a Greeley plug," but then stocks are not politics, nor would + any but a punster trace an intimate connection between hats and + polls. A story has gone through the papers, to be sure, about + an unfortunate deacon who found it impossible to collect the + coppers of the congregation in a Greeley hat, but then slight + excuses have been made available on charitable occasions before + the present election, and we decline to accept the sentiment of + that congregation as unmixed devotion to the Republican + candidates. They did not wish to Grant their money, that was + all.</p> + + <p>And then, again, unlike the miller of the old conundrum, men + generally wear <i>white</i> hats to keep their heads cool; with + which laudable endeavor why should the Stock Exchange wish to + interfere? One never hears of a "corner" in hats. And then, + too, was it the bulls or the bears who objected to them? Bulls, + we all know, have an aversion to scarlet drapery, but Darwin, + in his studies of the feeling for color among animals, has + omitted any references to a horror of white hats even among the + most accomplished of the anthropoid apes.</p> + + <p>Pondering all these problems, and many more, our puzzled + trio went to the Stock Exchange on the last day of September. + We were conducted into the safe seclusion of the Visitors' + Gallery, from which coign of vantage we could look down + unharmed upon the frantic multitude below. The room is large + and very lofty, its prevailing tint a warm brown, relieved by + bright decorations of the Byzantine order. Across one end runs + a small gallery for visitors, without seats, and some twenty + feet above the floor, and opposite the gallery is a raised + platform, with a long table and majestic arm-chairs for the + president and other officers of the Board. High on the wall + above these elevated dignitaries glitters in large gold letters + the mystic legend, "New York Stock Exchange." On the left of + the platform stands a large blackboard, whereon the + fluctuations in stocks are recorded, and around the sides of + the room are displayed various signs bearing the names of + different stocks (like the banners of the knights in royal + chapels), beneath which eager groups collect. At the lower end + of the room, under the Visitors' Gallery, are seats whereon + weary brokers may repose after the brunt of battle. In the + centre of the upper end of the vast apartment is a long oval + cock-pit—if it may be so called—of two or three + degrees, with a table in the lowest circle. It is so arranged + as to give the brokers, standing upon the graded steps, full + opportunity to see and to be seen. On the table, in singular + contrast with the spirit of the place, was a large and + beautiful basket of flowers. Anything more painfully + incongruous it would be difficult to imagine. The poor flowers + seemed to wear an air of patient suffering as they wasted their + sweetness on that (literally) howling wilderness.</p> + + <p>It was just after ten, and the doors had been open but a few + moments when we entered the gallery, already quite full of + ladies and gentlemen—generally very young gentlemen, + anxious to learn from the glorious example of their elders. The + floor below us was fast being strewn with torn bits of paper, + which have to be swept up several times a day. Eager groups + were gathered under the various signs upon the walls and + pillars, apparently playing the Italian game of <i>morra</i>, + to judge by the quick gestures of their restless fingers. Some + were scribbling cabalistic signs on little bits of paper, and + almost all were howling like maniacs or wild beasts half + starved. The only place I was ever in at all to be compared + with it in volume and variety of noise is the parrot-room in + the London Zoological Gardens. Bedlam and Pandemonium I have + not visited—as yet—and consequently cannot speak + from personal experience. But the parrots in that awful house + in Regent's Park are capable of making more hideous noises in a + given moment than any other wild beasts in the world, except + brokers. Here the human animal comes out triumphantly + supreme.</p> + + <p>To add to the refreshing variety of the din, long, lanky + youths in gray sauntered about like the keepers of the + carnivora, and bawled incessantly till they were red in the + face. These, we were told, were the pages, who reported the + state of the market and delivered orders and commissions. To + the uninitiated they were a fraud and a delusion, but so was + the whole thing. A crowd of men, walking about or standing in + groups, note-book in hand, talking eagerly or yelling + unintelligible nonsense at the top of their voices, and + gesticulating with the fury of madmen, while in and around the + crowd strolled those extraordinary pages, calmly shouting full + in the brokers' faces,—this, we were told, was + "business!" This is the mysterious occupation to which our + friends, countrymen and lovers devote so large a portion of + their time and thoughts. At this strange diversion millions of + dollars change hands in a few hours, and bulls and bears in + this little nest agree to make things generally uncomfortable + and uncertain for the outside world.</p> + + <p>But where were the white hats, and what of their daring + wearers? As the crowd thickened, they began to shine out upon + the general blackness in obvious distinction. At first, the + howling multitude, eager for filthy lucre, took no particular + notice of them beyond an occasional hurried poke or pat, but + this delusive mildness did not long continue. After the first + fifteen or twenty minutes, during which the favorite stocks had + been danced up and down a few times, like so many crying + babies, the appetite of the hundred-headed hydra abated a + little, and the general attention to business relaxed. + Suddenly—no one knew whence or wherefore—up rose a + white hat in the air, high above the heads of the people, and a + bareheaded individual was seen struggling wildly in the arms of + the mob, who set up ironical cheers at his unavailing efforts + to regain his flying headpiece. It rose and fell faster and + farther than any fancy stock of them all, now soaring to the + vaulted roof, now being kicked along the dusty floor.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Press where ye see my white hat shine amidst the + ranks of war,</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>seemed to be the sentiment of the occasion, as the unruly + mob swayed and struggled about the dilapidated victim of their + sport. In one corner stood a quiet, dignified gentleman, + talking sedately to a little knot of friends. He wore a tall + white "stove-pipe" of the most obnoxious kind. In a twinkling + it was seized and sent flying toward the roof with its softer + predecessor. Its owner gave one glance over his shoulder, and + "smiled a sickly smile," while it was very evident that</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>The subsequent proceedings interested him no + more.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>The fun grew fast and furious, the air was literally + darkened with flying hats of every shape and size, but all + white. The stout tall beavers were converted into footballs + till their crowns were kicked out and their brims torn off, + when they were seized upon as instruments for further torture. + Some innocent member of the large fraternity, now, to use a + nautical phrase, scudding under bare <i>polls</i>, was pounced + upon, and over his unfortunate head the crownless hat was drawn + till the ragged remnant of its brim rested upon his shoulders. + One poor creature was thus bonneted with at least three tiers + of hats, and was last seen on the edge of the cockpit + struggling with imminent suffocation.</p> + + <p>At the height of the howling, scuffling, kicking and + fighting a short diversion was effected. A tall and portly + broker appeared upon the scene in an entire suit of new + broadcloth. It was unmistakably new, its brilliancy quite + undimmed. Instantly a rush was made for him by the fickle + crowd. They swept him, as by some mighty wave, into the centre + of the room: they turned him round and round like a pivoted + statue, and examined him and patted him approvingly on every + side. Then they made a large ring round him and gave him three + cheers. Not content with this, with one sudden impulse they + rushed at him again, and tried to lift him upon the table, that + they might see him better. But this the portly broker resisted: + he fought like a good fellow, and the crowd, tired of + struggling with a man of so much weight, gave one final cheer + and went back to the chase of the white hats.</p> + + <p>We stayed about half an hour to watch these elegant and + refined diversions: at the end of that time our patience and + the white hats were giving out together. The din was deafening + and the dust was rapidly rising. The floor was strewn with + scraps of papers and the mangled remains of felt and beaver. + Brimless hats and hatless brims, linings, bands, rent and + tattered crowns, and ragged fragments of the fray, were all + over the place. A writhing victim in gray, masked by a + crownless hat, was struggling upon the table to the evident + danger of those unhappy flowers; the president was calling + across the tumult in stentorian tones; but the tumult refused + to fall, and the imperturbable pages were bawling upon the + skirts of the crowd with stolid pertinacity. The noise was + terrific, the confusion indescribable.</p> + + <p>We are often told that women are unfitted for business + pursuits. If this was business, I should say decidedly they + were. My acquaintance with women has been large and varied, but + I have yet to see the woman whom I consider qualified to be a + member of the New York Board of Brokers. I have been present at + many gatherings composed entirely of women, from the "Woman's + Parliament" to country sewing-societies, but never, even in + that much-abused body, the New York Sorosis, have I seen a + crowd of women, however excited, however frolicsome, however + full of fun, capable of playing football with each other's + bonnets even upon April Fools' Day. I am convinced that not + even Miss Anthony or Mrs. Stanton would have hesitated to + admit, had she been present on the auspicious occasion above + recorded, that there are limits even to woman's sphere. Let her + preach and practice, and sail ships, and make horse-shoes, and + command armies, if she will, let her vote for all sorts of + disreputable characters to be set over her, if she choose, but + let her recognize the fact that between her and the gentle + amenities of the New York Stock Exchange there is a great gulf + fixed, which only the superior being man, with his lordly + intellect, his keen morality and his exquisite and unvarying + courtesy, can bridge over.</p> + + <p class="author">K. H.</p> + + <h3><a name="MR_SOTHERN_AS_GARRICK" + id="MR_SOTHERN_AS_GARRICK"></a> MR. SOTHERN AS GARRICK.</h3> + + <p>One hundred and thirty-five years ago two young men came up + to London to try their fortune: half riding, half walking, the + young fellows made their journey. One was thick-set, heavy and + uncouth, and years afterward became known to men and fame as + Samuel Johnson: the other was bright, slender, active, and was + called David Garrick. Some ten years later, just before the + battle of Culloden, a Dutch vessel, having crossed the Channel, + landed at Harwich. There was on board an apparent page, in + reality a young Viennese girl disguised in male attire, who + journeyed up to London too, where she soon made her appearance + as a dancer at the Hay-market Theatre: there she achieved great + success, and became talked about as "La Violette." She was + under the patronage of the earl and countess of Burlington, and + finally became Mrs. Garrick. It is said that she was the + daughter of a respectable citizen of Vienna—that she had + been engaged to dance at the palace with the children of the + empress Maria Teresa, but that, her charms proving too + attractive to the emperor, the empress had packed her off to + London with letters of recommendation to persons of quality + there. It seems more probable, however, that she was am actress + at Vienna, and simply crossed the sea to try her fortune in + England. Becoming fascinated with Garrick's acting, she married + him after refusing several more brilliant offers, and in spite + of the opposition of her kind patroness, Lady Burlington, who + wished her to marry so as to secure higher social position. + This match gave rise to much romantic gossip. It was said that + a wealthy young lady had fallen in love with the great actor + one night in <i>Romeo</i>—that he had been induced by her + father to come to the house and break the charm by feigning + intoxication: some versions had it that he came disguised as a + physician. A popular German comedy was written upon it, and + still later Mr. Robertson dramatized it for the English stage, + and produced a play in which we have lately had an opportunity + of witnessing the fine acting of Mr. Sothern. Garrick was + certainly fortunate among actors: he not only achieved high + professional fame, but he accumulated a large private fortune + and lived a happy domestic life in a splendid home filled with + choice works of art. The traveler abroad who is favored with an + invitation to the Garrick Club, may there see the picture of + the great actor "in his habit as he lived," looking down + nightly on a collection of the most renowned wits and authors + of the metropolis; and to crown all, when Mr. Sothern + acts—were it not for his moustache—we might suppose + we saw the man himself alive before us.</p> + + <p>Concerning Mr. Sothern's acting, it affords a fine example + of that quality—so very difficult of attainment, it would + seem—perfect <i>repose</i>; and by repose we do not mean + torpidity or sluggishness or inattention, as opposed to + clamorous ranting, but we mean the complete subordination of + subordinate parts; so that, if we may use the illustration, the + gaudiness of the frame is not allowed to over-power and destroy + the effect of the picture. Everything is clear, distinct and + well marked: the forcible passages come with double effect in + contrast with preceding serenity. The actor's manner is not + confined behind the footlights: it diffuses itself, as it were, + among his audience until it seems as if they too were acting + with him. This arises from the perfection of the picture he + presents, and that perfection is the result of careful + avoidance of everything that is unnatural. There is no + <i>unnecessary</i> exertion put forth, no palpable straining + after effect: he strives to hold the mirror up to Nature, not + Art, and in Nature there is much repose between the tempests. + Old players say that the most difficult thing to teach a tyro + is to stand still, and some actors never learn it.</p> + + <p>Careful attention to costume is another trait exhibited by + Mr. Sothern. He might easily make his first appearance as David + Garrick in the wealthy merchant's house in ordinary + walking-dress, which could be readily retained when he returns + to the dinner-party to which he causes himself to be invited. + Instead of that, he appears in the full riding-dress of the + period—boots, spurs, whip, overcoat and all. This is + rapidly changed in time for the dinner-scene for a full-dress + suit, complete in every point—powdered hair, white silk + stockings, and a little <i>brette</i>, or walking rapier, + peeping out from under the coat skirt, not slung in a belt as + heavier swords, but supported by light steel chains fastened to + a <i>chatelaine</i>, which slips behind the waistband and can + be taken off in a moment. In the last scene, where he goes out + to fight the duel, his dress is changed again, and dark silk + stockings are donned as more appropriate.</p> + + <p>The last point we shall mention here about Mr. Sothern is + his scrupulous attention to the minor business of the stage: + when he is not speaking himself, his looks act. It is said of + Macready that he began to be Cardinal Richelieu at three + o'clock in the afternoon, and that it was dangerous to speak to + him after that time. When Mr. Sothern plays Lord Dundreary, if + he is addressed on any subject during the progress of the play, + he answers in his Dundreary drawl, so as not to lose his + personality for a minute. The letter from his brother "Tham" he + has written out and reads; not that he does not know every word + by heart, for he must have read it a hundred times, but because + he wants to <i>turn over</i> at the proper place. We all know + what he has made of that part. A play in which there is + absolutely nothing of a plot, which would fall dead from the + hands of an inferior actor, becomes with Mr. Sothern as popular + as <i>Rip van Winkle</i> is with Jefferson to play the sleepy + hero. It is to be observed that the three essentials for good + acting just mentioned—repose of manner, strict attention + to dress, and strict attention to minor details of + stage-business—may be acquired by any actor of average + intellect who will devote proper time and study to the task: + they are not, like a fine figure, a handsome face or a sonorous + voice, adventitious gifts of Fortune which may be bestowed on + one mortal and denied to another. Mr. Sothern owes his success, + evidently, to long and careful preparation of his parts. In + David Garrick he leaves but two points at which criticism can + carp: his pathos somehow lacks sufficient tenderness, his + love-making seems too devoid of passion. When young Garrick won + the heart of La Violette, he put more fire into his speech and + manner than Mr. Sothern exhibits at the close of the last act. + He is represented as always loving Ida Ingot, but at first + conceals and suppresses his love: when the avowal comes at + last, it should be like the bursting forth of a volcano, hot, + fiery and irresistible.</p> + + <p class="author">M. M.</p> + + <h3><a name="NOTES" + id="NOTES"></a>NOTES.</h3> + + <p>Sir Richard Wallace evidently aims to make himself, in a + small way, the Peabody of Paris. A cynic might maintain that + his gifts were a trifle sensational, and shaped with a view to + procure the greatest amount of notoriety at the price; but that + they are frequent, and that they show a hearty love for Paris + on the Englishman's part, none can deny. It was Sir Richard who + not long ago gave about five thousand dollars to the use of the + Paris poor; it was he who, in the late hunting-season, is said + to have proposed to supply the city hospitals with fresh + game—whether of his own shooting or of that of his + compatriots does not appear; it is he, in fine, who has + furnished to Paris eighty street-fountains, costing in the + factory six hundred and seventy-five francs each, or a total of + fifty-four thousand francs (say ten thousand eight hundred + dollars), the expense of setting them up being undertaken by + the city. These drinking-jets are in the main like those so + familiar in American cities, and are provided, of course, with + tin cups attached by iron chains—"<i>à la mode + Anglaise</i>" add the French papers in an explanatory way. Now, + the extraordinary fact concerning these fountains is, that no + sooner had the first installment of nine been put up than all + the tin cups, or "goblets," as the Parisians call them, were + stolen. They were renewed, and again disappeared in a trice. In + short, within fifteen days no less than forty-seven of these + goblets were made way with, despite their strong + fastenings—that is, an average of over five cups to each + fountain. What the sum-total of plunder has been since the + first fortnight, or whether the fountains are still as useless + as spiked cannon or tongueless bells, we have yet to learn.</p> + + <p>Now comes a contrast. The countrymen of Sir Richard claim + that in London from time immemorial not a single cup was ever + stolen from the public fountains. So tempting a theme for + generalization could not be resisted by the Paris newspaper + philosophers, who have deduced from this theft of the cups a + broad distinction between the British loafer and the French + loafer, declaring that the former "respects any collective + property which he partly shares," while the latter does not + even draw this distinction, but grabs whatever he can lay his + hands on. "The luck of the Wallace fountains," cries one + moralizer, "shows how hard it is to reform the Paris + <i>gamin</i> so long as the law contents itself with its + present measures. If the state does not speedily educate + children found straying in the street, it is all up with the + present generation." Thereupon follows a disquisition on the + part which Paris children played in the Commune. "Now, the + child," adds our newspaper Wordsworth, "is the man viewed + through the big end of the opera-glass;" and he points his + moral, therefore, with the need of compulsory education. "One + of the first duties incumbent on the Chamber at the next + session will be the solution of this question. Let it take as a + perpetual goad the fate of the Wallace goblets. You begin by + stealing a cup of tin—you end by firing the Tuileries or + plundering the Hôtel Thiers." There is a droll mingling + of Isaac Watts and Victor Hugo in this + <i>dénoûment</i>, and despite its practical good + sense one is amused at the evolution of a grave discourse from + so trivial a text as the Wallace drinking-cups.</p> + <hr style='width: 45%;' /> + + <p>To people of a statistical rather than a sentimental turn, + the mathematics of marriage in different countries may prove an + attractive theme of meditation. It is found that young men from + fifteen to twenty years of age marry young women averaging two + or three years older than themselves, but if they delay + marriage until they are twenty to twenty-five years old, their + spouses average a year younger than themselves; and + thenceforward this difference steadily increases, till in + extreme old age on the bridegroom's part it is apt to be + enormous. The inclination of octogenarians to wed misses in + their teens is an every-day occurrence, but it is amusing to + find in the love-matches of boys that the statistics bear out + the satires of Thackeray and Balzac. Again, the husbands of + young women aged twenty and under average a little above + twenty-five years, and the inequality of age diminishes + thenceforward, till for women who have reached thirty the + respective ages are equal: after thirty-five years, women, like + men, marry those younger than themselves, the disproportion + increasing with age, till at fifty-five it averages nine + years.</p> + + <p>The greatest number of marriages for men take place between + the ages of twenty and twenty-five in England, between twenty + five and thirty in France, and between twenty-five and + thirty-five in Italy and Belgium. Finally, in Hungary the + number of individuals who marry is seventy-two in a thousand + each year; in England it is 64; in Denmark, 59; in France, 57, + the city of Paris showing 53; in the Netherlands, 52; in + Belgium, 43; in Norway, 36. Widowers indulge in second + marriages three or four times as often as widows. For example, + in England (land of Mrs. Bardell) there are 66 marriages of + widowers against 21 of widows; in Belgium there are 48 to 16; + in France, 40 to 12. Old Mr. Weller's paternal advice, to + "beware of the widows," ought surely to be supplemented by a + maxim to beware of widowers.</p> + + <p>SHAKESPEARE, in one of his most famous madrigals, draws a + vivid contrast between youth and age, which, he declares, + "cannot live together:"</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Youth like summer morn,</p> + + <p>Age like winter weather,</p> + + <p>Youth like summer brave,</p> + + <p>Age like winter bare:</p> + + <p>Youth is hot and bold,</p> + + <p>Age is weak and cold.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>Science, which ruthlessly destroys so much poetry by its + mattock and spade, its scales, foot-rules and gauges, must now, + we should judge, take grave exception to the preceding bit of + poesy and to the thousand repetitions of its sentiment by the + bards of all ages. By means of a thermometer lately constructed + to register with exactitude the degree of heat in the human + body, it is found, after numerous experiments under varying + circumstances, that the instrument marks 37.08° of heat on + an average for persons between twenty-one and thirty years of + age, while it marks 37.46° for people aged eighty. In face + of this fact what becomes of the "fervors of youth" and the + "chills of age"? The highest average temperatures in the human + body, as indicated by this gauge, are those which exist from + birth to puberty—that is to say, 37.55° and + 37.63°. From the latter epoch the heat gradually lowers, to + rise again with the first approach of old age. Thus childhood + shows the highest temperature, old age the next, and middle + life the lowest. We may add that the greatest variations in the + temperature of the body between health and sickness are only a + few tenths of a degree, according to this measurement; for, the + normal condition being 37.2° or 37.3°, an increase to + 38° would mark a burning fever, and a decrease to 36° + would note the icy approach of death. Hereafter, though we may + graciously excuse to poetic license the assertion that</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Crabbed Age and Youth</p> + + <p>Cannot live together,</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>we must yet sternly protest that the reason + assigned—namely, that "youth is hot and age is + cold"—is contradicted by the facts of science.</p> + <hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + <h2><a name="LITERATURE_OF_THE_DAY" + id="LITERATURE_OF_THE_DAY"></a>LITERATURE OF THE DAY.</h2> + + <h4><a name="CHARLES_DICKENS" + id="CHARLES_DICKENS"></a>The Life of Charles Dickens. By + John Forster. Vol. II. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & + Co.</h4> + + <p>Beginning with Dickens's return from America in 1842, this + volume covers a period of less than ten years, the most + productive, and apparently the happiest, of his life. It brings + out in even stronger relief than the preceding volume his + strong individuality, a trait which, whether it attracts or + repels—and on most persons we think it produces + alternately each of these effects—is full of interest, + worthy of study and fruitful of suggestions. Its superabundant + energy seemed to create demands in order that it might expend + itself in satisfying them. Its persistence was toughened by + failure as much as by success. Its vivacity, verging upon + boisterousness, was incapable of being chilled. Its + strenuousness knew no lassitude, and needed no repose. In play + as in work, in physical exercise as in mental labor, in all his + projects, purposes and performances, Dickens seems to have been + in a perpetual state of tension that allowed of no reaction. + His was a mind not morbidly self-conscious, but ever aglow with + the consciousness of power and the ardor of its achievement, + in-sensible of waste and undisturbed by critical + introspection.</p> + + <p>The excitement into which he was thrown by the composition + of his books exceeds anything of the kind recorded in literary + history, and stands in strong contrast with the self-contained + tranquillity with which Scott performed an equal or greater + amount of labor. Yet it does not, like similar ebullitions in + other men, suggest any notion of weakness or of a talent + strained beyond its capacity. It was coupled with an enormous + facility of execution and the ability to pass with undiminished + freshness from one field of action to another. It sprang from + the intensity with which every idea was conceived, and which + belonged equally to his smallest with his greatest + undertakings. "The book," he writes of the <i>Chimes</i>, "has + made my face white in a foreign land. My cheeks, which were + beginning to fill out, have sunk again; my eyes have grown + immensely large; my hair is very lank, and the head inside the + hair is hot and giddy. Read the scene at the end of the third + part twice. I wouldn't write it twice for something.... Since I + conceived, at the beginning of the second part, what must + happen in the third, I have undergone as much sorrow and + agitation as if the thing were real, and have wakened up with + it at night. I was obliged to lock myself in when I finished it + yesterday, for my face was swollen for the time to twice its + proper size, and was hugely ridiculous." The little book was + written at Genoa; and having finished it, he must make a winter + journey to London, "because," as he writes to Forster, "of that + unspeakable restless something which would render it almost as + impossible for me to remain here, and not see the thing + complete, as it would be for a full balloon, left to itself, + not to go up." A further reason was to try the effect of the + story upon a circle of listeners, to be assembled for the + purpose: "Carlyle, indispensable, and I should like his wife of + all things; <i>her</i> judgment would be invaluable. You will + ask Mac, and why not his sister? Stanny and Jerrold I should + particularly wish. Edwin Landseer, Blanchard perhaps Harness; + and what say you to Fonblanque and Fox?" After this it is + amusing to read that the book "was not one of his greatest + successes, and it raised him up some objectors;" but the + reading was the germ of those which afterward brought him into + such close relations with his public.</p> + + <p>Of another Christmas story he writes, "I dreamed <i>all last + week</i> that the <i>Battle of Life</i> was a series of + chambers, impossible to be got to rights or got out of, through + which I wandered drearily all night. On Saturday night I don't + think I slept an hour. I was perpetually roaming through the + story, and endeavoring to dovetail the revolution here into the + plot. The mental distress quite horrible." Here we have, + perhaps, a clear case of the effects of overwork. But in + general the details of his plots, the names of the characters, + above all, the titles of the stories, were evolved with an + amount of thought and discussion that might have sufficed for + the plan and the preparations for a battle. "Martin Chuzzlewit" + is not a name suggestive of long and serious deliberation: one + might rather suppose that it had turned up accidentally and + been accepted simply as being as good as another. Yet it was + not adopted till after many others had been discussed and + rejected. "Martin was the prefix to all, but the surname varied + from its first form of Sweezleden, Sweezleback and Sweeztewag, + to those of Chuzzletoe, Chuzzleboy, Chubblewig and Chuzzlewig." + <i>David Copperfield</i> was preceded by a still longer list of + abortions, and <i>Household Words,</i> as a mere title, was the + result of a parturition far exceeding in length and severity + any throes of travail known to natural history.</p> + + <p>All this was unaccompanied by any of the doubts and + misgivings, the fits of depression and intervals of lassitude, + which are the ordinary tortures of authorship. Nor had it any + connection with the weaknesses of the craft, its small vanities + and jealousies. "It was," as Mr. Forster well remarks, "part of + the intense individuality by which he effected so much to set + the high value which in general he did upon what he was + striving to accomplish." Hence, too, no half-formed and then + abandoned projects were among the stepping-stones of his + career. A plan or an idea, once conceived, was certain to be + shaped, developed and matured; and whatever the result, it left + up disheartening effect, no feeling of distrust, to cripple a + subsequent undertaking.</p> + + <p>Nor was Dickens so absorbed in his work as to leave it + reluctantly, or to find no fullness of satisfaction in + occupations or enjoyments of a different kind. On the contrary, + no man ever threw himself so heartily and entirely into the + business of the hour, or more eagerly sought diversion and + change. Dinners, private and public, excursions in chosen + companionship, amateur theatricals, schemes of charity or + benevolence, occupied a large portion of his time, and were + entered into with an ardor which never flagged or needed to be + stimulated. His correspondence—an unfailing barometer to + indicate the state of the mental atmosphere—is always + full of life, overflowing, for the most part, with animal + spirits, often vivid in description both of places and people, + turning discomforts and embarrassments into subjects of lively + narrative or indignant protest. The letters from Genoa and + Lausanne are especially copious and entertaining, and form, we + think, the most interesting portion of the book. The later + chapters, giving the final year of his residence in Devonshire + Terrace, are less satisfactory. We would fain have had a + picture of that circle of which Dickens was one of the most + prominent figures; but though his own personality is revealed + in the fullest light, the group in the background is left + indistinct, most of its members being barely visible, and none + of them adequately portrayed.</p> + + <h4><a name="GAUTIER" + id="GAUTIER"></a>Émaux et Camées. Par + Théophile Gautier. Nombre définitif. Paris: + Charpentier; New York: F.W. Christern.</h4> + + <p>Gautier was polishing and adding to his literary jewelry + almost to the day of his death, and the final edition which he + published among the last of his works about doubles the number + of poems first issued. These verses are like nothing we have in + English. Their imagery is strongly sophisticated, tortured, + brought from vast distances, and then chilled into form. Yet + they are the most sincere utterances of a soul fed perpetually + among cabinets and picture-galleries, to whom their compact + method of utterance is, so to speak, secondarily natural. That + they are precious and beauteous no one can deny. How sparkling + are the successive descriptions of women—blonde, brune, + Spanish, contralto-voiced, coquettish, etc.—whom the + poet, like some capricious artist, invites into his atelier, + drapes hastily with old Moorish or Venetian or diaphanous + costumes, and then reflects in a diminishing mirror, changing + the model into a fine statuette of ivory and enamel! More + virile and thoughtful images are intermixed: such are the + figures of the old Invalides seen at the Column Vendôme + in a December fog, and for whom he pleads: "Mock not those men + whom the street urchin follows, laughing: they were the Day of + which we are the twilight—maybe the night!" Not less + fresh are the two "Homesick Obelisks"—that in the Place + de la Concorde, wearying its stony heart out for Egypt, and + that at Luxor, equally tired, and longing to be planted at + Paris, among a living crowd. But Gautier is a colorist, an + artist with words, and he is at his best when he works without + much outline, celebrating draperies, bouquets and laces, to all + of which he can give a meaning quite other than the milliner's, + as where he asserts that the plaits of a rose-colored dress are + "the lips of my unappeased desires," or describes March as a + barber, powdering the wigs of the blossoming almond trees, and + a valet, lacing up the rosebuds in their corsets of green + velvet. Whatever he touches he leaves artificial, "enameled," + yet charming. The verses added in the present edition are more + pensive, even sombre. A life given to art wholly, without + patriotism or religion or philosophy, does not prepare the + greenest old age. There is a long and beautiful poem, "Le + Château du Souvenir," which he fills, not exactly with + Charles Lamb's "old familiar faces," but with portraits of his + mistresses and of his old self. There is the "Last + Vow"—to a woman he has pursued "for eighteen years," and + whom he still accosts, though "the white graveyard lilacs have + blossomed about my temples, and I shall soon have them tufting + and shading all my forehead." There is also the accent of his + irresponsible courtiership, the facile and unashamed flattery + he paid to such a woman as Princess Mathilde. This personage + was, or is, an artist; and we may not be mistaken in believing + that we have seen, cast aside in the vast storerooms of + Haseltine's galleries in this city—an example and gnomon + of disenchanted glory—her water-color sketch called the + "Fellah Woman," and the very one of which Gautier sang: + "Caprice of a fantastic brush and of an imperial leisure!... + Those eyes, a whole poem of languor and pleasure, resolve the + riddle and say, 'Be thou Love—I am Beauty.'"</p> + + <p>The late poems, however, as well as the old, are filled with + felicities. They contain many a lesson of the word-master, who, + though he did not attain the Academy, left the French language + gold, which he found marble. The ornaments, exquisite licenses, + foreign graces and wide researches which Gautier conferred upon + his mother-tongue have enriched it for future time, and they + are best seen in this volume.</p> + + <h4><a name="ALCOTT" + id="ALCOTT"></a> Concord Days. By A. Bronson Alcott. Boston: + Roberts Brothers.</h4> + + <p>In these loose leaves we have the St. Martin's summer of a + life. Mr. Alcott, from his quiet home in Concord, and from the + edifice of his seventy-three years, picks out those mental + growths and moral treasures which have kept their color through + all the changes of the seasons. They bear the mark of + selection, of choice, from out a vast abundance of material: to + us readers the scissors have probably been a kinder implement + than the pen. Be that as it may, the selections given are all + worth saving, and the fragmentary resurrection is just about as + much as our age has time to attend to of the growths that were + formed when New England thought was young. That was the day + when Mrs. Hominy fastened the cameo to her frontal bone and + went to the sermon of Dr. Channing, when young Hawthorne + chopped straw for the odious oxen at Brook Farm, and when a + budding Booddha, called by his neighbors Thoreau, left mankind + and proceeded to introvert himself by the borders of Walden + Pond. Mr. Alcott's little diary gives us some of the best + skimmings of that time of yeast. There is Emerson-worship, + Channing-worship, Margaret Fuller-worship and the pale cast of + <i>The Dial</i>. There is, besides, in another stratum that + runs through the collection, a vein of very welcome + investigation amongst old authors—Plutarch's charming + letter of consolation to his wife on the death of their child; + Crashaw's "Verses on a Prayer-Book;" Evelyn's letter on the + origin of his <i>Sylva</i>; and many a jewel five-words-long + filched from the authors whom modern taste votes slow and + insupportable. We mention these to give some idea of the spirit + in which this work of marquetry is executed—a work too + fragmentary and incoherent to be easily describable except by + its specimens. And while culling fragments, we cannot forbear + mentioning the curious records of Mr. Alcott's "Conversations," + held now with Frederika Bremer, now with a band of large-browed + Concord children, held forty years ago, and turning perpetually + upon the deeper questions of metaphysics and religion; we will + even indulge ourselves with a short extract from one of the + "Conversations with Children," reported verbatim by an + apparently concealed auditress, and eliciting many a cunning + bit of infantine wisdom, besides the following finer rhapsody, + which Mr. Alcott succeeded in charming out of the lips of a boy + six years of age:</p> + + <p>"Mr. Alcott! you know Mrs. Barbauld says in her hymns, + everything is prayer; every action is prayer; all nature prays; + the bird prays in singing; the tree prays in growing; men + pray—men can pray <i>more</i>; we feel; we have more, + more than Nature; we can know, and do right: <i>Conscience + prays</i>; all our powers pray; action prays. Once we said, + here, that there was a Christ in the bottom of our spirits, + when we try to be good. Then we pray in Christ; and that is the + whole!"</p> + + <p>To think that the lips of this ingenuous and golden-mouthed + lad may be now pouring out patriotism in Congress is rather + sad; but the author's own career tells us that there are some + of the Chrysostoms of 1830 who have had the courage to keep + quiet, and sweeten their own lives for family use. Mr. Alcott + betrays in every line the kindest, sanest and humanest spirit; + and we wish he could feel how grateful some of us are for his + example of a thinker who can keep quiet, and a writer who can + show the power of reticence.</p> + + <h4><a name="HANUM" + id="HANUM"></a>Thirty Years in the Harem; or, The + Autobiography of Melek-Hanum, wife of H.H. + Kibrizli-Mehemet-Pasha. New York: Harper & + Brothers.</h4> + + <p>We have had many revelations from the interior, but nothing + quite like this. Most histories are valuable in proportion to + the truthfulness of the narrator, but Mrs. Melek's story owes a + large show of its interest to her obvious tension of the + long-bow. It is, in fact, a self-revelation—the vain and + audacious betrayal by an Oriental woman of the narrowness, the + shallowness, the dishonesty which ages of false education have + fastened upon her race. The lady in question is—and + evidently knows herself to be—an exception among her + countrywomen for ability and acumen: an extreme + self-satisfaction and vanity are revealed in the recital of her + most disreputable tricks. She passes for a white blackbird, a + woman of intellect caught in the harem; and it needs but little + ingenuity to guess the torment she must have been to her + protectors—first to the excellent Dr. Millingen, with + whom she formed a love-match, and whom she abuses—and + then to her second husband, Kibrizli, ambassador in 1848 to the + court of England, upon whom she attempted to palm off an heir + by the ruse practiced by our own revered Mrs. Cunningham. + Whatever the clever Melek does, or whatever treatment she + receives, it is always she who is in the right, and her eternal + "enemies" who are unjust, barbarous and stingy. The ferocious + blackmailing of natives in the Holy Land which she practiced + when her husband represented the sultan there, is represented + as cleverness; but her divorce after the infamous false + accouchement is a piece of persecution. The marriage and + adventures of her daughter form a tangled romance through which + we hear of a great deal more oppression and cruelty; and the + escape into Europe, where the old enchantress appears to be now + prowling in poverty and degradation, concludes the curious + story. The narrative bears marks of having passed through a + French translation and then a British version. To disentangle + the thread of actuality that probably runs through it would be + too troublesome and futile; but the truths that the wily Melek + cannot help telling—the facts of the harem and of Eastern + life that involuntarily sprinkle it all like a flavoring of + strange spices—these are what give it the odd dash of + interest which keeps it in our hands long after we had meant to + toss it aside. Here is a "screaming sister" of the + East—an odalisque who was not going to be oppressed and + degraded like the other women, but who meant to be capable and + cultivated and smart, just like the Christian ladies; and this + bundle of lies and crimes and hates is what she arrives at.</p> + + <h4><a name="GALE" + id="GALE"></a>Hints on Dress; or, What to Wear, When to Wear + it, and How to Buy it. By Ethel C. Gale, (Putnam's + Handy-Book Series.) New York: G.P. Putnam & Sons.</h4> + + <p>This little book will certainly elicit commendation from all + who consider the subject of dress within the pale of aesthetic + treatment; and, what is still more fortunate, it will probably + serve to elevate, in some degree, the standard of taste among + that large class of persons for whom handy volumes are chiefly + compiled. Its statements and deductions are accurate, sensible, + comprehensive and practical, and the style in which they are + presented is simple and attractive. The color, form and + suitability of dress, as well as the best methods of economy in + its purchase and manufacture, are intelligently treated. We + have only to regret the want of a chapter devoted to the + hygiene of dress, which is a subject deserving the earnest + attention of every friend of physical development. Ten or a + dozen pages given to this topic might have done a service to + hundreds who are willing enough to gather knowledge in passing, + but who are repelled from the separate consideration of any + subject which seems to call for the exercise of serious + thought.</p> + + <h3><a name="ZELL" + id="ZELL"></a>A Sketch Map of the Nile Sources and Lake + Region of Central Africa, showing Dr. Livingstone's + Discoveries and Mr. Stanley's Route. Folio, folded. + Philadelphia: T. Elwood Zell.</h3> + + <p>A clear, well-executed polychrome map, evidently copied from + the one recently published in England, if not actually printed + there. It exhibits not only the route of Dr. Livingstone during + the period included between the years 1866 and 1872, and that + taken by Mr. Stanley in his recent search, but also the course + which the former proposes to follow in the prosecution of his + discoveries. The boundaries of lakes and the courses of rivers, + where definitely known, are indicated by unbroken + lines—where still supposititious, by dotted ones. The + map, which is printed on heavy paper, is thirteen inches wide + by eighteen inches long, and being folded within a stiff + duodecimo cover, can be easily preserved and readily + consulted.</p> + <hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + <h3><a name="Books_Received" + id="Books_Received"></a><i>Books Received</i>.</h3> + + <p>Papers relating to the Transit of Venus in 1874. Prepared + under the Direction of the Commissioners authorized by + Congress. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing-office.</p> + + <p>Reports on Observations of Encke's Comet during its Return + in 1871. By Asaph Hall and Wm. Harkness. Washington, D.C.: + Government Printing-Office.</p> + + <p>Harry Delaware; or, An American in Germany. By Mathilde + Estvan. New York: G.P. Putnam & Sons.</p> + + <p>California for Health, Pleasure and Residence. By Charles + Nordhoff. New York: Harper & Brothers.</p> + + <p>The Lives of General U.S. Grant and Henry Wilson. + Philadelphia: T.B. Peterson & Brothers.</p> + + <p>The Romance of American History. By M. Schele de Vere. New + York: G.P. Putnam & Sons.</p> + + <p>Book of Ballads, Tales and Stories. By Benjamin G. Herre. + Lancaster, Pa.: Wylie & Griest.</p> + + <p>The Poet at the Breakfast Table. By Oliver Wendell Holmes. + Boston: James R. Osgood & Co.</p> + + <p>The Lawrence Speaker. By Philip Lawrence. Philadelphia: T.B. + Peterson & Brothers.</p> + + <p>Memoir of a Huguenot Family. By Ann Maury. New York: G.P. + Putnam & Sons.</p> + + <p>Within the Maze. By Mrs. Henry Wood. Philadelphia: T.B. + Peterson & Brothers.</p> + + <p>Sermons. By Rev. C.D.N. Campbell, D.D. New York: Hurd & + Houghton.</p> + + <p>Outlines of History. By Ed. A. Freeman, D.C.L. New York: + Holt & Williams.</p> + + <p>The End of the World. By Edward Eggleston. New York: Orange + Judd & Co.</p> + + <p>Sermons. By Rev. H.R. Haweis, M.A. New York: Holt & + Williams.</p> + + <p>Kaloolah. By W.S. Mayo, M.D. New York: G.P. Putnam & + Sons.</p> + + <p>Nast's Illustrated Almanac for 1873. New York: Harper & + Brothers.</p> + + <p>A Summer Romance. By Mary Healy. Boston: Roberts + Brothers.</p> + + <p>Song Life. By Philip Phillips. New York: Harper & + Brothers.</p> + + <p>Gavroche. By M.C. Pyle. Philadelphia: Porter & + Coates.</p> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE OF POPULAR LITERATURE AND SCIENCE, VOL. 11, NO. 22, JANUARY, 1873***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 14327-h.txt or 14327-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/3/2/14327">https://www.gutenberg.org/1/4/3/2/14327</a></p> +<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed.</p> + +<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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